title: David Miller (political theorist)

texts: the situations where it is most important to hold some notion of social justice to be able to argue the case, too vague. It is not good enough to say 'it depends' if one is trying to argue a philosophical case. Other critics of <mask> take issue with his view that principles of justice must connect in some way with the current beliefs of individuals, arguing that this biases political theory towards the status quo, rendering it overly conservative. Collecting evidence on people's deep held but rarely scrutinised beliefs about justice is notoriously difficult and unreliable.His argument for multiple rationales for justice comes in part from his belief in cultural pluralism (there are no universally shared beliefs) but theorists such as Franz Oppenheimer dispute this. A feminist perspective might criticise his separation of spheres of justice. For people who are not engaged in one sphere, they can never receive their 'just' distribution in reference to their needs or deserts. For example, a person with no family or close friends may not belong to any 'solidaristic community' willing to distribute to compensate for their 'needs' beyond those which their position as a citizen will confer. A person who has never and will never work (home-makers, severely disabled people) will never receive 'dues' for the labour or activity which they do engage with. In practical terms, he comes under fire for defending desert as a principle of social justice. A deterministic view of the world leads to the conclusion that we are not responsible for our skills, talents or abilities (including our ability to work to improve any natural talents) therefore it is unjust to be rewarded for them.Of course, if determinism is rejected, then the idea of morally valued "merit" can have intellectual "merit". Many argue that meritocracy is a fundamental principle of the United States and to reject this idea is to vitiate our society of one of its core values. Rawls


title: David Miller (political theorist)

type: original

texts:
 merely asserts his position on merit. The opposite position can also be, just as legitimately and with as much intellectual support, asserted. <mask> proposes that desert can be allocated through a strictly controlled market (to limit too much inequality). But others say that the objects or talents that the 'market' (that is, society) put economic value upon is not a just way to determine what is deserving. <mask>'s support for liberal forms of nationalism has been criticised by theorists such as Iris Marion Young, who stresses the need to develop forms of solidarity that extend beyond the state.It can be argued that <mask>'s assertion that we have greater ethical obligations to our co-nationals than to nationals of other states relies on an assumption that all states are equally well placed to provide for their citizens' needs, and defend their rights. Critics point out that this does not correspond to empirical reality. Young gives the example of natural resources, which are unequally distributed between states. She argues that their placement is morally arbitrary. Selected publications
Social Justice, 1976
Philosophy and Ideology in Hume's Political Thought, 1981
Anarchism, 1984,
Market, State, and Community: Theoretical Foundations of Market Socialism, 1989
On Nationality, Oxford, 1995
Principles of Social Justice, Harvard, 1999
Citizenship and National Identity, Polity, 2000
Political Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, 2003
National Responsibility and Global Justice, Oxford, 2007
Justice for Earthlings: Essays in Political Philosophy, Oxford, 2013
Strangers in Our Midst: The Political Philosophy of Immigration, Harvard, 2016

References

1946 births
Academics of Lancaster University
Academics of the University of East Anglia
Alumni of Selwyn College, Cambridge
English political philosophers
English political scientists
English socialists
Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford
Living people
Market socialism
Scholars of

masks: Miller Miller Miller


title: Janie Allan

texts:
Jane "<mask><mask> (28 March 1868 – 29 April 1968) was a leading source of funding and a Scottish activist for the militant suffragette movement of the early 20th century. Early life and family
<mask> was born into the wealthy Glasgow family that owned the Allan Line shipping company. Her grandfather, <mask>, founded the firm in 1819, and by the time that her father – the youngest of <mask>'s five sons, also named Alexander – took over the running of the company's Glasgow operations, the line had many vessels, additional offices in Liverpool and Montreal, and had wrested the Royal Mail's North American contract away from the Cunard line. In common with many of her family, <mask> held socialist political views and helped the city's poor. She was an early member of the Independent Labour Party (ILP), and she edited a column covering women's suffrage issues for the socialist newspaper Forward. Suffragette movement
In May 1902, <mask> was instrumental in re-founding the Glasgow branch of the National Society for Women's Suffrage as the Glasgow and West of Scotland Association for Women's Suffrage (GWSAWS), and was a member of its executive committee. She was a significant financial supporter, and as one of the GWSAWS vice-presidents she took up a position on the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) committee in 1903, in order to represent the association following their affiliation.In 1906, <mask> was among the audience when Teresa Billington (who had been arrested and jailed following a protest in London earlier in the year) toured Scotland, although the GWSAWS  themselves refused to invite Billington to speak. In December of that year she attended a lecture by Helen Fraser as she expounded the militant principles of the newly formed Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). In 1907, concerned that the non-violent GWSAWS was not being as effective as it should have been, <mask> resigned from their

masks:
Janie
" Allan
Janie Allan
Alexander Allan
Alexander Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan


title: Janie Allan

texts:
 executive committee and joined the WSPU, although she maintained her subscription to GWSAWS until 1909. Over the following few years, <mask> provided at least £350 (approximately ) in funds to the WSPU, as well as donating some funding for the Women's Freedom League (WFL) following their split from the WSPU. In addition to her monetary contributions, <mask> was an active participant in the WSPU's militant activism. Imprisonment and forced-feeding
In early March 1912, along with over 100 others <mask> participated in a window smashing protest in central London. The women secreted large stones and hammers under their skirts and, once in position, in a coordinated action they destroyed shop windows in Regent Street, Oxford Street, and the vicinity.Following this, the women patiently and calmly waited for the police to arrive. While police attention was diverted elsewhere by the protests, Emmeline Pankhurst and three others managed to get close enough to 10 Downing Street to throw stones through four of its windows. In the aftermath, along with many of her associates <mask> was arrested, tried, and sentenced to four months in Holloway Prison. Her imprisonment was widely publicised, and around 10,500 people from Glasgow signed a petition to protest for her freedom. Her fellow suffragette, Margaret McPhun – who was herself imprisoned in Holloway for two months in 1912 after breaking a government office window – composed a poem entitled "To A Fellow Prisoner (Miss Janie <mask>)", that was included in the anthology Holloway Jingles published by the Glasgow branch of the WSPU later that year. While in prison <mask> used her privileged position to improve the levels of comfort for her inmates, including distributing confectionery and fruit to fellow suffragettes. Two months into her sentence, she barricaded the door to her cell, and it reportedly took three men with tools around three quarters of an hour to break into the

masks: Allan Allan Allan Allan Allan Allan


title: Janie Allan

texts: room.Following this action, <mask> started a hunger strike, a form of protest that had been pioneered amongst the suffragette movement by Marion Dunlop in 1909. However, following Dunlop having thus successfully forced the authorities to release her on health grounds, the British government introduced a policy of forced-feeding of imprisoned suffragettes who refused food. In accordance with this policy, <mask> was force-fed for a full week. Forcible feeding was an ordeal described by Pankhurst as a "horrible outrage", and has been likened by women's history scholar June Purvis to a form of rape. In a later letter to a friend, <mask> herself stated that "I did not resist at all ... yet the effect on my health was most disastrous. I am a very strong woman and absolutely sound in heart and lungs, but it was not till 5 months after, that I was able to take any exercise or begin to feel in my usual health again – the nerves of my heart were affected and I was fit for nothing in the way of exertion ... There can be no doubt that it simply ruins the health."In February 1914, forcible feeding was implemented in Scotland during Ethel Moorhead's imprisonment for violently resisting arrest after being spotted behaving suspiciously in the vicinity of Traquair House. <mask> was a key part of the campaign against this action, and as well as publicly protesting met with the Medical Prison Commissioner, Dr James Devon, to advocate against the use of a method that she regarded as likely to "injure permanently a woman's health." In June that year, <mask> wrote to prison authorities that the burning of Whitekirk Parish Church near Edinburgh was due to the treatment of Moorhead and if other suffragettes in Perth, Arabella Scott and the woman known as 'Frances Gordon' were force fed, threatened the upcoming royal visit to Scotland could see 'disastrous' protests. And in July, <mask> again intervened at the highest level, in support of


title: Janie Allan

texts:
 Frances Parker following her imprisonment for attempted arson on Burns Cottage. Taxation protests
<mask> was taken to court in 1913. In addition to direct suffragette action, she was involved with and supported the Women's Tax Resistance League, which argued that as women could not vote and therefore were not represented in parliament, they should not be subject to taxation. These beliefs led to her refusal to pay super tax on her income and investments for the financial year ending April 1912.At her trial on 1 March 1913, <mask> defended herself and argued that as women were not considered 'persons' under the Franchise Act, they should not be considered 'persons' under the Finance Act either. The judge, Lord Cullen, found against her and stated that "it being clear on a construction of these [tax] statutes that women are not excluded from their scope." The St. Andrew's Halls incident
By early 1914, <mask> had become one of the principal organizers for the WSPU in western Scotland, based in Glasgow. On 9 March 1914, Emmeline Pankhurst, the WSPU national leader, was to address a public meeting at St Andrew's Halls in the city, and <mask> was in attendance. Ethel Moorhead said <mask> had a presence due to her height, beauty and quietness. The event took place when Pankhurst had recently been released from prison under the terms of the new, so-called 'Cat and Mouse Act', introduced by the government to counter the suffragette hunger strikes. In accordance with the Act, once Pankhurst was returned to full health she was due to be rearrested and re-incarcerated.Glasgow police decided to use the occasion of the public address to effect the arrest. However, the WSPU activists anticipated their action and increased security coverage for their leader, including enforcing strict secrecy surrounding her movements and erecting a concealed barbed wire barrier across the front of the stage. A short time into Pankhurst's speech,

masks: Allan Allan Allan Allan Allan


title: Janie Allan

texts:
 around 160 police officers stormed the hall and began to move toward the stage. They were met by a barrage of thrown chairs and plant pots, and soon fights broke out between the police and members of the audience. During the commotion one of the women present drew a revolver and fired several blank cartridges toward the ceiling. The police attempted to apprehend her, but she managed to slip their grasp and escape. Despite not being positively identified at the time, many since have stated that <mask> was the woman with the revolver.She tried in vain for six months afterwards to get a public enquiry into police behaviour. Later life
At the outbreak of World War I later in 1914, the WSPU suspended their suffragette activities and threw their weight behind a concerted national effort in the conflict. <mask> donated a large sum of money to Dr Flora Murray and Dr Louisa Garrett Anderson that enabled the founding of the Women's Hospital Corps. In 1923, she chaired the Women's Watch Committee, continuing to report on public authority attitudes to women, and she was involved in the Scottish Council for Women's Trades for 20 years. <mask> died in April 1968 at her home in Invergloy, near Spean Bridge in the Scottish Highlands, one month after her 100th birthday. References

Citations

Bibliography
<mask>, Janie (1914). Various letters and press cuttings concerning the arrests of Janet Parker and Arabella Scott and the forcible feeding of women prisoners.Dated June 16 to July 27, 1914. National Library of Scotland, Acc. 4498/2. 1868 births
1968 deaths
Scottish suffragettes
Scottish tax resisters
Scottish socialist feminists
Politicians from Glasgow
Journalists from Glasgow
Women's Social and Political Union
20th-century British journalists
British women journalists
Scottish centenarians
Women centenarians
Philanthropists from Glasgow
Women philanthropists
Hunger Strike Medal recipients
19th-century Scottish women
20th-century

masks: Allan Allan Allan Allan


title: Malusi Gigaba

texts:
<mask> (born 30 August 1971) is a South African politician who served as Minister of Home Affairs of the Republic of South Africa appointed by President Cyril Ramaphosa from 27 February 2018 until his resignation on 13 November 2018. He also held the post from 25 May 2014 to 31 March 2017 as appointed by former President Jacob Zuma. He previously served as Deputy Minister of Home Affairs, Minister of Public Enterprises and Minister of Finance in the government of South Africa. He is currently a member of the National Executive Committee of the African National Congress. He was first elected to the National Assembly of South Africa in 1999 as Member of Parliament for the African National Congress. He resigned in 2001 but was elected to the National Assembly again in 2004. President Thabo Mbeki appointed him to the position of Deputy Minister of Home Affairs.President Jacob Zuma appointed <mask> as Minister of Public Enterprises, succeeding Barbara Hogan in October 2010. He served in that position until 2014, when he was appointed Minister of Home Affairs. <mask> was appointed Minister of Finance in March 2017 after the controversial dismissal of Pravin Gordhan. In February 2018, <mask> for the second time was appointed Minister of Home Affairs in the cabinet of Cyril Ramaphosa. He served until his forced resignation in November 2018, after mounting pressure for him to resign or for Ramaphosa to dismiss him. Minister of Transport, Blade Nzimande, was serving as Acting Minister of Home Affairs. <mask> resigned as Member of the National Assembly on 15 November 2018.Gigaba is known as a chief architect of state capture. Early life
Gigaba is the second born to Reverend Jabulani <mask> and Nomthandazo <mask>. He has three sisters and a brother. <mask> did his primary school education at Mathonsi Primary School in Mandeni around 1983. He then proceeded to do his high school education at Vryheid State High School in 1988. He attended Ethalana high school in the district of Umzinyathi where he attained his matric. He earned a bachelor's degree in education from the University of Durban-Westville (now part of the University of KwaZulu-Natal) in

masks:
Knowledge Malusi Nkanyezi Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba


title: Malusi Gigaba

texts:
 1991, and a Master's degree in Social Policy.Early political career
During this period <mask> became involved in various student and youth organisations such as Congress of South African Students (COSAS), the South African Youth Congress (SAYCO), the South African Student Congress (SASCO) and Young Christian Students (YCS). Some of these organisations such as COSAS and SASCO were aligned to the banned African National Congress (ANC). It was his involvement in these organisations that laid the foundation for his activities in the ANC Youth League. <mask> has also been active in youth organizations, and was elected president of the African National Congress Youth League three times in a row (1996, 1998, 2001). When the ANC, Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), South African Communist Party (SACP) and other liberation movements were unbanned in 1990, he joined the African National Congress Youth League, SACP and the ANC. That same year he completed his Bachelor of Pedagogics at UDW, but continued pursuing a postgraduate degree. <mask> became one of the founding members of the Education Students Society University of Durban-Westville in 1992.The following year (1993) he was elected as chairman of SASCO at the University Durban-Westville (UDW). Later political career
In 2004 <mask> was re-elected to Parliament where he became Deputy Minister of Home Affairs until October 2010. He was involved in a new visa system allowing easier legal flow of migration between South Africa and Zimbabwe. In November 2010 he became the Minister of Public Enterprises and a leading figure in the South African Government responsible for a significant aspect of the governments infrastructure investment programmes through State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) such as the embattled Transnet and Eskom. In May 2014, former president Jacob Zuma appointed <mask> as Minister of Home Affairs. On 31 March 2017, <mask> was appointed Minister of Finance, replacing Pravin Gordhan, raising suspicions that he was deployed by Zuma to assist him in developing his allegedly corrupt relationship with the Guptas. On 27 February 2018, <mask> was removed from his position as the Minister of

masks: Gigaba Gigaba Gigaba Gigaba Gigaba Gigaba Gigaba


title: Malusi Gigaba

texts:
 Finance and replaced by Nhlanhla Nene.On the same day <mask> was appointed as Minister of Home Affairs by President Cyril Ramaphosa following the announcement of his new cabinet, replacing Ayanda Dlodlo. On 13 November 2018, <mask> resigned as Minister of Home Affairs and subsequently also as Member of the National Assembly on 15 November 2018. Controversy

Dubai Bank Account
In 2014 it was reported that State security agents had investigated a mysterious offshore bank account opened in <mask>'s name, in Dubai, when <mask> was still public enterprises minister. <mask> apparently told state security agents that the account was opened by one of his officials without his knowledge. But banking and security insiders have indicated that it is difficult, if not impossible, for anyone to open an offshore account using a person's name without their knowledge, and that this could amount to fraud. His spokesperson denied any connection with the account or knowledge of the investigation. When <mask> appeared before The Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture at parastatals in 2018.He denied holding any bank accounts in Dubai. He stated that he only has one account with a local South African bank. Visa Regulations
At home affairs his reputation took a blow when he implemented arduous rules for those travelling with children, creating concerns around South Africa's tourism industry. Prior to the announcement of the visa regulations, tourist arrivals into South Africa had been steadily growing. 2011 = 2,176,719 arrivals 2012 = 2,505,763 arrivals (15,1% growth) 2013 = 2,660,631 arrivals (6,1% growth) but this changed abruptly in the third quarter of 2014 – the in-person visa application requirement came into effect in June 2014. Since then, there has been a systematic decline in tourist arrivals. From Sep – Dec 2014, Brazil was down -37%, China -46.9% and India -14.4%, continuing into 2015.The June 2015 arrivals data from Statistics SA showed overseas arrivals down -13% . At the same time competitors were up. According to SA Tourism R7.51bn of revenue has been lost to the country. Fireblade Aviation
In a judgment relating to

masks: Gigaba Gigaba Gigaba Gigaba Gigaba Gigaba


title: Malusi Gigaba

texts:
 the Fireblade Aviation case on 27 October 2017, the North Gauteng High Court found that <mask> had lied under oath during his tenure as Minister of Home Affairs. The court case related to Gibaba, then Home Affairs Minister, allegedly granting permission to the Oppenheimer family to operate a private terminal at OR Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg. The judge called <mask>'s arguments "disingenuous, spurious and fundamentally flawed, laboured and meritless, bad in law, astonishing, palpably untrue, untenable and not sustained by objective evidence, uncreditworthy and nonsensical". An appeal by <mask> was heard in December 2017.Judge Tuchten concluded that "the Minister has committed a breach of the Constitution so serious that I could characterize it as a violation". <mask> then approached the Supreme Court of Appeal and the Constitutional Court concurrently. The Constitutional Court dismissed the application with costs, saying it was not in the interests of justice to hear the matter at that stage because the Supreme Court of Appeal had to rule on the matter first. The Supreme Court of Appeal on 28 March 2018 dismissed <mask>'s application for leave to appeal against the judgment, saying there was no reasonable prospect of success. Judge Malcolm Wallis said in his judgment that "there is nothing to suggest that the issues raised by the minister are of such a nature as to warrant the grant of leave to appeal notwithstanding the lack of prospects of success". The application was dismissed with costs. <mask>'s application to the Constitutional Court for leave to appeal against a lower court ruling that he lied under oath was dismissed on 1 November 2018 "as it bears no prospects of success."State Capture
A pivotal point in the state capture project was the appointment of <mask> <mask> as Minister of Public Enterprises in 2010. He exploited a loophole in the Public Finance Management Act that made it possible to use the procurement procedures of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) to benefit selected contractors sanctioned by the Gupta Family network, this initiated the "repurposing" of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) as vehicles for

masks: Gigaba Gigaba Gigaba Gigaba Gigaba Gigaba Malusi Gigaba


title: Malusi Gigaba

texts:
 outside his authority and compromised the tender process, that Transnet officials had contravened the Public Financial Management Act and misrepresented facts to the board, and called on the Hawks to launch a corruption investigation into Transnet's board members, as well as for criminal investigations into Gupta associates and businesses linked to the inflated R54 bn locomotive procurement deal. Eskom
One of Gigaba's first moves in 2011 was to overturn a procurement decision on which the Eskom executive and board had signed off – the replacement of Koeberg Nuclear Power Station's steam generators. Soon after, Gibaba removed the board. Most of the new appointees had no corporate or electricity sector experience. New board members included Gupta business associates: former Oakbay director Mark Pamensky, Mineral Resources Minister Mosebenzi Zwane's advisor Kuben Moodley, and Nazia Carrim, wife of a relative of close Gupta associate Salim Essa. The governance of Eskom was captured and repurposed - the next period was the scaling up of grand corruption, with the Gupta Family managing complex brokering and money laundering.The most notable examples include Eskom's facilitating and financing of the Guptas' acquisition of Glencore's Optimum Coal Holdings as a suppler to Eskom. While Glencore was driven into business rescue, the Guptas' firm Tegeta benefited from an Eskom guarantee (R1.6bn), a large and unusual pre-payment (R600m) and additional lucrative coal contracts. The guarantee and pre-payment income enabled the Gupta family to buy Optimum Coal Holdings. Further instances of Gupta-favoured coal contracts and the squeezing out of large coal miners were revealed in Parliament's inquiry report published on 28 November 2018. The report conclusions included: 'The Committee finds that that the Executive arm of government represented by the two former ministers – Gigaba and Brown – was grossly negligent in carrying out its responsibility as the sole Shareholder of Eskom. and 'recommends that the two former Public Enterprises ministers <mask> and Brown must make presentations to the Zondo Commission in order to share insights into the roles


title: Malusi Gigaba

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 they played as Shareholder representatives during the period of corruption and corporate capture that flourished at Eskom. South African Airways
In 2012 Gigaba delayed support for a turnaround strategy for SAA put forward by then board chair Cheryl Carolus, causing financial damage to the airline.After Carolus resigned, Gigaba brought back Vuyisile Kona as both acting CEO and board chair after a meeting at the Guptas' Saxonwold house with Rajesh Gupta, Duduzane Zuma, and Ace Magashule's son Tshepiso. During 2017, South African Airways was bailed out to the tune of R5-billion, including a portion of R3-billion that was meant to settle SAA's debt with Citibank. Another R5-billion payment to SAA was due at the end of March 2018, a month after Gigaba announced VAT increase. The reason for these costly failures in SoEs is poor corporate governance, whose seeds sprouted when Minister <mask> was at the helm of the Department of Public Enterprises. Poor understanding of government's oversight role as a shareholder, lack of strategic perspective, and absence of a developmental mindset are other factors that undermine effective governance of SoEs. Personal life
He was married to Thabong Nxumalo until their divorce in 2010. He has children from his first marriage.He married Nomachule "Norma" Mngoma in 2014. Gigaba's former mistress Buhle Mkhize and his wife Nomachule "Norma" <mask> (née Mngoma) have engaged in several spats on social media, eventually leading to confirmation of the affair. A video of <mask> performing a solo sexual act went viral on social media. <mask> apologized for the incident in a series of tweets. References

External links
Official site at the South African Ministry of Home Affairs
Zimbabwean starves outside home affairs
Sowetan deputy minister meets brother of deceased
Official site at the Parliament of South Africa

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1971 births
African National Congress politicians
Finance ministers of South Africa
Living people
Members of the National Assembly of South Africa
Ministers of Home Affairs of South Africa
People from Eshowe
University of Durban-Westville alumni
Zulu people
Controversies in South Africa
Corruption in

masks: Gigaba Gigaba Gigaba Gigaba


title: J. Mason Brewer

texts:
<mask> (March 24, 1896 – 1975) was an American folklorist, scholar, and writer noted for his work on African-American folklore in Texas. He studied at Wiley College in Marshall, Texas, and Indiana University, while he taught at Samuel Huston College in Austin, Texas, Booker T. Washington High School in Dallas, Claflin College in Orangeburg, South Carolina, Texas Southern University in Houston, Livingstone College in Salisbury, North Carolina, and East Texas State University in Commerce, Texas (now Texas A&M University–Commerce). He published numerous collections of folklore and poetry, most notably The Word on the Brazos (1953), Aunt Dicey Tales (1956), Dog Ghosts and Other Texas Negro Folk Tales (1958), and Worser Days and Better Times (1965). <mask> was the first African American to be an active member of the Texas Folklore Society, to be a member of the Texas Institute of Letters, and to serve on the council of the American Folklore Society. He was also the first African American to deliver a lecture series at the University of Arizona, the University of California, and the University of Colorado, and he broke the color barrier at Austin's Driskill Hotel. He has been compared to Zora Neale Hurston, <mask>, and Alain Locke. He also published a book on African American legislators in Texas during the Reconstruction era up until their disenfranchisement.Early life

J<mask> <mask> was born on March 24, 1896, in Goliad, Texas. His mother, Minnie T<mask>, was a public school teacher; his father, J. H<mask>, worked a variety of jobs,

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title: J. Mason Brewer

texts: including as a barber, drover, grocer, mail carrier, postmaster, and wagoner. <mask>'s four sisters (Gladys, <mask>, Marguerite, and Stella) all became educators (working in Atlanta, Austin, and Houston), while his only brother (Claude) became an interior decorator in Austin. <mask>'s father told him Texas stories as a child, while his mother provided him with access to books on African-American history as well as the works of Paul Laurence Dunbar. According to <mask>. Byrd, as a child <mask> was an "avid listener" who became an "avid reader" and ultimately also an "avid writer". Bruce A. Glasrud and Milton S<mask> particularly credit his father for <mask>'s interest in folklore. <mask> attended public schools in Austin and Fannin, and graduated from high school in 1913 at the age of 17.He then attended Wiley College in Marshall, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1917. Following this, he taught for a year in Austin before joining the American Expeditionary Forces in 1918, serving as a corporal in France, where he worked as an interpreter due to his knowledge of French, Italian, and Spanish. In 1919, <mask> returned from Europe to teach and serve as a principal in Fort Worth, working there in the public schools for five years. In 1924, <mask> moved to Denver to work briefly for the Continental Oil Company. While in Denver, he wrote both poetry and stories for his employer's trade journal as well as for The Negro American. He returned to teaching as a principal in Shreveport, Louisiana, and in 1926 earned a position

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title: J. Mason Brewer

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 as a professor at Samuel Huston College in Austin. In the 1930s, he taught English and Spanish at Booker T. Washington High School in Dallas.Early career

In 1932, while in Austin, <mask> met J. Frank Dobie, then the secretary and editor of the Texas Folklore Society. According to Byrd, Dobie was the "biggest influence on [<mask>'s] career as a writer". Also in 1932, the Society published a collection of African-American folktales collected by <mask> that was entitled "Juneteenth". He studied folklore formally for the first time at Indiana University, under the direction of Stith Thompson, ultimately earning his Master of Arts degree there in 1933. That same year, he published Negrito: Negro Dialect Poems of the Southwest. In 1936, he wrote The Negro in Texas History for the occasion of the Texas Centennial. After teaching for a year at Claflin College in Orangeburg, South Carolina, <mask> returned to the newly renamed Huston-Tillotson College in 1943 to serve as Chairman of the Department of English Language and Literature, as well as Director of Research.During summers, he also taught at Texas Southern University in Houston. In 1945, <mask> published Humorous Folktales of the South Carolina Negro. The next year he published Mexican Border Ballads and Other Lore, which included his story collection entitled "John Tales", with the Texas Folklore Society. The "John Tales" feature the eponymous <mask>, who according to Glasrud and <mask> is "the trickster hero of the southern plantation [who] always comes out victorious in his

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title: J. Mason Brewer

texts:
 contests with the slave owner or overseer." In 1947, <mask> privately published a volume of works entitled More Truth Than Poetry. With illustrations drawn by H. E. <mask>, Glasrud and <mask> describe this volume of poetry as "<mask> at his sardonic best". Middle career and success

In 1951, <mask> was granted an honorary Doctor of Literature degree by Paul Quinn College in Waco, for "his unmatched contribution to African American literature and folklore."In 1953, he published The Word on the Brazos: Negro Preacher Tales from the Brazos Bottoms of Texas, through the University of Texas Press; it was "widely" considered a "classic", according to Byrd, and Texas historian Walter Prescott Webb referred to it as "the best of its sort ever". Glasrud and <mask> called it "his first major folklore collection". Jet magazine named it its Book of the Week on February 11, 1954, noting how <mask> had "interviewed old-timers and carefully collected tales which have been handed down for generations." In 1956, <mask> published a limited edition of 400 for his Aunt Dicey Tales, a collection of 14 "snuff-dipping tales of the Texas Negro". This edition was also well known and well regarded for its crayon drawings by <mask>. Biggers, with Dobie raving that the "tales illustrate the drawings as much as the drawings illustrate the tales". In 1958 <mask> published what Byrd considers his "third and best" of his "major volumes", Dog Ghosts and Other Texas Negro Folk Tales; of its 63 stories, only 9 are ghost stories involving dog ghosts. Glasrud and

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title: J. Mason Brewer

texts:
 <mask> called it "a rich and delightful trove of stories".<mask> began his tenure as a professor of English at Livingstone College in Salisbury, North Carolina, in 1959. After moving to North Carolina, <mask>'s most significant publications were the articles "Animal Tales as Told by African Students of Livingstone College" and "North Carolina Negro Oral Narratives" (both published in the journal North Carolina Folklore) and two books, Three Looks and Some Peeps (1963) and Worser Days and Better Times (1965). Later career

In 1969, <mask> published a "well-received" collection of stories entitled American Negro Folklore through Quadrangle Books and the New York Times Book Company. That same year, he took a position as Visiting Distinguished Professor at East Texas State University (ETSU) in Commerce, Texas (now Texas A&M University–Commerce), where he taught until his death in 1975. While at ETSU, he organized symposia and workshops in addition to teaching classes, which he occasionally lectured in verse, while also turning his major research focus to African influences on Mexican folklore. He was the first African American professor in ETSU's English Department, and was hired only one year after David Talbot became the university's first African American professor. In 1972, <mask> wrote the introduction to Henry D. Spalding's Encyclopedia of Black Folklore and Humor, as well as the 80-page chapter "Plantation to Emancipation".Spalding introduced <mask>'s chapter by calling <mask> "the nation's most illustrious black folklorist".

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title: J. Mason Brewer

texts:
 By the end of his career, <mask> had received research grants for his work in African American folklore from the American Philosophical Society, the Library of Congress, the National Library of Mexico, the National University of Mexico, and Piedmont University's Center for the Study of Negro Folklore. Personal life

<mask> was a Methodist and a member of the Democratic Party. He married twice, and had a son with his first wife; his second wife, Ruth Helen, was from Hitchcock, Texas. After his death, he was buried in Austin. Legacy

<mask> was the first African American to be an active member of the Texas Folklore Society, to be a member of the Texas Institute of Letters, and to serve on the council of the American Folklore Society, where he rose to the position of vice-president. He was also the first African American to deliver a lecture series at the University of Arizona, the University of California, and the University of Colorado.Additionally, he broke the color barrier at Austin's Driskill Hotel when he was inducted into the Texas Institute of Letters. Geneva Smitherman called <mask> "America's most distinguished Negro folklorist", Charles Leland Sonnichsen called him the "premier collector of Negro folklore in Texas", while Alan Dundes referred to him as "one of the few professionally trained Negro folklorists". Humanities Texas argued that he "almost single-handedly preserved the African American folklore of his home state." <mask> is often compared with Floridian Zora Neale Hurston because, in the words of Byrd, "they

masks: Brewer Brewer Brewer Brewer Brewer


title: J. Mason Brewer

texts: were both successful in collecting and publishing Negro folklore." He has also been compared to <mask> Harris due to both his subject matter and the "extended use of Negro dialect" in his writings. He has additionally been compared to Alain Locke, although <mask> himself criticized the Harlem Renaissance as "unrepresentative" of the African American experience. Byrd considers <mask>'s best long works, in order of publication, to be The Word on the Brazos, Aunt Dicy Tales, Dog Ghosts, and Worser Days and Better Times.Byrd also emphasized the importance of humor in the stories <mask> collected. According to Texas scholar Michael Phillips, themes prevalent in <mask>'s stories include "intelligence winning over brute force" and "a defiant attitude toward white America". A 1969 interview with <mask> is featured in the Oral History Collection at Texas Tech University's Southwest Collection. In 1997, <mask> was posthumously given the Compañero/a de las Americas award by the American Folklore Society for his "outstanding contributions to the further understanding of folk traditions in the Americas and the Caribbean" at the same ceremony at which his friend Américo Paredes was likewise honored. In 1999, the University of Texas at Austin's Harry Ransom Center held an exhibition on Aunt Dicy Tales that prominently featured the illustrations created by <mask>. In January 2017, Texas A&M University–Commerce held a J. Mason Brewer Day featuring Brewer scholars Bruce Glasrud and <mask> as well as a panel discussion involving his former

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title: J. Mason Brewer

texts:
 colleagues and students. <mask> described his tales in Dog Ghosts in his own words as "as varied as the Texas landscape, as full of contrasts as Texas weather.Among them are tales that have their roots deeply embedded in African, Irish, and Welsh mythology; other have parallels in pre-Columbian Mexican traditions; and a few have versions that can be traced back to Chaucer's England." Bibliography

Books

Negro Heritage Series

Articles
 <mask>, J<mask>, "Juneteenth", Tone the Bell Easy, J. Frank Dobie, ed. Vol. X (Austin, Texas: Texas Folklore Society, 1932), 9–54. <mask>, J<mask>, "Old-Time Negro Proverbs", Spur-of-the-Cock, J. Frank Dobie, ed. Vol. XI (Austin, Texas: Texas Folklore Society, 1933), 101–105.<mask>, J<mask>, "The Negro and the Texas Centennial Exposition", The Houston Informer August 8, 1936, sec. 2, p. 4. <mask>, J<mask>, "American Negro Folklore", Phylon 6 (1945): 354–361. <mask>, J<mask>, "Negro Folklore in North America: A Field of Research", New Mexico Quarterly 17 (1946): 27–33. <mask>, J<mask>, "John Tales", Mexican Border Ballads and Other Lore, J. Frank Dobie, ed. Vol. XXI (Austin, Texas: Texas Folklore Society, 1946), 81–104.<mask>, J<mask>, "Afro-American Folklore", Journal of American Folklore 60 (1947): 377–383. <mask>, J<mask>, "Texas Negro Tales", Interracial Review (December 1959): 236–237. <mask>, J<mask>, "North Carolina Negro Oral Narratives", North Carolina Folklore 9 (July 1961): 21–33. <mask>, J<mask>, "A Negro Cowboy: J. H<mask>", in American Negro Folklore, edited by J<mask> <mask> (New

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title: J. Mason Brewer

texts:
 York City: New York Times Books, 1968), 275–278
 <mask>, J<mask>, "Animal Tales as Told by African Students of Livingstone College", North Carolina Folklore 16 (May 1968). <mask>, J. <mask>, "More of the Word on the Brazos", Observations & Reflections on Texas Folklore, Francis Edward Abernethy, ed. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1972: 91–99. <mask>, J<mask>, "Tales from Juneteenth", The Folklore of Texan Cultures, Francis Edward Abernethy, ed.Austin, Texas: The Encino Press, 1974: 115–118. <mask>, J. <mask>, "Introduction", Encyclopedia of Black Folklore and Humor, Henry D. Spalding, ed. New York City: <mask>, 1994. Pages ix–x. Sources

Notes

References

External links
J. Mason Brewer Collection at Texas A&M University–Commerce
Goin' On (1981), a Documentary of J<mask> <mask> at Texas Archive of the Moving Image

1896 births
1975 deaths
People from Goliad, Texas
African-American writers
American school principals
Folklore writers
American folklorists
Writers from Austin, Texas
Wiley College alumni
Indiana University alumni
Texas Southern University faculty
Texas A&M University–Commerce faculty
American Methodists
Texas Democrats
American Folklorists of

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title: Lupus Servatus

texts:
<mask>us, also Servatus <mask> ( 805 – c. 862), in French Loup, was a Benedictine monk and Abbot of Ferrières Abbey during the Carolingian dynasty, who was also a member of Charles the Bald's court and a noted theological author of the 9th century. He is sometimes regarded as the first humanist of the Early Middle Ages because of the quality of his literary style, his love of learning, and his work as a scribe and textual critic. Early life
<mask> was born into an influential family within the Archdiocese of Sens. Many of his family held influential positions in the Church or court. His father was Bavarian and his mother Frankish. He assumed the nickname of Servatus in commemoration of his miraculous escape from danger either in a serious illness or on the battlefield. He began his education at the Abbey of Saints Peter and Paul in Ferrières-en-Gâtinais under St. Aldric, then abbot of the monastery.Here he was educated in the trivium and quadrivium. <mask> was not fond of the required learning but developed a passion for Classical studies. Abbot Aldric saw fit to send him to deepen his theological education at the Abbey of Fulda under Rabanus Maurus. Spending years in study and writing he developed a reputation as a scholar. Rabanus made use of his pupil, having him translate and compose bodies or works. During his residence at Fulda (c. 830–36) he became an intimate friend and disciple of the learned Einhard, whose Vita Karoli magni he was one of the first to read and praised it because of its style (epist. 1, 5).<mask> had written a letter to Einhard expressing his admiration and asked for a loan of Einhard's secular works (this would become a common practice of <mask>). His opinion was that education should be esteemed and intended not for a certain purpose, but as a good of its own value (epist. 1, 5). He was interested therefore not only in Christian but also

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title: Lupus Servatus

texts:
 in pagan classical authors and even those who did not belong to the reading canon of the Carolingian schools, such as Suetonius, of whom he was one of very few readers in the early Middle Ages, and Cicero, whose works he seems to know almost in their entirety, not only his better known rhetorical writings, and whom  he mentions and cites very often. He borrowed manuscripts from Einhard (epist. 1, 6) and from the library of the monastery of Fulda and corresponded therefore with Abbot Markward (epist. 10, 4; 91, 4).Even before <mask> returned to France he had become favourably known at court and was especially esteemed by the Empress Judith, the second wife of Louis the Pious. <mask> returned to Ferrières in 836 and followed the normal life of a monk, although he became recognized as the literary leader of Ferrières, until his election as abbot on 22 November 840. He owed his election to Empress Judith and her son, Charles the Bald, whose political interests he always defended. <mask> as abbot
After Louis the Pious died in 840, there were widespread uprisings and rivalries. One of his other sons, Lothair, recently named as emperor, invaded the western territories of Charles, Louis' designated heir. The current Abbot of Ferrières, Odo, was uncertain which ruler had rights to his fealty. Eventually Odo supported Lothair either because he seemed far more likely to provide support for Ferrières or because he saw him as the legitimate heir and representative of the unity of the empire.When the Treaty of Verdun was negotiated, Lothair gave up to Charles authority over the lands where Ferrières was situated. As a result of Odo's past support of Lothair, Charles had him removed from the abbacy. <mask> was left in charge of the abbey in Odo's absence. His position of abbot was formalized because of an election prompted by Charles the Bald, due to <mask>' ties to his family.

masks: Lupus Lupus Lupus Lupus Lupus


title: Lupus Servatus

texts:
 Subsequently, <mask> took a prominent part in contemporary political and ecclesiastical events. As Abbot of Ferrières he devoted himself to the spiritual and earthly concerns of the monastery. He waged a war of letters to try to regain the land of Ferrieres which had been handed over to a private owner thereby causing the monastery's revenue to drop.Military service
In these days it was common for abbots to serve as military commanders who supplied their own forces, if the king decided to go to war. Ferrières was one of these monasteries that had to provide soldiers and accommodate them. <mask> was not fond of leading soldiers into battle. He wrote a letter to the Bishop of Pordalus, begging him to use his authority to influence the king so that he could carry on as an abbot, not as a military leader. During the war between Charles the Bald and Pepin II of Aquitaine, <mask> was captured at the Battle of Toulouse and held prisoner. Shortly after his capture he was ransomed with several other high ranking men. Public affairs
In 844 <mask> was sent to Burgundy to carry out the monastic reforms decreed by the Synod of Germigny (843), and attended the Synod of Verneuil on the Oise, whose resulting canons had been written by him.He was also present at several other Church councils, notably that of Soissons in 853, and played an important part in the contemporary controversy regarding predestination. He believed in a twofold predestination, not indeed in the sense that God predestined some men to damnation, but that he foreknew the sins of men and foreordained consequent punishment. "<mask> not only took part in the most lively ecclesiastical controversy of his age, but also, by the method of his treatment, showed himself a skilled dialectician at the time when dialectics were still very imperfectly developed." In 847 <mask> accompanied Charles the Bald to a conference

masks: Lupus Lupus Lupus Lupus Lupus Lupus


title: Lupus Servatus

texts:
 at Meerssen, whereby the three brothers again swore peace with one other. He was sent on a mission to Pope Leo IV in 849. Following the invasion by Nominoe, the Governor of Brittany, Lupus composed the letter of censure. His last civic appearance was in 862 at the Synod of Pistes where he drew up a sentence against Robert, Archbishop of Mans.The closing years of the life of <mask> were saddened by the threatened devastation of his monastery by the invading Normans. He occupies a prominent place in medieval literary history, being one of the most cultured and refined men of the ninth century. Writings
During the reign of Charles the Bald an enormous amount of written material was produced. <mask>' letters, of which 132 remain, are distinguished for literary elegance and valuable historical information. Most of these letters were written to church officials, monks in neighboring monasteries, clergymen, Popes Benedict III and Nicholas I, Charles the Bald and Lothair. His own writings show him as a classicist and admirer of the Ciceronian style. He made his vast translation of Cicero's letters serve as a code of communicating with other well-read individuals.<mask> was requested in 839 by Waldo, the Abbot of St. Maximin of Treves, to write the Life of St. Maximin Bishop of Trier (d. 349) and a "Life of St. Wigbert", Abbot of Fritzlar in Hesse (d. 747). He also wrote his Epistolae in which almost on every page had forms of direct quotations and paraphrases revealing his familiarity of the Vulgate edition. In the controversy on predestination he wrote his De tribus quaestionibus, a work which treated of the threefold question of free will, predestination, and the universality of redemption. To illustrate the teaching of the Church on these topics he brought together pertinent passages from the Church Fathers in his "Collectaneum de tribus quaestionibus". Literary

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title: Lupus Servatus

texts:
 contribution
<mask> made a tireless quest of manuscripts of classic authors, as it has long been known to readers of his letters. It is because of his passion for copying and preserving manuscripts so that they may be passed on that he is regarded as an influential literate figure and the first humanist. Though his personal works and letters discuss theological matters it was not his chief interest.Philology was his desired area of expertise. Scholars have increasingly become aware of the detailed examination that Lupus undertook when studying his acquired texts. The scholar E.K. Rand of Harvard University reveals: "no less than five manuscripts that contain the corrections or collations of Lupus and one that is entirely written by that scholar himself." These manuscripts are rewrites of Cicero's De Oratore, his De Inventione and his Letters, a Commentary on Virgil and a revision of Codex Bernensis 366. Over the years modern scholars have made investigations as to what Lupus had participated in. Charles H. Beeson has been the foremost scholar on <mask> Servatus.Beeson took to studying the different handwriting styles of manuscripts according to area of the Early Middle Ages. He concluded that Lupus had written or been a part of copying texts more than originally thought. Lupus had a rigid adherence to the rules of the Roman grammarians for the division of syllables, whereby any pronounceable group of consonants is placed with the following vowel. Lupus not only conformed to this rule in his personal practice, but also made the texts that he collected adhere to the style. References

Sources

External links
 <mask> <mask> of Ferrières. Letter to Gottschalk

800s births
862 deaths
French abbots
Benedictine abbots
Benedictine theologians
9th-century Latin writers
Writers of the Carolingian Empire
French Benedictines
9th-century French priests
9th-century people from

masks: Lupus Lupus Servatus Lupus


title: Markus Perez

texts:
<mask> (born June 22, 1990) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist currently competing in the Middleweight division. A professional since 2013, he has also fought for Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), Jungle Fight and the Legacy Fighting Alliance, where he is the former Middleweight Champion. Background
Echeimberg started training Kung-Fu style Eagle Claw in 2008 to impersonate Bruce Lee and later transitioned to mixed martial arts (MMA) after his brother took him to a jiu-jitsu class. Prior competing full-time in MMA, <mask> worked as an information technology engineer at technology school and he was also a freelanced software developer, and he quit his job and college to teach Muay Thai and competed in Brazilian jiu-jitsu to make a living so he could pursue MMA full-time. After made it to the preliminary round of The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 3, he gained his parents support as they realized his seriousness of his MMA career choice. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
Echeimberg fought in the Brazilian-based promotions and amassed of a record of 9–0 prior joining UFC after winning the Legacy Fighting Alliance (LFA) middleweight championship. The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil
Echeimberg was chosen to be a fighter on The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 3.In the opening elimination round, he lost to Guilherme Vasconcelos via submission (rear-naked choke) in the first round. Ultimate Fighting Championship
Less than two months after winning the vacant Legacy Fighting Alliance (LFA), Echeimberg was signed

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Markus Perez Echeimberg
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title: Markus Perez

texts: by UFC. <mask> made his UFC debut on December 9, 2017 against Eryk Anders, replacing John Phillips, at UFC Fight Night 123. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. His next fight came on May 12, 2018 against James Bochnovic at UFC 224. He won the fight via a submission. On August 25, 2018, <mask> faced Andrew Sanchez, replacing Antonio Braga Neto, at UFC Fight Night 135.He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced promotional newcomer Anthony Hernandez on February 2, 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 2. He won the fight via technical submission in the second round. <mask> was scheduled to face promotional newcomer Deron Winn  on June 22, 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 11 However, it was reported on May 9, 2019 that <mask> pulled out of the fight due to injury. <mask> was scheduled to face Jack Marshman on November 16, 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 22. However, Marshman was pulled from the event for undisclosed reason and he was replaced by Wellington Turman. <mask> faced Wellington Turman on November 16, 2019 at UFC Fight Night: Błachowicz vs. Jacaré.He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was scheduled to face Alessio Di Chirico, replacing Abu Azaitar, on April 11, 2020 at UFC Fight Night: Overeem vs. Harris. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was eventually cancelled. <mask> was scheduled  to face Eric Spicely on August 1, 2020 at UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Shahbazyan. However, Spicely was removed from the fight on the day of the event's weigh-in for health issues related to his weight cut.

masks: Perez Perez Perez Perez Perez Perez Perez Perez Perez


title: Markus Perez

texts:
 <mask> will now face Charles Ontiveros

<mask> was scheduled to face Rodolfo Vieira on  October 11, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 179, However on September 21, Vieira pulled out due to undisclosed reasons, and he was replaced by promotional newcomer Dricus du Plessis. <mask> lost  the fight via knockout in round one.<mask> faced Dalcha Lungiambula, replacing Isi Fitikefu, on January 20, 2021 at UFC on ESPN 20. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. On February 4, 2021, it was announced that <mask> was released from his UFC contract. Post-UFC career
<mask> was scheduled to face Shane O'Shea at Titan FC 68 on March 26, 2021. However, the bout was cancelled due to an unknown reason. <mask> was scheduled to face Christiano Frohlich on July 2, 2021 at LFA 110. The bout was scratched days before the event for unknown reasons.<mask> faced Zac Pauga on October 17, 2021 at Cage Warriors 130. He lost the bout via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Filipe Moitinho on December 19, 2021 at Thunder Fight 33. He won the bout via guillotine submission 33 seconds into the bout. Championships and achievements
Legacy Fighting Alliance
 Legacy Fighting Alliance Middleweight Champion (One time)
Thunder Fight
 Thunder Fight Middleweight Champion

Personal life
Echeimberg's moniker "Maluko", an adaptation of the word "maluco", which means "crazy" in Portuguese, was given by his teammates, who thought he was crazy after he asked his coach if he could wear Kung Fu pants and shoes when he train boxing to impersonate Bruce


title: Otmar Issing

texts:
<mask> (born 27 March 1936 in Würzburg) is a German economist who has been serving as President of the Center for Financial Studies since 2006. As the former Chief Economist and Member of the Board of the European Central Bank (ECB) <mask> developed the 'two pillar' approach to monetary policy decision-making that the ECB has adopted. Life

<mask> studied economics at the University of Würzburg from 1955 until 1960 with temporary studies in London and Paris. From 1960 to 1966 he worked as a research assistant at the University of Würzburg. He earned his PhD in 1961 and received his postdoctoral lecture qualification (habilitation) in 1965. In 1967 <mask> became director of the Institute for International Economic Relations at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg and full professor at the faculty of economics and social sciences of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. In 1973 he was appointed Professor of Economics, Monetary Affairs and International Economic Relations at the University of Würzburg.From 1988 to 1990 <mask> was a member of the German Council of Economic Experts and in 1990 he became a member of the board of the Deutsche Bundesbank with a seat on the Central Bank Council. In 1998 <mask> became a member of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank, responsible for the Directorates General Economics and Research as well as its first Chief Economist. Since June 2006 <mask> has been president of the Center for Financial Studies (CFS) at the Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main and from 2007 until 2018 he was an international advisor to Goldman Sachs. In October 2008 <mask> chaired a German government expert group on the new financial order that drew up proposals on how to reform international financial markets (also known as "Issing Commission"). The group published six reports. In

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title: Otmar Issing

texts:
 2008 <mask> was also a member of the high level group of the European Commission on financial supervision in the EU chaired by Jacques de Larosière. He was a Member of the G20 Eminent Persons Group on Global Financial Governance, which was formally established by G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors for the period 2017-2018.Memberships
Verein für Socialpolitik (German Economic Association), American Economic Association, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur (Academy of Sciences and Literature, as a Corresponding Member from 1989-1991), Academia Scientiarum et Artium Europaea, Walter Eucken Institute, Executive Committee of the Institute for European Affairs (INEA), Euro50 Group, Advisory Board of the Globalization and Monetary Policy Institute (Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, until 2016). Publications
Issing's scientific publications almost cover the whole range of recent economic policy issues. His two main research topics are monetary theory and policy and international economic relations. His most recent books are:

 "Der Euro in stürmischen Zeiten" about economic and monetary policy at Center for Financial Studies 2006-2015 (Vahlen, 2016)
 "Einführung in die Geldtheorie" (Introduction to Monetary Theory), fifteenth edition, Munich 2011. (Translations into Chinese and Bulgarian)
 "Der Euro. Geburt - Erfolg - Zukunft" about the creation of the new European currency published by Franz Vahlen in 2008., English version: "The birth of the Euro" (Cambridge, 2008), Chinese version 2010
 "Imperfect knowledge and monetary policy", with Vitor Gaspar, Oreste Tristani and David Vestin (Cambridge, 2005)
 "Monetary policy in the Euro Area", with Vitor Gaspar, Ignazio Angeloni and Oreste Tristani (Cambridge, 2001)
 "Von der D-Mark zum Euro" (Tübingen, 1998)
 "Einführung in die Geldpolitik"


title: Vince Dizon

texts:
Vivencio "<mask>" <mask> (born August 18, 1974) is a Filipino economist, consultant and political aide who previously served as President and CEO of the Bases Conversion and Development Authority. He is also serving as President Rodrigo Duterte's Adviser on Flagship Programs and Projects and as Deputy Chief Implementer of the National Action Plan Against COVID-19. Early life and education
<mask> was born on August 18, 1974, in Quezon City but spent most of his childhood in Porac, Pampanga. He attended Don Bosco Technical College for high school. From 1991 to 1996, he studied at De La Salle University (DLSU) where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics and a Bachelor of Science in Commerce degree in Management of Financial Institutions. While there, he was a representative and vice-president of the DLSU Student Government. He was a consistent member of the Dean's Honors List and was awarded an Outstanding Thesis in Finance.From 1998 to 1999, while a recipient of the British Chevening Scholarship Award, <mask> went to the University of Reading for his masteral studies. He graduated in December 1999 with a Master of Science degree in Applied Developmental Studies. Career
After his undergraduate studies, from 1996 to 1998, <mask> worked as an economic staffer to then-Senate President Edgardo Angara. He also served as his chief-of-staff from 2002 to 2004. From 1999 to 2002, he was an assistant professor of Economics at DLSU. In 2004, he worked for the presidential campaign of Fernando Poe Jr. as a close-in assistant. After the 2004 elections, <mask> moved to the Czech Republic where he worked at the University of Northern Virginia Prague Campus as a senior lecturer in Economics, Finance and Statistics.From 2007 to 2011, <mask> was the Vice-President for Corporate Communications of Strategic Alliance Holdings Inc. - Technologies. He then entered politics again in 2011, during the term of President Benigno Aquino III, when he became an Undersecretary at the Office of the Political Adviser under the Office of the President. He served in that position until

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title: Vince Dizon

texts:
 2013, when he then became a consultant to then-Senate Majority Leader Alan Peter Cayetano. He worked for Cayetano until July 2016. Bases Conversion and Development Authority

<mask> was appointed president and CEO of the Bases Conversion and Development Authority in August 2016. As such, he also became the chairman of the Subic-Clark Alliance Development, vice-chairman of the Clark International Airport Corporation, BCDA representative to the Clark Development Corporation board and member of the boards of directors of Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation, Bonifacio Estates Services Corporation and Bonifacio Global City Estates Association. Upon his assumption of the post, <mask>, together with BCDA Chairman Gregorio Garcia III, revamped BCDA's brand statement, “We Build Great Cities While We Strengthen the Armed Forces” to emphasize the agency's mandate of providing economic opportunities to its military stakeholders while transforming former military camps into centers of growth.During <mask>'s term as BCDA chief, the agency posted its highest contribution to its major stakeholder, the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). BCDA remitted ₱15.16 billion to the AFP in the first three years of the Duterte administration alone, accounting for 33 percent of the total contributions made since 1993. Under <mask>, BCDA has remitted a total of ₱16.367 billion to the National Treasury. BCDA's total assets increased by 7 percent from Php182 billion in 2018 to Php195 billion in 2019. <mask> prioritized the development of Clark which is aligned with President Duterte's plan to decongest the capital Metro Manila and develop other potential economic hubs in the regions. On November 27, 2018, BCDA inaugurated its corporate office in Clark Global City and transferred part of its operations there, as part of the move to decentralize state offices in Manila. In the same month, <mask> led BCDA's launch of “Clark: It Works, Like a Dream,” a major campaign which integrates four investment districts namely, the Clark Freeport Zone, Clark Global City, Clark International Airport and

masks: Dizon Dizon Dizon Dizon Dizon Dizon


title: Vince Dizon

texts: the New Clark City.<mask> saw Clark as one of the most financially viable lands of BCDA and prioritized the expansion of the Clark International Airport and the development of the Philippines’ first smart, green, sustainable and resilient metropolis, New Clark City. In October 2020, the government announced that the construction of the new Clark International Airport Passenger Terminal Building is already 100 percent completed, and will be operational by 2021. His term also saw quick development of New Clark City Phase 1A which served as the main sports hub for the 2019 Southeast Asian Games. The BCDA also hosted other major sporting events in the new sports complex, such as the 1st Philippine National Open Swimming Championships, Philippine Athletics Track and Field Association (PATAFA) qualifiers, and the first New Clark City Triathlon. President Duterte included <mask> as a member of the Cabinet cluster on infrastructure in July 2019, and in September the same year, he was named Presidential Adviser for Flagship Programs and Projects to oversee monitoring and implementation of the administration's flagship infrastructure programs, and making recommendations thereto. In November 2019, on a Senate interpellation for the Philippine Sports Commission Budget for 2020, <mask> was prominently coaching Senator Bong Go how to answer questions raised by Senator Franklin Drilon on the future financial viability of facilities built in BDCA for the 2019 Southeast Asian Games. In October 2020, the Citizens Crime Watch Association  filed before the Office of the Ombudsman a complaint  for graft and malversation against <mask>, Government Corporate Counsel Elpidio Vega, and Isaac David, the director of Malaysian firm MTD Capital Berhad – the BCDA's partner in building New Clark.over the P11-billion New Clark facilities utilized in the 2019 SEA Games. In December 2020, <mask> was appointed by President Duterte as the OIC chairperson of Clark Development Corporation, a subsidiary of the BCDA that manages Clark Freeport Zone. On October 15, 2021, <mask> filed his resignation as


title: Vince Dizon

texts:
 BCDA president. National Action Plan Against COVID-19

During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic and even while serving as BCDA chief, <mask> was appointed National Action Plan Against COVID-19 Deputy Chief Implementer, contributing to the government's policies in response to COVID-19 and serving as the country's Testing Czar. As chief coordinator of the government's "Test, Trace and Treat" strategy, <mask> played an active role in improving the Philippines’ COVID-19 testing capacity. In September, <mask> reported that 3 million Filipinos have been tested, with daily testing capacity reaching 42,000. <mask> was also actively involved in the conversion of major facilities to mega quarantine centers for COVID patients.In Clark, <mask> initiated the setting up of Task Force Clark Safe Haven to assist overseas Filipino workers (OFWs), both those stranded by the lockdown and those returning to the country. Through <mask> and the Clark Development Corporation (CDC), Clark was able to host the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) bubble, the first sports event in the country amid the COVID-19 pandemic. In November 2021, <mask> took his oath of office as the new Presidential Adviser for COVID response. According to acting presidential spokesperson Karlo Nograles, his office is focused on the vaccination efforts of government. Personal life
<mask> is married to Essie <mask> and they have one daughter. Awards received
<mask> was named one of the 2019 People Asia's People of the Year, for his part in the Philippine economic team and his active role in the implementation of the Duterte's Build Build Build infrastructure program. He is also an Asia CEO Awards 2019 Circle of Excellence Awardee and was featured by Pampanga-based newspaper Punto!as “2018 Man of the Year” for the projects he spearheaded in Clark. References

1974 births
Living people
Filipino civil servants
De La Salle University alumni
Alumni of the University of Reading
Filipino chief executives
Duterte Administration personnel
Benigno Aquino III Administration personnel
People from Quezon City
People from

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title: Dan Birkey

texts:
<mask> (born December 10, 1957 in Columbia, South Carolina) is an American soccer coach who has worked in the game at the club, collegiate and professional levels. He was the head men's soccer coach at Concordia University, Portland until April 2020 when the University Board of Directors announced that they were ceasing operations due to irreversible financial hardship . Upon Concordia's shift to NCAA DII in 2015, <mask> was the 10th all-time winningest men's soccer coach in NAIA history (27 years in NAIA, with .671 winning percentage). Biography and playing career
<mask> spent much of his youth in northern California, and moved to Washington before entering high school. He was a state championship basketball player there and multi-sport athlete, but discovered and fell in love with soccer in 1974 when saw an acquaintance juggling a soccer ball with his feet. He played club and high school soccer in Tacoma under German coach Yontz Miller. Birkey traveled through Central America in 1976 playing soccer and learning the game.<mask> was later recruited to compete at Warner Pacific College. While captaining the WPC team, <mask> set several school goal and assist records and was sixth in the nation in collegiate scoring and was named to several conference and region all star teams. In his senior year alone <mask> tallied 18 goals and 9 assists. <mask> was a top goal scorer and All-Star player for the Horse Brass Soccer Club where he played under British manager Clive Charles in the Oregon First Division and later with the championship Iguanas SC in the Over 30's Division. In 1979, <mask> departed WPC as a Conference and West Coast All-Star and left for South America the following summer. While there, he taught physical education and coached soccer at Christiansen Academy in Rubio, Venezuela, and played as a striker for Zulia FC then moving to the prestigious

masks:
Daniel Birkey
Birkey
Birkey
Birkey
Birkey
Birkey
Birkey
Birkey


title: Dan Birkey

texts:
 Deportivo Táchira soccer club in San Cristobal. As an American international, <mask> became popular on and off the pitch in Venezuela, earning him the nickname "El Torito Blanco" among local soccer fans for his relentless work ethic, tenacious style of play and off-field engagement in common public life.Coaching career
After returning to Oregon from South America, <mask> became limited as a player due to several knee surgeries and focused on his coaching career leading Columbia High School in Troutdale, OR. Having played under Clive Charles, he was invited to coach with him at the club level and worked numerous years as a staff coach at the Portland Timbers youth camps along with Timbers players from the late 1970s and early 1980s. It was <mask>'s professional relationship with Charles that set the model for much of his coaching philosophy. In 1985, he began coaching at the collegiate level at Portland Community College while working in Sports Medicine. After earning his master's degree in Kinesiology from Portland State in 1986, he began coaching at Concordia University, Portland, in 1988. Since that time, he has become most widely known for the prolific success of Concordia men's soccer. A significant milestone was made for his Concordia soccer program as CU athletics gained membership to the Great Northwest Athletic Conference (GNAC) and transitioned to NCAA DII competition in the Fall of 2015.In 1992, <mask> led the Concordia Cavaliers to a National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) District Championship and into the title game of the NCCAA national tournament that same year. "The Navy" soccer team became a Cascade Conference power with NAIA regional tournament appearances in thirteen of the past sixteen years, and a top-twenty national ranking in fourteen of those years. Their highest ranking is fifth nationally. He directed Concordia

masks: Birkey Birkey Birkey Birkey


title: Dan Birkey

texts: to regional championships and NAIA national tournament berths in 1999, 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2010. In 2000, <mask> was named to the Cascade Conference Coaches Hall of Fame after receiving numerous district, conference, and regional Coach of the Year awards. <mask> has amassed over 400 wins and a .642 winning percentage at Concordia. He has earned eighteen championships during that time, including 13 of his last 15 Cascade Collegiate Conference championships.In 2007, <mask> led the Cavs to their tenth-straight regional tournament appearance after capturing the conference regular season title. Under his guidance the CU men's soccer program were crowned CCC Champions in 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 and 2012 qualifying the CU team for the NAIA national tournament 7 times in program history. <mask> was instrumental in the 7.5 million dollar on-campus soccer stadium which opened in 2011 and worked closely with CU administrators and NIKE soccer to name the soccer field "Tuominen Yard" in respect to former CU soccer All-American (1994) and NIKE soccer marketing agent Jarkko Tuominen who died unexpectedly in September 2005. NIKE soccer maintained a strong relationship with the program and provided sponsorship until the galling closure of the program in 2020. <mask> served as interim athletic director at Concordia in the mid-1990s and continued as a professor in the Exercise & Sport Science Department. He was hired in 1996 as the head coach for the Cascade Surge, a professional team in the USISL. <mask> directs the highly successful Concordia Soccer Camps attracting hundreds of young soccer players each summer.He also served six years as the conference chairman for men's soccer and was the regional chair for men's soccer from 2001–04 and 2006-08. In 2011 <mask> was appointed to the NAIA Men's Soccer Executive Board and

masks: Birkey Birkey Birkey Birkey Birkey Birkey Birkey


title: Dan Birkey

texts:
 administered on the 2013 and 2014 National Tournament Games Committee. In January 2014 he was appointed National President of the NAIA Men's Soccer Coaches Association but regretfully ended his leadership service to the NAIA as Concordia turned its focus to NCAA DII and the GNAC. <mask> was awarded a Meritorious Service Award from the NAIA national office in April 2015 and continues to be resource to the NAIA as a member of their Past Presidents group. In 2020, prior to their closure, <mask> was inducted into the Concordia University Athletic Hall of Fame recognizing his total of 401 CU career wins during his 32 years of service to the University(1988-2020). <mask> has continued to develop in his coaching education by numerous appointments and visitations in the professional ranks. He has coached in Costa Rica, Trinidad, Antigua, and has held staff visitations in the English Premiership with Portsmouth Football Club in 2006, 2007 and 2008 (FA Cup winners) while managed by Harry Redknapp.Most recently <mask> has been involved with Everton Football Club in Liverpool and spent time with staff there including then First Team manager David Moyes and with the Reserve Team under Alan Stubbs, David Weir and Andy Holden in 2013. References

www.naia.org

External links
Profile at Concordia Cavaliers website

American expatriate soccer players
American soccer coaches
Deportivo Táchira F.C. players
Sportspeople from Portland, Oregon
1957 births
Sportspeople from Columbia, South Carolina
Living people
USISL coaches
Portland State University alumni
Warner Pacific Knights men's soccer players
Concordia University (Oregon)
American soccer players
Association footballers not categorized by position
People from Sumner, Washington
Soccer players from South Carolina
Portland Community College faculty
College men's soccer coaches in the United States
Soccer players from


title: John Flamsteed

texts:
<mask> FRS (19 August 1646 – 31 December 1719) was an English astronomer and the first Astronomer Royal. His main achievements were the preparation of a 3,000-star catalogue, Catalogus Britannicus, and a star atlas called Atlas Coelestis, both published posthumously. He also made the first recorded observations of Uranus, although he mistakenly catalogued it as a star, and he laid the foundation stone for the Royal Greenwich Observatory. Life

<mask> was born in Denby, Derbyshire, England, the only son of <mask> and his first wife, Mary Spadman. He was educated at the free school of Derby and at Derby School, in St Peter's Churchyard, Derby, near where his father carried on a malting business. At that time, most masters of the school were Puritans. Flamsteed had a solid knowledge of Latin, essential for reading the scientific literature of the day, and a love of history, leaving the school in May 1662.His progress to Jesus College, Cambridge, recommended by the Master of Derby School, was delayed by some years of chronic ill health. During those years, Flamsteed gave his father some help in his business, and from his father learnt arithmetic and the use of fractions, developing a keen interest in mathematics and astronomy. In July 1662, he was fascinated by the thirteenth-century work of Johannes de Sacrobosco,  De sphaera mundi, and on 12 September 1662 observed his first partial solar eclipse. Early in 1663, he read Thomas Fale's Horologiographia: The Art of Dialling, which set off an interest in sundials. In the summer of 1663, he read Wingate's Canon, William Oughtred's Canon, and Thomas Stirrup's Art of Dialling. At about the same time, he acquired Thomas Street's Astronomia Carolina, or A New Theory of the Celestial Motions (Caroline Tables). He associated himself with local gentlemen interested in astronomy,

masks:
John Flamsteed
Flamsteed
Stephen Flamsteed


title: John Flamsteed

texts: including William Litchford, whose library included the work of the astrologer <mask> which included astronomical tables by Jeremiah Horrocks, who had died in 1641 at the age of twenty-two.<mask> was greatly impressed (as Isaac Newton had been) by the work of Horrocks. In August 1665, at the age of nineteen and as a gift for his friend Litchford, Flamsteed wrote his first paper on astronomy, entitled Mathematical Essays, concerning the design, use and construction of an astronomer's quadrant, including tables for the latitude of Derby. In September 1670, Flamsteed visited Cambridge and entered his name as an undergraduate at Jesus College. While it seems he never took up full residence, he was there for two months in 1674, and had the opportunity to hear Isaac Newton's Lucasian Lectures. Ordained a deacon, he was preparing to take up a living in Derbyshire when he was invited to London by his patron Jonas Moore, Surveyor-General of the Ordnance. Moore had recently made an offer to the Royal Society to pay for the establishment of an observatory. These plans were, however, preempted when Charles II was persuaded by his mistress, Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, to hear about a proposal to find longitude by the position of the Moon from an individual known as Le Sieur de St Pierre.Charles appointed a Royal Commission to examine the proposal in December 1674, consisting of Lord Brouncker, Seth Ward, Samuel Moreland, Christopher Wren, Silius Titus, <mask> and Robert Hooke. Having arrived in London on 2 February 1675, and staying with Jonas Moore at the Tower of London, Flamsteed had the opportunity to be taken by Titus to meet the King. He was subsequently admitted as an official Assistant to the Royal Commission and supplied observations in order to test St Pierre's proposal and to offer his own comments. The

masks:
John Gadbury
Flamsteed
John Pell


title: John Flamsteed

texts: commission's conclusions were that, although St Pierre's proposal was not worth further consideration, the King should consider establishing an observatory and appointing an observer in order to better map the stars and the motions of the Moon in order to underpin the successful development of the lunar-distance method of finding longitude. On 4 March 1675 Flamsteed was appointed by royal warrant "The King's Astronomical Observator" – the first English Astronomer Royal, with an allowance of £100 a year. The warrant stated his task as "rectifieing the Tables of the motions of the Heavens, and the places of the fixed stars, so as to find out the so much desired Longitude of places for Perfecteing the Art of Navigation". In June 1675, another royal warrant provided for the founding of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, and Flamsteed laid the foundation stone on 10 August.In February 1676, he was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in July, he moved into the Observatory where he lived until 1684, when he was "[e]levated to the priesthood [and] appointed rector" of the small village of Burstow, near Crawley in Surrey. He held that office, as well as that of Astronomer Royal, until his death. He is buried at Burstow, and the east window in the church was dedicated to him as a memorial. The will of Flamsteed's widow, Margaret, left instructions for her own remains to be deposited "in the same Grave in which Mr <mask> is buryed in the Chancell of Burstow Church". She also left instructions, and twenty five pounds, for the executor of her will to place "in the aforesaid Chancell of Burstow … A Marble stone or Monument, with an inscription in Latin, in memory of the late Reverend Mr. <mask>". It seems no such monument was created, and almost 200 years later, a plaque was placed to mark his burial in the chancel. After his

masks:
John Flamed
John Flamsteed


title: John Flamsteed

texts:
 based at The Royal Observatory Greenwich. The crater Flamsteed on the Moon is named after him. The asteroid 4987 Flamsteed is named in his honour. He is commemorated in several Derbyshire schools. The science block at John Port Spencer Academy is named Flamsteed, <mask>ed House at the Ecclesbourne School in Duffield is also named after him.Derby City Council erected a Blue Plaque in his honour at the Queen Street former Clock Works in Derby, which also honours Joseph Wright of Derby who lived in the house formerly owned by Flamsteed. See also
 Flamsteed objects
 3 Cassiopeiae (possibly a supernova sighting or recording error)

References

Further reading
 Die große Flamsteed-Edition, Himmelskartographie von 1776 bis 1805, 94 originalgetreu faksimilierte Himmelskarten, Albireo Verlag Köln, 2017, . The correspondence of <mask>, the first Astronomer Royal compiled and edited by Eric G. Forbes, ... Lesley Murdin and Frances Willmoth. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing, 1995–2002    (v. 1);  (v. 2) ;  (v.3)
The Gresham lectures of <mask>, edited and introduced by Eric G. Forbes. London: Mansell, 1975
Newton's Tyranny: The Suppressed Scientific Discoveries of Stephen Gray and <mask>, David H. Clark & Stephen H.P. Clark. W. H. Freeman, 2001

External links

 Online catalogue of Flamsteed's working and personal papers (part of the Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives held at Cambridge University Library)
Baily, Francis (1837) Supplement to the account of the Rev <mask>steed, at archive.org, containing Flamsteed's own narrative of the conflict with Newton and numerous letters
 <mask>lamsteed Biography (SEDS)
 Rare book collection at the Vienna Institute of Astronomy
 Flamsteed biography
 Flamsteed Astronomy Society

Star catalogues
Historiae coelestis libri duo.e-rara.ch. — pirated by Isaac Newton and Edmund Halley edition

masks:
Johnste
John Flamsteed
John Fsteed
John Flamsteed
John Flam
John F


title: John Flamsteed

texts:
 of Flamsteed's British star catalogue (1712)
Historia Coelestis Britannica, Volume 1 (1725)
Historia Coelestis Britannica, Volume 2 (1725)
Historia Coelestis Britannica, Volume 3 (1725) (British Catalogue page)
Éphémérides des mouvemens célestes. — French edition of the British Catalogue with Flamsteed numbers (1783)
Caroline Herschel. Catalogue of Stars, taken from Mr. <mask>'s observations contained in the second volume of the Historia Cœlestis, and not inserted in the British Catalogue ... By Carolina Herschel. With introductory and explanatory remarks to each of them. By William Herschel (1798)
Francis Baily. A Catalogue of the Positions (in 1690) of 564 Stars observed by Flamsteed, but not inserted in his British Catalogue, together with some Remarks on Flamsteed's Observations.(1829)
Francis Baily. An Account of the Revd. <mask>, the First Astronomer-royal: Compiled from His Own Manuscripts, and Other Authentic Documents, Never Before Published. To which is Added His British Catalogue of Stars, Corrected and Enlarged (1835)
Wagman, M. Flamsteed's Missing Stars (1987)

Atlas Coelestis
  — scan of the 1st edition (1729)
 Atlas Coelestis — full digital facsimile of the 1st edition, Linda Hall Library (1729)
  — full scan of the 2nd edition (1753)
Atlas coelestis, Londra Edizione del 1753 da www.atlascoelestis.com
Atlas coelestis, Londra Edizione del 1753 colorata a mano da www.atlascoelestis.com
  — scan of the 3rd edition (1776)
 Atlas Céleste de Flamstéed — French edition reproduced by J. Fortin, full digital facsimile of the 3rd edition, Linda Hall Library (1776)

1646 births
1719 deaths
English Anglicans
17th-century English astronomers
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Astronomers Royal
Fellows of the Royal Society
People educated at Derby School
People from Denby
Christ's Hospital staff
18th-century British

masks:
Flamsteed
John Flamsteed


title: Sid Hatfield

texts: <mask><mask>" <mask> (May 15, 1891 or 1893 – August 1, 1921), was Police Chief of Matewan, West Virginia during the Battle of Matewan, a shootout that followed a series of evictions carried out by detectives from the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency. <mask> was born in Blackberry, Pike County, Kentucky, the tenth of twelve children (of whom nine survived infancy) of <mask> (c. 1843/45 – 1923), a tenant farmer, and his wife Rebecca Crabtree (b. circa 1856). His grandfather, <mask>, was a half-brother to <mask> (1789–1867), grandfather of William Anderson "Devil Anse" <mask>, leader of the <mask> family involved in the famous Hatfield-McCoy Feud (see Hatfield Family Tree). According to the 1900 Census, two older brothers, Orison and Hereford, an older sister Chloe, and a younger sister and brother, Martha Alice and Freeland, were then still living at home with him and their parents. His eldest sister Vandalia or Vandella was already married by this time, and an older brother, Melvin, had left home. As a child, Hatfield worked on his father's farm. He became a miner in his teens, and then worked as a blacksmith for several years.He received his nickname, "Smilin' <mask>", because of the gold caps on several of his upper teeth. He seems to have had a reputation for hard living and fighting, and his appointment in 1919 to the post of Police Chief of Matewan, by the mayor, Cabell Cornelis Testerman (1882–1920), surprised some of the more "respectable" townsfolk. However, he was a staunch supporter of the United Mine Workers of America, as was Testerman: together, they were instrumental in leading the mining community's resistance to the Baldwin-Felts operatives. Operatives offered both men substantial bribes to allow them to station machine guns in the town. Hatfield and Testerman

masks:
William Sidney "
Sid
Hatfield
History Hatfield
Jacob Hatfield
Jeremiah Hatfield
Valentine Hatfield
Hatfield
Hatfield
Sid


title: Sid Hatfield

texts: refused. The Battle of Matewan was precipitated by the Baldwin-Felts agents' attempts to evict the families of unionized miners. On June 2, 1920, in Huntington, he married Jessie Lee Maynard (1894–1976), the widowed second wife of Testerman, who had been mortally wounded in the battle.The speed of the marriage (they were married 11 days after Testerman's death, the morning after being arrested in a hotel room together and charged with having "improper relations") led to an attempt at arrest and accusations by Thomas Felts and the Baldwin-Felts spy, Charles Lively, that he, not Albert Felts, had shot the Mayor because of his desire for Jessie. However, according to Jessie, her first husband, aware of the danger of their situation, had asked that his friend take care of her and their young son, Jackson (1915–2001), should he be killed. The battle had given <mask> a degree of celebrity. He appeared in a short film, "Smilin' Sid," for the United Mine Workers (UMWA), and was photographed with other UMWA activists, including Mary Harris "Mother" Jones. However, he was aware that his life was in danger from Felts, who sought vengeance for his brothers Albert and Lee. He was indicted on murder charges stemming from the Matewan shootout but was later acquitted by the jury. He was sent to stand trial with his friend and deputy, Edward Chambers, on conspiracy charges for another incident, in Welch, West Virginia.The conspiracy charges were based on an incident in Mohawk, West Virginia, located in McDowell County near the border of Mingo County. The mining camp of Mohawk was shot up, and according to the local mine guards, the perpetrators were Mingo County strikers led by <mask> and Ed Chambers, intending to force the Mohawk miners to unionize. (p 65, Howard B. Lee, Bloodletting in

masks:
Hatfield
Sid Hatfield


title: Sid Hatfield

texts:
 Appalachia). According to Lively's secret testimony (leading to Hatfield's indictment), Lively had persuaded miners in his restaurant--as well as Hatfield and Chambers--to do something drastic: he encouraged the miners to arm themselves and shoot up the nonunion tipple at Mohawk. At this location, the mine guards had a reception committee waiting for them, with bloodhounds and machine guns, while Lively made himself busy on the telephone. (When Miners March, William Blizzard) The union leaders, on the other hand, argued that the shooting was done by McDowell County mine guards, and that they were attempting to falsely accuse Hatfield and Chambers of the offense in order to ambush them in McDowell County. (p 65, Howard B. Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia)

At the assurances of McDowell County sheriff W.J."Bill<mask>, a distant relative of <mask>, Ed Chambers and <mask> were told that they would have the fullest protection of the sheriff's office. However, the day before the shooting at Mohawk, <mask> left the county for Craig Healing Springs in Virginia. (p 67, Howard B. Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia)

Both men arrived in Welch on August 1, 1921, unarmed and accompanied by their wives. Several Baldwin-Felts men shot them on the McDowell County Courthouse steps. Hit in the arm, and three or four times in the chest, <mask> died instantly. Chambers was shot several more times, as his wife tried to defend him, and finished off with a bullet in the head by Charles Lively. None of the Baldwin-Felts detectives was ever convicted of <mask>'s assassination: they claimed they had acted "in self-defense."To this day, the bullet marks from the assassins are visible on the sandstone stairs of the courthouse. There was an outpouring of grief for the fallen local heroes at the funeral, which

masks:
" Hatfield
Sid Hatfield
Sid Hatfield
Sheriff Hatfield
Hatfield
Hatfield


title: Sid Hatfield

texts:
 was attended by at least 3,000 people, and conducted with full honors from the Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias and Redmen (he was a member of all of these organizations). Legacy
Director John Sayles' Academy Award-nominated 1987 film Matewan starred David Strathairn in the role of <mask>. West Virginia: A Film History mistakenly identifies him as <mask> <mask>, as well as claiming that he was not related to "Devil Anse" <mask>. This may be because of rumours that he was illegitimate, and so possibly not of Hatfield descent. See also
 Charles Lively (labor spy)
 List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes

References

Further reading
 David Alan Corbin (ed. ), Gun Thugs, Rednecks, and Radicals: A Documentary History of the West Virginia Mine Wars, PM Press, Oakland CA, 2011,
 Desmond Kilkeary, The Hatfields and the Baldwin-Felts
 Joe Roxby, '"Two Gun" <mask>field'
 Lon Savage, Thunder in the Mountains: The West Virginia Mine War, 1920–21, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1990,
 West Virginia Archives & History, On This Day in West Virginia History...: The Matewan Massacre
 Matewan at the Internet Movie Database

External links

 West Virginia Mine Wars Museum independent history museum covering the Mine Wars Era in Matewan, WV.Building was Chambers Hardware in 1920, site of the Battle of Matewan. West Virginia: A Film History, including archive film footage of <mask>
 1900 Census for Pike Co., KY, 0104 Magisterial District 5, Blackberry Precinct, listing family of Jacob and Rebecca Hatfield

People from Pike County, Kentucky
People from Matewan, West Virginia
1893 births
1921 deaths
Deaths by firearm in West Virginia
Assassinated American activists
American police chiefs
Male murder victims
Hatfield family
People murdered in West Virginia
Assassinated

masks:
Hatfield
Albert Sidney
Hatfield
Hatfield
Sid Hat
Sid Hatfield


title: Percivall Pott

texts:
<mask> (6 January 1714, in London – 22 December 1788) was an English surgeon, one of the founders of orthopaedics, and the first scientist to demonstrate that a cancer may be caused by an environmental carcinogen. Career
He served his apprenticeship with Edward Nourse, assistant surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, and in 1736 was admitted to the Barbers' Company and licensed to practice. He became assistant surgeon to St Bartholomew's in 1744 and full surgeon from 1749 till 1787. As the first surgeon of his day in England, excelling even his pupil, John Hunter, on the practical side, Pott introduced various important innovations in procedure, doing much to abolish the extensive use of escharotics and the cautery that was prevalent when he began his career. In 1756, Pott sustained a broken leg after a fall from his horse. It is often assumed that his injury was the same one that later came to be known as Pott's fracture, but in reality Pott's broken leg was a much more serious compound fracture of the tibia. As he lay in the muck, he sent a servant to buy a door from a nearby construction site, then had himself placed on the door and taken home.Surgeons cleaned the wound and discussed amputation, an operation which at the time had a very high rate of failure, as it often led to sepsis and death, but <mask> prevailed on them to splint the leg, and he ultimately recovered completely. In 1769 <mask> published Some Few Remarks upon Fractures and Dislocations. The book was translated into French and Italian, and had a far-reaching influence in Britain and France. His name was written in the annals of medicine,

masks:
Percivall Pott
Pott
Pott


title: Percivall Pott

texts: by first describing arthritic tuberculosis of the spine (Pott's disease). He gave an excellent clinical description in his Remarks on that Kind of Palsy of the Lower Limbs. Among his other writings the most noteworthy are A Treatise on Ruptures (1756), and Chirurgical Observations. In 1775, Pott found an association between exposure to soot and a high incidence of scrotal cancer (later found to be a type of squamous cell carcinoma) in chimney sweeps.This unusual disease, later termed chimney sweeps' carcinoma due to <mask>'s investigation, was the first occupational link to cancer, and <mask> became the first person to associate a malignancy with an environmental carcinogen, implicating chimney soot as a direct contact carcinogen to skin. His work helped lead to the Chimney Sweepers Act 1788. Latter animal studies (1933) painting coal tar onto skin would demonstrate the role of the first proven chemical carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene, which occurs in high concentrations in smoke and chimney soot, with the process that Pott first identified. <mask>'s early investigations thus contributed to the science of epidemiology and the Chimney Sweepers Act 1788. The same chemical responsible for Pott's unique cancer of chimney sweeps has since proven to be a prime suspect in various cancers caused by cigarette smoke. In 1765, he was elected Master of the Company of Surgeons, the forerunner of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. A manuscript copy of his 1779 lectures on surgery survive as part of the Manchester Medical Manuscripts Collection held by special collections at the University of Manchester Library with

masks: Pott Pott Pott


title: Percivall Pott

texts:
 the reference MMM/15/2/6.Late career

<mask> <mask> married in 1740. They lived together in Lincoln's Inn Fields in London and would go on to have five sons and four daughters. Although little more is known about <mask> <mask>'s private life, <mask> is regularly described as having excellent character, and an archetypical English surgeon. It is believed that Pott's standard of living was a contributor to the rise of the surgeon within social standings. Amid the patient wards, Pott also honed his writing skills and believed in patient education. He would distribute pamphlets, noting his observations and thoughts on topics ranging from "head injuries, hydrocele, fistula, rupture, and fracture", in the hospital environment. These pamphlets were in high demand and would sell for more than one shilling and six pence.Between 1760s and the 1770s over fourteen of <mask>'s pamphlets were in circulation. <mask> <mask>'s dedication to his patients and standard of care garnered Pott high praise and fame. He is generally regarded as one of the two greatest surgeons of the 18th century along with his student John Hunter. In 1786, he was honoured as the first Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Shortly after, he retired in 1787 and was named a governor of St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Chimney sweepers' carcinoma

Percivall Pott has influenced medicine and modern understanding of diseases. Many diseases today are his namesake including: Pott's fracture, Pott's disease of the spine, and Pott's puffy tumor.One disease which does not, yet is important to <mask>'s legacy is chimney sweeper's

masks: Percivall Potts Percivall Pott Pott Pott Percivall Pott Pott