title: James J. Jeffries

texts:
 chance. He did not know the meaning of the word fear." W. W. Naughton, sports writer of the day, records: "To sum up his qualities of ringsmanship, it may be said he is fairly talented in every branch of self-defense. He boxes cleverly, defends himself well, and strikes a hard blow.But back of all these are the qualities which have made him a champion, magnificent strength and wonderful endurance." Dewitt Van Court, boxing instructor and athletic director of the Los Angeles Athletic Club wrote: "I was with <mask><mask> when he first started to box. I was with him when he won the Championship. I was with him when he lost it. Besides being the greatest Heavyweight Champion that ever lived, he is today and has been all his life, a man among men, a true friend with a heart as big as his body." The city of Burbank embedded a small bronze plaque in the sidewalk at the site where <mask> died. The plaque was located on the southeast side of Buena Vista ~150 yards south of Victory Boulevard, before being stored at Burbank City Hall, and now is located at the Gordon R. Howard Museum.<mask>ries Avenue that runs parallel between Burbank and Victory Blvds in the city is named after him also. <mask><mask> was elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990. Professional boxing record

Selected filmography
Kid Speed (1924)
One Round Hogan (1927)
Beau Broadway (1928)
Rain or Shine (1930)
The Fighting Gentleman (1932)
 Midnight Patrol (1932)

See also
List of heavyweight boxing champions

References

External links

 <mask><mask> - CBZ Profile

brieg article on <mask><mask> as a Laurel & Hardy player

1875 births
1953 deaths
Boxers from California
American boilermakers
Burials at Inglewood Park Cemetery
Heavyweight boxers
Sportspeople from Burbank, California
World heavyweight boxing champions
World boxing champions
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
American male boxers
People from Fairfield County, Ohio
Deaths from coronary

masks:
James J
. Jeffries
James Jeffries
Jeff
James J
. Jeffries
James J
. Jeffries
James J
. Jeffries


title: Herman Trunk

type: original

texts:
<mask> (31 October 1894 – 16 August 1963), also known as <mask>., was an American painter active in the modernist movement of the 1920s and 1930s. He exhibited alongside some of the most famous artists of the day. At present his contributions to figurative abstract art are being recovered by scholars and critics. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Biography
Born in New York City to a family of printmakers, <mask> spent much of his life in the family’s home at 135 Essex Street in Brooklyn. He became interested in art while a child at the Dominican Convent School, and as a young adult took night classes in art at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn. <mask> joined the Army during World War I and served in Europe with the 176th Pursuit Squadron.Upon his return to the states, <mask> resumed his study of painting, working under John Sloan and Hayley Lever at the Art Students League in 1919. He studied with Henry Lee McFee at the League’s summer workshops in Woodstock, New York. According to Meredith Ward, <mask> learned about cubism as a form from McFee, and that with the encouragement of Lever (and critical notice from Forbes Watson in the mid-1920s), <mask> selected watercolor as his main medium. In a 1935 interview in the Brooklyn Eagle newspaper, <mask> explained, “With water color . . . you can get a thing done after you have figured out its content and form – while you still feel it. But oils – by the time you’re half through, most of the emotion may have died.”

Exhibits and Emphases
In the 1920s <mask>’s work appeared in exhibitions by the Art Students League of New York, the Society of Independent Artists, the National Academy of Design, the Art Institute of Chicago,

masks:
Herman Trunk
Herman Trunk Jr
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk


title: Herman Trunk

texts: and the Brooklyn Society of Independent Artists. In 1925, New York gallery owner F. Valentine Dudensing became interested in <mask>, and thereafter <mask> showed quite frequently with Dudensing.His first one-man show at Dudensing Galleries took place in November–December 1928, and garnered many positive reviews: “His is a picture offering beauty, in a deliberate arrangement to achieve that effect. The beauty though is alive, for it is veined with the blood of poetry and energy”. His work was frequently compared to Charles Demuth, but once <mask>’s skill with color determination and line design emerged, he was recognized as having a “style extremely individual”. Another critic explained that, “He has a remarkable flair for reducing natural objects to their essential shapes and primary colors – a process saved from any posterlike suggestion because of the sensitive treatment and appreciation for subtleties of color and design”. In the 1930s and 1940s, <mask>’s work moved increasingly towards geometric and architectural experiments, as his fame grew within the art community in New York City. In 1931, Zoltan Hecht’s School for the New Age reproduced one of <mask>’s sailboat images as a hand-hooked rug, an item which attracted the notice of architect and designer Eugene Schoen. <mask> joined many museum exhibitions, including the first and second biennial exhibitions at the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1932 and 1934.In 1933, his work appeared in the Venice Biennale as part of the Whitney Exhibit; he was the only artist from Brooklyn to be included. During the same period he participated in group exhibitions at the Brooklyn Museum. The depression intervened, and Trunk Brothers printmakers collapsed, as did Dudensing’s

masks: Trunk Trunk Trunk Trunk Trunk Trunk


title: Herman Trunk

texts:
 gallery. The artist showed in 1938 with the Collectors of American Art in New York. <mask> worked with Marion Grant, of Grant Studios in Brooklyn, holding a one-man exhibition there in March 1939. The New York Sun said of the Grant exhibit, “He will paint in the same composition the outside of a house and its interior as well, present within a single frame three seasons at once, and yet in either case contrive to weld the whole into a decorative entity. It is much like the fragmentary, unrelated, yet overlapping, glimpses that come in dreams, or the way logically disconnected, though vividly realized bits of experience, flash on the drowsing memory when it is not focused intently on any particular thing.With all it is vastly interesting and to be appreciated must be seen”. After World War I, <mask>’s work included paintings which Meredith Ward describes as “strikingly proto-Pop,” and marks <mask> as a forerunner of the 1960s Pop art genre. Resurgence of Interest in Trunk
During the 1920s and 1930s, <mask> exhibited alongside some of the most prominent artists in American modernism, those that critics remember today, including Charles Demuth, John Marin, Stuart Davis, Joseph Stella, Joseph Pollet, Edward Hopper, Arthur Dove, and many more. His work was supported by Juliana Force, Frederick C. Bartlett, Chester Holmes Aldrich, H.C. Richardson, Nathaniel Pousette-Dart, Edward Root, Forbes Watson, and others. In a January 20, 1928 letter to Stella Bowen, Ford Madox Ford praised <mask>'s work as "really remarkable." <mask>’s recovery as a major American modernist painter began with the spring 1989 exhibition at Herschl & Adler Galleries. There are many reasons <mask> had been overlooked by art historians until the current

masks: Trunk Trunk Trunk Trunk Trunk Trunk Trunk


title: Herman Trunk

texts:
 moment: his background and commitments were traditional, as he was a devoted husband and father.He was nicknamed “The Candlelight Painter” by the media in the 1920s since he maintained his job as a printmaker and painted at night. In addition, <mask> was a faithful Catholic during a period of virulent anti-Catholic sentiment. Reconsideration of <mask>’s commitment to his Catholic faith and its impact on his art is examined by art historian Cynthia Fowler in the 2009 exhibition <mask>: Catholic Modernist and the accompanying exhibition catalogue. A discussion of <mask>'s still-life paintings, the work for which he is best known, is also examined in this catalogue by art historian Dena Gilby. In addition, an October 2009 conference in honor of <mask> at Emmanuel College, “Early American Modernism and Religion,” turned its attention towards the role of faith to the artistic movement. Most important to understanding <mask>’s lack of visibility today may very well be the fact that a World War I injury rendered <mask> nearly deaf, and as a result social networking at galleries and shows was difficult for him. At present, interest in <mask> is building.Two shows appeared in 2009. Emmanuel College in Boston held “<mask>: Catholic Modernist” in September and October; and in October through December Endicott College in Beverly, Massachusetts hosted “<mask> (1894-1963) and the Modernist Still Life." His work as a Catholic artist also has drawn attention from the National Museum of Catholic Art and History. In December 2011, Cynthia Fowler published, "<mask>'s Cubist Crucifix:  A Case Study," in Religion and the Arts, a publication of Boston College. <mask>'s Papers and Private Collections
The Smithsonian Archives of American Art

masks:
Trunk
Trunk
Herman Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Herman Trunk
Herman Trunk
Herman Trunk
Trunk


title: Herman Trunk

texts:
 holds <mask>’s papers, which include the following: "Letters, writings, photographs, printed material, and a DVD videorecording relating to <mask>'s career as a modernist painter. Letters are from Juliana Force, Arthur E. McFarlane, Henry McFee, author B.F. Morrow, and Charles J. Simpson, secretary of the American Veterans Society of Artists, Harry C. Richardson, Gertrude Herdle Moore, Holger Cahill, Audrey F. McMahon, Hugo C.M. Wendel, Kimon Nicolaides, Zoltan Hecht, and Marion M. Grant, among others.Writings include consignment forms and reports from the Dudensing Gallery, New York City, an artist statement, one notebook labeled Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek, Etruscan, and Greco-Roman, one notebook on fresco painting, and two notebooks listing information on art works by <mask>. Photographs are of <mask>, his wife, and others. Printed material consists of scrapbook pages, newspaper clippings, exhibition catalogs and pamphlets mostly concerning <mask>'s exhibitions at Dudensing Gallery, New York.”

Many of his paintings remain in the possession of his family and with private collectors. In 2009, The Herman Trunk Foundation was incorporated as part of the effort to preserve the artist's legacy. References

External links
The Herman Trunk Foundation
Emmanuel College, "<mask>: Catholic Modernist" Sept. 8 - Oct. 22 2009
Endicott College, "<mask> and the Modernist Still Life" Oct. 15 - Dec. 18 2009
<mask> Papers at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art
Francis M. Naumann 1994 Exhibition
New York Times essay on 1992 Nardin Fine Arts show
National Museum of Catholic Art and History
Trunk's Paintings

1894 births
1963 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Cubist artists
Modern painters
Olympic competitors in

masks:
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Hermanrunk
Hermanrunk
Herman Trunk


title: Stephen Marley (musician)

texts:
<mask> (born April 20, 1972) is a Jamaican-American musician and is the son of <mask>. <mask> is an eight-time Grammy Award winner, three times as a solo artist, twice as a producer of younger brother <mask>'s Halfway Tree and Welcome to Jamrock albums, and a further three times as a member of his older brother <mask> & The Melody Makers. <mask>'s 2011 album Revelation Pt. 1 – The Root of Life won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album in 2012. His follow-up, Revelation Pt. 2 – The Fruit of Life, was released on July 22, 2016. In several of his self-produced solo albums Mind Control (2007), Mind Control Acoustic (2008), Revelation Part I: The Root of Life (2011) and Revelation Part II: The Fruit of Life (2016) he has composed and produced all the songs on his album, and he has played a variety of the musical instruments himself.On April 3, 2017, <mask> and Pitbull performed at The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, playing their single, "Options". Early life
<mask> was born in Wilmington, Delaware, and raised in Kingston, Jamaica. Career

Melody Makers
In 1979, a seven-year-old <mask> <mask> and the Melody Makers alongside older siblings Ziggy, Sharon and Cedella – the children of <mask> and wife, Rita. The Melody Makers recorded the song "Children Playing in the Streets" written by their father <mask>. Proceeds of the sale of the song went to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). In 1980, <mask> performed the lead on the Melody Makers' single "Sugar Pie". <mask> and older brother Ziggy – <mask>'s two eldest sons – were directly mentored into music by their father and performed alongside <mask> and the Wailers at the 1978 One Love Peace Concert in Kingston, Jamaica, 1979 Reggae Sunsplash in Montego Bay and at Zimbabwe's independence

masks:
Stephen Robert Nesta Marley
Bob Marley
Marley
Damian Marley
Ziggy Marleygy Marley
Marley
Marley
Marley
Marleyiggy
Marley
Bob Marley
Bob Marley
Stephen
Stephen
Bob Marley
Bob Marley


title: Stephen Marley (musician)

texts: celebrations in Salisbury, Rhodesia (Harare, Zimbabwe) in 1980.The brothers performed, alongside the Wailers and the I Threes, at their father's funeral on May 21, 1981. After <mask>'s death, the Melody Makers continued with Ziggy taking over as the group's leader, composing songs such as "What a Plot" in 1982, as well as "Lying in Bed" and "I Met Her on a Rainy Day" in 1984. In 1985, the group released their first album, Play the Game Right. With their third album, Conscious Party, the group was now called "Ziggy <mask> and the Melody Makers" with Ziggy performing the lead vocals, and <mask> playing instruments, the group gained fame with hits such as "Tomorrow People," "Tumblin' Down," "Lee and Molly" and "Conscious Party." The album went platinum in the United States, and the Melody Makers would become the youngest recipients of the Grammy for Best Reggae album for Conscious Party. Their follow up album One Bright Day released in 1989 featured the hit "Look Who's Dancing" written by Ziggy and <mask>. Just 17 at the time, <mask> shared the lead vocals with his big brother and performed dancehall toasting on the song, which also featured energetic backing female vocals by Sharon, Cedella and Erica.<mask> earned the nickname "Raggamuffin" or "Ragga" as he was the first <mask> to engage in dancehall rap/deejaying. Other albums released in the 1990s included Jahmekya, Free Like We Want to B, Joy and Blues, Fallen is Babylon and Spirit of Music. <mask> played a mostly background role, as an instrumentalist, songwriter, and co-producer; but performed the lead vocals on some songs such as "Keep On," "Postman," and "One Good Spliff." <mask> shared the lead with Ziggy on songs such as "Works to Do," a track produced by <mask> himself, and "Water and Oil"

masks:
Bob Marley
Marley
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Marley
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen


title: Stephen Marley (musician)

texts:
 adding ragga toasting to Ziggy's singing. Another Ziggy <mask> and the Melody Makers song written and fronted (lead vocals) by <mask> was "Tipsy Dazy" featured in the soundtrack of the 1997 Hollywood film Anaconda. Ziggy <mask> and the Melody Makers won a total of three Grammy awards for Best Reggae Album. Music producer

In 1999, <mask> produced Chant Down Babylon a remix album of <mask>'s music, modernised to appeal to a modern audience, featuring hip-hop, R&B and rock stars including Lauryn Hill, Erykah Badu, Guru, Busta Rhymes, MC Lyte, Steven Tyler, Joe Perry, Chuck D, and The Roots.The single "Turn Your Lights Down Low" featuring Lauryn Hill became a huge hit internationally, <mask> modernising a song that had received little attention as a B side song in the 1977 Exodus album. In 1996, <mask> produced debut albums by younger brothers Julian and <mask> (<mask>'s sons from relationships outside his marriage to Rita). <mask> was particularly successful in Damian's musical success, producing his brother's first three albums, <mask> (1996), as well as the Grammy Award-winning Halfway Tree (2001) and Welcome to Jamrock (2005). <mask> contributed production of three songs to Damian's collaboration album with Nas, "Distant Relatives" (2010). On that album, <mask> produced the songs "Patience," "Leaders" and "In His Own Words," lending vocals to the latter two tracks. <mask> also worked with the Fugees in their mid 1990s remake of <mask>'s "No Woman No Cry," and produced music for popular hip-hop artists such as Krayzie Bone ("Revolution" from 'Thug Mentality' album 1999), Erykah Badu ("In Love with You" from 'Mama's Gun' album 2000), Eve ("No, no, no" from her 'Scorpion' album, 2001), and Mr Cheeks ("Mama Say" and "Till We Meet Again" from the

masks:
Marley
Stephen
Marley
Marley
Bob Marley
Marley
Stephen
Damian Marley
Bob Marley
Stephen
Mr Marley
Stephen
Stephen
Marley
Bob Marley


title: Stephen Marley (musician)

texts:
 'John P Kelly' album, 2001) . He also produced music for dancehall artists such as Capleton, ("Sunshine Girl" from the "Reign of Fire" album, 2004) and reggae legends Inner Circle, ("Smoke Gets in My Eyes" from the 'State of Da World' album, 2009).In 2022 he produced an EP in tribute to Nina Simone, Celebrating Nina: A Reggae Tribute to Nina Simone, featuring Queen Ifrica, Cedella <mask>, and Etana. Solo career
After spending many years in the background as a producer, and backing big brother Ziggy as a Melody Maker, <mask> finally became a solo artist, releasing the albums Mind Control (2007), Mind Control Acoustic (2008), Revelation Part I: The Root of Life (2011), and Revelation Part II: The Fruit of Life (2016). His first three solo albums won Grammy awards for Best Reggae Album, adding to the three Grammy awards he had already won as a member of Ziggy <mask> and the Melody Makers and the two other Grammy awards he earned for producing younger brother Damian's albums Halfway Tree and Welcome to Jamrock." Mind Control, which featured the single "Hey Baby" featuring Mos Def peaked at number 35 on the Billboard Hot 100, while Revelation Part I: The Root of Life reached position 92 and "Revelation Part II: The Fruit of Life" peaked at position 129. All <mask>'s albums reached the number 1 position on the Billboard reggae charts. In its Mind Control album review published on April 13, 2007, the Austin Chronicle wrote:

<mask>'s solo debut is everything a modern reggae album should be. Producer of myriad <mask> family recordings, <mask> has developed an ambitious ear...Mindful of the music's deep roots yet awash in dancehall toasts and hip-hop beats, Mind Control layers sound skilfully...the tradition rests in strong hands. In reviewing Revelation

masks:
Marley
Marley
Marley
Marley
Stephen Marley
Marley
Stephen


title: Stephen Marley (musician)

texts:
 Part II: The Fruit of Life, Jon Pareless, writing in The New York Times on July 20, 2016, noted that:

Being <mask>'s son has given <mask> a voice with archetypal familiarity, some instant brand recognition and a cultural responsibility. On "Revelation Pt. I," Mr. <mask> stayed close to the roots reggae sound <mask> perfected in the 1970s with the Wailers, though his album added a few guest rappers. "Revelation Pt. II" is far less purist; it strives for both innovation and radio-friendly crossover. Mr. <mask>'s aching voice suits love songs just as well as protests...and more often than not, Mr. <mask> lives up to the ambition that his last name demands of him.Personal life
He lives in Miami, Florida, where he has a home and a private recording studio. His eldest son, Jo Mersa <mask>, is a musician who recently released his EP "Comfortable". His daughter, Mystic <mask>, released "Beatdown", her debut single and music video on June 6, 2018. Discography

Studio albums

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Television appearances
 <mask> appears in the second season of Luke Cage. In the episode "On and On", he performs "Chase Dem" on the stage of Harlem's Paradise as Bushmaster is taking over the club. References

External links
Official <mask> Website
<mask> on MySpace
Ghetto Youths
<mask> Takes Control: An Interview
E's Concert Reviews: <mask>, <mask> and K'naan

1972 births
20th-century Jamaican male singers
21st-century Jamaican male singers
American Rastafarians
Grammy Award winners
Jamaican emigrants to the United States
Jamaican people of Cuban descent
Jamaican people of English descent
Jamaican Rastafarians
Jamaican reggae musicians
Jamaican reggae singers
Living people
S
Musicians from Wilmington, Delaware
Ziggy <mask> and the Melody

masks:
Bob Marley
Stephen Marley
Marley
Bob Marley
Marley
Marley
Marley
Marley
Marley
Stephen Marley
Stephen Marley
Stephen Marley
Stephen Marley
Damian Marley
Marley


title: George Eustice

texts:
<mask> (born 28 September 1971) is a British politician and former public relations executive serving as Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs since 2020. A member of the Conservative Party, he has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Camborne and Redruth since 2010. In the 1999 European Parliament elections, Eustice stood unsuccessfully as a UK Independence Party (UKIP) candidate in South West England. He later joined the Conservative Party and was the Director of Communications at CCHQ; and from 2005 to 2008, he served as David Cameron's Press Secretary during his tenure as Leader of the Opposition. In 2009, <mask> joined Portland Communications, a public relations company. Eustice was elected to the House of Commons in 2010. In October 2013, as part of Prime Minister Cameron's ministerial reshuffle, <mask> was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.On 11 May 2015 he was promoted to Minister of State within the same department. He was retained by Prime Minister Theresa May; however, he resigned from this position on 28 February 2019. <mask> was reappointed to his previous role by Prime Minister Boris Johnson on 25 July 2019. On 13 February 2020 he joined the Cabinet replacing Theresa Villiers as Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 28 September 1971 into a farming family in Penzance. His parents were Adele (née Olds) and <mask>. He grew up at Trevaskis Fruit Farm, near Hayle.He was privately educated at Truro Cathedral School then Truro School, followed by Cornwall College at Pool. He was a member of Cornwall Athletic Club based at Carn Brea, Camborne and ran for Cornwall's cross country team. After finishing his education, he worked for

masks:
Charles George Eustice
Eustice
Eustice
Eustice
Eustice
Paul Eustice


title: George Eustice

texts:
 nine years in his family business, a fruit farm near the Cornish village of Connor Downs. Early political career
At the 1999 European Parliament Elections Eustice stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for UKIP in the South West of England. In 2000, Eustice was appointed as Campaign Director for "No", the campaign group to ensure that the UK did not adopt the Euro as the national currency. Eustice became Head of Press under Conservative Party leader Michael Howard during the 2005 general election. Following the election, he was part of David Cameron's Leadership campaign team and, between 2005 and 2008, served as David Cameron's Press Secretary during his tenure as Leader of the Opposition.On leaving Cameron's office, <mask> worked for Portland Communications, a public relations company. On 6 December 2008, <mask> was selected as the official Conservative Party candidate for the Camborne & Redruth Constituency. Parliamentary career

<mask> was elected as Member of Parliament for Camborne & Redruth on Thursday 6 May 2010 with a majority of 66 votes over the Liberal Democrat incumbent Julia Goldsworthy. The result was only confirmed after a recount. He had the second smallest majority of any Conservative elected at the 2010 election, with only Dan Byles 54 vote majority in North Warwickshire being lower, and the fourth smallest majority of any MP. He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 24 June 2010: "It is a special honour for me to represent my home town. I was brought up between Camborne and Hayle, in Cornwall, and my family have lived and worked in the area for more than 400 years.When one has such deep roots in a constituency, one feels a special responsibility for its long-term future." Later in the same speech he said "My No. 1 priority for the area will

masks:
George Eustice
Eustice
Eustice


title: George Eustice

texts: be economic regeneration." Eustice was asked to take a leading role in the 2011 "No to AV Referendum" campaign, reportedly as a result of his work for Business for Sterling and the "No" Group, which campaigned to keep the pound and against the adoption of the Euro as currency in the UK. In September 2011, he argued that Cornwall's heritage should be administered by a Cornish organisation rather than English Heritage. In September 2011, <mask>, with two other Conservative MPs Andrea Leadsom and Chris Heaton-Harris launched the Fresh Start Group to examine the options for a new UK-EU relationship. He wrote an article in The Guardian on 10 June 2012, which argued for the UK to remain within the EU, but to seek reform from within.On 10 July 2012 the Fresh Start Group released a research paper, which according to The Financial Times, called for "reducing the overall size of the EU budget, overhauling the Common Agricultural Policy to which the UK contributes about £1bn a year and repatriating structural funds." On 17 May 2012, <mask> was elected to the Executive Committee of the 1922 Committee as part of the "301 Group" of newer MPs. Eustice has supported statutory underpinning of independent press regulation which arose from the Leveson proposals. On 21 June 2012, he made a submission to the Leveson Inquiry and wrote an article in The Guardian urging both journalists and politicians to back a Royal Charter. Reacting to the letter, Conservative writer Tim Montgomerie argued that greater press regulation was now more likely. Eustice was a member of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee from 12 July 2010 until November 2013 and of the Privacy and Injunctions (Joint Committee) between July 2011 and March 2012. In April 2013, Downing Street announced

masks: Eustice Eustice


title: George Eustice

texts: Eustice's appointment to the "Number 10 Policy Board", to advise David Cameron on Energy and Environment issues.<mask> was appointed to work on Conservative rather than Coalition policies, with backbenchers including  Jo Johnson, Jesse Norman, and Peter Lilley. He was criticised by The Daily Telegraph in November 2012 for signing a letter calling for tougher regulation of the press on the grounds that he had previously been the subject of negative media coverage. The newspaper reported that he had previously been nicknamed "Useless" by some sections of the press and had a difficult relationship with the media because of its treatment of David Cameron when they were working closely together. <mask> responded that the existing system was flawed and that "it would be better by far to have credible and independent regulation much earlier in the process." On 7 October 2013, <mask> was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State in the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, with responsibility for farming and food, marine and fisheries, and animal health. On 11 May 2015 he was promoted to Minister of State for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. In May 2016, it was reported that Eustice was one of a number of Conservative MPs being investigated by police in the United Kingdom general election, 2015 party spending investigation, for allegedly spending more than the legal limit on constituency election campaign expenses.In May 2017, the Crown Prosecution Service said that while there was evidence of inaccurate spending returns, it did not "meet the test" for further action. In August 2016, Eustice was one of two Conservative environment ministers who were accused by environmental campaigners of having a conflict of interest over receiving subsidies on their

masks: Eustice Eustice Eustice


title: George Eustice

texts:
 family businesses whilst being involved in developing the plans for the replacement system to the EU farming support. He was re-elected at the 2015 general election and 2017 general election. On 28 February 2019, <mask> resigned from his position as Minister of State for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, in protest at Prime Minister Theresa May's promise to allow MPs a vote on delaying Brexit if her deal fails to get through. Eustice stated "it would be dangerous to go to the EU cap in hand at the 11th hour and beg for an extension". Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
On 13 February 2020, <mask> was appointed as the new Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, replacing Theresa Villiers. Eustice called the post his "dream job".Later in February 2020, in an interview on Sky News, Eustice refused to guarantee that the UK government would ban chlorinated chicken outright as part of a UK–US trade deal. He described chlorine washes on chicken as "a very outdated technology" and said the UK government was committed to high standards for food safety and for animal welfare, saying there were "no plans" to change food standards laws. Eustice was criticised for an alleged closeness to the farming industry and for his enabling of badger culling. Prime Minister Boris Johnson signalled an end to badger culling after Eustice had overseen an expansion in licenses for it in 2020. In late 2020, Eustice repeatedly expressed support for the Internal Market Bill, despite the latter representing a breach of formal commitments made by the Conservative government of which he is a part, and also a breach of international law. He also said that a Scotch egg was a substantial meal in law, so long as there is table service. In December 2020, during a Sky


title: George Eustice

texts:
 News interview, Eustice was shown footage of, and asked for his views about, Millwall F.C.supporters booing players taking a knee. Those supporters' behaviour had already been condemned as racist by the English Football League and the Football Association. Eustice declined to condemn the supporters' behaviour or to recognise it as racist, stating that he had not seen the incident and that "the issue of race and racial discrimination is something that we all take very seriously". In January 2021, Eustice broke his government's pledge to retain a ban on the use of neonicotinoid pesticides, which have been implicated in pollinator decline. In May, Eustice announced a radical new animal welfare strategy to be introduced as the Kept Animals Bill, Animal Welfare (Sentience) Bill and Animals Abroad Bill. These bills would make the  microchipping of cats compulsory, recognise the sentience of vertebrate animals and ban live animal exports for fattening and slaughter. He also announced the government would look at banning practices such as importing foie gras, inhumane poultry caging and inhumane penning of pregnant and suckling pigs.Constituency campaigns
In August 2010, <mask> welcomed the Government's decision to invest £5 million into the regeneration of Hayle Harbour after two months of discussions. According to the West Briton newspaper, Eustice had lobbied ministers over the issue and further argued local social enterprises and community trusts should be actively involved in regeneration plans. <mask> pledged in his election campaign to work to reduce the burden of water charges on Cornish homes. At a meeting of the Environmental, Farming and Rural Affairs Select Committee in October 2010 he raised the issue of higher water rates paid by South West England consumers and


title: George Eustice

texts: challenged Regina Finn, chief executive of Ofwat to implement the recommendations of the Walker Review which could lead to a decrease in water rates for South West consumers. In June 2013, Eustice welcomed the third annual taxpayer-funded subsidy of £50 for all South West Water customers which the Chancellor, <mask>, announced in the Comprehensive Spending Review on 26 June. In November 2013, he welcomed South West Water's price freeze until 2015. In March 2013, Eustice called for the Cornwall Centre, the new facility to house the county's store of historic manuscripts and Cornish materials, to be based in Redruth.<mask> based his call for the location to be Redruth because of the strong mining tradition in the town, which led to widespread migration across the world. The decision to base the facility in Redruth was announced in September 2013, which Eustice welcomed. Before his election, <mask> campaigned for government funding to build a £27m east–west link road at Tuckingmill, linking Camborne, Pool and Redruth. The road would run from Wilson Way to Dolcoath Road. Cornwall Council also supported the bid, claiming the new road would provide access to "proposed development areas" and remove traffic from the A3047 and the East Hill junction, reduce congestion, noise and improve air quality, "whilst allowing regeneration projects in the area to proceed over the coming years, supporting economic growth". The project received Department for Transport approval on 26 November 2012 and on 16 May 2013, Patrick McLoughlin the Secretary of State for Transport cut the first turf to formally mark the start of work on the £27m road. The road, which received substantial funding from the European Regional Development Fund, was completed in November 2015.Eustice led Conservative

masks:
George Osborne
Eustice
Eustice


title: George Eustice

texts:
 Party opposition to the Conservative Government's plans to impose VAT on hot food, which was also known as the "pasty tax" which eventually led to what opponents claimed was a "U-turn" in Government policy. He welcomed the reverse in policy. Personal life
Eustice married Katy Taylor-Richards in May 2013; their ceremony took place in the Chapel of St Mary Undercroft at the Palace of Westminster. Notes

References

External links

<mask> MP official constituency website
George's Online Diary

1971 births
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Living people
Politicians from Cornwall
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Cornwall
People educated at Cornwall College
People educated at Truro Cathedral School
People educated at Truro School
People from Penzance
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
UK Independence Party


title: Charles Thomson (artist)

texts:
<mask> (born 6 February 1953) is an English artist, poet and photographer. In the early 1980s he was a member of The Medway Poets. In 1999 he named and co-founded the Stuckists art movement with Billy Childish. He has curated Stuckist shows, organised demonstrations against the Turner Prize, run an art gallery, stood for parliament and reported <mask> to the OFT. He is frequently quoted in the media as an opponent of conceptual art. He was briefly married to artist Stella Vine. Early life
<mask> was born in Romford, Essex, and educated at Brentwood School, Essex, where he was a classmate of Douglas Adams.While still at school, he organised mixed media arts events and contributed to Broadsheet, a magazine edited by Paul Neil Milne Johnstone and published by Artsphere, a school arts group. Outside school, he started the Havering Arts Lab. this resulted in a headline "Sex Orgy Tale—Group Banned" in the local Havering Express newspaper. In 1970 he produced a satirical magazine, called 'Lubricant', which ran for 10 issues. In 1971 he stood (unsuccessfully) as a Dwarf candidate in the Havering council elections, and was involved in anti-pollution protests. He distributed "underground" magazines around London, including "Schoolkids OZ". In 1975 he went to Maidstone College of Art, where he was the only person in ten years to fail the painting degree.1979–87 he worked part-time as a telephonist and receptionist at Kent County Ophthalmic and Aural Hospital. 1987–99 he was a full-time poet, with work in over 100 anthologies. The Medway Poets

In 1979, <mask> was a founder member of The Medway Poets, a punk performance group, who read in pubs, as well as the Kent Literature Festival and the 1981 international Cambridge Poetry Festival. There were, however, personality clashes in the group, particularly between Billy Childish and <mask>, who said, "There was friction between us, especially when he started heckling my poetry reading and I threatened to ban him from a forthcoming TV documentary."

masks:
Charles Thomson
Charles Saatchi
Charles Thomson
Thomson
Thomson


title: Charles Thomson (artist)

texts:
 However, a TV South documentary on the group in 1982 brought them to a wider regional audience. According to Childish: "Me & Charles were at war from 1979 until 1999. He even threatened having bouncers on the doors of Medway poet’s readings to keep me out."<mask> has said this period was "an incredibly pressured and creative time and established the basis on which we are still working." Other members included future Stuckist artists Bill Lewis and Sexton Ming. Tracey Emin, then a local student, was on the outskirts of the group, being the girlfriend of Billy Childish. In 1987 <mask> printed her first book of writing, Turkish Tales, which had been edited by Lewis and was published by Childish. Stuckism

In 1999 <mask> was reconciled with Childish and together they founded the Stuckists art group with eleven other artists. <mask> coined the name "Stuckism" after an insult from Tracey Emin to ex-boyfriend Childish that he was "stuck", which Childish had recorded in a 1993 poem. The group stated its aims as promoting figurative painting and opposing conceptual art, being particularly critical of the Turner Prize and <mask>'s promotion of Britart.Childish left the group in 2001 and <mask> remained as the figurehead, gaining extensive media coverage for his activities and outspoken views. In the meantime the Stuckists grew to a worldwide movement of over 100 groups in 30 countries. From 2000 to 2005 he staged yearly Stuckist demonstrations against the Turner Prize (making use of props such as clown costumes and blow-up sex dolls). He stood in the 2001 United Kingdom general election, as a Stuckist candidate against the then-Culture Secretary, Chris Smith. The same year he exhibited the then-unknown artist, Stella Vine (later made famous by <mask>). The couple married in New York and separated after two months. <mask> opened the Stuckism International Gallery in Shoreditch (2002–2005).In 2004 he reported Saatchi to the OFT (Office of Fair Trading) for alleged unfair trading practices in the

masks:
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Charles Saatchi
Thomson
Charles Saatchi
Thomson


title: Charles Thomson (artist)

texts:
 art world: the complaint was not upheld. He co-curated the Stuckists' first major exhibition in a public gallery, The Stuckists Punk Victorian show at the Walker Art Gallery, for the 2004 Liverpool Biennial. In 2005 he offered of a donation of 175 paintings by Stuckists artists from the Walker Gallery show to the Tate Gallery: this was rejected by the trustees. Later that year he obtained, under the Freedom of Information Act, Tate Gallery minutes about the purchase of a trustee Chris Ofili's work The Upper Room. This led to an ongoing press controversy about the purchase and resulted in an official investigation by the Charity Commission, who censured the Tate in July 2006 for acting outside its legal powers. In June 2006 he wrote to the British Prime Minister Tony Blair asking him to intervene in the case of Stuckist artist Michael Dickinson, who was facing a possible 3-year jail sentence in Turkey for exhibiting a satirical collage of the Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. In October 2006, <mask> exhibited paintings and presented an academic paper in both the Triumph of Stuckism exhibition and symposium respectively .Both these events were organised by Naive John for the 2006 Liverpool Biennial at the invitation of Professor Colin Fallows, Chair of Contextual Studies at Liverpool School of Art and Design. He writes a regular arts column for 3:AM Magazine, which carries work by a number of Stuckists, ex-Stuckists and their opponents. Stella Vine

<mask> was briefly married in 2001 to artist Stella Vine. She met <mask> on 30 May 2001 at the private view of the Vote Stuckist show in Brixton, where she accepted his invitation to form The Westminster Stuckists group and to exhibit some of her paintings publicly for the first time in the show. On 10 July, she renamed her group The Unstuckists. <mask> and Vine had a two-month relationship and they married on 8 August 2001 in New York. The next day, Vine said she wanted a divorce; they had an intense row.She left him and they did

masks:
Thomson
Charles Thomson
Thomson
Thomson


title: Charles Thomson (artist)

texts: not meet again till a week later. Vine said she could not cope with his controlling behaviour. The marriage ended in 2001 after about two months. They were granted a divorce in October 2003. In February 2004, after Vine "rose to fame after being championed by <mask>", <mask> said that he was pleased that she had got success, but it was he and the Stuckists, not Saatchi, who had "discovered" Vine.<ref name=alleyne>Alleyne, Richard. "First blood to Saatchi as a star is born", 'The Daily Telegraph, 24 February 2004. Retrieved 9 December 2008.</ref> Vine said that Stuckism was a misogynistic cult, that she had quickly realised that the marriage and the Stuckist group were not right for her, and that her marriage to <mask> was "an utter disaster".During the relationship <mask> had paid off Vine's debts of £20,000, and Vine said she married him because this had been a condition of his funding her: "I couldn't face stripping any more and it was too bloody good to turn down." <mask> said that they had a business arrangement to promote themselves as an art couple, there was no condition of marriage, and that she was "really selling herself short" by saying that was her motivation. In March 2004, Vine said that she had only seen <mask> once, in an art shop, in the previous two years. She later told The Times that it was "impossible to explain" why she married <mask>, that he didn't "give a s*** about art or the Stuckist movement", and that he saw her as a means of gaining his own publicity: "When I met him and he saw some of my history, he saw dollar signs. He is a very exploitative man." In June 2007, Vine said that the marriage was consummated in 2001, a few weeks after the ceremony—"I owed him that"—and <mask> then paid off her debts of £20,000, after which "I've never seen him again." On 28 March 2004, <mask> reported Saatchi to the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) for alleged breaches of the Competition Act and cited as an example Saatchi's promotion of Vine, a situation which made the row "more

masks:
Charles Saatchi
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson


title: Charles Thomson (artist)

texts:
 bitter".The OFT said they did not "have reasonable grounds to suspect that <mask> is in a dominant position in any relevant market", which <mask> said was "just another cruel smack in the face" for Saatchi. In September 2004, Vine threatened suicide if her work was included in The Stuckists Punk Victorian show at the Liverpool Biennial, and the owner of the painting withdrew it. In October 2006, The Stuckists held a group show, Go West, at Spectrum London gallery, including two of <mask>'s paintings, Stripper and Strip Club, "explicit images of his ex-wife." <mask> said the works would make Vine "pissed off", but that she had painted images that were far more upsetting for people, that he would prefer her to enjoy them as he did her art and that they were painted as a catharsis not as an attack. Vine said she had no comment. In July 2007, at the same time as the opening of Vine's major solo show at Modern Art Oxford, <mask>, furious at Vine's refusal to acknowledge her debt to the Stuckists, held a rival Stuckist show at the A Gallery in Wimbledon, I Won't Have Sex with You as Long as We're Married, which Vine apparently said to him on their wedding night. In September, <mask> wrote in The Jackdaw, criticising the Tate gallery for not having work by a number of figurative painters, among whom he listed Vine, and said she should have been one of that year's Turner Prize nominees for her show at Modern Art Oxford.Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisitions Decision

His satirical painting of Sir Nicholas Serota, Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisitions Decision, has been widely reproduced in the media and become a Stuckist icon. It has been reviewed:

However, Sarah Kent (a staunch advocate of Britart) was less impressed with the satire: "One might forgive his puerile humour if <mask> didn't consider it a serious weapon ... cut the ranting and <mask> could be a reasonable painter." <mask> pointed out in response, "it's reality. A few weeks after I did the painting, Tracey Emin was shown on


title: Charles Thomson (artist)

texts:
 TV getting very angry about an installation because someone had substituted another pair of knickers for hers ... That makes it a bit sad." In October 2006, <mask>'s painting of Serota was exhibited during the Stuckists' Go West show at Spectrum London gallery in London. It was suggested that this could be seen as revenge for the Tate's rejection of a Stuckist donation of 175 paintings the previous year. Art technique

<mask> typically paints figuratively with black outlines and areas of flat colour, often brightly coloured.The painting, I Feel Bad When I Reject Your Love'' is not typical in this respect. He said:
Based on something a (now ex) girlfriend said to me. I thought it was a negative picture, but then I realised it was positive because it’s a reconciliation after self-knowledge. It’s also ambiguous as to who’s speaking. Most of my paintings are based on experiences with people I know, usually on a drawing from life, but in this case from a photo I took of her. The paintings are based on spontaneous line drawings with a black wax crayon in a sketchbook. These are enlarged on the canvas.The colour is usually the first one on the canvas, though mixing it can take up to an hour. He likens colour to feeling and concludes, "The final image is a synthesis of material, emotional and spiritual experience." Gallery

See also
Stuckism
Remodernism
Stuckism International Gallery

References

Further reading
Evans, Katherine, ed. (2000), "The Stuckists" Victoria Press,

External links

 2007 Interview with "the thing is..." magazine
 Paintings
 2002 interview
2006 interview
Heyoka Magazine Interview
Essay for Walker Gallery catalogue
Photography by <mask>
Detail from I Feel Bad When I Reject Your Love
Triumph of Stuckism symposium official site
Interview with Brian Sherwin for Myartspace

1953 births
Living people
20th-century English painters
English male painters
21st-century English painters
People from Romford
Alumni of the University for the Creative Arts
Stuckism
English contemporary

masks:
Thomson
Thomson
Charles Thomson


title: Alex Wright (footballer, born 1930)

texts:
<mask> (11 December 1930 – 12 January 2000) was a Scottish football player and manager. Early life
<mask> was born at his mother's family home in Elmfoot Street, Oatlands. His parents married in 1929 at St Francis RC Church in Hutchesontown, Glasgow, and he was an only child. By the time he started school his parents had moved to McLean Street, Kinning Park, and his father was beginning to exhibit symptoms of multiple sclerosis. <mask> was initially enrolled in the elementary class at the closest school to his home, Lorne Street School, but after five months transferred to Kinning Park's RC primary school, Our Lady and St Margaret's in Stanley Street. His father's health continued to deteriorate and circumstances dictated that <mask> attend the nearest secondary school to his home; Lambhill Street School, Kinning Park. <mask> himself was hospitalised with tuberculosis before leaving school at 14 and entering an apprenticeship as optical engineer.Until the age of 17, he played juvenile football with highly regarded Avon Villa at the Plantation pitches. Before agreeing to join Partick Thistle, <mask> had previously rejected interest from Arsenal due to his father's failing health. Playing career

Partick Thistle
Provisionally signed by Partick Thistle at 17 and 'farmed out' to Ayrshire Junior side Dalry Thistle for season 1948–49, <mask> played only 11 games for Dalry before being 'called up'. Expecting to play for Dalry the next day, <mask> was summoned to Firhill on the evening of Friday 28 January 1949. Thistle's new manager David Meiklejohn asked him to sign professional forms and told <mask> he would make his senior debut the following day. It was exactly seven weeks after his 18th birthday and he was

masks:
Alexander Deighton Wright
Alex Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright


title: Alex Wright (footballer, born 1930)

texts: fielded wearing the attacking number 8 shirt (inside-right) in front of a reported 60,000 fans in the Glasgow derby against Rangers at Ibrox Park. The game finished in a 2–2 draw, and <mask> played in 7 of Thistle's remaining 10 league matches plus a home Scottish Cup tie against Queen of the South.He scored his first goal against Dundee in October 1949 but thereafter experienced his first prolonged absence as his father finally died from the effects of multiple sclerosis in December 1949, aged only 41. <mask> returned to the Thistle side in February 1950 and played in every game to the end of the season. <mask> performed for Partick Thistle most of his playing career, being selected in four of the five forward positions (numbers 7 to 10), before converting to a more defensively minded wing-half position (numbers 4 and 6) later in his career. He even donned the goalkeeper's jersey on more than one occasion as an emergency measure during an era when injury substitutions were not yet permitted. His total statistics in all matches for Partick are given as 351 appearances and 85 goals. His appearances were restricted during seasons 1950–51, 1951–52 and 1952–53 as he fulfilled his National Service with the Royal Scots in Germany. Despite this, and still no older than 21, he was flown home by Partick Thistle to play in important matches during this period.He was promoted to lance-corporal in the army and was captain of the British Army of the Rhine's select football team which also included future Scotland international goalkeeper Tommy Younger. National Service completed, <mask> began 1953–54 as a first-team regular at Firhill and played 45 games in all competitions that season, scoring 24 goals. He appeared in

masks: Wright Wright Wright Wright


title: Alex Wright (footballer, born 1930)

texts:
 the Scottish League Cup Finals of 1953, 1956 and 1958, each of which ended in defeat, and in 1959 captained the Glasgow Select to a 5–1 victory in its annual challenge match against the Sheffield Select. Partick Thistle was one of the Scottish clubs to take part in an unofficial midweek 'British Floodlit League' over seasons 1955–56 and 1956–57; the fixtures were not all completed but <mask> featured in the six matches played against Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur, scoring a 25-yard blockbuster in a 2–0 victory against Spurs at Firhill in November 1956 and being named man-of-the match. He also scored twice in an away friendly against Derby County in December 1953. His leadership qualities were recognised by being appointed Thistle's captain for several seasons at a time when there were Scotland internationalists in the team. During his final season at Partick Thistle he played exclusively in the reserve side as a senior player / mentor.Seeing he was no longer part of the first-team plans at Firhill, Glasgow rivals Clyde bid £8000 for his services - Partick rejected this offer before later accepting East Fife's £4000 payment for his transfer in May 1963. East Fife
<mask> subsequently played as an almost ever-present during season 1963–64 in the Second Division, for East Fife under manager Jimmy Bonthrone, playing 41 league and cup matches and scoring 5 goals from his driving mid-field position. He was made captain by manager Bonthrone and led the Fifers to a League Cup quarter-final, where they held that season's treble-winning Rangers 1–1 at Bayview before losing narrowly 2–0 at Ibrox in the second-leg. In the League, East Fife finished fourth behind promoted sides Morton and Clyde, and were

masks: Wright Wright


title: Alex Wright (footballer, born 1930)

texts:
 second-highest scorers after Morton with a total 92 league goals. This was the club's highest League finish in the six seasons since its relegation in 1958. In achieving this, <mask>'s side was the only team to defeat runaway champions Morton in the 36-game campaign – winning 3–1 at Bayview on 1 February – and ending the Greenock side's record-breaking winning run of 25 league matches. The Fifers were also undefeated against Clyde, drawing 1–1 at Bayview and winning 3–1 at Shawfield.At the end of the season <mask> decided to retire due to persistent knee injuries. He was 33. During his playing career he had prolonged absences due to five knee cartilage surgeries as well as a toe amputation after it was crushed in a match. Coaching & Managerial Career
After retiring as a player, <mask> immediately gained employment using his coaching certificates. He worked for part-time Clyde (throughout season 1964–65 under manager John Prentice) and Partick Thistle (from July 1965 until December 1966 under manager Willie Thornton). He was also the SFA appointed coach to Paisley & District Schools FA during this period. Having previously failed to sign him as a player, and being further impressed by <mask>'s performances against them in the Second Division for East Fife, Clyde employed <mask> in the role of trainer/coach.The Shawfielders were blessed with fine attacking players such as Harry Hood, Joe Gilroy, <mask>, Sammy Reid and Jim McLean, and <mask> helped them finish 7th in the First Division on 40 points, a record haul for a promoted side. This prompted Partick Thistle to invite him back to Firhill as trainer/coach to the first team. In hindsight it can probably be seen that Thistle were beginning a downward slide

masks:
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Alex Bryce
Wright


title: Alex Wright (footballer, born 1930)

texts:
 towards relegation in 1970, however in 1965–66 they finished level with Clyde on 30 points. St Mirren

<mask> was appointed full-time manager of St Mirren in December 1966, aged 35, on the recommendation of former Clyde and Scotland manager John Prentice whom St Mirren had initially approached for the role. As St Mirren's only other full-time employee was the groundsman, <mask> was also responsible for the day-to-day administration of the part-time club; from answering the telephone and selling tickets, to compiling the match programme and ordering the match-day pies. In terms of his interaction with the players, however, he was St Mirren's first track-suit manager. St Mirren had flirted with relegation throughout the early 1960s and eventually succumbed at the end of that 1966–67 season despite having 19-year-old Archie Gemmill in the side, but <mask> guided them to promotion back to the top flight at the first attempt.and with one of the division's best-ever performance records. Back in the top division, and operating with a small squad of semi-professional players, St Mirren sat in 3rd position behind Celtic and Rangers following a run of only 3 defeats (away to Aberdeen, Celtic and Dunfermline Athletic) in the opening 22 matches, racking up 30 points in the process; i.e. a 68% points haul. To have averaged even a point-per-game in the remaining fixtures would have comfortably broken the record points total for a promoted team achieved by his Clyde side 3 years earlier and ended St Mirren's season as high as 5th position. However, a sudden spate of injuries badly disrupted the small squad, leaving only 2 of the club's 16 players fit enough to play in every match to the end of the season. A meagre two

masks: Wright Wright Wright


title: Alex Wright (footballer, born 1930)

texts: draws was the eventual return from those 12 games, in which there were also 6 tight odd-goal defeats. Nevertheless, the side remained in contention for European qualification until its final home fixture such was quality of the first two-thirds of the campaign.Arguably the most notable result of <mask>'s time at St Mirren came against Rangers on 16 November 1968. Newly promoted Saints were the last remaining undefeated side in Britain after the opening ten league fixtures, while Rangers arrived at Love Street on the crest-of-a-wave with newly signed Colin Stein having scored two successive League hat-tricks and a European double in his first three appearances. St Mirren won 1–0 in front of a reported 43,600, Love Street's largest attendance in two decades. Bridging these first two full seasons of <mask>'s time at St Mirren, his team went a calendar year and 34 consecutive league fixtures undefeated, from 18 November 1967 to 23 November 1968. During a similar period, St Mirren also went 38 competitive home games undefeated, from 2 September 1967 to 11 January 1969. Both of these runs remain as club records, as does the 16 consecutive league victories from 18 November 1967 to 30 March 1968. In 1969–70 season, the team suffered ‘second season syndrome’, and results were extremely inconsistent with away form particularly poor, until a flurry of points in the final 10 fixtures ensured top division status.Behind the scenes, however, a reserve side had been resurrected and <mask>'s signing policy introduced three future full Scotland internationals to the club in addition to four others who would go on to play in European competition after leaving St Mirren. Season 1970–71 began with six teenagers making


title: Alex Wright (footballer, born 1930)

texts:
 appearances in the side, including Gordon McQueen, Iain Munro, Bobby McKean and Ally McLeod. When he was approached to take over at Dunfermline Athletic in early October 1970 <mask>'s new-look Paisley side had won 8 points from an undefeated opening six league fixtures – against Rangers, Kilmarnock, Morton, Dundee, Dunfermline Athletic, and Hibernian (2 wins and 4 draws) – and were sitting comfortably in the top-half of the division. They were relegated at the end of the season. Dunfermline Athletic
<mask> was head-hunted to become manager of Dunfermline Athletic in October 1970, with the initial approach made by former Dunfermline manager Jock Stein acting as intermediary. It was regarded as one of Scottish football's top club jobs outside of Celtic and Rangers, and <mask>'s full-time responsibilities centred solely on team matters, with an administrative staff in support. However, the Dunfermline team was in disarray.Despite having been European Cup-Winners' Cup semi-finalists as recently as March 1969, it opened the 1970–71 season with 14 defeats, and only two draws, in 16 competitive matches. Indeed, over the club's most recent 34 major Scottish league and cup matches (the length of a league season) from playing Dundee United on 10 December 1969 to Motherwell on 17 October 1970, the equivalent of only 17 points had been gathered. Such a total would have meant relegation in almost any previous post-war season. In addition, several players had taken a stand against manager George Farm with <mask>, Barrie Mitchell and Willie Renton (ironically <mask>'s former captain at St Mirren) refusing to return to training after the summer break. Renton was made a scapegoat and sacked, while the others were retained

masks:
Wright
Wright
Wright
Alex Edwards
Wright


title: Alex Wright (footballer, born 1930)

texts: but stayed away from the club until meeting with <mask> in October. <mask> quickly settled the players' grievances and immediately improved results, winning points from 7 of the 10 remaining fixtures until the turn of the year (against Dundee United, Rangers, Morton, Dundee, Hibernian, Airdrieonians and Ayr United, culminating in 4–1 and 5–0 home victories). Dunfermline eventually avoided relegation on goal-difference following a dramatic final series of results in which the team again picked up points in 7 of the closing 10 fixtures.However, he held the managerial position at Dunfermline for little over half of the following season as the club revealed an extent of financial hardship which almost led to its demise. As the club's bank threatened closure, <mask> was forced to sell his three most effective attacking players – <mask>, Joe McBride and Pat Gardner – and field a team largely formed from his previous two seasons' youth squads. In addition, influential senior players Bert Paton and John Lunn were lost to serious injury and illness. To cap a catalogue of misfortune, Club Chairman Leonard Jack, the man behind <mask>'s appointment as manager, collapsed and died from a heart attack as he fought to stave off the financial crisis. On the field, 3 wins, 7 draws, and the failure to avoid a succession of narrow defeats, left the team again in a precarious league position after 23 fixtures despite a defensive record bettered only by the top half-dozen clubs. Goal scoring was the principal problem; registering 6 blanks, and scoring more than one goal on only 3 occasions (two 2–2 draws and a 2–3 defeat). When a new boardroom regime initiated further cost-cutting measures in February 1972, <mask> was presented

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Wright
Wright
Wright
Alex Edwards
Alex Wright
Wright


title: Alex Wright (footballer, born 1930)

texts:
 with a choice; remain with an immediate pay-cut and worsened conditions, or be replaced (as at St Mirren, he had opted to work without the protection of a contract).Having uprooted his family from the west coast at the club's insistence only five months earlier (in order to save on travelling expenses), <mask> felt unable to accept the pay-cut being insisted upon and the club announced to the media that he and his assistant had resigned. In February 1972, former Dunfermline player George Miller was appointed to assume the combined responsibilities of <mask>, his assistant manager Willie McLean, and the club's chief administrative assistant Mr J Smith. The club was relegated at the end of the season. The most noteworthy results of <mask>'s tenure at Dunfermline were a 1–1 draw at Celtic Park in the 1971 Scottish Cup, and successive 1–0 home victories over a strong Aberdeen side that finished both seasons second-placed in the League and with the best defensive record;
 on 6 February 1971, becoming only the third team to defeat Aberdeen in its opening 24 league fixtures;
 on 22 January 1972, becoming only the second team to defeat Aberdeen in its opening 22 League fixtures. <mask> attributed these two victories to a particular tactical ploy targeting Aberdeen defender and captain Martin Buchan. After leaving Dunfermline, <mask> worked the remainder of the 1971–72 season as Scottish scout for Bristol City under manager Alan Dicks. Dumbarton

<mask> became assistant manager of newly promoted Dumbarton in May 1972.Following the departure of manager Jackie Stewart to St Johnstone in January 1973, <mask> was appointed as his replacement – initially on a part-time basis which he combined with a day-job of local

masks: Wright Wright Wright Wright Wright Wright Wright


title: Alex Wright (footballer, born 1930)

texts: government clerk, and then as full-time manager/secretary on a similar basis to his role at St Mirren. Jackie Stewart had spent 4 years at Boghead from December 1968, raising standards and expectation in lifting the team from 14th in D2 to Champions in the final match of season 1971–72. <mask> maintained the progress and held the post for four relatively successful years before handing over to his assistant Davie Wilson. Despite Dumbarton having spent the previous 50 seasons in Division 2, <mask> most notable achievements were to guide the team to an eighty-year high of tenth position in the Scottish League in 1973–74 and the semi-finals of both the Spring Cup and Scottish Cup in season 1975–76. Youth development was once again a significant feature of <mask>'s time at Dumbarton. His scouting and contacts network introduced future full Scotland internationalists Murdo MacLeod, Ian Wallace and Graeme Sharp to the senior game, as well as minor internationalists Graeme Sinclair and Owen Coyle. Scotland national team manager Willie Ormond proposed <mask> to the SFA International Committee as his No.2 in preparation for the World Cup in West Germany. However, the Committee failed to ratify Ormond's choice and instead of providing Ormond with an assistant, the SFA minutes confirm, initiated the process which would result in the later appointment of Scotland's first National Director of Coaching. Difficulties in his home life and frustration at failing to secure promotion back to the top flight following League reorganisation led <mask> to offer his resignation in February 1977. Chairman Robert Robertson initially encouraged him to continue, before reluctantly accepting <mask>'s renewed request at the end of that

masks: Wright Wright Wright Wright Wright Wright


title: Alex Wright (footballer, born 1930)

texts:
 season. <mask> was given a directorship at the club which he then held until 1990. When Robertson sold Dumbarton to Sir Hugh Fraser in the 1980s he claimed that the club had never been as well run during his 16 years in charge as when <mask> was manager. <mask> later had a spell as caretaker manager in 1986 and led Dumbarton for a total of 210 league and cup matches.His first three seasons were at the top level of the Scottish League; his remaining matches were in the upper echelons of the second tier following League reconstruction into three divisions in 1975. His total number of matches in charge is bettered only minimally by 1950s manager Peter McGown who was in charge for 216 matches at the lowest level of the Scottish League. Later Career and Legacy
<mask> was given a directorship in 1977 and remained at Dumbarton in various roles for a further 13 years, including Managing Director, Executive Director and Director of Football. In 1979, he fronted an ultimately unsuccessful attempt by Dumbarton's owners to invest in the Toronto-based franchise for a proposed Canadian Soccer League. The following year he travelled to Amsterdam with team manager and fellow director Sean Fallon in the anticipation of signing Dutch legend Johan Cruyff following earlier negotiations with the player's agent. However, Cruyff ultimately decided against the move. <mask> was widely credited with single-handedly keeping the club alive during an ownerless period in the mid-to-late 1980s and was named Dumbarton Citizen of the Year in recognition of his efforts.His salaried post was made redundant in late 1990 soon after a new regime had taken control, and <mask> subsequently opted to relinquish his directorship and leave the club.


title: Alex Wright (footballer, born 1930)

texts:
 After leaving Boghead Park in 1990, <mask> then worked as full-time Chief Scout for Kilmarnock under managers <mask> and Bobby Williamson, until retiring to become Scottish Scout for Bruce Rioch at both Millwall and Bolton Wanderers, and then at Leeds United under David O'Leary. <mask>'s wholehearted and skilled contribution is widely recognised in footballing circles. Despite only serving a single season at Clyde and East Fife, he is remembered in the former's Centenary Brochure and the latter's historical display at their relocated Bayview Stadium. In addition to featuring in a hardback book of 'Partick Thistle Legends', <mask> was posthumously inducted into the official 'St Mirren Hall of Fame' in November 2005. In 1986, he became only the fifth person honoured by an 'SFA Lifetime Achievement Award'. <mask>'s photograph is on permanent display at Hampden Park's Scottish Football Museum.In the 1991 pre-season, Sir <mask> brought his successful Manchester United European Cup-Winners' Cup team north to play a testimonial match in <mask>'s honour. On the occasion of his death, his memory was honoured by full-page obituaries in the match programmes of former clubs Partick Thistle, East Fife, St Mirren and Dumbarton. There was widespread support among Dumbarton fans for <mask>'s name to be included in the title of Dumbarton's relocated home in 2000. Honours
Partick Thistle
Glasgow Cup : 1952–53, 1954–55, 1960–61
St Mirren
Paisley Charity Cup : 1967
Renfrewshire Cup : 1966–67
Scottish Second Division : 1967–68
Dunfermline Athletic
BBC TV Quiz Ball Series Champions : 1971
Dumbarton
Stirlingshire Cup : 1972–73, 1974–75, 1985–86
Scottish Football Association
Lifetime Achievement Award

Personal life
His paternal

masks:
Wright
Alex Totten
Wright
Wright
Wright
Alex Ferguson
Alex Wright
Wright


title: Alex Wright (footballer, born 1930)

texts:
 uncle <mask> played as an outside-left for Queen's Park and Amateur Scotland during the 1930s and 1940s. References

External links
Manager stats at Dumbarton Football Club Historical Archive
Profile at Partick Thistle History Archive

1930 births
2000 deaths
Scottish footballers
Scottish football managers
Dalry Thistle F.C. players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Partick Thistle F.C. players
East Fife F.C.players
Association football inside forwards
St Mirren F.C. managers
Dunfermline Athletic F.C. managers
Dumbarton F.C. managers
Clyde F.C. non-playing staff
Bolton Wanderers F.C. non-playing staff
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Football League managers
People from Gorbals
Footballers from Glasgow
Outfield association footballers who played in goal
Dumbarton F.C. non-playing staff
Partick Thistle F.C.non-playing staff
20th-century British Army personnel
Royal Scots


title: Bob Kennedy

texts:
<mask> (August 18, 1920 – April 7, 2005) was a right fielder/third baseman, manager and executive in Major League Baseball. From 1939 to 1957, <mask> played for the Chicago White Sox (1939–42, 1946–48, 1955–56, 1957), Cleveland Indians (1948–54), Baltimore Orioles (1954–55), Detroit Tigers (1956) and Brooklyn Dodgers (1957). He batted and threw right-handed. After his playing career, <mask> managed the Chicago Cubs (1963–65) and Oakland Athletics (1968). His son, former major league catcher <mask>, was a four-time All-Star and minor league manager. Strong-armed third baseman and rightfielder
<mask> was born in Chicago. A line-drive hitter, he was blessed with a strong and accurate throwing arm.On June 22, 1937, the night before the White Sox signed him, <mask> was working as a 16-year-old popcorn vendor at Comiskey Park during the World Heavyweight Boxing Title between Joe Louis and James J. Braddock. <mask> debuted a year later, and became the starting third baseman in 1940. In 1940, he became the first teenaged major leaguer since 1900 to play 150 games in a season. After a break of three years to serve in the military during World War II, he returned, to play mostly in right field. In the 1948 midseason <mask> was sent to Cleveland in the same trade that brought Pat Seerey to Chicago. <mask> hit .301 the rest of the year and became a member of the last World Championship Indians team. His most productive season came in 1950, when he posted career-highs in batting average (.291), runs (79), hits (157) and doubles (27).The same season, he started two triple plays from the right field, matching Indians left fielder Charlie Jamieson's two triple

masks:
Robert Daniel Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Terry Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy


title: Bob Kennedy

texts:
 plays of 1928. <mask> was traded to the newly relocated Baltimore Orioles in 1954. On July 30, he belted the first grand slam for Baltimore against Yankees pitcher Allie Reynolds. In 1955, <mask> was purchased by the White Sox and sent to Detroit in 1956. Released in April 1957, he signed as a free agent with the White Sox, for his third stint with the club. A month later, he was selected off waivers by the Brooklyn Dodgers, being released at the end of the season. <mask> is the answer to the trivia question who was the last man to ever bat for the Brooklyn Dodgers.At 3:36pm, <mask> flew out to centerfield on a 2–2 pitch with two out and no one on in the 9th inning of the last Brooklyn Dodger game ever played on Sunday, September 29, 1957 at Connie Mack Stadium in Philadelphia. Phillies defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers 3–2. Seth Morehead, a rookie lefthander was the pitcher for the Phillies. This game marked his major league debut as a starter and was the only time all season Brooklyn lost to a lefthander. They had been 6–0 against lefties throughout 1957. Career as manager, coach and executive
Following his retirement, he was a scout and farm system director for the Indians, and manager of the Triple-A Salt Lake City Bees. During the 1962 season, <mask> was named to the Cubs' College of Coaches.The Cubs had experimented with having a committee of coaches run the team on the field since 1961, as opposed to having a single manager. However, after the 1962 season ended with what is still the worst record in franchise history, owner Phil Wrigley named <mask> as "head coach" for an indefinite period. After <mask> led the 1963 Cubs to their first

masks: Kennedy Kennedy Kennedy Kennedy Kennedy Kennedy Kennedy


title: Bob Kennedy

texts: winning record in 17 years, he began to assert a more traditional managerial authority over the team. He served as head coach from 1963 until June 13, 1965, posting a 162–198 record. He served as special assistant to Cub general manager John Holland, manager of the Los Angeles Dodgers' Double-A Albuquerque affiliate, and a coach with the Atlanta Braves until 1968. In 1968, when the Athletics moved from Kansas City to Oakland, <mask> was their first manager. Oakland finished sixth in a 10-team league with an 82–80 record, a notable improvement from the 62–99 last-place 1967 Athletics.It was also the franchise's first winning season since 1952, when the team was still in Philadelphia. According to the 1972 book Mustache Gang, authored by Ron Bergman, on the last day of the season <mask> walked into Charlie Finley's office, expecting an extension. Five minutes later, <mask> had been fired. After that, he spent six years (1970–75) as director of player development and director of player personnel of the St. Louis Cardinals, and 1976 as a member of the Seattle Mariners' start-up baseball operations team preparing for the club's 1977 debut in Major League Baseball. <mask> returned to the Cubs to succeed Salty Saltwell as general manager on November 24, 1976. His first act was to name Herman Franks as his first and only choice to replace Jim Marshall as manager. He resigned from the position and was succeeded by Franks on an interim basis on May 22, 1981.Rounding out his baseball career, <mask> then served as a senior baseball operations executive for the Houston Astros (1982–85) and San Francisco Giants (1986–92), assisting his former Cleveland

masks: Kennedy Kennedy Kennedy Kennedy Kennedy


title: Bob Kennedy

texts:
 teammate Al Rosen, then the president or general manager of those teams. In a 16-season playing career, <mask> was a .254 hitter with 63 home runs and 514 RBI in 1,483 games. As a manager, he posted a 264–278 record in two-plus seasons. <mask> died in Mesa, Arizona, at age of 84. References

External links

 Baseball Library

 San Francisco Chronicle

1920 births
2005 deaths
Atlanta Braves coaches
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from Chicago
Brooklyn Dodgers players
Chicago Cubs coaches
Chicago Cubs executives
Chicago Cubs managers
Chicago White Sox players
Cleveland Indians executives
Cleveland Indians players
Cleveland Indians scouts
Dallas Steers players
De La Salle Institute alumni
Detroit Tigers players
Houston Astros executives
Indianapolis Indians players
Longview Cannibals players
Major League Baseball executives
Major League Baseball farm directors
Major League Baseball general managers
Major League Baseball right fielders
Major League Baseball third basemen
Minor league baseball managers
Oakland Athletics managers
St. Louis Cardinals executives
St. Louis Cardinals scouts
San Francisco Giants executives
Shreveport Sports players
Sportspeople from Chicago
Vicksburg Hill Billies players
American military personnel of World War

masks:
Kennedy
Bob Kennedy


title: Anne Bremner

texts:
<mask> (born June 4, 1958) is an American attorney and television personality. She has been visible as a television commentator on a number of high-profile cases, including in the murder of Meredith Kercher in Italy as legal counsel and as a spokesperson for the Friends of Amanda Knox. Early life and education
<mask> was born in McAlester, Oklahoma. Bremner attended Stanford University, where she studied medieval history, graduating in 1980 with honors. She describes her student self as "a liberal, an idealist, and a Democrat" who was opposed to capital punishment. She went on to Seattle University School of Law, where she completed her J.D. degree in 1982.Career

Prosecutor
From 1983 to 1988, Bremner was a deputy prosecuting attorney with the criminal division of the King County Prosecuting Attorney's Office, specializing in sex crimes. During these years she came into contact with a number of high-profile cases, such as the Wah Mee massacre trials; this experience, along with those later in her career, began to modulate her views on the death penalty, which she had always staunchly opposed. In 1985, she was deputy prosecuting attorney in a case against a University of Washington policeman believed to be the first person to be charged under the state's new computer trespass law; a trial court convicted the policeman of the charges, but the Washington Court of Appeals overturned his conviction. Private practice
Bremner was a lawyer at Stafford Frey Cooper in Seattle from 1988 to 2012. During her career in private practice, Bremner represented law enforcement and judges in various civil and criminal cases. In 1996, she successfully defended the Seattle Police Department's use of police dogs to find and bite suspects against an American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) challenge claiming that it violated suspects' civil rights and constituted excessive force. In 2001, she represented the Bellevue Police Department during the inquest into the conduct of officer Mike Hetle during his second fatal shooting that year; the jury found that Metle had reason

masks:
Anne Melani Bremner
Bremner


title: Anne Bremner

texts:
 to fear death or serious bodily harm.In the 2002 case Vili Fualaau v. Highline School District and the Des Moines Police Department, filed by the family of Mary Kay Letourneau's student Vili Fualaau, Bremner successfully defended the police department against liability for damages. She became acquainted with Letourneau during the course of the lawsuit; the two would develop a friendship of sorts. Media attention

Bremner appears on television as a legal analyst, explaining prominent cases to the general public. In 2004, she appeared on Court TV and other cable networks covering the trial of Scott Peterson for the murder of Laci Peterson. Similarly in 2005, she took an unpaid leave of absence from her job to offer television commentary on People v. Jackson, stating that the publicity had brought in millions of dollars of business for her firm. In 2009, she appeared variously on CNN with Nancy Grace to discuss the Casey Anthony case. In October 2008, Bremner took up the cause of Amanda Knox, a University of Washington student charged with the murder of Meredith Kercher in Perugia, Italy.She was contacted by family members of Knox's classmates, including Mike Heavey, a superior court judge with whom she was previously acquainted. The group subsequently held fundraisers to pay for Knox's defense, lobby lawmakers, and conduct public relations activities, turning media focus toward the conduct of the prosecution, especially Perugia chief prosecutor Giuliano Mignini. Bremner made various television appearances regarding the case, describing Knox as "naive" and comparing her to the title character in the French film Amélie. She represents the parents of Susan Powell, a homemaker who went missing in Utah in 2009, in their lawsuit for insurance money. The lawsuit ended in a settlement in March 2015. In 2011, <mask> was hired by family of Rebecca Zahau Nalepa, a woman who committed suicide after being present in a house during an incident where her boyfriend's young son died. <mask>, representing Zahau's family, sued the deceased boy's parents, Jonah and

masks: Bremner Bremner


title: Anne Bremner

texts:
 Dina Shacknai, claiming that Zahau had actually been murdered, contrary to the conclusion of the police investigation which ruled Zahau's death a suicide with no foul play.Bremner went on many television shows and made statements such as, "this doesn't pass the smell test" and claimed that "This would be the first case in the history of the world that a woman killed herself like this ... It's ridiculous on the face of it"; however, officials said that the way Zahau killed herself is "not unprecedented and there is no evidence that there was foul play". In 2013–2014, Bremner represented true crime author Ann Rule in a defamation suit against Seattle Weekly and lost. The state Supreme Court reversed a matter that reinstated Ann Rule's case. Other activities

In 2003, <mask> was one of the founding members of the Committee for a Two-Newspaper Town, along with Washington Supreme Court justice Phil Talmadge. The group was formed to pressure the Hearst Corporation and The Seattle Times Company to continue printing their respective newspapers, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer and The Seattle Times, under their joint operating agreement signed in 1982. The group specifically opposed an attempt by the Times to dissolve the JOA and permit Hearst to close the Post-Intelligencer in exchange for 32% of the Times''' profits for 80 years.However, in March 2009, the Post-Intelligencer'' printed its last paper edition and moved to an online-only format. In an e-mail about the event, Bremner stated: "What a terribly sad day this is. Only tomorrow will be worse." DUI case
On June 3, 2010, Bremner had automobile difficulties and called 9-1-1. A county sheriff suspected she was intoxicated and arrested her. She pleaded guilty to DUI on September 1 and was sentenced to two days in jail. References

External links

<mask> Lawyer Profile On LawTally

1958 births
Living people
American women lawyers
Lawyers from Seattle
Seattle University School of Law alumni
Stanford University alumni
Washington (state) lawyers
People from McAlester, Oklahoma
21st-century American

masks:
Bremner
Anne Bremner


title: James Garrard

texts: <mask> (January 14, 1749 – January 19, 1822) was an American farmer, Baptist minister and politician who served as the second governor of Kentucky from 1796 to 1804. Because of term limits imposed by the state constitution adopted in 1799, he was the last Kentucky governor elected to two consecutive terms until the restriction was eased by a 1992 amendment, allowing Paul E. Patton's re-election in 1999. After serving in the Revolutionary War, Garrard moved west to the part of Virginia that is now Bourbon County, Kentucky. He held several local political offices and represented the area in the Virginia House of Delegates. He was chosen as a delegate to five of the ten statehood conventions that secured Kentucky's separation from Virginia and helped write the state's first constitution. Garrard was among the delegates who unsuccessfully tried to exclude guarantees of the continuance of slavery from the document. In 1795, he sought to succeed Isaac Shelby as governor.In a three-way race, Benjamin Logan received a plurality, but not a majority, of the electoral votes cast. Although the state constitution did not specify whether a plurality or a majority was required, the electors held another vote between the top two candidates – Logan and Garrard – and on this vote, Garrard received a majority. Logan protested Garrard's election to state attorney general John Breckinridge and the state senate, but both claimed they had no constitutional power to intervene. A Democratic-Republican, Garrard opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts and favored passage of the Kentucky Resolutions. He lobbied for public education, militia and prison reforms, business subsidies, and legislation favorable to


title: James Garrard

texts:
 the state's large debtor class. In 1798, the state's first governor's mansion was constructed, and Garrard became its first resident. Due in part to the confusion resulting from the 1795 election, he favored calling a constitutional convention in 1799.Because of his anti-slavery views, he was not chosen as a delegate to the convention. Under the resulting constitution, the governor was popularly elected and was forbidden from succeeding himself in office, although Garrard was personally exempted from this provision and was re-elected in 1799. During his second term, he applauded Thomas Jefferson's purchase of Louisiana from France as a means of dealing with the closure of the port at New Orleans to U.S. goods. Late in his term, his Secretary of State, Harry Toulmin, persuaded him to adopt some doctrines of Unitarianism, and he was expelled from the Baptist church, ending his ministry. He also clashed with the legislature over the appointment of a registrar for the state land office, leaving him embittered and unwilling to continue in politics after the conclusion of his term. He retired to his estate, Mount Lebanon, and engaged in agricultural and commercial pursuits until his death on January 19, 1822. Garrard County, Kentucky, created during his first term, was named in his honor.Early life and family
<mask> was born in Stafford County, Virginia, on January 14, 1749. He was second of three children born to Colonel William and Mary (Naughty) <mask>. Garrard's mother died sometime between 1755 and 1760; afterward, his father married Elizabeth Moss, and the couple had four more children. <mask> was the county lieutenant of Stafford County, by virtue of which he held the rank of

masks:
James Garrard
Garrard
William Garrard


title: James Garrard

texts: colonel and was in command of the county militia. The Garrard family was moderately wealthy, and the Stafford County courthouse was built on their land. During his childhood, <mask> worked on his father's farm. He was educated in the common schools of Stafford County and studied at home, acquiring a fondness for books.Early in life, he associated himself with the Hartwood Baptist Church near Fredericksburg, Virginia. On December 20, 1769, Garrard married his childhood sweetheart, Elizabeth Mountjoy. Shortly thereafter, his sister Mary Anne married Mountjoy's brother, Colonel John Mountjoy. Garrard and his wife had five sons and seven daughters. One son and two daughters died before reaching age two. Of the surviving four sons, all participated in the War of 1812 and all served in the Kentucky General Assembly. A number of his grandsons served in the Civil War, including Union Generals Kenner <mask> and Theophilus T<mask>.Another grandson, <mask><mask>, was elected to five consecutive terms as state treasurer, serving from 1857 until his death in 1865. Garrard served in the Revolutionary War as a member of his father's Stafford County militia, although it is not known how much combat he participated in. While on board a schooner on the Potomac River, he was captured by British forces. His captors offered to free him in exchange for military information, but he refused the offer and later escaped. While serving in the militia in 1779, Garrard was elected to represent Stafford County the Virginia House of Delegates, and he assumed his seat for the 1779 legislative session. His major contribution to the session was advocating for a bill that granted religious liberty to all

masks:
James
Garrard
. Garrard
James H
. Garrard


title: James Garrard

texts: Mercer, and Garrard's county of residence, Bourbon. On his return from the legislature, Garrard was chosen county surveyor and justice of the peace for the newly formed county. At various times, he also served as magistrate and colonel of the county militia.Although some historians have identified Garrard as a member of the Danville Political Club, a secret debating society that was active in Danville, Kentucky, from 1786 to 1790, his name is not found in the club's official membership records. Garrard's biographer, H. E. Everman, concludes that these historians may have mistaken Garrard's membership in the Kentucky Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge for membership in the Danville Political Club. The groups had similar aims, were active at about the same time, and had several members in common. Other notable members of the Kentucky Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge included Isaac Shelby, Christopher Greenup, and Thomas Todd, all future Kentucky governors or gubernatorial candidates. Garrard's Mount Lebanon estate was designated as the temporary county seat of Bourbon County; the county court first convened there on May 15, 1786, and continued to meet there for many years. In 1789, the Virginia legislature established a permanent county seat named Hopewell, and Garrard was part of the committee chosen to survey the area for the city. He and John Edwards were among the new settlement's first trustees.Upon <mask>'s recommendation, the city's name was changed to Paris in 1790. Soon after, he resigned as county surveyor to focus on more pressing needs of defense for the fledgling settlement. At his behest, the Bourbon County Court expanded its militia from


title: James Garrard

texts:
 a Unitarian minister from England. Toulmin's daughter Lucinda would later marry <mask>'s son Daniel. As a result of <mask>'s relationship with Toulmin, he began to accept some tenets of Unitarianism, specifically the doctrines of Socinianism. By 1802, <mask> and Augustine Eastin had not only adopted these beliefs, but had indoctrinated their Baptist congregations with them. The Elkhorn Baptist Association condemned these beliefs as heretical and encouraged Garrard and Eastin to abandon them. When that effort failed, the Association ceased correspondence and association with both men.This event ended Garrard's ministry and his association with the Baptist church. Political career
Residents of what is now Kentucky called a series of ten conventions in Danville to arrange their separation from Virginia. Garrard was a delegate to five of these conventions, held in May and August 1785 and in 1787, 1788, and 1792. At the August 1785 convention, the delegates unanimously approved a formal request for constitutional separation. As a member of the Virginia legislature, Garrard then traveled to Richmond for the legislative session and voted in favor of the act specifying the conditions under which Virginia would accept Kentucky's separation. Before the final convention in 1792, a committee composed of Garrard, Ambrose Dudley, and Augustine Eastin reported to the Elkhorn Baptist Association in favor of forbidding slavery in the constitution then being drafted for the new state. Slavery was a major issue in the 1792 convention that finalized the document.Delegate David Rice, a Presbyterian minister, was the leading voice against the inclusion of slavery protections in the new

masks: Garrard Garrard Garrard


title: James Garrard

texts:
 constitution, while George Nicholas argued most strenuously in favor of them. Garrard encouraged his fellow ministers and Baptists to vote against its inclusion. The motion to delete Article 9 of the proposed document, which protected the rights of slave owners, failed by a vote of 16–26. Each of the seven Christian ministers who served as delegates to the convention (including Garrard) voted in favor of deleting the article. Five Baptist laymen defied Garrard's instructions and voted to retain Article 9; their votes provided the necessary margin for its inclusion. Historian Lowell H. Harrison wrote that the anti-slavery votes of the ministers may have accounted for the adoption of a provision that forbade ministers from serving in the Kentucky General Assembly. Garrard and the other ministers apparently expressed no dissent against this provision.Aside from his opposition to slavery, Garrard did not take a particularly active role in the convention's proceedings. His most notable action not related to slavery occurred on April 13, 1792, when he reported twenty-two resolutions from the committee of the whole that provided the framework for the new constitution. Gubernatorial election of 1795
Following the constitutional convention, it appeared that Garrard's political career was drawing to a close. He resigned all of his county offices to focus on his work in the Elkhorn Baptist Convention and his agricultural pursuits. He was pleased, however, when his son William was chosen to represent the county in the state legislature in 1793. In 1795, <mask> was reelected, and the other four state legislators from Bourbon County were close associates of Garrard's, including John


title: James Garrard

texts:
 between Logan and Garrard in order to achieve a majority. Most of Todd's electors supported Garrard on the second vote, giving him a majority. In a letter dated May 17, 1796, Kentucky Secretary of State <mask> certified Garrard's election, and Governor Shelby sent him a letter of congratulations on his election on May 27.Although he did not believe Garrard had personally done anything wrong, Logan formally protested the outcome of the election to Kentucky Attorney General John Breckinridge. Breckinridge refused to render an official decision on the matter, claiming that neither the constitution nor the laws of the state empowered him to do so. Privately, however, he expressed his opinion that Logan had been legally elected. Logan then appealed to the state senate, which was given the authority to intervene in disputed elections. In November 1796, the Senate opined that the law giving them that authority was unconstitutional because it did not promote the "peace and welfare" of the state. State senator Green Clay was the primary proponent of this line of reasoning. By this time, Garrard had been serving as governor for five months, and Logan abandoned the quest to unseat him.First term as governor
<mask> was regarded as a strong chief executive who surrounded himself with knowledgeable advisors. His friend, John Edwards, and his son, <mask>, were both in the state senate and kept him abreast of issues there. He showed that he was willing to continue with Shelby's direction for the state by re-appointing Secretary of State <mask>, but the aging Brown retired in October 1796, only a few months into Garrard's term. Garrard then appointed Harry Toulmin, who had resigned the

masks:
James Brown
Garrard
William Garrard
James Brown


title: James Garrard

texts:
 its provisions freedom of speech and trial by jury, rights – he pointed out – that he and the other soldiers of the Revolutionary War had fought to secure. He advocated the nullification of both laws, but also encouraged the legislature to reaffirm its loyalty to the federal government and the U.S. Constitution. He was supportive of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 and 1799. Among the other issues addressed in the 1798 General Assembly was the adoption of penal reforms. Garrard was supportive of the reforms – which included the abolition of the death penalty for all crimes except murder – and lobbied for the education of incarcerated individuals. He also secured the passage of laws reforming and expanding the militia.Among the reforms were the imposition of penalties upon "distractors" in the militia, provisions for citizens' hiring of substitutes to serve in the militia on their behalf, and the exemption of jailers, tutors, printers, judges, ministers, and legislative leaders from service. Garrard opposed lowering taxes, instead advocating increased spending on education and business subsidies. To that end, he signed legislation combining Transylvania Seminary and Kentucky Academy into a single institution. A new constitution

The difficulties with <mask>'s election over Benjamin Logan in 1795 added to a litany of complaints about the state's first constitution. Some believed that it was undemocratic because it required electors to choose the governor and state senators and many offices were appointive rather than elective. Others opposed life terms for judges and other state officials. Still others wanted slavery excluded from the document, or to lift the ban on ministers


title: James Garrard

texts: serving in the General Assembly.In the aftermath of the disputed 1795 election, all parties involved agreed that changes were needed. The present constitution provided no means for amendment, however. The only remedy was another constitutional convention. Calling a constitutional convention required the approval of a majority of voters in two successive elections or a two-thirds majority of both houses of the General Assembly. In February 1797, the General Assembly voted to put the question before the electorate in the upcoming May elections. Of the 9,814 votes cast, 5,446 favored the call and 440 opposed it, but 3,928 had not voted at all, and several counties recorded no votes on the issue either way. This cast doubt in the minds of many legislators regarding the true will of the people.Opponents of the convention claimed that the abstentions should be counted as votes against the call; this position had some merit, as it was well known that many Fayette County voters had abstained as a protest against the convention. When all of the irregularities were accounted for, the General Assembly determined that the vote had fallen short of the required majority. On February 10, 1798, <mask>'s son William, still serving in the state senate, introduced a bill to hold another vote on calling a constitutional convention. In May 1798, 9,188 of the 16,388 votes were in favor of calling a convention. Again, almost 5,000 of the ballots contained no vote either way. On November 21, 1798, the House of Representatives voted 36–15 in favor of a convention, and the Senate provided its requisite two-thirds majority days later. No official tally of the Senate's vote was published.The Assembly's