title: Colin Archer

texts:
 sharp with a tendency to make the boats "pitchy" and wet. With more undercut forefoot and the displacement curve extending the designed waterline, the lines became fuller and <mask>'s boats became the seaworthy boats he is known for. We know now that none of these theories are correct, but they did away with the excessively blunt bow of the old Cod's Head-Mackerel Tail-type. Legacy
<mask> sold several boats to Sweden in the early 1880s and Swedish designers soon adapted the Archer type for pilot-boats and yachts. Norwegian pilot- and fishing boat builders converted to the Archer type after the rescue boat had shown its seaworthiness in 1894. <mask> also had customers in Denmark, Germany, Holland and England. In 1904, he built a boat for the writer Erskine Childers named the Asgard.Childers had just written the novel The Riddle of the Sands; he was later shot by firing squad. Outside Scandinavia, the rescue boat lines have been the most popular design. The Archer-type outside of Norway has more beam and smaller rig than <mask>'s actual yachts. In 1908 the 47 feet OEGER was designed by <mask> but built in Porsgrunn. The customer was the English sailor Haig that had already sailed in north Norway and wanted to have a more seaworthy boat to go to Spitsbergen. The lines were narrower version (32% beam) of the Mk. III rescue boat.The rig, however, was cutter with large sail area. The boat was sold to Ralph Stock in 1919 who undertook a cruise around the world with her. In 1921 the popular book The Cruise of the Dream Ship based on Stock's voyage was published. In the

masks:
Archer
Colin Archer
Archer
Archer
Archer


title: Colin Archer

type: original

texts: early 1920s, a 47 feet yacht was built in China. The lines were based on <mask>’s 1908 Mk. III rescue boat plans. The boat was named SHANGHAI and sailed to Denmark in 1923/24 by the Danish owners and sold to an American judge F. DeWitt Wells to undertake a voyage similar to the Vikings to America.In June 1923, plans for SHANGHAI were published in the American magazine MotorBoat. In 1924 William Atkin was contacted by W.W. Nutting, editor of the American magazine MotorBoat and earlier Atkin customer. He wanted a yacht based on <mask>’s rescue boats. Atkin designed a 32 feet yacht with lines basically a scaled-down version of <mask>’s Mk. III rescue boat, slightly sharper bow lines and with a cutter rig. The design was called ERIC and was published in the Motorboat. Nutting, however, heard that boats were cheaper in Norway and cancelled the order.In Norway he bought a 40 feet second-hand double ender. Although built as yacht, the lines were basically of a fishing boat design with a great beam (by 14,5 feet – 36%) and without a ballast keel. It had high bulwarks and the large cockpit that was not self-draining to give access to the engine beneath. Nutting wanted to sail the northerly route to America, and in the boat LEIV ERIKSSON, left Norway at same time as SHANGHAI. Unfortunately, Nutting and his crew were lost without a trace off Greenland in September. SHANGHAI also had problems as their sails parted, they blew ashore on an island on Nova Scotia, but one crew managed to swim ashore in the breakers and pull the others ashore with lines. He thereafter managed to

masks:
Colin Archer
Colin Archer
Colin Archer


title: Colin Archer

texts: swim to the mainland so a boat could rescue the others.William Atkins plans for ERIC, published in MotorBoat arose immediate interest. Plans were modified with a new interior, ketch rig and three boats were built and launched in 1925. Atkin received more orders and more Archer-type yachts were designed. The INGRID in 1934 is 37.5 feet and a stretched version (beam 30%) with well-undercut forefoot and hollow waterlines. The lines resemble <mask>’s yachts except <mask> had greatest beam further aft. <mask>, on his later yachts, used fuller lines, especially aft. The Eric went on to become very influential in ocean sailing, with boats such as Vito Dumas's Lehg II and Robin Knox-Johnston's Suhaili making notable circumnavigations.The latter was the first boat to sail single-handed and non-stop around the world in 1968 Golden Globe Race. Suhaili was very under canvassed and definitely the slowest boat in the race, but as the only one of nine boats to complete the race, she took both first prizes; the first and fastest boat! Another <mask> type boat to become very famous in the 1968 Golden Globe Race, was the French sailor and author Bernard Moitessier in his custom-built 39-foot steel ketch Joshua. She had a tall rig and was catching up on Suhaili, but instead of passing the finishing line, Moitessier continued around the world to Tahiti, thus sailing 1.5 times around the globe, non-stop, single-handed. In the 1970s, Atkin's ERIC design was adapted to glass-reinforced plastic by William Crealock, and became the Westsail 32 and has inspired many imitations, so that the

masks:
Archer
Archer
Archer
Colin Archer


title: Colin Archer

texts:
 "Archer double-ender" style of boat continues to be popular to the present day. The Argentinian naval architect Manuel M. Campos based his designs on <mask> Dumas's Lehg II in 1934 in Argentina. Other of Campos designs have less draught that the typical Archer-type.The Tahiti ketch is derived from the Archer-type. The Tahiti ketch is characterized by a straight sternpost, less draught and its small rig. The straight sternpost and hull shape make it easier to build. Awards
 Knight of the Order of St. Olav -1886
 Commander of Order of St. Olav - 1896
 Fram-medaljen - 1896

Selected works
 <mask>. Anvisning til konstruktion af lystfartöier og både. Polyteknisk tidsskrift 1872, Hefte 5. & 6.(Design lecture with Fredrik Henrik af Chapman's and John Scott Russell's theories.) <mask>. On the wave principle, applied to the longitudinal disposition on immersed volume (The Institution of Naval Architects, 13 April 1878)

References

Other sources

Further reading
 Leather, John(1979)<mask>, Tor Borch (1978) <mask> skipene (Norsk Maritimt Forlag. Oslo, Norway). Sannes, Tor Bork (1979) <mask>: Skøytene og lystbatene (Norsk Maritimt Forlag: Oslo)
 Sannes, Tor Borch (1984) (Reprint 1978+1979). Batbyggeren <mask>. (Norsk Maritimt Forlag: Oslo, Norway).pp. 304–417. Foss, Bjørn (2002) Fra seil til vannjet (Norsk Maritimt Forlag: Oslo)
 McDonald, Lorna (1997) Magic ships: life story of <mask>, 1832–1921, and Sailing for pleasure (Central Queensland University Press)
McDonald, Lorna (1991) Over Earth and Ocean. The Archers of Tolderodden and Gracemere. (Central Queensland

masks:
Archer Atkinito
Colin Archer
Colin Archer
Colin Archernes
Colin Archer
Colin Archer
Colin Archer
Colin Archer


title: Colin Archer

texts:
 University Press. McDonald, Lorna (1981) Sketches of Old Rockhampton. Sketches by Edith Neish.(University og Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland)
 Ralph Stock (1921) The Cruise of the Dream Ship (William Heinemann Ltd, London)
 Stephens, William P. (1981)Traditions & memories of American yachting (International Marine Publishing Company)

External links

 RS 1 Colin Archer website in English
 <mask>'s building list
 Sail-Cutter Club Colin Archer (SCCA)
 The Fram Museum
 Colin Archer Memorial Race
 Colin Archer History (Jeppe Jul Nielsen)
 Bernard Moitessier's Joshua
 Joshua replicas in Golden Globe 2022 Race

1832 births
1921 deaths
People from Larvik
Boat and ship designers
Naval architects
Norwegian engineers
Norwegian shipbuilders
Norwegian people of Scottish descent
Recipients of the St. Olav's


title: Adrian Tchaikovsky

texts:
<mask> (spelled as <mask> in his books) is a British fantasy and science fiction author. He is best known for his series Shadows of the Apt, and for his novel Children of Time. <mask>'s novel Children of Time won the 30th Arthur C. Clarke Award on 24 August 2016 at a ceremony in London and was described by author James Lovegrove as "superior stuff, tackling big themes – gods, messiahs, artificial intelligence, alienness – with brio". Biography
<mask> was born in Woodhall Spa, Lincolnshire. He studied zoology and psychology at the University of Reading. He then qualified as a legal executive. He was employed as a legal executive in the Commercial Dispute Department of Blacks, Solicitors, Leeds.In December 2018 he became a full time writer. He lives in Leeds with his wife and son. In 2008, after fifteen years of trying to get published, <mask>'s novel  Empire in Black and Gold was published by Tor Books (UK)an imprint of Pan Macmillanin the United Kingdom. The series was later picked up for publication in America by Pyr Books. <mask> expressed desire that the Polish editions of his novels be printed under his real name, but these too used "Tchaikovsky". On 23 January 2019, <mask> was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of the Arts by the University of Lincoln. Awards and nominations
<mask> has received the following literary awards and nominations:
2016: Arthur C. Clarke Award for Children of Time (winner)
2017: British Fantasy Award – Best Fantasy Novel for The Tiger and the Wolf (winner)
2019: BSFA Award for Best Novel for Children of Ruin (winner)
2020: Sidewise Award for Alternate History - Long-form for The Doors of Eden (winner)

Bibliography

Shadows of

masks:
Adrian Czajkowski
Adrian Tchaikovsky
Tchaikovsky
Adrian Tchaikovsky
Tchaikovsky
Tchaikovsky
Tchaikovsky
Tchaikovsky


title: Adrian Tchaikovsky

texts:
 the Apt series

Setting
The series is set in a fictional universe populated by different "kinden".Each kinden is a fictional race of humans, named after (and having certain characteristics of) an insect. Kinden are typically divided into two categories: "Apt" and "Inapt". The Apt do not have magical abilities, but are able to understand, use and design mechanical devices. The Inapt have varying amounts of magical abilities, but cannot use mechanical devices, even those as simple as latches. The series focuses on the attempted conquest of the Lowlands by the Wasp-kinden empire. Genesis of the Apt
<mask> revealed the story behind the Shadows of the Apt in an online essay entitled "Entering the Shadows" at Upcoming4.me. Whilst studying at the University of Reading he ran a role-playing game called Bugworld.The game told the story of the insect-people of the Lowlands, under threat from the encroaching Wasp Empire. From this original scenario the entire series of books grew. <mask> still uses role-playing games to help construct his stories, but now also uses live action role-playing, which assists in describing the numerous action and battle sequences in his books. <mask> is currently involved with the LARP game Empire. Novels
The list of novels in the series is as follows:

 Empire in Black and Gold (2008),
 Dragonfly Falling (2009),
 Blood of the Mantis (2009),
 Salute the Dark (2010),
 The Scarab Path (2010),
 The Sea Watch (2011),
 Heirs of the Blade (2011),
 The Air War (2012),
 War Master's Gate (2013),
 Seal of the Worm (2014),

Principal characters in Shadows of the Apt

Stenwold Maker: Beetle-kinden spymaster and statesman. The

masks: Tchaikovsky Tchaikovsky Adrian


title: Adrian Tchaikovsky

texts:
 character is pivotal to the entire series and was created back in the "Bugworld" game. Stenwold Maker runs a network of spies throughout the Lowlands.He is based at Collegium, the city of learning and the series starts with him warning of the growing dangers from the Wasp Empire when no one else is listening. Tisamon: Mantis-kinden Weaponmaster, Stenwold's friend. This character is the most savage warrior in the series with a tortured past and present. Tynisa Maker: Halfbreed daughter of Tisamon with a Spider blood, Stenwold's ward, duellist. Cheerwell Maker: (Che) Beetle-kinden, niece of Stenwold Maker. Cheerwell Maker starts as a rather bumbling character, who nevertheless is a key player in the series and has a significant progress through the story. Thalric: Wasp-kinden captain, spymaster, a major in the Rekef, which is the secret service of the Wasp Empire, Stenwold's opposite number.Totho: Halfbreed artificer with Beetle and Ant blood and unrequited lover of Cheerwell Maker. Totho is the inventor of the snapbow which significantly changes the course of the war. This introduces the recurring theme of the Arms Race. Achaeos: Moth-kinden seer, who starts by being true to his people's traditions and hating all Beetles, their traditional enemies, but his view is changed by Stenwold and Cheerwell Maker. Prince Salme "Salma" Dien: Dragonfly-kinden student in Collegium, duellist. Seda: Wasp-kinden, sister of the Wasp emperor
General Tynan: Wasp-kinden, leader of the army sent to conquer Collegium
Eujen Leadswell: Beetle-kinden student in Collegium
Straessa the Antspider: A halfbreed student in Collegium, Eujen's girlfriend

Magic v technology

<mask> has


title: Adrian Tchaikovsky

texts:
 regularly expressed his intention in this fantasy series not to make science better than magic, or vice versa: "This is another key element, really: the magic/tech divide is a concept that turns up here and there in fantasy, but usually one side is good (mostly magic) and the other (dirty polluting tech) is bad. With the world of the kinden, they’re basically both as bad as the people who use them, whether it’s blood sacrifice in a Mantis-kinden grove or the Wasp Empire’s city-levelling weaponry."Children of Time series

Children of Time
The science fiction novel Children of Time (2015), , describes a human expedition to a distant, terraformed planet. The expedition seeks to introduce a species of monkey into this new world, along with a nanovirus designed to raise these monkeys to human levels of sentience and intelligence within a few hundred years. This plan having gone wrong, a future generation of humans interacts with a super species of sentient spiders; the story follows the spider Portia and her species while they grow. Children of Ruin
A sequel to Children of Time, titled Children of Ruin, was published in 2019. In it, a terraforming mission similar to the one portrayed in Children of Time encounters alien life in a newly-discovered planetary system. Children of Memory
A third book has been written which <mask> hopes will be published in 2022. Echoes of the Fall series

This is an iron-age fantasy series in a world populated by various clans of shapeshifters.The Tiger and the Wolf (2016),
 The Bear and the Serpent (2017),
 The Hyena and the Hawk (2018),

Bioforms

Dogs of War
Dogs of War is a speculative sci-fi action novel. (Head of


title: Adrian Tchaikovsky

texts:
 Walking to Aldebaran (Solaris Books, 2019), . This book describes the experiences of a British member of an international space mission who has become stranded in a vast, maze-like world full of alien life forms that, like him, are lost in its seemingly endless passageways. Made Things (Tor.com, 2019),
 Firewalkers (Solaris Books, 2020), . This book tells the story of the Firewalkers, brave but expendable kids who provide water and power to the ultra-rich waiting to escape a burning Earth.The Expert System's Champion (Tor.com, 2021),
 One Day All This Will Be Yours (Solaris Books, 2021), . This story is told from the perspective of a soldier in the time-shattering Causality War, who has escaped to the end of time. Elder Race (Tor.com, 2021),
 Ogres (Solaris Books, 2022), . Short stories
Feast and Famine (New Con Press, 2013), . This collection contains the stories "Feast and Famine", "The Artificial Man", "The Roar of the Crowd", "Good Taste", "The Dissipation Club", "Rapture", "Care", "2144 and All That", "The God Shark" and "The Sun in the Morning". "The Final Conjuration" in Two Hundred and Twenty-One Baker Streets: An Anthology of Holmesian Tales Across Time and Space (Abaddon Books, 2014) , a collection of Sherlock Holmes short stories
"Where the Brass Band Plays" in Urban Mythic 2 (Alchemy Press, 2014),
"Shadow Hunter" in Grimdark Magazine, issue #1

Critical studies and reviews of <mask>'s work
The doors of Eden

References

External links

<mask>vsky official website

British fantasy writers
Living people
Alumni of the University of Reading
British science fiction writers
People from Woodhall Spa
British male novelists
Sidewise Award

masks:
Tchaikovsky
Adrian Tchaiko


title: Denis Johnston

texts:
(William<mask> (18 June 1901 – 8 August 1984) was an Irish writer. Born in Dublin, he wrote mostly plays, but also works of literary criticism, a book-length biographical essay of Jonathan Swift, a memoir and an eccentric work on cosmology and philosophy. He also worked as a war correspondent, and as both a radio and television producer for the BBC. His first play, The Old Lady Says "No! ", helped establish the worldwide reputation of the Dublin Gate Theatre; his second, The Moon in the Yellow River, has been performed around the globe in numerous productions featuring such storied names as James Mason, Jack Hawkins, Claude Rains, Barry Fitzgerald, James Coco and Errol Flynn. Later plays dealt with the life of Swift, the 1916 Rebellion, the pursuit of justice, and the fear of death. He wrote two opera libretti and a pageant.Career
<mask> was a protégé of WB Yeats and Shaw, and had a stormy friendship with Seán O'Casey. He was a pioneer of television and war reporting. He worked as a lawyer in the 1920s and 1930s before joining the BBC as a writer and producer, first in radio and then in the fledgling television service. His broadcast dramatic work included both original plays and adaptation of the work of many different writers. During the Second World War he served as a BBC war correspondent, reporting from El Alamein to Buchenwald. For this he was awarded an OBE, a Mention in Despatches, and the Yugoslav Partisans Medal. He then became Director of Programmes for the television service.<mask> later moved to the United States and taught at Mount Holyoke College, Smith College and other universities. He kept

masks:
) Denis Johnston
Johnston
Johnston


title: Denis Johnston

texts:
 extensive diaries throughout his life, now deposited in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin, and these together with his many articles and essays give a distinctive picture of his times and the people he knew. Another archive of his work is held at the library of Ulster University at Coleraine. He received honorary degrees from the University of Ulster and Mount Holyoke College and was a member of Aosdána. <mask> and actress Shelah Richards were the parents of <mask>, a respected novelist and playwright, and a son, Michael. His second wife was the actress Betty Chancellor, with whom he had two sons, Jeremy and Rory. Critical acclaim

Hilton Edwards, who first directed The Old Lady Says "No!", said that the script "read like a railway guide and played like Tristan and Isolde." Reviewing The Moon in the Yellow River in The New York Times,  Brooks Atkinson wrote "Mr <mask> does not explain; he irradiates." Set in 1927 during an attempt by the IRA to destroy an Irish Free State government power plant, a later New York Times review of the play's 1961 revival noted an "exhilaratingly mad, comic strain.". But acclaim was not universal. Irish writer and broadcaster (and later member of the Irish Senate) <mask> remarked that the play's success in London was "natural enough" for "it fulfils the first law of Anglo-Irish literature: it makes the native Irish appear a race of congenital idiots." <mask>'s war memoir Nine Rivers from Jordan reached The New York Times' Best Seller list and was cited in the World Book Encyclopedia's 1950s article on World War II under "Books to Read", along with Churchill, Eisenhower et al.

masks:
Denis
Jennifer Johnston
Johnston
Denis Ireland
Johnston


title: Denis Johnston

texts:
 Joseph Ronsley cites an unnamed former CBS Viet Nam correspondent who called the book the "Bible", carrying it with him constantly, "reading it over and over in the field during his tour of duty."In a profile in the New Yorker in 1938, Clifford Odets is quoted as saying that the only playwrights he admired were John Howard Lawson, Sean O’Casey, and <mask>. <mask>'s tribute to Dublin, "Strumpet city in the sunset," from the closing speech of The Old Lady says "No! ", has achieved its own fame. James Plunkett titled his epic novel of Dublin before the First World War Strumpet City. And a travel guide written by Harvard students in introducing Dublin made a classic misattribution: "James Joyce loved his 'Strumpet city in the sunset'." The <mask> Playwriting Prize is awarded annually by Smith College Department of Theatre for the best play, screenplay or musical written by an undergraduate at Smith, Mount Holyoke, Amherst and Hampshire Colleges and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The prize was endowed by his former student at Smith, Carol Sobieski.Works

Stage Plays

Synopses of the plays can be found at <mask> on Irish Playography. The Old Lady Says "No!" (1929)
The Moon in the Yellow River (1931)
A Bride for the Unicorn (1933)
Storm Song (1934)
Blind Man's Buff (1936) (with Ernst Toller)
The Golden Cuckoo (1939)
The Dreaming Dust (1940)
A Fourth for Bridge (1948)
 'Strange Occurrence on Ireland's Eye'  (1956)
Tain Bo Cuailgne – Pageant of Cuchulainn (1956)
The Scythe and the Sunset (1958)

Biography
In Search of Swift (1959)
John Millington Synge (1965)

Autobiography
Nine Rivers from Jordan (1953)

masks:
Denis Johnston
Johnston
Denis Johnston
Denis Johnston


title: Denis Johnston

texts:
Orders and Desecrations (1992) (ed. <mask>)

Non-fiction
The Brazen Horn (1976)

Opera libretti
Six Characters in Search of an Author (1957)
Nine Rivers from Jordan (1968)

Adaptations for the stage
Six Characters in Search of an Author (1950) (translation from Pirandello)
Finnegans Wake (1959) (from Joyce)

Films
Guests of the Nation (1935) (director)  IMDb
Riders to the Sea (1935) (acted the part of Michael)  IMDb
Ourselves Alone (1936) (co-screenwriter)  IMDb
 IMDb (self)

Bibliography
Adams, Bernard. <mask>: A Life. Lilliput Press, 2002. Barnett, Gene A. <mask>.Twayne's English Authors Series No. 230. G.K. Hall & Co., 1978. Ferrar, Harold. <mask>'s Irish Theatre. Dolmen Press, 1973. Igoe, Vivien.A Literary Guide to Dublin. Methuen, 1994. <mask>, <mask>. The Dramatic Works of <mask> (3 vols.). Colin Smythe, 1979. Ronsley, Joseph, ed., <mask>: a retrospective. Irish Literary Studies No.8, Colin Smythe, Barnes & Noble Books, 1981. External links
 <mask> fonds at University of Victoria, Special Collections
  Includes details on the plays broadcast on TV and production photos. <mask> at Irish Writers Online
 <mask> on Irish Playography
 Biography on Ricorso
 <mask> in Dictionary of Irish Biography

References

1901 births
1984 deaths
Irish male dramatists and playwrights
Irish emigrants to the United States
Smith College faculty
Mount Holyoke College faculty
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Burials at St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin
People educated at St Andrew's College, Dublin
American opera librettists
20th-century Irish dramatists and playwrights
20th-century male writers
Aosdána members
People from

masks:
Rory Johnston
Denis Johnston
Denis Johnston
Denis Johnston
Johnston
Denis
Denis Johnston
Denis Johnston
Denis Johnston
Denis Johnston
Denis Johnston
Denis Johnston


title: Matthew Frew

texts:
Air Vice Marshal <mask>,  (7 April 1895 – 28 May 1974) was a Scottish First World War flying ace, credited with 23 aerial victories, who went on to serve as a senior officer in the Royal Air Force and South African Air Force during the Second World War. Early life and background
<mask> was born in Glasgow, Scotland, the son of <mask> and his wife Annie. His father was a partner in the family business of George Frew & Son, sailmakers and cover makers of Paterson Street, Glasgow. First World War
<mask> enlisted as a private in the Highland Light Infantry in 1914, and after serving on the front lines in France, transferred to the Royal Flying Corps in August 1916. After serving as a cadet, he was commissioned as a probationary temporary second lieutenant on 26 September, was appointed a flying officer on 6 April 1917, and confirmed in his rank on 11 April. On 28 April 1917 <mask> was posted to No. 45 Squadron RFC to serve on the Western Front in France, flying the Sopwith 1½ Strutter.He gained his first two victories on 5 June, flying with observer Second Lieutenant M. J. Dalton, then gained three more between 16 July and 10 August with observer Second Lieutenant George Brooke, all over Albatros D.IIIs, to attain flying ace status. No. 45 Squadron was then re-equipped with the Sopwith Camel, and <mask> gained his 6th victory on 3 September, two more followed the next day, then another ten by 27 October. On 18 October he was awarded the Military Cross, and on 24 October, though still only a second lieutenant, was appointed a flight commander with the temporary rank of captain. On 17 December he was awarded a Bar to his Military Cross. No. 45 Squadron was then transferred to the Italian Front, and <mask> gained another seven victories between 11 January and 4 February, bringing his confirmed total to 23.After his aircraft was hit by anti-aircraft fire on 15 January

masks:
Sir Matthew Brown Frew
Frew
Henry Lorimer Frew
Frew
Frew
Frew
Frew


title: Matthew Frew

texts:
 1918, <mask> suffered from neck pains and was eventually invalided back to England the following month, to serve as a flying instructor at the Central Flying School for the rest of the war. On 4 March he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order, and was promoted to lieutenant on 26 March. On 1 April 1918, the day that the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service were merged to form the Royal Air Force, <mask> was again appointed a temporary captain. He received mentions in dispatches on 18 April and 30 May, and on 12 September was granted permission to wear the Silver Medal for Military Valour awarded to him by the King of Italy. On 5 May 1919 <mask> was transferred to the unemployed list, and his award of the Air Force Cross was gazetted shortly after on 30 May. Inter-war career
On 24 October 1919 <mask> rejoined the RAF on a short service commission with the rank of flight lieutenant. From 19 February 1920 he served on the Air Staff at the headquarters of No.7 Group RAF, then on 8 June was posted to the RAF (Cadet) College at RAF Cranwell to serve on the staff and as an instructor. On 28 July 1921 <mask> was granted a permanent commission in the RAF, retaining his rank and seniority, and his short service commission was cancelled. On 8 December 1921 he was posted to No. 6 Squadron RAF in the Middle East Area, then to No. 4 Flying Training School in Egypt on 14 October 1923 to serve as a flying instructor. On 16 December 1925 <mask> returned to the Home Establishment, to serve on the staff of the Armament and Gunnery School at RAF Eastchurch, where on 1 July 1927 he was promoted to squadron leader. On 24 July 1927 he was appointed Chief Flying Instructor at No.1 Flying Training School, RAF Netheravon. <mask> returned to the Middle East when on 10 March 1931 he was appointed to serve on the Air Staff (Operations) at the Headquarters of RAF Iraq Command

masks: Frew Frew Frew Frew Frew Frew Frew


title: Matthew Frew

texts:
 based at RAF Hinaidi. On 11 May 1933 he was appointed Officer Commanding, No. 111 Squadron RAF, and received a Bar to his DSO on 6 October. On 1 July 1934 he was promoted to wing commander, and on 15 August was appointed Officer Commanding, No. 10 (B) Squadron RAF, based at RAF Boscombe Down. On 22 March 1937 he was appointed Officer Commanding, RAF Hornchurch, taking command on 2 April, and on 1 July 1938 he was promoted to group captain.On 2 August 1938 he was appointed Senior Air Staff Officer of No. 23 (Training) Group, based at RAF Grantham. Second World War
On 1 September 1940 <mask> was appointed Air Officer Commanding, Training Headquarters, South African Air Force. On 1 December 1940 he was promoted to temporary air commodore, and again to acting air vice marshal on 16 September 1942, when he assumed the position of AOC, Directorate of Air Training, SAAF. <mask> was made a Companion of the Bath on 1 January 1943, and on 1 June was promoted from air commodore (acting air vice marshal) to temporary air vice marshal. On 16 September 1943 his rank of acting air commodore was made war substantive, and from 24 September was permitted to wear insignia of a Commander in the Royal Order of George I with Swords, conferred "in recognition of valuable services rendered in connection with the war" by the King of the Hellenes. On 15 June 1945 <mask> was granted permission to wear the Military Cross, 1st class, conferred by the Belgian government.On 1 January 1946 he was promoted from air commodore (temporary air vice marshal) to air vice marshal, and on 1 January 1948 was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire. <mask> retired from the RAF at his own request on 19 December 1948. Air Vice Marshal <mask> died in Pretoria, South Africa, on 28 May 1974. Citations
Military Cross
Temporary Second Lieutenant <mask> <mask>, General List and RFC. For

masks:
Frew
Frew
Frew
Frew
Frew
Matthew Brown
Frew


title: Matthew Frew

texts:
 conspicuous gallantly and devotion to duty on patrol, showing a fine offensive spirit in many combats. He has shot down five enemy aeroplanes, on one occasion leading his formation to attack twenty-two Albatross Scouts, and himself shooting one down. Bar to Military Cross
Temporary Second Lieutenant <mask> <mask>, MC, General List and RFC.For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty in shooting down three enemy machines in two days. He has destroyed eight enemy machines and driven down many others out of control. Distinguished Service Order
Temporary Captain <mask> <mask>, MC, General List and RFC. For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. On one occasion when leader of a patrol he shot down an enemy aeroplane, two others being also accounted for in the same fight. On a later occasion he destroyed three enemy machines in one combat, all of which were seen to crash to the ground. Immediately after this combat he had to switch off his engine and make an attempt to glide towards our lines five miles away on account of his machine having received a direct hit.Owing to the great skill and courage he displayed in the handling of his damaged machine, he succeeded in bringing it safely to our lines. He has destroyed twenty-two enemy machines up to date. References

1895 births
1974 deaths
Military personnel from Glasgow
British Army personnel of World War I
Highland Light Infantry soldiers
Royal Flying Corps officers
British World War I flying aces
Scottish flying aces
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Royal Air Force air marshals
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Military Cross
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor
Commanders of the

masks:
Matthew Brown
Frew
Matthew Brown
Frew


title: Gil Vicente

texts: <mask> (; c. 1465c. 1536), called the Trobadour, was a Portuguese playwright and poet who acted in and directed his own plays. Considered the chief dramatist of Portugal he is sometimes called the "Portuguese Plautus," often referred to as the "Father of Portuguese drama" and as one of Western literature's greatest playwrights. Also noted as a lyric poet, <mask> worked in Spanish as much as he worked in Portuguese and is thus, with Juan del Encina, considered joint-father of Spanish drama. <mask> was attached to the courts of the Portuguese kings Manuel I and John III. He rose to prominence as a playwright largely on account of the influence of Queen Dowager Leonor, who noticed him as he participated in court dramas and subsequently commissioned him to write his first theatrical work. He may also have been identical to an accomplished goldsmith of the same name at the court of Évora; the goldsmith is mentioned in royal documents from 1509 to 1517 and worked for the widow of King John II, Dona Leonor.He was the creator of the famous Belém Monstrance, and master of rhetoric of King Manuel I. His plays and poetry, written in both Portuguese and Spanish, were a reflection of the changing times during the transition from Middle Ages to Renaissance and created a balance between the former time of rigid mores and hierarchical social structure and the new society in which this order was undermined. While many of <mask>'s works were composed to celebrate religious and national festivals or to commemorate events in the life of the royal family, others draw upon popular culture to

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title: Gil Vicente

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 entertain, and often to critique, Portuguese society of his day. Though some of his works were later suppressed by the Portuguese Inquisition, causing his fame to wane, he is now recognised as one of the principal figures of the Portuguese Renaissance. Life

The year 1465, the date proposed by Queirós Veloso, is the commonly accepted year of <mask>'s birth. However, Braamcamp Freire proposes the year 1460, while de Brito Rebelo proposes between 1470 and 1475. <mask>'s own works indicate contradictory dates.The Velho da Horta ("Old Man of the [Vegetable] Garden"), the Floresta de Enganos ("Forest of Mistakes"), and the Auto da Festa ("Act of the Party") indicate 1452, 1470, and before 1467, respectively. Since 1965, when official festivities commemorating the 500th birthday of the writer were held, the date of 1465 has been almost universally accepted. Though Frei Pedro de Poiares conjectured Barcelos was <mask>'s birthplace, evidence for this is scarce. Pires de Lima, on the other hand, proposed Guimarães, which better accounts for <mask>'s identification as a jeweller. The people of Guimarães have embraced this theory; a municipal school in Urgezes is named after the playwright. There are some stories about <mask>'s father, that he was from this parish in Guimarães, so people believe that <mask> had lived here too. Another conjecture places his birthplace at Lisbon.The Beira region is also a candidate because of various references to it in his plays, more exactly the location of Guimarães de Tavares, that has been mistaken with Guimarães. <mask> married Branca

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Gil Vicente
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title: Gil Vicente

texts: Bezerra, who bore him two sons: Gaspar <mask> (died 1519) and Belchior <mask> (born 1505). After her death, he married Melícia or Milícia Rodrigues (abbreviated as Roiz), of whom were born the noted scholar <mask> (1519–1576), Luís <mask> Crasto (who organised the compilation of <mask>'s works), married to Mór de Almeida and had issue, Joana de Pina (died 1584) (daughter of Diogo de Pina de Baião and wife Mécia Barreto, daughter of Francisco de Aguiar and wife Madalena Barreto) and had issue, and Isabel de Castro, without issue, and Valéria Borges (or <mask>), who was married firstly to Pero Machado, without issue, and secondly to Dom António de Meneses, son of Dom Luís de Meneses, of the bastards of the Lords de Cantanhede, and wife Brites de Aguiar, and had issue . It is well known the presence of the playwright in Santarém, on the 26th of January, during the 1531 Lisbon Earthquake, where rumors quickly spread, apparently encouraged by the friars of Santarém, that the disaster was divine punishment (Latin: "Ira Dei"- Wrath of God) and that the Jewish community was to blame. Faced with social instability in the city <mask>, reportedly, personally defused the situation while scolding the friars for their fear-mongering in a powerfully written letter to King John III, and possibly averting a massacre of Jews and recent converts to Christianity. <mask> died in an unknown location, some say Évora. The year of his death is commonly recorded as 1536, the year after which he ceased writing; no further reference to him is found in subsequent documents of the era.His place of

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 burial is unknown. No surviving portraits of <mask> remain. Career
It is assumed that <mask> studied in Salamanca. Though he initially studied law, he soon abandoned it for literature. As a writer

In 1493 he was acting as master of rhetoric to the Duke of Beja, afterwards King Manuel, a post which gave him admission to the court. His first known work, O Monólogo do vaqueiro ("Monologue of the Cowherd"), was written in Spanish and acted in the rooms of Maria of Aragon, wife of King Manuel, to celebrate the birth of Prince John (later John III of Portugal). The first performance, recited by the playwright himself, took place on the night of June 8, 1502, in the presence of the king; the queen; Leonor of Viseu, former Queen of Portugal and widow of John II; and Beatriz of Portugal, mother of the King.O Monólogo do vaqueiro contains several elements clearly inspired by the Adoration of the Shepherds which takes place in accounts of Christ's birth. Its staging included offerings of simple and rustic gifts, such as cheese, to the future king, from whom great achievements were expected. Though Leonor asked him to give an encore performance of the play at the Christmas matins, <mask> decided to write a new play for the occasion, the Auto Pastoril Castelhano ("Castilian Pastoral Act"). The court, pleased again, required a further diversion for Twelfth Night, whereupon he produced the Auto of the Wise Kings. Because of the influence of Queen Leonor, who would become his greatest patron in the years to come, <mask> realized that his talent would allow him to do much more than

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 simply adapt his first work for similar occasions. <mask>, who was in charge of organizing events in the palace, also directed the commemoration in honour of Eleanor of Spain, the third wife of Manuel I, in 1520. In 1521, he began serving John III of Portugal, and soon achieved the social status necessary to satirize the clergy and nobility with impunity.His popularity even enabled him to contradict the opinions of the king, as he did in a 1531 letter defending the New Christians. For thirty years he entertained the courts, accompanying them as they moved from place to place, and providing by his autos a distraction in times of calamity, and in times of rejoicing giving expression to the feelings of the people. Though himself both actor and author, <mask> had no regular company of players, but it is probable that he easily found students and court servants willing to get up a part for a small fee, especially as the plays would not ordinarily run for more than one night. As a goldsmith
Many works about <mask> associate him with a goldsmith of the same name at the court of Évora; technical terms used by the playwright lend credibility to this identification. In 1881, Camilo Castelo Branco wrote the letter "" ("<mask>, Refutations of the Opinion of Mr. Teófilo Braga"), which argued that <mask> the writer and <mask> the goldsmith were two different people. Teófilo Braga, who initially believed them to be the same man, later adopted a different opinion after reading a study by Sanches de Baena which showed the different genealogy of two individuals named <mask>. However,

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texts:
 Brito Rebelo demonstrated the historical inconsistency of these two genealogies by the use of documents from the Portuguese national archive.The masterpiece of <mask> the goldsmith's art was the monstrance of Belém made for the Jerónimos Monastery in 1506, which was crafted from the first gold exported from Mozambique. The design of this monstrance resembles the decorations of the southern portal of the church Santa Maria de Belém of this monastery. Three years later, he became overseer of the patrimonies of the Convento de Cristo in Tomar, Nossa Senhora de Belém, and the Hospital de Todos-os-Santos in Lisbon. In 1511, he was nominated vassal of the King, and a year later he was the representative jeweller in the Casa dos Vinte e Quatro. In 1513, as master of the balance of the Casa da Moeda, the Portuguese national mint, <mask> the goldsmith was elected by the others masters to represent them in Lisbon. Written works

<mask>'s oeuvre spans the years between 1500 and 1536. Most of his plays were intended for performance at court, where he and the ladies and gentlemen of the court participated in their production.He wrote no fewer than forty-four pieces, ten of which are in Spanish, fourteen in Portuguese, and the remainder in mingled Portuguese and Spanish. His plays may be grouped into four main categories: acts, or devotional plays; comedies tragicomedies; and farces. Like Spain's classical dramas, his plays are often in verse form. In addition, they feature his own musical compositions and well as popular lyrics and melodies of the time. He was also a noted lyric

masks: Vicente Vicente Vicente


title: Gil Vicente

texts:
 poet in both Portuguese and Spanish, as represented by several poems in the Cancioneiro of Garcia de Resende. He wrote a number of vilancetes and cantigas ("songs") which were influenced by a palatial style and the themes of the troubadours. Some of his works are profoundly religious, while other are particularly satirical, particularly when commenting upon what <mask> perceived as the corruption of the clergy and the superficial glory of empire which concealed the increasing poverty of Portugal's lower classes.Characteristics
<mask>'s works were partially influenced by the Iberian popular and religious theatre that was already being done. Pastoral themes present in the writings of Juan del Encina strongly influenced <mask>'s early works and continued to inform his later, more sophisticated plays. The humanism of Erasmus and of Renaissance Italy also impacted his work. Luís <mask>, his son, classified <mask>'s sacred plays as acts and mysteries and his secular plays as farces, comedies, and tragicomedies. His plays may be further divided into pastoral acts, religious allegories, biblical narratives, episodical farces, and narrative acts. However, many of his works blend both secular and sacred elements; for example, Triologia das Barcas ("Trilogy of the Ships") contains both farcical and religious motifs. <mask> is one of the most important satirical authors of the Portuguese language.His satires were severely critical, anticipating Jean-Baptiste de Santeul's later epigram (often mistakenly attributed to Horace or Molière), castigat ridendo mores ("[Comedy] criticises

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 customs through humour"). He portrayed Portuguese society of the 16th century with perceptiveness and insight, using many characters inspired by Portuguese social stereotypes of his time. In addition, rustic characters, such as sailors, gypsies, and peasants, are common, as are more fantastical characters such as fairies and demons. Though he commonly referenced popular dialects, <mask> maintained the lyricism of his words. Positive aspects of <mask>'s works include imagination, originality, and a proficiency in technical knowledge of theatre. Though spontaneous, sardonic, and emotive, his works maintain a directness and simplicity of dialogue which is lyrical without being florid or exaggerated. He expresses himself in an unexpected, Dionysian way which does not always obey the aesthetic and artistic principles of balance.<mask>'s works seem to show a spirit in conflict: his portrayals of the flaws of others appear almost rash and cruel, while his devotional and pastoral works, and those scenes in which he defends the oppressed, give an impression of tenderness, docility, and humaneness. In contrast, his works sometimes include a romanticism which combines eroticism and waggery with more erudite influences such as Petrarch. Philosophical elements
The worlds presented in <mask>'s works could be considered as representative of the duality of Platonic idealism. The first world is the abstract, an ideal place of serenity and divine love that leads to inner peace, quietness, and "resplendent glory", according to his letter to John III of Portugal. The second world, which

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title: Gil Vicente

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 he portrays in his farces, is the physical: a false world, tired, without order or remedy, and lacking in strength. His satirical works depict the second world, in which human flaws are caricatured with little regard for actual or historical truth. Though critics call attention to these anachronisms and narrative inconsistencies, it's possible that <mask> considered these errors trivial in his portrayals of an already false and imperfect world.In contrast, his representations of the mythic, symbolic, and religious aspects of Christmas, such as the figure of the Virgin Mother, the infant Jesus, and Christmas eve, demonstrate a harmony and purity which is not present in his social commentary. Unlike plays which echo Manichaeism by presenting the dichotomy of darkness and light, <mask>'s work juxtaposes the two elements in order to illustrate the necessity of both. Christmas eve, one of his common motifs, is symbolic of his philosophical and religious views: the great darkness borders the divine glory of maternity, birth, forgiveness, serenity, and good will. The darkness is necessary to provide contrast with the light. Though his patriotism is apparent in works such as Exortação da Guerra ("Exhortation of War") and Auto da Fama ("Act of Fame"), or Cortes de Júpiter ("Courts of Jupiter"), it doesn't merely glorify the Portuguese Empire; instead, it is critical and ethically concerned, especially with the newly available vices which arose due to commerce with the East, that brought a sudden enrichment and disruption of the social fabric. Religious plays
Many of <mask>'s


title: Gil Vicente

texts: plays were composed in order to celebrate religious festivals; these seventeen plays are called his "Obras de devoção" ("Devotional works"). In these plays, also called "autos", or "acts", <mask> blended themes from Medieval morality plays with theatrical mumming and the liturgical dramas that were used in Corpus Christi festivals.One of his first devotional plays was Auto da Fé ("Act of Faith") in 1510. Like a morality play, it explores the journey of the Soul as it travels to the arms of the Mother Church. On its way, it is waylaid by the Devil and led to goodness by an Angel. His magnum opus is considered to be the Triologia das Barcas ("Trilogy of the Ships"), which consists of the three plays Auto da Barca do Inferno ("Act of the Ship of Hell"), written 1516; Auto da Barca do Purgatório ("Act of the Ship of Purgatory"), written in 1518; and Auto da Barca da Glória ("Auto of the Ship of Heaven"), written in 1519. These plays combine morality narratives with criticism of 16th-century Portuguese society by placing stereotypical characters on a dock to await the arrival of one of the ships which will take them to their eternal destination. The characters are of a variety of social statuses; for example, in Auto da Barca do Inferno, those awaiting passage include a nobleman, a madam, a corrupt judge and prosecutor, a dissolute friar, a dishonest shoemaker, a hanged man, and a Jew (who would have been considered bound for Hell in <mask>'s time). His religious lyricism shows the influence of the Cantigas de Santa Maria ("Songs of Saint Mary") and is exemplified in such

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title: Gil Vicente

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 works as Auto de Mofina Mendes ("Act of Mofina Mendes", literally, in the Portuguese of that time, "Act of Disgrace [Mofina] It Self [Mendes]), Anunciação ("Annunciation"), and in the prayer of Saint Augustine in Auto da Alma ("Act of the Soul").For this reason, <mask> is sometimes called the "Poet of the Virgin." His other notable religious works include Auto Pastoril Castelhano ("Castilian Pastoral Act") written in 1502; Auto dos Reis Magos ("Act of the Magi Kings") written in 1503 for Christmas celebrations; and Auto da Sibila Cassandra ("Act of the Sibyl Cassandra") written in 1503, a play which announced the Renaissance ideals in Portugal. Comedies and farces
<mask>'s comedies and farces were likely influenced by indigenous popular entertainment. Contemporaneous Spaniards, like Lucas Fernandez and Torres Naharro, may also have influenced his style. <mask>'s comedies blended slapstick and satire; in addition, his use of dialect clearly delineated the social classes of his characters. The staging of these plays maintained the simplicity of morality plays. For example, two simultaneous scenes might utilize a single curtain to divide them.Auto da Índia ("Act of India"), written in 1509, was one of his first comedies. This play, which shows his proficiency with the form, is comparable to a modern bedroom farce. <mask> wrote farces throughout the rest of his life; one notable example is Farsa de Inês Pereira ("Farce of Inês Pereira"), written in 1523. Influence on Portuguese theatre

Prior to <mask>, few dramatic stagings had taken place in Portugal. However, a few

masks: Vicente Vicente Vicente Vicente Vicente


title: Gil Vicente

texts: notable performances had established theatrical precedence in courtly and religious contexts. During the reign of Sancho I of Portugal (1185–1212), Bonamis and Acompaniado, the first recorded Portuguese actors, put on a show of arremedillo and were paid by the King with the donation of lands. In a document dated 1281, Dom Frei Telo, Archbishop of Braga, refers to liturgical dramas which were performed during Catholic festivities.In 1451, theatrical acts accompanied the festivities of the wedding of Infanta (Princess) Eleanor of Portugal with Emperor Frederick III of Habsburg. According to the Portuguese chronicles of Fernão Lopes, Gomes Eanes de Zurara, Rui de Pina, and Garcia Resende, spectacular stagings took place in the courts of John I of Portugal, Afonso V of Portugal, and John II of Portugal. For example, Rui de Pina refers to one instance in which King John II himself played the part of The Knight of the Swan in a production which included a scene constructed of fabric waves. During the action, a fleet of carracks with a crew of spectacularly dressed actors entered the room accompanied by the sound of minstrels, trumpets, kettledrum, and artillery. Other significant Portuguese theatrical works include the eclogues of Bernardim Ribeiro, Cristóvão Falcão, and Sá de Miranda, and the Pranto de Santa Maria (1435), an early liturgical drama by André Dias. Garcia de Resende, in his Cancioneiro Geral, designates a few other works, such as Entremez do Anjo by D. Francisco of Portugal, Count of Vimioso, and the lays of Anrique da Mota. <mask> likely assisted in the


title: Gil Vicente

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 production of these works, which include comedic scenes.Though <mask> did not invent Portuguese theatre, his works surpassed any done before that time. His writing in Portuguese and in Spanish shaped both modern Spanish and modern Portuguese drama. His contribution to creating new forms, such as the farce, and raising the morality play to its apotheosis created the base upon which Portuguese and Spanish drama would be built. Though some of his works were later suppressed by the Inquisition, he is now recognized as one of the greatest dramatists of the Renaissance and the leading name in Portuguese theatre. According to Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo, <mask> is "the most important figure of the primitive peninsular playwrights…[There was no one] who surpassed him in Europe in his time." Publication and influence on other works
The first edition of <mask>'s complete works was published in Lisbon in 1561-2 by his children Paula and Luís. In 1586, the second edition was published; however, many parts were heavily censored by the Inquisition.The third edition was not published until 1834 in Hamburg by Barreto Feio, after which <mask>'s work was finally rediscovered. Since that time, various composers, such as Max Bruch (who made Von den Rosen komm' ich (Von dem Rosenbusch, o Mutter) from <mask>'s De la rosa vengo my madre [from the rose I come my mother], which also had a version by Schumann) and Robert Schumann (who made his Spanische Liebeslieder [Spanish Love Songs] no. 7. Weh, wie zornig ist das Mädchen from <mask>'s Sañosa está la nina [Irritated is the little girl] and


title: Gil Vicente

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 no. 3. Lied, op. 29 no.2 from <mask>'s Canción [Song]; and two of his Spanisches Liederspiel no. 1. Erste Begegnung, op. 74 no. 1 and no. 3. Intermezzo, op.74 no. 2), have set <mask>'s poetry to music in the form of lieder. Most of these were translated into German by Emanuel van Geibel. Chilean composer Sylvia Soublette set <mask>’s text to music in her song  “Del Rosal Vengo.”

A quote from one of <mask>'s plays, "The pursuit of love is like falconry", appears in the epigraph of Gabriel García Márquez's novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold. See also
Auto (art)
Portugal in the Age of Discovery
Portuguese Empire

Notes

References

External links

 Poems in Spanish
 One poem in Spanish and its translation to Esperanto

1465 births
1536 deaths
16th-century Portuguese dramatists and playwrights
Portuguese Renaissance writers
Portuguese Roman Catholics
Roman Catholic writers
16th-century Portuguese poets
16th-century male writers
Portuguese male poets
People from Guimarães
15th-century Portuguese people
16th-century Portuguese people
Male dramatists and playwrights
University of Salamanca alumni
Lyric poets
Spanish-language poets
15th-century Portuguese poets
Spanish-language writers from


title: Tavi Gevinson

texts:
<mask> (born April 21, 1996) is an American actress, writer, and magazine editor. She came to public attention at the age of 12 due to her fashion blog Style Rookie. By the age of 15, she had shifted her focus to pop culture and feminist discussion. She started to take acting roles regularly beginning in 2013, and currently stars in the rebooted version of HBO's Gossip Girl. <mask> was the founder and editor-in-chief of the online magazine Rookie, aimed primarily at teenage girls. Early life
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in the suburban town of Oak Park, Illinois. Her father, <mask>, is an English high school teacher.Her mother, Berit Engen, is a weaver and part-time Hebrew instructor who grew up in Oslo, Norway. Gevinson's father was born to an Orthodox Jewish family; her mother, who was raised Lutheran, converted to Judaism in 2001. Gevinson and her two older sisters, Rivkah and Miriam, were raised in the Jewish faith; she had a Bat Mitzvah ceremony. Gevinson was educated at Oak Park and River Forest High School in her hometown Oak Park. Career

2008–2011: Style Rookie
Gevinson started a fashion blog, Style Rookie, in 2008. The blog, featuring photos of the 11-year-old in distinctive outfits and her commentary on the latest fashion trends, began drawing nearly 30,000 readers each day. Her father "wasn't terribly interested" in her new hobby until she asked for his permission to be interviewed by The New York Times for an article about young bloggers.Because of the blog's success, Gevinson was invited to attend New York Fashion Week and Paris Fashion Week. She made overseas fashion-related trips to Tokyo and Antwerp, funded by Pop magazine,

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title: Tavi Gevinson

texts: "Before, dressing up was my outlet, and now I'm pursuing other creative things that take up a lot of time and energy, so in the morning I usually want to put on something simple and comfortable." In the fall of 2011, at the age of 15, <mask> founded Rookie magazine. The site was originally conceived of as a joint venture with Jane Pratt, but Gevinson ultimately decided to maintain sole ownership. Ira Glass acted as a mentor figure to Gevinson. The website focused on issues impacting teenage girls and was written mainly by teenage girls. It also featured guest contributors. A one-off print edition of the magazine, Rookie Yearbook One, was published by Drawn & Quarterly in 2012.In 2012, <mask> spoke at TEDxTeen, with a focus on representation of women in popular culture, and at The Economist'''s World in 2012 Festival. She is also a contributing editor at Garage magazine. In November 2018, <mask> announced that she was shutting down Rookie due to its no longer being financially sustainable. Gevinson first acted in a short film, First Bass, in 2008, but became more visible in 2012. That year, she voiced a character in the animated short film Cadavar, which was long-listed for an Academy Award. Cadavar was directed by First Bass's Jonah Ansell and co-starred Kathy Bates and Christopher Lloyd. In the film, she sang renditions of both Neil Young and Pet Shop Boys songs.Also in 2012, Gevinson filmed a role in Enough Said by director Nicole Holofcener. Gevinson is interviewed on screen in the 2013 documentary film The Punk Singer, talking about riot grrrl punk icon Kathleen Hanna. In 2014 and 2015, she starred in This Is Our Youth in Chicago and at the Cort Theatre on

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title: Vernon Watkins

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<mask> (27 June 1906 – 8 October 1967) was a Welsh poet, translator and painter. He was a close friend of fellow poet Dylan Thomas, who described him as "the most profound and greatly accomplished Welshman writing poems in English". Early life and studies
<mask> was born in Maesteg in Glamorgan, and brought up mainly in Swansea. His birth coincided with slight earth tremors; another baby born that night was christened John Earthquake Jones. His parents were <mask>, a manager for Lloyds Bank in Wind Street, Swansea, and Sarah ("Sally"), daughter of James Phillips and Esther Thomas of Sarnau, Meidrim. James Phillips was a Congregationalist, reputed to know most of the Welsh Bible by heart. Sarah had a love of poetry and literature; her headmistress arranged for her to spend two years as a pupil-teacher in Germany.<mask> and Sarah Phillips married in 1902, and had three children, <mask>, Marjorie, and Dorothy. The family lived at "Redclliffe", a large Victorian house about  from Swansea, at Caswell Bay. <mask> read fluently by the age of four, and at five announced that he would be a poet, although he did not wish to be published until after his death. He wrote poetry and read widely from eight or nine years of age and was especially fond of the works of John Keats and Shelley. He received his later education at a preparatory school in Sussex, Repton School in Derbyshire, and Magdalene College, Cambridge. In his early years at Repton, <mask>' quiet, gentle character provoked regular bullying from older boys, though in his last years he attained more popularity as he was able to show capacity in tennis and cricket. After he died, in 1968, the school wrote that he was "perhaps the best poet Repton has had".[7] His headmaster at Repton was Geoffrey Fisher, who became Archbishop of Canterbury. Despite his parents being Nonconformists, <mask>' school experiences influenced him to join the Church of England. He read modern languages at Cambridge, but left

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 before completing his degree. Career

Dylan Thomas and the Swansea Group
He met Dylan Thomas, who was to be a close friend, in 1935 when <mask> had returned to a job in a bank in Swansea. About once a week Thomas would come to <mask>'s parents' house, situated on the very top of the cliffs of the Gower peninsula. <mask> was the only person from whom Thomas took advice when writing poetry and he was invariably the first to read his finished work. They remained lifelong friends, despite Thomas's failure, in the capacity of best man, to turn up to the wedding of <mask> and Gwen in 1944.Thomas used to laugh affectionately at his friend's gossamer-like personality and extreme sensibility. A story is told that one evening in Chelsea, during the war time blackout, they were walking along and <mask> tripped over something and fell to the ground. Thomas looked with a torch to see what the offending object was and to his delight all that they could find was a small, black feather (FitzGibbon 1966). <mask> was godfather to Thomas's son Llewelyn, the others being Richard Hughes and Augustus John. Letters to <mask> by Thomas was published in 1957. The 1983 book Portrait of a Friend by <mask>' wife Gwen, née Davies, deals with the relationship. Others in the Swansea Group known as the "Kardomah boys" were the composer Daniel Jenkyn Jones, writer Charles Fisher and the artists Alfred Janes and Mervyn Levy.<mask> wrote the obituary for Dylan Thomas and when he died, Philip Larkin wrote his obituary. Bletchley Park and marriage
<mask> met Gwen, who came from Harborne, Birmingham, at Bletchley Park, where he worked during the Second World War as a cryptographer, and she, as a member of the WAAF. They were both engaged in breaking the Luftwaffe AuKa tactical codes in Block F (A). Gwen was at first billeted at Stony Stratford but later moved to RAF Church Green at Bletchley. They were both Flight Sergeants and were stationed at Bletchley from June 1942 until May

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 1945. They were married at the church of St Bartholomew-the-Great, in London on 2 October 1944. The couple had five children.Poetry
His ambitions were for his poetry; in critical terms they were not to be fulfilled. On the other hand, he became a major figure for the Anglo-Welsh poetry tradition, and his poems were included in major anthologies. During the war he was for a time associated with the New Apocalyptics group. With his first book Ballad of the Mari Llwyd (1941) accepted by Faber and Faber, he had a publisher with a policy of sticking by their authors. In his case this may be considered to have had an adverse long-term effect on his reputation, in that it is generally thought that he over-published. Of the book, the publisher said:
"Mr <mask> is a Welsh poet whose work hitherto has appeared only in periodicals and in recent anthologies. The only influence apparent upon his poetry is one he has thoroughly assimilated - that of W. B. Yeats.Otherwise his style differs radically from that of any of his older contemporaries, except for a racial quality which gives it something in common with that of Dylan Thomas. Mr <mask> is undoubtedly a poet with an uncommon sense of rhythm as well as of imagery." The British Library holds a manuscript draft of the poem with annotations by T. S. Eliot, showing Eliot at work as editor and board member at the publishing house Faber - his "day job" since 1925. The Library also holds the Watkins Papers which include autograph and typewritten poems chiefly from his seven published volumes, but also some unpublished poems. In 2016, another collection of <mask>'s draft poems was acquired from the widow of <mask>. <mask> wrote poetry for several hours every night and by way of contrast, Caitlin, Dylan Thomas's wife, could not recall her husband staying in even for one night during their whole married life. As well as Yeats <mask> was familiar with T. S. Eliot and Philip Larkin.He was awarded a University of

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title: Vernon Watkins

texts:
 Wales honorary Doctorate of Literature in 1966 after retiring from his job at the bank. He was being considered for Poet Laureate at the time of his death. A poem by <mask> from The Anglo-Welsh Review; the widow mentioned may be Caitlin Thomas. Death and memorial

<mask> had developed a serious heart condition, which he made light of, insisting on playing his beloved tennis and squash with his usual vigour. He died on 8 October 1967, aged 61, playing tennis in Seattle, where he had gone to teach a course on modern poetry at the University of Washington. His body was returned to Britain, and was buried in the Gower, at St Mary's Church, Pennard. A small granite memorial to him stands at Hunt's Bay, Gower, on which are inscribed two lines from his poem "Taliesin in Gower": "I have been taught the script of stones, and I know the tongue of the wave."A portrait of <mask> by his friend Alfred Janes may be seen in the Glynn Vivian Art Gallery, Swansea. A group portrait of the Kardomah Boys by Jeff Phillips was unveiled at Tapestri Arts Centre in Swansea in June 2011. Featured in the painting are <mask>, John Pritchard, Dylan Thomas, Daniel Jones and Alfred Janes. The picture is based on a BBC Radio Times front cover from October 1949. In March 2012, in the BBC Radio 3 programme Swansea's Other Poet, Dr Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury, presented a portrait of <mask>. Williams regards <mask> as "one of the 20th century's most brilliant and distinctive yet unjustly neglected voices". In October 2014 Swansea Council unveiled a blue plaque for <mask> outside the building on the corner of St Helen's Road and Beach Street in the city, where he spent 38 years working for Lloyds Bank.On 3 November 2014 the "Poem of the Week" in The Guardian was <mask>' "Three Harps". Most of <mask>'s manuscripts are held by the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth. His grandson, <mask>, has played football for Norwich City F.C. and for Bristol City F.C. 22 no. 50,

masks:
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Vernon Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Marley Watkins


title: Bhai Trilochan Singh Panesar

texts:
<mask> also known as Veerji (18 November 1937 – 19 March 2010) was a social worker in India. He is famously known as Jhaaroo (broom) Wale Veerji as he made it his mission to clean all the major historical Gurdwaras in Delhi. He organised his team of volunteers to prepare food whole day and feed thousands of people through Langar (community kitchen) every morning, in front of Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib, Chandni Chowk, Delhi. Veerji was born in Mandalay, Burma on 18 November 1937. His father <mask> served in the British Indian Army during World War II and later in the Indian Railways. <mask> retired as a technical officer with the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi. He died on 19 March 2010.He was married to Sardarni Dalip Kaur. She died on 5 Mar 2008. The couple had two sons, Premjit <mask>ar and Kamaljeet <mask>, who are now continuing the mission started by their parents. Veerji was deeply influenced by the teachings of Sikh Gurus, <mask> Kanhaiya, and Mother Teresa. Works
Noted columnist Khushwant <mask> wrote a column in The Tribune in September 2002 appreciating his work with the article "No One Will Go Hungry" () after seeing his volunteers distribute food to pilgrims in Sach Khand Express train. He discouraged people from drawing commercial benefit from sale of Sikh religious texts and instead distributed them free of cost. He campaigned for a vegetarian diet.He organized camps for the inmates of Tihar Jail, New Delhi, and many jails in states such as Bihar and Madhya Pradesh in which free eye check-up and distribution of spectacles, scanning and treatment for tuberculosis, and distribution of clothes for inmates was organized. He

masks:
Bhai Trilochan Singh Panesar
Sadhoo Singh
Singh
Singh Panes
Singh
Bhai
Singh


title: Bhai Trilochan Singh Panesar

texts:
 you take. Remembrance is being with Him. Have a contract with God: I will do your works, You do mine. Current Works
Veerji is revered as a Saint by many.All projects started by him are still continuing. People who respect the way shown by him for humanitarian services continue to contribute their energies in the mission started by him. His mission seeks no donations in cash. References

 Khushwant <mask> (2002) in No One Will Go Hungry. The Tribune, 7 September 2002. Retrieved on 29 April 2010. Gabriel Brau (2010) in Visit to India - 6.A photoessay on blogspot.com tell the story. Jeroem Swolf's Reportage in Chandni Chowk Mornings An independent foreign reporter covers the Morning Services in Delhi. Streets of the World in Activity at Chandni Chowk, New Delhi—Feeding the Hungry and tending to the sick and wounded. Gobind Times a website devoted to <mask> <mask> <mask> and his writings in Gobind Times—A Mouthpiece of Veerji. Why Not Give article in Times of India (Speaking Tree) dated 14 Oct 2012 . Keeping humanity alive on Delhi streets by Tamanna Naseer (The Statesman) dated 5 Sep 2015 accessed at . Photography by Branson Q 360 <mask> <mask> <mask>ar at .Zee TV coverage about medical services provided by this mission in Hindi, TV grab at Facebook at . Prime Asia TV, Canada has covered the mission in a 25-minute documentary in Punjabi and Hindi at . Hospital on Street, an inspirational video on YouTube at . National Geographic TV Channel coverage in Programme Mega Kitchens about team's contribution in Hola Mahalla and Baisakhi, Facebook post on TV grab at . Coverage on Navbharat Times, 03 Dec 17, Facebook post Facebook post at . 1937 births
2010

masks:
Singh
Bhai
Trilochan
Singh Panesar
Bhai
Trilochan
Singh Panes


title: Marcello Truzzi

texts:
<mask> (September 6, 1935 – February 2, 2003) was a professor of sociology at New College of Florida and later at Eastern Michigan University, founding co-chairman of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), a founder of the Society for Scientific Exploration, and director for the Center for Scientific Anomalies Research. <mask> was an investigator of various protosciences and pseudosciences and, as fellow CSICOP cofounder Paul Kurtz dubbed him "the skeptic's skeptic". He is credited with originating the oft-used phrase "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof", though earlier versions existed. Biography
<mask> was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, and was the only child of juggler <mask> and his wife Sonya. His family moved to the United States in 1940 where his father performed with the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus. <mask> served in the United States Army between 1958 and 1960; he became a naturalized citizen in 1961. <mask> founded the skeptical journal Explorations and was a founding member of the skeptic organization CSICOP as its co-chairman with Paul Kurtz.<mask>'s journal became the official journal of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) and was renamed The Zetetic ("zetetic" is another name for "skeptic" and is not to be confused with zetetics, the study of the relationship of art and science). The journal remained under his editorship. He left CSICOP about a year after its founding, after receiving a vote of no confidence from the group's Executive Council. <mask> wanted to include pro-paranormal people in the organization and pro-paranormal research in the journal, but CSICOP felt that there were already enough organizations and journals

masks:
Marcello Truzzi
Truzzi
Truzzi
Massimiliano Truzzi
Truzzi
Truzzi
Truzzi
Truzzi


title: Marcello Truzzi

texts:
 dedicated to the paranormal. Kendrick Frazier became the editor of CSICOP's journal and the name was changed to Skeptical Inquirer. After leaving CSICOP, <mask> started another journal, the Zetetic Scholar. He promoted the term "zeteticism" as an alternative to "skepticism", because he thought that the latter term was being usurped by what he termed "pseudoskeptics".A zetetic is a "skeptical seeker". The term's origins lie in the word for the followers of the skeptic Pyrrho in ancient Greece. Skeptic's Dictionary memorialized <mask> thus:<mask> considered most skeptics to be pseudoskeptics, a term he coined to describe those who assume an occult or paranormal claim is false without bothering to investigate it. A kind way to state these differences might be to say that <mask> belonged to the Pyrrhonian tradition, most of the rest of us belong to the Academic skeptical tradition.<mask> was skeptical of investigators and debunkers who determined the validity of a claim prior to investigation. He accused CSICOP of increasingly unscientific behavior, for which he coined the term pseudoskepticism. <mask> stated:

<mask> held that CSICOP researchers sometimes also put unreasonable limits on the standards for proof regarding the study of anomalies and the paranormal. Martin Gardner writes: "In recent years he (<mask>) has become a personal friend of Uri Geller; not that he believes Uri has psychic powers, as I understand it, but he admires Uri for having made a fortune by pretending he is not a magician."<mask> co-authored a book on psychic detectives entitled The Blue Sense: Psychic Detectives and Crime. It investigated many psychic detectives and concluded: "[W]e unearthed new evidence supporting both sides in the controversy. We hope to have shown that much of

masks: Truzzi Truzzi Truzzi Marcello Truzzi Truzzi Truzzi Truzzi Truzzi


title: Marcello Truzzi

texts:
 the debate has been extremely simplistic." The book also stated that the evidence didn't meet the burden of proof demanded for such an extraordinary claim. Although he was very familiar with folie à deux, <mask> was very confident a shared visual hallucination could not be skeptically examined by one of the participators. Thus he categorized it as an anomaly. In a 1982 interview <mask> stated that controlled ESP (ganzfeld) experiments have "gotten the right results" maybe 60 percent of the time.This question remains controversial. <mask> remained an advisor to IRVA, the International Remote Viewing Association, from its founding meeting until his death. <mask> was Keynote Speaker at the 1st annual National Roller Coaster Conference, "CoasterMania", held at Cedar Point Amusement Park, Sandusky, Ohio - 1978. On the subject of riding in the front vs riding in the back of a roller coaster, he said:

<mask> died from cancer on February 2, 2003. Pseudoskepticism

<mask> <mask> popularized the term pseudoskepticism in response to skeptics who, in his opinion, made negative claims without bearing the burden of proof of those claims. While a Professor of Sociology at Eastern Michigan University in 1987, <mask> discussed  pseudoskepticism in the journal Zetetic Scholar which he had founded:

The term has found occasional use in fringe fields where opposition from those within the scientific mainstream or from scientific skeptics is strong. In 1994 Susan Blackmore, a parapsychologist who became more skeptical and eventually became a CSICOP fellow in 1991, described what she termed the "worst kind of pseudoskepticism":

"Extraordinary claims"

Carl Sagan popularized this as "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence", which later came to be known as the

masks: Truzzi Truzzi Truzzi Truzzi Truzzi Marcello Truzzi Truzzi


title: Marcello Truzzi

texts:
 Sagan standard.It is derived from Pierre-Simon de Laplace's "plus un fait est extraordinaire, plus il a besoin d'être appuyé de fortes preuves (the more extraordinary a fact is, the more it needs to be supported by strong evidence)"

Martin Gardner - Truzzi Correspondence
In 2017, World Scientific released a book edited by Dana Richards about the correspondence between Martin Gardner and <mask>. The book called Dear Martin, Dear <mask>: Gardner and <mask> on Skepticism is broken up into four sections; "The Road to CSICOP", "The Demarcation Problem", "The Dissolution", and the "Return to Cordiality". The early letters from <mask> were not preserved and the beginning of the book seems one-sided with only Gardner's letters. The editor, Richards states in the introduction the conflicts between the two men, their differing goals for CSICOP, and various people in the skeptic and paranormal communities. They discuss many topics including publishers, Geller, and the "definitions of charlatan and crankpot". Books by <mask>

, 236 pages. Ten essays on methods of abductive inference in Poe's Dupin, Doyle's Holmes, Peirce and many others.See also
 Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience (2002). Sextus Empiricus
 Charles Fort
 Thomas Kuhn
 Michael Polanyi
 Strong programme
 Sagan standard
 Science Wars
 Modern flat Earth beliefs ("Zetetic astronomy")

References

Further reading
Obituaries
 Carroll, Robert Todd. "In Memoriam"
 Coleman, Loren. "<mask> <mask>, 67, Always Curious, Dies". 2003. Kurtz, Paul. "Skeptical gadfly <mask> <mask> - 1935-2003", Skeptical Inquirer, News and Comment - Obituary.May–June, 2003. Martin, Douglas. "<mask> <mask>, 67; Sociologist Who Studied the Supernatural, Dies". The New York Times, February 9, 2003, Section 1, page 44. Mathis, Jo Collins. "Expert

masks: Truzzi Marcello Truzzi Truzzi Truzzi Marcello Truzzi Marcello Truzzi Marcello Truzzi


title: Marcello Truzzi

texts:
 on the Paranormal Dies: Longtime EMU Sociology Professor <mask> <mask> Explored 'Things That Go Bump in the Night'". Ann Arbor News, February 9, 2003.Oliver, Myrna - "Professor Studied the Far-Out From Witchcraft to Psychic Powers". Los Angeles Times, February 11, 2003, Home Edition, p. B.11. Smith, Paul H. - "<mask> <mask>: In Memoriam"
 "<mask> <mask>, Sociologist was Student of Magic". Detroit News, February 12, 2003. External links

<mask>'s writings
 <mask>, <mask>. "On Pseudo-Skepticism". The Anomalist, USA, 2005.Steveknightspost. "Emails from <mask> <mask>". <mask>, <mask> Geller vs. Randi & CSICOP Litigations?". Psi Researcher No. 21. (originally in Parapsychological Association Newsletter)
 <mask>, <mask>."Reflection on the reception of unconventional claims of science". Frontier Perspectives, vol. 1 number 2, Fall/Winter 1990. (ed., copy located at: <mask> <mask> on Zeteticism)
 <mask>, <mask>, and Massimiliano <mask>. "Notes toward a history of juggling". Bandwagon, Vol. 18 No.2, March–April 1974. <mask>, <mask>. "Massimiliano <mask>'s Act". Juggling Hall of Fame, July 1996. <mask>, <mask>. "Project Alpha: Sabotage". Skeptical Inquirer, 8(2)187.Other
  Hansen, George P., "<mask> <mask> (1935 - 2003)". (ed., recognizes <mask> <mask>'s contributions to sociology, the history of juggling, magic, and the study of the paranormal.) Clark, Jerome, "Archive > Milestones <mask> <mask> (1935-2003)''". The Anomalist, USA, 2005. Zeteticism on the Flat Earth Wiki. 1935 births
2003 deaths
Danish emigrants to the United States
Deaths from cancer in Michigan
American sociologists
American people of Italian descent
Danish people of Italian descent
New College of Florida faculty
Eastern Michigan University faculty
American skeptics
Pyrrhonism
Western esotericism

masks: Marcello Truzzi Marcello Truzzi Marcello Truzzi Truzzi Truzzi Marcello Marcello Truzzi Truzzi Marcellori Truzzi Marcello Marcello Truzzi Truzzi Marcello Truzzi Truzzi Marcello Truzzi Truzzi Marcello Marcello Truzzi Marcello Truzzi Marcello Truzzi


title: Tarek Naga

texts:
<mask> (born June 24, 1953) is an Egyptian architect. Early life
<mask> was born in 1953 in Cairo, Egypt. He is the elder brother of Egyptian actor and film maker <mask>. He obtained a Bachelor of Architecture from Ain Shams University in 1975 and a Masters from the University of Minnesota in 1982. He is based in America, where he has lived since 1979. He has published works on architecture and has taught in America and been a guest academic at the American University in Cairo. He regularly enters design competitions.He has created installations for exhibitions and has been involved in a variety of ongoing design projects in Egypt and Dubai. Architecture
Initially trained in traditional architectural styles, Naga found these unsatisfactory and wanted to "get out of this box, look for other possibilities -- something much more substantial than just a continuation of the same kind of style, variations and abstractions of certain variations, Eastern or Western, Islamic or not, Mies van der Rohe or whoever was trendiest…"

In Egypt in the mid 1970s, Naga found himself in an environment in a state of flux and his design philosophy was challenged by market forces driven by the need for housing. When the opportunity arose, he applied to go to America with two other academics and after an interview he was accepted. After touring the US and meeting leading architects, visiting universities and architectural firms he was offered a teaching position at the University of Minnesota. He attained his master's degree and moved to the University of Pennsylvania where he remained for three years working on a dissertation for a doctorate. He did not complete the doctorate but valued the process of research and reflection in addition to the opportunity to teach. He took up a position at the Architects' Collaborative in Boston but found that it

masks:
Tarek Naga
Tarek Naga
Khaled Abol Naga


title: Tarek Naga

texts:
 resembled the traditionalism he had rejected in Egypt where "tradition was so heavy you could not liberate yourself from it."Naga formed his own firm in 1991, which is based in Los Angeles. He has exhibited designs internationally in events in France, Japan, and America. He described Architecture as "a discipline engages a much wider range of topics that concern society in a certain evolutionary process, like philosophy, the arts, the sciences…" His design philosophy incorporates a desire to create "an architecture that would transcend the traditional historical evolution of architectural 'style,' which is becoming, really, increasingly irrelevant." Projects in Egypt

In 2010 Naga worked on a  joint initiative of a variety of International and Egyptian agencies including "the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Tourism Organization (WTO), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the International Labor Organization (ILO), and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)." at Dahshur, Egypt. The project aimed to protect and develop the historical Dahshur site while creating a sustainable management plan for the area and employment for the local community. <mask> and his team documented historical evidence at the site, and created a database of each monument at the location.<mask> participated in the first TEDxCairo, delivering a presentation entitled: "Of Phantom limbs: Sycamores, Towers, and the Return of the Prodigal Son" at the American University in Cairo. In 2010 he designed a "Muramid" for the Art Miles Project to commemorate the International Day of Peace. The "Muramid" consisted of a floating pyramid structure. It was designed to float down the Nile whilst displaying digitised murals created by children from all over the world on a variety of

masks: Naga Naga


title: Benjamin Church (ranger)

texts: <mask> (c. 1639 – January 17, 1718) was an English colonist in North America. He was a military leader of the historic predecessor of the United States Army Rangers, captain of the first Ranger force in America (1675). <mask> was commissioned by Josiah Winslow, the Governor of the Plymouth Colony, to form the first ranger company for King Philip's War. He later commanded the company to raid Acadia during King William's and Queen Anne's wars in the early 1700s, as French and English hostilities played out in North America. The two powers were competing for control in colonial territories. He was promoted to major and ended his service at the rank of colonel, as noted on his gravestone. <mask> designed his forces to emulate Indian practices of warfare.Toward this end, he worked to adopt Indian techniques of small, flexible forces that used the woods and ground for cover, rather than mounting frontal attacks in military formation. English colonists developed as rangers under the tutelage of their Native American allies. (Until the end of the colonial period, rangers depended on Indians as both allies and teachers.) <mask> developed a special full-time unit that combined European colonists, selected for their frontier skills, with friendly Indians in order to carry out offensive strikes against hostile Indians and French in difficult terrain. He used such rangers as militia where the normal practices of having troops march and attack in formation were ineffective. His memoirs, Entertaining Passages relating to Philip's War, were published in 1716 and are considered to constitute the first American military manual. Early life and

masks:
Benjamin Church
Church
Church
Church


title: Benjamin Church (ranger)

texts:
 family
Born in Plymouth Colony in about 1639, <mask> was the son of <mask> and Elizabeth Warren, he was the grandson of Richard Warren, one of the original Mayflower passengers by his mother.He was brought up according to colonial practices on the frontier. He married Alice Southworth on December 26, 1667 in Duxbury, Massachusetts. He resided for a time in Duxbury and later moved to Bristol. He later lived in Little Compton, Rhode Island, where he and his wife were both buried. Her gravesite is marked by a historically significant stone known as a table grave. King Philip's War
During King Philip's War, <mask> was the principal military aide to Governor Josiah Winslow of Plymouth Colony. Commissioned by Winslow as a captain on July 24, 1675, he fought during King Philip's War (1675–1678) on the New England frontier against the Wampanoag, Nipmuck and Podunk tribes of Indians.He is best known during this time for  commanding a company of Englishmen and Native Americans independently of the governor's direction. <mask>'s men were the first colonial force to be successful in raiding the hostile Indians' camps in forests and swamps. During previous decades, colonists had been on the defense against the Natives, who knew their territory intimately. Relations were generally peaceful until 1675, but tensions had been growing as the colonists and their views of property encroached on Indian territory and hunting grounds. <mask> was allowed to recruit Native Americans after he and other leaders realized that traditional European  military tactics were ineffective in frontier warfare. He also persuaded many neutral or formerly hostile

masks:
Church
Richard Church
Church
Church
Church


title: Benjamin Church (ranger)

texts:
 Indians to surrender and join his unit, where they operated skillfully as irregular troops. Some of these men had converted to Christianity in settlements before the war.They were known as Praying Indians. After being organized by <mask>, these troops tracked hostile Indians into the forests and swamps, and conducted effective raids and ambushes on their camps. Great Swamp Fight

During the Great Swamp Fight on December 19, 1675, <mask> was wounded while serving as an aide to Governor Winslow, the commander of the colonial forces in the battle. Forces of the colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth and Connecticut killed an estimated 300 Narragansett warriors and an unknown number of women and children of the Narragansett Tribe. The surviving Narragansetts fled and remained in hiding for the remainder of the war. After the Great Swamp Fight, <mask> and the colonial army were 15 miles from their base in North Kingstown and had to endure a long march encumbered by dragging their dead and wounded and severe cold. The war soon ended after an operation by <mask>'s company on August 12, 1676.John Alderman, one of <mask>'s Indian allies, killed King Philip (also known as Metacomet), leader of the Wampanoag tribe. Upon inspection of Philip's body, <mask> is quoted as saying "a doleful, great, naked, dirty beast." Metacomet's body, was in accordance with the standard punishment for treason, hung, drawn and quartered. King William's War
During King William's War (1688–97), <mask> led four New England raiding parties into Acadia (which included most of Maine) against the ethnic French Acadians and hostile Native Americans, including the

masks: Church Church Church Church Church Church Church


title: Benjamin Church (ranger)

texts: Abenaki. On the first expedition into Acadia, on September 21, 1689, <mask> (who was promoted to major and given command of the expedition by the Council of War of Plymouth Colony on September 6) and 250 troops defended a group of English settlers in the Deering Oaks at the Battle of Brackett's Wood. The British were trying to get established at Falmouth, Maine (present-day Portland, Maine). Although 21 of his men were killed, <mask> was successful and the hostile natives retreated.<mask> returned to Boston, leaving the small group of English settlers unprotected. (The following spring, May 1690, over 400 French and native troops under the leadership of Castin returned to Falmouth and massacred all the English settlers in the Battle of Fort Loyal. When <mask> returned to the village later that summer, he buried the dead.) In <mask>'s second expedition a year later, on September 11, 1690, he commanded 300 men at Casco Bay. His mission was to relieve the English Fort Pejpescot (present day Brunswick, Maine), which had been taken by natives. He went up the Androscoggin River to Fort Pejepscot. From there he traveled 40 miles up river to Livermore Falls, Maine, where he attacked an Androscoggin native village.<mask>'s men shot three or four native men as they were retreating. <mask> discovered five English captives in the wigwams. <mask> killed and butchered six or seven prisoners, and took nine prisoners. A few days later, in retaliation, the Androscoggin attacked <mask> at Cape Elizabeth on Purpooduc Point, killing seven of his men and wounding 24 others. On September 26, <mask> returned to Portsmouth, New Hampshire. <mask>'s

masks:
Major Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church


title: Benjamin Church (ranger)

texts:
 third expedition during the war was in 1692, when he raided the Penobscot territory of (present-day Indian Island, Maine) with 450 men. <mask> and his men went on to raid Taconock (superseded by Winslow, Maine).Four years later, <mask> conducted a fourth expedition. He carried out the Siege of Fort Nashwaak (1696) (present-day Fredericton, New Brunswick), which was then the capital of Acadia, and the Raid on Chignecto (1696) in Acadia. He was described as weighing approximately 250 pounds, but personally led his troops. They killed the inhabitants of Chignecto, looting their household goods, burning their houses, and slaughtering the livestock. Queen Anne's War
During Queen Anne's War, <mask> went on his fifth and final expedition into Acadia. The Deerfield Massacre had taken place in western Massachusetts on February 29, 1704, believed conducted by Indians provoked by the French. In addition to killing many settlers, the Abenaki and allies took more than 100 captives overland to Montreal and the Mohawk village south of the river.The captives were often held for ransom by families and communities; some of the younger ones were adopted by Mohawk families. On March 18, 1704 <mask> was commissioned as a colonel by Massachusetts Governor Joseph Dudley and placed in command of a force to raid French settlements in Acadia in retaliation for Deerfield. This expedition included the following actions: the Raid on Castine, Maine, Raid on St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Raid on Grand Pre, Raid on Pisiguit (present day Falmouth and Windsor), and the Raid on Chignecto. <mask> meticulously planned the expedition. He specified the design of

masks:
Church
Major Church
Church
Church
Church


title: Benjamin Church (ranger)

texts:
 whaleboats to be used in the raids and what kind of hatchets his soldiers were to carry. <mask> took John Gyles, formerly held as a captive by the Maliseet, as his translator. <mask> took prisoners and claimed to have left only five houses standing in Acadia.In the Raid of Pisiguit (1704), he took the leader Noel Doiron as prisoner. Tactics and war doctrine
While <mask> left no formal writings on military doctrine, his memoirs provided considerable detail about his practices. Through the study of his military experiences, scholars have summarized his practices according to the following principles:

 Planning each operation in advance, not leaving anything to chance. Ensuring that soldiers under his command were properly trained, fed, and equipped. Building alliances with potential allies (i.e. Native Americans), who may have been overlooked or mistrusted by other commanders. Not inflicting unnecessary damage or harm.Using stealth and surprise to tactical advantage. Understanding how a tactical operation fits in with strategic objectives. Leading by example and from the front. Maintaining communications with higher and lower echelons. Later life
<mask> was elected to public office as the first representative of Bristol to the Plymouth Colony legislature, serving between 1682 and 1684. <mask> died at Little Compton in 1718 and was buried in the Little Compton Common cemetery. Legacy

<mask> kept notes on his tactics and operations in 1675-1676.His work was eventually published in 1716 as Entertaining Passages relating to Philip's War. <mask> was the great-grandfather of Dr. <mask>, the first "Surgeon General" (though that

masks:
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Benjamin Church


title: Benjamin Church (ranger)

texts:
 title came later) of the Continental Army. Dr. <mask>, thought to have been a staunch Whig, was later arrested by General George Washington as a suspected spy for British General Thomas Gage. Rogers Rangers and Gorham's Rangers were militia developed according to the tradition begun by <mask>. In 1992, in honor of his innovative tactical methods, <mask> was inducted into the U.S. Army Ranger Hall of Fame. A bronze Ranger Tab was affixed to his gravestone to mark this. The Rhode Island Society of Colonial Wars placed a plaque near Colonel <mask>'s grave in honor of his leadership and bravery during King Philip's War.See also

Military history of Nova Scotia

References

Primary sources

<mask>, <mask>, as told to <mask>, The History of Philip's War, Commonly Called The Great Indian War of 1675 and 1676, edited by Samuel G. Drake,(Exeter, NH: J & B Williams, 1829); Facsimile Reprint by Heritage Books, Bowie, Maryland, 1989. The history of King Philip's War ; also of expeditions against the French and Indians in its Eastern parts of New England, in the years 1689, 1692, i696 AND 1704. With some account of the divine providence towards Col. <mask>. By <mask>, <mask>, Samuel Gardner <mask>, Thomas. The History of the Great Indian War

Secondary sources
Drake, Samuel. The Border Wars of New England, commonly called King William's and Queen Anne's Wars. 1910.Drake's book
Faragher, John Mack, A Great and Noble Scheme New York; W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. Philip Gould. (1996). Reinventing Benjamin <mask>: Virtue, Citizenship and the History of King Philip's War in Early National America. Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 16, No.

masks:
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Benjamin
Thomas Church
Benjamin Church
Benjamin Church
Thomas Church
Drake Church
Church


title: Benjamin Church (ranger)

texts:
 4 (Winter, 1996), pp.645–657
Grenier, John. The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005). Philbrick, Nathaniel, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War. New York: Viking Penguin, 2006. Zelner, Kyle F. A Rabble in Arms: Massachusetts Towns and Militiamen during King Philip's War (New York: New York University Press, 2009)

External links
Historical Biographies, Nova Scotia
Lepore, Jill, "Plymouth Rocked", The New Yorker, April 24, 2006 Lepore doubts the veracity of <mask>'s memoirs.People in King William's War
People of Queen Anne's War
British America army officers
British American Army Rangers
People of the Plymouth Colony
People of colonial Rhode Island
Burials in Rhode Island
1639 births
1718 deaths
People from Plymouth, Massachusetts
King Philip's


title: Øyvind Ellingsen

texts:
<mask> (born 1975) is a Norwegian Professor of Cellular Cardiology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), a Consultant Physician at the Department of Cardiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway, and is currently Head of the Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging. He received his MD and PhD at the University of Oslo, Norway, and had a postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard University, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

Dr. <mask> founded the Laboratory of Cellular Cardiology at NTNU in 1996. The focus of the lab is Exercise in Medicine. Its long-term goals are to understand the mechanisms of the beneficial effects of exercise in cardiovascular disease, to translate them into better programs for prevention and rehabilitation, and to identify new targets for medical therapy. He currently participates in the HUNT-3 survey of physical activity, aerobic capacity, and endothelial function in Nord-Trøndelag County, Norway, is the Principal Investigator and Steering Committee Chairperson of the SMARTEX-HF multicenter trial and is a collaborating partner of Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG). He has been involved in scientific research on biomedical effects of meditation since 2006. Education
 1996: Board approved specialist in internal (general) medicine
 1989: Doctor Medicinae

masks:
Øyvind Ellingsen
Ellingsen


title: Øyvind Ellingsen

texts:
 sets a divide for aging and longevity. Circ Res 2011 Sep 15 [Epub ahead of print]
 Nesvold A, Fagerland MW, Davanger S, Ellingsen Ø, Solberg EE, Sevre K, Atar D. Increased heart rate variability during nondirective meditation. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2011 Jun 21. [Epub ahead of print]
 Kemi OJ, Macquaide N, Høydal MA, Ellingsen Ø, Smith GL, Wisløff U. Exercise training corrects control of spontaneous calcium waves in hearts from myocardial infarction in heart failure rats.J Cell Physiol 2011Apr 4. [Epub ahead of print]
 Støylen A, Conraads V, Halle M, Linke A, Prescott E, <mask> Ø. Controlled study of myocardial recovery after interval training in heart failure: SMARTEX-HF – rationale and design. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2011 Mar 21. [Epub ahead of print]
 Kemi OJ, Høydal MA, Macquaide N, Haram PM, Koch LG, Britton SL, <mask> Ø, Smith GL, Wisløff U. The effect of exercise training on transverse tubules in normal, remodeled, and reverse remodeled hearts. J Cell Physiol 2011, 226: 2235–2243.Aspenes ST, Nilsen TI, Skaug EA, Bertheussen GF, <mask> Ø, Vatten L, Wisløff U. Peak oxygen uptake and cardiovascular risk factors in 4,631 healthy women and men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011, 43: 1465–1473. <mask> Ø. Energy at Heart: matching demand with production. Cardiovasc Res 2011, 90: 7–8.

masks: Ellingsen Ellingsen Ellingsen Ellingsen