title: Almuth Berger

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 which <mask> learned Portuguese. The initiative became the "Cabana" ("little hut") movement, providing a meeting place in the parish where immigrants and people born in Germany could take the opportunity to get to know one another. The "Cabana" initiative became an exemplar for similar innovations in other East German cities. Politics
In 1987 <mask> <mask> took a leading role in creating a working group called "Rejection of the principal and practice of  separation" ("Absage an Praxis und Prinzip der Abgrenzung"). By September 1989 this had grown into the better remembered "Democracy Now" movement.Although it was the travel restrictions separating East and West Germany, starkly represented and effected by the Berlin Wall, that generated the largest headlines, in the context of <mask>'s own long standing peace activism it was just as important to reject separation between other neighbouring European states and, especially within East Germany where she experienced each day the existing polarisation, to reject separation of the different racial groups. All these objectives featured on her agenda when she was drawn into national politics. Government office
By 1989 the German Democratic Republic was home to approximately 85,000 immigrant workers from outside Europe. They came from the small number of poorer country's with which the country had reasonable diplomatic relations, notably Mozambique, Angola and Vietnam. There had, at government level, never been any policy to integrate the immigrants into the wider community. Their wages and living conditions were bad. In March 1990 the German Democratic Republic held its first (and, as matters turned out, last) free election, in the wake of which the situation of the immigrants suddenly appeared on the government's political agenda.As a "Democracy Now" leader <mask> <mask> participated in the important working group discussions set up under the 1989/1990 Round Table process on immigrant issues (literally "Foreigner questions" / "Ausländerfragen"). Directly after the 1990 General Election she found herself a member of the government headed up by Hans Modrow (and after Modrow's resignation on 12 April 1990, by Lothar de Maizière). The breach of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, and the absence of

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title: Almuth Berger

type: original

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 any subsequent intervention by the Soviet occupation forces, had left the gate open for German reunification, and the new government's job was to prepare for that moment. <mask>, although not an elected member of the National Legislature, was given the rank of a Secretary of State, together with responsibility Immigrant ("Foreigner") Issues. She held the national post for only seven months, but she fought for her beliefs and saw to it that the interests of the East German immigrant community were not overlooked in the rush to reunification,. At the start of the twenty-first century the label by which <mask> <mask>'s governmental areas of responsibility had been defined changed from "Commissioner for Foreigner issues" (...."Ausländerfragen") to "Commissioner for Integration" (...."Integration"). The change was made at different times in different regional governments:  in the Berlin senate itself it came about only in 2003.Many current sources continue to apply the former term, "Ausländerfragen". The issues and decisions involved changed even less abruptly than the term used, and the English language term "Immigrant Issues" appears to cover the responsibilities for present purposes. The Reunification Treaty took effect on 3 October 1990, which marked the end of the German Democratic Republic as a separate entity, and thereby put an end to the East German government of which <mask> <mask> was a member. However, in 1991 she was appointed "Commissioner for Immigrant Issues "("Integrationsbeauftragterin" / "Ausländerbeauftragterin") in the regional government of Brandenburg. She retained this position for fifteen years, till her retirement in 2006. Although the job in regional politics gave her a lower public profile than the period in national politics, it nevertheless covered a period which she would describe as a continuation of the "most intense and exciting period of her life" (" intensivste und spannendste Zeit ihres Lebens"). <mask> <mask> retired to Schmöckwitz (on the southern side of Berlin) in October 2006, but remains actively engaged at a parish and community level.References

German Lutheran clergy
Politicians from Brandenburg
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1943 births
Living

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texts:
<mask> (born <mask>) is an Indian actor, producer, television presenter, and politician known for his work predominantly in Malayalam cinema. He is best known for his comedy roles, and has been a popular leading actor in Malayalam cinema since the 70s. He was the chairman of Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy. <mask> is the current MLA representing the Kollam constituency of Kerala state. As of June 2021, he has acted in over 260 Malayalam films. Early and personal life
<mask> was born to actors O. Madhavan and Vijayakumari, in Kollam, Kerala, India on 5 March 1956. He has two sisters, Sandhya Rajendran and Jayasree.Sandhya and her husband, E.A. Rajendran are also actors (stage and film). He attended Infant Jesus School, Tangasseri and pursued a bachelor's degree in science (B.Sc.) from Sree Narayana College in Kollam. He holds a second bachelor's degree in law (LLB) from Kerala Law Academy Law College, Thiruvananthapuram. He acted in dramas before entering the movie industry. He married South Indian film actress Saritha in 1988, and they have two sons.After lengthy separation, they divorced in 2011. Their elder son Shravan made his acting debut in the film Kalyanam. <mask> married dance scholar Methil Devika on 24 October 2013. The couple filed for divorce in 2021. He was elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly from Kollam constituency in the election of 2016. Acting career

1982–1988
<mask> began his career in the movie Balloon in 1982. In 1985, he acted in Mutharamkunnu P.O., directed by Sibi Malayil, with a script by Sreenivasan and story by Jagadeesh.Then came a series of slapstick comedies, often with Priyadarshan, such as Ponnum Kudathinu

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title: Mukesh (actor)

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 Valiya Manushyarum, Sohrudam, Bandhukkal Shatrugal, Aayushyakalam, Ellarum Chollanu, Ennodu Ishtam Koodamo, Customs Diary, Sohrudam, Ootayal Pattalam, Cheppukilukkana Changathi, Kallanum Polissum, Makkal Rajyam and Tom & Jerry. His collaboration with director P. G. Viswambharan resulted in hits like Innathe Program and Irrikku M. D. Akathundu. The best example of a film with his character being forced by circumstances to lie is Sipayi Lahala (1995), by Vinayan and written by Sreenivasan. He paired with Sreenivasan in films like Varaphalam, Kinnaripozhayorum, Manathe Velitheru, Oodaruthamava Alariyam, Angene Oru Avadhikalathu and Mr. Clean. The cast of 1989 Ramji Rao Speaking came together for its sequel Mannar Mathai Speaking in 1995. He acted with both Thilakan and Jagathy Sreekumar together in Mookila Rajyathu, Cheriya Lokavum Veliya Manushyarum, Champion Thomas and Varaphalam.It was in late 2008 that media felt his career would get over but he bagged projects with Satyan Anthikad, director Siddique, Lal and other than these had hits like Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policum, Kancheepurathe Kalyanam, Vinodayatra, Pathinonnil Vyazham, Innathe Chintha Vishayam and Bharya Swantham Suhruthu. Later career
In the early 2010s, he struggled to escape an image trap. Regardless, he came back with interesting supporting roles in Udayananu Tharam, Goal, Vinodayathra, Boy Friend, Kaiyoppu, Naalu Pennungal and Katha Parayumbol. He has been a part of many of Mohanlal's comedies, most of them directed by Priyadarshan. He also ventured into production with Sreenivasan, their first movie, Katha Parayumbol, featured a cameo by Mammootty. <mask> was the host of a


title: Mukesh (actor)

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 Malayalam version of Deal or No Deal, which was aired on Surya TV. In 2007, <mask> authored a book based on experiences while he was a student at college, and tales from his life as a movie actor.titled <mask> Kathakal – Jeevithathiley Nerum Narmavum. It proved very successful. He is now acting in Badai bungalow, a comedy and celebrity talk show hosted by Ramesh Pisharody, launched on Asianet from 2013

Awards
 2007 : Asianet Film Award for Best Film (Producer) – Kadha Parayumbol
 2007 : Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam (Producer) – Kadha Parayumbol
 2007 : Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value-Kadha Parayumbol
 2011 : ISC Award
 2013 : Kerala Film Critics Association Awards - Second Best Actor - English: An Autumn in London, Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil
 2016 : Asianet Special Awards- Multifaceted personality of the year

Filmography

Malayalam films

2010s

2000s

1990s

1980s

Tamil films

As producer
 Katha Parayumbol (2007)
 Thattathin Marayathu (2012)

Television career

Radio anchor
  Laksham Laksham Pinnale (2013) (Reality show-Super 94.7 fm)

Theater performance
 <mask> started Kalidasa Visual Magic for play productions. His first play Chayamukhi was in 2008 with Mohanlal and was written and directed by Prasanth Narayanan. He also appeared with his sister, Sandhya Rajendan and his wife Methil in the 2015 adaptation of Naaga'', directed by Suveeran

References

External links

 <mask> Narayana College, Kollam alumni
Indian actor-politicians
21st-century Indian male actors
Film producers from Kerala
Male actors in Malayalam theatre
Indian male stage actors
Indian male television

masks: Mukesh Mukesh Mukesh Mukeshee


title: Mary Elizabeth Downey

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<mask> (c. 1872 – May 25, 1949) was a librarian and activist who created and promoted library science education courses across the Midwestern and Western United States. She is regarded as a pioneer of the modern library movement. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Sarahsville, Ohio around 1872 to Dr. Hiram James and <mask>. She was raised in a middle-class, Protestant family, and taught in her local public schools. In 1899, she earned a B.A. in classics from Denison University. She then studied library science from 1899 to 1901 through the University of Chicago Extension Division and was one of only seventeen students to graduate.Career
After graduating from the University of Chicago Extension Division, she took a position as first assistant librarian with the Field Museum in Chicago and worked there until 1902. Records show that she also worked as a faculty member of the University of Chicago Extension Division's library school around the same time and wrote a letter to the university's president in defense of the program after it was criticized by the ALA. In 1903, the decision was made to close the library school. <mask>, acting as President of the University of Chicago Library Students Club, wrote another letter to the dean of the university, requesting that the school show loyalty to its students by keeping the program open and continuing its work. Neither her letter nor the many other letters of protest the university received dissuaded President William Rainey Harper from closing the school. Downey moved on to Ottumwa, Iowa, where she became the town's first public librarian, receiving recommendations from her former instructor and University of Chicago librarian Zella Allen Dixson, the dean of women of

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 Shephardson College, the pastor of the local Baptist church, a teacher at the local high school, the librarian of the Art Institute of Chicago, and President Harper of the University of Chicago. Dr. Suzanne M. Stauffer writes in her article, "'She Speaks as One Having Authority': <mask> E<mask>'s Use of Libraries as a Means to Public Power":

During her time in Ottumwa Downey began a story hour in the library, invited Friends of the Library to give presentations on books, and gave talks on the history of the book and the library at the high school.She also established the Children's Library League, which met weekly to read and discuss books, with the motto 'Clean hearts, clean hands, and clean books.' <mask> was elected secretary of the Iowa Library Association for the 1904 to 1905 term. Around this time, she and several other female librarians accused Melvil Dewey of sexual harassment, which ultimately led to him being expelled from both the ALA and the New York Library Association. In 1906, <mask> became the director of the Chautauqua School for Librarians, a short-course summer school which <mask> would expand in 1918 into a professional certificate program. She acted as the school's director every summer for thirty years. In 1908, <mask> became Ohio's state library organizer. Stauffer writes that <mask>'s main duties were to "encourage tax support for libraries, assist with the organization and cataloging of collections and the standardization of library procedures, increase the use of libraries, develop library extension, and encourage formal library training.In 1910 alone she made 216 visits to 116 towns; gave twenty-six addresses in support of the library movement to mass meetings, women's clubs, teachers' institutes,

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 and other groups; and presided over district library meetings in six cities." In her addresses to the teachers' institutes, she called for teachers to utilize public libraries in education, promote the reading of "good books" (i.e. books that encouraged good morals), and provide education for librarians. She also represented the state of Ohio in the meetings of the Ohio Library Association, the American Library Association, the League of Library Commissions, the Ohio Federation of Women's Clubs, and the General Federation of Women's Clubs. In 1911, the governor of Ohio appointed a new state librarian who cleared out much of the staff, including <mask>. <mask> went on to serve two terms as the president of the Ohio Library Association before being offered the position of Utah state library organizer in 1914 with a recommendation from American Library Association secretary George Utley. Her main duty as Utah library organizer was to spend ten to fourteen days at each library in the state training the staff and library boards in procedures and policies.In 1916, she took on the position of state library secretary while continuing to work as organizer. After two years, <mask> had visited every library in Utah multiple times, calling for tax-funded libraries, assisting with Carnegie grant applications, evaluating the libraries, recommending materials, and speaking before community groups. <mask> once gave a speech to the Utah Federation of Women's Clubs in Salt Lake City, stating:

<mask> pushed for the passage of the County Public Libraries Act which established a county library system in Utah that provided public libraries to rural areas. The Act was passed in 1919 not long after the end of World War I, and <mask> convinced the

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title: Mary Elizabeth Downey

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 Library War Service to donate its unused books to Utah's new, rural county libraries. Throughout her career, <mask> continued to promote education for librarians by offering Utah librarians scholarships to the Chautauqua School, starting a traveling school that would hold six-week sessions in various places in Utah, and calling for library boards to pay for their librarians to attend school. In 1921, <mask> became the state library organizer for North Dakota and began reforming the state's libraries just as she had in Utah by calling for a county library system. <mask> then returned to Denison University in 1923 as the school's librarian and received her M.A.there the following year. In 1929, <mask> was reappointed Ohio state library organizer—a position which she would hold until 1931. Later life
In 1941, <mask> became a volunteer librarian at the National Woman's Party's Alva Belmont Feminist Library, now known as the Florence Bayard Hilles Feminist Library, which continues to specialize in materials about the women's movement. <mask> organized the library's initial collection and promoted women's issues through a variety of mediums throughout her time there. <mask> <mask> died on May 25, 1949 in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Her obituary labeled her a pioneer of the library movement. Personal Views & Activism

Religion & Books
In 1902, <mask> gave an address to the Iowa Library Association advocating that librarians "not force even a child into using the library, but if possible, lead [the child] voluntarily into the reading habit..." <mask> believed that librarians could instill cultural norms and mores in children by providing them with books that encouraged adherence to those values.She would reiterate this message in public

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 lectures she delivered at the Chautauqua School for Librarians. As Stauffer writes:

Speaking in the Hall of Philosophy on 'The Evolution of the Library,' <mask> concluded that 'it is the birthright of every child to have access to a good collection of books just as it is his birthright to have a free education' and declared that 'the development of a love for regular and for good reading is necessary to bring the child to the proper development.' <mask> also spoke before the American Library Association's Religious Books Round Table in 1932 and advocated the use of inspirational materials to help people who were struggling in the Great Depression. Literacy and education
Downey advised schools to have at least one book per child in the classroom and called for rural schools to house branch libraries in order to encourage the creation of the first "generation of readers." <mask> stated in speeches that public libraries could provide all the benefits of a university for the entire community. In 1923, <mask> spoke to the Daughters of the American Revolution, stating:

Feminism
<mask> was a member of the Columbus Equal Suffrage Association and advocated for women's right to vote. She would later work for the National Woman's Party and promote feminist literature in libraries.<mask> spoke out for women's equal employment in libraries by joining several other female librarians in asking the War Service Committee to stop protecting women from hard work. She also wrote a letter to the executive secretary of the Library War Service asking that the military lift its ban on women in the Camp Library Service. Professional Associations
<mask> served on the Publications Committee of the League of Library Commissions in 1911, as the League's

masks: Downey Downey Downey Downey Downey Downey Downey


title: Mary Elizabeth Downey

texts:
 second vice president in 1914, and then on the executive board from 1915 to 1918. <mask> was a member of the American Library Association Council from 1914 to 1916 due to her position as president of the Ohio Library Association at the time. She would rejoin the Council in 1920 when she became president of the Utah Library Association and again in 1922 when she became president of the North Dakota Library Association. In 1923, she was appointed to a five-year term on the Council. <mask> also served on the American Library Association's Committee on Legislation from 1920 to 1927.See also
 North Dakota State Library
 Public libraries in North America
 American Library Association
 General Federation of Women's Clubs
 National Woman's Party
 Feminism in the United States
 Women's suffrage in the United States

Further reading
 <mask>, <mask>. "Chautauqua School for Librarians." Library Journal 47 (1922): 455-57. <mask>, <mask>. "The County and the State." Bulletin of the American Library Association 17 (1923): 287-92. <mask>, <mask>.Developing a Public Library (Columbus: Ohio Board of Library Commissioners, Department of Library Organization, 1911). <mask>, <mask>. "Library Courses in the College, University and Normal School Curriculum." Library Journal 53 (1928): 349-52. <mask>, <mask>. Library Extension in Ohio (Columbus: Ohio Board of Library Commissioners, Department of Library Organization, 1911). <mask>, <mask>."A Library Survey of Utah." Utah Survey 3, no. 7 (1916): 4-11. <mask>, <mask>. “Literature and Culture.” Library Journal 40 (1915): 163-168. <mask>, <mask>. "Making Religious Books Popular."Library Journal 57 (1932): 1030-34. <mask>, <mask>. "New Feminist Library in Washington." Library Journal 69 (1944): 181-84.

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title: Mary Elizabeth Downey

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 <mask>, <mask>. "Pioneering in Utah." Bulletin of the American Library Association 9, no.4 (1915). <mask>, <mask>. Reading in Rural Communities (Columbus: Ohio Board of Library Commissioners, Department of Library Organization, 1911). <mask>, <mask>. "Recruiting for Librarianship through the College Library." Library Journal 56 (1931): 390-93. <mask>, <mask>.Report of Library Organizer: Reprinted from Report of Board of Library Commissioners of Ohio for the Year Ending November 15, 1910 (Columbus: Ohio Board of Library Commissioners, Department of Library Organization, 1911). <mask>, <mask>. "State Library Extension Work." Year Book (Utah Federation of Women's Clubs) (1915–16): 62-63. <mask>, <mask>. "What a County Library Will Do for North Dakota." Journal of the National Education Association 12 (1923): 94.<mask>, <mask>. "Work of Student Assistants in College Libraries." Library Journal 57 (1932): 417-20. "Who's Who: Miss <mask><mask>." Chautauquan Daily, 10 July 1915, 6. "Who's Who: Miss <mask>.<mask>." Chautauquan Daily, 11 July 1922, 7. References

Notes

Bibliography
 "D. A. R. Meeting." Chautauquan Daily, 18 July 1923, 7. "Entire City to Join in Celebration over Our Splendid Library." Price News-Advocate, 3 March 1916, 1."Florence Bayard Hilles Feminist Library." Sewall-Belmont House & Museum. Retrieved April 10, 2016. Garrison, Dee. Apostles of Culture: The Public Librarian and American Society, 1876-1920 (New York: Free Press, 1979), 206-217. <mask> <mask> obituary, Library Journal 75 (1950). "Miss <mask> Talks," Ottumwa Courier, 29 October 1902."Mr. Barnes and <mask>," Chautauquan Daily, 12 July 1915, 3. Stauffer, Suzanne M. "'Mr. Dewey Is Crazy and Katharine Sharp Hates the University of Chicago:' Gender, Power, and

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title: Mary Elizabeth Downey

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 Personality and the Demise of the University of Chicago Course in Library Science 1897-1903." Journal of Education for Library and Information Science 56, no. 2 (Spring 2015): 101-113. Stauffer, Suzanne M. "'She Speaks as One Having Authority': <mask><mask>'s Use of Libraries as a Means to Public Power." Libraries & Culture 40, no.1 (Winter 2005): 38-62. Utley, George B. to Howard R. Driggs, 9 February 1914, Utah State Library Commission, Correspondence, 1912–22, Utah State Archives, Salt Lake City. Wiegand, W.A. Irrepressible reformer: A biography of Melvil Dewey. Chicago: American Library Association, 1996. External links
 American Library Association
 General Federation of Women's Clubs
 Sewall-Belmont House & Museum

1870s births
1949 deaths
American feminists
American librarians
American women librarians
American suffragists
Denison University alumni
University of Chicago

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. Downey


title: Appar

texts:
<mask>, also referred to as  () or Navukkarasar,  was a seventh-century Tamil Śaiva poet-saint. Born in a peasant Śaiva family, raised as an orphan by his sister, he lived about 80 years and is generally placed sometime between 570 and 670 CE. Appar composed 4,900 devotional hymns to the Hindu god Shiva, out of which 313 have survived and are now canonized as the 4th to 6th volumes of Tirumurai. One of the most prominent of the sixty-three revered Nayanars, he was an older contemporary of Thirugnana Sambandar. His images are found and revered in Tamil Shiva temples. His characteristic iconography in temples show him carrying a farmer's small hoe – a gardening tool and weed puller. Names
Appar is also known as Tirunāvukkarasar lit.("King of the Tongue, Lord of Language"). His birth-name was Marulneekkiyar, and was renamed to Tharumasenar while he studied and later served as the head of a Jain monastery. After he returned to Shaivism and began composing devotional hymns to Shiva, he has been historically referred to as Appar (lit. "father"), after the child poet-saint Sambandar lovingly called him Appar. Early life

An outline about <mask>'s life, without specifics, are found in his own hymns that were preserved by an oral tradition. A written collection of his hymns as well as more details are found in texts about four centuries after he died. One of the most studied version is the Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam, the last book of the Tirumurai.There, under Thiruninrasargam and in 428 verses, Sekkizhar presents the legendary life of <mask>. <mask> was born in late 6th-century, likely between 570 and 596 CE. Some scholars place him a bit later, in early 7th-century. <mask>la Vaishya by birth. His childhood name was Marunikkiyar (Marulneekiar). Orphaned, he was

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title: Appar

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 raised by his bit older sister. His sister Thilagavathiar was betrothed to a military commander who died in war.She never married thereafter, devoted herself to Shaivism and to taking care of her little brother. He spent his childhood in Tiruvamur village near Atikai by most accounts. Conversion to Jainism and return to Saivaism

Unlike his sister, Appar turned to Jainism. He left home, joined a Jain monastery, where he was renamed Dharmasena (Tarumacenar). He studied Jainism and years later became the head of the Jain monastery in Tiruppatirippuliyur. After a while, afflicted by a painful stomach illness, Dharmasena returned home. His sister gave him Tiruneeru (sacred ash) and the five syllable mantra "namaccivaya" (Namah Shivaya).Then they went together to a Shiva temple in Atikai, where he spontaneously composed his first hymn of Tevaram. As he sang the second verse, he was miraculously cured of his stomach illness. Thereafter, he came to be known as Navukkaracar (from Skt: Vagisa, "king of speech") or more popularly just Appar. He had thus left Jainism, and become a devout Shaiva. <mask>'s hymn are intimately devotional to Shiva, but occasionally include verses where he repents the Jain period of his life. In Tevaram hymn IV.39 and others, he criticizes the Jain monastic practice of not brushing teeth, the lack of body hygiene, their barbaric ascetic practices, the doctrine of pallurai (anekantavada) as self-contradictory relativism, the hypocrisy of running away from the world and work yet begging for food in that same world, and others. Bhakti
Appar largely stayed at Atikai with his sister before visiting other Siva temples to sing in praise of Siva.He heard of Thirugnana Sambandar and went to Sirkali to meet him. Thiru GnaanaSambandar respectfully


title: Appar

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 addressed Navukkarasar as Appar (father) and he and Appar travelled together singing hymns. Appar is said to have traveled to about a hundred and twenty-five temples in different cities or villages in Tamil Nadu. He died in Sadhaya Nakshtra in the Tamil month of Chithirai at Tiru Pukalur Siva temple at the age of 81. Appar's Tevaram
The Tamil Shaiva tradition believes that Appar extolled Siva in 4,900 hymns (49,000 stanzas). Of these 313 hymns (3130 stanzas) have survived, later compiled in the fourth, fifth and sixth volumes of the Tirumurai, the Tamil poetic canon of Shaiva Siddhanta. The compilation of these books is generally ascribed to Nambiyandar Nambi (10th century CE).Some of <mask>'s hymns set to various Panns, the melodic modes of Ancient Tamil music – the rest are set to Tirunerisai and Viruttam metres. In the last four decades of his life, he visited on foot no less than 125 shrines of Shiva, scattered over a territory of a . He was the only one of the four kuravars to visit the shrine at Tirukokarnam on the western coast of India. He sang 312 decads comprising 3,056 stanzas of devotion. All the songs in the Tevaram (called pathikam, Tamil:பதிகம்) are believed to be in sets of ten. The hymns were set to music denoted by Panns and are part of the canon of the Tamil music. They continue to be part of temple liturgy today.Several of these poems refer to historic references pointing to the saint-poets' own life, voice of devotee persona, using interior language of the mystic. Multi-vocal rhetoric is commonly used taking on personal emotions and genres and some voices of classical Sangam literature. Appar's poems dealt with inner, emotional and psychological state of the poet saint. The metaphors used in the poems have deep agrarian influence


title: Appar

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 white ants in a chamber inside the second precinct in Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram. Rajaraja thus became known as Tirumurai Kanda Cholan meaning one who saved the Tirumurai.The king added the images of the Nayanar poet-saints inside the Shiva temple. Nambi arranged the hymns of three saint poets Sambanthar, <mask> and Sundarar as the first seven books. In 1918, 11 more songs were found engraved in a stone temple in Tiruvidavayil in a village close to Nannillam, and it was the first instance found where Tevaram verses were found in inscriptions. Translations
Francis Kingsbury and Godfrey Phillips selected and translated 39 out of 313 of <mask>'s hymns into English in 1921. These were published with small collection of Sambandar and Sundarar hymns in a book titled Hymns of the Tamil Śaivite Saints, released by the Oxford University Press. They stated that these were some of the hymns from Devaram (Tevaram) that they could hear being chanted in South Indian Shiva temples of their times. In 1959, Dorai Rangaswamy published a prose translation with commentary on about 100 <mask>'s hymns in Volume 3 of his collected works on Tevaram.More recent English translations of many more select hymns by Appar have been published by Indira Peterson. Legacy

Appar is traditionally credited with converting the Pallava king, Mahendravarman to Saivaism. His efforts helped expand the sacred geography of Shaivism and bring fame to smaller Shiva temples. Appar sanctified all these temples by his verses and was also involved in cleaning of the dilapidated temples with his uzhavarapadai (farmer's gardening hoe) – now a part of his iconography. Temple services
Appar celebrated the Vedas, and connected the Vedic ritual to the temple Agamic puja that is ever since followed

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texts:
 singing of Tiruvempavai and Tiruvalam of Manickavasagar during special occasion in the temple. From the 13th century, the texts were passed on to the Odhuvars by the Adheenams or charitable establishments. The charitable establishments that ran on philanthropy of individuals and merchant caravans had come to be because after the 13th century, the time of ancient nation states viz. cholas etc. was finished, and the temples became only denominated, voluntary, charitable places.This is briefed by a 15th-century, chidambaram temple inscription. During the time of cholas etc. the temple hymn service workers were known as uvacchar and marars. These terms are of very ancient origin and traceable to even early sangam times. Appar's stone image is revered in almost all Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu. A Chola bronze of Appar with  in standing posture dated to about 12th century was found in Vembavur in Perambalur district. He is sported with beads of Rudraksha on both his arms and neck.The bronze image is stored in the Bronze gallery in Government Museum, Chennai. History and culture
Appar's hymns provide a window into the history and culture of Tamil Hindus between the 7th and 9th-century, states Paramasivanandan. They mention names of rulers, towns, villages, festivals, agriculture, trade, temples, role of temple in providing social support during famines and economic hardship, role of temples in dance, music, arts, life rituals, social conditions, literature, and the education system. Given <mask>'s study of Digambara Jainism prior to returning to Shaiva Hinduism, it also includes a historic view into the two traditions. References

Bibliography

 . Further reading

Converts to Hinduism
Nayanars
Year of birth missing
Year of death


title: Eliot Cutler

texts:
<mask> (born July 29, 1946) is an American lawyer who was an Independent candidate in Maine's 2010 and 2014 gubernatorial races. In 2010, he placed second in a multi-way race, receiving 208,270 votes, equaling 35.9%, narrowly losing to Republican Paul LePage. In 2014 he garnered only 8.4%, placing third behind both the Democratic candidate as well as LePage, who was re-elected with 48.2% of the vote. Both times, he was claimed to be a spoiler for the Democratic candidate. Maine has since become the first state to use instant-runoff voting (ranked choice voting—RCV) in its statewide elections. <mask> had previously served in the Carter Administration as part of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. Early life and career
<mask> was born and raised in Bangor, Maine, the eldest son of Lawrence and <mask>.His father was a physician and his mother was an economist. <mask> received secondary education at Deerfield Academy. He then proceeded to graduate from Harvard College and later earned a degree from Georgetown Law. <mask> began his career as a legislative assistant to Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine, helping craft the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act. He served as associate director for Natural Resources, Energy and Science in the Office of Management and Budget in the Carter administration, and was the principal White House official for energy. He then worked from 1980 to 1988 for the law firm Webster & Sheffield, focusing mostly on environmental and land use issues. He was a founding partner of Cutler & Stanfield LLP, with fellow Webster & Sheffield associate Jeffrey Stanfield, which became the second-largest environmental law firm in the country, eventually merging that practice with international firm Akin Gump in 2000.In 1990, <mask> purchased property on Shore Road in Cape Elizabeth. In an interview with Portland Magazine, <mask> recounted the purchase, "It took two years to find this property. Once we saw it and bought it, we wanted to build a house that sat well on land and was not overly imposing, from the road or the water. We needed lots of room for us and our family, a

masks:
Eliot Cutler
Cutler
Eliot
Catherine Cutler
Eliot
Cutler
Cutler
Cutler


title: Eliot Cutler

texts:
 growing family along the course of time, where we could gather family and friends to enjoy the Maine Coast with us." <mask> resided in Cape Elizabeth with his wife, Melanie Stewart <mask> during his gubernatorial campaigns. They have two adult children. In 2006, <mask> moved to Beijing, where he acquired a collection of Chinese vernacular furniture and antiques.When he moved back to his home in Cape Elizabeth, he integrated the Far East influence with the Maine mystique of the residence. In May 2017, <mask> put his  oceanfront home in Cape Elizabeth for sale for $11 million, citing his intention to move to a condominium in nearby Portland  and also to look for a place on the water in Maine. At the end of 2020, the home was purchased by Jonathan S. Bush. 2010 gubernatorial campaign

On December 9, 2009, <mask> officially launched his campaign for governor of Maine. Had he been elected, he would have been Maine's third independent governor. He was endorsed by Maine's second Independent governor, Angus King. In a close election night race, <mask> took an early lead.As the results came in from Maine's smaller and more rural communities, <mask>'s lead shrank, and eventually opponent Paul LePage took the lead. Based on early, unofficial results, the Bangor Daily News projected that LePage would win, and <mask> conceded on the morning after the election. 2014 gubernatorial campaign

On June 6, 2013, <mask> announced on radio station WGAN's morning show that he would again run for governor, with a formal announcement coming after Labor Day. He dismissed the suggestion that his candidacy would result in another LePage victory, stating that he wouldn't run if he didn't think he could win. While he was again endorsed by Angus King on August 18, 2014  King withdrew his endorsement on October 29, 2014 in favor of the Democratic Party candidate, Mike Michaud. <mask> finished a distant third, with LePage winning reelection. Though many Democrats believe that <mask> was a two-time spoiler, it is a label he and his supporters reject.Other political involvement
He served on the board of directors of

masks: Cutler Cutler Cutler Cutler Cutler Cutler Cutler Cutler Cutler Cutler Cutler


title: Eliot Cutler

texts:
 Americans Elect, a nonprofit 501(c)(4) corporation which sought to gain ballot access for a presidential ticket, to be chosen through an online national primary, in every state in the 2012 Presidential Election. <mask> endorsed Angus King in the 2012 U.S. Senate election to succeed the retiring Olympia Snowe. King won the election. Since the 2014 election, the second in a row in which the governor was elected with less than a majority, Maine became the first state in the country to introduce ranked choice voting in its election, with the multi-way race between LePage, <mask>, and the Democratic candidate often being seen as an impetus for this action. <mask> had been a proponent of this system during the 2010 election, believing he would have won if it had been implemented then. <mask> announced on April 2, 2015 that he would not run for governor again, stating that he was taking a "vow of abstinence" from doing so. He also announced his appointment by the University of Maine System to lead the creation of a new graduate center unifying existing graduate programs at the University of Southern Maine, University of Maine, and the University of Maine School of Law.In May 2017, <mask> announced that he would work with the political organization Maine Independents to recruit candidates for the 2018 elections. The organization was founded by supporters of <mask>'s gubernatorial campaigns. He also announced his support for State Treasurer Terry Hayes for governor in the following year's gubernatorial election. References

External links
 2014 campaign site
 <mask>, <mask>, "Who Stole Election Day?" , Wall Street Journal, November 17, 2010. "[U]nrestricted absentee voting and early in-person voting, 'convenience voting' ... [appear] to be discouraging voter engagement". 1946 births
American lawyers
Americans Elect people
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Harvard College alumni
Jewish American people in Maine politics
Living people
Maine Independents
People from Cape Elizabeth, Maine
Politicians from Bangor, Maine
University of Maine people
Deerfield Academy alumni
21st-century American

masks: Cutler Cutler Cutler Cutler Cutler Cutler Cutler Eliot


title: Charles Burnett (RAF officer)

texts:
Air Chief Marshal <mask>,  (3 April 1882 – 9 April 1945) was a senior commander in the Royal Air Force during the first half of the 20th century. He was Air Officer Commanding Iraq Command during the early 1930s. During the Second World War, he served as Chief of the Air Staff of the Royal Australian Air Force. Early life
<mask> was born in Browns Valley, Minnesota, United States on 3 April 1882. He was the second son of <mask> and <mask>. <mask> was originally from the Scottish village of Kemnay in Aberdeenshire. <mask> was educated at Bedford School in England.His younger brother was <mask> who was later knighted and rose to the rank of admiral. Early career
In 1899, <mask> enlisted as a private in the Imperial Yeomanry in order to fight in the Second Boer War. <mask> claimed to be 18 when he was in fact only 17. He was discharged in 1901 in order that he might take a commission and he was gazetted as a second lieutenant in the Highland Light Infantry in October 1901. <mask> was then attached to the Imperial Yeomanry for the next three years. He temporarily held the rank of lieutenant from 26 April 1902 to 7 February 1903. On 20 August 1904, <mask> was seconded to the West African Frontier Force.During the next five years <mask> saw action in Northern Nigeria, contracted blackwater fever, was promoted to lieutenant and was twice mentioned in despatches. <mask> resigned his commission in September 1909 and then entered business as a part-owner of a shop in Portuguese Guinea. He did not meet with particular success as a businessman and by 1911 was employed by the British diplomatic service as the assistant resident in Ilorin, Nigeria. First World War
With the

masks:
Sir Charles Stuart Burnett
Charles Burnett
John Alexander Burnett
Charlotte Susan Burnett
John Burnett
Burnett
Robert Burnett
Burnett
Burnett
Burnett
Burnett
Burnett
Burnett


title: Charles Burnett (RAF officer)

texts:
 outbreak of hostilities in 1914, <mask> rejoined the British Army. After qualifying as a pilot in November 1914, he was commissioned as a lieutenant on 4 December 1914. <mask> married Sybil Pack-Beresford just six days before his first posting as a Royal Flying Corps wing adjutant, which brought a temporary promotion to captain. In May 1915, <mask> was posted as a flight commander on No.17 Squadron where he flew BE2c from Gosport and then Egypt. He became a substantive captain on 1 October 1916. On 2 April 1916, <mask> was promoted to temporary major and appointed Officer Commanding of No. 36 Squadron, which was stationed in Cramlington. In October the same year <mask> was sent to the Western Front as Officer Commanding No. 12 Squadron. During his tour as Officer Commanding No.12 Squadron, <mask> was once again mentioned in despatches. With a promotion to temporary lieutenant colonel on 8 October 1917, <mask> was granted command of the Flying Corps' Fifth Wing which was operating in Palestine. Following his wing's contribution to the British victory in the Battle of Jerusalem in December 1917, <mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. He was also awarded the Egyptian Order of the Nile, Third Class, and in the 1919 King's Birthday Honours he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in recognition of his wartime service in Egypt. Inter-war period
By the close of the war, <mask> had transferred to the newly formed Royal Air Force (RAF) and the next few years of his military career were to involve many changes of post. In 1919, <mask> was promoted to the temporary rank of brigadier general and appointed (again temporarily) as

masks: Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett


title: Charles Burnett (RAF officer)

texts: General Officer Commanding the RAF's Palestine Brigade. Later the same year, he accepted the offer of a permanent commission in the RAF with the rank of wing commander.In April 1920, <mask> was given command of the RAF's Mesopotamian Wing and when the wing was upgraded to a group, he worked as a staff officer at the group's HQ. From February to October 1921, <mask> was a supernumerary, first at the HQ Middle East Area and then at No. 7 Group where he was sent pending his next posting. It was during this time that <mask> was promoted to group captain, although for some of the period he was on the half-pay list. <mask> took up command of No. 29 Group in October 1921 but this was a short-lived appointment. In April 1922, <mask> was posted as station commander of RAF Leuchars which was a training base at that time.Once again <mask> did not spend long in post. By December 1922, he was a supernumerary once more, this time at the RAF Depot. From 1923-early 1927, <mask> served as the Deputy Director of Operations and Intelligence at the Air Ministry. He was made a Companion of the Bath (CB) in the 1927 New Year Honours. <mask> was then posted as the Commandant of the Central Flying School where he served until January 1929. Having just been promoted to air commodore, <mask>'s next tour saw him return to Iraq as the Senior Air Staff Officer at the HQ of Iraq Command where he served for the next two years. In early 1931, he returned to the United Kingdom and he was appointed to the double-hatted position of Deputy Chief of the Air Staff and Director of Operations and Intelligence.<mask> was promoted air vice-marshal the following July and he remained in post for a


title: Charles Burnett (RAF officer)

texts:
 little under a year and a half. In November 1932, <mask> returned to Iraq once more, this time as the Air Officer Commanding Iraq Command which placed him in charge of all British forces in Iraq. During his time in command <mask> was involved in the suppression of several tribal incursions near Kuwait and during one such occasion <mask> was wounded. <mask> returned to Great Britain at the start of 1935 to take up command of the RAF's Inland Area. At the start of 1936, whilst <mask> was Air Officer Commanding Inland Area, he was promoted to air marshal and made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the New Year Honours list. Later that year the RAF's command structure underwent a major reorganization. One of the changes was the redesignation of Inland Area as Training Command and <mask> became the command's first Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief.The next three years placed great demands upon <mask> and his command; as the threat from the German Luftwaffe increased, Training Command played a key role in the expansion of the RAF. In July 1939, just prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, <mask> was appointed an additional Inspector-General of the RAF and in August he was a member of British military mission to the Soviet Union. Second World War

RAAF Chief of the Air Staff
<mask> continued in his role as Inspector-General of the RAF until 1940 when he was appointed Chief of the Air Staff of the Royal Australian Air Force. <mask>'s appointment to the senior post in the RAAF was not without controversy. Apart from the fact that by 1940 <mask> was due for retirement and his health was not at its best, the choice of a British officer over an

masks: Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett


title: Charles Burnett (RAF officer)

texts:
 Australian one caused open resentment in many quarters of the RAAF. The Australian prime minister, Robert Menzies, had decided that a British officer should head the RAAF, believing that Australian officers lacked the necessary experience. After discussions between the British and Australian governments, <mask> was selected and given an acting promotion to air chief marshal, a rank he subsequently retained.The vexed question of Australia's role in the Empire Air Training Scheme (EATS) had led to the resignation of Air Vice-Marshal Stanley Goble, the previous substantive RAAF Chief of the Air Staff. Unlike Goble and several other senior RAAF commanders, <mask> believed that his most important task was to implement EATS to the full and thereby increase Australia's ability to provide aircrew to the RAF. Under <mask> the RAAF expanded from a strength of 3,489 men just prior to the outbreak of war to 79,074 in May 1942. Of the approximately 80,000 personnel in the RAAF when <mask> was replaced, 42 per cent were EATS personnel. <mask> also strove to increase the number of aircraft in the RAAF, although in this regard he was less successful than he was with increasing aircrew numbers. Under <mask>, RAAF units were placed in forward positions and priority was given to the aerial protection of Australian sea lanes. He also took a key role in the establishments of the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) and RAAF health services, the latter having previously been provided by the Australian Army.Return to United Kingdom and death

From October 1941, <mask> had a strained working relationship with Arthur Drakeford, the Australian Labor Party's minister for air

masks: Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett


title: Charles Burnett (RAF officer)

texts:
 who had just then been appointed. <mask> and Drakeford frequently clashed and when in early 1942 <mask> proposed sweeping organizational changes, including the abolition of the Australian Air Board, a breaking point was reached. It had also been widely argued that <mask>'s focus on the European theatre resulted in the RAAF lacking sufficient defensive strength and by 1942 the threat of invasion by Japan was growing. <mask> was replaced in May 1942 by an Australian, Air Vice Marshal George Jones, who succeeded to the position despite <mask>'s lobbying for his deputy, Air Vice Marshal William Bostock, to take over. <mask> retired from the RAF shortly after his return to Britain, but in 1943 he worked full-time in the RAF's cadet organisation, the Air Training Corps, as the commandant of the ATC's Central Command. In this role, <mask> was responsible for ATC squadrons in Hertfordshire, Middlesex, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Berkshire and Bedfordshire. By 1945 <mask> remained as commandant but his health was declining and on 9 April 1945 he died of a coronary thrombosis at the Princess Mary Hospital at RAF Halton.<mask> was survived by his wife and four daughters. Notes

References

Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation – Air Chief Marshal <mask>

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Royal Air Force air marshals of World War II
Royal Australian Air Force air marshals
Royal Flying Corps officers
Royal Air Force generals
Aviation pioneers
Highland Light Infantry officers
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
People educated at Bedford School
1882 births
1945

masks:
Burnett
Burnett
Burnett
Burnett
Burnett
Burnett
Burnett
Burnett
Charles Burnett
Burnett


title: Lyall Stewart

texts:
<mask> was a New Zealand rugby league player. In 1924 he represented New Zealand in the 3rd test in Dunedin against the touring England and became Kiwi number 163 in the progress. Early life
<mask> was born on July 10, 1900 in Auckland, New Zealand. His parents were <mask> and <mask>. He was the youngest of 7 children and had 4 brothers and 2 sisters; Robert William Wilson (1887), <mask> (1889), <mask> (1891), <mask> (1893), <mask> (1896), and <mask> (1898). His birth registration shows his first name as in fact spelt “Lyell” as it also was on his death certificate. However on his marriage registration he spelt it “Lyall”.He also named one of his younger children Lyall, and it was spelt this way in newspaper articles on the rare occasion where his full name was used while he was alive. Playing career

Cambridge and Hamilton
Lyall <mask> began playing rugby league at the senior level in 1921 for the Power Board team in Cambridge. He was aged 20 at the time, turning 21 mid-season. His first match was against the City Rovers club team also from Cambridge on April 16 with his side losing 6-3. Two weeks later <mask> played for the Cambridge sub union representative team against the touring Ponsonby United side which featured a young Frank Delgrosso. <mask> scored a try in a 9-3 win. With rugby league in its infancy in the Cambridge area <mask> played for the Power Board side and representative teams interchangeably throughout the year.By the season end he had played 6 matches for Power Board, 4 for Cambridge, 3 for a combined Cambridge-Hamilton team, 3 for the South Auckland representative team and 1 for Hamilton Athletics at the season end in the Hamilton knockout competition. The first match for South Auckland was against Hawke's Bay on August 10 and saw his side win

masks:
Lyall Douglas Stewart
Lyall Douglas Stewart
William Stewart
Sarah Ann Stewart
Henry Charles Stewart
Luke Erroll Stewart
Sarah May Elvin Stewart
Mary Jane Stewart
David Arthur Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart


title: Lyall Stewart

texts: easily by 35 points to 3 with <mask> scoring a try after some lead up play by Huatahi Paki. Five days later <mask> scored a try for Cambridge against the touring City Rovers team from Auckland at Victoria Square in Cambridge. His Cambridge team won 16-14 over a City side which featured George Paki, Maurice Wetherill, and Tim Peckham. The following weekend <mask> played for South Auckland against Auckland at Claudeland Showgrounds in Hamilton and in front of 2,500 spectators South Auckland ran out 13-3 victors. In the August 31 edition of the Waikato Times it was said of <mask> that he “is a tricky player who will reach big football. He has a nice side-step, and should be played inside five-eighth.[But] he has the failing of passing too soon when on attack. <mask> then played in a win for Cambridge over Hamilton 18-16 where he scored another try “as a result of smart following up and good judgment”. <mask>s last representative match of the season came in his first appearance on Carlaw Park. On September 17 South Auckland played Auckland and were defeated 35-13 in front of 5,500 spectators. <mask> scored South Auckland’s first try after picking up a loose ball and cutting through scoring by the posts. His final match of the season was on September 24 in his first appearance for Hamilton Athletics, a club side he would not appear for again until 1923. In October, 1921 a special meeting was held in Cambridge by the Cambridge Rugby League.The meeting was to select the player who had shown the most improved form during the season. <mask> <mask> was nominated along with R. Pau, C. McMillan, Kidd, and J Hemmingway. After voting had taken place <mask> was announced as the winner and was presented with a gold football badge which had been given to the union by Ernie Asher of

masks: Stewart Stewart Stewart Stewart Stewart Stewart Stewart Lyall Stewart Stewart


title: Lyall Stewart

texts: the Auckland Rugby League who had recently visited with the City Rovers side. In 1922 <mask> turned out for the newly formed Cambridge Athletics side in the Cambridge competition which featured 4 teams (Cambridge Athletics, Matangi, City Rovers, and Suburbs). He was then granted a transfer to go to the Newton Rangers club in Auckland. This move turned out to be brief as he only played 3 matches for Newton. These included a 15-5 loss to Marist Old Boys, a 32-8 win over Richmond Rovers, and a 19-13 loss to City Rovers.These matches would have been a significant step up in quality for <mask>. Although there were many talented players in the Waikato competitions the Auckland Rugby League was reasonably well established by 1922 and the City side featured George Davidson, Ben Davidson (who would go on to play for Wigan), Bill Davidson, Maurice Wetherill, Alf Townsend, George Paki, and Bert Laing, while <mask> was playing alongside Clarrie Polson, Wally Somers, Bill Williams and Lou Brown (who would go on to play over 300 games professionally in England). On July 3 <mask> then transferred back to Cambridge where he re-joined his Cambridge Athletics team. He played 2 matches for them and 4 matches for Cambridge with at least two of them as captain. The first was in a 21-12 loss against Hamilton where he scored a try and kicked a conversion and a penalty. <mask> then led his side to Auckland where he scored a try and kicked a conversion though this would have been overshadowed by the 73-29 score line in favour of Auckland. The home side running in a remarkable 17 tries.<mask> then played in a trial match for Cambridge before representing them twice more in losses to Lower Waikato and Auckland B, by 36 to 8 and 22 to 8 respectively. Cambridge and Hamilton then fielded a

masks: Stewart Stewart Stewart Stewart Stewart Stewart


title: Lyall Stewart

texts: combined side against Hawke's Bay though <mask> was again on the losing side in a 17-3 defeat. He was selected days later to play for South Auckland against the same Hawke's Bay side and this time he was on the winners team, playing five eighth in a 17-15 victory. At this point in the season disappointment was expressed at <mask>'s non selection in the South Auckland side to play Auckland from Cambridge rugby league quarters. It was said that “<mask> is a cool, collected player, possessing much initiative and ability to demonstrate same. Many times on Saturday he placed the locals on attack from defence. Although given fewer opportunities his play was ahead of Wilson Hall… apart from that it is distinctly disappointing to the Cambridge League and the selectors will find that it is a mistake”.Nonetheless the South Auckland team won on Carlaw Park 21-20. <mask> did gain selection for South Auckland on September 30 when they played Auckland at Steele Park in Hamilton and they ran out 26-18 winners. He then wrapped up his 1922 season with a 20-9 win for South Auckland over Waihi in Waihi. In 1923 <mask> joined the Hamilton Athletic club which played in the Hamilton league. He played 6 matches for them before playing for the Hamilton representative side against the Marist Old Boys, a team he was to play for the following year. They won the match 23-13 though <mask> took a knock to the head which saw one observer state that “for a long period in the first session he was quite dazed”. Over the following 2 months he played 4 matches for Hamilton Athletics and 2 for the Hamilton representative side against Cambridge and Taumarunui which were won 32 to 11, and 43 to 7 respectively.<mask> scored a try and kicked a goal in the match against his old Cambridge side on Victoria

masks: Stewart Stewart Stewart Stewart Stewart Stewart Stewart


title: Lyall Stewart

texts:
 Square in Cambridge, and a try against Taumarunui at Hinemoa Park, Hamilton. The match with Taumarunui was a defence of the Endean Shield which Hamilton had won off Lower Waikato two weeks prior. On August 18 South Auckland played Wellington with <mask> in the five eighth position alongside F. Jackson, with Tim Peckham at halfback. South Auckland won by 27 points to 11. <mask> then wore the red and white of Cambridge against Hamilton in a 13-9 loss, and the following week switched sides, playing in the black and white jersey of Hamilton in a 27-20 win over Lower Waikato. He then played for a combined Cambridge-Hamilton team against Lower Waikato and he scored twice in a 31-25 victory at Victoria Square in Cambridge. <mask>’s next match was for South Auckland against Auckland at Steele Park.The match was for the Northern Union Challenge Cup which South Auckland held. <mask> score a first half try in a 20-20 draw which meant his side retained the trophy. He followed this up with an appearance for the Auckland Provincial team against Auckland at Carlaw Park. He continued his try scoring run with a 3-pointer in a heavy 44-15 loss to the Auckland ‘city’ team before a crowd of 7,000. He finished the season playing for South Auckland against Auckland again. He scored his 6th try in as many matches, however his team were well beaten in front of 6,000 spectators at Carlaw Park by 35 to 11. Move to Auckland and New Zealand Test Appearance

In 1924 <mask> was to move to Auckland to play rugby league for a more lengthy period than the 3 games he stayed for in 1922.After two matches for Hamilton Athletic against the Frankton Albions, and United teams, <mask> transferred to Marist Old Boys in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He had applied for a transfer on May 6 but it


title: Lyall Stewart

texts: was not granted by the Hamilton Rugby League and was instead referred to the South Auckland Rugby League. The matter was discussed at length at the South Auckland Rugby League monthly meeting and it was eventually decided to grant him a transfer. The league was not particularly keen on allowing the move however and wrote a “strongly-worded protest against the apparent recruiting in the country districts by Auckland clubs, also intimating that this League would not grant transfers of players under its jurisdiction, unless good reason be shown. The delegates of from the League to the New Zealand Council were instructed to bring the matter very strongly before the members of the Council”. After the transfer was granted <mask> made his debut for Marist in a round 5 match against Richmond Rovers in the five eighth position. He played a match against Athletic before being selected for an Auckland Probables side to play against the Auckland Possibles.With the tour of the England side approaching efforts were underway to choose the best players in the country to face them. <mask> was to partner Wilson Hall in the five eighths positions against Peebles and Hector Cole in the Possibles side. <mask>’s side lost 9 to 14. After more club matches <mask> was then selected for the Auckland B team to play Hamilton on July 16. Auckland B won the match 28-18 with Wilson Hall breaking his collar-bone. On July 28 Auckland played the English side and after the match the New Zealand squad was selected to go into training for the first test with England. <mask> was named in the squad though despite Wilson Hall being out injured there were still many five eighths and halves named in the squad.Charles Fitzgerald and Maurice Wetherill were named in the five eighth positions in the first test

masks: Stewart Stewart Stewart Stewart Stewart


title: Lyall Stewart

texts:
 which New Zealand won 16 to 8 however Wetherill was unable to travel to Wellington for the second test. In addition to this halfback Thomas McClymont was injured in the first test and so <mask> was pulled into the side to travel south. Despite the unavailability of at least 3 potential halves Clarrie Polson and Frank Delgrosso were selected ahead of <mask> for the second test which New Zealand won 13-11. <mask>’s opportunity came in the 3rd test where he was selected in the second five eighth position with Frank Delgrosso on his inside and Hec Brisbane his outside. The match was played at Tahuna Park, Dunedin and saw a crowd of 12,000 in attendance. Opposite him stood Sid Rix in the England side. It was an inauspicious debut for <mask> with New Zealand going down to the brilliant back play of the English side by 31 points to 18.He was described as “being the weak link in the chain, and in consequence of this the New Zealand three-quarters were starved”. <mask> was to finish the season by playing in 9 further matches for his Marist Old Boys club side. On September 27 he played in the championship final against Devonport United in front of an enormous crowd of 17,000. His side were victorious by 20 points to 17 and won their first ever title in the process. Hiatus, Return for Devonport United, and Retirement
In 1925 <mask> appears to have not played at all before a return to the game in the jersey of Devonport United. He played 13 matches for them and for the only time in his career did not play in any representative matches. At the end of the season it appears that <mask> retired from rugby league and he moved to the Opotiki area in the Bay of Plenty where league was not played.Personal life
He married Moyra (Moira) Clare Kelly on August 22, 1928. Moyra was born in


title: Lyall Stewart

texts:
 Opotiki, Bay of Plenty in 1905. Together they had 6 children. Moyra died on December 23, 1954 aged 49. In the Otago Daily Times of 25 February 1931 it was reported that at about midnight <mask>'s one year old child was bitten by a rat with the bite going through the baby’s left hand and “caused considerable bleeding”. The only other mentions beyond this time of <mask> and his family were of his children’s efforts at school in the Opotiki area and an accident <mask> suffered with an axe whilst cutting wood in 1933. He cut his foot and required several stitches.<mask> <mask> passed away on July 7, 1968 three days short of his 68th birthday in Opotiki, Bay of Plenty. References

New Zealand rugby league players
New Zealand national rugby league team players
Auckland rugby league team players
Newton Rangers players
Marist Saints players
North Shore Albions players
Rugby league players from

masks: Stewart Stewart Stewart Lyall Stewart


title: Joe Bratty

texts:
<mask> (c. 1961 -  31 July 1994) was a Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary and a leading member of the Ulster Defence Association's South Belfast Brigade. The head of UDA activity in the area during one of the organisation's most active phases, <mask> was suspected by security forces of playing a role in, or at least orchestrating, around 15 killings. Early years
<mask> first came to attention in his native Ballynafeigh (an area in south Belfast) as a teenage street-fighter battling with local Catholic/republican youths and was responsible for altering the Workers' Party of Ireland slogan "Sectarianism Kills Workers" on the side of Havelock House to "Sectarianism Kills Taigs". <mask>, who was also known for his hatred of black people, also appended the initials of the Ku Klux Klan to this piece of graffiti. During his years as a street-fighter, <mask>, who had distinctive oriental shaped eyes, was given the nickname 'Chinky' by his Catholic opponents. Given the proximity of the two communities on the Ormeau Road, <mask> had grown up alongside Catholics and as such had for a number of years been accused of terrorising people he knew to be Catholic with beatings and intimidation before becoming involved in murder around 1990. UDA activity

Eventually, <mask> became head of the UDA in Ballynafeigh, leading his own unit from Annadale Flats.<mask>'s unit struck on 7 September 1990 when they entered the house of a 34-year-old Catholic, Emmanuel Shields, and shot him dead as he lay in bed with his pregnant girlfriend. According to his family, Shields, who had a criminal record but not for republican activity, had regularly been targeted by <mask> and his associates for physical attack in the past and they had fired shots into his mother's house in nearby Burmah Street when he lived with her. <mask> christened his unit 'Ku Klux Klan', and members of the group, including himself, had the initials KKK tattooed on their arms. <mask>, together with Stephen "Inch" McFerran, UDA military commander for the Ormeau area

masks:
Joe Bratty
Bratty
Bratty
Bratty
Bratty
Bratty
Bratty
Bratty
Bratty
Bratty
Bratty


title: Joe Bratty

texts: and RUC Special Branch agent, ordered the attack on the lower Ormeau branch of Sean Graham's bookmakers on 5 February 1992, an act resulting in the death of five civilian men. His right-hand man, Raymond Elder, was identified by witnesses as one of the gunmen in the attack, and fibres from the getaway car were found on his denims. <mask> was widely believed to have been present during the attack, although the rest of the team that Bratty sent was made up of UDA members from East Belfast rather than local members. Another gunman had been provided by UDA West Belfast Brigade leader Johnny Adair, who had first conceived of the action.Alex Kerr, Bratty's commanding officer as South Belfast brigadier, commended the attack, claiming that Lower Ormeau residents had been involved in shielding republicans before suggesting that the attack was revenge for the Teebane bombing. In addition to the 5 February Ormeau Road shootings, <mask>'s unit was allegedly involved in the murder of Michael Gilbride, a Catholic taxi driver who had settled in the Lower Ormeau area. Gilbride was killed outside his parents' home on Fernwood Street not far from Bratty's Annadale Flats base. Another victim was Donna Wilson, a Protestant and resident of Annadale Flats who had recently moved to the area from Tullycarnet, East Belfast. A number of residents had complained to Bratty in his role as local UDA commander about the noise of her stereo and he assembled a team of ten men armed with baseball bats who broke in, beat her to death (seriously injuring three of her companions) and wrecked the flat. In the end, only a sixty-year-old who had led the complaints to Bratty was charged in relation to Wilson's death. Bratty was also identified as the getaway driver for the attack in which Teresa Clinton, the wife of a Sinn Féin election candidate, was murdered in her Lower Ormeau home.Thomas "Tucker" Annett, one of <mask>'s closest lieutenants, was identified as the main gunman although not charged. Annett died on 12 July 1996 as part of an

masks: Bratty Bratty Bratty


title: Joe Bratty

texts:
 internal UDA dispute when two fellow members of the organisation kicked him to death outside a bar on the Ormeau Road. One of the killers has since been identified as Stephen "Inch" McFerran. Death
<mask> was first targeted in late 1991 by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) when they decided to adopt the tactic of focusing on prominent loyalist paramilitaries alongside the security forces. <mask>'s Annadale Flats home was attacked on 13 November, but <mask> was not at home and no one was hurt. Some time after this attack, <mask> moved from the Annadale Flats to live in Greenwood Lodge on the Upper Newtownards Road in East Belfast. <mask> and Raymond Elder were shot dead by the IRA on 31 July 1994, in an act seen as one of a number of "revenge attacks" immediately prior to the IRA ceasefire.The pair had been drinking in the Kimberley Bar off the Ormeau Road unaware that two gunmen were waiting outside in a van, and both died at the scene of the attack. The gunmen were armed with AK-47 assault rifles. The getaway car was pursued by a Royal Ulster Constabulary vehicle that was in the area but the chase stopped when the police vehicle was impeded by a crowd of republicans. <mask> was 33 years old at the time of his death. He left behind a widow and three children. His son was given honorary membership of the Paisley Imperial Blues flute band, the leading UDA-aligned flute band in Scotland, immediately following his father's death. Reaction

The killing of <mask> was greeted with relief, even by some nationalist residents of the Lower Ormeau normally opposed to violence.However, the aftermath saw three Catholics killed by the UDA in separate attacks with these sparking a series of IRA bomb attacks on loyalist bars, thus bringing about a temporary return to the spiral of tit-for-tat killing. The killings of <mask> and Elder, along with that of Ulster Democratic Party (UDP) leader Ray Smallwoods earlier the same month, played a central role in delaying the Combined Loyalist Military Command (CLMC)

masks: Bratty Bratty Bratty Bratty Bratty Bratty Bratty Bratty


title: Joe Bratty

texts:
 ceasefire. The CLMC had been considering declaring a ceasefire following the Loughinisland massacre, but reversed their decision after these three killings as they believed that any cessation of violence would have then been seen as a sign of weakness. This was confirmed by the UDP's David Adams, who said the CLMC was ready to call a ceasefire in late June/early July 1994, although his party colleague Gary McMichael admitted the killings of <mask> and Smallwoods convinced him that an IRA ceasefire was near as he felt these were long-standing targets who were being killed before calling a halt to hostilities. Certain hardline elements with the UDA would later claim that <mask>'s killing had been sanctioned by members of the CLMC who were eager to see a ceasefire as <mask> had been an outspoken opponent of the initiative, although these allegations were never proven. Pastor Kenny McClinton, a dissident former UDA gunman who was variously associated with the Ulster Independence Movement, the Loyalist Volunteer Force and the Orange Volunteers, even suggested in a pamphlet that <mask>'s killing had been arranged by the Progressive Unionist Party (PUP). This was part of a wider theme in McClinton's writing arguing that the PUP was a front for MI5 activity.<mask> and Elder were commemorated in a wall plaque erected outside the Kimberley Bar. The pub, where the pair had been on the day they were killed, was known as a UDA stronghold in the area. In 2007, a banner honouring <mask> during Twelfth of July celebrations by members of the Orange Order was met by outrage from the relatives of those <mask> allegedly killed. An August 2014 march commemorating the pair was condemned by both nationalist politicians and the Ulster Unionist Party after it ended with a ceremony in a Housing Executive-funded First World War garden of remembrance close to the Annadale Flats. Notes

References

1960s births
1994 deaths
Deaths by firearm in Northern Ireland
People killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army
Ulster Defence

masks: Bratty Bratty Bratty Bratty Bratty Bratty Bratty


title: Pope Gregory II

texts:
Pope <mask> (; 669 – 11 February 731) was the bishop of Rome from 19 May 715 to his death. His defiance of Emperor Leo III the Isaurian as a result of the iconoclastic controversy in the Eastern Empire prepared the way for a long series of revolts, schisms and civil wars that eventually led to the establishment of the temporal power of the popes. Early life
Born into a noble Roman family in the year 669, <mask> was the son of Marcellus and Honesta. <mask> II was an alleged collateral ancestor to the Roman Savelli family, according to a 15th-century chronicler, but this is unattested in contemporary documents and very likely unreliable. The same was said of the seventh-century Pope <mask>, but nothing certain is known about a kinship between the two of them. As a young man, he was placed in the papal court, and was made a subdeacon and sacellarius of the Roman See during the pontificate of Sergius I (687–701). Later he was made a deacon and placed in charge of the Vatican Library.During Constantine's pontificate, <mask> was made a papal secretary, and accompanied the pope to Constantinople in 711 to deal with the issues raised by Rome’s rejection of the canons of the Quinisext Council. The actual negotiations on the contentious articles were handled by <mask>, with the result that Emperor Justinian II agreed that the papacy could disregard whichever of the council’s decisions it wished to. After Constantine’s death on 9 April 715, <mask> was elected pope, and was consecrated as bishop of Rome

masks:
Gregory II
Gregory
Gregory
Benedict II
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory


title: Pope Gregory II

texts:
 on 19 May 715. First years and expanding missionary activity
Almost immediately, <mask> began the task of repairing Rome's Aurelian Walls, beginning at the Porta Tiburtina. Work on this task was delayed in October 716 when the river Tiber burst its banks and flooded Rome, causing immense damage and only receding after eight days. <mask> ordered a number of litanies to be said to stem the floods, which spread over the Campus Martius and the so-called Plains of Nero, reaching the foot of the Capitoline Hill. The first year of his pontificate also saw a letter arrive from Patriarch John VI of Constantinople, who attempted to justify his support of Monothelitism, while at the same time seeking sympathy from the pope over the position he was in, with respect to the emperor.<mask> responded by sending a letter outlining the traditional Roman position against Monothelitism. Then in 716, <mask> received an official visit from Duke Theodo of Bavaria to discuss the continuing conversion of his lands to Christianity. As a result of this meeting, <mask> gave specific instructions to his delegates who were to travel to Bavaria, coordinate with the duke, and establish a local church hierarchy, overseen by an archbishop. <mask> maintained an interest in Bavaria; in 726 he forced an unwilling Corbinian, after reviewing his appeal through a synod, to abandon his monastic calling, and become bishop of Freising in upper Bavaria. <mask> next turned his attention to Germany. In 718, he was approached by an

masks: Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory


title: Pope Gregory II

texts:
 Anglo-Saxon missionary, Winfrid, who proposed undertaking missionary work in Germany. <mask> agreed, and after changing his name to Boniface, commissioned him in May 719 to preach in Germany.After hearing of the work that had been done so far, in 722 <mask> summoned Boniface back to Rome to answer rumors concerning Boniface’s doctrinal purity. At this face-to-face meeting, Boniface complained that he found <mask>’s Latin difficult to understand, a clear indication that Vulgar Latin had already started to evolve into the Romance languages. After examining Boniface’s written profession of faith, <mask> was satisfied enough that he made Boniface a bishop in November 722, and returned him to Germany to continue his mission. Continued successes saw <mask> write to Boniface in December 724 to offer his congratulations, followed in November 726 by a response to Boniface’s questions about how to structure the newly emergent churches in Germany. <mask> also strengthened papal authority in the churches of Britain and Ireland. In 726 <mask> was visited by Ine, the former King of Wessex, who had abdicated the throne in order to undertake a pilgrimage to Rome and end his life there. Local church activities
<mask> also concerned himself with establishing or restoring monasteries.He turned his family mansion in Rome into a monastery, St. Agatha in Suburra, endowing it with expensive and precious vessels for use at the altar, and also established a new church, dedicated to Sant'Eustachio. In 718 he restored

masks: Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory


title: Pope Gregory II

texts: Monte Cassino, which had not recovered from an attack by the Lombards in 584, and he intervened in a dispute at the Monastery of St. Vincent on the Volturno over the deposition of the abbot. In 721, <mask> held a synod in Rome, for the purpose of fixing issues around illegitimate marriages. Then in 723, the longstanding dispute between the patriarchs of Aquileia and Grado flared up again. Upon the request of the Lombard king, Liutprand, <mask> had given the pallium to Bishop Serenus, granting him the patriarchate of Aquileia. Soon afterward, however, <mask> received a letter from Donatus, Patriarch of Grado, complaining that Serenus had overstepped his authority, and was interfering within what was Grado’s ecclesiastical jurisdiction. At the same time, <mask> reprimanded Donatus for complaining about <mask>’s decision to grant the pallium to Serenus in the first place.Then in 725, upon Donatus’ death, the Grado patriarchate was usurped by Peter, the Bishop of Pola. <mask> responded by depriving Peter of both sees, and he wrote to the people of the diocese, reminding them to only elect bishops in accordance with church law, whereupon they elected Antoninus, with <mask>’s approval. <mask> also mandated a number of practices within the Church. He decreed that in Lent, on Thursdays, people should fast, just as they were required to do during the other days of the week. Apparently, the practice had been frowned upon by popes of previous centuries, as pagans had fasted on Thursday as part of their


title: Pope Gregory II

texts:
 worship of Jupiter. He also prescribed the offices be said during church services on Thursdays in Lent, as prior to this, the Mass of the preceding Sunday was said on those Thursdays. Relations with the Lombards
<mask> attempted to remain on good diplomatic terms with the Lombards, and especially with their king, Liutprand.In April 716 he managed to get Liutprand to agree not to retake the Cottian Alps, which had been granted to the Roman Church in the reign of Aripert II. However, the semi-independent Lombard Duchy of Benevento, under the expansionist duke Romuald II, resumed hostilities by capturing Cumae in 717, cutting Rome off from Naples. Neither threats of divine retribution nor outright bribery made an impression on Romuald, and so <mask> appealed to Duke John I of Naples, funding his campaign to successfully retake Cumae. That same year saw the Lombard duke Faroald <mask> of Spoleto, capture Classis, the port of Ravenna. <mask> brokered a deal with Liutprand, who forced Faroald to return it to the Exarch of Ravenna. Perceiving that the Lombard threat would continue to fester and they would take imperial territory in Italy a piece at a time, in around 721 <mask> appealed to the Franks, asking Charles Martel to intervene and drive out the Lombards. Charles however, did not respond to the request.Imperial weakness in Italy encouraged further Lombard incursions, and in 725, they captured the fortress of Narni. Then in 727, with the Exarchate of Ravenna in chaos over the Byzantine

masks: Gregory Gregory II Gregory Gregory


title: Pope Gregory II

texts:
 Emperor’s iconoclast decrees (see below), the Lombards captured and destroyed Classis and overran the Pentapolis. Although Classis was retaken in 728, fighting continued between Byzantine forces and the Lombards until 729, when <mask> brokered a deal between Liutprand and the Byzantine exarch, Eutychius, bringing about a temporary ceasing of hostilities that held until <mask>’s death. <mask> and Liutprand met in 729 at the ancient city of Sutri. Here, the two reached an agreement, known as the Donation of Sutri, whereby Sutri and some hill towns in Latium (see Vetralla) were given to the papacy. They were the first extension of papal territory beyond the confines of the Duchy of Rome, and in effect marked the beginning of the Papal States. Conflict with Emperor <mask>

Tensions between <mask> and the imperial court began around 722 when emperor Leo III attempted to raise taxes on the papal patrimonies in Italy, draining the Papacy’s monetary reserves.Leo required this revenue to pay for the ongoing Arab war, while <mask> needed it to provide local foodstuffs for the city of Rome, thereby relieving Rome on its reliance upon the long-distance supply of grain. The result of which was, through refusing to pay the additional taxes, <mask> encouraged the Roman populace to drive the imperial governor of Rome from the city, and Leo was unable to impose his will upon Rome, as Lombard pressure kept the exarch of Ravenna from fielding an army to bring the pope to heel. However, in 725, possibly at the

masks:
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Leo III
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory


title: Pope Gregory II

texts: emperor’s request, Marinus, who had been sent from Constantinople to govern the Duchy of Rome, encouraged a conspiracy to murder the pope. Involving a duke named Basil, the Chartoularios Jordanes, and a subdeacon named Laurion, the departure of Marinus paused the plot, only to see it resume with the arrival of the new exarch, Paul. However, the plot was uncovered, and the conspirators were put to death. Then in 726, Leo issued an iconoclast edict, condemning possession of any icon of the saints. Although Leo made no move to enforce this edict in the west beyond having it read in Rome and Ravenna, <mask> immediately rejected the edict.Upon hearing this, the Exarchate of Ravenna rose in revolt against the imperial imposition of iconoclasm. The armies of Ravenna and the Duchy of the Pentapolis mutinied, denouncing both Exarch Paul and Leo III, and overthrew those officers who remained loyal. Paul rallied the loyalist forces and attempted to restore order, but was killed. The armies discussed electing their own emperor and marching on Constantinople, but were dissuaded by Pope <mask> from acting against Leo. At the same time, the self-described “duke” Exhilaratus and his son Hadrian rebelled in Naples, sided with the emperor and marched on Rome in order to kill <mask>, but were overthrown by the people and killed. In 727, <mask> summoned a synod to condemn iconoclasm. According to Greek sources, principally Theophanes, it was at this point that <mask> excommunicated Leo.However, no western

masks: Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory


title: Pope Gregory II

texts:
 source, in particular, the Liber pontificalis, confirms this act by <mask>. He then dispatched two letters to Leo, denying the Imperial right to interfere in matters of doctrine. He wrote:
"You say: ‘We worship stones and walls and boards.’ But it is not so, O Emperor; but they serve us for remembrance and encouragement, lifting our slow spirits upwards, by those whose names the pictures bear and whose representations they are. And we worship them not as God, as you maintain, God forbid!... Even the little children mock at you. Go into one of their schools, say that you are the enemy of images, and straightway they will throw their little tablets at your head, and what you have failed to learn from the wise you may pick up from the foolish... In virtue of the power which has come down to us from St. Peter, the Prince of the Apostles, we might inflict punishment upon you, but since you have invoked one on yourself, have that, you and the counselors you have chosen... though you have so excellent a high priest, our brother Germanus, whom you ought to have taken into your counsels as father and teacher. . . .The dogmas of the Church are not a matter for the emperor, but for the bishops." <mask>'s letters to Leo have been accused of being apocryphal, and may not accurately reflect the real content of <mask>'s correspondence with Leo. In 728, Leo sent to Italy a new exarch, Eutychius, to try to retrieve the situation. Eutychius sent an emissary to Rome, with instructions to kill <mask> and the

masks: Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory


title: Pope Gregory II

texts: chief nobility in the city, but the plot was uncovered and foiled. Next, he attempted to turn the Lombard king and dukes against the pope, but they retained their ambivalent stance, not committing one way or the other. That same year <mask> wrote to Patriarch Germanus I of Constantinople, giving the patriarch his support, and when Germanus abdicated, <mask> refused to acknowledge the new patriarch, Anastasius, nor the iconoclast rulings of a council summoned by Leo. In 729, Eutychius finally managed to bring about an alliance with the Lombard king, Liutprand, and both agreed to help the other deal with their rebellious subjects.After they had subjugated the dukes of Spoleto and Benevento, bringing them under Liutprand’s authority, they turned to Rome with the intent of bringing <mask> to heel. However, outside Rome, <mask> managed to break up the alliance against him, with Liutprand returning to Pavia. After this, Eutychius reached an uneasy truce with <mask>, and the pope in return forged a temporary truce between the Lombards and the Byzantines. Regardless, <mask> was still a devoted and vigorous defender of the empire. This was demonstrated in 730 when there arose another usurper, Tiberius Petasius, who raised a revolt in Tuscany. He was defeated by the exarch Eutychius, who received steady support from Pope <mask>. <mask> died on 11 February 731, and was buried in St. Peter’s Basilica.The location of his tomb has since been lost. He was subsequently canonized and is commemorated as a


title: Pope Gregory II

texts:
 saint in the Roman calendar and martyrology on 13 February, although some martyrologies list him under 11 February. Miracle at the Battle of Toulouse (721)
A miracle concerning <mask> II is linked to the victory over Muslim forces at the Battle of Toulouse (721). According to the Liber Pontificalis, in 720 Pope <mask> sent to Odo, Duke of Aquitaine, "three blessed sponges/baskets of bread". The Duke kept these, and just before the battle outside of Toulouse, he distributed small portions of these to be eaten by his troops. After the battle, it was reported that no one who had eaten a part of the sponges/baskets of bread had been killed or wounded. References

Literature

 Ekonomou, Andrew J., Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern Influences on Rome and the Papacy from <mask> the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752 (2007)
 Levillain, Philippe, The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies, Routledge (2002)
 Treadgold, Warren, A History of the Byzantine State and Society (1997)
 Mann, Horace K., The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, Vol.I: The Popes Under the Lombard Rule, Part 2, 657–795 (1903)
 Bury, John Bagnall, A History of the Later Roman Empire From Arcadius to Irene, Vol. II (1889)

 . Annette Grabowsky: Gregor II. In: Germanische Altertumskunde Online (nur bei De Gruyter Online verfügbarer Artikel mit umfassenden Quellen- und Literaturangaben) 2014. 669 births
731 deaths
Popes
Popes of the Byzantine Papacy
8th-century archbishops
Papal saints
8th-century Christian saints
8th-century

masks: Gregory Gregory Gregory


title: Anthony de la Roché

texts:
<mask> (spelled also <mask>, <mask> or <mask> in some sources) was a 17th-century English merchant born in London to a French Huguenot father and an English mother. During a commercial voyage between Europe and South America he was blown off course, and visited the Antarctic island of South Georgia, making the first discovery of land south of the Antarctic Convergence. 1675 Voyage

Discovery of South Georgia
Having acquired a 350-ton ship in Hamburg and obtained permission by the Spanish authorities to trade in Spanish America, <mask> called at the Canary Islands in May 1674 and in October that year arrived in the port of Callao in the Viceroyalty of Peru by way of Le Maire Strait and Cape Horn. On his return voyage, sailing from Chiloé Island (Chile) to Bahia de Todos os Santos (Salvador, Brazil), in April 1675 <mask> rounded Cape Horn and was overwhelmed by tempestuous conditions in the tricky waters off Staten Island (Isla de los Estados). His ship failed to make Le Maire Strait as desired, nor round the east extremity of Staten Island (i.e. make the mythical 'Brouwer's Strait' present on the old maps since the 1643 Dutch expedition of Admiral Hendrik Brouwer), and was carried far away to the east instead. Eventually they found refuge in one of South Georgia's southern bays – possibly Drygalski Fjord according to some experts – where the battered ship anchored for a fortnight.According to <mask>é's report published in London in 1678 and its surviving 1690 summary, "they found a Bay, in which they anchored close to a Point or Cape which

masks:
Anthony de la Roché
Antoine de la Roché
Antonio de la Roché
Antonio de la Roca
la Roché
la Roché
la Roch


title: Anthony de la Roché

texts:
 stretches out to the Southeast with 28. 30. and 40. fathoms sand and rock". The surrounding glaciated, mountainous terrain was described as "some Snow Mountains near the Coast, with much bad Weather". Once the weather cleared up, the ship set sail, and while rounding the southeast extremity of South Georgia they sighted Clerke Rocks further to the southeast. Gough Island landing
Several days after his departure from South Georgia, <mask>é came across another uninhabited island, "where they found water, wood and fish", and spent six days "without seeing any human being", thus making what some historians believe was the first landing on the South Atlantic island that had been discovered by the Portuguese navigator Gonçalo Álvares in 1505 or 1506 (and known as Gough Island since 1731). La Roché successfully reached the Brazilian port of Salvador, and eventually arrived in La Rochelle, France on 29 September 1675. Legacy
Soon after the voyage, cartographers started to depict on their maps Roché Island, and Straits de la Roche separating the island from an Unknown Land to the southeast, honouring the discoverer.Captain James Cook was aware of <mask>oché's discovery, mentioning it in his ship journal upon approaching South Georgia in January 1775. However, Cook made the first recorded landing, and surveyed and mapped Roché Island, renaming it for King George III in the process. The second-ever map of South Georgia, made in 1802 by Captain Isaac Pendleton of the American sealing vessel Union and reproduced by the Italian polar cartographer

masks:
la Roch
la R


title: Anthony de la Roché

texts:
 Arnaldo Faustini in 1906, was entitled South Georgia; Discovered by the Frenchman La Roche in the year 1675. (Pendleton erred regarding <mask>'s nationality due to his French last name.) Maps showing <mask>é's discovery
In particular, the newly discovered island appeared on the following 17th–18th century maps:

 J.T. Albernaz, J. <mask> e F. <mask> y Lovera. Mapas generales originales y universales des todo el orue con los puertos principales y fortalezas de Ambas Indias y una descripcion topographica de la region Austral Magallonica año de 1692.Published in 1630, appended in 1692. L'Isle, <mask>; J. Covens & C. Mortier. (1700/20). L'Amerique Meridionale. Paris. <mask>, Henry A. (1705/19).Nouvelle Carte de Géographie de la Partie Méridionale de l'Amérique. Amsterdam. L'Isle, <mask> & Henry A. Chatelain. (1705/19). Carte du Paraguai, du Chili, du Detroit de Magellan. Paris. Lens, Bernard & George Vertue.(ca. 1710). Map of South America. London. Price, Charles. (ca. 1713).South America corrected from the observations communicated to the Royal Society's of London and Paris. London. De Fer, <mask>. (1720). Partie la plus méridionale de l'Amérique, où se trouve le Chili, le Paraguay, et les Terres Magellaniques avec les Fameux Détroits de Magellan et de Le Maire. Paris. Homann Heirs.(1733). Typus Geographicus Chili a Paraguay Freti <mask>ci. Nuremberg. Moll, Herman. (1736). A map of Chili, Patagonia, La Plata and ye South Part of Brasil. London.L'Isle, <mask> & Giambattista Albrizzi. (1740). Carta Geografica della America Meridionale.

masks:
la Roché
la Roch
de Attayde
de Seixas
Guillaume de
Chatelain
Guillaume de
Nicolas
Magellani
Guillaume de


title: Anthony de la Roché

texts:
 Venice. Seale, Richard W. (ca. 1745). A Map of South America.With all the European Settlements & whatever else is remarkable from the latest & best observations. London. Cowley, John. (ca. 1745). A Map of South America. Londra.Gibson, John. (1753). South America. London. Buache, Philippe. (1754). Carte des Terres Australes, Comprises entre le Tropique du Capricorne et le Pôle Antarctique.Paris. Jefferys, Thomas. (1776). South America. Londra. <mask> Vaugondy, Didier. (1777).Hemisphère Australe ou Antarctique. Paris. Arrowsmith, Aaron. (1794). Map of the World on a Globular Projection, Exhibiting Particularly the Nautical Researches of Capn. James Cook, F.R.S. with all the Recent Discoveries to the Present Time.London. Honours
Roché Peak, the highest feature on Bird Island, South Georgia, and Roché Glacier in Vinson Massif, Antarctica are named for <mask> <mask>. See also
 History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
 Gough Island
 Roché Glacier
 Roché Peak

References

English explorers
Sailors from London
Explorers of Antarctica
History of South Georgia
17th-century English people
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
17th century in

masks:
Robert de
Anthony de
la Roché


title: Joe Cornish

texts:
<mask> (born 20 December 1968) is an English comedian and filmmaker. With his long-time comedy partner, Adam Buxton, he forms the comedy duo Adam and <mask>. In 2011, <mask> released his directorial debut Attack the Block. He also co-wrote The Adventures of Tintin with Steven Moffat and Edgar Wright, and Ant-Man, with Wright, Adam McKay and Paul Rudd. Early life
<mask> was educated at the independent Westminster School in central London, where he became friends with both Adam Buxton and Louis Theroux. At age 18, he went on to study at the Bournemouth Film School. Career

The Adam and Joe Show

The Adam and Joe Show was an ironic pop culture sketch show written, presented and directed by the duo.The show found cult success during its four series between 1996 and 2001. The best-known segments featured hit feature films recreated with stuffed toys, British television shows parodied using Star Wars action figures, and Vinyl Justice, in which the pair invaded rock stars' homes and searched their record collections for embarrassing records. Since the end of The Adam and Joe Show, <mask> has continued to work in British television and radio as a presenter, writer and director, both with and without Buxton. He wrote and presented the BBC Radio 4 film programme Back Row between 2002 and 2003. In 2001, he fronted the topical discussion show This Week Only, alongside Nick Frost and Lauren Laverne. In 2007, he and Buxton began presenting Adam and Joe, a radio show on BBC Radio 6 Music. This was put on hold during 2010 while <mask> directed Attack the Block; a new series began on Saturday 2 April 2011.Film & TV
<mask> has made a number of behind the scenes documentaries/video diaries. They include <mask> following the making of Little Britain series 2, which was screened on BBC Three and is included on the Little Britain Series 2 DVD; a video diary of his brief cameo as a zombie, which appears on the UK Shaun of the Dead DVD; and Hot Fuzz: The Fuzzball Rally, where he followed his friends and

masks:
Joseph Murray Cornish
Joe
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish