title: William Wyler

texts:
 by some to be a highlight in her career, "that could strike envy even in the most versatile and successful actress," according to one critic. De Havilland had seen the play in New York and felt she could play the lead perfectly. She then called <mask> to convince him to have Paramount buy the film rights. He flew to New York to see the play and moved by the story, convinced the studio to buy it. Along with de Havilland, he managed to get Montgomery Clift and Ralph Richardson to co-star. 1950s
In 1951, <mask> produced and directed Kirk Douglas and Eleanor Parker in Detective Story, portraying a day in the lives of the various people in a detective squad. Lee Grant and Joseph Wiseman made their screen debuts in the film, which was nominated for four Academy Awards, including one for Grant.Critic Bosley Crowther lauded the film, describing it as "a brisk, absorbing film by producer-director <mask>, with the help of a fine, responsive cast." Carrie was released in 1952 starring Jennifer Jones in the title role and Laurence Olivier as Hurstwood. Eddie Albert played Charles Drouet. Carrie received two Academy Award nominations: Costume Design (Edith Head), and Best Art Direction (Hal Pereira, Roland Anderson, Emile Kuri). <mask> was reluctant to cast Jennifer Jones, and the filming was subsequently plagued by a variety of troubles. Jones had not revealed that she was pregnant; <mask> was mourning the death of his year-old son; Olivier had a painful leg ailment, and he developed a dislike for Jones. Hollywood was reeling under the effects of McCarthyism, and the studio was afraid to distribute a film that could be attacked as

masks:
Wyler
Wyler
William Wyler
Wyler
Wyler


title: William Wyler

type: original

texts: immoral.Ultimately, the ending was changed and the film was cut to make it more positive in tone. During the immediate postwar period, <mask> directed a handful of critically acclaimed and influential films. Roman Holiday (1953) introduced Audrey Hepburn to American audiences in her first starring role, winning her an Academy Award for Best Actress. <mask> said of Hepburn years later, when describing truly great actresses, "In that league there's only ever been Garbo, and the other Hepburn, and maybe Bergman. It's a rare quality, but boy, do you know when you've found it." The film was an instant hit, also winning for Best Costume Design (Edith Head), and Best Writing (Dalton Trumbo). Hepburn would eventually do three movies with <mask>, who her son said was one of the most important directors in her career.Friendly Persuasion (1956) was awarded the Palme d'Or (Golden Palm) at the Cannes Film Festival. And in 1959, <mask> directed Ben-Hur, which won 11 Oscars, a feat unequaled until Titanic in 1997 and The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King in 2003. He had also assisted in the production of the 1925 version. <mask> and its star, Charlton Heston, both knew what the film meant for MGM, which had massive investments in its final outcome, with the film's budget having gone from $7 million to $15 million, and the fact that MGM was already in dire financial straits. They were aware that if it failed at the box office, MGM might go bankrupt. The film, like many epics, was difficult to make. When Heston was asked which scene he enjoyed doing most, he said "I didn't enjoy any of it.It was hard work." Part of the reason for that was the

masks: Wyler Wyler Wyler Wyler Wyler


title: William Wyler

texts:
 financial stress placed on making the film a success. With a cast of fifteen thousand extras, a leading star, and being shot on 70mm film with stereophonic tracks, it was the most expensive film ever made at that time. The nine-minute chariot race, for example, took six months to film. Ben-Hur became a great box office success. <mask> won his third Academy Award for Best Director and Charlton Heston his first and only Academy Award as its star. Heston recalled in his autobiography that at first he had doubts about taking the role.But his agent advised him otherwise: "Don't you know that actors take parts with <mask> without even reading the damn script? I'm telling you, you have to do this picture!" Kirk Douglas had lobbied <mask>, who directed him in Detective Story in 1951, for the title role, but only after <mask> had already decided on Heston. He offered him instead the role of Messala, which Douglas rejected. Douglas then went on to star in Spartacus (1960). Ben-Hur cost $15 million to produce but earned $47 million by the end of 1961 and $90 million worldwide. Audiences mobbed movie theaters in the months after it opened.Critic Pauline Kael praised <mask>'s achievement:

1960s

In 1961 he became a director for 20th Century Fox and also cast James Garner in The Children's Hour with Audrey Hepburn and Shirley MacLaine. Garner had beaten Warner Bros. in a lawsuit, enabling him to leave the television series Maverick, and had been briefly graylisted as a result but <mask> broke the graylist by casting him; the following year, Garner played a  leading role in four major motion pictures. In 1968 he directed Barbra Streisand in her

masks: Wyler Wyler Wyler Wyler Wyler Wyler


title: William Wyler

texts:
 debut film, Funny Girl, costarring Omar Sharif, which became a huge financial success. It was nominated for eight Academy Awards, and like Audrey Hepburn in her first starring role, Streisand won as Best Actress, becoming the thirteenth actor to win an Oscar under his direction. Streisand had already starred in the Broadway musical of Funny Girl, with seven hundred performances. And although she knew the part well, <mask> still had to mold her stage role for the screen. She naturally wanted to be involved in the film's production, often asking <mask> questions, but they got along well."Things were ironed out when she discovered some of us knew what we were doing," kidded <mask>. What originally attracted him to direct Streisand was similar to what attracted him to Audrey Hepburn, who had also been new to film audiences. He met with Streisand during her musical run and became excited at the prospect of guiding another new star into an award-winning performance. He sensed and admired that Streisand had the same kind of dedication to being an actress as did Bette Davis, early in her career. "It just needed to be controlled and toned down for the movie camera." <mask> said afterwards:

<mask> was hired to direct Patton (1970), but quit before the beginning of production in 1969. The last film <mask> directed was The Liberation of L.B.Jones, released in 1970. <mask> had worked with cinematographer Gregg Toland for six of his films, mostly in the 1930s. Toland used deep focus photographic technique for most of them, whereby he could keep all objects on the screen, whether foreground or background, in sharp focus at the same time. The

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Wyler
Wyler
Wyler
Wyler
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Style Wyler


title: William Wyler

texts:
 technique gives the illusion of depth and therefore makes the scene more true to life. A perfectionist, <mask> earned the nickname "40-take <mask>". On the set of Jezebel, <mask> forced Henry Fonda through 40 takes of one particular scene, his only guidance being "Again!" after each take.When Fonda asked for more direction, <mask> responded, "It stinks." Similarly, when Charlton Heston quizzed the director about the supposed shortcomings of his performance in Ben-Hur, <mask> simply told Heston "Be better!" However, Heston notes that by the time a scene is done, regardless of how hard it was to do, it always came off well:

Legacy

Fourteen actors won Oscars under <mask>'s direction, including Bette Davis in Jezebel (1938) and her nomination for The Letter (1940). Davis summed up their work together: "It was he who helped me to realize my full potential as an actress. I met my match in this exceptionally creative and talented director." Other Oscar winners were Olivia de Havilland in The Heiress (1949), Audrey Hepburn in her debut film, Roman Holiday (1953), Charlton Heston in Ben-Hur (1959), and Barbra Streisand in her debut film, Funny Girl (1968). <mask>'s films garnered more awards for participating artists and actors than any other director in the history of Hollywood.He received 12 Oscar nominations for Best Director, while dozens of his collaborators and actors won Oscars or were nominated. In 1965, <mask> won the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award for career achievement. Eleven years later, he received the American Film Institute Life Achievement Award. In addition to his Best Picture and Best Director Oscar wins, 13 of

masks: Wyler Wyler Wyler Wyler Wyler Wyler Wyler Wyler


title: William Wyler

texts:
 <mask>'s films earned Best Picture nominations. Other late <mask> films include The Children's Hour (1961), which was nominated for five Academy Awards. Later films included The Collector (1963), Funny Girl (1968), and his final film, The Liberation of L.B. Jones (1970).Many of <mask>'s home movies are held by the Academy Film Archive; the archive preserved a number of them in 2017. Personal life and death
<mask> was briefly married to actress Margaret Sullavan (from November 25, 1934 – March 13, 1936) and married actress Margaret "Talli" Tallichet on October 23, 1938. The couple remained together until his death; they had five children: Catherine, Judith, <mask>., Melanie and David. Catherine said during an interview that her mother played an important part in his career, often being his "gatekeeper" and his reader of scripts presented to him. On July 24, 1981, <mask> gave an interview with his daughter, Catherine, for Directed by <mask>, a PBS documentary about his life and career. Three days later, he died from a heart attack. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery.Filmography

Honors and awards
<mask> is the most nominated director in Academy Awards history with twelve nominations. He won the Academy Award for Best Director on three occasions, for his direction of Mrs. Miniver (1942), The Best Years of Our Lives (1946), and Ben-Hur (1959). He is tied with Frank Capra and behind John Ford, who won four Oscars in this category. He is also the only director in Academy history to direct three Best Picture-winning films (the three for which he won Best Director), and directed more Best Picture nominees than anyone

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Wyler
Wyler
Wyler
William Jr
Wyler
William Wyler
Wyler


title: William Wyler

texts:
 else (thirteen). He has the distinction of having directed more actors to Oscar-nominated performances than any other director in history: thirty-six. Out of these nominees, fourteen went on to win Oscars, also a record. He received the fourth AFI Life Achievement Award in 1976.Among those who thanked him for directing her in her debut film, was Barbra Streisand. For his contributions to the motion picture industry, on February 8, 1960, <mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1731 Vine Street. In 1961, <mask> was chosen as one of 50 outstanding Americans of meritorious performance in the fields of endeavor, to be honored as a Guest of Honor to the first annual Banquet of the Golden Plate in Monterey, California. Honor was awarded by vote of the National Panel of Distinguished Americans of the Academy of Achievement. References

External links

 <mask> bibliography via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
 In Loving Memory Of <mask>
 Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
 "The Little Foxes" and <mask>'s screen collaborations with playwright Lillian Hellman
 Margaret Tallichet and <mask> remembered at Alabama festival
 The Fighting Lady
 William Wyler papers, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

1902 births
1981 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American male actors
AFI Life Achievement Award recipients
Alsatian Jews
American film directors
American film producers
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American people of Swiss-Jewish descent
Filmmakers who won the Best Film BAFTA Award
Best Directing Academy Award winners
Best Director

masks:
Wyler
Wyler
William Wyler
William Wyler
Wyler
William Wyler


title: P. J. Ryan

texts:
<mask> "P. J.<mask> (born 15 June 1977) is an Irish hurler who played as a goalkeeper for the Kilkenny senior team. Born in Johnstown, County Kilkenny, <mask> first played competitive hurling during his schooling at Thurles CBS. He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Kilkenny minor team, before later joining the under-21 side. He joined the senior panel during the 1999 championship. <mask> later became a regular member of the starting fifteen, and won three All-Ireland medals, four Leinster medals and two National League medals on the field of play.He was an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion. As a member of the Leinster inter-provincial team on a number of occasions, <mask> won two Railway Cup medals. At club level <mask> continues to play with Fenians. <mask>'s father, also P. J<mask>, won three All-Ireland medals as reserve goalkeeper to Noel Skehan between 1974 and 1979. Throughout his career <mask> made 18 championship appearances. He announced his retirement from inter-county hurling on 18 January 2012. Playing career

Club

<mask> plays his club hurling with the Fenians club in Johnstown and enjoyed much success during his underage career.In 1995 he won a championship medal in the minor "B" grade following a narrow 1–14 to 1–13 defeat of <mask>'s. Two years later in 1997 <mask> was a key member of the club's under-21 team. He won a championship medal in the "B" grade once again, following a 1–11 to 1–2 trouncing of Piltown. Minor and under-21

<mask> first played for Kilkenny in 1995 when he joined the minor side. He won his first Leinster medal that year following a 4–16 to 2–6 defeat of Offaly. The subsequent All-Ireland decider pitted Kilkenny against old rivals Cork, with <mask> lining out in goal. The

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Patrick Joseph
" Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
. Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
John Locke
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan


title: P. J. Ryan

texts:
 game turned into a rout as Cork won easily by 2–10 to 1–2.In 1998 <mask> was a key member of the Kilkenny under-21 team. A 2–10 to 0–12 defeat of Dublin in the provincial decider gave him his sole Leinster medal in that grade. Senior

Beginnings

In 1999 <mask> first linked up with the Kilkenny senior team. In the week leading up to the All-Ireland final with Cork, reserve goalkeeper Martin Carey broke his finger and had to withdraw. <mask> was quickly drafted onto the panel, however, he remained on the bench for Cork's narrow 0–13 to 0–12 victory. Reserve goalkeeper

<mask> was off and on the panel over the next few years and remained as third-choice goalkeeper, before taking over as second to <mask> in 2002. That year he was an unused substitute as Kilkenny made a clean sweep by claiming the National League, Leinster and All-Ireland titles.In 2003 <mask> won his first league medal on the field of play as Kilkenny came back from eight points down to secure a stunning 5–14 to 5–13 extra-time defeat of Tipperary. On 7 June 2003 <mask> made his senior championship debut in a 3–16 to 0–10 Leinster semi-final defeat of Dublin. He was dropped to the substitutes' bench for all subsequent games, as Kilkenny went on to retain the Leinster and All-Ireland crowns. <mask> remained as an unused substitute over the next three years, but collected another two league medals, two Leinster medals and an All-Ireland medal. First-choice goalkeeper

In 2007 <mask> took over as Kilkenny's first-choice goalkeeper. That year he won his first Leinster medal on the field of play as Kilkenny asserted their provincial dominance and defeated Wexford by 2–24 to 1–12. On 2 September 2007 Kilkenny faced defeated Munster finalists and surprise All-Ireland semi-final winners Limerick in the

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Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
James McGarry
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan


title: P. J. Ryan

texts:
 championship decider.Kilkenny got off to a flying start with Eddie Brennan and Henry Shefflin scoring two goals within the first ten minutes to set the tone. Limerick launched a second-half comeback, however, "the Cats" were too powerful and cruised to a 2–19 to 1–15 victory. It was <mask>'s first All-Ireland medal on the field of play. Kilkenny secured the Leinster crown again in 2008, with <mask> collecting a second successive winners' medal following a 5–21 to 0–17 drubbing of Wexford. On 8 September 2008 Kilkenny faced Waterford in the All-Ireland decider for the first time in forty-five years. In a disappointingly one-sided final, Kilkenny produced a near perfect seventy minutes as Waterford endured a nightmare afternoon. A 23-point winning margin, 3–24 from play, only two wides in the entire match and eight scorers in all with Eddie Brennan and Henry Shefflin leading the way in a 3–30 to 1–13 victory.It was <mask>'s second All-Ireland medal. <mask> collected a second league medal on the field in 2009, as Kilkenny beat Tipperary by 2–26 to 4–17 with a thrilling extra-time victory. He later won a third successive Leinster medal as new challengers Dublin were bested by 2–18 to 0–18. On 6 September Kilkenny were poised to become the second team ever in the history of hurling to win four successive All-Ireland championships when they faced Tipperary in the decider. For long periods Tipp looked the likely winners, however, late goals from Henry Shefflin and substitute Martin Comerford, together with a series of magnificent saves from <mask>, finally killed off their efforts to secure a 2–22 to 0–23 victory. <mask> had collected his third All-Ireland medal while he was also named man of the match. He later collected an All-Star.Decline

In 2010 Kilkenny defeated Galway

masks: Ryan Ryan Ryan Ryan Ryan Ryan


title: P. J. Ryan

texts:
 in an eagerly-anticipated but ultimately disappointing provincial decider. A 1–19 to 1–12 victory gave <mask> a fourth consecutive Leinster medal. The drive for a fifth successive All-Ireland crown reached a head on 5 September 2010, when Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the All-Ireland decider. "The Cats" lost talisman Henry Shefflin due to injury, while Tipperary's Lar Corbett ran riot and scored a hat-trick of goals as <mask>'s side fell to a 4–17 to 1–18 defeat. <mask> was dropped from the starting fifteen in 2011, however, he collected further Leinster and All-Ireland medals as a non-playing substitute as Kilkenny dominated the championship once again. Inter-provincial

In 2006 Walsh was goalkeeper on the Leinster team that faced Munster in the inter-provincial final. <mask> top-scored with nine points as Leinster secured a 1–15 to 1–12 victory.It was <mask>'s first Railway Cup medal. Leinster made it two-in-a-row in 2009, with <mask> collecting his second winner's medal as Leinster defeated Connacht by 3–18 to 1–17. Honours

Player

Fenians
Kilkenny Under-21 B Hurling Championship (1): 1997
Kilkenny Minor B Hurling Championship (1): 1995

Kilkenny
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (7): 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011
Leinster Senior Hurling Championship (10): 1999, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011
National Hurling League (5): 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2009
Leinster Under-21 Hurling Championship (1): 1998
Leinster Minor Hurling Championship (1): 1995

Leinster
Railway Cup (2): 2008, 2009

Awards
All Stars (1): 2009
 All-Ireland Hurling Final Man of the Match (1): 2009

References

1977 births
Living people
Fenians hurlers
Kilkenny inter-county hurlers
Leinster inter-provincial hurlers
Hurling goalkeepers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling

masks:
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Richie Power
Ryan
Ryan


title: John II Casimir Vasa

texts: <mask> (; ; 22 March 1609 – 16 December 1672) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1648 until his abdication in 1668 as well as titular King of Sweden from 1648 until 1660. He was the second son of <mask> and Constance of Austria. His older brother and predecessor on the throne was <mask>. As a prince, <mask> embarked at Genoa for Spain in 1638 to negotiate a league with Philip IV against France, but was captured by Cardinal Richelieu and imprisoned at Vincennes where he remained for two years. He was released when his brother, Władysław IV, promised never to wage war against France. <mask> then travelled extensively throughout western Europe and entered the order of Jesuits in Rome in 1643. He was made cardinal by Innocent X, however, after returning to Poland, he became a layman and succeeded his brother in 1648.His reign commenced amid the confusion and disasters caused by the great revolt of the Cossacks under Bohdan Khmelnytsky in Ukraine, who had advanced into the very heart of Poland. The power of the king had been stripped of almost all its prerogatives by the growing influence of the nobles. The Tsardom of Russia and Sweden, which had long been active enemies of Poland, renewed their attacks. <mask> Rakoczy of Transylvania also invaded the Polish territory, while the Sejm was continuously dissolved due to abuse of the liberum veto law. Charles X Gustav of Sweden triumphantly marched through the country and occupied Kraków in 1655 forcing <mask> to flee to Silesia. The Swedes were eventually stopped by Stefan Czarniecki under Częstochowa. The wars with the Swedes and Russians were terminated by treaties involving considerable cessions of provinces on the Baltic and the Dnieper on the part of Poland, which also lost its sway over the Cossacks who placed themselves under the protection of Russian

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John II Casimir
Sigismund III Vasa
Władysław IV Vasa
John Casimir
John Casimir
George II
John Casimir


title: John II Casimir Vasa

texts:
 Tsars.During these long battles, <mask>, though feeble and of a peaceful disposition, frequently proved his patriotism and bravery. The intrigues of his wife in favor of the Duke of Enghien as successor to the Polish throne triggered a series of revolts, including a rebellion under Hetman Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski. As a result, <mask> abdicated at the Sejm of Warsaw on 16 September 1668. In the following year, he retired to France where he was hospitably treated by Louis XIV. <mask>'s reign was one of the most disastrous in the history of Poland. He was the third and last monarch on the Polish throne from the House of Vasa. Royal titles

 Official titles in
 English translation: <mask>, by God's grace King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia, Livonia, Smolensk, Severia and, Chernihiv; and also hereditary King of the Swedes, Goths and Vandals.Biography

Early life, family and rise to power
<mask> was born in Kraków on 22 March 1609. His father, Sigismund <mask>, the grandson of Gustav I of Sweden, had in 1592 succeeded his own father to the Swedish throne, only to be deposed in 1599 by his uncle, Charles IX of Sweden. This led to a long-standing feud wherein the Polish kings of the House of Vasa claimed the Swedish throne, resulting in the Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629. Poland and Sweden were also on opposite sides in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), although in that conflict Poland for the most part avoided joining any major military actions and campaigns, instead supporting the Austrian Habsburg and Catholic fraction. His mother, Queen Constance, was the daughter of <mask> of Austria and Maria Anna of Bavaria and also the younger sister of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. <mask> for most of his life remained in the shadow of his older half-brother, Władysław <mask>. He had few

masks:
John Casimir
John Casimir
John Casimir
John Casimir
John Casimir
III
Charles II
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IV Vasa


title: John II Casimir Vasa

texts: friends among the Polish nobility.Unfriendly, secretive, dividing his time between lavish partying and religious contemplation, and disliking politics, he did not have a strong power base nor influence at the Polish court, instead supporting unfavorable Habsburg policies. He did, however, display talent as a military commander, showing his abilities in the Smolensk War against Muscovy (1633). Between 1632 and 1635, Władysław IV sought to enhance his brother's influence by negotiating a marriage for <mask> to Christina of Sweden, then to an Italian princess, but to no avail. In 1637 <mask> undertook a diplomatic mission to Vienna, which he abandoned to join the army of the Holy Roman Empire and fight against the French. After his regiment was defeated in battle, he spent a year living lavishly at the Viennese court where his strong anti-Cossack interests and political views were greatly shaped under the direct influence of the Austrian Emperor. In 1636 he returned to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and fell in love with Baroness Guldentern, but his desire to marry her was thwarted by King Władysław. In return, Władysław attempted to make him the sovereign of the Duchy of Courland, but this was vetoed by the Commonwealth parliament (Sejm).Taking offence at this, <mask> in 1638 left for the Kingdom of Spain to become Viceroy of Portugal, but was captured by French agents and imprisoned by the order of Cardinal Richelieu until 1640. He was then freed by a diplomatic mission of the appointed Voivode of Smolensk Krzysztof Gosiewski and as a result of anti-French Polish-Spanish negotiations. In 1641 <mask> decided to become a Jesuit. In 1642 he again left the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, accompanying his sister to Germany. In 1643 he joined the Jesuits, against vocal opposition from King Władysław, causing a diplomatic rift

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John Casimir
John Casimir
John Casimir


title: John II Casimir Vasa

texts:
 between the Commonwealth and the Pope. <mask> was made a cardinal, but in December 1646, finding himself unsuited to ecclesiastical life, he returned to Poland. In October 1647 he resigned as cardinal to stand in elections for the Polish throne.He attempted to gain the support of the Habsburgs and marry an Austrian princess to create an alliance between the nations in case of an unexpected attack, possibly from the east. King of Poland

In 1648 <mask> was elected by the Polish Parliament to succeed his half-brother on the Polish throne. The reign of the last of the Vasas in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth would be dominated by the Russo-Polish War (1654–67), followed by the war with Sweden ("The Deluge"), the scene for which had been set by the Commonwealth's two previous Vasa kings. Most of Poland was invaded by the Swedish army during The Deluge without much of a fight, due to the conspiratorial complicity of Polish and Lithuanian governors and nobility. In the course of a few years, the Commonwealth rose to force the Swedes out of Poland, ending the short-lived intrusions and campaigns, however, at a high cost. Most of the cities and towns in the Commonwealth were sacked, plundered and some were burnt to the ground, mostly by the retreating enemy units. Although the reign of <mask> is remembered to be one of the most disastrous and perhaps most unsuccessful in the history of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, he is often referred to as the "warrior king" that fought bravely to save his nation and his people.In 1660 <mask> <mask> was forced to renounce his claim to the Swedish throne and acknowledge Swedish sovereignty over Livonia and the city of Riga in modern-day Latvia. <mask> had married his brother's widow, Marie Louise Gonzaga (), who was a major support to the King. Marie Louise suddenly died in 1667

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John Casimir
John Casimir
John II
Casimir
John Casimir


title: John II Casimir Vasa

texts:
 and this may have caused the monarch's early political decline. Abdication and death
On 16 September 1668, grief-stricken after the death of his wife in the previous year, <mask> <mask> abdicated the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and returned to France, where he rejoined the Jesuits and became abbot of Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris. Following his abdication Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki (Michael I) was elected the new king and was crowned on 29 September 1669. In the autumn of 1672, <mask> had intended to return to Poland, but fell ill before departing and was prevented from doing so. The seizure of Kamieniec Podolski by the Ottoman Empire distressed him, exacerbating his condition.He requested the assistance of Pope Clement X to defend Poland against the Ottomans. He died on 16 December 1672 from apoplexy, and his burial took place inside the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków. His heart was interred in the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. The Lwów Oath

On 1 April 1656, during a Mass in the Latin Cathedral in Lwów, conducted by the papal legate Pietro Vidoni, <mask> <mask> in a grandiose and elaborate ceremony entrusted the Commonwealth under the protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary, whom he announced as The Queen of the Polish Crown and other of his countries. He also swore to protect the Kingdom's folk from any impositions and unjust bondage. This is referred to as the Lwów Oath. As almost the whole country was occupied by Swedish or Russian armies, the vow was intended to incite the whole nation, including the peasantry, to rise up against the invaders.Two main issues raised by the king in the vows were the necessity to protect the Catholic faith, seen as endangered by the Lutheran (and to some extent Orthodox) aggressors, and to manifest the will to improve the condition of the peasantry. After the King,

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John II
Casimir
John Casimir
John II
Casimir


title: John II Casimir Vasa

texts:
 a similar vow was taken by the Deputy Chancellor of the Crown and the bishop of Kraków, Andrzej Trzebicki, in the name of the szlachta noblemen of the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth forces finally drove back the Swedes in 1657 and the Russians in 1661. After the war, promises made by <mask> in Lwów, especially those considering the peasants' lot, were not fulfilled, mostly because of objections by the Sejm, which represented the szlachta nobility and was not attracted to the idea of reducing serfdom, which would negatively affect their economic interests. Legacy

<mask> left no surviving children. All his brothers and sisters having predeceased him without surviving issue, he was the last of the line of Bona Sforza. With him, all the legitimate issue of Alfonso II of Naples died out.His heir in Ferdinand I of Naples and in the Brienne succession was his distant cousin, Henry de La Tremoille, Prince of Talmond and Taranto, the heir-general of Frederick IV of Naples (second son of Ferdinand I of Naples and Isabella of Clermont), who also was the heir-general of Federigo's first wife, Anne of Savoy. <mask> was, after his brother, the head of the genealogical line of St. Bridget of Sweden, descending in primogeniture from Bridget's sister. After his death, the headship was offered to his second cousin, the already-abdicated Christina I of Sweden. Patron of the arts

The vast collection of paintings, portraits, porcelain and other valuables belonging to the Polish Vasas was mostly looted by the Swedes and Germans of Brandenburg who brutally sacked Warsaw in the 1650s, during the Deluge. Most of them were sold off to wealthy nobles, displayed in other parts of Europe, or would eventually belong to private collectors, though some of the famous works survived hidden in Opole like The Rape of Europa by Guido Reni. The most important

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John Casimir
John Casimir


title: John II Casimir Vasa

texts:
 additions to the royal collection were made by <mask> <mask>, a passionate collector of Dutch paintings, and a patron of Daniel Schultz (who painted a famous portrait of a son of Crimean Aga Dedesh, and was made Royal falconer in reward for his father's contribution during the war with Russia in 1663). A major part of the king's painting collection was acquired in 1660s, by way of Hendrick van Uylenburgh, an agent in Amsterdam, and later his son Gerrit van Uylenburgh.These were mainly Dutch paintings and works by Rembrandt. The collection also included works by Rubens, Jordaens, Reni, Guercino, Jan Brueghel the Younger, and Bassano, among others. When <mask> abdicated the Polish–Lithuanian throne, he brought many of his paintings and portraits with him to France. The collection remaining at Royal Castle in Warsaw was looted during the Great Northern War or appropriated in 1720 by <mask> the Strong, Elector of Saxony, like two paintings by Rembrandt – Portrait of a Rabbi (1657) and Portrait of a Man in the Hat Decorated with Pearls (1667), today displayed in the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister in Dresden, Germany. In fiction
<mask> was a character in Henryk Sienkiewicz's novels With Fire and Sword (Ogniem i Mieczem) and The Deluge (Potop). Ancestry

See also
 History of Poland (1569–1795)

References

Document image <mask> <mask> (1609–1672), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1648–1668), ratifies decisions made by the Magistrate of the City of Krakow at portal.unesco.org

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1609 births
1672 deaths
17th-century Polish monarchs
Grand Dukes of Lithuania
House of Vasa
Dukes of Opole
17th-century Polish cardinals
Polish people of the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
Polish people of the Smolensk War
Former Jesuits
Nobility from Kraków
Burials at Wawel Cathedral
Monarchs who abdicated
Polish military personnel of the

masks:
John II
Casimir
John Casimir
Augustus II
John Casimir
John II
Casimir Vasa


title: Kevin Hannan

texts:
<mask><mask> (January 22, 1954 – January 5, 2008) was an American ethnolinguist and slavicist. Personal life

He was born into a family of Silesian and Irish ancestry. <mask> married Hanna, a Polish American, and had two daughters with her, Marianna and Celeste. Education and Academic Career

Hannan graduated with a BA degree from Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas and a Master of Arts degree from the University of Texas at Austin. He was the first student to receive a doctorate in Slavonic Philology from the latter university. He earned a living by working for Mills Electrical Contractors in Austin, Texas. In 2002, he left the United States, and resumed his research and academic career at the University of Łódź, in Łódź, Poland.Research

Hannan grew up in Texas, where the descendants of the original Central European settlers, until recently, preserved their local dialects/languages, commonly referred to as Bohemian (Czech), Moravian, and Silesian. This early experience of multiethnicity and multilingualism, along with family links to Czech Silesia, inspired him to embark on the doctoral research to comprehend the shaping and maintenance of ethnolinguistic and religious difference in the borderland region (that borders on Poland and Slovakia) in the broader context of Central Europe. His wide-ranging findings, he presented in Borders of Language and Identity in

masks:
Kevin J
. Hannan
Kevin Hannan


title: Henry Chichele

texts:
<mask> ( , also Checheley;  – 12 April 1443) was Archbishop of Canterbury (1414–1443) and founded All Souls College, Oxford. Early life
Chichele was born at Higham Ferrers, Northamptonshire, in 1363 or 1364; Chicheley told Pope Eugene IV, in 1443, in asking leave to retire from the archbishopric, that he was in his eightieth year. He was the third and youngest son of <mask>, who appears in 1368 in still extant town records of Higham Ferrers, as a suitor in the mayor's court, and in 1381–1382, and again in 1384–1385, was mayor: in fact, for a dozen years he and <mask>, schoolmaster of Higham Ferrers grammar school, and one Richard Brabazon, filled the mayoralty in turns. <mask>'s occupation does not appear but his eldest son, William, is on the earliest extant list (1383) of the Grocers' Company, London. On 9 June 1405 <mask> was admitted, in succession to his father, to a burgage in Higham Ferrers. His mother, Agnes Pincheon, is said to have been of gentle birth. There is therefore no foundation in fact for the account (copied into the Dictionary of National Biography from a local historian, John Cole, Wellingborough, 1838) that he was picked up, as a poor ploughboy "eating his scanty meal off his mother's lap", by William of Wykeham.This story was unknown to Arthur Duck, Fellow of All Souls, who wrote Chichele's life in 1617. Education
The first recorded appearance of Chichele himself is at New College, Oxford, as Checheley, eighth among the undergraduate fellows, in July 1387, in the earliest extant hall-book, which contains weekly lists of those dining in Hall. He had come from Winchester College in one of the earliest batches of scholars from that college, the sole feeder of New College, not from St John Baptist College, Winchester, as guessed by  to cover the mistaken supposition

masks:
Henry Chichele
Thomas Chicheley
Henry Barton
Thomas Chichele
Henry Chichele


title: Henry Chichele

texts:
 that St Mary's College, Winchester was not founded till 1393. St Mary's College was formally established in 1382, and the school had been founded in 1373. Chichele appears in the Hall-books of New College up to the year 1392/93, when he was a B.A. and was absent for ten weeks from about 6 December to 6 March, presumably for the purpose of his ordination as a sub-deacon, which was performed by the bishop of Derry, acting as suffragan to the bishop of London. He was then already beneficed, receiving a royal ratification of his estate as parson of Llanvarchell in the diocese of St Asaph on 20 March 1391/92 (Cat.Pat. Rolls). Career

Legal career
In the Hall-book, marked 1393/94, but really for 1394/95, <mask>'s name does not appear. He had then left Oxford and gone up to London to practise as an advocate in the principal ecclesiastical court, the Court of Arches. His rise was rapid. Already on 8 February 1395/96 he was, on a commission with several knights and clerks to hear an appeal in a case of John Molton, Esquire v. John Shawe, citizen of London, from Sir John Cheyne kt., sitting for the constable of England in a court of chivalry. Like other ecclesiastical lawyers and civil servants of the day Chichele was paid with ecclesiastical preferments.On 13 April 1396, he obtained ratification of the parsonage of St Stephen's, Walbrook, presented on 30 March by the abbot of Colchester, no doubt through his brother Robert, who restored the church and increased its endowment. In 1397 he was made archdeacon of Dorset by Richard Mitford, bishop of Salisbury, but litigation was still going on about it in the papal court until 27 June 1399, when the pope extinguished the suit, imposing perpetual silence on Nicholas Bubwith, master of the rolls, his opponent. In the first year of <mask> IV Chicheley

masks: Chicheley Henry


title: Henry Chichele

texts:
 was parson of Sherston, Wiltshire, and prebendary of Nantgwyly in the college of Abergwilly, Wales; on 23 February 1401/2, now called doctor of laws, he was pardoned for bringing in, and allowed to use, a bull of the pope providing to him the chancellorship of Salisbury Cathedral, and canonries in the nuns' churches of Shaftesbury and Wilton in that diocese; and on 9 January 1402/3 he was archdeacon of Salisbury. Royal service
This year Chichele's brother Robert was senior sheriff of London. On 7 May 1404, Pope Boniface IX provided him to a prebend at Lincoln, notwithstanding he already held prebends at Salisbury, Lichfield, St Martins-le-Grand and Abergwyly, and the living of Brington. On 9 January 1405 he found time to attend a court at Higham Ferrers and be admitted to a burgage there. In July 1405 <mask> began a diplomatic career by a mission to the new Roman Pope Innocent VII, who was professing his desire to end the schism in the papacy by resignation, if his French rival at Avignon would do likewise.Next year, on 5 October 1406, he was sent with Sir John Cheyne to Paris to arrange a lasting peace and the marriage of Prince <mask> with the French princess Marie, which was frustrated by her becoming a nun at Poissy next year. In 1406 renewed efforts were made to stop the schism, and Chichele was one of the envoys sent to the new Pope Gregory XII. Here he utilised his opportunities. On 31 August 1407 Guy Mone (he is always so spelt and not Mohun, and was probably from one of the Hampshire Meons; there was a John Mone of Havant admitted a Winchester scholar in 1397), Bishop of St David's, died, and on 12 October 1407 Chichele was by the pope provided to the bishopric of St David's. Another bull the same day gave him the right to hold all his benefices with the bishopric. He was


title: Henry Chichele

texts: consecrated on 17 June 1408. At Siena in July 1408 he and Sir John Cheyne, as English envoys, were received by Gregory XII with special honour, and Bishop Repingdon of Lincoln, ex-Wycliffite, was one of the new batch of cardinals created on 18 September 1408, most of Gregory's cardinals having deserted him.These, together with Benedict's revolting cardinals, summoned a general council at Pisa. In November 1408 Chichele was back at Westminster, when <mask> received the cardinal archbishop of Bordeaux and determined to support the cardinals at Pisa against both popes. In January 1409 Chichele was named with Bishop Hallam of Salisbury and the prior of Canterbury to represent the Southern Convocation at the council, which opened on 25 March 1409, arriving on 24 April. Obedience was withdrawn from both the existing popes, and on 26 June a new pope elected instead of them. Chichele and the other envoys were received on their return as saviours of the world; though the result was summed up by a contemporary as trischism instead of schism, and the Church as giving three husbands instead of two. Chichele now became the subject of a leading case, the court of kings bench deciding, after arguments reheard in three successive terms, that he could not hold his previous benefices with the bishopric, and that, spite of the maxim Papa potest omnia, a papal bull could not supersede the law of the land (Year-book ii. H. iv.37, 59, 79). Accordingly, he had to resign livings and canonries wholesale (28 April 1410). As, however, he had obtained a bull (20 August 1409) enabling him to appoint his successors to the vacated preferments, including his nephew William, though still an undergraduate and not in orders, to the chancellorship of Salisbury, and a prebend at Lichfield, he did not go empty away. In May


title: Henry Chichele

texts: 1410 he went again on an embassy to France; on 11 September 1411 he headed a mission to discuss <mask>'s marriage with a daughter of the duke of Burgundy; and he was again there in November. In the interval Chichele found time to visit his diocese for the first time and be enthroned at St Davids on 11 May 1411. He was with the English force under the earl of Arundel which accompanied the duke of Burgundy to Paris in October 1411 and there defeated the Armagnacs, an exploit which revealed to England the weakness of the French. On 30 November 1411 Chichele, with two other bishops and three earls and the prince of Wales, knelt to the king to receive public thanks for their administration.That he was in high favour with <mask> is shown by his being sent with Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick (1382–1439) to France in July 1413 to conclude peace. Immediately after the death of Thomas Arundel Archbishop  of Canterbury the king recommended him to the pope for promotion to the archbishopric on 13 March 1414, signified his royal assent of Chichele's postulation on 23 March 1414, translated by papal bull on 28 April 1414, and received the pall without going to Rome for it on 24 July. These dates are important as they help to save Chichele from the charge, versified by Shakespeare (Henry V. act 1. sc. 2) from Hall's Chronicle, of having tempted <mask> into the conquest of France for the sake of diverting parliament from the disendowment of the Church. There is no contemporary authority for the charge, which seems to appear first in Redman's rhetorical history of <mask>, written in 1540 with an eye to the political situation at that time, As a matter of fact, the parliament at Leicester, in which the speeches were supposed to have been made, began on 30 April 1414 before Chichele was

masks:
Henry V
Henry V
Henry V
Henry V


title: Henry Chichele

texts:
 archbishop. The rolls of parliament show that he was not present in the parliament at all. Moreover, parliament was so far from pressing disendowment that on the petition of the House of Commons it passed a savage act against the heresies commonly called Lollardry which aimed at the destruction of the king and all temporal estates, making Lollards felons and ordering every justice of the peace to hunt down their schools, conventicles, congregations and confederacies.Later career
In his capacity of archbishop, Chichele remained what he had always been chiefly, the lawyer and diplomatist. He was present at the siege of Rouen, and the king committed to him personally the negotiations for the surrender of the city in January 1419 and for the marriage of Katherine. He crowned Katherine at Westminster (20 February 1421), and on 6 December baptised her child <mask> VI. He was of course a persecutor of heretics. No one could have attained or kept the position of archbishop at the time without being so. So he presided at the trial of John Claydon, Skinner and citizen of London, who after five years imprisonment at various times had made public abjuration before the late archbishop, Arundel, but now was found in possession of a book in English called The Lanterne of Light, which contained the heinous heresy that the principal cause of the persecution of Christians was the illegal retention by priests of the goods of this world, and that archbishops and bishops were the special seats of Antichrist. As a relapsed heretic, he was left to the secular arm by Chichele.On 1 July 1416 Chichele directed a half-yearly inquisition by archdeacons to hunt out heretics. On 12 February 1420 proceedings were begun before him against William Taylor, priest, who had been for fourteen years excommunicated for


title: Henry Chichele

texts:
 heresy, and was now degraded and burnt for saying that prayers ought not to be addressed to saints, but only to God. A striking contrast was exhibited in October 1424, when a Stamford friar, John Russell, who had preached that any religious potest concumbere cum muliere and not mortally sin, was sentenced only to retract his doctrine. In 1422, in Higham Ferrers, he established a college called Chichele College for secular canons. The College had provision for 8 priests, 4 clerks, 6 choristers and a song and grammar master. Further persecutions of a whole batch of Lollards took place in 1428. The records of convocation in Chichele's time are a curious mixture of persecutions for heresy, which largely consisted in attacks on clerical endowments, with negotiations with the ministers of the crown for the object of cutting down to the lowest level the clerical contributions to the public revenues in respect of their endowments.Chichele was tenacious of the privileges of his see, and this involved him in a constant struggle with <mask>, bishop of Winchester. In 1418, while <mask> was alive, he successfully protested against Beaufort's being made a cardinal and legate a latere to supersede the legatine jurisdiction of Canterbury. But during the regency, after <mask>'s accession, Beaufort was successful, and in 1426 became cardinal and legate. Relations with the papacy
This brought Chichele into collision with Martin V. The struggle between them has been represented as one of a patriotic archbishop resisting the encroachments of the papacy on the Church of England. In point of fact it was almost wholly personal, and was rather an incident in the rivalry between the duke of Gloucester and his half-uncle, Cardinal Beaufort, than one involving any principle. Chichele, by appointing a jubilee to

masks:
Henry Beaufort
Henry V
Henry VI


title: Ishmeet Singh

texts:
<mask> (2 September 1988 – 29 July 2008) was a winning singer on the STAR Plus show Amul STAR Voice of India. Hailing from Model town, Ludhiana of Punjab, Ishmeet won the Star Plus show in 2007 and also participated in another reality show called Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar. His first album was a religious Gurbani album called Satgur Tumre Kaaj Savaare. He died by suspected drowning in Malé, Maldives on 29 July 2008. He was a second year student of MNC College, Mumbai. Early life

<mask> was born on 2 September 1988 in Ludhiana, Indian Punjab to a Punjabi Sikh family: his father being named <mask> and his mother Amritpal Kaur. He attended Guru Nanak Public School, Sarabha Nagar, Ludhiana and was a second year student at MNC College, Mumbai, pursuing a bachelor's degree in commerce.During his second reality show competition attempt he had promised his mother to study up to C.A. level. Ishmeet received training in kirtan singing from Principal Sukhwant <mask>, of Gur Shabad Sangeet Academy, Jawaddi Taksaal, Ludhiana and from his uncle Dr. Charan <mask>, a professor at Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana who supported him during the Amul Star Voice of India competition. He had learned how to sing, but was not trained to sing classical Indian music. This was evident and criticised during the Star Voice of India contest. Star Voice of India
<mask> <mask> entered the Star Voice of India contest at the age of 17, making him one of the youngest competitors. He was one of top two finalists and won the title on 24 November 2007.He was given the winner's trophy by singer Lata Mangeshkar. He was also one of the contestants of Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar, a singing reality show on Star Plus, and represented the Champions' team. He was eliminated on 20 June 2008. His style of singing was very similar to Bollywood singer Shaan. Shaan even said that when they

masks:
Ishmeet Singh
Singh
Gurpinder Singh
Singh
Kamal Singh
Ishmeet
Singh


title: Ishmeet Singh

texts:
 were singing together he could not tell which lines he was singing himself. Although Ishmeet was from Punjab he made a conscious effort to sing more Hindi songs. Post – Star Voice of India
Ishmeet promised his community that he would release a Sikh religious album as his first, regardless of the result the Voice of India contest.Titled Satguru Tumre Kaaj Savaare it was released by BIG Music and contains six tracks;

Satguru Tumre Kaaj Savaare
Mera Maat Pita
Mitar Pyare Nu
Ram Japo
Naam Japat Dukh Jaae
Ek Noor

After releasing his initial religious album, Ishmeet joined a show titled Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar, which would pit champions of Indian musical reality shows against each other. He sang a Sikh hymn, Dithe Sabhe Thanv, for a Punjabi film, Sat Sri Akal. His voice was described as sounding very similar to Sonu Nigam's. When the film was released, Jagjit <mask> spoke of Ishmeet as "an excellent singer. He had everything at an early age. In Sat Sri Akal he sang the shabad beautifully." Ishmeet worked with Salim-Suleiman to produce a song called "Shukriya" and promoted this single with live performances.He toured Hong Kong, Bangkok and Malaysia and sang in concerts with members of the Voice of India competition, also singing kirtan in gurdwaras – his last performance in a gurdwara was with Veer Manpreet <mask>. Ishmeet was set to release a new album at the time of his death, having Lalit Pandit of the Jatin-Lalit duo as composer. Jatin Pandit announced he would try to get this album released. Death
In July 2008 Ishmeet visited to the Maldives with fellow Star Voice of India contestants Sumitra and Vyom for a concert that was to be held on 1 August 2008. He was found drowned on 29 July 2008 in the hotel's swimming pool. <mask> <mask> was staying at the Chaaya Island Dhonveli resort in Male. His family demanded an enquiry due to possible manslaughter as his

masks: Singh Singh Ishmeet Singh


title: Ishmeet Singh

texts:
 accomplices watched him drown and the event management company may have failed to "manage" the event properly.Webnewswire conducted an in-depth investigation on his death and suggested that there was foul play. The Punjab government ordered a police probe. The final post-mortem report will not be released before the viscera results are received. Ishmeet's family have listed their concerns on the Ishmeet Singh Foundation website. His father, Gurpinder <mask>, and uncle, Charan <mask>, recently paid a three-day visit to the Maldives to investigate "unexplained" head injuries. His family members had earlier said that the post-mortem and forensic laboratory reports stated death was by drowning but later stressed "under noticed" injury marks on Ishmeet's forehead and temple. According to a report by ADK Hospital, Maldives, where Ishmeet was taken after his death, a linear cut on the forehead was recorded.The post-mortem report in India also mentions a blood clot, "hematoma", under the skin behind the right eye and bloody froth in the nostrils and the mouth. "We have inspected every nook and corner of the resort and the pool from every possible angle," said Charan <mask>, a pathologist in Ludhiana. "The pool has no pointed surface that could lead to such an external injury," Ismeet's uncle stressed, "his injuries show inflammatory change. Inflammatory alterations cannot take place after a person's death and nor in a swimming pool. These injuries could have taken place only when he was outside the pool. Ishmeet was living but unconscious when he was slipped into the pool," he claimed. According to The Indian High Commission, Maldives...
Narayan Swami, first secretary, Indian high commission in Maldives, was not in the country while Ishmeet's family visited the Indian high commission there.However, Mr Thomas, the official spokesperson of the high commission told us,

masks:
Singh
Kamal Singh
Kamal Singh


title: Ishmeet Singh

texts:
 "Ishmeet's father and two uncles had visited Maldives. They met the police authorities and have requested for further enquires about the incident. So, the Indian high commission in Maldives has forwarded the family's request for further enquiries into the matter to the government of Maldives. The letter has already been forwarded. We are taking appropriate steps now, following Ishmeet's family's request." The case was investigated by CBI, who approached Professor T D Dogra of AIIMS for opinion. Funeral
Thousands of people, including commoners and celebrities, attended <mask>'s journey from his home to the cremation ground on 31 July 2008.Shops in the area closed out of respect for their star. Posthumous events

BIG Music released two albums in tribute to <mask> <mask>, both of which contain songs that were recorded prior to his death. The first album is entitled Mool Mantar, and contains the first hymn of the Sikh holy scripture, Guru Granth Sahib. The second album, titled We'll Miss You, contains around six tracks, including the popular song Shukriya:

We'll Miss You has been released on both CD and DVD, and is distributed worldwide. Under the ISF banner, Principal Sukhwant <mask> and Gurpinder <mask>, father of Ishmeet, travelled to Malaysia to spread the message of the foundation. They stayed in the same room at the same hotel (Citrus Hotel) where Ishmeet stayed during his visit to Malaysia. They sang kirtan in Titiwangsa and Petaling Jaya Gurdwara where Ishmeet did the previous year, on the very same stage.References

External links
 Ishmeet Singh Foundation
 http://ishmeetinstitute.com/

Punjabi-language singers
Musicians from Ludhiana
Performers of Sikh music
Punjabi people
Indian Sikhs
Singing talent show winners
Deaths by drowning
Accidental deaths in the Maldives
1989 births
2008 deaths
20th-century Indian singers
Singers from Punjab, India
20th-century

masks: Singh Ishmeet Singh Singh Singh


title: Tupeni Baba

texts:
<mask> is a Fijian academic and politician, who founded the now-defunct New Labour Unity Party. Most members of this party later merged with several other centrist parties to form the Fiji Democratic Party (now part of the National Alliance Party). A former Professor of Education at the University of the South Pacific (USP), he later served as a senior research fellow at the Centre for Pacific Studies at the University of Auckland in New Zealand, from 2001 to the end of 2005. In the general election scheduled for 6–13 May 2006, <mask> attempted a political comeback, this time on the ticket of the ruling Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL), a political switch that generated a considerable degree of public discussion. Although his bid was unsuccessful, he was subsequently appointed to the Senate as one of nine nominees of the Fijian government. Political career

<mask> was a founding member of the Fiji Labour Party in the mid-1980s and was elected in 1987 to the House of Representatives as a candidate of the Labour-National Federation Party Coalition, which brought Timoci Bavadra to power. A month later, the new government was deposed in a coup led by Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka.<mask> returned to his academic career, taking a post as a lecturer at the University of Suva, where he remained until 1999, when he was again elected to Parliament and became Foreign Minister and one of two Deputy Prime Ministers in the government of Mahendra Chaudhry. During the coup of 2000 in which most members of the government were kidnapped by George Speight, <mask>'s courage as one of the hostages earned him considerable public respect. <mask> launched the NLUP in June 2001 after resigning from the Fiji Labour Party (FLP) of former Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry, who had been deposed in the Fiji coup of 2000. The breach followed months of intra-party infighting, much of which preceded the coup. Large numbers of anti-Chaudhry dissidents followed him out of the party into the New Labour Unity Party. <mask>'s departure was thought to be one of the reasons why the Labour Party lost the

masks:
Tupeni Lebaivalu Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba


title: Tupeni Baba

texts:
 elections held to restore democracy in September 2001; its share of the vote among ethnic Fijians dropped to around two percent. <mask>'s NLUP captured two seats, although <mask> himself was not elected.During the campaign, he called on the electorate not to support his former party, warning that a return to a government led by Chaudhry could result in another coup. For this, he was accused of fear-mongering. Life outside politics
<mask> waited until 2005 to reiterate and clarify his reasons for leaving the Labour Party. It was no longer the party he had joined under the leadership of Timoci Bavadra in the 1980s, he said on 18 September 2005. Bavadra's vision had been of a multiracial Fiji, but the present leadership of the party could not see past ethnic boundaries. All that was left of Bavadra's party was the name, he said. He expressed disappointment at Chaudhry's failure as Leader of the Opposition to work with Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase on matters of national importance, saying that when the party negotiated with the government at all, it appeared more like a trade union than a political party.In a multiethnic country like Fiji, <mask> said, it was imperative that leaders look beyond ethnic boundaries. On 22 December 2005, <mask> said that he would pursue academic and consultancy work after completing his four-year contract at the University of Auckland, which expired at the end of 2005. He was happy to be away from politics, he said, and was not inclined to return to it. He found recent political trends in Fiji depressing, especially the polarization of political parties on ethnic lines. Questioned again by the Fiji Village news service on 16 February, after his return to Fiji, he refused to be drawn on whether he would contest the 2006 election or not, but made it clear that he was no longer affiliated with the FLP. Speight of Violence
On 15 May 2005, the publication of "Speight of Violence," coauthored by <mask>, his wife Unaisi Nabobo-<mask> (a fellow USP academic (at the time) now (2011) of the University of Guam) and journalist Michael Field, generated controversy

masks: Baba Baba Baba Baba Baba Baba Baba


title: Tupeni Baba

texts:
 with the claim that Mahendra Chaudhry had promised him the Prime Ministership before and during the 1999 election campaign, and that Chaudhry had reneged on that promise. Chaudhry reacted strongly to the allegation, saying that no such promise was or would have been made.An FLP press release called <mask> was "a frustrated and embitterered" person who had left the Labour Party after a failed bid for the leadership. "Speight of Violence" is based largely on a diary that <mask> claims to have compiled secretly while held hostage by Speight's loyalists, but also gives background information, from <mask>'s perspective, on political events up to and following the coup. SDL convert, 2006
The Fiji Times reported on 11 March 2006 that the ruling SDL had approached <mask> with an invitation to contest the parliamentary election scheduled for 6–13 May under the SDL banner. On 18 March, the SDL announced that <mask> had been approved as its candidate for the Tamavua Samabula Open Constituency. Fiji Village quoted <mask> as saying that his decision to join the SDL was motivated by what he called the lack of leadership in the FLP. FLP politicians, however, poured derision on the move. Leader Mahendra Chaudhry said that <mask> was a deserter, and that the SDL must be "hard up for candidates" to have selected a man like him, while Deputy Leader Poseci Bune told the Fiji Sun that he was baffled by the turn of events."He used to be a liberal left winger but now he is back to nationalist. SDL must be desperate for candidates," he surmised. Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei (SVT) General Secretary Ema Druavesi also expressed disappointment with <mask>'s decision, saying he had joined a party lacking "the character of a good leadership." The Fiji Times quoted <mask> on 20 March as saying that the SDL was "the only alternative for Fiji moving forward." He praised its success in reviving the economy; he conceded that some of its legislation was controversial, but saw it as an attempt to move the country forward. He still considered himself a liberal and a socialist, he said, but insisted that had to be

masks: Baba Baba Baba Baba Baba Baba Baba Baba Baba


title: Tupeni Baba

texts:
 seen in the multiracial context of Fiji. His former party, the FLP, gave mere lip service to multiracialism, he charged."I have responded to the request of the SDL party according to the mood of politics because I am fed up of confrontational and negative politics," he said. The 2006 coup d'état

Towards the end of 2006, the Fijian government announced that <mask> would be its next Ambassador to the United Nations. This plan was aborted, however, by a military coup on 5 December. The Military later announced that <mask> might face investigation for his alleged links to international fraudster Peter Foster. Return to politics

<mask> helped to found the Social Democratic Liberal Party (SDLP) as the successor party to the SDL, which the Military-backed interim government had dissolved. He briefly led the party in 2014, but made way for Ro Teimumu Kepa, a high chief and former Cabinet Minister. He was not a candidate in the general elections held in 2014.Personal life

Dr <mask> <mask> is married to Associate Professor of Education Dr Unaisi Nabobo-<mask> of the University of Guam. Together they have one son only. Previously, <mask> had a son, Viliame, and a daughter, Raijeli, with his first wife, Miriama Raitasia Cagilaba, a native of Natewa in Cakaudrove Province. Miriama is the younger sister of Lady Bale Ganilau, the wife of former Governor-General and first President, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau. In 2002, Raijeli married the then-Chief Justice, Sir Timoci Tuivaga. A lawyer, Raijeli  continues to work in the law and runs her own practice in Suva. <mask> is related to Sitiveni Rabuka, who deposed the 1987 government in which he served.Fiji Labour Party politicians
I-Taukei Fijian members of the Senate (Fiji)
I-Taukei Fijian members of the House of Representatives (Fiji)
Fijian Methodists
Living people
Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua politicians
People educated at Lelean Memorial School
University of Auckland faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Social Democratic Liberal Party politicians
Foreign Ministers of Fiji
New Labour Unity Party politicians
Politicians from

masks: Baba Baba Baba Tupeni Baba Baba Baba Baba


title: James Wallwork

texts:
<mask> (born September 17, 1930) is an American Republican Party politician who served in both houses of the New Jersey Legislature and twice sought the Republican nomination for Governor. Early life and military career
<mask> was born September 17, 1930 in East Orange, New Jersey, the son of J<mask> (1904-1985) and <mask> (1905-1993). He grew up in Montclair, New Jersey, and was a 1952 graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He was 13th in his class of 525. He attended the General Staff War College, where he finished first in his class of 400, and the Army Engineering School. He was the Company Commander of a Combat Engineer Company with the Army of Occupation in Germany. After he left active duty, he served as a Major in the Army National Guard.He was an owner of Wallwork Bros., a plumbing, heating and refrigeration supply company, a family business started by his grandfather. Political career
<mask> was elected to the Republican County Committee in Montclair in 1957, and served as an aide to Assemblyman C. Robert Sarcone, the Assembly Minority Leader, in 1963. He was later a resident of the Short Hills section of Millburn, New Jersey. General Assembly
He was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1963, winning one of nine at-large seats. In 1965, he lost his bid for re-election to a second term, the casualty of Democratic Governor Richard J. Hughes's landslide re-election. State Senate
<mask> ran for the New Jersey Senate in 1967. He won a hotly contested primary on a Reform Republican slate, finishing first in a field of thirteen candidates for six Senate seats elected at-Large in Essex County.The General Election turned out to be a strong environment for Republicans; it

masks:
James Harold Wallwork
Wallwork
. Harold Wallwork
Lorraine Cameron Klick Wallwork
Wallwork
Wallwork


title: James Wallwork

texts:
 was the mid-term election of Governor Richard J. Hughes's second term. Republicans won all six Senate seats, with <mask> running fourth. The four Democratic Senators elected in 1965 -- Nicholas Fernicola, John J. Giblin, Maclyn Goldman and Hutchins Inge—were all defeated. With Republicans taking control of the Legislature in 1967, <mask> was initially slated to serve as the new Majority Leader. But the Essex County Republican Chairman, William Yeomans, refused to support him, a move that essentially blackballed <mask> from the leadership post. Instead, Frank X. McDermott. a freshman Senator from Union County, became Majority Leader.1967 Republican State Senate primary results

1967 Essex County state senate general election results

In 1971, redistricting reduced the number of Essex County Senate seats from six to five, all elected At-Large countywide. <mask> finished third in the General Election, a race where Democrats won three of the five Senate seats. He finished more than 6,000 votes ahead of Democrat Martin Greenberg. 1971 Essex County state senate general election results

Another round of redistricting came in 1973 when the 25th legislative district was created. For the first time, the state was divided into 40 legislative districts, each with one Senator and two Assemblymen. His running mate was Assemblyman, later Governor, Thomas Kean. In a Democratic landslide year, <mask> defeated Roseland Councilman Joel Wasserman by 4,774 votes, 30,552 (54.24%) to 25,778 (45.76%).He was re-elected in 1977 against Democrat Lewis J. Paper, a former U.S. Senate aide and White House intern. <mask> won by 12,421 votes, 35,517 (60.60%)	23,096 (39.40%). <mask> served as the Senate Minority Whip in 1978 and

masks: Wallwork Wallwork Wallwork Wallwork Wallwork Wallwork Wallwork


title: James Wallwork

texts:
 1979, and as the Assistant Minority Leader in 1980 and 1981. Candidate for Governor of New Jersey
<mask> sought the Republican nomination for Governor of New Jersey in 1981, but finished fourth in the Republican primary with 16% of the vote. He lost to Kean, who won the general election. During the campaign, <mask> was reported to be the subject of an attempted assassination at a Veterans Administration hospital by a gunman disguised as a surgeon.The incident was determined by the FBI to be a hoax. In an unrelated indictment, federal prosecutors stated that the hospital chief of security had staged the attempt. Results of the 1981 Republican primary for Governor of New Jersey

Source:

On March 2, 1993, <mask> made a late and surprising entrance into the 1993 Republican gubernatorial primary. The two leading candidates, both moderates, former New Jersey Board of Public Utilities President Christine Todd Whitman and former New Jersey Attorney General W. Cary Edwards, were being hammered after admitting that they had hired undocumented aliens as domestic servants in their homes. This was an issue in early 1993, after President Clinton's first two nominees for U.S. Attorney General, Zoe Baird and Kimba Wood, were forced to withdraw their nominations after admitting that they hired undocumented aliens as nannies. <mask> billed himself as a conservative businessman, and pledged to "repeal every dime" of Governor Jim Florio's $2.8 billion tax increase. <mask> was hampered by his late start.He admitted at his announcement that his campaign had just two staffers and that he had not yet raised enough to air his first television commercial. "He's just not that well known. He's deficient in name recognition,

masks: Wallwork Wallwork Wallwork Wallwork Wallwork


title: James Wallwork

texts:
 political base, support among county leadership, and I honestly don't know whether he can become a major candidate," Cliff Zukin, a professor of political science at the Eagleton Institute of Politics at Rutgers University told the New York Times. He finished third, with 24% of the vote, and carried only Atlantic County. Results of the 1993 Republican primary for Governor of New Jersey

Source:

Waterfront Commissioner
Governor Christine Todd Whitman appointed <mask> to serve as the Commissioner for New Jersey on the Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor. Family and retirement
He married the former Lark Lataner of Orange, New Jersey in 1965. They have one daughter, Lyric <mask> Winik, a book and magazine writer.His son-in-law is historian Jay Winik, the author of the New York Times #1 bestseller April 1865 (2001). Following his retirement from his business, he lived in Far Hills, New Jersey before relocating to Bethesda, Maryland. Electoral history

References

1930 births
Living people
Members of the New Jersey General Assembly
New Jersey state senators
People from East Orange, New Jersey
People from Far Hills, New Jersey
People from Millburn, New Jersey
People from Montclair, New Jersey
United States Military Academy alumni
New Jersey Republicans
Military personnel from New

masks: Wallwork Wallwork


title: Leroy Vinnegar

texts:
<mask> (July 13, 1928 – August 3, 1999) was an American jazz bassist. Born in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, the self-taught <mask> established his reputation in Los Angeles, California, during the 1950s and 1960s. His trademark was the rhythmic "walking" bass line, a steady series of ascending or descending notes, and it brought him the nickname "The Walker". Besides his jazz work, he also appeared on a number of soundtracks and pop albums, notably Van Morrison's 1972 album, Saint Dominic's Preview. Music career
He recorded extensively as both a leader and sideman. He came to public attention in the 1950s as a result of recording with Lee Konitz, André Previn, Stan Getz, Shorty Rogers, Chet Baker, Shelly Manne, Joe Castro and Serge Chaloff. He played bass on Previn and Manne's My Fair Lady album, one of the most successful jazz records ever produced.He also performed on another of jazz's biggest hit albums, Eddie Harris and Les McCann's Swiss Movement, released in 1969. <mask> also performed at the Lighthouse in Hermosa Beach, California, and Diggers in East Los Angeles in the late 1950s, with drummer and pianist Don Joham along with other musicians. He moved to Portland, Oregon in 1986. In 1995, the Oregon State Legislature honored him by proclaiming May 1 Leroy Vinnegar Day. <mask> died of a heart attack, at the age of 71, on August 3, 1999, in a hospital in Portland.

masks:
Leroy Vinnegar
Vinnegar
Vinnegar
Vinnegar


title: Leroy Vinnegar

texts:
 Discography

As leader
 <mask> Walks! (Contemporary, 1958)
 <mask> Walks Again!!(Contemporary, 1963)
 Jazz's Great "Walker"  (Vee Jay, 1964)
 Glass of Water (Legend, 1973)
 The Kid (PBR, 1974; Q-Tape, 2005)
 Walkin' the Basses (Contemporary, 1992)

As sideman
With Pepper Adams
Pepper Adams Quintet (Mode, 1956)
With Stan Getz and Lionel Hampton
 Hamp and Getz (Norgran, 1955)
With Chet Baker
 Quartet: Russ Freeman/Chet Baker (Pacific Jazz, 1956)
With Tom Ball and Kenny Sultan
 Who Drank My Beer? (Kicking Mule, 1983)
 Bloodshot Eyes (Flying Fish, 1986)
With Conte Candoli
 West Coast Wailers (Atlantic, 1955) with Lou Levy
 Little Band Big Jazz (Crown, 1960)
With Benny Carter
 Jazz Giant (Contemporary, 1958)
 Swingin' the '20s (Contemporary, 1958)
Sax ala Carter! (United Artists, 1960)
BBB & Co. (Swingville, 1962) with Ben Webster and Barney Bigard
With Joe Castro
 Live at Falcon's Lair! (Pablo, 1956)
 Groove Funk Soul (Atlantic, 1959)
 At Falcon's Lair with Joe Castro (1959)
With Serge Chaloff
 Blue Serge (Capitol, 1956)
With Dolo Coker
 Dolo! (Xanadu, 1976)
 California Hard (Xanadu, 1977)
 Third Down (Xanadu, 1977)
Xanadu in Africa (Xanadu, 1980) with Al Cohn, Billy Mitchell and Frank Butler
Night Flight to Dakar (Xanadu, 1980) with Al Cohn, Billy Mitchell and Frank Butler
With Buddy Collette
 Nice Day with Buddy Collette (Contemporary, 1957)
With Sonny Criss
 Saturday Morning (Xanadu,

masks: Leroy Leroy


title: Jonah Bokaer

texts:
<mask> (born October 1, 1981) is an American choreographer and media artist. He works on live performances in the United States and elsewhere, including choreography, digital media, cross-disciplinary collaborations, and social enterprise. Education
Originally from Ithaca, New York, Bokaer trained in dance at Cornell University, and subsequently graduated from University of North Carolina School of the Arts as a North Carolina Academic Scholar (Contemporary Dance/Performance, 2000). Recruited for the Merce Cunningham Dance Company at the unprecedented age of 18, Bokaer pursued a parallel degree in Visual & Media Studies at The New School (2003–2007), where he received the Joan Kirnsner Memorial Award. Additional studies in media and performance occurred at Parsons The New School for Design, NYU Performance Studies, and through self-taught explorations into digital media and 3D animation: such studies led to the development of a rare, multi-disciplinary approach to choreography, addressing the human body in relation to contemporary technologies. Dance and choreography
As a dancer, Bokaer has worked with Merce Cunningham (2000–2007), John Jasperse (2004–2005), David Gordon (2005–2006), Deborah Hay (2005), Tino Sehgal (2008), and many others. He has also interpreted the choreography of George Balanchine as restaged by Melissa Hayden.Bokaer is also a frequent choreographer for Robert Wilson (2007–Present). Bokaer is the author of 30 original choreographies, produced in Belgium, Canada, Cuba, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Holland, India, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Recent


title: Jonah Bokaer

texts:
 Dance Magazine, ITCH, Movement Research Performance Journal, and NYFA Current. Additionally, Bokaer recently accepted the Special Citation at the New York Dance & Performance / Bessie Awards, for the arts organization Chez Bushwick (2007); his choreography "The Invention Of Minus One" was also awarded a Bessie Award for original lighting design by Aaron Copp (2008). He is also a 2008–2009 Young Leader of the French American Foundation, and is the first dance artist to have been awarded. New York: Editions 2wice, 2005. 2wice Arts Foundation, False Start: <mask>er.New York: Editions 2wice, 2008. 2wice Arts Foundation, Fifth Wall: <mask>er. New York: Editions 2wice, 2012. 2wice Arts Foundation, Green World: Merce Cunningham. New York: Editions 2wice, 2007. BAM: The Brooklyn Academy of Music, BAM: The Complete Works. New York: The Quantuck Lane Press, 2011.Baryshnikov, Mikhail, Merce My Way. New York: The Baryshnikov Foundation, 2008. Boisseau, Rosita and Philippe, Laurent, Photographier La Danse. Paris: Nouvelles Éditions Scala, 2013. Copeland, Roger, Merce Cunningham: The Modernizing of Modern Dance. New York: Routledge, 2004. DeMers, Anna Sycamore, "On the Beach by <mask>er and Davide Balliano".The Johns Hopkins University Press: Theatre Journal, Vol. 65, No. 1., pp. 101–102 (March 2013). DOI: 10.1353/tj.2013.0017
 England, Betsy, Gray Matter: Daniel Arsham, <mask>, and Judith Sánchez Ruíz's REPLICA. The Drama Review: Vol. 55, No.1. (Spring, 2011). Foundation for Contemporary Arts, Artists for Artists: Fifty Years of the Foundation for Contemporary Arts. New York: Foundation for Contemporary Arts, 2013. Galerie Emmanuel

masks:
Jonah Boka
Jonah Boka
Jonah Boka
Jonah Bokaer


title: Jonah Bokaer

texts:
 Perrotin, Daniel Arsham. Paris, Miami: Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin, 2008. Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin, Daniel Arsham.New York, Paris, Hong-Kong: Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin, 2012. Gober, Robert, A Robert Gober Lexicon, Essay By Brenda Richardson. New York: Matthew Marks Gallery, 2005. Jacobson, Bill, Photographs. Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2005. Lithgow, John, Drama: An Actor's Education. New York: Harper Collins: 2011.Milder, Patricia, Performing Arts Journal #100: Performance New York. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Journals, 2012. Reynolds, Dee, Rhythmic Subjects: Uses of Energy in the Dances of Mary Wigman, Martha Graham and Merce Cunningham. Alton, England: Dance Books, 2007. Turk, Edward Baron, "Avignon 2012: Celebrating the Jean Vilar Centennial". The French Review, Vol. 87, No.1. (October 2013)
 Wozny, Nancy, <mask>er: Moving Toward An Embodied Technology. Contact Quarterly: CQ Chapbook 1, newDANCEmedia. Vol. 35, No. 2. (Summer, 2010).On Vanishing: "New Mythologies for Choreography in the Museum, <mask>er". PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art (May 2014), Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 10–13 (doi: 10.1162/PAJJ_a_00190)

External links

 Archival footage of <mask>er performing in Why Patterns in 2011 at Jacob's Pillow. Archival footage of <mask>er performing in Curtain in 2012 at Jacob's Pillow. Archival footage of <mask>'s work Rules of The Game in 2017 at Jacob's Pillow.Chez Bushwick
 Center for Performance Research
 Daniel Arsham
 Robert Wilson
 Snarkitecture

1981 births
Living people
Artists from Ithaca, New York
Cornell University alumni
University of North Carolina School of the Arts alumni
American choreographers
The

masks:
Jonah Boka
Jonah Boka
Jonah Boka
Jonah Boka
Jonah Bokaer


title: George Nelson (designer)

texts:
<mask> (1908–1986) was an American industrial designer. While lead designer for the Herman Miller furniture company, <mask> and his design studio, George Nelson Associates, designed 20th-century modernist furniture. He is considered a founder of American modernist design. 1908–1934: Early life
<mask> was born on May 29, 1908 in Hartford, Connecticut to <mask> and Lillian Canterow <mask>. His parents owned a drugstore. He graduated from Hartford Public High School in 1924, and thereafter attended Yale University. He did not originally set out to become an architect; he happened upon the architecture school at Yale, when he ducked into a building during a rainstorm, in order to get out of the rain.Walking through the building, he came upon an exhibit of students' works entitled "A Cemetery Gateway". <mask> met with some early recognition while still an undergraduate, when he was published in Pencil Points and Architecture magazines. During his final year at Yale, he was hired by the architecture firm Adams and Prentice as a drafter. In 1928, he graduated with a degree in architecture. In 1929, <mask> was hired as a Teacher's Assistant while pursuing his second bachelor's degree at Yale. He received a degree in Fine Arts in 1931. The next year, while preparing for the Paris Prize competition, he won the Rome Prize, a fellowship that allowed him to study architecture in Rome for two years with a healthy stipend and accommodations in a palace.While based in Rome, <mask> traveled through Europe where he met a number of the modernist pioneers, whom he interviewed for articles for Pencil Points magazine. While being interviewed by <mask>, Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe asked about Frank Lloyd Wright, whom <mask> was embarrassed to say he did not know much about. Years later, however, <mask> would work with Wright on a special issue of Architectural Forum which catalyzed Wright's comeback from relative obscurity. While in Rome <mask> married Frances Hollister. A few years later, he returned to the United States to devote himself to writing.

masks:
George Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Simeon Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson


title: George Nelson (designer)

texts:
 Through his articles in Pencil Points he introduced the work of Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Gio Ponti to North America. 1935–1944: Design writing
In 1935, <mask> joined Architectural Forum, where he was first associate editor (1935–1943), and later consulting editor (1944–1949).There, he defended the modernist principles, arguing against colleagues who, as "industrial designers", made too many concessions to the commercial forces of the industry. <mask> believed the work of a designer should be to better the world. In his view, nature was already perfect, but man ruined it by making things that didn't follow the rules of nature. "The contemporary architect, cut off from symbols, ornament and meaningful elaborations of structural form, all of which earlier periods processed in abundance, has desperately chased every functional requirement, every change in sight or ornamentation, every technical improvement, to provide some basis for starting his work. Where the limitations were most rigorous, as for example in a factory, or in a skyscraper where every inch had to yield its profit, there the designers were happiest and the results most satisfying but; let a religious belief or a social ideal replace the cubic foot costs or radiation losses, and nothing happened. There is not a single modern church in the entire country that is comparable to a first-rate cafeteria, as far as solving the problem is concerned." At this point, <mask>’s career still mainly involved writing for architecture magazines and not actually designing the solutions to modern living that he would later become famous for.During this period <mask> spent a great deal of time interviewing and exchanging ideas with the other founders of the modernist architecture movement of the 1940s, including Eliot Noyes, Charles Eames, and Walter B. Ford, all of whom he would later collaborate with. By 1940, <mask> had become known for several innovative concepts. In his post-war book Tomorrow's House, co-authored with Henry Wright, he introduced the

masks:
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
George Nelson
Nelson


title: George Nelson (designer)

texts:
 concept of the "family room", and the "storage wall". The storage wall was essentially the idea of recessed, built-in bookcases or shelving occupying space previously lost between walls. It was an idea developed while writing the book, when <mask>'s publisher was pressuring him to finish the section on storage. Neither Wright nor <mask> could find any additional innovations when <mask> posed the question, "What's inside the wall? ", It was then that the idea of utilizing the space between walls for storage was born.Tomorrow's House was innovative because it didn't look at modern design as a case of styles, but instead looked at the way problems needed to be solved. The book was a commercial success and made it onto the New York Times bestseller list. 1945–1954: Herman Miller

In 1945, the Herman Miller furniture company was producing mostly conventional, wood-based designs. After reading  Tomorrow's House D.J. Depree, the Chairman of Herman Miller, selected <mask> to be the company's next Director of Design, despite <mask> having no experience designing furniture. Depree was more interested in <mask>'s insight into the best way to make furniture innovative and useful. <mask> was offered a contract that allowed him the freedom to work outside of Herman Miller, and to use designs from other architects that <mask> had worked with.He became the Director of Design for Herman Miller in 1947, and held the position until 1972. The first Herman Miller catalog produced by <mask> was released in 1945. Over the following years it would include some of the most iconic home furnishings of the 20th century. Ray and Charles Eames, Harry Bertoia, Richard Schultz, Donald Knorr, and Isamu Noguchi all worked for Herman Miller, under <mask>'s supervision. Although both Bertoia and Noguchi later expressed regrets about their involvement, it became a successful period for the company, and for <mask>. 1955–1980s: George Nelson Associates, Inc. Using the money he earned as Director of Design for Herman Miller, in 1947 <mask> opened a design studio in

masks:
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
George Nelson
Nelson


title: George Nelson (designer)

texts:
 New York City.On October 26, 1955 he incorporated it into George Nelson Associates, Inc., and moved to 251 Park Avenue South. The studio was successful in bringing together many of the top designers of the era, who were soon designing for Herman Miller under the George Nelson label. Among the noted designers who worked for George Nelson Associates, Inc. were Irving Harper, <mask> (designer of the Coconut Chair), Robert Brownjohn (designer of the sets for the James Bond film Goldfinger), Don Chadwick, Bill Renwick, Suzanne Sekey, John Svezia, Ernest Farmer, Tobias O'Mara, Ronald Beckman (designer of the Sling Sofa), <mask>, (who designed the Herman Miller advertisements), Lance Wyman, and John Pile. With his studio, <mask> enacted new practices for the involvement of design in all aspects of the company, pioneering the practice of corporate image management, graphic programs, and signage. By the time the company closed in the mid-1980s George Nelson Associates, Inc. had worked with most of the Fortune 500 companies. <mask>'s architectural projects included what he dubbed "The Colombian Garden of Health", a 200-bed tertiary care hospital in Bogota, Colombia, commisoned by the Fundacion Santa Fe de Bogota. In 1959, he remarried to Jacqueline Griffiths.That same year, he served as the lead designer for the American National Exhibition in Moscow. The office cubicle

In 1960 Herman Miller created the Herman Miller Research Corporation under the direction of Robert Propst, and the supervision of <mask>. Although <mask> remained at Herman Miller's main campus in Zeeland, Michigan, Robert Propst and the Herman Miller Research Corporation was located in Ann Arbor, Michigan to place it in close proximity to the University of Michigan campus. The company's purpose was to examine changes in the use of office furniture that had taken place during the 20th century, but not the furniture itself. After consulting with experts in psychology, anthropology, and various other fields, Propst created the Action Office I line, which was executed by

masks:
George Mulhauser
George Tscherny
Nelson
George Nelson
George Nelson
Nelson


title: George Nelson (designer)

texts:
 <mask>'s studio, and first appeared in Herman Miller's 1964 catalog. For designing the Action Office I <mask> was awarded the prestigious Alcoa award. The Action Office I line was not a success, and <mask> was removed from the project.Propst then created the Action Office II, which is better known today as the office cubicle. Despite the "Action Office II" line becoming Herman Miller's most successful project, <mask> disowned himself from any connection with the project. In 1970 he sent a letter to Robert Blaich, who had become Herman Miller's Vice-President for Corporate Design and Communication, in which he described the system's "dehumanizing effect as a working environment." He summed up his feeling by saying:

"One does not have to be an especially perceptive critic to realize that AO II is definitely not a system which produces an environment gratifying for people in general. But it is admirable for planners looking for ways of cramming in a maximum number of bodies, for "employees" (as against individuals), for "personnel," corporate zombies, the walking dead, the silent majority. A large market." Scornful as he may have been, <mask> was right that there turned out to be a "larger market" for AO II.By 2005 total sales had reached $5 billion. 1980s: Retirement and death
<mask> retired with the closing of his studio in the mid-1980s. In 1984, he became a scholar in residence at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. He died in New York City in 1986. Influence and legacy
The George Nelson Associates, Inc. catalog, and exhibition designs for Herman Miller, made modernism the most important driving force in the company. From his start in the mid-forties until the mid-eighties George Nelson Associates, Inc. partnered with most of the modernist designers of the time. This was both the result of <mask>'s time as a magazine editor, and because of <mask>'s writing.His skill as a writer helped legitimize and stimulate the field of industrial design by contributing to the creation of Industrial Design magazine in 1953. <mask> wrote extensively,

masks:
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
George Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson


title: George Nelson (designer)

texts:
 published several books, and organized conferences like the Aspen design gatherings, where for more than 30 years he was the guiding force. In 1971, he received a grant from the Graham Foundation for his project "Hidden Cities". One of <mask>'s areas of interest was the reduction of pollution. Through his attempts to reduce all forms of pollution, including visual, audio, and chemical, <mask> pioneered the idea of the outdoor shopping mall, first using the idea in a proposal for the city plan of Austin, Texas, which was not used. In 2008, the Vitra Design Museum in Weil am Rhein, Germany, held a retrospective of <mask>'s work to celebrate his 100th birthday. Design critic Alice Rawsthorn, covering the retrospective for The New York Times, argued that <mask>'s contributions have been unfairly overlooked due to his association with the cubicle and jokey 1950s objects."Blaming <mask> for the soullessness of today's open-plan offices seems as unfair as slating Le Corbusier for other architects' sloppily designed skyscrapers, or Marcel Duchamp for every lazy piece of conceptual art," she wrote. "[<mask>] championed the importance of values in design, which he saw as a catalyst for social change." Attribution
In recent years it has become known that many of the designs <mask> accepted credit for were actually the work of other designers employed at his studios. Examples of this include the Marshmallow sofa, which was actually designed by Irving Harper, and the Action Office, for which <mask> won the prestigious Alcoa Award, neglecting to mention that it was largely designed by Robert Propst. John Pile, a designer who worked for <mask> in the 1950s, commented about this practice; "<mask>'s attitude was that it was okay for individual designers to be given credit in trade publications, but for the consumer world, the credit should always be to the firm, not the individual. He didn't always follow through on that policy though." In an interview in Metropolis in 2001, Irving Harper also commented on this practice: "...there always had

masks:
George Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
George Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
George


title: George Nelson (designer)

texts:
 to be one name associated with the work.We couldn't just spread it around… that's fine. I'm grateful to <mask> for what he did for me. While he was alive, I made no demands whatsoever, but now that he's gone, whenever the Marshmallow Sofa is referred to as a '<mask> design', it sort of gets to me. I don't go out of my way to set things right, but if anybody asks me who designed it, I'm perfectly happy to tell them." A number of the nearly 300 classic wall and table clocks for Howard Miller Clock Company (including the Ball, Kite, Eye, Turbine, Spindle, Petal and Spike clocks, as well as a handful of desk clocks) are currently available from Vitra. Many were designed by Irving Harper (as well as Lucia Derespinis, Charles Pollock, and others). Subsequently, Vitra has discontinued some of their reproduction clocks based on sales.All the original clock designs were simply assigned numbers by Howard Miller. Probably the most recognisable of the series, the Ball Clock, was advertised and sold as ‘Clock 4755’; the Sunflower Clock as ‘Clock 2261’. Several colour variations were available for many of the clocks. The Ball Clock was available in six colour variations, the Sunflower Clock in three. One of the more unusual designs, the Eye Clock (‘Clock 2238’) was pictured in the original Howard Miller Clock Company brochures in a diagonal position, not horizontal, as would be expected. Analysis of work

Metadesign
It has been argued that <mask> might be called a metadesigner - that his intent of study and practice was neither the building nor the product but rather the process of design itself. <mask>'s manner of interdisciplinary design, and therefore progressive thinking, reoriented the entire concern with capitalist destruction around the dynamic of producer and product.However, when comparing the careers of other designers, he seemed not only unconventional and tastefully noncommercial, but at times negative. "...it is the career of an architect who advocated the end of architecture, a furniture designer who imagined rooms without

masks:
George
George Nelson
Nelson
Nelson


title: George Nelson (designer)

texts:
 furniture, an urban designer who contemplated the hidden city, an industrial designer who questioned the future of the object and hated the obsession with products." Fairchild House
New York, New York. US 1941-The Fairchild House was built for the Airplane manufacturer Sherman Fairchild and was meant to be a "machine for living". What made the Fairchild House different from every other Brown Stone in New York was its views. There was a courtyard in the middle of the building and all the windows faced in toward it. This made the home feel more tranquil and the view provided use for <mask>'s signature floor to ceiling windows.Much of the house is designed in style not necessarily common in early modern design. This is evidence of <mask>'s philosophy that "good design is timeless." Sling Sofa
Herman Miller 1963- This sofa is made of leather and filled with solid foam cushions. The joints are all held with epoxy so that it can be more easily mass-produced and sold for a cheaper price. There is no need for hand crafting with this sofa. Because of its perfect proportions and light appearance it doesn't look like it's just an elongated chair. <mask>'s use of a single welt along the perimeter of the padding gives the seating an approachable softness and yet, there is more going on that cannot be seen.The padding is held up by rubber bands that allow for more comfort and the use of epoxy for the joints gives the shape a much smoother feel. It is a modern design only because it was made recently. Like most of <mask>'s work it was only designed to be as useful and comfortable as possible. A rare coffee table was also designed. References

Borgerson, Janet and Jonathan Schroeder (2017). Designed for Hi-Fi Living: The Vinyl LP in Midcentury America. MIT Press, 2017.<mask>. "How to See: Visual Adventures in a World God Never Made." Phaidon Press, 2017. External links
George Nelson Foundation
GeorgeNelson.org (unofficial fan site)

Modernist designers
American furniture designers
1908 births
1986 deaths
AIGA medalists
Yale School of

masks:
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson George


title: Delimir Bajić

texts:
<mask> (; born 28 March 1983) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian footballer who plays for FK Borac Banja Luka in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Club career

Youth career
Born and raised in Bijeljina, SFR Yugoslavia, Delimir began his career as a football player when he was just 11 years old with Velika Obarska-based FK Mladost Velika Obarska. Mladost Velika Obarska
Delimir continued playing with his parent team as he became a permanent member of the first team squad of the Velika Obarska-based club in 1999. Radnik Bijeljina
After a long 8-year spell with the Bosnian club, in 2002 he moved back to his hometown Bijeljina where he signed a contract with FK Radnik Bijeljina. In his 5-year spell at the Bijeljina-based club, he also helped his team achieve the runners-up position in the 2006-07 Republika Srpska Cup. Velež Mostar
In 2007, he signed a one-year contract with one of Bosnia and Herzegovina's top most club, Mostar-based FK Velež Mostar. Željezničar Sarajevo
In 2008, he moved to the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo where he signed a two-year contract with FK Željezničar Sarajevo.In his first season with the Sarajevo-based club, he made 12 appearances in the 2008–09 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He made his first appearance in the 2009–10 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 12 September 2009 in a 0-0 draw against NK Travnik and scored his first goal on 21 March 2010 in a 1-1 draw against HŠK Zrinjski Mostar. He scored 2 goals in 15 appearances in the 2009-10 season helping his club to win the 2009–10 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the 2009–10 Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup. Nassaji