title: Rockwell Kent

texts: Raymond Moore, founder and impresario of the Cape Playhouse and Cinema in Dennis, Massachusetts, contracted with <mask> <mask> for the design of murals for the cinema--including an extraordinarily expansive mural for the ceiling. The work of transferring and painting the designs on the  span was done by <mask>'s collaborator Jo Mielziner (1901–1976) and a crew of stage set painters from New York City. Ostensibly staying away from the state of Massachusetts to protest the Sacco and Vanzetti executions of 1927, <mask> did in fact venture to Dennis in June 1930 to spend three days on the scaffolding, making suggestions and corrections. The signatures of both <mask> and Mielziner appear on opposite walls of the cinema. In 1927, <mask> moved to upstate New York where he had acquired an Adirondack farmstead.Asgaard, as he named it, was his residence for the remainder of his life, and from his studio there he worked tirelessly on countless painting and drawing assignments. In the summer of 1929, <mask> sailed on a painting expedition to Greenland, and his adventures (and misadventures) are recounted in the best-selling N by E (1930). After meeting Danish Arctic explorers Peter Freuchen and Knud Rasmussen on this trip, <mask> determined to return to Greenland to paint and write. He spent two years (1931–32 and 1934–35) above the Arctic Circle in a tiny fishing settlement called Igdlorssuit (or Illorsuit), where he conceived some of the largest and most celebrated paintings of his career. Among his many cross-cultural encounters in Greenland was with

masks: Rockwell Kent Kent Kent Kent Kent Kent Kent


title: Rockwell Kent

type: original

texts: Leni Riefenstahl, the famed German filmmaker/actor, who was briefly in Illorsuit with the film crew of S.O.S. Iceberg. Kent's own movie-making aspirations, including a quasi-documentary film featuring the Inuit, are documented in Rockwell Kent and Hollywood (Jake Milgram Wien, 2002), cited below.Many of Kent's historic photographs and hand-tinted lantern slides are reproduced for the first time in North by Nuuk: Greenland after <mask> <mask> (Denis Defibaugh, 2019), also cited below. As World War II approached, <mask> shifted his priorities, becoming increasingly active in progressive politics. In 1937, the Section of Painting and Sculpture of the U.S. Treasury commissioned <mask>, along with nine other artists, to paint two murals in the New Post Office building at the Federal Triangle in Washington, DC; the two murals are named "Mail Service in the Arctic" and "Mail Service in the Tropics" to celebrate the reach of domestic airborne postal service. <mask> included (in an Alaska Native language and in tiny letters) a polemical statement in the painting, apparently a message from the indigenous people of Alaska to the Puerto Ricans, in support of decolonization. As translated, the communication read "To the peoples of Puerto Rico, our friends: Go ahead, let us change chiefs. That alone can make us equal and free". The incident caused some consternation.<mask>'s patriotism never waned in spite of his often critical views of American foreign policy and his impatience with the promises of capitalism. He remained America's premier draftsman of

masks: Rockwell Kent Kent Kent Kent Kent


title: Rockwell Kent

texts:
 the sea, and during World War II he produced a series of pen/brush and ink maritime drawings for American Export Lines and began another series of pen/brush and ink drawings for Rahr Malting Company which he completed in 1946. The drawings were reproduced in To Thee!, a book <mask> also wrote and designed celebrating American freedom and democracy and the important role immigrants play in constructing American national identity. In 1948, <mask> was elected to the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and in 1966 he became a full Academician. <mask> passed away at his home in the Adirondacks in 1971. Politics
Although he came from a relatively privileged background, <mask> formed radical political views early in life, joining the Socialist Party of America in 1904. He cast his first presidential vote for Eugene Debs that year, and for the rest of his life was ready to debate socialist ideas on any occasion.His respect for the dignity of labor, acquired through personal experience and the skills of his craft, also made him a strong supporter of unions. He briefly joined the Industrial Workers of the World in 1912 and belonged at various times to unions in the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations. <mask>'s political activism came to the fore in the latter part of the 1930s, when he took part in several initiatives of the cultural popular front, including support for the Spanish Republic and the subsequent war against fascism. Most notably, he participated in the American Artists' Congress at the

masks: Kent Kent Kent Kent Kent


title: Rockwell Kent

texts: time of its formation in 1936 and later served as an officer of the Artists' Union of America and then the Artists' League of America in their efforts to represent artists to boards, museums and dealers. In 1948 he stood for Congress as an American Labor Party candidate supporting Henry Wallace's Progressive Party presidential campaign as the best option for extending the legacy of the New Deal. In the changing postwar context, <mask> advocated nuclear disarmament and continued friendship with America's wartime ally, the Soviet Union. This placed him on the wrong side of American Cold War policies.The Soviet Union extensively promoted <mask>'s work, who was among hundreds of other prominent intellectuals and creative artists targeted by those in league with Joseph McCarthy, but he and William Gropper share the distinction of being the only graphic artists to be targeted. <mask> was not a Communist and considered his political views to be in the best traditions of American democracy. However, his participation in the Stockholm Appeal and the World Peace Council led to the suspension of his passport in 1950. After he filed suit to regain his foreign-travel rights, in June 1958, the U.S. Supreme Court in Kent v. Dulles affirmed his right to travel by declaring the ban a violation of his civil rights. Meanwhile, <mask> also came under attack as an officer of the International Workers Order, a mutual benefit and cultural society supported by leftists and immigrants. In 1951, <mask> defended his record in court proceedings and exposed the perjured


title: Rockwell Kent

texts:
 testimony that claimed he was a Communist. From 1957 to 1971, <mask> was president of the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship.After a well-received exhibition of his work in Moscow at the Pushkin Museum in 1957–58, he donated several hundred of his paintings and drawings to the Soviet peoples in 1960. He subsequently became an honorary member of the Soviet Academy of Fine Arts and in 1967 the recipient of the International Lenin Peace Prize. <mask> specified that his prize money be given to the women and children of Vietnam, both North and South. (The nature of <mask>'s gift is clarified by his wife Sally in the 2005 documentary Rockwell <mask>, produced and written by Fred Lewis.) Meeting with Soviet Ukrainian artists

<mask> <mask> traveled to the Soviet Union and found like-minded people there. In the preface to the second Russian edition of his book "Salamina", <mask> wrote:
"Recently… I’ve met two talented young artists from Kyiv   Ada Rybachuk  and Volodymyr Melnychenko. They lived and worked in the Soviet Arctic, just like me, they love the North and its inhabitants… Shouldn't art reveal the essence of Humanity?.. We who strive to create a better world for people must know the clay from which we form man." Legacy
When <mask> died of a heart attack in 1971, the New York Times published an extensive front-page obituary that commenced: "At various (and frequently simultaneous) periods of his long life the protean <mask> <mask> was an architect, painter, illustrator, lithographer, xylographer, cartoonist, advertising artist,

masks: Kent Kent Kent Kent Rockwell Kent Kent Kent Rockwell Kent


title: Rockwell Kent

texts: carpenter, dairy farmer, explorer, trade union leader and political controversialist. "He is so multiple a person as to be multifarious," Louis Untermeyer, the poet, once observed." When a 1982 anthology of <mask>'s work was published in 1982, a reviewer of the book for the New York Times further described <mask> as "... a thoughtful, troublesome, profoundly independent, odd and kind man who made an imperishable contribution to the art of bookmaking in the United States." Retrospectives of the artist's paintings and drawings have been mounted,  by the Art Gallery of Newfoundland and Labrador in St. John's, Newfoundland, where the exhibition Pointed North: Rockwell Kent in Newfoundland and Labrador was curated by Caroline Stone in the summer of 2014. Other exhibitions include an exhibition in 2013 in Winona, Minnesota marking the centennial of <mask>'s time there; the Richard F. Brush Art Gallery and Owen D. Young Library at St. Lawrence University (Canton, New York) in the autumn of 2012; the Farnsworth Art Museum (Rockland, Maine) during the spring through autumn of 2012; the Bennington Museum in Vermont during the summer of 2012; the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the spring through summer of 2012; and the Portland Museum of Art, Maine for the major summer show of 2005 commemorating the centenary of <mask>'s arrival on Monhegan Island. 2018 through 2020 marked the 100th anniversary of Kent's Alaskan painting expedition, his stay on Fox Island, and the publication of Wilderness: A Journal of Quiet Adventure in Alaska.The letters he wrote and

masks: Kent Kent Kent Kent


title: Rockwell Kent

texts:
 received during that time reveal a less than quiet experience beneath his book's narrative. Personal correspondence with his wife, Kathleen, and with Hildegarde Hirsch, his inamorata of that time, provide a fascinating glimpse into the backstory of his life. A more detailed account can be found at the blog Rockwell Kent "Wilderness" Centennial Journal. One of Kent's exemplary pen-and-ink drawings from Moby Dick appears on a U.S. postage stamp issued as part of the 2001 commemorative panel celebrating American Illustration, with other artistic examples by Maxfield Parrish, Frederic Remington, and <mask>. The year he spent in Newfoundland in 1914-1915 is fictionally recalled by Canadian writer Michael Winter in The Big Why, his 2004 Winterset Award-winning novel. Kent's work also figures in Steve Martin's 2010 novel An Object of Beauty and is the subject of a chapter in Douglas Brinkley's 2011 history The Quiet World: Saving Alaska's Wilderness Kingdom: 1879–1960. Columbia University is the repository of Rockwell <mask>'s personal collection of 3,300 working drawings and sketches, most of which were unpublished.The gift was made in 1972 by Mr. and Mrs. Alfred C. Berol, Corliss Lamont, Mrs. Arthur Hayes Sulzberger, and Dan Burne Jones. The Archives of American Art is the repository for Kent's voluminous correspondence. of 250 copies, signed by the author. Illustrated by <mask> <mask>
 The Seven Ages of Man, portfolio of 4 linecut reproductions after pen/brush and ink drawings, each signed and mounted, contained in paper cartridge wrappers with

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Kent
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title: Rockwell Kent

texts:
 an illustrated cover label dated 1918, limited to 100 numbered copies;
 Rollo in Society, George S. Chappell (1922) Published by G. P. Putnam's Sons. of 750, numbered copies;
 City Child – poetry by Selma Robinson pen and ink drawings;
 The Mountains Wait – dust jacket only;
 Seed – novel by Charles Norris – dust jacket, binding;
 Zest – novel by Charles Norris – dust jacket, binding;
 Candy – novel by Lillie McMakin Alexander (1934) pen, brush, and ink drawings;
 Leaves of Grass – poetry by Walt Whitman (1936) pen, brush, and ink drawings;
 Erewhon – novel by Samuel Butler;
 The Bridge of San Luis Rey – novel by Thornton Wilder;
 Faust – by Goethe pen, brush, and ink drawings;
 Paul Bunyan – novel by Esther Shephard (1941) pen, brush, and ink drawings;
 A Treasury of Sea Stories – anthology edited by Gordon C. Aymar pen, brush, and ink drawings;
 Gisli's Saga – Mediaeval Icelandic saga;
 Autumn Leaves – social commentary by P W Litchfield;
 To Thee! - a centennial history of Rahr Malting Company and a paean to American freedom and democracy (1946) - pen, brush, and ink drawings
 Canterbury Tales  (1930) pen, brush, and ink drawings;
 The Decameron – novel by Giovanni Boccaccio translated by Richard Aldington, NY: Garden City Press (1949) pen, brush, and ink drawings;
  The Complete Works of Shakespeare. End papers for The Modern Library books under the editorship of Bennett Cerf.Murals by or designed by <mask> <mask>
 The Cape Cinema Murals, Dennis, MA (1930), designed by <mask> <mask>, executed by Jo Mielziner (1901–1976) and a crew of

masks: Rockwell Kent Rockwell Kent


title: Rockwell Kent

texts:
 stage set painters from New York City, finished by Kent;
 United States Post Office Department Headquarters, Washington DC (1938);
 1939 World's Fair mural for the General Electric pavilion;
 America at Peace located in the House Committee on Natural Resources "Walter B. Jones" Hearing Room, 1334 Longworth House Office Building, US Capitol Complex, Washington D.C.

Other works designed by <mask> <mask>
 Snow Fields (Winter in the Berkshires) (1909, oil on canvas painting, located in Smithsonian American Art Museum)
 1939 Christmas Seal; National Tuberculosis Association

See also
 Rockwell Kent Cottage and Studio, Monhegan Island, Maine
 Kent Cottage, Brigus, Newfoundland

References

Wien, Jake Milgram, Book Reviews in ARCTIC (Calgary) 73, no. 3 (September 2020). Reviews of North by Nuuk: Greenland After Rockwell Kent by Denis Defibaugh (2019) and When the Colour Ceases To Be Just a Colour: Rockwell Kent’s Greenland Paintings by Erik Torm (2019). Rockwell Kent Review (formerly known as the Rockwell Kent Collector), Rockwell Kent Gallery, Plattsburgh State Art Museum, 1974–2021
Defibaugh, Denis, North by Nuuk: Greenland After Rockwell Kent. Rochester, NY: RIT Press, 2019. With a foreword by Gretel Ehrlich. Torm, Erik, When the Colour Ceases To Be Just a Colour: Rockwell Kent's Greenland Paintings.Uummannaq, Greenland: Uummannaq Polar Institute, 2019. Two editions—one with English and Russian translation and the other with Greenlandic and Danish translation. Gordon, Sarah, "A Call for Liberty: Rockwell Kent's Puerto Rico Mural," Archives of

masks: Rockwell Kent


title: Rockwell Kent

texts: American Art Journal 58, no. 2 (Fall 2019). Chunikhin, Kirill, "At Home Among Strangers: U.S. Artists, the Soviet Union, and the Myth of Rockwell Kent During the Cold War," Journal of Cold War Studies 21, no. 4 (Fall 2019). Abrams, Matthew Jeffrey, "Inuit Encounters: The Going-Native of Rockwell Kent and the Shaming of Leni Riefenstahl," Apricota 1 (2018).Abrams, Matthew Jeffrey, "Illuminated Critique: the Kent Moby-Dick," Word & Image 33, no. 4 (2017). Rightmire, Robert with Lucy Grokhothov, "Rockwell Kent in Russian, The Exhibition and Publication of an American Artist in the Soviet Union," Rockwell Kent Review, Vol. XLIV, 2018–2019, pp. 11–23. Jones, Jamie L., "Print Nostalgia: Skeuomorphism and Rockwell <mask>'s Woodblock Style," American Art 31, no. 3 (Fall 2017).Wien, Jake Milgram, "Genius Loci: <mask> <mask>'s Lobster Cove (Ireland)," in Homann, Joachim, ed., Why Draw? 500 Years of Drawings and Watercolors at Bowdoin College (New York: Prestel, 2017). Bailey, Julia Tatiana, "The National Council of American-Soviet Friendship and Art in the Shadow of the Cold War," Archives of American Art Journal 56, no. 1 (Spring 2017). Ferris, Scott R., "In Review: Mr. <mask> Goes to Washington (Again): A Gift to the American People." A history on the gift of <mask> <mask>'s painting, 'Citadel," to the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Brock, Charles, "The Exhibition Game: Rockwell <mask> and The Twelve," in The World of William Glackens, Vol.II, The C. Richard Hilker Art Lectures & New Perspectives on William Glackens (New York:

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title: Rockwell Kent

texts:
 ARTBOOK/D.A.P., 2017). Ferris, Scott R., "In Review: Frozen Falls (Alaska)/Ice Curtains." Review of the oil painting, Frozen Falls, by <mask> <mask>: its history and sale at Christie's in November, 2016. March, 2017 online posting. Ferris, Scott R., "In Review: Gray Day." Review of the oil painting, Gray Day, by <mask> <mask>: its history and sale at Sotheby's in November, 2016. January, 2017 online posting.Ferris, Scott R., "In Review: Blue Day." Review of the oil painting, 'Blue Day,' by <mask> <mask>: its history and sale. 2017. <mask> <mask>: The Mythic and the Modern (illustrated chronology on pp. 162–68), Wien, 2005 (see Further reading, below)
Rightmire, Robert, "Valentines From Rockwell Kent",  Valentine Writer, Vol. 40, No. 2, Summer 2016, pp.2–5. Wien, Jake Milgram, "Rockwell Kent and Edward Hopper: Looking Out, Looking Within," The Magazine ANTIQUES, January/February 2016. Rightmire, Robert, Postmarked Art, The Postcards of Rockwell Kent, 1920s-1960s, Blurb.com, 2015
Ferris, Scott R., "In Review: Rockwell Kent in Newfoundland." A review of the exhibition and catalogue, "Vital Passage: The Newfoundland Epic of Rockwell Kent." The Rooms, St. John's, Newfoundland, 2014. Wien, Jake Milgram, Vital Passage: The Newfoundland Epic of Rockwell Kent, including a Catalogue Raisonne of Kent's Newfoundland Works. The Rooms, St. John's, Newfoundland, 2014.Rightmire, Robert, The Greeting Cards of Rockwell Kent. Picturia Press, Portland, ME, 2013. Ferris, Scott R., Rockwell Kent: The Once Most Popular American Artist. St. Lawrence University,

masks: Rockwell Kent Rockwell Kent Rockwell Kent Rockwell Kent


title: Rockwell Kent

texts:
 Canton, NY. Autumn 2012. Ferris, Scott R., "In Review: The Other Rockwell Kents: An Introduction." 2018.Franklin, Jamie, "Rockwell <mask>'s 'Egypt': Shadow and Light in Vermont." Antiques & Fine Art (cover story), Summer 2012. Franklin, Jamie and Jake Milgram Wien, Rockwell Kent's 'Egypt': Shadow and Light in Vermont. Bennington Museum, Vermont, 2012. Komanecky, Michael, Jamie Wyeth, Rockwell Kent and Monhegan. Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, ME, 2012. O'Hara, Virginia, Intrepid and Inventive: Illustrations by <mask> <mask>, Brandywine River Museum, DE, 2009.Rightmire, Robert, A Descriptive List of the Greeting Card Art of Rockwell Kent, The Kent Collector, Vol. XXXIII, No. 1, Spring 2007 through current issue, a 15-part series. Wien, Jake Milgram, Rockwell Kent: Visionary Works from Greenland. Lighthouse Center for the Arts, Tequesta, Florida, March 3 – April 30, 2008 (color brochure with essay). Ferris, Scott R., "The Evolving Legacy of Rockwell Kent," FineArtConnoisseur, January–February 2008. Rightmire, Robert, " A Newly Discovered Rockwell Kent Porfolio" (The PON portfolio), The Kent Collector, Vol.XXX, No. 2, Summer, 2006, pp. 15–17
 Wien, Jake Milgram, "The Archetypal Landscapes of Rockwell Kent." Antiques & Fine Art, Late Summer 2005. Rightmire, Robert "Every American An Art Patron," The Kent Collector, Vol. XXIX, No. 3, Fall/Winter, 2003, pp.13–18. Ferris, Scott R., "In Review: <mask> <mask>: The Mythic and the Modern." Review of the exhibition and catalog, Rockwell Kent: The Mythic and the Modern, 2005. Wien, Jake Milgram,

masks: Kent Rockwell Kent Rockwell Kent


title: Rockwell Kent

texts:
 Rightmire, Robert, "Rockwell Kent and the Modern Library," The Kent Collector, Vol. XXVI, No. 2, Summer, 2000, pp. 15–17. Rightmire, Robert, "The Drawings of Rockwell Kent, the Reproductions Reconsidered," The Kent Collector, Vol. XXIV, No.1, Spring, 2000, pp.10–12
 Ferris, Scott R. and Caroline M. Welsh, The View from Asgaard: Rockwell <mask>'s Adirondack Legacy, Adirondack Museum, 1999. Rightmire, Robert, "Godspeed, the Birth of the Kent Collector," The Kent Collector, Vol. XXV, No.3, Fall/Winter, 1999, pp.6–7. Ferris, Scott R. and Ellen Pearce, Rockwell Kent's Forgotten Landscapes, Down East Books, 1998. Rightmire, Robert, "Hogarth, Jr. Taken Seriously," The Kent Collector, Vol.XXIV, No.3, Summer 1998, p. 6
 Rightmire, Robert, "The Yearbook Art of Rockwell Kent," The Kent Collector, Vol. XXIII, No. 4, Fall, 1997, pp.10–13. Wien, Jake Milgram, "His Mind on Fire: <mask> <mask>'s Amorous Letters to Hildegarde Hirsch and Ernesta Drinker Bullitt, 1916–1925," Columbia Library Columns, Vol. 46, No. 2, Autumn 1997. Rightmire, Robert, "I Hated War" (The Seven Ages of Man), The Kent Collector, Vol. XXII, No.3, Spring, 1996, pp. 3–4.Rightmire, Robert "Rockwell Kent: The 'Best' Printmaker? ", The Kent Collector, Vol. XXII, No. 1, Summer, 1995, pp.12–13
 West, Richard V., "An Enkindled Eye": The Paintings of Rockwell Kent, Santa Barbara Museum of Art, 1985. Traxel, David, An American Saga: The Life and Times of Rockwell Kent. New York: Harper & Row, 1980. Johnson, Fridolf.Rockwell Kent: An Anthology of His Works. New York: Alfred K. Knopf, 1982.

masks: Kent Rockwell Kent


title: Rockwell Kent

texts: Johnson, Fridolf. The Illustrations of Rockwell Kent: 231 examples from Books, Magazines, and Advertising Art. New York: Dover Publications, 1976. Jones, Dan Burne. The Prints of Rockwell Kent: A Catalogue Raisonné.University of Chicago Press, 1975. Priess, David. "Rockwell Kent", American Artist 36, no. 364 (November 1972). American Book Collector Special Rockwell Kent Number, Vol. XIV, No. 10, Summer 1964.Arens, Egmont. "Rockwell Kent-Illustrator". The Book Collector's Packet. 1.9 (1932). Capra, Doug. "Foreword." Wilderness: A Journal of Quiet Adventure in Alaska by Rockwell <mask>.Middleton, CT: Wesleyan UP, 1996. Capra, Doug. "And Now the World Again: <mask> <mask> vs. Seward, Alaska", The Kent Collector. Vol. XII, No. 3, Winter, 1985, pp. 10.Capra, Doug. "Rockwell <mask>'s Final Alaskan Trip." The Kent Collector. Vol. XVI, No. 3, Winter, 1989, pp. 3–15.Capra, Doug. "Roasting the Mails Instead of the Horses." (Kent in Alaska). The Kent Collector. Vol. XII, No. 2, Fall, 1985, pp.1–7. Capra, Doug. "Pets and Paradise: Olson of the Deep Experience." (Kent in Alaska). The Kent Collector. Vol. XII, No.2, Fall, 1985, pp. 8–14. Capra, Doug. "Rockwell Kent's Northern Christmas." The Kent Collector. Vol. XI, No.2, Fall, 1994, pp. 3–8. Capra, Doug. "May the Waters of Resurrection Bay Caress Their Bodies." The Kent Collector. Vol. XXXI, No.2, Spring 2005, pp. 5–10. Capra, Doug. "A Frightened But Brave Boy: <mask> in Alaska." The Kent Collector. Vol. XXXIV, No.1, Spring 2008, pp. 5–11. The Biography of Wilhelmina Weber Furlong: The Treasured

masks:
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title: Rockwell Kent

texts:
 Collection of Golden Heart Farm by Clint B. Weber,
 Goodman, Helen. "Rockwell Kent." Arts Magazine'', March, 1977, p. 4. External links

 Annotated Checklist of Alaska Paintings by <mask> <mask> (1882-1971)
 Rockwell Kent papers at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art
 Rockwell Kent papers at Columbia University. Rare Book and Manuscript Library
 Rockwell Kent Gallery and Collection at Plattsburgh State Art Museum at SUNY Plattsburgh

 Summer 2014 exhibition at The Rooms, St. John's, Newfoundland
 Autumn 2012 exhibition at St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY
 Adirondack Vistas in the Artist's Eye and in the Visitor's
 Rockwell Kent Artwork Examples on AskART.Bookplates by <mask> <mask> in the University of Delaware Library's William Augustus Brewer Bookplate Collection
 Photos of the Random House edition of Moby Dick Illustrated by Rockwell Kent
 Works by <mask> <mask>, The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts
 Mountain Lake, PBS, August 31, 2013
 Scott R. Ferris, author and specialist on the artwork of Rockwell Kent
 Works by <mask> <mask>, The State Hermitage Museum

 Appraisal of Land of Peace, PBS, August 13, 2011

1882 births
1971 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Landscape artists
American landscape painters
American realist painters
American illustrators
American printmakers
American people of English descent
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Students of Robert Henri
Lenin Peace Prize recipients
Art Students League of New York faculty
People from Tarrytown, New York
Section of Painting and Sculpture


title: John Benjamin Murphy

texts:
<mask>, born <mask> (December 21, 1857 – August 11, 1916) was an American physician and abdominal surgeon noted for advocating early surgical intervention in appendicitis appendectomy, and several eponyms: <mask>’s button, <mask> drip, <mask>’s punch, <mask>’s test, and <mask> bone skid. He is best remembered for the eponymous clinical sign that is used in evaluating patients with acute cholecystitis. His career spanned general surgery, orthopedics, neurosurgery, and cardiothoracic surgery, which helped him to gain international prominence in the surgical profession. Mayo Clinic co-founder William James Mayo called him "the surgical genius of our generation". Over the course of his career he was renowned as a surgeon, a clinician, a teacher, an innovator, and an author. In addition to general surgical operations, such as appendectomy, cholecystostomy, bowel resection for intestinal obstruction, and mastectomy, he performed and described innovative procedures in neurosurgery, orthopedics, gynecology, urology, plastic surgery, thoracic surgery, and vascular surgery. He also ventured into techniques such as neurorrhaphy, arthroplasty, prostatectomy, nephrectomy, hysterectomy, bone grafting, and thoracoplasty.Life and death
<mask> was born in a log cabin in Appleton, Wisconsin. His parents, <mask> and Ann Grimes <mask>, were Irish immigrants who escaped from the Great Famine and who later raised him on their own farm. He was tall and strong with a red beard and mustache. <mask> died of heart disease in Mackinac Island, Michigan after having been ill for six months. He was staying at the Grand Hotel and was attended by his wife and Drs. L. L. MacArthur and James Keefe. After he suffered

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John Benjamin Murphy
John Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
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Murphy Lane
Murphy
Michael Murphy
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Murphy


title: John Benjamin Murphy

texts:
 from angina pectoris for several years, his death was attributed to aortitis.Two days prior to his death he correctly predicted the findings of his own autopsy: "I think the necropsy will show plaques in my aorta." Education and training
<mask> attended public school in Appleton and graduated from Appleton High School in 1876. He obtained a doctorate from Rush Medical College in 1879 and entered an eighteen-month internship at Cook County Hospital. He then practiced there briefly. From 1882–1884 he performed practical work at universities and hospitals in Vienna, Munich, Berlin and Heidelberg. Most of this time was spent working in Vienna with Theodor Billroth, who introduced gastrectomy techniques that are still in use today. Academic career

After his sojourn in Europe, he returned to Chicago to start a general practice.He was quickly recognized as a leader in abdominal surgery and was appointed lecturer in surgery at Rush Medical College at the end of 1884. In 1890 he was elected Professor of Surgery. In 1892, he was named Professor of Clinical Surgery at the College of Physicians and Surgeons (currently University of Illinois College of Medicine). By 1899, he had become acclaimed for bone surgery. From 1901–1905 he held a position at the Northwestern University Medical School. From 1905–1908, he worked at Rush Medical College, and from 1908–1916 he returned to Northwestern University Medical School. Meanwhile, he also taught at the Graduate Medical School of Chicago, and from 1895 until his death in 1916, he was the surgeon-in-chief at the Mercy Hospital.From 1908 on he also held a commission in the Army Reserve Medical Corps. While at Mercy, he developed a following for his "wet


title: John Benjamin Murphy

texts:
 clinics", in which he operated and lectured to an audience. Physicians from around the world attended these sessions. The only method for wider dissemination of these lectures and demonstrations was print publication. A secretary transcribed his words, and they were printed as "The Surgical Clinics of <mask><mask>, M.D., at Mercy Hospital, Chicago". This became 'The Surgical Clinics of Chicago", and, subsequently, the "Surgical Clinics of North America", which continue as of 2019. Experiences
Early in his career, on May 4, 1886, he was one of the doctors summoned to the scene of the Haymarket Affair in the Near West Side community area of Chicago.He dressed approximately 30 men while working until 3:30 AM. A bomb had been thrown at the Chicago Police officers leading to several deaths and a high-profile trial, in which <mask> was called to testify. The labor unrest leading up to and surrounding the events led to the tradition of May Day labor rallies. After an October 14, 1912 assassination attempt on former United States President Theodore Roosevelt in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Roosevelt was brought to Chicago's Mercy Hospital. When he asked Roosevelt about any fears he might have about his bullet wound he said that Roosevelt responded, "I've hunted long enough, Doctor, to know that you can't kill a Bull Moose with a short gun." Legacy

Although his surgical prowess was not questioned, his approach to practice was considered pretentious by a segment of his professional colleagues in the U.S., and his work was more highly regarded by his contemporaries in Europe than in Chicago. He was an early advocate of intervention via the removal of the appendix in all cases of appendicitis.His

masks:
John B
. Murphy
Murphy


title: John Benjamin Murphy

texts: thoughts were controversial in a time of conservative management of appendicitis. Having been met with skepticism after his first presentation of appendectomy, he gathered evidence from 250 cases and presented his opinions again as an authority on the subject. A number of procedures and devices were named after <mask>, including <mask>’s button (a mechanical device used for intestinal anastomosis), <mask>’s punch (a punch tenderness at the costo-vertebral angle in cases of perinephric abscess), <mask>'s sign (a sign of inflammation of the gallbladder), <mask>’s test (a test for deep-seated tenderness and muscular rigidity in cases of perinephric abscess), <mask> drip for administration of fluids by proctoclysis in patients with peritonitis, and <mask> bone skid (a common commercial steel instrument used for femoral head procedures). <mask> developed his eponymous anastomotic button for a sutureless anastomosis of the gallbladder to the duodenum (his preferred treatment for acute cholecystitis), but it was equally suitable for intestinal anastomoses. He developed it in the experimental animal laboratory in a barn behind his house and first used it less than a week after developing it on a dog. The <mask> button can be credited as the forerunner of the modern end-to-end stapling instrument after having become the method of choice for operations at the Mayo Clinic and elsewhere in the United States for over twenty years. In 1896, <mask> was the first person to successfully unite a femoral artery severed by a gunshot wound.In 1898, <mask> was first in the United States to induce artificial immobilization and collapse of the lung (pneumothorax) in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. He

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Murphy
Murphy
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Murphy
Murphy Lane
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Murphy


title: John Benjamin Murphy

texts:
 pioneered bone grafting techniques and made inroads in the management of ankylosis, especially with reconstruction. He was also considered an innovator for surgical intervention for prostate cancer, performance of end-to-end anastomosis of hollow viscera. In 1912, he performed what was arguably the first biliary tract endoscopy. He was a founding member of the American College of Surgeons. Honors
He was knighted with the Order of St. Gregory the Great at the direction of Pope Benedict XV by Archbishop George Mundelein on June 16, 1916. He was awarded Laetare Medal by the University of Notre Dame in 1902, and a Doctor of Science by University of Sheffield, England in 1908.Although <mask>'s flamboyant demeanour and consequent unpopularity among his colleagues kept him from early membership in several professional associations, he was eventually elected President of both the Chicago Medical Society and the American Medical Association (AMA).The American Surgical Association realized their mistake and belatedly granted <mask> membership. The John B. <mask> Public School in the Irving Park community on the northwest side of Chicago, which opened in 1924, was named in his honor. Notes

External links

1857 births
1916 deaths
American surgeons
People from Appleton, Wisconsin
People from Chicago
Physicians from Wisconsin
Rush Medical College alumni
Northwestern University faculty
University of Illinois faculty
Laetare Medal recipients
Physicians from Illinois
19th-century American physicians
20th-century American physicians
Presidents of the American Medical Association
20th-century surgeons
Deaths from heart disease
American people of Irish descent
Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Evanston,

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy


title: Kate Sheppard

texts: <mask> ( Catherine Wilson Malcolm; 10 March 1848 – 13 July 1934) was the most prominent member of the women's suffrage movement in New Zealand and the country's most famous suffragist. Born in Liverpool, England, she emigrated to New Zealand with her family in 1868. There she became an active member of various religious and social organisations, including the Women's Christian Temperance Union New Zealand (WCTU NZ). In 1887 she was appointed the WCTU NZ's National Superintendent for Franchise and Legislation, a position she used to advance the cause of women's suffrage in New Zealand. <mask> promoted women's suffrage by organising petitions and public meetings, by writing letters to the press, and by developing contacts with politicians. She was the editor of The White Ribbon, the first woman-operated newspaper in New Zealand. Through her skilful writing and persuasive public speaking, she successfully advocated women's suffrage.Her pamphlets Ten Reasons Why the Women of New Zealand Should Vote and Should Women Vote? contributed to the cause. This work culminated in a petition with 30,000 signatures calling for women's suffrage that was presented to parliament, and the successful extension of the franchise to women in 1893. As a result, New Zealand became the first country to establish universal suffrage. <mask> was the first president of the National Council of Women of New Zealand, founded in 1896, and helped reform the organisation in 1918. In later life, she travelled to Britain and assisted the suffrage movement there. With failing health, she returned to New Zealand, after which she continued to be involved in writing on women's rights, although she became less politically active.She died in 1934, leaving no descendants.

masks:
Katherine Wilson Sheppard
Kate Sheppard
Sheppard


title: Kate Sheppard

texts:
 <mask> is considered to be an important figure in New Zealand's history. A memorial to her exists in Christchurch. Her portrait replaced that of Queen Elizabeth II on the front of the New Zealand ten-dollar note in 1991. Early life

<mask> was born Catherine Wilson Malcolm on 10 March 1848 in Liverpool, England, to Scottish parents Jemima Crawford Souter and Andrew Wilson Malcolm. Her father, born in Scotland in 1819, was described in various documents as either a lawyer, banker, brewer's clerk, or legal clerk; he married Souter in the Inner Hebrides on 14 July 1842. Catherine was named after her paternal grandmother, also Catherine Wilson Malcolm, but preferred to spell her name "Katherine" or to abbreviate it to "<mask>".She had an elder sister Marie, born in Scotland, and three younger siblings – Frank, born in Birmingham, and Isabella and Robert, both born in London; evidently, the family moved often during that period. Details of the children's education are unknown, though <mask>'s later writings demonstrate extensive knowledge of science and law, indicating a strong education. She was known for her broad knowledge and intellectual ability. Her father loved music and ensured that the family had good musical training. <mask>'s father died in 1862, while in his early forties, but left his widow with sufficient means to provide for the family. After her father's death, <mask> lived with her uncle, a minister of the Free Church of Scotland at Nairn; he, more than anyone else, instilled in her the values of Christian socialism. During this time, the rest of the family stayed with relatives in Dublin, where <mask> later joined them.George Beath, the future husband of <mask>'s sister Marie, emigrated to Melbourne in 1863, and

masks:
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Kate Sheppard
Kate
Kate
Kate
Kate
Kate
Kate


title: Kate Sheppard

texts: later moved to Christchurch. After Marie joined him there, they were married in 1867, and their first child was born the following year. Marie's accounts of Christchurch motivated Jemima to move her family to New Zealand, as she was seeking better prospects for her sons' employment and wanted to see her granddaughter. They sailed on the Matoaka from Gravesend on 12 November 1868, arriving in Lyttelton Harbour on 8 February 1869. In Christchurch, most of the family, including <mask>, joined the Trinity Congregational Church. The minister was William Habens, a graduate of the University of London who was also Classics Master at Christchurch High School. <mask> became part of Christchurch's intellectual and social scenes, and spent time with Marie and George's growing family.<mask> married Walter Allen <mask>, a shop owner, at her mother's house on 21 July 1871. Walter had been elected to the Christchurch City Council in 1868, and may have impressed <mask> with his knowledge of local matters. They lived on Madras Street, not far from her mother's home, and within walking distance of the city centre. The Trinity Congregational Church raised funds for a new building from 1872 to 1874, and <mask> was most likely involved in this. She formed a friendship with Alfred Saunders, a politician and prominent temperance activist who may have influenced her ideas on women's suffrage. <mask> and her husband arrived in England in 1877 and spent a year there, then returned to Christchurch. Their only child, Douglas, was born on 8 December 1880.<mask> was an active member of various religious organisations. She taught Sunday school, and in 1884 was elected secretary of the newly formed Trinity Ladies' Association, a body established to visit

masks: Kate Kate Kate Sheppard Kate Kate Sheppard Sheppard


title: Kate Sheppard

texts:
 parishioners who did not regularly attend church services. The association also helped with fundraising and did jobs for the church such as providing morning tea. <mask> wrote reports on the work of the Association, tried to recruit new members, and worked to retain existing ones. The following year she joined the Riccarton Choral Society. Her solo in a May 1886 concert was praised in the Lyttelton Times. She also served on the management committee of the YWCA.Women's suffrage movement

Early engagement
<mask>'s activism and engagement with politics began after listening to or reading about a talk by Mary Leavitt from the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) of the United States. In 1885 Leavitt toured New Zealand speaking not only about the problems caused by alcohol consumption, but also the need for women to have a "voice in public affairs". She spent two weeks in Christchurch, starting with a public speech at the Theatre Royal on 10 May. Journalists were impressed by the strength of public speaking displayed by a woman, something not witnessed often at that time in New Zealand. <mask> became involved in establishing a Christchurch branch of the WCTU NZ prior to the formation of a national organisation. Her initial involvement was in promoting petitions to Parliament to prevent women being employed as barmaids, and to outlaw the sale of alcohol to children. This marked the beginning of her collaborations with Alfred Saunders, who advised her on her negotiations with politicians and who wrote to the Premier, Sir Robert Stout, seeking to further her campaign.The barmaid petitions (including some from other parts of the country) were rejected by the Petitions Committee of Parliament later in 1885. <mask> decided that

masks:
Sheppard
Kate Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard


title: Kate Sheppard

texts: politicians would continue to ignore petitions from women as long as women could not vote. In 1879 universal male suffrage had been granted to all men over the age of 21 whether they owned property or not, but women were still excluded as electors. A limited number of voting rights were extended to female voters in the 1870s. Female ratepayers were able to vote in local body elections in 1873, and in 1877 women "householders" were given the right to vote in and stand for education boards. The New Zealand Women's Christian Temperance Union was formed under the leadership of Anne Ward at a conference in Wellington in February 1886. <mask> did not attend that conference, but at the second national convention in Christchurch a year later, she arrived ready to present a paper on women's suffrage, although there was no opportunity for her to do so.She was first appointed Superintendent for Relative Statistics, owing to her interest in economics. In 1887when more local Franchise departments were established within the WCTU NZshe replaced Mrs. G Clarke as National Superintendent for the Franchise and Legislation. Much of the support for moderation came from women, and the WCTU NZ believed that women's suffrage could advance their aim to prohibit alcohol while promoting child and family welfare. <mask> soon became prominent in the area of women's suffrage, but her interest in the cause went beyond practical considerations regarding temperance. Her views were made well known with her statement that "all that separates, whether of race, class, creed, or sex, is inhuman, and must be overcome." <mask> proved to be a powerful speaker and a skilled organiser, quickly building support for her cause. The WCTU NZ sent a deputation to Sir Julius

masks: Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard


title: Kate Sheppard

texts:
 Vogel, a Member of Parliament and former Premier, asking him to introduce a suffrage bill to parliament.He did so in 1887, with the Female Suffrage Bill, and <mask> campaigned for its support. In its third reading, the part dealing with women's suffrage was defeated by one vote, and the bill was withdrawn. During the general election campaign later that year <mask> encouraged WCTU NZ members to ask parliamentary candidates questions about suffrage, but few women did so. In 1888 <mask> was President of the Christchurch branch of the WCTU NZ, and presented a report to the national convention in Dunedin, where the convention decided that prohibition and women's suffrage would be the organisation's central aims. <mask> made public speeches on suffrage in Dunedin, Oamaru, and Christchurch, developing a confident speaking style. To reinforce her message, she gave audiences leaflets produced in Britain and the United States. <mask> then published her own single-sheet pamphlet titled Ten Reasons Why the Women of New Zealand Should Vote, which displayed her "dry wit and logical approach".A copy was sent to every member of the House of Representatives. Petitions
The government introduced an Electoral Bill in 1888 that would continue to exclude women from suffrage, and <mask> organised a petition requesting that the exclusion be removed. She wrote to, and later met with, Sir John Hall, a well-respected Canterbury member of the House of Representatives, inviting him to present the petition and support her cause. He did so, but no action resulted. <mask> then produced a second pamphlet, Should Women Vote?, which presented statements on suffrage from notable people in New Zealand and overseas. The Electoral Bill was delayed until 1890, when

masks: Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard


title: Kate Sheppard

texts: on 5 August, Hall proposed a motion "That in the opinion of the House, the right of voting for members of the House of Representatives should be extended to women." After vigorous debate, this was passed 37 votes to 11.On 21 August, Hall moved an amendment to the Electoral Bill to give women suffrage, but it was defeated by seven votes. Following the defeat, Hall suggested to <mask> that a petition to parliament should be the next step. She drew up the wording for the petition, arranged for the forms to be printed, and campaigned hard for its support. During the 1890 election campaign, WCTU members attempted to ask all candidates about their position on women's suffrage. The petition contained 10,085 signatures (according to WCTU minutes), and Hall presented it to Parliament in 1891 as a new Electoral Bill went into committee. The petition was supported in Parliament by Hall, Alfred Saunders, and the Premier at the time, John Ballance. Hall moved an amendment to the Electoral Bill to give women suffrage; it passed with a majority of 25 votes.An opponent of suffrage, Walter Carncross, then moved an amendment which would also allow women to stand for parliament; this seemed a logical extension of Hall's amendment but was actually calculated to cause the Bill's failure in New Zealand's upper house, the New Zealand Legislative Council. The Bill indeed failed in the Upper House by two votes. In 1890, <mask> was one of the founders of the Christian Ethical Society, a discussion group for both men and women, not limited to the members of a single church. In their first few meetings the topics included selfishness, conjugal relations, and dress reform. The Society gave <mask> more confidence debating her ideas with people from diverse


title: Kate Sheppard

texts:
 backgrounds. During 1891, <mask> began editing a page in the Prohibitionist on behalf of the WCTU. The Prohibitionist was a fortnightly temperance paper with a circulation around New Zealand of over 20,000.<mask> used the pseudonym "Penelope" in this paper. <mask> promised that a second petition would be twice as large and worked through the summer to organise it; it received 20,274 women's signatures. Using paid canvassers, the Liberal MP Henry Fish organised two counter petitions, one signed by men and the other by women; they received 5,000 signatures between them. An Electoral Bill in 1892 included provision for women's suffrage and again it easily passed in the House of Representatives, but the Upper House requested that women's votes be postal rather than by ballot. As the two houses could not agree on this, the bill failed. A third petition for suffrage, still larger, was organised by <mask> and presented in 1893. This time 31,872 women signedthe largest petition of any kind presented to Parliament at this point.1893 Electoral Bill
The Electoral Bill of 1893, which granted women full voting rights, successfully passed in the House of Representatives in August. Few MPs were willing to vote against it, fearing that women would vote against them in the general election later that year. Many therefore chose to be absent from the house during votes. Henry Fish attempted to delay the proposed statute by calling for a national referendum, but the Bill progressed to the Legislative Council. After several attempts to stymie passage failed, the legislation passed 20 votes to 18 on 8 September. The Bill now needed the Governor's signature, and although Governor David Boyle did not support women's suffrage and was slow to sign, he

masks: Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard


title: Kate Sheppard

texts:
 eventually did so on 19 September. <mask> was widely acknowledged as the leader of the women's suffrage movement.1893 general election and further women's advocacy
<mask> had no time to rest, as the  was only ten weeks away, and the newspapers were spreading rumours that an early election might be called to reduce the number of women enrolled. Along with the WCTU NZ, she was highly active in encouraging women to register as voters. The main meeting venue in Christchurch was the Tuam Street Hall. One of her largest detractors was the liquor industry, which feared for its continued business. Despite the short notice, 88 percent of women had enrolled to vote by election date (28 November), and nearly 70 percent ended up casting a vote. Although women had gained the vote they were not eligible to stand in parliamentary elections until 1919, and it was not until 1933 that the first woman was elected to parliament. In around 1892 <mask> had started bicycling around Christchurchone of the first women in the city to do so.She joined the Atalanta Ladies' Cycling Club, which existed from 1892 to 1897, and was a founding committee member. The club was the first women's cycling club in New Zealand or Australia and attracted controversy as some of its members advocated "rational dress"such as knickerbockers rather than skirts for female cyclists. In December 1893, <mask> was elected President of the Christchurch branch of the WCTU NZ. She chaired the first two meetings in 1894, before travelling to England with her husband and son. She was in great demand in England as a speaker to women's groups about the struggle for women's suffrage in New Zealand. In mid-1895, the WCTU launched a monthly journal, The White Ribbon, with <mask> as the

masks: Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard


title: Kate Sheppard

texts:
 editor, contributing to it from overseas. While in England <mask> experienced health problems, requiring an operation, possibly a hysterectomy.The family returned to New Zealand at the beginning of 1896. Later that year, <mask> was reappointed editor of The White Ribbon. Canterbury Women's Institute and the National Council of Women

The Canterbury Women's Institute was formed in September 1892, with <mask> playing a leading role and taking charge of the economics department. The institute was open to both men and women and worked to reduce inequalities between them. <mask> believed that enfranchisement was the first step towards achieving other reforms, such as reforming unfair laws on marriage, parenthood, and property, and towards eliminating the uneven treatment of the sexes in morality. The National Council of Women of New Zealand was established in April 1896 by the Canterbury Women's Institute and ten other women's groups from throughout New Zealand, and <mask> was elected president at its founding convention. The Council promoted the right of women to stand for Parliament, equal pay and equal opportunities for women, the removal of legal disabilities affecting women, and economic independence for married women.<mask>'s election as president, instead of fellow feminist Lady Anna Stout, had caused a rift. This, along with other disagreements such as whether the council should support New Zealand's involvement in the Second Boer War, contributed to the organisation going into recess in 1906. Later life

As editor of The White Ribbon and president of the National Council of Women, <mask> promoted many ideas related to improving the situation and status of women. In particular, she was concerned about establishing legal and


title: Kate Sheppard

texts: economic independence of women from men. She was not only occupied with advancing women's rights, but also promoted political reforms such as proportional representation, binding referendums, and a Cabinet elected directly by Parliament. By 1902, <mask>'s marriage appears to have been under strain, and possibly had been for several years. Her husband sold their house and moved to England with their son, who wished to study in London.<mask> bought new furnishings and appeared to be planning for a new permanent residence in Christchurch, but sold them in 1903, stepped down from her positions at the National Council of Women, and moved to England without any fixed date to return. On the way she briefly stopped in Canada and the United States where she met the American suffragist Carrie Chapman Catt. In London, she was active in promoting women's suffrage, but her health deteriorated further, forcing her to stop this work. In November 1904, <mask> returned to New Zealand with her husband, but he went back to England in March the following year. She moved into the house of her long-time friends William Sidney Lovell-Smith and his wife Jennie Lovell-Smith; their third daughter, <mask> Lovell-Smith, had been given her middle name after <mask>. She remained relatively inactive in political circles, and stopped giving speeches, but continued to write. She prepared a display on the history of women's suffrage for the 1906 Exhibition in Christchurch, and wrote the pamphlet Woman Suffrage in New Zealand for the International Women's Suffrage Alliance in 1907.The following year she travelled to England for her son's wedding, visiting the headquarters of the WCTU in Chicago on the way, and meeting with suffrage groups after arriving in

masks:
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Hilda Kate
Sheppard


title: Kate Sheppard

texts:
 Britain. In 1912 and 1913, she travelled with the Lovell-Smiths through India and Europe. While she did not recover her former energy, her health had stopped declining, and she continued to be effective in influencing the New Zealand women's movement. She was the first to sign a petition to the Prime Minister, Sir Joseph Ward, in 1916, asking him to urge the British government to enfranchise women, and she revitalised the National Council of Women along with a group of other prominent suffragettes in 1918. <mask> was elected president of the National Council that year before stepping down in 1919. <mask>'s husband Walter died in England in 1915. Jennie Lovell-Smith died in 1924, and <mask> and William Lovell-Smith married in 1925.Lovell-Smith died only four years later, and <mask> herself died in Christchurch on 13 July 1934 at the age of 86. As her son Douglas had died of pernicious anaemia at the age of 29 in 1910, and her only grandchild, Margaret Isabel <mask>, had died of tuberculosis at the age of 19 in 1930, <mask> left no living direct descendants. She was buried at Addington Cemetery, Christchurch, in a grave with her mother and her brother Robert. Commemoration

<mask> is considered to be an important figure in New Zealand's history. Since 1992 her profile has featured on the New Zealand ten-dollar note. A 2005 television show New Zealand's Top 100 History Makers ranked <mask> as the second most influential New Zealander of all time. Similarly, The New Zealand Herald selected <mask> as one of their ten greatest New Zealanders in 2013.In 1972, Patricia Grimshaw's book Women's Suffrage in New Zealand identified <mask> as the leading figure of the suffrage movement. This was the first acclaimed book to do so and its

masks: Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard Sheppard


title: Kate Sheppard

texts: publication marked a growth in recognition of <mask>'s life and activism. In 1993, the centenary of women's suffrage in New Zealand, a group of Christchurch women established two memorials to <mask>: the <mask> National Memorial, on the banks of the Avon River, and the <mask> Memorial Trust Award, an annual award to women in research. That year a special paeony-style white camellia was created at Camellia Glen Nurseries in Kaupokonui, Taranaki; white camellias were a symbol of the suffragists. It was named after <mask> and planted extensively throughout New Zealand. The Fendalton house at 83 Clyde Road, where the <mask>s lived from 1888 to 1902 and now known as the <mask> House, is registered by Heritage New Zealand as a Category I heritage building, in view of the many events relevant to women's suffrage that happened there. It was here that Sheppard pasted together the three main petitions onto sheets of wallpaper.<mask> House came into government ownership in 2019. New Zealand playwright Mervyn Thompson wrote the play O! Temperance! about <mask> and the temperance movement. It was first performed in 1972 at Christchurch's Court Theatre. In 2016 and 2017, the production That Bloody Woman, which re-imagined <mask>'s life as a punk rock musical, toured New Zealand. <mask> Place, located within Wellington's parliament precinct, is named in her honour; it is a short one-way street running from Molesworth Street opposite Parliament House to the intersection of Mulgrave Street and Thorndon Quay.There is a <mask> Avenue in the Auckland suburb of Northcross. In 2014, eight intersections near Parliament in Wellington were fitted with green pedestrian lights depicting <mask>. Several New Zealand schools have houses named after

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Kate Sheppard
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Kate Sheppard
Kate Sheppard
Kate Sheppard
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Kate Sheppard
Kate Sheppard
Kateppard
Kate Sheppard


title: Linda Wang

texts:
<mask> is an American actress. She traces her ancestry to Shanghai and Shandong, she was raised in Queens, New York. Also known as <mask>, <mask><mask> and Wáng Xiànlíng (王憲苓). She has been profiled in Chinese-language media in the United States.</ref> She currently resides in the Los Angeles area. Biography

Early life and education
At seven years old, <mask> began modeling for Kodak film. Later, during her first year in high school, she auditioned for the part of Field Reporter in Pushing Hands. The Oscar award winning director Ang Lee told her she was just too young for the part.They spent half an hour talking about <mask>'s pen and ink artwork "Repeating" which at the time was being exhibited at the New York Transit Museum. However, <mask> stated Lee also gave her valuable advice on where to study and how to continue to pursue her acting career. Three months later, <mask> auditioned and was accepted to study for two years under the teen program with Herbert Berghof (co-founder, with wife Uta Hagen, of the HB Studio, NYC). She then went on to New York University, and studied at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Academy. Career

Film
<mask>'s Hollywood film career includes a heartbreaking role in Neal Hollander's controversial film Birds of Passage as "Fu Ling" opposite Stacy Keach. The film was banned in certain locations in China due to the One-Child Policy story line, and was instead filmed on location in the Philippines and South China sea. She also starred with actor Ernie Rivera in the Indie film Red Betta, directed by Allena Rennee.Additional notable appearances were in The Violent Kind, Scarred City, Dead Air, Dark City and What Ever Happened to Mason Reese? which was directed by Brett Ratner. Her off-screen film credit was in the 2008 comedy Tropic

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Linda Hsien Wang
Linda Wang
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Linda Wang


title: Linda Wang

texts:
 Thunder. <mask> had previously worked as a Chinese script translator for the producer and writer David Milch on several episodes of his HBO hit television show Deadwood. She had openly expressed her regrets for not standing up for her rights for screen credit for her work on Deadwood to Milch. <mask> was later recommended by Milch to one of the casting directors of the film Tropic Thunder and was immediately hired by producer Eric McLeod as the Chinese script translator to aid writers Justin Theroux and Etan Cohen during pre-production. She was asked to come back but would only work under the condition that she received screen credit for her work.McLeod agreed and <mask> went on to work as the on-set script translator for director Ben Stiller and dialogue coach for Robert Downey, Jr., as well as All actors with in the film such as Reggie Lee and Brandon Soo Hoo that had Chinese dialogue in the film. <mask> played an evil villain named Contessa Dell"Oro, a non-Asian role, as the leader of an army of commandos who plot to destroy all human life on earth with the devastating X-bomb Nuclear Missile in a dark comedy called Blonde Squad

<mask> was in the film Low Down, which won Best Cinematography Award in the US Dramatic category at the Sundance Film Festival in 2014. Written by: Amy Albany and Topper Lilien. Directed by: Jeff Priess. Stars: Elle Fanning, Glenn Close, John Hawkes, Peter Dinklage, Lena Headey, Taryn Manning, Caleb Landry Jones and Flea. (Cast by Justine Baddeley & Kim Davis-Wagner ) Intriguingly, <mask> had previously worked with Hawkes on the HBO series Deadwood as a Chinese translator and character during the show in 2004 to 2005. The award-winning film is about Joe Albany, a well-known jazz musician; the story line was told through the wise

masks:
Wang
Wang
Wang
Linda Wang
Linda Wang
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title: Linda Wang

texts: eyes of his young daughter, Amy Elle Fanning.Low Down chronicles the torrid, true life of jazz pianist Joe Albany. Born into her beloved father's unorthodox segment of society, Amy's improvisational adolescence evolves in the shadow of Joe's struggle between his musical genius and a suffocating heroin addiction. Low Down was also at the November 2015 Lineup of the Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival. The prestigious award is considered the Chinese Oscar. Elle Fanning Wins Best Actress Award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival for Low Down. <mask> was in Martin Scorsese's Revenge of the Green Dragons, which she shot in her home town Elmhurst, Queens, New York. The film had its world premiere on September 10, 2014, at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival, and then went on to be screened at a number of other international film festivals.Written by : Michael Di Jiacomo. Stars: Ray Liotta, Harry Shum, Jr., Justin Chon, Kevin Wu and Jin Auyeung. Directed by the Dual Andrews -Andrew Lau and Andrew Loo (Cast by Avy Kaufman) <mask> played the mother of two boys drawn into the world of Asian gangs in Queens, New York. The film Revenge of the Green Dragons is close to heart to <mask> due to the fact that the lead characters including the victims and youth gang members all grew up with her from elementary school. Interesting fact; The film female character Tina Sham in  real life was <mask>'s best friend in junior high school who later was tragically murdered alongside Sham's boyfriend Tommy Mach in Sands points, Long Island, by the malicious Queens, New York gang The Green Dragons. <mask> was quoted saying in a recent interview: "The lead character Tina Sham was one of my real-life best friend. Unfortunately, she was tragically kidnapped, killed.Her

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Linda Wang
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title: Linda Wang

texts:
 disappearance and death broke my heart into a thousand pieces..." (Quoted from an article -Actress <mask> gives the lowdown on her role in the biopic drama 'Low Down' and her Life ... )

<mask> recently was just in a feature film My Favorite Five with Steven Williams, Rochelle Aytes and Brian White directed by Paul Hannah currently on Netflix, CENTRICTV and BET. Recently, <mask> was in a film "Girls on Film" in collaboration with as Kodak. Shot on Kodak 35mm and 16mm motion picture film and the new KODAK Super 8 Camera, stars Suki Waterhouse, Poppy Jamie, <mask> and Anya Varda which was filmed in Los Angeles, CA. Suki Waterhouse, Poppy Jamie, <mask>, Anya Varda all used their first name in the film. Television
<mask> has appeared on HBO's Deadwood, House M.D., Comedy Central’s The Naked Trucker & the T Bone Show, and the Spanish series Secretos. She also had a cameo role on 8 Simple Rules as David Spade's speed date. For several years, <mask> worked on numerous sketch comedy skits on NBC's Late Night with Conan O'Brien show,  most notably as the recurring masturbating bear's girlfriend.<mask> also appeared alongside Will Ferrell and Chris Kattan as the three Nagano Geishas on Saturday Night Live. She has also had roles in the soap operas One Life to Live, Port Charles, Another World, Guiding Light, As the World Turns, and Days of Our Lives. <mask> also made a guest appearance in children's television including Sesame Street and Mathnet. <mask> can be seen doing a skit with Tracy Morgan and Jimmy Kimmel on Jimmy Kimmel Live! <mask> will also be co-starring with John Schneider, Carmen Electra, Dennis Haskins and Miguel A. Núñez Jr on a New TV Pilot called Back Nine directed by Jason Filardi and written by Mark Perez for Spike TV. <mask> worked on Sports Show

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Linda Wang
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title: Linda Wang

texts:
 with Norm Macdonald, a pilot for Comedy Central with Norm Macdonald and Ben Hoffman. <mask>  appeared as officer Maria Lee in Secretos (Ep: Persa) a crime series, currently airing on Hulu Channel worldwide.<mask> recently was recurred on the TV pilot Dragon Palace

Theatre
<mask>'s theatre experience includes starring as Rose Choy in Serenade In Blue written by Tony Award-nominated playwright Jerome Coopersmith, and directed by the Emmy Award-winning director Yanna Kroyt Brandt at the prestigious Lincoln Center Theater, New York City. <mask> also starred as Pocahontas in an AEA stage production of Disney Friends around the World. For the past few years, you may seen a glimpse of <mask>'s 3-minute stand-up comedy act at the M Bar on Sunset Blvd. Voice-overs
<mask> Channing. She also provided the voice of "Sexy bathhouse girl" in the video game James Bond 007: Rogue Agent—GoldenEye among others.She also provided the voice of Ming in Amy Tan's  children's animated series Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat. Music videos
In 2007, <mask> appeared in the music video "Home" for the Irish pop group Westlife. In 2014 you will see <mask> in a film starring Flea of the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers called Low Down directed by Jeff Preiss which won the Best Cinematography award at the Sundance Film Festival 2014. Modeling
As a former Miss Teen Pola Asia, <mask> is the upcoming spokesmodel for Soho Sportswear for the Asian market. She was asked to design a few items under the <mask> Line. <mask> worked on a T-Mobile Commercial with Burt Reynolds and Paris Hilton in A Chinese Herb shop. She was quoted as saying Burt Reynold made faces when Paris Hilton was late on set.Reynold spoke about Viagra and working with Jackie Chan on the film The Cannonball Run. Having been

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Linda Wang
Linda Wang
Wang
Linda
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title: Linda Wang

texts:
 previously a Pantene Pro-V hair model, <mask> has also been chosen as the first female hand-model for Scrabble in 75 years. Recently, <mask> was chosen to be Face Model on BIOLASE print ad worldwide., In summer of 2015 and 2016, <mask> did a campaign for Costco which will appeared in the Chinese section. <mask> completed an International UPS commercial for USA and China in 2018. Charity work
Since March 1997, <mask> has been a volunteer member promoting "Kids for Kids", the New York City Pediatric AIDS foundation benefit. In Los Angeles, <mask> participated in the VERB Campaigns for both Disney and Nickelodeon TV, a program designed to encourage children to take the hour gained from the fall time change to be more active physically. She also participates in various animal protection organizations' charitable events.In the summer of 2005 <mask> begin to Volunteer out of pocket to distribute bag called "A bag of smile" for the Homeless with in the City of Los Angeles and Orange County. This monthly program where <mask> pre-prepared individually a large size sandwich bag with a bottle of water,a pair of sox, banana, nut mix, mini sun block and tooth paste. "A bag of smile" program has reached over 10,000+ homeless people within the last 12 years. References

External links

<mask> on Myspace

Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from New York City
American female models
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
New York University alumni
Living people
People from Queens, New York
Actresses from Taipei
Taiwanese emigrants to the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American actresses
20th-century American actresses
American actresses

masks:
Wang
Linda Wang
Wang
Wang
Linda Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Linda Wang


title: Hayv Kahraman

texts:
<mask> (born 1981) is an Iraqi artist, who was born in Baghdad and fled to Sweden with family during the Gulf War, studied in Florence, and is currently based in Los Angeles. She primarily paints, but also sculpts and sketches. Her works reflect the controversial issues of gender, specifically concerning female identity in relation to her experiences as a refugee, and all issues that plague her home country of Iraq. She explores the victimization of women within their own culture, and the effects of their subjugation which causes them the most suffering in the midst of war. She paints on linen panels and depicts dark haired, pale skinned women and decorates her work with Islamic geometric patterns. Her influences range from Persian, Japanese and Italian Renaissance paintings. Her works juxtapose traditional Eastern and Western beauty standards.She was born in Iraq in 1981. Her family fled to Sweden in the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War (1990-1991). Hayv lives and works in California, United States. Life and career
Born in Baghdad, Iraq in 1981. During the Iran War, Hayv spent a lot of her time in the basement of her uncle's house. Her relatives would all huddle around candles and play card games. While living in Iraq, she attended the Music and Ballet School in central Baghdad.One night, her family packed their car and hired a smuggler to take them where it was safe. They had reached the Stockholm Arlanda, the airport in Sweden, and this is when she became a refugee. She then moved to Sweden at the age of 11. She enrolled in music and ballet classes, but decided to leave due to the teacher's racism. She began oil painting at the age of 12 and later had several successful exhibitions in Sweden. She studied at the Academy of Art and Design in Florence, Italy. She lives and works in California.<mask>'s artwork depict the effects of war, and how they affect women. Her wide stylistic references range from Japanese and Arabic calligraphy

masks:
Hayv Kahraman
Kahraman


title: Hayv Kahraman

texts:
 Beyond Territory. The works included are a part of <mask>’s series Mnemonic Object where she explored the subjective quality of past memories. 1: Audible Inaudible (September 18-October 22, 2016)

The Third Line Gallery: Dubai

<mask> Kahraman’s fourth solo show in Dubai. Kahraman uses linen, wood and paper and tells a story of her personal trauma after the Persian Gulf War as an Iraqi immigrant. Present Future PF4 (November 6-8 2015)

The Third Line Gallery: Dubai

A solo presentation of <mask>’s work that explores her identity as an Iraqi.Art Subai 2014 (March 19-22 2014)

The Third Line Gallery: Dubai

Two solo presentations exhibiting her works alongside Farhad Moshiri. Extimacy (October 24-November 29 2012)

The Third Line Gallery: Dubai This exhibit explored gender and gender identity. It explored self perception contrasted with society’s expectations. Pins and Needles 2010

The Third Line Gallery: Dubai, Frey Norris Gallery: San Francisco Seven Gates, Green Cardamom: London

Her debut solo exhibit in the UAE. Kahraman explored the struggle of feminist anthropology and the contrast between how humans act and how they identify. Marionettes 2009

The Third Line Gallery: Dubai, DOHA

This show examined female oppression in regards to domesticity. Celebrating Women in the Arts

Diyabakair, Turkey

Thoughts on Canvas

Hudiksvall’s Museum: Hudiksvall, Sweden

Group Exhibitions

I Will See It, When I Believe It (May 15-July 27, 2019)

The Third Line Gallery: Dubai

Her work was displayed at the Third Line Gallery in Dubai.<mask>’s works were exhibited with works by abbas Akhavan, Farhad Moshiri, Laleh Khorramian, Rana Begum, Slavs and Tartars, and Sophia Al Maria. The exhibit explored the psychological concept of making split second decisions and perception. The works explored the disconnect between expectation versus reality. Frieze London 2017 (October 5-8 2017)

The Third Line Gallery: Dubai

Her works were a part of a group

masks: Kahraman Hayv Kahraman Kahraman


title: Hayv Kahraman

texts:
 presentation along with works by Abbas Akhavan, Amir H. Fallah, Laleh Khorramian and Sara Naim. The exhibit looked at the idea of space, and environment, physical or conceptual. Disquieting Muses 2011

Contemporary Art Centre of Thessaloniki, State Museum of Contemporary Art: Greece

Of Women’s Modesty and Anger 2011

Villa Empain Centre for the Arts: Brussels, I Don’t Need Your Money Honey All I Need Is Love

Traffic: Dubai

The Silk Road 2010

Tri Postal: Lille France, Frieze: London, The Third Line: Dubai, Women Painters from 5 Continents, Osart Gallery: Milano Italy, Taswir, Martin Gropius-Bau: Berlin

Echo 2009

Frey Norris Gallery: San Francisco, Balla Drama: London, Volta Art Fair: Thierry Goldberk Projects NYC, Unveiled: New Art from the Middle East: The Saatchi Gallery London

Local Produce 2008

The Lise Sette Gallery, Arizona

Life Drawing 2007-2009

The Third Line Gallery : Dubai (December 19, 2007-January 10, 2008)

<mask>’s works were displayed with those of Neda Hadizadeh, Ghadah Al Kandari, and Lamya Gargash. It examined the depiction of the body.Daemons 2006

Phoneix Theatre, Arizona

Accademia di Arte e Design 2005

Florence, Italy

Solo and group exhibitions
<mask> has participated in group shows extensively since 2003. Her solo exhibitions include shows at the Third Line Gallery in Dubai, the Frey Norris Gallery in San Francisco, the Thierry Goldberg Projects in New York. the Hälsingland Museum in Hudiksvall, Sweden, the Jack Shainman Gallery in New York, the Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha, the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, and the Susanne Vielmetter Los Angeles Projects. See also
 Iraqi art
 List of Iraqi artists
 List of Iraqi women artists

References

External links
images of Kahraman's work from the Jack Shainman Gallery
images of Kahraman's work at The Third Line

1981 births
American artists
American people of Iraqi descent
Artists from Baghdad
Iraqi painters
Iraqi women artists
Living people
Umeå

masks: Kahraman Kahraman


title: Max Wright

texts:
<mask> (August 2, 1943 – June 26, 2019) was an American actor, known for his role as Willie Tanner on the sitcom ALF (1986–1990). Early life
<mask> was born August 2, 1943, in Detroit, Michigan. He moved to the suburb of Southfield as a child, graduating from Southfield Senior High School in 1961. While a student at Southfield, he was very active in the theatre program, and had leads in two different musical productions. Career

Film and television
<mask> made supporting appearances on television shows such as WKRP in Cincinnati, and was a regular cast member on Misfits of Science, AfterMASH, Buffalo Bill, and The Norm Show, and the made-for-TV adaptation of Stephen King's The Stand. He appeared in the first and second seasons of the sitcom Friends as Terry, the manager of Central Perk. He played Günter Wendt in the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon and Dr. Josef Mengele in Playing for Time.ALF
From 1986 to 1990, <mask> appeared in the sitcom ALF as Willie Tanner, a typical father of a middle-class family, who finds an alien who has crash-landed on Earth. Despite becoming his best-known performance, the actor despised the role due to its huge technical demands and the fact that he, a human, played a supporting character for an "inanimate object". "It was hard work and very grim", he stated in a 2000 interview to People. He was also, reportedly, very happy when the show was canceled in 1990. "I was hugely eager to have it over with", he said in the same interview. According to his co-star in the show, Anne Schedeen, "there was one take, and <mask> walked off the set, went to his dressing room, got his bags, went to his car and disappeared. Nobody had to say, ‘Wrap,’ and there were

masks:
George Edward Maxwell Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Max


title: Max Wright

texts:
 no goodbyes".However, <mask> later admitted that as the years passed he looked back at ALF with less animosity and conceded that "It doesn't matter what I felt or what the days were like, ALF brought people a lot of joy." Stage
<mask> also had a stage career. In 1968, he appeared in the original production of The Great White Hope at the Arena Stage in Washington, D.C. In 1998, he appeared on Broadway in Ivanov, which garnered him a Tony nomination, and played Sir Andrew in Twelfth Night at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. In 2007, he acted at the JET (Jewish Ensemble Theatre) in Detroit and in the production of No Man's Land at the American Repertory Theater. He also appeared in The Public Theater's 2010 production of The Winter's Tale and The Merchant of Venice at Shakespeare in the Park festivals. Personal life
<mask> was married to Linda Ybarrondo from 1965 until her death from breast cancer in 2017.The couple had two children. In 1995, he was diagnosed with lymphoma, which was successfully treated and remained in remission until 2019. He died from the disease on June 26, 2019, at the age of 75  at the Lillian Booth Actors Home in Englewood, New Jersey. Filmography

Film

Television

 Great Performances (1974, Episode: "In Fashion") as Etienne
 Red Alert (1977, TV Movie)
 Playing for Time (1980, TV Movie) as Dr. Mengele
 For Ladies Only (1981, TV Movie) as Shakespeare Director
 Hart to Hart (1982, Episode: "Hart of Diamonds") as Dr. Robert Chase
 CBS Afternoon Playhouse (1982, 1 episode)
 WKRP in Cincinnati (1982, 2 episodes) as Frank Bartman
 Taxi (1982, Episode: "The Road Not Taken: Part 2") as Mr. Ambrose
 Tales from the Darkside (1983, Episode: "Trick or Treat" (Pilot)) as

masks: Wright Wright Wright


title: Jayanegara

texts:
<mask> or Jayanagara (formal regnal name Sri Maharaja Wiralandagopala Sri Sundarapandya Dewa Adhiswara, or Sri Sundarapandyadevadhisvara Vikramottungadeva, also known as Kala Gemet), Prince of Kediri in 1295, reigned from 1309 to 1328, was a Javanese King and the second monarch of Majapahit empire. <mask> was the heir, crown prince, the son of Raden Wijaya, the founder of Majapahit. The story of his life was written in several records, including Pararaton and Negarakertagama. His reign saw the beginning of Gajah Mada's rise as an important figure in the empire. Early life
Raden Wijaya took all of Kertanegara's four daughters' hands in marriage. The siblings were Paramesvari Tribhuvana the oldest, Prajnaparamitha, Narendra Duhita, and Gayatri Rajapatni the youngest. The reasons of Raden Wijaya's practice of sibling polygamy was to ensure his claim of legitimacy, also to prevent the contest for Kertanegara's Singhasari legacy.Raden Wijaya also took Indreswari (also known as Dara Petak), the princess of Malayu Dharmasraya Kingdom whom brought to Majapahit court from Sumatra through Kertanegara's Pamalayu expedition. Raden Wijaya or Prince Nararya Sangramawijaya ascended to the Majapahit throne as King Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. <mask> was King Kertarajasa's son, his name in Sanskrit-derived Old Javanese words: jaya ("glorious") and nagara ("city" or "nation"), which means "glorious nation". Without a doubt, Prince <mask> was a legitimate son of Raden Wijaya. However,

masks: Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara


title: Jayanegara

texts:
 there are several versions concerning <mask>'s mother. Some earlier historians consider him as the son of Queen Tribhuwaneswari (not to be confused with Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, <mask>'s half-sister daughter of Gayatri Rajapatni), thus earning him the right to become the crown prince. However, according to Pararaton, <mask> was Wijaya's son from Dara Petak, princess of Malayu Dharmasraya.While Queen Tribhuwaneswari and most of her sisters were childless, only Gayatri Rajapatni had two daughters; Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi and Rajadewi. To reconcile these facts, some historians suggested that <mask> was Dara Petak's son adopted by childless Queen Tribhuwaneswari and raised as her own. Reign
The reign of <mask> was a difficult and chaotic one, as was his father's, marked with several rebellions by former companions in arms. Among others are Gajah Biru's rebellion in 1314 and the Kuti rebellion in 1319. The Kuti rebellion was the most dangerous rebellion and a significant one, as Kuti managed to take control of palace and the capital city. With the help of Gajah Mada and his palace guard, <mask> barely escaped from the capital and safely hid in Badander village. While the king was in hiding, Gajah Mada returned to the capital city to learn the situation.After learning that Kuti's rebellion was not supported by the people or the nobles of Majapahit court, Gajah Mada led the resistance forces to crush the Kuti rebellion. Finally, the Kuti forces were crushed and

masks: Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara


title: Jayanegara

texts:
 <mask> safely returned to his throne. For his loyalty and excellent service, Gajah Mada was promoted to higher office and began his career in court royal politics. According to tradition, although strikingly handsome, <mask> was notorious for his immorality and bad behavior. He was known for his unpopular acts of desiring the wives and daughters of his subordinates. For this, he was entitled Kala Gemet, or "weak villain". One of his distasteful acts was his desire to take his own stepsisters, Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi and Rajadewi, as wives.He put his half-sisters in the custody of a fortified palace and left them unmarried beyond their suitable age for marriage. However, his act was likely motivated to ensure his position and legitimacy, to prevent the future contest from the suitors of his half-sisters. His unpopularity in Javanese literature and traditions was fuelled by his origin as the son of a Sumatran Malayu princess, thus making him viewed as a foreigner, not a true Javanese. He also was not the son of any of Kertanegara's daughters, thus making him weak in his legitimacy on Rajasa dynastic legacy. He sent embassies to China from 1325 to 1328. Assassination
In 1328, <mask> was murdered by his doctor, Tanca, during a minor operation. Gajah Mada punished and killed Tanca right away before the thorough investigation commenced.The true nature of <mask>'s assassination has remained a mystery. George Coedes states he was "assassinated by a noble whose wife


title: Jayanegara

texts:
 he had seduced." Some historians concluded that the afformentioned Tanca was this nobleman. Another theory suspects that Gajah Mada was the mastermind behind the assassination, as Gajah Mada was the loyal and trusted advisor for Princess Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi. <mask> remained childless until his death without an heir, and his throne was passed to one of his siblings. Rajapatni Gayatri, first wife of Raden Wijaya, was supposed to secure the throne since <mask> had no sons. However, she became a bhikkhuni, so her daughter, Tribhuvana (Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, or Tribhuwannottungadewi Jayawishnuwardhani), became the regent.By 1330, she had married Chakradhara, or Chakresvara, who assumed the title of Prince of Singhasari and the name Kritavardhana. Their son, Hayam Wuruk, was born in 1334 and became king in 1350. The Bajang Ratu gate in Trowulan was traditionally linked to Jayanegara. The gate was identified as the part of Çrenggapura (Çri Ranggapura), his pedharmaan, the Kapopongan of Antawulan, a holy compound to appease and honor the soul of the late King Jayanegara. References

 Slamet Muljana. 2005. Menuju Puncak Kemegahan.Jakarta: LKIS
 Slamet Muljana. 1979. Nagarakretagama dan Tafsir sejarahnya. Jakarta: Bhratara

Kings of Majapahit
Indonesian Hindu monarchs
Javanese people
Indonesian people of Malay descent
1328 deaths
14th-century monarchs in Asia
Assassinated royalty
Year of birth unknown
14th-century Indonesian people
13th-century Indonesian

masks: Jayanegara Jayanegara


title: Bob Bondurant

texts:
Robert L<mask> (April 27, 1933 – November 12, 2021) was an American racecar driver who raced for the Shelby American, Ferrari, and Eagle teams. Bondurant was one of the most famous drivers to emerge from the Southern California road racing scene in the 1950s, and achieved success in North America and in Europe. His <mask>urant School of High Performance Driving has been responsible for training generations of American racing drivers. Career
Bondurant was born in Evanston, Illinois. During his teens, Bondurant raced an Indian motorcycle on dirt ovals. In 1956 he switched to sports car racing with a Morgan and started to attract attention when he won the West Coast "B" production Championship, in a Chevrolet Corvette winning 18 out of 20 races. Santa Barbara Chevrolet dealer Shelly Washburn hired Bondurant in 1961 to drive his #614 1959 Corvette.Some of the best Corvette racing duels were between him and David McDonald on the West Coast during the early 1960s. At the L.A. Times Grand Prix in October 1962, Bondurant drove Washburn's new 1963 Corvette Z06 Stingray. Between 1961 and 1963, he won 30 out of 32 races in Washburn's Corvettes. In 1963 he became a member of Carroll Shelby's Ford Cobra team, winning his first race at the Continental Divide Raceway in Colorado, followed by an overall win at the LA Times Grand Prix GT race at Riverside in October 1963. For the 1964 FIA season after finishing 2nd in GT at Sebring, Bondurant was in Europe racing the new 289 FIA Cobras at the Targa Florio, Spa, and Nurburgring. His best-known victory was winning the GT class at Le Mans 24 Hours in 1964 in Shelby's new Cobra Daytona Coupe with Dan Gurney co-driving.

masks:
. Bondurant
Bob Bond


title: Bob Bondurant

texts:
 drafted an idea for a high performance driving school borrowing from the experiences he had while training James Garner for Grand Prix. The <mask>nt School of High Performance Driving opened in early 1968 at Orange County International Raceway then moved to Ontario and then to Sonoma, where he was an important figure in the track's development. Nissan Motor Company (under Datsun name in the U.S.) was Bondurant's sponsoring partner in his school from its beginning, and continued in that role at the Sonoma Raceway driving school. In the June 1969 run of the grueling offroad Baja 500 race, Bondurant with co-driver Tony Murphy took first place in the passenger car class driving an SC/Rambler for James Garner's "American International Racers" team that was sponsored by American Motors Corporation (AMC).Bondurant had four NASCAR starts, all at Riverside International Raceway, with his highest finish of 18th in 1981. Following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake he moved the driving school to Phoenix, Arizona, where he enjoyed close ties to General Motors and Goodyear Tires. Bondurant was a driving instructor to actors James Garner, Paul Newman, Clint Eastwood, Robert Wagner, Tim Allen, Tom Cruise, and Nicolas Cage. Award
Bondurant was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2003. Death
Bondurant died in Paradise Valley, Arizona, on November 12, 2021, at the age of 88. He is survived by his wife Pat. A statement on his death reads, in part, "Bondurant is the only American to bring home the World Championship trophy back to the U.S. while racing for Carroll Shelby.He won his class at Le Mans and has been inducted into ten motorsports halls of


title: Bob Bondurant

texts:
 fame. Bondurant Racing School was founded in 1968 and has graduated celebrities for car movies like James Garner, Paul Newman, Tom Cruise, Nicolas Cage, and Christian Bale, along with over 500,000 graduates from around the world. His legacy will remain with us forever." Racing record

SCCA National Championship Runoffs

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

Formula One Non-Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results

References

External links
 Bondurant Racing School
 Bondurant Kart Racing School
 Bondurant Driving & Racing School Programs
 The Bondurant Methodology
<mask>urant America's uncrowned World Driving Champion (2007, Editions Cotty; )
<mask>urant Des Cobra à la Formule1 la meme passion (2008, Editions Cotty; )

1933 births
2021 deaths
American Formula One drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
12 Hours of Reims drivers
Trans-Am Series drivers
Sportspeople from Evanston, Illinois
Racing drivers from Illinois
North American Racing Team Formula One drivers
Reg Parnell Racing Formula One drivers
Anglo American Racers Formula One drivers
World Sportscar Championship drivers
SCCA National Championship Runoffs

masks:
Bob Bond
Bob Bond


title: Eli Berman

texts:
<mask> (born 1960) is the Research Director for International Security Studies at the UC Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation and since 2010 a Professor of economics at the University of California, San Diego. He is known for his work applying rational choice analysis to the behavior of radical religious groups. Research

On violent radical religious groups
<mask> argues that economics can provide a significant insight into the vulnerabilities of radical and terrorist organizations, although not only because of the common assumption that cutting their funding is key to their defeat. Instead <mask> says that "terrorist organizations are terribly vulnerable to defection, the same way that firms are vulnerable to workers stealing trade secrets, or just shirking on the job." He further argues that the economics of religion can provide explanations for the way in which "radical religious communities organize mechanisms to control defection in order to successfully conduct mutual aid—which they tend to be quite effective at." Using Laurence Iannaccone's theory of strict religious clubs (see club good theory), <mask> argues that successful radical religious groups, such as Hamas, Hezbollah, Lashkar-e-Taiba, Mahdi Army and the Taliban, excel at providing social services to their members, while simultaneously filtering out "free riders"; <mask> calls these movements "some of the most accomplished rebels of modern times." He further argues that the success of groups such as Hamas and al-Qaeda are more due to their organizational structures than their theology.By way of counter example he examines the case of the

masks:
Eli Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman


title: Eli Berman

texts: militant Jewish organisation Gush Emunim Underground, which ultimately over-reached its ability to sustain a group without defections, by carrying out attacks on civilians while neglecting to induce the necessary loyalty in its members and political base through various welfare measures. (Previous low-level violent vigilante activity, argues Berman, had been treated as a public good by Gush Emunim settlers.) Many commentators assume that people willing to join extremist groups are irrational, motivated only by extreme hate or abstract ideas of rewards in the afterlife. Contrary to these notions, <mask> says that radical religious groups are rational in their selection of tactics. Berman does not see a dichotomy between insurgents and terrorists. He argues that they all belong to a single category he calls "rebels", and who, according to Berman, use a variety of techniques, depending on the circumstances, with suicide bombing being merely one end of the spectrum. <mask> does not ascribe suicidal terrorist acts to fanaticism or desperation, but instead he argues that these tactics are used "when the terrorist group begins to encounter hard targets, like American military bases, that are impervious to everything else."To support this thesis, <mask> gives the Taliban as an example of a group that switched from traditional guerrilla-warfare techniques they used against the Northern Alliance to suicide bombings used against the Americans and other Westerners, as the only means, <mask> argues, to make a significant impact against their new and more technologically advanced adversaries. <mask> argues that "Islamic

masks: Berman Berman Berman Berman Berman


title: Eli Berman

texts:
 fundamentalism" is a misnomer when applied to modern movements, and he prefers the term "Radical Islam", reasoning that many post-1920s movements starting with The Muslim Brotherhood, practice "unprecedented extremism", thus not qualifying as a return to historic fundamentals. He also approves of scholarship that argues that "the sanctification of political violence as Jihad by radical
Islam is a recent phenomenon, a break with mainstream Muslim theology". <mask> attributes the birth of the Taliban movement to a phenomenon that long preceded the birth of modern radical Islam. He writes that the Taliban are a direct descendant of the nineteenth-century Deobandi movement in India, which opposed the British colonial rule and, among other things, established a system of religious schools. In his 2009 book, <mask> writes that "four radical religious organizations, Hezbollah, Hamas, the Taliban, and the Mahdi Army, continue to surprise established militaries with both their resilience and their lethality." He credits the Hezbollah for being those "who invented the modern high-casualty suicide attack in Lebanon in 1982".<mask>'s book seeks to address the question: "Why are religious radicals, who often start out appearing benign and charitable and generally avoid conflict, so effective at violence when they choose to engage in it?" Previously, <mask> drew other parallels between Hamas, Hezbollah and the Taliban:
All three formed from affiliates of venerable nonviolent radical Islamic organizations, Hamas from the [Muslim Brotherhood] and the Taliban from the Jamiat-e-Ulema-Islam (JUI) in Pakistan, and Hezbollah from the

masks: Berman Berman Berman Berman


title: Eli Berman

texts:
 clerical culture of the Shia holy cities in Iraq and Iran. All three movements arose in environments with weak local public good provision by government and responded by providing local public goods. Each developed into extremely effective insurgent organizations which produced specific local public goods (security) using violence. All three received generous subsidies from abroad, whether for geopolitical reasons, out of ideology, or in return for services. Younger members undergo some costly personal sacrifice in the case of the Taliban and Hamas (we know less about initiation of Hezbollah fighters). All three groups changed their ideologies drastically: Hamas in choosing armed conflict, the Taliban in deciding to protect Bin Laden and Hezbollah in shifting from a rebellion against Israeli occupation to an ethnic militia/political party after Israel's withdrawal from South Lebanon in 2000.There are differences: Hamas view most Palestinians as potential members, as Hezbollah regard Lebanese Shia, while the Taliban treated most Afghans as a conquered people. Yet the common elements, and especially the common puzzles, seem to justify analysis in parallel. <mask> argued that such parallels were common to other radical religious groups. On Ultra-orthodox religious groups
<mask> has also done field work among ultra-orthodox religious groups in Israel. Studying full-time Yeshiva students, who Berman finds study until 40 years old on average, and whose families have 7.6 children per woman (in the mid 1990s), he concludes that "Subsidies induce dramatic reductions in labor supply and unparalleled increases in fertility."

masks: Berman Berman


title: Eli Berman

texts:
 In a 2000 NBER paper, <mask> describes Ultra-Orthodox Jews as "a fascinating and fast-growing sect which has held virtual veto power over [Israeli] public policy for more than two decades." On the relationship between unemployment and insurgency
Berman's NBER paper Do Working Men Rebel?, co-authored with Joseph Felter and Jacob N. Shapiro, drew the counterintuitive conclusion that reducing unemployment does not reduce insurgency-related violence.In an interview, <mask> explains the findings as "insurgencies are very small organizations which need very few fighters to keep them going, and are often not constrained by a lack of recruits—and even if they were there's nothing to stop young men from working by day and planting roadside bombs by night." Personal life
<mask> was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. He describes his parents as "middle-of-the-road North American Jews." In 1981, <mask> became an Israeli citizen, saying that he had "thought the Jewish experience would be more interesting in Israel". He then participated in the 1982 Lebanon War. <mask> is now a US citizen. He is married and has two children.Education and academic career
After leaving the Israeli Defense Forces in 1985, <mask> studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He graduated with bachelor's degree in computer science and economics in 1987, and in 1989 obtained a master's in economics from the same university. He then obtained a PhD from Harvard University in 1993; his adviser was Zvi Griliches. After graduation from Harvard, <mask> became an assistant professor at Boston University. He moved to UCSD in 2003. Selected publications

masks: Berman Berman Berman Berman Berman Berman Berman


title: Eli Berman

texts:
 Radical, Religious and Violent: The New Economics of Terrorism (MIT Press 2009),

 "Religious Extremism: the good, the bad and the deadly," (with Laurence R. Iannaccone), Public Choice, 128(1–2), 109–129, (2006). "Is Skill-Biased Technological Change Here Yet: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing in the 1990s," Annales d'Economie et de Statistique 79/80, 2006."Language-Skill Complementarity: Estimated Returns to Immigrant Language Acquisition," (with Kevin Lang and Erez Siniver), Labour Economics, 10 (3), (June 2003) 265–290. "Environmental Regulation and Productivity: Evidence from Oil Refineries," (with Linda Bui), Review of Economics and Statistics, August 2001. "Environmental Regulation and Labor Demand: Evidence from the South Coast Air Basin," (with Linda Bui), Journal of Public Economics, February 2001. See also
 Economics of religion
 Rational choice theory
 Religious terrorism
 Radicalization

References

Further reading
 Leonard Stern (May 29, 2010) Terrorist do-gooders, The Ottawa Citizen
 Aziz Huq (04/22/10) Book Brief: Do Religious Organizations Enable Terrorists?, Brennan Center for Justice
 Devin Leonard, (February 6, 2010) Terrorism and the Pocketbook, The New York Times
 Andrew Leigh (January 19, 2010) The Economics of Terrorism, Core Economics (economics.com.au) republishing his same day op-ed What Makes Martyrs Tick, from The Australian Financial Review
 David Lehman, Rational Choice and the Sociology of Religion, chapter 8 in Bryan S. Turner (ed.) The New Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Religion, John Wiley and Sons, 2010,

External links
 <mask>'s home page
 Official web site for his