title: Charles Gounod

texts: at the Crystal Palace, St James's Hall and other venues. Proponents of English music complained that Gounod neglected native composers in his concerts, but his own music was popular and widely praised. The music critic of The Times, J. W. Davison, rarely pleased by modern music, was not an admirer, but Henry Chorley of The Athenaeum was an enthusiastic supporter, and writers in The Musical World, The Standard, The Pall Mall Gazette and The Morning Post called Gounod a great composer. In February 1871, Julius Benedict, the director of the Philharmonic Society, introduced Gounod to a singer and music teacher called Georgina Weldon. She quickly became a dominant influence in Gounod's professional and personal life. There was much inconclusive conjecture about the nature of their relationship.Once peace was restored in France during 1871, <mask> returned home with her mother and children, but Gounod stayed on in London, living in the Weldons' house. Weldon introduced him to competitive business practices with publishers, negotiating substantial royalties, but eventually pushed such matters too far and involved him in litigation brought by his publisher, which the composer lost. Gounod lived in the Weldons' household for nearly three years. The French newspapers speculated about his motives for remaining in London; they speculated the more when it was suggested that he had declined the French President's invitation to return and succeed Auber as director of the Conservatoire. In early 1874 his relations with Davison of The Times, never cordial, descended into personal hostility. The pressures on him in England and the comments about


title: Charles Gounod

type: original

texts:
 him in France brought Gounod to a state of nervous collapse, and in May 1874 his friend Gaston de Beaucourt came to London and took him back home to Paris. Weldon was furious when she discovered that Gounod had left, and she made many difficulties for him later, including holding on to manuscripts he had left at her house and publishing a tendentious and self-justifying account of their association.She later brought a lawsuit against him which effectively prevented him from coming back to Britain after May 1885. Later years

The musical scene in France had altered considerably during <mask>'s absence. After the death of Berlioz in 1869, <mask> had been generally regarded as France's leading composer. He returned to a France in which, though still well respected, he was no longer in the vanguard of French music. A rising generation, including members of the new Société Nationale de Musique such as Bizet, Emmanuel Chabrier, Gabriel Fauré and Jules Massenet, was establishing itself. He was not embittered, and was well disposed to younger composers, even when he did not enjoy their works. Of the later generation he was most impressed by Camille Saint-Saëns, seventeen years his junior, whom he is said to have dubbed "the French Beethoven".Resuming operatic composition, Gounod finished Polyeucte, on which he had been working in London, and during 1876 composed Cinq-Mars, a four-act historical drama set in the time of Cardinal Richelieu. The latter was staged first at the Opéra-Comique in April 1877, and had a mediocre run of 56 performances. Polyeucte, a religious subject close to the composer's heart, did worse when it was given at

masks: Gounod Gounod


title: Charles Gounod

texts: the Opéra the following year. In the words of Gounod's biographer James Harding, "After Polyeucte had been martyred on twenty-nine occasions the box-office ruled that enough was enough. He was never resuscitated." The last of <mask>'s operas, Le Tribut de Zamora (1881), ran for 34 nights, and in 1884 he made a revision of Sapho, which lasted for 30 performances at the Opéra. He reworked the role of Glycère, the deceitful villainess of the piece, with the image of Weldon in his mind: "I dreamt of the model … who was terrifying in satanic ugliness" Throughout these disappointments Faust continued to attract the public, and in November 1888 Gounod conducted the 500th performance at the Opéra.Away from opera <mask> wrote the large-scale Messe du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus in 1876 and ten other masses between then and 1893. His greatest popular successes in his later career were religious works, the two large oratorios La Rédemption (1882) and Mors et vita (1885), both composed for and premiered at the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival in England. The two were enthusiastically taken up by the British public and on the continent, and in their day were widely ranked with the oratorios of Handel and Mendelssohn. The Philharmonic Society in London unsuccessfully sought to commission a symphony from the composer in 1885 (the commission eventually went to Saint-Saëns); fragments of a third symphony exist from late in Gounod's career, but are thought to date from a few years later. Gounod's last years were lived at Saint-Cloud, composing sacred music and writing his memoirs and essays. On 15 October 1893, after returning home from playing the


title: Charles Gounod

texts:
 organ for Mass at his local church, he suffered a stroke while working on a setting of the Requiem in memory of his grandson Maurice, who had died in infancy. After being in a coma for three days Gounod died on 18 October, at the age of 75.A state funeral was held at L'église de la Madeleine, Paris, on 27 October 1893. Among the pallbearers were Ambroise Thomas, Victorien Sardou and the future French President Raymond Poincaré. Fauré conducted the music, which at Gounod's wish was entirely vocal, with no organ or orchestral accompaniment. After the service, Gounod's remains were taken in procession to the Cimetière d'Auteuil, near Saint-Cloud, where they were interred in the family vault. Music
Gounod is best known for his operas – in particular Faust. Celebrated during his lifetime, Gounod's religious music became unfashionable in the 20th century and little of it is regularly heard. His songs, an important influence on later French composers, are less neglected, although only a few are well known.Michael Kennedy writes that <mask>'s music has "considerable melodic charm and felicity, with admirable orchestration". He adds that Gounod was "not really a master of the large and imposing forms, in this way perhaps being a French parallel to Sullivan". There is wide agreement among commentators that he was at his finest more often in the earlier decades of his career than later. Robert Orledge judges that in the 1850s and 1860s Gounod introduced to French opera a combination of "tender, lyrical charm, consummate craftsmanship, and genuine musical characterization", but his later works tend to "sentimentality and banality ... in his


title: Charles Gounod

texts:
 quest for inspired simplicity". Cooper writes that as Gounod grew older he began to suffer from "what might be described as the same cher grand maître complex as infected Hugo and Tennyson". Huebner observes that the fact that Gounod's reputation began to wane even during his lifetime does not detract from his place among the most respected and prolific composers in France during the second half of the 19th century. Operas
Gounod wrote twelve operas, in a variety of the genres then prevailing in France.Sapho (1851) was an early example of opéra lyrique, smaller-scale and more intimate than grand opera but through-composed, without the spoken dialogue of opéra comique. Berlioz wrote of it, "Most of the choruses I found imposing and simple in accent; the whole third act seemed to me very beautiful ... But the quartet in the first act, the duet and trio in the second, where the passions of the principal characters break out with such force, absolutely revolted me". A more recent reviewer remarks on <mask>'s "genuine talent for music-drama ... exercised in the Quartet of Act 1 where each character has an independent part, making effective counterpoint in dramatic as well as musical terms". Gounod revised the work in 1858 and again, more radically, in 1884, but it was never a success. The one fairly well known number from the score, Sapho's "O ma lyre immortelle", is a reworking of a song he had composed in 1841.La Nonne sanglante (1854), a work on a larger scale than Sapho, suffers from a libretto that Huebner describes as an "unhappy blend of historico-political grand opera and the supernatural". He observes that in the traditions


title: Charles Gounod

texts: little dramatic music in the score and that most of the numbers are "purely decorative accretions to the spoken dialogue". For the 1876 revival at the Opéra-Comique, which established the work in the repertory there until the Second World War, Gounod reduced it to two acts. For a revival by Diaghilev in 1924, the young Francis Poulenc composed recitatives to replace the spoken dialogue. The music critic Andrew Clements writes of La Colombe that it is not a profound work, but is "well filled with the kind of ingratiating tunes that Gounod could turn out so effectively".Although La Reine de Saba was a failure, it contains three numbers that gained moderate popularity: the Queen's big aria‚ "Plus grand dans son obscurité", King Solomon's "Sous les pieds d'une femme" and the tenor solo "Faiblesse de la race humaine".Mireille (1865) was a moderate success, and although it did not emulate Faust in becoming an international hit, it remained popular in France into the 20th century. The most famous number, the waltz-song "O légère hirondelle", a favourite display piece for many coloratura sopranos, was written to order for the prima-donna of the Théâtre Lyrique a year after the premiere. Another popular number is Ourrias's swaggering "Si les filles d'Arles" described by the critic Patrick O'Connor as an attempt by the composer to repeat the success of Méphistophélès' Veau d'or from Faust. Gounod revised the work, even giving it a happy ending, but in the 1930s Reynaldo Hahn and Henri Büsser prepared a new edition for the Opéra-Comique, restoring the work to its original tragic five acts. <mask>'s last successful opera was Roméo et


title: Charles Gounod

texts:
 Juliette (1867). Gustav Kobbé wrote five decades later that the work had always been more highly regarded in France than elsewhere. He said that it had never been popular in England except as a vehicle for Adelina Patti and then Nellie Melba, and that in New York it had only featured regularly at the Metropolitan Opera when it was under the control of Maurice Grau in the late 19th-century.Some reviewers thought it inappropriate that Juliet was allotted a waltz song ("Je veux vivre, dans ce rêve"), but Romeo's "Ah! levè-toi, soleil" was judged one of Gounod's finest tenor arias. Although never as popular as Faust, Roméo et Juliette continues to hold the stage internationally. <mask> had no further success with new operas. His three attempts, Cinq-Mars (1877), Polyeucte (1878), and Le Tribut de Zamora (1881), were all taken off after brief runs, and have seldom been seen since. Orchestral and chamber music

The two symphonies, in D major and E-flat major, cannot be precisely dated. The first was completed at some time before 1855 and the second by 1856.Like many other composers of the mid-19th-century <mask> found Beethoven's shadow daunting when contemplating the composition of a symphony, and there was even a feeling among the French musical public that composers could write operas or symphonies but not both.Fifield, p. 8 The influence of Beethoven is apparent in Gounod's two symphonies, and the musical scholar Roger Nichols and the composer's biographer Gérard Condé also find a debt to Mendelssohn's Italian Symphony in the slow movement of the First. <mask>'s sometime pupil Bizet took the First as his model for his own Symphony

masks: Gounod Gounod Gounod


title: Charles Gounod

texts:
 in C (1855). Late in life Gounod started but did not complete a Third Symphony. A complete slow movement and much of a first movement survive. Other orchestral works include the Funeral March of a Marionette (1879), an orchestration of an 1872 solo piano piece. The Petite Symphonie (1885), written for nine wind instruments, follows the classical, four-movement pattern, with a slow introduction to the sonata form first movement. The commentator Diether Stepphun refers to its "cheerfully contemplative and gallant wit, with all the experience of human and musical maturity".<mask>'s Ave Maria gained considerable popularity. It consists of a descant superimposed over a version of the first prelude of Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier. In its original form it is for violin with piano; the words of the Hail Mary were added to the melody later. Religious music
Gounod's output of liturgical and other religious music was prolific, including 23 masses, more than 40 other Latin liturgical settings, more than 50 religious songs and part-songs, and seven cantatas or oratorios. During his lifetime his religious music was regarded in many quarters more highly than his most popular operas. Saint-Saëns wrote, "When, in the far-distant future, the operas of Gounod shall have been received into the dusty sanctuary of the libraries, the Mass of St Cecilia, the Redemption, and Mors et Vita, will still endure". In the 20th century views changed considerably.In 1916, Gustave Chouquet and Adolphe Jullien wrote of "a monotony and heaviness which must weary the best-disposed audience". In 1918, in a centenary tribute to Gounod, Julien Tiersot described La


title: Charles Gounod

texts:
 Rome student, Gounod's songs include some of his best, in the view of both Huebner and Johnson.Johnson, p. 222 Examples include "Où voulez-vous aller?" (words by Gautier, 1839) – which challenged comparison with Berlioz, who had already set the poem in his Les Nuits d'été – and "Venice" (Musset), 1842, described by Johnson as "astonishingly evocative with its turbulent interludes painting that city's ability both to intoxicate and disturb". Other early songs such as "Le vallon" and "Le soir" (both to words by Lamartine, c. 1840) demonstrate Gounod's ability to cope with large-scale Romantic verse. The songs of Gounod's middle and later years are in the main judged less impressive.Johnson compares Gounod with Mendelssohn in terms of artistic decline, suggesting that their celebrity as establishment figures led them to adopt a style "suitable for the pomposities of gigantic music festivals." Nevertheless, Johnson observes that some of the songs written during Gounod's stay in England in the 1870s are excellent of their kind, such as "Oh happy home" (words by Edward Maitland, 1872), "If thou art sleeping, maiden" (Longfellow, 1872 or 1873) and "The Worker" (Frederic Weatherly, 1873). Gounod's time in Britain also produced arrangements of Scottish folk songs, and settings of poetry by Wordsworth, <mask>, Thomas Hood, Byron, Shelley and Francis Palgrave. Legacy
Although only a comparatively small amount of Gounod's music endures in the regular musical repertoire, his influence on later French composers was important. In Cooper's words, "he was more than an individual composer: he was the voice of a deep and permanent strain in the


title: Charles Gounod

texts:
 French character ... [A] whole range of emotion, which had been voiceless before, had found in him its ideal expression, and his influence will perhaps never quite disappear for that reason". Cooper suggests that the two sides of Gounod's music nature influenced later French composers as different as Fauré and Massenet, the first drawing on and refining Gounod's classical purity and refinement, and the latter drawing on his romantic and voluptuous side (so much so that he was dubbed "la fille de Gounod"). Ravel's comment on Gounod's importance to mélodie'' is quoted above, and Debussy wrote, "Gounod, for all his weaknesses, is essential … the art of Gounod represents a moment in French sensibility.Whether one wants to or not, that kind of thing is not forgotten". Music files

Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

Books

 :
Troisième année (1878),
Septième année (1882),
Dixième année (1885),
 :
Volume 1. Volume 2. Journals

External links

<mask>d recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. 1818 births
1893 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century French composers
19th-century French male musicians
Catholic liturgical composers
Composers for pedal piano
Composers for piano
French ballet composers
French composers of sacred music
French male classical composers
French opera composers
French Roman Catholics
French Romantic composers
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
Lycée Saint-Louis alumni
Male opera composers
Musicians from Paris
National anthem writers
Prix de Rome for composition
Pupils of Jean-François Le


title: Marike de Klerk

texts:
<mask> (; 29 March 1937 – 3 December 2001) was the First Lady of South Africa, as the wife of State President <mask>, from 1989–1994. She was also a politician of the former governing National Party in her own right. <mask> was murdered in her Cape Town home in 2001. Biography

Personal life

<mask> was born into an upper-middle class Afrikaner family in Pretoria. Her father, Wilhelm Willemse, was an academic and writer. He was a professor of Social Pathology and Psychology at University of Pretoria. Willemse met her future husband, F. W<mask>, at Potchefstroom University (where she was studying for a degree in commerce).The couple later married and adopted three children together; Jan, Willem, and Susan. In 1983, <mask>k was criticised over comments she made about the Coloured community: "You know, they are a negative group ... a non-person. They are the people that were left after the nations were sorted out. They are the rest." In 1991 she became embroiled in a personal drama when the South African press revealed that her son, Willem was in an 18-month-long relationship with a coloured woman, Erica Adams. Adams was also from a political background, her father being a politician for the Labour Party. Willem's romance with Erica upsets Marike was the headline published by the Sunday Times.Willem was reportedly under pressure from his mother to end the inter-racial romance, the couple ended their engagement in 1992 and Willem married another woman the following year. <mask> was later unhappy with housing arrangements during South Africa's transition to democracy. It was originally intended that after the election in 1994, she and the president would stay in the Libertas home and <mask> would take up residence in another home known as the Presidency.

masks:
Marike de Klerk
Frederik Willem de Klerk
De Klerk
Marike Willemse
. de Klerk
de Kler
De Klerk
Nelson Mandela


title: Marike de Klerk

texts: <mask> later said that he was under pressure from his political party, the ANC to take up residence at Libertas. Therefore, the <mask>lerks would instead move to the Presidency. <mask> then told the <mask>lerks that senior colleagues wanted to use the Presidency for other uses. Therefore, they moved into Overvaal, the former home of Transvaal's administrators.Overvaal needed substantial refurbishing and <mask>k was angry that <mask> carried out a personal inspection to decide what the home needed, costs that the public works department would meet. FW <mask> later said: "She was deeply distressed by all the chopping and changing which she interpreted as a calculated attempt by <mask> himself to humiliate us... This latest humiliation became too much for her to swallow. She became very critical of <mask> and did not hesitate to voice her criticism." The <mask>ks later attended <mask>'s inauguration as president at the Union Buildings in Pretoria. Melanie Verwoerd would later recount that <mask> was the only person sitting in the packed public gallery as <mask> entered the room and those around her rose and clapped. One MP implored the former first lady to acknowledge the occasion: "Get up Marike, you are rude!", but <mask> <mask> began an affair with Elita <mask>, the wife of <mask>, a Greek shipping tycoon who had allegedly given <mask> and <mask>'s marriage ended in 1996 with FW announcing on Valentine's Day that he intended to divorce his wife of 37 years. <mask> was opposed to the divorce: "If you change your mind, I'll forgive everything – up to 70 times seven." However, FW replied: "I'm certain about my decision. Stop hoping." F. W. <mask> married <mask> a week after his divorce to <mask> was official.In 2000, she faced further emotional

masks:
Mandela
de K
Mandela
de K
de Kler
Mandela
de Klerk
Mandela
Mandela
de Kler
Mandela
de Klerk
Mandela
de KlerkW
de Klerk
Georgiades
Tony Georgiades
de KlerkW
Marike
Marike
de Klerk
Georgiades
Marike


title: Marike de Klerk

texts:
 upheaval when her relationship with her fiancé and businessman Johan Koekemoer, collapsed. When the media revealed that he was facing impending bankruptcy, <mask> defended her fiancé, but soon after he faced a nervous breakdown and checked into a Pretoria clinic. In the later years of her life, she battled depression. Career
During her husband's presidency, <mask> was the leader of the National Party's women's wing. She also founded the Women's Outreach Foundation (WOF), an organisation that focused on the upliftment of rural women. In 1990 <mask>k called for women to play a more active role in the political process. In 1993, she was awarded the Woman for Peace Award in Geneva, Switzerland for promoting the well being and development of rural women.In 1994, <mask> and her entourage travelled to the United States for a tour of new educational projects in Los Angeles designed to interest African-Americans in science. The WOF was frequently in the news in the 1990s for criticising corruption among ANC leaders. The war of words between the ruling party and the former first lady escalated when the party dismissed her as "a bitter person unable to come to terms with the fact that she is an ex-first lady of this country." In 1998, <mask> published her autobiography, A Journey Through Summer and Winter, in which she explored her marriage of 39 years with FW <mask>. The book later earned some notoriety after it emerged that FW had censored a chapter that deals with her heartbreak after discovering her husband's affair with Elita <mask>. Later <mask>k published A Place Where the Sun Shines Again where she offered guidance to women facing divorce later in life. Murder
On 3 December 2001, <mask> was murdered at her Dolphin Beach apartment in Blouberg, Cape

masks:
de Klerk
Marike
de Kler
de Klerk
de Klerk
de Klerk
Georgiades
de Kler
de Klerk


title: Marike de Klerk

texts:
 Town.It was originally reported that the former first lady had taken her own life. Her killer, 21-year-old Luyanda Mboniswa, worked as a security guard in the luxury secure complex where <mask> was living. Mboniswa violently gripped <mask>'s neck, breaking several bones in her throat and causing a blood vessel to burst in her eye. A steak knife was found embedded in her back and she also suffered several wounds to the head. Mboniswa was acquitted of a rape charge but a pathologist was not able to rule out penetration. Her ex-husband had, at the time of the discovery of her body, been in Stockholm for a celebration on the centennial of the Nobel Peace Prize, and quickly returned to South Africa to issue a statement saying "I have learned with great shock and sorrow of the circumstances of the tragic death of my former wife <mask>." Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, by then divorced from her husband Nelson, made a speech at the former First Lady's funeral in Pretoria, saying; "As a woman, I identify with the exhaustion of her emotional resources in helping to shape her husband's career."She had chosen to attend <mask>'s funeral rather than the funeral of ANC stalwart Joe Modise. <mask> bequeathed her R2 million estate and properties to her children. Luyanda Mboniswa was convicted of <mask>'s murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. References

External links

 <mask> <mask>k
 SABC obituaries
 Former SA first lady murdered

1937 births
2001 deaths
Afrikaner people
First Ladies of South Africa
North-West University alumni
People from Pretoria
People murdered in South Africa
South African murder victims
South African people of Dutch descent
South African women writers
South African writers
2001 crimes in South Africa
2001 murders in Africa
2000s murders in

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title: Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto

texts:
<mask>, 4th Earl of Minto,  (; 9 July 18451 March 1914), known as Viscount Melgund by courtesy from 1859 to 1891, was a British peer and politician who served as Governor General of Canada, the eighth since Canadian Confederation, and as Viceroy and Governor-General of India, the country's 17th. Early life and career
<mask> was born in London, the son of William Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 3rd Earl of Minto, and Emma, daughter of General Sir Thomas Hislop, 1st Baronet. After the death of his grandfather in 1859 he became known by the courtesy title of Viscount Melgund. After completing his education at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, he was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Scots Guards in 1867, but left in 1870. He joined the 1st Roxburghshire Mounted Rifle Volunteer Corps as a captain in 1872. In 1874, in the capacity of a newspaper correspondent, he witnessed the operations of the Carlists in Spain; he took service with the Turkish army in the war with Russia in 1877 and served under Lord Roberts in the second Afghan War (1878–1879), having narrowly escaped accompanying Sir Louis Cavagnari on his fatal mission to Kabul. He acted as private secretary to Lord Roberts during his mission to the Cape in 1881, and was with the army occupying Egypt in 1882, thus furthering his military career and his experience of colonial administration.He was promoted Major in 1882. He was military secretary to the Marquess of Lansdowne during his governor-generalship of Canada from 1883 to 1885, and lived

masks:
Gilbert John Elliot Murray Kynynmound
Minto


texts:
 in Canada with his wife, Mary Caroline Grey, sister of Lord Grey, Governor General from 1904 to 1911, whom he had married in Britain on 28 July 1883. On this first Canadian visit, he was very active in raising a Canadian volunteer force to serve with the British Army in the Sudan Campaign of 1884. He served as Chief of Staff to General Middleton in the Riel Rebellion of 1885. When he was offered command of the North-West Mounted Police, he decided instead to pursue a political career in Britain. On his departure home to Britain, Canadian Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald apparently said to him, "I shall not live to see it, but some day Canada will welcome you back as Governor General". His political aspirations were checked with his defeat in the 1886 general election, where he stood as the Conservative candidate for Hexham.He then applied himself with great enthusiasm to promoting a volunteer army in Britain. In 1888 he was promoted colonel on assuming command of the South of Scotland Brigade. He resigned his commission in 1889. He succeeded to his father's earldom in 1891, becoming The Earl of Minto. Governor General of Canada
Macdonald's prediction came true when <mask> was named Governor General of Canada in the summer of 1898, having campaigned for the post after he learned of the retirement of Lord Aberdeen. Sir Wilfrid Laurier wrote that Lord <mask> "took his duties to heart" and a review of his life reveals an energetic man who welcomed many challenges and responsibilities. Lord

masks: Minto Minto


texts: <mask>'s term of office was marked by a period of strong nationalism which saw economic growth coupled with massive immigration to Canada.Relations with the United States were strained as border and fishing disputes continued to create problems between the two countries. In September 1901, after Queen Victoria's death in January, the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (later to become King George V and Queen Mary) visited Canada, and travelled with Lady <mask> to western Canada and the Klondike. Following the tour, <mask> recommended Thomas Shaughnessy, President of the Canadian Pacific Railway, to the government at Westminster, via the Secretary of State for the Colonies, for a knighthood, as recognition for his service to the Duke and Duchess of York. Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, to whom Shaughnessy was no friend, opposed the idea; but, <mask> made the recommendation anyway, invoking the ire of Laurier and prompting the Prime Minister to draft a policy dictating that all Canadian nominees for honours must be approved by the prime minister before the list was sent to London. On 6 December 1901, Lord <mask> held a skating party on the Ottawa River, when Andrew George Blair's daughter Bessie, and potential rescuer Henry Albert Harper both drowned. Lord <mask>, like his predecessors, travelled throughout the young country—he crossed Quebec, Ontario and western Canada, visiting former battlegrounds where he had served during the North-West Rebellion. He rode throughout western Canada with the

masks: Minto Minto Minto Minto Minto Minto


texts: North-West Mounted Police, and enjoyed the Quebec countryside on horseback.Lord <mask>'s convictions about the importance of preserving Canadian heritage led to the creation of the National Archives of Canada. Lord and <mask> were sports enthusiasts and the Minto Skating Club, which they founded in 1903, has produced many famous ice skaters. They both excelled at the sport and hosted many lively skating parties during their time at Rideau Hall. In the summer, the <mask> family loved to bicycle and play lacrosse. In 1901, Lord <mask> donated the Minto Cup and appointed trustees to oversee its annual awarding to the champion senior men's lacrosse team of Canada (since 1937 the Cup has been awarded to the junior men's champions). He loved the outdoors, championed the conservation of natural resources and promoted the creation of national parks. In education and health, Lord Minto encouraged a forward-looking approach.He believed that Canada's progress depended on the cultivation of patriotism and unity, and this conviction was reflected in his desire to see a wider history curriculum developed in Canadian schools. In response to the health crisis posed by tuberculosis, he helped establish the first anti-tuberculosis foundation in Canada. Lord <mask> also took great interest in the development of the Canadian military and emphasized the need for training and professional development. He was appointed honorary Lieutenant-Colonel of the Governor General's Foot Guards Regiment on 1 December 1898 and was

masks:
Minto
Lady Minto
Minto
Minto
Minto


texts:
 subsequently appointed Honorary Colonel, a tradition that has continued with the post of Governors General to this day. He was appointed a Privy Counsellor on 11 August 1902, following an announcement of the King's intention to make this appointment in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published in June. On his trip back to Britain in 1904, having finished his term as Canada's Governor General, Lord <mask> wrote in his journal "... so our life in Canada is over and it has been a great wrench parting from so many friends and leaving a country which I love, and which has been very full of interest to me". Viceroy and Governor General of India

In 1905, on the resignation of Lord Curzon of Kedleston, <mask> was appointed Viceroy and Governor-General of India, retiring in 1910.In this, he followed in the footsteps of his great-grandfather, the first Lord <mask>. When John Morley as Secretary of State for India wrote to <mask> arguing that "Reforms may not save the Raj, but if they don't, nothing else will", <mask> replied:

...when you say that "if reforms do not save the Raj nothing else will" I am afraid I must utterly disagree. The Raj will not disappear in India as long as the British race remains what it is, because we shall fight for the Raj as hard as we have ever fought, if it comes to fighting, and we shall win as we have always won. The reforms were called usually by the name "Morley–Minto Reforms" because of both John Morley and <mask> worked together to draw these reforms. They were passed

masks:
Minto
Minto
Minto
Minto
Minto
Lord Minto


texts:
 addition, Minto, New Brunswick was renamed in memory of him. The Earl of Minto and Lady Minto appeared on the obverse of the Canadian four-dollar bill in the 1900 and 1902 versions of this denomination.Indirectly, the town of Minto, North Dakota in the United States is named for Minto, Ontario, whence its settlers came. Minto Park in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), India, commemorates him. The school from which Aligarh Muslim University evolved was named behind him as Minto Circle after his generous funding for the construction of the new school buildings. Minto Road, an area where most of the ministers of Bangladesh government have their official residence, is named after Lord <mask>. Minto Hospital and Minto Park (now officially renamed but popularly still known as such) in Lahore were also named after him. Minto Ophthalmic Hospital in Bangalore is also named after him. It is the oldest eye hospitals in India and one of the largest and busiest eye hospitals in the country.See also

 Bell Telephone Memorial
 Minto Cup
 Minto Circle
 Minto Eye Hospital
 Minto, Manitoba
 Rural Municipality of Minto

Notes

References

This entry incorporates text originally from the Governor General of Canada website. External links

Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
Lord <mask>, A Memoir (1924) at Project Gutenberg of Australia
Lady <mask>'s Fete
 Library of Congress: Arrival of the Governor General, <mask>, at Quebec
 Collection of Lord <mask>'s Public and Private Letters 1898–1904, published

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<mask> (born 1953) is a physician/author currently living in Spain. He is an Internist and Endocrinologist. For three decades he was Global Medical Director for BD, a leading medical and diagnostic enterprise. He is also Director for Safety in Medicine at the European Medical Association in Brussels. Early life, education and professional career

Born in New Orleans, <mask> was raised by missionary parents on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. He studied at Columbia Bible College (now Columbia International University) from 1971 to 1975 and Trinity Evangelical Divinity School (1975–78) with a focus on the biblical languages of Greek and Hebrew. After this he embarked on medical studies.<mask> received his degree as a doctor from the University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA (1982–86). He did an Internal Medicine Internship and Residency at the Wake Forest University, North Carolina Baptist Hospital, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA (1986–89). His Endocrinology Fellowship was at the Harvard Medical School, Boston in the Beth Israel Hospital, Brigham & Women's Hospitals and Joslin Diabetes Center (1989–91). He has lived most of his life in Latin America and Europe and speaks Spanish and French in addition to his native English. He gives talks frequently to audiences throughout Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Asia on topics related to diabetes, HIV disease and patient safety. He

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 has directed clinical trials throughout the world, developing medical tools ranging from high-tech molecular instruments to routine injection devices. He has published 102 scientific papers written by himself and is an author on nearly 200 written by others.Literary publications

 <mask> has published twenty-seven books, beginning with a novel, La Tendresse, published in 2002 by Black Ace Books of Forfar, Scotland. In it he juxtaposes the friendships and love affairs of its protagonist, Dr. Alain Hamilton, with the brutality of trench warfare during the First World War. In the NYU Literature, Arts & Medicine Database, Jack Coulehan writes: "Two dramatically different themes—tenderness and war—duke it out in this novel. The reality of war is unrelenting. Humanity descends into the deepest levels of hell. All that survives is technique (Dr. Hamilton's skill as a surgeon) and commitment (his dogged persistence in doing his job, despite the failures and hopelessness). The second theme is love.The intimate relationship with his colleague Elizabeth (‘la tendresse’) is the deepest he has ever experienced. It carries them both through the horrors of war." In another novel, Maria Lindisima, a chance encounter in Paris between Montse, a Catalan scientist, and Fernando, a Colombian entrepreneur, blossoms into a love affair just as Leo, a young American, begins a scheming entanglement with the two. Unknown to Montse, her lab has


title: Ken Strauss

texts: betrayed by a little girl and is sentenced to death. Madness is Rachel's life story as written from Stadelheim Prison, Munich. Her last entry is January 29, 1945, the day she was beheaded. <mask> has also written Javea...Yes!, a romping post-apocalyptic bike ride across Europe, which has become a Mad Max world. Billy Poem is an ambitious children's book exploring the surreal world of the critically ill.It is told from the perspective of two children, lingering between life and death, who explore this magical world of ‘In Between’ as they lie in comas in Intensive Care. Their search leads them inside a mountain which hides the secrets of death. They bravely plunge in, seeking to find and defang it. Ugly Duckling is an alternative history of the 45th occupant of the White House with a surprise outcome that both Republicans and Democrats will be delighted with. A failed attempt at regime change is hijacked by the most unlikely source, a black African, who throws the whole playbook at Ugly before discovering the secret to his transformation, thank to a mysterious Rwandan woman, a Magnetiseuse Energéticienne. Beauty Like a Tightened Bow uses poetic prose to recount an unrequited love, which is imagined as a long ambling conversation. In his play Ship of Folly, Hearts of Gold Strauss tells the story of the Peace Ship chartered by Henry Ford which sailed from America to Europe in December 1915 with the grandiose intention of


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 arbitrating the end of the First World War.On board were many champions of bizarre causes and social evangelists. Ford invested his fortune and reputation in the endeavour but, despite his sincere convictions and towering personality, he was betrayed by his own arrogance, naivety and petty prejudices. Ship of Folly is a cautionary tale in which Hearts of Gold are no match for powerful conspirators. In another play, Bananas, anyone?, the American invasion of the Dominican Republic in 1965 is parodied. <mask> lived through this revolution with his parents, who were missionaries there at the time. The play shows how it wounded and humiliated the country, as well as all involved. A third play, Ann and Rachid Rachid, is about Extraordinary Rendition and how this dragnet in the War on Terror so easily caught up innocents like Dr. Rachid Rachid.Additionally, <mask> has published several volumes of poetry, short stories, children's stories, theater and screenplays. All are available as ebooks on Kindle or paperbacks through Amazon. <mask> also regularly posts new work on his blog. Books

La Tendresse
Madness
Maria Lindisma
Javea...Yes! Billy Poem
Ugly Duckling
Beauty Like a Tightened Bow
Ship of Folly, Heart of Gold and Other Plays
To My Departed Children and Other Poems
Look, there's Ibiza and Other Stories
Terri and Jan and Other Stories
Golden Lads and Girls and Other Stories
La Tendresse and Other Plays
Lace and Other

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 Plays
All My Children and Other Stories
This Man Has A Uterus and Other Stories
Lapland and Other Stories
Into Every Married Mind and Other Stories
Baby Yar and Other Stories
Brian and Helen and Other Stories
Wake Any Sleeping Dead and Other Poems and Tales
In No Order and Other Musings
You Gotta Be Kiddin’
That’s Wild, Man! Un Coup de Dés
The Discovery of Ella and Other Stories
Paul and the Law

Scientific publications

<mask>'s scientific interests are widespread. His interest in immunology has led to publications in HIV disease, cellular activation and natural killer cell function, tumor immunology, HLA-B27-related rheumatologic conditions and screening, transplant cross-matching and graph rejection, pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis, leukemia diagnosis and minimal residual disease, platelet activation in vascular disease and stem cell transplantation in cancer patients.Publications in endocrinology cover the subjects of diabetes management and education, efficacy of insulin injecting devices, safe injection technique, intensive glucose management, GP office management of diabetes and the epidemiology of diabetes in developing regions of Africa and Eastern Europe. Additionally, <mask> has published on peripheral and central line catheters, anesthesia and surgical devices, safety injection devices, sharps disposal units, spinal and epidural catheters and vaccination devices. Le Château du Jardin

Intended as a

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 retreat for health care artists, Le Jardin des Arts, is located in le Château du Jardin, a property owned by <mask> and listed as an architectural heritage site in Belgium. The official site for Patrimoine Architectural Belge  describes it as follows:. Tongre-Notre-Dame is best known for its basilica dedicated to the Virgin Mary, but it also has some unexpected treasures, such as the Château du Jardin. Built in the mid-19th century, this mansion stands in the middle of extensive formally laid out grounds. Today, the Château du Jardin is the property of an endocrinologist, <mask>.He undertook the restoration of the residence with a view to holding medical seminars there. The Château du Jardin is a neo-classical, rectangular building. The frontage and rear external wall are two stories high, faced with finishing plaster and surmounted by a Mansard roof bordered with a wooden cornice. The façades have large rectangular window openings. Notes and references

Publications

HIV disease

Hulstaert F, K<mask>, M. Levacher, G. Vanham, L. Kestens, B. Bach. The staging and prognostic value of subset markers on CD8 cells in HIV disease. In Janossy G, Autran B. Miedema F (eds): Immunodeficiency in HIV Infection and AIDS, Karger Publishers, Basel, 1992:185-194.Bouscarat F, M. Levacher, M Dazza, K<mask>, P. Girard, C. Ruggeri, M. Sinet. Correlation of CD8 lymphocyte activation with cellular viremia and plasma HIV RNA levels in

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 asymptomatic patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1996; 12:17-24. Bainbridge D, Lowdell M, Hannet H, <mask> K, Karpas A. Can repeated plasma donation by asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals delay the onset of AIDS? Phil. Trans.R. Soc, 1997; 352:763-770. Lopez A, Caragol I, Candeias J, Villamor N, Echaniz P, Ortuno F, Sempere A, <mask>, Orfao A. Enumeration of CD4+ T-cells in the peripheral blood of HIV-infected patients: interlaboratory study of the FACSCount system. Cytometry. 1999;38:231-7. Immunology

<mask>, Gonzalez H.  El syndrome de anticardiolipina. Acta Med Col 1988;13:46-49. <mask>W, Gonzalez-Buritica H, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR.Polymyositis-dermatomyositis: a clinical review. Postgrad Med J. 1989;65:437-43. Hulstaert F, I. Hannet, V. Deneys, V. Munhyeshuli, T. Reichert, M. DeBruyer, K<mask>. Age-related changes in human blood lymphocyte subpopulations. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, 1994; 70:152-158. Hulstaert F, J. Albrecht, I. Hannet, P. Lancaster, L. Buchner, J. Kunz, A. Falkenrodt, M. Tongio, F. DeKeyser, E. Veys, L. Noens, N. Mir, C. Costello, R. Becker, K<mask>.An optimized method for routine HLA-B27 screening using flow cytometry. Cytometry, 1994; 18:21-29. <mask>, F. Hulstaert, V. Deneys, A. Mazzon, I. Hannet, M. DeBruyere, T. Reichert, C. Sindic. The immune profile of multiple sclerosis: T-lymphocyte effects predominate over all other

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 factors in cyclophosphamide-treated patients. Journal of Neuroimmunology 1995; 63:133-142. <mask>, I. Hannet, S. Engels, A. Shiba, D. Ward, S. Ullery, M. Jinguji, J. Valinsky, D. Barnett, A. Orfao, L. Kestens. Performance Evaluation of the FACSCount system: a dedicated system for clinical cellular analysis.Cytometry, 1996; 26:52-59. Endocrinology

<mask>. Endocrine complications of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Archives of Internal Medicine, 1991; 151:1441–1444. Akiguchi I, <mask>, Borges M, Silva JE, Moses AC. Thyroid hormone receptors and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine biological effects in FRTL5 thyroid follicular cells. Endocrinology, 1992;131:1279-87. Pediatrics

Lo Presti D, Ingegnosi C, <mask>.  Skin and subcutaneous thickness at injecting sites in children with diabetes: ultrasound findings and recommendations for giving injection.Pediatr Diabetes. 2012;13:525-33. Kalra S, Deeb AA, Dhingra M, <mask>.  Paediatric insulin injection technique: The softer side. J Pak Med Assoc. 2018;68:1270-1272. Kalra S, Hirsch LJ, Frid A, Deeb A, <mask> KW. Pediatric Insulin Injection Technique: A Multi-Country Survey and Clinical Practice Implications.Diabetes Ther. 2018;9:2291-2302. Deeb A, Abdelrahman L, Tomy M, Suliman S, Akle M, Smith M, <mask>.  Impact of Insulin Injection and Infusion Routines on Lipohypertrophy and Glycemic Control in Children and Adults with Diabetes. Diabetes Ther. 2019;10:259-267. Oncology

Bertino B,

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 Knape W, Pytlinska M, <mask>, Hammou JC. A comparative study of DNA content as measured by flow cytometry and image analysis in 1864 specimens.Analytical Cellular Pathology, 1994; 6:377-394. Infectious Disease

Strauss K, van Zundert A, Frid A, Costigliola V.  Pandemic influenza preparedness: the critical role of the syringe. Vaccine 2006;24:4874-82. Medical Safety

Strauss K. 'Safety in Family Medicine', The European Textbook of Family Medicine, eds. M Bisconcin, G. Maso, N. Mathers. 2006: Passoni Editore, pp. 687–696.<mask>.  Is Europe falling behind the United States in the field of sharps safety? J Infus Nurs. 2009;32:128-9. <mask>; WISE Consensus Group. WISE recommendations to ensure the safety of injections in diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2012;38 Suppl 1:S2-8.Strauss K.  Feit en fictie:  Het risico op prikaccidenten door medische injecties. Tijdschrift voor Verpleegkundigen 2012;5:56-60. <mask>.  Risk of needlestick injury from injecting needles. Nurs Times. 2012;108:12, 14, 16. <mask>.  Synopsis of the WISE meeting. Diabetes Metab.2012;38 Suppl 1:S15-26. <mask>.  Better safe than sorry. Nurs Stand. 2013 14–20;27:61. Intravenous Therapy

Rivera AM, <mask>, Van Zundert A, Mortier E. The history of peripheral intravenous catheters: How plastic tubes revolutionized medicine. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2005; 56:271-282. Rivera AM, K. <mask>, A.Van Zundert, E. Mortier. Matching the peripheral intravenous catheter to the

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 individual patient. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2006; 58:19-25. González López JL, Arribi Vilela A, Fernández del Palacio E, Olivares Corral J, Benedicto Martí C, Herrera Portal P.  Indwell times, complications and costs of open vs closed safety peripheral intravenous catheters: a randomized study. J Hosp Infect. 2014 Feb;86(2):117-26. Diabetes Therapy

Strauss K, B. Ginsberg.Managing type II diabetes. European Union of General Practitioners Reference Book 1996/97. Insulin Injection Technique

<mask>, Insulin injection techniques: Report from the 1st International Insulin Injection Technique Workshop, Strasbourg, France—June 1997, Pract Diab Int 1998:15; 16–20. <mask>, Pautas de insulinoterapia y técnicas de inyección, Anales de Medicina Interna 1998:292-293. <mask>. Ultra short (5mm) insulin needles: how do they affect injection technique? ISPAD, 1999, 127–132. <mask>, I. Hannet, J. McGonigle, JL.Parkes, B. Ginsberg, R. Jamal, A. Frid, Ultra-short (5mm) insulin needles: trial results and clinical recommendations. Pract Diab Int 1999;16:22-25. <mask>, De Gols H, Letondeur C, Matyjaszczyk M, Frid A. The Second Injection Technique Event (SITE), May 2000, Barcelona, Spain. Prac Diab Int 2000;19:17-21. De Coninck C, Frid A, Gaspar R, Hicks D, Hirsch L, Kreugel G, Liersch J, Letondeur C, Sauvanet JP, Tubiana N, <mask>.  Results and analysis of the 2008-2009 Insulin Injection Technique Questionnaire survey. J Diabetes

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 2010;2:168-79.Frid A, Hirsch L, Gaspar R, Hicks D, Kreugel G, Liersch J, Letondeur C, Sauvanet JP, Tubiana-Rufi N, <mask>.  The Third Injection Technique Workshop in Athens (TITAN). Diabetes Metab. 2010;36 Suppl 2:S19-29. Frid A, Hirsch L, Gaspar R, Hicks D, Kreugel G, Liersch J, Letondeur C, Sauvanet JP, Tubiana-Rufi N, <mask> AH, Hirsch LJ, Menchior AR, Morel DR, <mask> AH, Hirsch LJ, Menchior AR, Morel DR, <mask> KW. Worldwide Injection Technique Questionnaire Study: Population Parameters and Injection Practices. Mayo Clin Proc.2016;91:1212-23. Hirsch LJ, <mask> KW. The Injection Technique Factor: What You Don't Know or Teach Can Make a Difference. Clin Diabetes 2019;37:227-233. Insulin Therapy

Frid AH, Kreugel G, Grassi G, Halimi S, Hicks D, Hirsch LJ, Smith MJ, Wellhoener R, Bode BW, Hirsch IB, Kalra S, Ji L, <mask> KW. New Insulin Delivery Recommendations. Mayo Clin Proc.2016;91:1231-55. Frid A, Hirsch L, <mask>.  Optimal Insulin Delivery. Chapter published on line by Intechopen as eBook Ultimate Guide to Insulin. 2018 http://www.intechopen.com/books/ultimate-guide-to-insulin/optimal-insulin-delivery
Deeb A, Ziaullah M, Akle M, <mask>.  Utilization and Challenges of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy: A Patient Experience Analysis. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2019;13:146-147. Lipohypertrophy related to Insulin Therapy

Blanco M, Hernández MT, <mask> KW, Amaya M.  Prevalence and risk factors

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 of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injecting patients with diabetes.Diabetes Metab.2013;39:445-53. Smith M, Clapham L, <mask> K.  UK lipohypertrophy interventional study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;126:248-253. <mask>, K.  L’éducation des patients présentant des lipohypertrophies a-t-elle un impact sur l’équilibre glycémique ? Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques 2017;11:425-430. Medicine in the European Union

Strauss K.  Strumenti per la somministrazione dell-insulina e tecniche corrette per la sua iniezione.Il Diabete, 1997; 9:157-167. Look D, <mask>. Nadeln mehrfach verwenden? Diabetes Journal 1998, 10: S. 31–34. <mask>, H. De Gols, I. Hannet, T. M. Partanen, A. Frid. A pan-European epidemiologic study of insulin injection technique in patients with diabetes. Pract Diab Int 2002;19:71-76. Varroud-Vial M, Simon D, Attali J, Durand-Zaleski I, Bera L, Attali C, Letondeur C, <mask>, Petit C, Charpentier G.  Improving glycaemic control of patients with Type 2 diabetes in a primary care setting: a French application of the Staged Diabetes Management programme.Diabet Med. 2004;21:592-8. <mask>, R Onia, A. van Zundert. Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Use in Europe: Towards the use of safety devices. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2008; 52:798-804. Leotta C, Fedele V, Schifilliti C, Ingegnosi C, Savoca G, Cucinotta L, <mask>.  Movement in health: housing a diabetes centre within a gym (and vice versa). J Diabetes 2011;3:273-7.Costigliola

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 V, Frid A, Letondeur C, <mask>.  Needlestick injuries in European nurses in diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2012;38 Suppl 1:S9-14. Strauss K.  L’innovazione technologica migliorera l’esperienza iniettiva dei pazienti: aghi piu corti et sottili. Il Diabete 2012;24:190-192. Grassi G, Scuntero P, Trepiccioni R, Marubbi F, <mask>.  Optimizing insulin injection technique and its effect on blood glucose control. J Clin Transl Endocrinol.2014;1:145-150. <mask>.  Study shows: improved glycemic control in diabetes patients by correcting the injection technique (German text). Kinderkrankenschwester. 2015;34:115-7. Gentile S, Strollo F, Guarino G, Giancaterini A, Ames PRJ, Speese K, Guida P, <mask>. on behalf of the AMDOSDI Italian Injection Technique Study Group (2016) Factors hindering correct identification of unapparent lipohypertrophy. J Diab Metab Dis Contr 3: 00065. Campinos C, Le Floch JP, Petit C, Penfornis A, Winiszewski P, Bordier L, Lepage M, Fermon C, Louis J, Almain C, Morel D, Hirsch L, <mask> KW.An Effective Intervention for Diabetic Lipohypertrophy: Results of a Randomized, Controlled, Prospective Multicenter Study in France. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2017;19:623-632. Medicine in Central Europe

Strauss K. Bezpieczenstwo I wygoda wstrzykiwania insuliny. Diabetologia Polska, 1995; 2:305-308. Vesely R, J. Barths, F. Vanlangendonck, I. Hannet, K<mask>. Initial results of Central European Immunophenogyping Quality Control

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 Program (CEQUAL).Cytometry 1996; 26:108-112. Vykhovanets EV, Chernyshov VP, Slukvin II, Antipkin YG, Vasyuk AN, Klimenko HF, <mask> KW. 131I dose-dependent thyroid autoimmune disorders in children living around Chernobyl. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1997;84:251-9. Chernyshov V, E. Vykhovanets, I. Slukvin, Y. Antipkin, A. Vasyuk, K<mask>, Analysis of blood lymphocyte subsets in children living on territory that received high amounts of fallout from Chernobyl accident. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, 1997:122-128.Wilczynski J, K. Cypryk, K<mask>, R. Mazze. The role of Staged Diabetes Management in improving diabetes care in Poland. Practical Diabetes Management, 1999; 16:137-141. Medicine in China

Tao L, Zhang X, <mask> K, Hirsch LJ, Chandran A. Estimated economic burden of insulin injection-related lipohypertrophy in Chinese patients with diabetes. Value Health. 2014;17:A748-9.Wang W, Guo X, Shen G, Bai G, Wei Z, Liu J, Hirsch L, <mask>.  Skin and subcutaneous tissue thickness at insulin injection sites in Chinese diabetes patients: Clinical implications. Diabetes Metab. 2016;42:374-377. Song Z, Guo X, Ji L, Huang X, Hirsch LJ, <mask> KW. Insulin Injection Technique in China Compared with the Rest of the World. Diabetes Ther. 2018;9:2357-2368.Medicine in India

Kalra S, Mithal A, Sahay R, John M, Unnikrishnan AG, Saboo B, Ghosh S, Sanyal D, Hirsch LJ, Gupta V, <mask> KW. Indian Injection Technique Study:

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 Population Characteristics and Injection Practices. Diabetes Ther. 2017;8:637-657. Kalra S, Mithal A, Sahay R, John M, Unnikrishnan AG, Saboo B, Ghosh S, Sanyal D, Hirsch LJ, Gupta V, <mask> KW. Indian Injection Technique Study: Injecting Complications, Education, and the Health Care Professional. Diabetes Ther.2017;8:659-672. Medicine in Africa

Levin A, Brubaker G, Shao J, Kumby D, O'Brien T, Goedert J, <mask>, Blattner W, Hannet I. Determination of T-lymphocyte subsets on site in rural Tanzania: results in HIV-1 infected and non-infected individuals. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1996:288-291. Medicine in Latin America

Calliari LE, Cudizio L, Tschiedel B, Pedrosa HC, Rea R, Pimazoni-Netto A, Hirsch L, <mask>.  Insulin Injection Technique Questionnaire: results of an international study comparing Brazil, Latin America and World data. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2018;10:85.Medicine in Turkey

Dagdelen S, Deyneli O, Olgun N, Siva ZO, Sargin M, Hatun S, Kulaksizoglu M, Kaya A, Gürlek CA, Hirsch LJ, <mask> KW; ITQ Turkish Study Group. Turkish Insulin Injection Technique Study: Population Characteristics of Turkish Patients with Diabetes Who Inject Insulin and Details of Their Injection Practices as Assessed by Survey Questionnaire. Diabetes Ther. 2018;9:1629-1645. Dagdelen S, Deyneli O, Olgun N, Siva ZO, Sargin M, Hatun S, Kulaksizoglu M, Kaya A, Gürlek CA, Hirsch LJ, <mask> KW; ITQ Turkish Study Group. Turkish Insulin

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<mask> (17 August 1946 – 2 July 2016) was a Trinidadian and Tobagonian politician who was the fourth Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago; his terms ran from 17 December 1991 to 9 November 1995 and from 24 December 2001 to 26 May 2010. He was also Political Leader of the People's National Movement (PNM) from 1987 to 2010. A geologist by training, <mask> served as Member of Parliament for the San Fernando East constituency from 1971 until 2015 when he was replaced by Randall Mitchell and was the longest-serving member of the House of Representatives. He was the Leader of the Opposition from 1986 to 1990 and again from 1995 to 2001. <mask> was born in San Fernando and received his secondary education at Presentation College, San Fernando, and his bachelor's degree from the University of the West Indies at Mona, in 1969. After graduation, he returned to Trinidad where he worked as a geologist for Texaco. He entered Parliament in 1971 representing the San Fernando East constituency.Life

Early career
After graduating from the University of the West Indies, <mask> worked as a geologist with Texaco Trinidad Ltd., until he ran for Parliament in 1971. Between 1971 and 1978 he served as Parliamentary Secretary in various Ministries before being appointed junior Minister in the Ministry of Finance in the government of Eric Williams. In 1979 he was given the additional position of junior Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister. In 1981 he was given a full Cabinet position of Minister of Information and Minister of Industry and Commerce. Between 1981 and 1986 he served as Minister of Energy and Natural Resources. The 1986 general elections saw the ruling PNM suffer an almost total defeat. Only three candidates won their seats; the Prime Minister, George Chambers, was among the losing candidates.As one of the three successful PNM candidates, <mask> was appointed Leader of the Opposition. In 1987, he was elected political leader of the PNM. A split in the ruling National Alliance for Reconstruction in 1988 left the PNM as the minority Opposition party, and, in 1990, Basdeo Panday

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 requested that he be appointed Leader of the Opposition. Second term as Prime Minister
In 1995, <mask> called a General Election one full year before it was constitutionally due. In this election both the PNM and the UNC won 17 seats each and the NAR won 2 seats. The UNC and the NAR united in a coalition and formed the government; Basdeo Panday replaced <mask> as Prime Minister. <mask> served as Leader of the Opposition once again, also losing the 2000 elections.The 2001 elections ended in a tie, with both the Opposition PNM and the governing United National Congress winning 18 seats. President A. N. R. Robinson appointed <mask> as Prime Minister. In addition to prime ministership, <mask> was also Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2007. Unable to elect a Speaker of the House of Representatives, <mask> proceeded to rule without Parliament until the need to pass a Budget forced him to call elections in October 2002. His party won this election with 20 seats to 16 for the UNC and formed the new government. Under the PNM administration, income taxes were substantially reduced and the Corporation Tax reduced from 35% to 25% of profits for most companies. The Government also instituted free university education.The economy grew a pace, primarily due to high natural gas and oil prices and to significant increases in natural gas production. In September 2007, <mask> received an honorary doctorate from Medgar Evers College, CUNY. Third term as Prime Minister
In 2007, <mask> called for a general election to be held on 4 November. The PNM won this election with 26 of the 41 seats and <mask> began his third term as Prime Minister. Subsequently, the country experienced a slow down in the economy. Despite this the economic ratings of the country came in for high praises mainly from the Standards and Poor report on 15 August 2008 which raised Trinidad and Tobago from an "A-" to an "A". The Government of Trinidad and Tobago also hosted King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia of Spain on 30 November to 2 December 2008.The purpose of the visit was to strengthen the economic ties between Spain, Latin

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texts:
 America and the Caribbean and also to open new markets and possibility for increase trading and the opening of new markets. The country also hosted two world summits in 2009: the 5th Summit of the Americas on 17 to 19 April 2009 as well as The Commonwealth Heads of Government on 27 to 29 November 2009. The Chilean President Michelle Bachelet paid Prime Minister <mask> and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago a visit in 2010. The purpose was to strengthen bilateral ties between the two countries and as a result a formal agreement was signed in an effort to unite the two countries. Despite economic growth, crime was considered a serious problem. The number of murders increased sharply from 93 in 1999 to 509 in 2009. Additionally, 2008 saw the country's highest number of murders with 550.The Prime Minister's explanation was that the crime problem was a result of the illegal drug and arms trade. His speech at the 5th summit of the Americas points to the fact that the Caribbean is situated between the narcotic producing South American continent and the narcotic consuming North American continent. Some of his crime detection and prevention methods included the introduction of the Special Anti-Crime Unit of Trinidad and Tobago (SAUTT), two surveillance airships (commonly referred to as blimps), and the inclusion of six high speed off-shore patrol vessels for better control of the country's maritime borders and coastlines on 15 February 2010. <mask> was quoted as saying that the country could expect to see a 50% decrease in crime because of this effort. 2010 elections
On 9 April 2010 Prime Minister <mask> advised President George Maxwell Richards to dissolve Parliament resulting in a General Election to be held two years sooner than was constitutionally mandated. <mask> later announced 24 May 2010 as the date for general elections. <mask> and the PNM lost the election to The People's Partnership (UNC, COP, TOP, NJAC, MSJ).Following the defeat, <mask> officially resigned as Political Leader of the Party on 27 May 2010 but remained as the Parliamentary Representative for San Fernando

masks: Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning


title: Patrick Manning

texts:
 East. <mask> was sent to the Privileges Committee following statements he made in Parliament on 19 November 2010, during a debate on the Interception of Communications Bill. <mask> had made certain allegations about the private residence of Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar on the San Fernando/Siparia/Erin Road. On 24 November 2010, Speaker of the House Wade Mark ruled that a prima facie case of contempt or breach of privilege had been made out against <mask> and referred the matter to the Committee for consideration. <mask> was accordingly suspended from the service of the House of Representatives with immediate effect on 16 May 2011, as declared by House Speaker Wade Mark. During this period, <mask> wouldn't be able to represent his San Fernando East constituency in Parliament. <mask> is the second Prime Minister to be suspended from the House of Representatives in Trinidad and Tobago.Illness and death
On 24 September 2007, <mask> went to Cuba for a routine medical evaluation. For many years, he had engaged in a regular exercise program. On 23 January 2012, <mask> suffered a stroke. Diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia was confirmed on 30 June 2016 and he died at 8:15 AM on July 2, 2016 at the San Fernando General Hospital, six weeks before his 70th birthday. <mask> (Barbados, Guyana, Trinidad & Tobago) Initiative

<mask> (Eastern Caribbean Pipeline) Initiative

<mask> (Trinidad & Tobago—Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States) Initiative

References

Further reading

External links

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1946 births
2016 deaths
Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
Members of the House of Representatives (Trinidad and Tobago)
People's National Movement politicians
Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago
Energy ministers of Trinidad and Tobago
Finance ministers of Trinidad and Tobago
Industry ministers of Trinidad and Tobago
Trade ministers of Trinidad and Tobago
Texaco people
Trinidad and Tobago geologists
Trinidad and Tobago Anglicans
University of the West Indies alumni
Deaths from leukemia
Deaths from cancer in Trinidad and Tobago
People from San Fernando,

masks: Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning


title: Davin Meggett

texts:
<mask> (born March 22, 1990) is an American former running back football player. He played college football for the University of Maryland. He has also been a member of the Houston Texans, Indianapolis Colts, Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins. Early life
Meggett was born in Clinton, Maryland on March 22, 1990 to Super Bowl champion and two-time Pro Bowl selection <mask> and mother Victoria Davis. He grew up in Upper Marlboro, Maryland with his mother and stepfather John Davis. At the age of 9, Meggett switched from his preferred sport of soccer to football because his childhood friend played the game. Meggett, however, was doubtful that he was of large enough stature to play intercollegiate football for a major college program.At Surrattsville High School, Meggett was a three-year starting running back. As a junior in 2006, he ran for 1,150 yards on 156 attempts, rushed for ten touchdowns, and garnered second-team all-county and honorable mention all-state honors. Meggett experienced a breakout year as a senior in 2007, during which he led the Surratsville Hornets to its first playoff berth since the establishment of the team in 1960. He was an accomplished track runner placing well at the regional tournament and setting several high school weight-lifting records under Coach Richard S. Hensel. He finished the regular season as the second-leading rusher in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. On the season, Meggett rushed 169 times for 1,784 yards and scored 26 rushing touchdowns and six receiving touchdowns. Rivals.com named him the 16th-ranked player in the state of Maryland.He was honored as a first-team

masks:
Davin Meggett
Dave Meggett


title: Davin Meggett

texts:
 rushed for 94 yards and a touchdown.Prior to the 2011 season, <mask> Walker Award watch list. He assumed the starting position after the graduation of Da'Rel Scott and was named a team captain. In the opener against Miami, he had 21 carries for 92 yards. Statistics

Professional career

Houston Texans
Meggett was signed by the Houston Texans as an undrafted free agent to an undisclosed three-year contract on April 29, 2012. He was released on August 26, 2012. On September 27, the Texans signed Meggett to the practice squad. He was released on November 27.Indianapolis Colts
On December 11, 2012, Meggett was signed to the practice squad of the Indianapolis Colts. On August 25, 2013, he was waived by the Colts. Dallas Cowboys
On October 15, 2013, <mask> was signed to the practice squad of the Dallas Cowboys. He was released on October 29. Washington Redskins
The Washington Redskins signed Meggett to their practice squad on November 12. He signed a reserve/future contract with the team on December 31, 2013. He was released on March 4, 2014.Second Stint with Colts
Meggett re-signed with the Indianapolis Colts on July 27, 2014. He was waived on August 17, 2014. Post-football

After his football career ended, Meggett became an 8th grade language arts teacher at Sugar Grove Academy in Houston, Texas. References

External links
 Indianapolis Colts bio
 Maryland Terrapins bio
 ESPN Stats

1990 births
Living people
American football running backs
Maryland Terrapins football players
People from Clinton, Maryland
People from Upper Marlboro, Maryland
Players of American football from Maryland
Sportspeople from the Washington

masks: Meggettak Meggett


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts:
<mask> (born April 11, 1969) is an American professional wrestler and trainer currently signed with All Elite Wrestling (AEW), where he performs under the ring name <mask>. He is best known for his multiple tenures with WWE from 1995 to 2019 under the gimmick and ring name Goldust. The son of WWE Hall of Famer <mask> and the half-brother of fellow wrestler <mask>, he is also known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA, now Impact Wrestling). Between WWF/E and WCW, Runnels has won 23 total championships. In WCW, he was a two-time United States Heavyweight Champion, a one-time Six-Man Tag Team Champion, and a two-time World Tag Team Champion. In WWF/E, he is a three-time Intercontinental Champion, nine-time Hardcore Champion, one-time World Tag Team Champion, and two-time WWE Tag Team Champion. Runnels has also appeared in the second most Royal Rumble matches, at 13.<mask> headlined multiple pay-per-view events for the WWF and WCW during the 1990s. He is also a former Sammy Guevara Vlog champion. Professional wrestling career

Championship Wrestling from Florida (1988–1989)
Runnels made his professional wrestling debut on September 13, 1988, as "<mask>", defeating Bob Cook in a match for the Tampa-based Championship Wrestling from Florida (CWF) promotion. The promotion was renamed the Professional Wrestling Federation in February 1989 after Runnels' father, <mask>, began wrestling there. Runnels captured the NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship from Al Perez on May 23, 1989, holding it for a month. World Championship

masks:
Dustin Patrick Runnels
Dustin Rhodes
Dusty Rhodes
Cody Rhodes
Rhodes
Dustin Rhodes
Dusty Rhodes


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts:
 Wrestling (1988−1989)
In December 1988, Runnels debuted in World Championship Wrestling. <mask> teamed with Kendall Windham in an undercard tag team called The Texas Broncos that saw success against The Cruel Connection and The Commandos.Their first defeat came against The Original Midnight Express at a house show on December 10, 1988, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. <mask>'s first singles match came two days later at a television taping in Atlanta, Georgia when he defeated Trent Knight. <mask>' initial WCW run lasted only a few months, as he exited the company two months after his father. After suffering a loss to Butch Reed during a dark match for an NWA Main Event taping in The Omni on February 12, 1989, <mask> closed out his initial WCW run with a win over Trent Knight in Walterboro, South Carolina on February 24. Japan and Memphis (1989–1990)
In March 1989, Runnels toured Japan for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) in its annual Champion Carnival, under the name <mask> Jr. He returned to AJPW for a ten and a twenty-day tour in the spring and summer of 1990. Runnels began wrestling in the United States Wrestling Association (USWA) in July 1989.There he feuded mainly with Tony Anthony for Anthony's CWA Heavyweight Championship but never won the belt. He left the USWA in the spring of 1990. World Wrestling Federation (1990–1991)
Runnels debuted as a fan favorite in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in late 1990, wrestling as <mask>. His first match in the WWF (now WWE) was against Paul Diamond on September 21, 1990. In December 1990, <mask> defeated Ted DiBiase in a televised

masks:
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Dusty Rhodes
Dustin Rhodes
Rhodes


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts:
 ten-minute challenge match. On January 19, 1991, at the Royal Rumble, <mask> and his father Dusty lost to Ted DiBiase and Virgil in a tag team bout, and both left immediately after. Return to WCW

Teaming with Barry Windham (1991–1992)
In February 1991, Runnels joined World Championship Wrestling (WCW), wrestling as "The Natural" <mask>.He feuded with Larry Zbyszko until April 1991, when he refused to join Alexandra York's York Foundation, thus beginning a feud with Foundation member Terrence Taylor. In late 1991, <mask> formed a tag-team with Barry Windham and began pursuing WCW Tag Team champions The Enforcers (Arn Anderson and Zbyszko). The pair received a title shot at Clash of the Champions XVII, but Windham was injured prior to the event. A returning Ricky Steamboat was chosen to partner <mask>, and the makeshift duo won the WCW World Tag Team Championship. They lost the belts on January 16, 1992, to Arn Anderson and fellow Dangerous Alliance member Bobby Eaton. On a taped edition of WCW Saturday Night on September 2, 1992, <mask> teamed with Windham to defeat Steve Williams and Terry Gordy for the unified WCW World Tag Team Championship and NWA World Tag Team Championship (their NWA title reign is not recognized by NWA); the match would air on October 3. They held the belts for about two months before losing them to Steamboat and Shane Douglas in a memorable match on the November 18 edition of Clash of the Champions XXI.Windham turned on <mask> after the match when <mask> refused to pin Steamboat after an accidental low blow. United States Heavyweight Champion (1993–1995)

masks:
Rhodes
Dustin Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts: In January 1993, <mask> reached the final of a tournament to decide the number one contender for the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship. The champion Rick Rude was stripped of his title that same month, meaning the tournament final would be for the title. <mask> faced his old partner Ricky Steamboat to win his first United States Heavyweight title. He successfully defended the title the following month at SuperBrawl III against Maxx Payne. Rude returned that April and quickly challenged <mask>. Their first encounter resulted in a controversial double pin, with Rude initially being awarded the title.The championship was held up two weeks later. After a 30-minute Iron Man Match ended in a 1–1 draw at Beach Blast on July 18, a best-of-three series was set between the two on Saturday Night; <mask> lost the first match on August 28, but defeated Rude twice on September 4 and 11 to claim his second United States Heavyweight Championship. At Fall Brawl, <mask> teamed with Sting, Davey Boy Smith and The Shockmaster to defeat Big Van Vader, Sid Vicious and Harlem Heat in a WarGames match. <mask> lost the title to Steve Austin in a Two out of three falls match at Starrcade, after losing both falls. In March 1994, <mask> started feuding with Bunkhouse Buck and Col. Robert Parker. After Parker introduced Arn Anderson and Terry Funk as adversaries for Runnels, Runnels responded by bringing his father, a former enemy of Funk, back into the ring to team with him again against Parker's Stud Stable. In December 1994, Parker introduced another opponent for <mask>, The Blacktop Bully.At the

masks: Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts:
 Uncensored pay-per-view on March 19, 1995, <mask> lost to The Blacktop Bully in the only King of the Road match in the company's history. The match, which was filmed several days earlier, resulted in both <mask> and The Blacktop Bully being fired from the company, as the two had bladed during the match after being instructed to by one another, which was against corporate policy at the time in WCW. Return to WWF

Debut of Goldust (1995–1996)

In August 1995, Runnels returned to the WWF, wrestling as a then-villain Goldust, nicknamed "the bizarre one" because of his somewhat spooky, mysterious, mixed-message sending, sexually suggestive turned violent behaviors. In communication, Goldust frequently took to comically flirtatious remarks yet maintaining a deadpan and monotone delivery and presence. Using in-ring psychology to his advantage, Goldust often used lewd and flirtatious mind games to anger, confuse, and distract his opponents. He utilized such tactics as groping and excessive physical affection towards his opponent in the midst of delivering his onslaught. To that end, one of Goldust's trademarks was his exaggerated, suggestively breathy inhalation whilst caressing his own body; this all ends in him exhaling through a vicious biting sound at his adversary, intended to startle.The character was portrayed as a drag queen obsessed with films and everything gold, which is a parody of the Oscars statuette. Adding to this aspect of the gimmick, Goldust often quoted or made reference to classic Hollywood films during his promos. Under the gimmick, Runnels wore a predominately gold

masks: Rhodes Rhodes


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts:
 smoking large brown cigars. A rematch between Goldust and Ramon at WrestleMania XII was canceled after Ramon was suspended, with Goldust instead fighting Roddy Piper in a Hollywood Backlot Brawl. At the end of the fight, Piper stripped Goldust of his ring attire to reveal him wearing women's lingerie; Runnels revealed in 2018 (while making jokes at his own butt) that it was his idea just three days before WrestleMania XII to wear a slip and thong underneath his ring attire and to have Piper strip him down, getting the approval from McMahon.Goldust defended his Intercontinental Championship in bouts against Savio Vega and The Ultimate Warrior before losing to Ahmed Johnson at King of the Ring on June 23, 1996. In August 1996, Goldust briefly gained control over Mankind and feuded with The Undertaker. His attention soon turned to Marc Mero and his then wife Sable. Goldust and Marlena attempted to get Sable to join their team, but Mero won the feud and kept her by his side. He also had a Ladder match with Shawn Michaels at internet pay-per-view (iPPV) Xperience for the WWF Championship but lost the match. In December 1996, Goldust entered a feud with Hunter Hearst Helmsley, when Helmsley began flirting with Goldust's valet: Marlena. This feud lead to the debut of Chyna as Helmsley's new bodyguard, who would manhandle Marlena and cause sympathy for Marlena & Goldust.This marked the first time Goldust changed into a fan favorite rather than the villainous character he was prior. Various gimmicks (1997–1999)
In May 1997, Goldust revealed his identity as <mask>, the son of <mask>. In

masks:
Dustin Runnels
Dusty Rhodes


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts:
 were sponsored by the fictional group, "Evangelists Against Television, Movies and Entertainment", the acronym for which reads "EATME" – a thinly veiled joke on the WWF's part. Runnels declared himself a born again Christian, alluding to "his" return, and walking through the crowd with signs reading "he's coming back!". While the return of Christ was clearly implied, Runnels was in fact referencing the return of the Goldust gimmick, which he reprised in October 1998 against Val Venis and then in November 1998, he began feuding with Jeff Jarrett over the attention of his manager, Debra.In early 1999, Goldust feuded with Al Snow, upon stealing the mannequin Head, Snow's mascot, and The Blue Meanie, who had recently renamed himself "Bluedust" and adopted many of Goldust's mannerisms. After Goldust defeated Meanie at St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Meanie became Goldust's apprentice. After Ryan Shamrock became Goldust's valet, Meanie and Shamrock began vying for Goldust's attention. In the same time period, Goldust won the Intercontinental Championship again from Road Dogg and then lost it to The Godfather two weeks later. He would team up with The Blue Meanie having a few matches against The Hardy Boyz until Goldust left the company in June 1999. Second return to WCW

Seven and "The American Nightmare" (1999–2001)
Runnels returned to World Championship Wrestling on the November 8, 1999 edition of WCW Monday Nitro, filming several vignettes for a fantastical, face-painted character named Seven. These vignettes contained ominous footage of <mask> in full makeup standing outside a


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts:
 child's bedroom window.The gimmick was reported to have been based on "The Strangers" from the 1998 film noir Dark City. The character was dropped after Turner Standards and Practices expressed concern that this gimmick could be misinterpreted as a child abductor. Upon returning to WCW television, <mask> removed his costume and delivered a worked shoot in which he mocked unrealistic gimmicks as well as his time as Goldust in the WWF. After turning heel upon his return, Runnels began wrestling as "The American Nightmare" <mask>, with his nickname a reference to his father's nickname, "The American Dream". <mask> feuded with Jeff Jarrett before feuding with Terry Funk. He was (kayfabe) fired by Vince Russo at Spring Stampede in April 2000 for failing to prevent Terry Funk from winning the vacant Hardcore Championship, against Norman Smiley. Various feuds (2001)
Runnels returned to WCW television in January 2001, assisting his father in his feud with Jarrett and, eventually, Ric Flair.He wrestled on the final WCW pay-per-view, Greed on March 18, 2001. In March 2001, WCW was purchased by the World Wrestling Federation, but the WWF did not acquire Runnels' contract. Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling (2001–2002)

In July 2001, Runnels, while still under contract to AOL Time Warner, began wrestling for his father's newly created Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling promotion, winning the promotion's Heavyweight Championship. Runnels competed on the independent circuit, first appearing for his father's promotion, Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling. Competing as <mask>, he captured the TCW

masks:
Rhodes
Dustin Rhodes
Rhodes
Dustin Rhodes


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts:
 one occasion hosting a segment titled Booker T and Goldust at the Movies and delivering reviews of The Scorpion King, a film starring The Rock.In May 2002, Booker joined the New World Order (nWo), with Goldust's request to join the faction rejected. In June 2002, Booker was ejected from the nWo by Shawn Michaels, sparking a feud between the nWo and Booker and Goldust. Booker and Goldust went on to compete in the tag team division, winning the World Tag Team Championship at Armageddon before being forced to split up on the February 3, 2003, episode of Raw by Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff for failing to win back the World Tag Team Championship. Following the dissolution of the tag team, Goldust contracted a stutter and Tourette's-like symptoms, upon receiving a shock from a Round Tube during an attack at the hands of Batista and Randy Orton. Goldust appeared in character on The Howard Stern Show in March 2003. He appeared sporadically thereafter, forming a tag team with Lance Storm in August 2003. In fall 2003, Booker T began receiving mysterious, haunting messages for a few weeks from somebody.The messages only said "I remember". It was rumored that the messages would be from Goldust, which would have begun a feud between the two. Suddenly, the angle was never mentioned again on television and the company announced on their website that they would not be renewing <mask>' contract. WWE allowed his contract to expire in December 2003. Independent circuit (2003–2005)
Following his release from WWE in December 2003, Runnels returned to the independent circuit while concurrently


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts:
 competing in his first stint with TNA. He first appeared for the Japanese promotion WORLD-1, as <mask> Jr., working three dates in early April, all singles matches and all victories. In July, Runnels returned to the United States and appeared for Full Impact Pro, tag teaming with Barry Windham and defeating the Cuban Assassin and Ryze.Runnels did not appear on the independent circuit for the rest of 2004 and much of 2005, until the first WrestleReunion, teaming with his father and Mike Graham against Abdullah the Butcher, Kevin Sullivan, and CM Punk. After his departure from TNA, he made a few appearances with Dusty for CCW against Phi Delta Slam. Runnels also competed on the Tribute to Starrcade show on November 19 in a match against Terry Funk, which ended in a No-Contest. Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2004–2005)
On February 4, 2004, he debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) as "The Lone Star" <mask>, unsuccessfully challenging Jeff Jarrett for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. On February 18, Runnels and El Leon defeated Kevin Northcutt and Legend in a tag team bout. In December 2004, he returned to TNA, once again wrestling as <mask>. on the January 7, 2005, episode of Impact, <mask> and Jeff Hardy defeated Kash and Dallas.On the January 14 episode of Impact, <mask> defeated Chris Candido. At Final Resolution, <mask> defeated Kid Kash. on the February 11 episode of Impact Wrestling, <mask> and America's Most Wanted defeated Kid Kash, Dallas and Raven in a six-man tag team match. at Against All Odds, <mask> lost to Raven but got payback at Destination X when

masks:
Dusty Rhodes
Dustin Rhodes
Dustin Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts:
 he defeated Raven in a bullrope match. He then entered a feud with Bobby Roode and at Lockdown, <mask> defeated Roode in a 2 out of 3 falls Prince of Darkness cage match. His TNA contract expired in April 2005 and he chose not to renew it, leaving TNA. Third return to WWE (2005–2006)
Runnels returned to World Wrestling Entertainment on October 31, 2005, as a heel and back under the Goldust attire, as Jonathan Coachman enlisted him and Vader to attack Batista.Goldust and Vader unsuccessfully interfered in a Street Fight between Batista and Coachman on behalf of Coachman at Taboo Tuesday. Following the event, Goldust once again disappeared from television. In January 2006, Goldust took part in the Royal Rumble match and was assigned once again to the Raw brand until he was released from his WWE contract on June 14, 2006, for no-showing an appearance. Runnels made a short appearance at WrestleMania 22 to give Booker T advice on his match against The Boogeyman where he insinuated that the only way he could beat The Boogeyman was to put worms in his anus. Independent circuit (2006–2007)
After returning to his fourth stint with WWE, Runnels once again disappeared from the indies, but made a special appearance with Jerry Lawler's Memphis Wrestling on March 3, 2006, as Goldust, in a match against Lawler, which he lost after Lawler hit him with a steel chain. Runnels was released from his fourth stint with WWE on June 14. Two weeks and six days later, on July 1, he returned to WORLD-1, defeating Tully Blanchard in the main event.On October 14, he appeared with the UK promotion One Pro


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts:
 Wrestling, under the name <mask> (the name he would use in AJPW) with a victory over Curry Man. While competing for AJPW in 2007, Runnels returned to CCW to feud with Phi Delta Slam, mainly in tag team matches with a variety of partners, including Kip James. In mid-2007, he made several appearances with Hermie Sadler's UWF promotion to hype his return to TNA, making his debut on March 2 with a victory over Steve Corino. He appeared with UWF throughout his second tenure with TNA, facing the likes of Scott Steiner, Sabu, David Flair, Andrew Martin, and D'Lo Brown. His tenure in UWF also saw him compete in the often-considered "cross-promotional" War Games match against Team JBL (managed by John Bradshaw Layfield, who was signed to WWE as a commentator at the time) consisting of Steve Corino, C.W. Anderson, the Latin American Xchange, and Elix Skipper. Runnels was a member of Sgt.Slaughter's Team Slaughter, along with the Steiner Brothers and the Mack Brothers. Team Slaughter won the bout. Runnels' final appearance with UWF was on September 22, 2007, where he and Abyss were on the losing end of a tag team bout against D'Lo Brown and a local football coach. Return to Japan (2007)
On January 28, 2007, it was announced that <mask> would appear at the February 17, 2007, All Japan Pro Wrestling show in the Ryōgoku Kokugikan in Tokyo. On February 15, <mask>, identified as <mask>, appeared at ringside during a match involving The Great Muta, resulting in a brawl between <mask> and The Great Muta. On February 17, <mask> and Jinsei Shinzaki were defeated by The Great Muta and Yoshihiro

masks:
Gold Dustin
Rhodes
Rhodes
Gold Dustin
Rhodes
Rhodes


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts:
 Tajiri in a tag team bout. Return to TNA (2007–2008)
On July 15, 2007, <mask> returned to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling at Victory Road and aligned himself with Christian Cage by helping him defeat "Wildcat" Chris Harris.In an interview on TNA Impact! conducted by Mike Tenay, <mask> discussed accusations of having a split personality and stated that he was going to embrace it and let it out. TNA presented the interview as being an emotional breakdown on the part of <mask>. On August 12 at Hard Justice, <mask> debuted his new ring name, Black Reign, and a "new, darker and bizarre look". At Hard Justice, Harris defeated Black Reign via disqualification when Black Reign attacked several referees. The next week, the gimmick was explored even further, saying that <mask> constantly switched between <mask> and Black Reign. He was featured at Bound for Glory in a Monster's Ball match against Rhino, Abyss, and Raven, which he lost.Black Reign challenged Abyss to a "Shop of Horrors" match at Genesis and lost. At Genesis, Black Reign's new partner, Rellik (which is "Killer" spelled backwards), made his debut after attacking Abyss. At Turning Point, Abyss and Raven defeated Black Reign and Rellik in a Match of 10,000 Tacks. Originally, this match was signed to be Abyss and Rhino versus Rellik and Black Reign but, due to an injury, Rhino was replaced by Raven for this match. On Impact!, he helped Rellik beat up Kaz. Later the same night, he appeared for an interview, as <mask>, without his Black Reign make-up and stated that his "alter ego" has been scaring him since when he was a little

masks:
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Dustin Rhodes


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts:
 Marella's head. Goldust appeared on the celebration of the 800th episode of Raw on November 3, 2008, dancing alongside his father <mask>, Lilian Garcia and several other wrestlers. A noticeably slimmer and quicker Goldust finally made a full-time return on the Raw roster once again on the November 24, 2008 episode of Raw, where he defeated Santino Marella. Goldust participated in the 2009 Royal Rumble match and stared down his real-life half-brother, <mask>, but was eliminated by him later. Goldust participated at WrestleMania XXV as a lumberjack during the tag team championship unification match between The Colóns and John Morrison and The Miz.On the May 25 episode of Raw, Goldust teamed up with Hornswoggle in a tag team match, where they defeated Festus and The Brian Kendrick. Goldust then teamed with Hornswoggle on multiple occasions, mainly feuding with Kendrick, where they had many matches both on WWE Superstars and Raw. Brand switches and NXT (2009–2010)
The team of Goldust and Hornswoggle came to an end on June 29, 2009, when Goldust was traded to the ECW brand via a 15-man trade,. His debut match for the brand came on the July 14 episode of ECW, in which he lost to Zack Ryder. In the upcoming weeks, he started a feud with Sheamus leading to his first televised singles win in several months on Superstars against Sheamus pinning him using an inside cradle. After several weeks of feuding, Sheamus defeated Goldust in a "No Disqualification" match on the September 1 episode of ECW on Syfy to end the feud. Following this loss, he garnered his first number one contender's match

masks:
Dusty Rhodes
Cody Rhodes


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts: finishing move, the Final Cut, as well as beating William Regal also using the Final Cut soon afterwards. He appeared in a dark 26-man battle royal match at WrestleMania XXVI, but failed to win, although his past ally Yoshi Tatsu won. As part of the 2010 WWE Supplemental Draft, Goldust was drafted back to the Raw brand. On the May 3 episode of Raw, Goldust made his re-debut for the brand in a backstage segment with the guest host for that week, Wayne Brady. In late September, a mysterious stalker was sending messages to Maryse and Ted DiBiase Jr., but it was unsure who they were aimed at. On the October 4 episode of Raw, Goldust was revealed as the mystery stalker, but the messages were not directed to Maryse, but at DiBiase's Million Dollar Championship, which he then took.During the season 2 finale of NXT on August 31, 2010, it was announced that Goldust would take part in NXT's third season as a Pro with Aksana as his Rookie. On the October 12 episode of NXT Goldust proposed to Aksana, who was facing deportation from the country, so she could stay in America. On the October 18 episode of Raw, DiBiase tried to reclaim his Million Dollar Championship after Goldust's match with Zack Ryder by attacking him, but he was unsuccessful in retrieving his belt. At Bragging Rights, DiBiase defeated Goldust, but Goldust still left with the title after Aksana distracted DiBiase long enough for Goldust to hit his finisher on him. Goldust and Aksana were married on the November 2 episode of NXT with father <mask> and real-life half-brother "Dashing" <mask> in attendance. Immediately afterwards


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts:
 Aksana slapped Goldust and walked out on him. The following Monday on Raw Aksana stole the Million Dollar Championship belt during Goldust's match with Ted DiBiase.The following week on Raw Goldust managed to steal the Million Dollar Championship belt back from Aksana and then returned it to Ted DiBiase Sr., and on NXT he asked Aksana for a divorce after she was eliminated. Backstage producer and departure (2011–2012)
On December 7, 2010, it was reported that Runnels had suffered a shoulder injury. He underwent surgery to repair the injury on December 10 and, as a result, was expected to be out of action for five to six months. On the April 11, 2011, episode of Raw, he was seen (without makeup) hugging Edge after his retirement speech. On July 11, Runnels began working backstage as a producer. On the November 29 episode of the Smackdown Live Holiday Special Goldust made his surprise return on a backstage segment with his father <mask>. On the December 12 episode of the WWE Slammy Awards he appeared to announce the Slammy for A-Lister of The Year with Vickie Guerrero.On the December 30, 2011, episode of SmackDown <mask> appeared in his suit attire and no make up, to defend Booker T and confront his half brother, <mask>. <mask> made an appearance on the April 9, 2012 edition of Raw where he, along with numerous other WWE officials and superstars, were attempting to break up a brawl between Brock Lesnar and John Cena. On May 6, 2012, WWE acknowledged Goldust's departure from the company. Return to the independent circuit (2012–2013)
Runnels returned to professional wrestling on

masks:
Dusty Rhodes
Rhodes
Cody Rhodes
Rhodes


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts:
 April 11, 2012, in Port St. Lucie, Florida, for Championship Wrestling Entertainment's event "WrestleFest", defeating JD Maverick in the main event. He then wrestled on July 14, 2012, in Hollywood, Florida, for the NWA Ring Warriors (part of NWA territories) promotion as Goldust, losing to Vordell Walker via disqualification when "Iceman" Buck Q interfered in the match. Runnels appeared for the Dreamwave Wrestling on September 15 in LaSalle, Illinois. Runnels continued to use the Goldust name outside WWE.Runnels appeared on Mr. Chainsaw Pro Wrestling's Battle Ground 5 event on May 18, 2013, in Kalkaska, Michigan, and billed as <mask> "Goldust" <mask>. Fifth return to WWE

Teaming with <mask> (2013–2015)

Runnels returned to WWE as Goldust at the Royal Rumble on January 27, 2013, as the eighth participant in the Rumble match. He was eliminated by his half-brother, <mask>, teasing a possible feud. but Goldust later confirmed that his return was a one night only deal. When Cody was (kayfabe) fired for speaking out against chief operating officer Triple H and then losing to the WWE Champion Randy Orton, Goldust returned on the September 9 Raw to face Orton in a match to get his half-brother <mask> rehired, but was defeated. Following this, Goldust's father <mask> returned to WWE to ask Stephanie McMahon for Cody to be rehired. After much dialogue in which The Shield and Big Show interrupted, Stephanie McMahon gave Dusty two choices, which were to get knocked out by an unwilling Big Show or get "mauled by The Shield."Big Show then knocked Dusty out and stayed with Dusty while the

masks:
Dustin
Rhodes
Cody Rhodes
Cody Rhodes
Cody Rhodes
Dusty Rhodes


title: Dustin Rhodes

texts: paramedics arrived. In return, the <mask> brothers gatecrashed Raw by attacking the Shield. At Battleground, Cody and Goldust won their jobs back when they defeated the WWE Tag Team Champions, Seth Rollins and Roman Reigns in a non-title match. The <mask> brothers heaped more misery on the Shield by winning a no disqualification match on the October 14 Raw (with the help of Big Show) to capture the tag titles, marking Goldust's first title in WWE in nearly 11 years. By this point, many longtime Goldust mannerisms such as wearing a robe and platinum blonde wig to the ring were dropped in exchange for wearing a jacket similar to his brother; additionally, Goldust would now speak with his normal Texan voice. At Hell in a Cell, the <mask> brothers' first successful title defense came with winning a triple threat match against the Usos and Rollins and Reigns. At Survivor Series, Goldust alongside his half-brother Cody, participated in the traditional Survivor Series Tag Team match where Goldust survived till the final two alongside Rey Mysterio.However, he got eliminated by Roman Reigns and his team lost. At TLC: Tables Ladders and Chairs, the Rhodes Brothers retained the title in a fatal-4-way elimination match against Curtis Axel and Ryback, The Real Americans and Big Show and Rey Mysterio, but they lost the title to The New Age Outlaws (Road Dogg and Billy Gunn) at the Royal Rumble. Later in the Royal Rumble match, he would accidentally eliminate <mask>. After continuing to team together for months, Goldust and Cody broke up in June, after mounting losses. Cody prompted Goldust to

masks:
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Cody Rhodes