title: Zoltan Istvan

texts:
 drug war on taxpayers. 2020 presidential campaign
In December 2017, <mask> announced he was considering running for the Libertarian Party's Presidential nomination. In March 2019 during an interview on the Bread and Circuses podcast, <mask> told Caleb Salvatore and Nick Koehler that he was again considering a run for President. Istvan announced a run for the Republican nomination on November 19. Philosophy
Istvan states that in the 21st century, as modern man confronts the finitude of life, everyone faces a Transhumanist Wager, a concept that is explored in his science fiction novel of the same name. The Transhumanist Wager follows from a life philosophy Istvan calls Teleological Egocentric Functionalism (TEF).Istvan summarizes the Transhumanist Wager as follows:

Istvan is the creator of the concepts of Theistcideism, Omnipotism, the AI Imperative, the Singularity Disparity, Speciation Syndrome, Post-earthism, Delayed Fertility Advantage, and Jethro's Window, a possible solution to the Fermi Paradox. Istvan is also a populizer of AI Day, the transhumanist olympics, the Jesus Singularity, cryothanasia a robot AI President, and quantum archaeology (technological resurrection). Istvan proposed and developed the concept of a Longevity Peace Prize at the XPRIZE Foundation in 2019. Writing for The New York Times opinion section, Istvan argued conservatives should consider supporting artificial wombs to move the abortion debate forward. Istvan also argued to allow surfing during the Covid lockdowns in The New York Times Opinion section. Istvan authored an article entitled "Transhumanism and Theistcideism" for publication in Pandeism: An Anthology (2017). Istvan wrote the short fictional story "The Jesus Singularity"

masks: Istvan Istvan


title: Zoltan Istvan

type: original

texts:
 on a religious AI that goes rogue and destroys the world.It was published in Vice magazine. Istvan has a chip implanted in his hand and consulted with the U.S. Navy on broad about the use of the implant in humans. According to <mask>'s novel, the three laws of Transhumanism are:

 A transhumanist must safeguard one's own existence above all else. A transhumanist must strive to achieve omnipotence as expediently as possible—so long as one's actions do not conflict with the First Law. A transhumanist must safeguard value in the universe—so long as one's actions do not conflict with the First and Second Laws. Transhumanist community reception
Within the transhumanist community, reactions to Istvan's U.S. Transhumanist Party have ranged from enthusiastic to sharply critical. Some transhumanist critics, such as Peter Rothman, have questioned whether the Transhumanist Party adds value to the overall goals of transhumanism.Personal life
Istvan resides in Mill Valley, California with his wife, who is a physician, and his daughters. He identifies as an atheist. In February 2015, he helped launch BiZoHa, the world's first free-thinker orphanage, in Mukhoya, Kasese district, western Uganda. Istvan's promotional article on the topic in Vice's Motherboard, helped a GoFundMe campaign to achieve success in raising $5,820 to provide funding for the orphanage. References

External links
 <mask> <mask>'s personal site
 Transhumanist Party's website
 <mask> <mask>'s 2020 campaign site

1973 births
Living people
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American politicians
American atheism activists
American male non-fiction writers
American male

masks: Istvan Zoltan Istvan Zoltan Istvan


title: Jupp Derwall

texts:
Josef "<mask><mask> (10 March 1927 – 26 June 2007) was a German professional football manager and former player. He was head coach of the West Germany national team between 1978 and 1984, winning the UEFA Euro 1980 and reaching the final of the 1982 FIFA World Cup. <mask>'s hairdo provided the basis for his nickname "Chieftain Silver Curl" (Häuptling Silberlocke). Playing career
<mask> started in 1938 with Rhenania Würselen. Later, he played for Alemannia Aachen and Fortuna Düsseldorf in the western division of the five-way split first German league called Oberliga. With Aachen, <mask> reached the DFB-Pokal final in 1953 where he scored one goal at the 1–2 defeat at the hands of Rot-Weiss Essen. Five years later he reached the cup final with Düsseldorf, which was lost 3–4 against VfB Stuttgart.In 1954, after the Herberger team won the FIFA World Cup, <mask> was also called twice to play for West Germany

Managerial career

Early career
Not yet retired, <mask> took up player-managing first in Switzerland with Biel-Bienne (1959–1961) and Schaffhausen (1961–1962). After completely retiring from playing, he became the new manager of Fortuna Düsseldorf. <mask> reached the cup final with Fortuna in 1962, losing to 1. FC Nürnberg 1–2 after extra time. Afterwards he became manager of the regional association of Saarland for six years. In 1965, he was also manager of 1. FC Saarbrücken, winning the 1964–65 Regionalliga Südwest and promoting Saarbrücken to the Bundesliga.West Germany
In 1970, <mask> was appointed as successor to Udo Lattek as the West German national team's assistant coach under the legendary Helmut Schön. At the 1972 Summer Olympics, he was responsible for the West German team, taking it into the last

masks:
Jupp
" Derwall
Derwall
Derwall
Derwall
Derwall
Derwall
Derwall
Derwall


title: Jupp Derwall

texts: eight. <mask> served as Schön's assistant until after the 1978 FIFA World Cup. When Schön retired from managing, also in light of the achievements in the tournament, <mask> was chosen to take his place as head coach of West Germany. His major rivals for this appointment were his coaching staff colleague Erich Ribbeck and Helmut Benthaus, then manager with the reigning German champions VfB Stuttgart, who received no release from his contract. <mask>'s first major tournament as West Germany head coach was UEFA Euro 1980 in Italy, and under his guidance West Germany won the championship in impressive fashion, winning four out of their five games and finishing with the tournament's top scorer in Klaus Allofs. Confidence was high going into the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain.<mask> was heard to have said before the first match against Algeria, "If we don't beat Algeria I'll take the next train home!" As things turned out he didn't stick to his promise. After a shock 1–2 defeat by Algeria in the first match, Derwall's West Germany regained their composure and progressed all the way to the final after some tough matches, including the infamous 1–0 win over Austria ("The Shame of Gijón") and the more memorable semi-final against France, where the Germans came back from 1–3 down to tie 3–3 and win on penalties. In the final itself, Germany lost 3–1 to Italy. The stars of this side were Karl-Heinz Rummenigge and Paul Breitner. Notwithstanding this setback, Derwall remained a highly regarded manager and West Germany were still counted among the favourites for UEFA Euro 1984, but their performance in France was not impressive and Derwall's team were eliminated in the first round. Public opinion in West Germany turned

masks: Derwall Derwall Derwall Derwall


title: Jupp Derwall

texts:
 against Derwall rapidly.It reached an absolute low point when people would begin to yell angrily at <mask> had they spotted him in public. He in the end, of what amounted to a public campaign, was forced to resign his position, being replaced by the hitherto-untested Franz Beckenbauer who acted as team manager. Galatasaray
Derwall then shocked observers by turning down several job offers in the Bundesliga in favour of accepting the manager's position at Turkish club Galatasaray. At the time, Turkish football was not well regarded in Europe, and Turkish clubs had never made any real impression on the international scene. The arrival of <mask>, an internationally respected and experienced manager, changed this perception, and his tenure at Galatasaray is often credited with having helped spark the revival in the fortunes of Turkish football. As well as winning one national championship and one Turkish Cup, <mask>'s time in Istanbul also involved his introducing modern Western European training techniques and tactical ideas to the Turkish game. Therefore, he's regarded as the revolutionizer of Turkish football.Two of Turkey's most respected managers, Fatih Terim and Mustafa Denizli, both trained under <mask> during his time in Turkey, have been quick to praise Derwall's influence. <mask> retired from managing with Galatasaray in 1987 after helping his club become league champions (for the first time since 1973); despite speculation that he might take over as head coach of the Turkey national team, he chose instead to return to Germany and enjoy his retirement, with the managerial position of the Turkish national side later went to Sepp Piontek, also a German and one of <mask>'s students. He was happy to see that

masks: Derwall Derwall Derwall Derwall Derwall Derwall


title: Jupp Derwall

texts:
 the spark he lit grew enormously, with Galatasaray reaching the semi-finals of the 1988–89 European Cup (predecessor of the UEFA Champions League) and winning both the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup in 2000. His work in Turkey was also considered a major contribution to German-Turkish relations and was honoured with an honorary doctorate of the University of Hacettepe in Ankara and the German Cross of Merit 1st Class (Bundesverdienstkreuz). Health problems and death
<mask> died after a heart attack in Sankt Ingbert, Germany on 26 June 2007. He already had suffered a heart attack in 1991. His former club Galatasaray, gave his name to their training ground after his death.Managerial statistics

Honours

Manager
1. FC Saarbrücken
Regionalliga Südwest: 1964–65

Galatasaray
Süper Lig: 1986–87
Turkish Cup: 1984–85
Turkish Super Cup: 1987

West Germany
UEFA European Championship: 1980
FIFA World Cup runner-up: 1982

References

External links

1927 births
2007 deaths
People from Würselen
German footballers
Germany international footballers
Germany B international footballers
Alemannia Aachen players
Fortuna Düsseldorf players
FC Schaffhausen players
German football managers
West German football managers
FC Biel-Bienne managers
Fortuna Düsseldorf managers
Galatasaray S.K. (football) managers
German expatriate football managers
German expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate football managers in Turkey
Germany national football team managers
UEFA Euro 1980 managers
1982 FIFA World Cup managers
UEFA Euro 1984 managers
UEFA European Championship-winning managers
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Süper Lig managers
Association football forwards
Footballers from North


title: Hamish Mackie

texts:
<mask> (born October 1973) is a British wildlife sculptor who works in bronze, silver and any other castable metal using the lost-wax casting method. He is considered to be one of the world's foremost wildlife sculptors. Largely self-taught, Mackie captures his subjects - ranging from livestock to birds via wild animals - by observation in a natural environment, taking detailed photographs and sometimes modelling in plasticine. From this he creates a highly accurate anatomical core covered with a loose, almost impressionistic skin that captures the essence of the animal's personality. He has won numerous commissions including works for Jilly Cooper, Charles Saatchi, Ronnie Wood (private) and RSPCA, National Trust, Woburn Abbey, Merrill Lynch, Hiscox and most recently the Berkeley Group Holdings (public). He has travelled to places including Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, Australia, across Africa, and the United Arab Emirates in search of subjects. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Reading, England in 1973.His father was in the British Army, so the family spent the first years of Mackie's life living in both Hong Kong and the UK, before settling permanently on a farm in Lostwithiel, Cornwall in 1978. From an early age Mackie was tasked with many farm duties, including looking after livestock. Education
After prep school Mackie went to Radley College, where he found the support of its Art Department. Paul Kilsby, his sculpture teacher, acknowledged Mackie's strength in capturing the dynamic animal form. Mackie made his first sale during his A-level show: two clay lambs for £50 to a family friend. The buyer took the lambs to Simon Allison at the Lockbund Sculpture Foundry to be cast in bronze, introducing him to one of the most important

masks:
Hamish Mackie
Hamish Mackie


title: Hamish Mackie

texts:
 working relationships of his career. 'Simon called me up and asked me if I wanted to sign them.I drove up to meet him and see their lost-wax casting process.' This began a working relationship that has lasted to this day. In 1992 Mackie did a foundation course at Falmouth University followed by, in 1993, a BA in Product and Furniture Design at Kingston University. He paid his way by selling his sculptures, for example Tregothnan Estates commissioned Mackie to do a buzzard, followed by an otter for Trewithen Estates. After university, Mackie travelled extensively in Africa, and in 1995 he took a job in a hunting camp in Zimbabwe. He observed how environment impacts character, particularly the distinction between a wild animal and one in captivity. His interest led him to the conservationist Ian Craig in Kenya, backed by TUSK, an organisation he still supports.Face to face with African wildlife, the urge to sculpt overcame him and he created a cheetah head out of beeswax and paraffin. Career
Mackie returned to the UK determined to sculpt full-time. He met with the renowned wildlife sculptor Mark Coreth, carrying his wax cheetah head under his arm. From there Mackie met with Simon Allison again to explore the prospect of casting his models in bronze for commercial sale. Allison was confident enough in Mackie's skills to defer payment until he started to sell. In 1996 <mask> moved closer to the foundry in Oxfordshire, and entered into the Art for Youth competition where he won the "Diana Brooks Prize". The following year

He was accepted into the Royal Academy's "Summer Exhibition", following on from his first solo show with Fanshawe Somerset, London.Several successful solo shows followed, and in 2010 his solo show, also at the Cork Street


title: Hamish Mackie

texts:
 Gallery, outperformed most of the galleries at Frieze Art Fair that year. In 2013 <mask> landed his most important public commission to date: six life and a quarter-size horses designed to look as though they are galloping through the Berkeley Group Holdings development in Goodman's Fields, in the Spitalfields district of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in east London. The sculptures were revealed at the end of June 2015 and in 2016, <mask> was awarded the Public Monuments and Sculpture Association's (PMSA) annual Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture and Public Fountains. <mask>'s work was exhibited at the opening of the Clarendon Fine Art gallery in Hampstead, London alongside work from prominent contemporary artists, Todd White, Sherree Valentine-Daines and Christian Hook. Artistic style

<mask>'s sculptures are distinctive for a highly accurate anatomical core covered by a loose, almost impressionistic skin. He is capable of turning his hand to almost any creature, as his extensive range of work reveals. This loose style allows him to highlight the differences in, for instance muscle groups, hair texture and even capture character via a careful working of eyes, nose and other defining features.His sculpting style is underpinned by a striking sympathy with animal kind. He has stated, "Having spent so much time studying wildlife in its natural environment, I've developed a true understanding of animal behaviour". Indeed, when in the field in places like Africa and Antarctica, as well as his camera, he will also take plasticine with him. Family

Mackie is married with three daughters. References

1973 births
Living people
Alumni of Falmouth University
Alumni of Kingston University
Artists from Reading, Berkshire
English male

masks: Mackie Mackie Mackie Mackie


title: Denny Morrison

texts:
<mask> (born September 8, 1985) is a Canadian speedskater from Fort St. John, British Columbia. He is an Olympic champion as a member of Canada's men's team pursuit, an event which he also won silver in at the 2006 Winter Olympics. <mask> won his first individual Olympic medal in Sochi when he won a silver in the men's 1000 m after teammate Gilmore Junio selflessly gave up his spot in order for <mask>, who fell at the national qualification event, failed to originally qualify. He won a second individual medal at those games, a bronze in the 1500 m. With four total Olympic medals, <mask> shares the record for the most medals of any Canadian male long track speed skaters along with Gaétan Boucher. Primarily a middle distance skater in the 1000 and 1500 m events, he held the world record time of 1:42.01 from March 14, 2008, to March 6, 2009, in the 1500 m. The time is still the Canadian record for the distance. <mask> finished in 4th place in the Junior World Allround Championships in 2004 and 2005, and a 5th place in his first senior World Allround in 2006. He has also won twelve medals at the World Championships, with two gold, six silver, and four bronze medals to his name.<mask> once held the 9th place on the allround best-ever Adelskalender. Career
At the 2006 Winter Olympics, <mask> won a silver medal as part of the Canadian men's speed skating pursuit team. Individually, <mask> won a silver in the 1500 m and a bronze in the 1000 m at a World Cup event in Turin in 2005–06. In 2007, <mask> won gold in the 1000 metre event in Calgary in the World Cup finals with a time of 1:07:24. He set a Canadian record, bettering his idol, Jeremy Wotherspoon. In that same weekend, <mask> also won a bronze in the 1500 metre event. <mask> also participated in the 2007 World Single Distance Championships, and achieved good results, winning three medals, bronze in the 1500 m and silver in the 1000 m, losing both times to Shani Davis.In the team pursuit event he, along with Arne Dankers and Justin Warsylewicz, set an early best time, which broke the old team pursuit world

masks:
Denny Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison


title: Denny Morrison

texts:
 record (previously held by <mask>, Dankers and Steven Elm), but the Dutch team of Sven Kramer, Erben Wennemars and Carl Verheijen would go on to beat the time set by Canada by five-tenths of a second, relegating Canada to 2nd place. In 2008 <mask> topped his result from the year before at the World Single Distance Championships in Nagano, Japan. He took the bronze medal in the 1000 meters, but won the 1500 m and took home the gold medal. A week later, at the ING Finale at the Olympic Oval in Calgary, he set a new world record in the 1500 meters in a time of 1:42.01, beating the old record held by both Shani Davis and Erben Wennemars. He competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver where he went in as a strong medal favourite in all three of his competitive events. Despite competing on home ice <mask> was unable to win an individual medal, his best finish was a ninth in the 1500 m. He did find the medal podium though when he won a gold medal in the team pursuit along with Lucas Makowsky and Mathieu Giroux. After the Olympics, <mask> considered retirement with some time away from summer training.Eventually he re-joined the World Cup circuit and eventually finished the season winning silver at the 2011 WSD Championships, with his team pursuit team. Re-motivated for 2012, he finished the season by winning his second World Championship title, again in the 1500 m. <mask>'s 2013 season was off to a great start with an initial win at the first World Cup in Heerenveen, Netherlands, and finished the fall World Cup circuit leading the 1000 m points total so far. <mask> then injured himself while training in Fernie, British Columbia, breaking his tibia. At the time he was the leader of the 2012–13 ISU Speed Skating World Cup. 2014 Winter Olympics
Having to come back from injury, <mask> qualified for the men's 1500 m and the national trials for the Sochi Olympics. In the 1000 m disaster struck when he fell meaning he was unable to qualify for one of his best events. Though <mask> had two team pursuit medals to his name, he had yet to achieve an individual medal, a

masks: Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison


title: Denny Morrison

texts:
 medal which he felt was missing from his collection.Gilmore Junio, a fellow athlete, relinquished his spot in order for <mask> to skate the event at the Olympics just days before the event was to take place. At the 2014 Winter Olympics <mask> won silver in the 1000 m trailing the eventual winner Stefan Groothuis by 4/100ths of a second. After the race <mask> made sure to first thank Junio "I have to thank my teammate Gilmore Junio because without him none of this would have been possible." He later added, "Props to my entire support team, and not just my teammates – Gilmore, huge move, definitely – but the therapists, the coaches, the team leader, everyone had a part in this medal and I'm so happy to share with all my entire team." Following his silver medal performance, <mask> competed in his originally scheduled 1500 m event. Skating in the 15th pair of twenty he took over the lead until later pairings of Poland's Zbigniew Bródka took over the lead. Bródka would eventually end in a photo finish tie with Koen Verweij which would push <mask> into third and the bronze medal position.This gave <mask> his fourth ever Olympic medal, equaling Gaétan Boucher for the most medals by a Canadian male long track speed skater. Post-Sochi
The 2015 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships meant more success for <mask> where he won two silver medals, an individual in the 1,500 m and a second in the team pursuit with Ted-Jan Bloemen and Jordan Belchos. <mask> said of the team's silver that "With (Bloemen) coming over this summer, it was a new team, and we struggled early on this season. So we had to communicate, find out what our flaws were, correct our flaws, and we had better results... And today, it all came together. This is just the beginning for us, on the road to the 2018 Olympics.". <mask> suffered a fractured femur in a motorcycle accident in May 2015 leaving him with a steel rod permanently implanted in his leg and unable to recall where he was or how he had gotten there. Just eleven months after the accident <mask> again befell misfortune when he

masks: Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison


title: Denny Morrison

texts:
 announced in late April 2016 that he had suffered a stroke in Utah during a 25-day bicycle ride from Arizona to Utah.2018 Winter Olympics
<mask> qualified to compete for Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics. Sponsorships
Though <mask> had many short term sponsors leading into his home Olympics, he was aligned primarily with DNOW since 2007. DNOW and his other sponsor, Pomeroy Hotel Group both failed to sign a renewal sponsorship past 2015 after <mask> was badly injured in a motorcycle crash. He worked with Nike from 2008 to 2013, B2Ten from 2006 to 2009, was a CAN Fund recipient in 2009 and 2014, 2018, and a recipient of the Investors Group Athlete Grant in 2008 and 2009. <mask>’s long comeback from the 2015 motorcycle crash (and resulting stroke in 2016) were backed by InjaNation and Mawer, who sponsored <mask> through his 4th Olympics in 2018, and until the end of his career at the conclusion of the 2018/2019 season

Personal life
<mask> is married to fellow speed skater Josie Spence. He survived a debilitating stroke at age 30 and a motorcycle crash a year earlier. Records

Personal records

World records

Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com

References

External links

 "The ball has just started rolling..." – January 2009
 <mask> crowns season with world title and world record, March 2008
 Video of <mask>'s world record race in the 1500 m; 1:42.01, March 14, 2008
 <mask> at SpeedSkatingStats.com
 Photos of <mask>

1985 births
Living people
Canadian male speed skaters
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skaters of Canada
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
World record setters in speed skating
People from Fort St. John, British Columbia
People from the Peace River Regional District
Sportspeople from

masks:
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Denny Morrison
Denny Morrison
Denny Morrison
Denny Morrison


title: Robert Gosselin

texts:
<mask>Bob<mask> (born 1951) is a conservative Republican politician in Oakland County, Michigan and is an Oakland County Commissioner. Biography

<mask> was born in Berkley, Michigan and attended Berkley High School. He attended, but did not graduate from Lawrence Technological University, where he studied engineering. He is also a licensed builder, licensed realtor and licensed heating contractor. He is married to <mask> and has three children. Political career

<mask> was elected to the Troy City Council in 1993. He served until 1997.In 1998, he was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives to represent the then-42nd District which included portions of Rochester Hills and Troy. He was re-elected to the same seat in 2000. In 2002, after his district was consolidated into Troy and Clawson, he ran for and lost a Michigan Senate seat against incumbent Shirley Johnson in the 13th District. In 2004, <mask> again sat in the Michigan House, this time

masks:
Robert (
) Gosselin
Gosselin
Jan Gosselin
Gosselin
Gosselin


title: Robert Gosselin

texts:
 representing the new 41st District. In 2006, <mask> became a candidate for County Commissioner in the 13th District which includes the southern portion of  Rochester Hills and a northern  portion of Troy with a portion of Bloomfield Township. He unseated a moderate Republican incumbent, Will Molnar, in the primary. He handily won his general election bid for that seat.According to the Oakland Press:
However, with Gosselin term-limited out-of-office, the younger Knollenberg became the Republican nominee for State House in 2006, defeating Mike Bosnic in the August 2006 primary. Bosnic, who also ran in 2004 in a three-way race against Gosselin, was endorsed by <mask> in 2006. Despite <mask>'s endorsement, Knollenberg won by 7%, or roughly 700 votes, over Bosnic. Political philosophy

Gosselin has achieved a reputation of being a conservative who appeals to the religious right as well as a strong libertarian bloc of Oakland County politics. As such, he has

masks: Gosselin Gosselin Gosselin


title: Robert Gosselin

texts:
 legislation known as "Michigan Citizens First," which cut welfare benefits from illegal immigrants. He consistently favored substantial cuts to government welfare programs. However, with Gosselin term-limited out-of-office, the younger Knollenberg became the Republican nominee for State House in 2006, defeating Mike Bosnic in the August 2006 primary. Bosnic, who also ran in 2004 in a three-way race against Gosselin, was endorsed by <mask> in 2006.Despite <mask>'s endorsement, Knollenberg won by 7%, or roughly 700 votes, over Bosnic. 2006 State Senate election

In 2006, <mask> initially ran for the Michigan Senate against fellow State Representative Shelley Taub. Many state political observers were anticipating a lively free-for-all between these two. This prediction was based upon the open animus between former Senator Shirley Johnson and Gosselin. Gosselin accused Johnson, who is a moderate Republican, of accepting donations from a pro-Gay group. He also


title: Robert Gosselin

texts: attacked her position on abortion. Johnson actively worked for Marty Knollenberg's 2004 campaign against Gosselin.A joke between many observers was that if <mask> were to win the Republican nomination, Johnson would endorse the Democrat, and one Republican insider seriously acknowledged this possibility. When Democrat Andy Levin, son of Congressman Sander Levin and nephew of U.S. Senator Carl Levin, entered the race, however, Republican leadership became concerned. Former Michigan Senator and fellow Troy State Representative John Pappageorge was coaxed by the Michigan Republican Party to run for the 13th District seat, as they believed he was the only one with the name recognition and fundraising ability to retain the seat in the general election. When Pappageorge entered the race, <mask> dropped out. Pappageorge defeated Taub in the primary in August 2006 by a two-to-one margin. He narrowly defeated Andy Levin in one of the closest and most controversial

masks: Gosselin Gosselin


title: Robert Gosselin

texts:
 state senate races in November, by a margin less than that of the vote totals accumulated by the Green Party candidate.Election history

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! align=left valign=top | 1998 Candidate
! align=right | Party
! align=right | Popular votes
! align=right | Vote percentage
|-
| align=left valign=top|<mask>
| valign="top"|Republican
| valign="top"|20,285
| valign="top"|68%
|-
| align=left valign=top|Jacquelyn Moore
| valign="top"|Democrat
| valign="top"|9,712
| valign="top"|32%
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! align=left valign=top | 2000 Candidate
! align=right | Party
!align=right | Popular votes
! align=right | Vote percentage
|-
| align=left valign=top|<mask>
| valign="top"|Republican
| valign="top"|27,104
| valign="top"|67%
|-
| align=left valign=top|Jerry Bixby
| valign="top"|Democrat
| valign="top"|13,279
| valign="top"|32%
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|}

|-

masks:
Bob Gosselin
Bob Gosselin


title: Robert Gosselin

texts:
 style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! align=left valign=top | 2002 Candidate
! align=right | Party
! align=right | Popular votes
! align=right | Vote percentage
|-
| align=left valign=top|Shirley Johnson
| valign="top"|Republican
| valign="top"|13,412
| valign="top"|55%
|-
| align=left valign=top|<mask>
| valign="top"|Republican
| valign="top"|11,141
| valign="top"|45%
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|}

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! align=left valign=top | 2004 Candidate
!align=right | Party
! align=right | Popular votes
! <mask> represents district 13. 1951 births
County commissioners in Michigan
Lawrence Technological University alumni
Living people
Members of the Michigan House of Representatives
People from Berkley, Michigan
21st-century American

masks:
Bob Gosselin
Gosselin


title: Louis Edward Curdes

texts:
<mask> (2 November 1919 – 5 February 1995) was an American flying ace of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II who held the unusual distinction of scoring an official air-to-air kill against another American Aircraft. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross twice and a Purple Heart. He flew a North American P-51 Mustang fighter aircraft with the nickname "Bad Angel". Curdes was one of only three American pilots to shoot down aircraft belonging to the German, the Italian and Japanese air forces. He was also involved in an incident where he intentionally shot down an American cargo plane. In total, Curdes shot down seven German Messerschmitt Bf 109s, an Italian Macchi C.202 fighter, a Japanese Mitsubishi Ki-46 reconnaissance aircraft and an American Douglas C-47 Skytrain. Early life
<mask> was born on 2 November 1919, to Esther (nee Kover) and Walter Curdes, he grew up in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and enrolled at Purdue University.After three years of study, he joined the Army Reserve on 12 March 1942. He became a 2nd Lieutenant, graduating from Flying School on 3 December 1942, at Luke Field, Arizona at the age of 22 and was posted to the Mediterranean theater. World War II

North Africa and Italy
He joined the 329th Fighter Group, a unit of the United States Army Air Forces but was transferred to the 82d Fighter Group, 95th Fighter Squadron, where he saw action in North Africa, Sardinia and Italy, flying a Lockheed P-38 Lightning. On 29 April 1943, he shot down three German Messerschmitt Bf 109 aircraft and damaged a fourth near Cape Bon, in Tunisia. 19 May,  he shot down two more Bf 109s near Villacidro, Sardinia. In less than a month of combat, Curdes became a flying ace. On 24 June, he shot down an Italian Macchi C.202 over Sardinia.He damaged a German Bf 109 on 30 July over

masks:
Louis Edward Curdes
Louis Curdes


title: Louis Edward Curdes

texts:
 and 11 crew members, including two nurses, all of whom had survived the incident. To Curdes's surprise, he discovered that one of the nurses was a woman with whom he had had a date the night before the incident (Svetlana Valeria). She and Curdes were married in 1946.Contrary to subsequent reports, Curdes did not receive a Distinguished Flying Cross for that event, although he did receive credit for the "Kill" and displayed it on his aircraft. His unit was later transferred to Gabu Airfield in Laoag, Philippines, from where he attacked Japanese positions in northern Luzon and Okinawa until the end of the war. After the war
After World War II, he joined an Air National Guard unit at Baer Field and remained there until 1948. In Allen County, Indiana, 2 April 1946, he married Svetlana Valeria Curdes and returned to active duty, this time again with the United States Air Force. He participated in the Berlin airlift during the opening stages of the Cold War. He was promoted to major on 1 September 1951, and retired from the Air Force as a lieutenant colonel in October 1963. After his retirement, he started a construction company under the name of Curdes Builders Company.<mask> died on 5 February 1995, at the age of 75, and was buried at Lindenwood Cemetery in Fort Wayne. His widow Valeria died on 10 October 2013, at the age of 87. A replica of his P-51 "Bad Angel" is currently in the Pima Air Museum in Tucson, Arizona. References

United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
1995 deaths
1919 births
People from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Purdue University alumni
American World War II flying aces
Aviators from Indiana
Military personnel from Indiana
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
United States Army Air Forces officers
Indiana National Guard personnel
Businesspeople from


title: John Matos

texts:
Crash (born <mask>; October 11, 1961 in Bronx, New York) is a graffiti artist. Early life
As early as 13, <mask> was spray painting New York City trains, the full image art as opposed to simpler tagging soon transferred to silk screened canvas. Recognition
Crash was first noticed through his murals on subway cars and dilapidated buildings and is now regarded as a pioneer of the Graffiti art movement. His work is said to convey a "visual link between street life and established society". and in 1980, Crash curated the now iconic exhibition:"Graffiti Art Success for America" at Fashion MODA, launching the graffiti movement that has remained very active through today. During the 1980s, Crash had exhibits across the United States and abroad. Galerie Yaki Kornblit was the first instrumental gallery in Amsterdam that help launch his career in Europe.In 1981, Crash, along with 10 other artists were chosen by The Public Art Fund to design animated imagery for The Spectacolor Billboard in Times Square. In 1983, Crash was given his first gallery showing by Sidney Janis at the Sidney Janis Gallery, Chase Manhattan, N.A., as well as CITIBANK, N.A., and other collections came calling. In 1988, he sprayed Notes in the Wind measuring 178 x 178 centimeters to be exhibited and eventually to be owned by the Peter Stuyvesant Foundation in Zevenaar, Netherlands. Eric Clapton Graffiti Guitars
In 1996, Crash painted an Eric Clapton Signature Stratocaster and gave it to the artist as a gift. Clapton went on to use the specially designed guitar through his 2001 tour and later appeared with another. In total Crash has created 5 guitars for Clapton, though only three of them have made public appearances. One of Clapton's "Crashocasters" (nicknamed by Eric's former guitar tech, Lee Dickson) auctioned for

masks:
John Matos
John Matos


title: John Matos

texts:
 $321,100 (USD) by the name of "Crash-3" and was used extensively during the first Crossroads Guitar Festival in 2004.Soon after Fender Musical Instruments commissioned the creation of 50 such graffiti designed guitars from Crash and named the line "Crashocasters." Crash went on to also design a line of custom painted Telecasters with matching Fender amps. Other artists such as <mask> and Ed Sheeran have used the custom painted Crashocaster guitars. Crash painted another Crashocaster which Clapton played at the Crossroads Guitar Festival 2019 held at American Airlines Center of Dallas (Texas) on September 20th and 21st, 2019. Crash x Teddy M Stratocaster for Ed Sheeran
In 2015, musician Ed Sheeran commissioned a collaboration between Crash and British artist Teddy M to create the 'Crash x Teddy M' Stratocaster. The guitar features Crash's famous eye design and the Teddy M Heart and was debuted by Sheeran during his sold out Wembley Stadium, London shows in July 2015. Keith Haring Collaborations
In 1984, Crash along with Keith Haring painted mural installations for the 5/5 Figuration Libre France/USA at the Musée d'art Moderne de la Ville de Paris and in 1995, Crash was commissioned by British American Tobacco to create a commission for Lucky Strike brand cigarette, joining fellow artist Keith Haring to create a special work for this company and their collection.Notable Exhibitions
In July 2006, the pieces titled "Aeroplane 1" (1983) and "A-U-T-O-matic",(1985), along with other paintings from their permanent collection were displayed in the Brooklyn Museum of Art in a featured exhibit titled "Graffiti." In 2009, Crash held his first exhibition of painted guitars and guitar related artwork in NYC. In 2016, a new series of canvas spray paintings were displayed at JoAnne Artman Gallery


title: John Matos

texts:
 Thor Equities and Jeffrey Deitch, Brooklyn, NY. He created a site specific mural at Villa Tamaris, La Seyne sur Mer, France, as wall as a retrospective exhibition of his work, spanning 30 years.The end of 2015 found Crash creating his last installation for the year at Wynwood Walls, Wynwood, Miami for Goldman Properties. In 2016, Crash was commissioned to create a 200-foot mural at the new wing of The Jewish General Hospital in Montreal, Canada, as well as accepting a mural commission at Sun Life Stadium, Miami, Florida, and new installations for The L.I.S.A. Project and a new mural for Coney Art Walls in cooperation with Thor Equities and Jeffrey Deitch, Brooklyn, NY. (Houston/Bowery Wall, NYC)

In 2019, Crash participated in the New York City's "Beyond the Streets," bringing a massive new showcase of the evolution of graffiti and street art to the city that helped it become a global phenomenon. Public Collections
Boca Raton Museum of Art
Museum of Modern Art, NYC
Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY
New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans, LA
Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art, AZ
Museum of the City of New York, NYC
Flint Institute, Flint, MI
Groniger Museum, Groningen, The Netherlands
Museum Boymans-van Beuninger, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Aachen, Nue Galerie-Sammlung Ludwig, Germany
Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Ft. Wayne Museum, Ft. Wayne, Indiana
Cedar Rapids Museum, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Vero Beach Museum, Vero Beach, FL
Vieques Museum, Vieques, Puerto Rico
Naples Museum of Art, Naples, FL
Orlando Museum of Art, Orlando, FL

References

External links
Crash Homepage
Crash Journal -  Pad
Crash - Blog
Crashocasters
An interview with <mask>
 Exhibition in Addict Galerie, Paris, 2010

1961 births
Living people
American graffiti artists
People from the Bronx
Artists from


title: Paul-Alexis Mellet

texts:
Paul-<mask> is a French early modern historian and expert in the political and religious ideas from early modernity. He is a professor at the University of Geneva (College of Letters) and a member of the Institute of Reformation History. Formerly, he was a professor at the University of Cergy-Pontoise, and at the University of Tours (Center for Advanced Renaissance Studies). His specializations include the history of political ideas and the history of religious practices of the sixteenth century, notably inter-confessional exchanges, methods of territorial domination, disinformation techniques during times of war, tensions stemming from diversities of opinion, constructions of religious identities and conversions, "remonstrances" printed in Europe, Biblical interpretations, Royal entries, regicides, and oaths. Biography
After completing his studies in philosophy (Paris-Sorbonne) and history (Panthéon-Sorbonne),  <mask> passed his "aggregation" in history and devoted his thesis to Protestant Monarchomachs under the direction of Gérald Chaix (l'université de Tours/CESR, 2004). His habilitation concerned the "remonstrances" printed in France between 1550 and 1600 and was completed under the direction of Denis Crouzet (Paris-Sorbonne, 2017). <mask> was awarded several research grants, allowing him to study in Geneva (BGE/IHR), Brussels (Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique), Wolfenbüttel (Bibliotheca Augusta), Chicago (Newberry Library) and Madison (Institute for Research in the Humanities).Research

masks:
Alexis Mellet
Mellet
Mellet


title: Paul-Alexis Mellet

texts:
Mellet focuses on the history of Protestant reforms and the history of political ideas, notably perceptions of authorities during the Modern era (end of 15th c. to beginning of 16th c.) and the varying degrees of resistance or acceptance that they were met with. He is also interested in the history of books and the history of European wars in France, Switzerland, Germany, Savoy, the Netherlands, and England. Around these themes, he has published ten books, organized some 30 academic trips and symposiums and given over 80 papers and lectures in Europe and the United States. He has contributed to a number of publications on modern European history and taken part in several scientific popularization projects for the general public (television and radio segments, public lectures, etc.). He regularly contributes to a number of French reviews (RHMC, BSHPF, RHR, CRMH, etc.) and international reviews (Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, Church History and Religious Culture, Sixteenth Century Journal). At the CESR, he co-directed two collections with the publishers Champion (Savoir de Mantice) and Garnier (Travaux du CESR).He has published the majority of his works with Droz (Geneva). Monarchomachs
With the study of French-speaking Protestant Monarchomachs (French Huguenot theorists who opposed monarchy, known in particular for having theoretically justified tyrannicide), <mask> is interested in undertakings starting in 1560 that aimed to oppose the tightening


title: Paul-Alexis Mellet

texts:
 also measure their spread throughout Europe (Frankfurt Book Fair, public and private library catalogs).Remonstrances
Another dimension of <mask>'s research consists of the study of remonstrances printed in Europe between 1550 and 1650. Despite appearing suddenly and multiplying rapidly during periods of religious tension and civil war (in France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Empire, England, and Savoy), reaching 700 publications between 1560 and 1600 in France alone, these texts of circumstance had not been the object of any specific study until now. In contrast with Monarchomachian treatises, remonstrances are more situated in an institutional framework (particularly in the case for parliamentary remonstrances) and constitute an opposition of lower intensity. They are primarily intended to address the prince, along with his council and religious authorities, and to peacefully temper a given decision or edict. In return, the prince can address a remonstrance to his people to return order (Remonstrance aux habitants de Marseille, qu'il n'y a rien de plus profitable que de se conserver souz l'obeyssance de leurs Roys naturels, Lyon, Thomas Soubron, 1597). Only certain remonstrances take on a rhetoric of invective, like the remonstrances of the Catholic League after 1588. The other texts are characterized by lamentations of the present and adopt the rhetoric of "the miseries of the time" (Remonstrance a la Royne mere du Roy, par ceux qui sont persecutez pour la parole de Dieu, s.l.,


title: Elizabeth Nabel

texts:
<mask> is an American cardiologist and the current Executive Vice President of Strategy at ModeX Therapeutics in Natick, Massachusetts. Prior to this role, she served as President of Brigham Health and its Brigham and Women's Hospital, Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, and Director of the NIH's National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Education
<mask> was born <mask> and raised in St. Paul, Minnesota. Nabel became interested in biomedicine during scientific research at St. Olaf College. She graduated summa cum laude from St. Olaf in 1974 and earned her MD degree from Weill Cornell Medical College in 1981. As a senior medical student, she spent a month's elective in cardiology at the Brigham and Women's Hospital. She later returned to Brigham and Women’s Hospital for her house staff training in internal medicine, interested in linking clinical medicine with research.She considered cardiology the best match for her because she considered it the best specialty to make advances as a physician-scientist. Career
In 1987, on completion of fellowships in Boston, <mask> and husband <mask> moved to the University of Michigan, where Nabel ascended through the academic ranks to Professor of Medicine and Physiology and Director of a new, interdepartmental, and multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Center and became Chief of the Cardiology Division. <mask> moved to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1999 to become Scientific Director of Clinical Research and Chief of the Vascular Biology Section in the intramural program of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI). As director of the NIH’s National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute from 2005 to 2009, Nabel had a history of advocacy and broadening access to care. She leveraged the $3 billion research portfolio to establish

masks:
Elizabeth Nabel
Nabel
Elizabeth Emilee Guenthner
Nabel
Gary Nabel
Nabel


title: Elizabeth Nabel

texts:
 pioneering scientific programs in genomics, stem cells, and translational research. During her tenure, NHLBI was the first NIH institute to expedite review for new investigator research grant applications. She was a co-founder of the Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases.One of her signature advocacy efforts was the Red Dress Heart Truth campaign, which raises heart awareness in women through industry partnerships. In 2010, <mask> returned to Brigham and Women’s Hospital as president and Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. Nabel’s diverse experience as a physician, research scientist, executive, and advocate has molded her vision for the future of academic medicine. At Brigham Health, Nabel led an organizational transformation focused on innovation and building a collaborative culture to reshape healthcare delivery, compassionate care, scientific discovery, and training the next generation of medical and scientific leaders. Her focus was on global expansion of Brigham Health, research commercialization and philanthropy, having raised more than $1.75 billion. In 2021, <mask> joined ModeX Therapeutics, a company she founded with Drs. <mask> and Elias Zerhouni focused on immune therapies for cancer and infectious diseases.Biomedical research
An accomplished physician-scientist, <mask>’s work on the molecular genetics of cardiovascular diseases has produced 17 patents and more than 250 scientific publications. <mask>’s scientific contributions in cardiovascular gene transfer have developed molecular and cellular techniques, delineated the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, and clarified the processes of cell division and growth of vascular smooth muscle cells in blood vessels. <mask>'s studies on Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome have characterized the vascular smooth muscle cell

masks:
Nabel
Nabel
Gary Nabel
Nabel
Nabel
Nabel


title: Elizabeth Nabel

texts:
 defect leading to premature heart attack and stroke. She conducted clinical studies to understand the contribution of genetic factors to proliferative and inflammatory diseases in blood vessels, including common diseases like atherosclerosis and the rare, premature aging in Hutchinson Gilford progeria syndrome. In November 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved lonafarnib, which helps prevent buildup of defective progerin and similar proteins. A clinical trial in 2018 pointed to significantly lower mortality rates ~ treatment with lonafarnib alone compared with no treatment (3.7% vs. 33.3%) ~ at a median post-trial follow-up time span of 2.2 years. At her NHLBI laboratory, Nabel delineated the mechanisms by which cell cycle and growth factor proteins regulate the proliferation of vascular cells in blood vessels, a process important for the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis.Her vascular biology laboratory characterized the role of cell cycle inhibitors on vascular proliferation and inflammation, and this research has opened up new avenues for therapeutic targets in the vasculature. Nabel contributed to both policy and basic research on embryonic stem cells. National Football League
Building on her lifelong commitment to improving health through science, in 2015 <mask> was appointed chief health and medical advisor to the National Football League. In this newly created advisory role, Nabel provided strategic input to the NFL’s medical, health and scientific efforts; participated as an ex-officio member on each of the NFL’s medical advisory committees; and identified areas for the NFL to enhance player safety, care and treatment. <mask> stepped down from this role in 2017 after she guided the NFL to hire its first Chief Medical Officer. Boards
<mask> serves on the Boards of

masks: Nabel Nabel Nabel


title: Elizabeth Nabel

texts:
 Medtronic, Moderna, the Lasker Foundation, and the Broad Institute. Nabel has served on the editorial boards of eighteen journals, including the New England Journal of Medicine, Science, Journal of Clinical Investigation, Science Translational Medicine, and Circulation.Awards
<mask> has been named one of the nation’s top leaders in medicine by Modern Healthcare and Becker’s Hospital Review, and one of Boston’s 50 most powerful people by Boston Magazine. Her honors include the Distinguished Bostonian Award from the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce, the Kober Medal from the Association of American Physicians, the Champion in Health Care award from the Boston Business Journal, and the Rambam Award from Rambam Health Care Campus in Israel. She is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Medicine, the Association of American Physicians, the American Society of Clinical Investigation, and she is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Boston Globe Spotlight Report and Resignation

In 2020 the Boston Globe's investigative journalism unit, Spotlight, began researching allegations that Nabel's role as a board member for corporations doing business with Brigham & Women's Hospital was posing a conflict of interest. The Globe reported that Nabel "worked for two publicly traded companies and a group of investment funds at one point, attending, either remotely or in person, between 30 and 40 board and committee meetings called by the two companies in 2019." Most disturbingly, according to the Globe, Nabel had served on the board of Moderna, the manufacturer of a COVID-19 vaccine that was being tested in a nationwide trial led by Brigham & Women's own researchers, and profited in the amount of several million dollars by selling the company's


title: Elizabeth Nabel

texts:
 shares at the height of the pandemic. The Globe's article "Boston’s hospital chiefs moonlight on corporate boards at rates far beyond the national level" was published on April 3, 2021, stating that "Nabel resigned after a Globe reporter contacted the hospital to ask about how she managed this conflict of interest; she sold what turned out to be $8.5 million of Moderna stock last year, before the trial concluded."Following her resignation, Nabel took a job at her husband's biotech company. She also rejoined the board of Moderna. In her own defense, Nabel was quoted in the Spotlight article as saying that "the concerns about conflicts are based on a lack of understanding about how conflicts of interest are managed" and that "I have multitasked all my life. I work 12-plus hours per day." Harvard physicians and staff at Brigham and Women's Hospital were reported to be deeply upset by the extent of Nabel's profit from the sale of Moderna stock and they subsequently formed a group seeking to prohibit hospital CEOs in Boston from serving on corporate boards. Accusations of Mismanagement in Opening of Chinese "Ghost Hospital"

In December 2021 <mask> was once again the subject of a Boston Globe Spotlight report highlighting her involvement in the opening of a hospital in China, in which Brigham Health entered into "a deal worth millions with Chinese developer Evergrande." The article, "How Brigham Health helped create a Chinese hospital for elites — and almost nobody came" stated that Brigham & Women's had "hospital risked its reputation on what would become a near-empty shell."References

Living people
American cardiologists
Weill Cornell Medical College alumni
Harvard Medical School alumni
University of Michigan faculty
St. Olaf College alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women


title: Johanna Olbrich

texts:
<mask> (alias 'Sonja Lüneburg': 26 October 1926 – 18 February 2004) was an East German spy. Infiltrated into West Germany from Colmar (France) in 1966 or 1967, she moved to Bonn in 1969 and obtained work as a secretary with a senior politician. Her espionage career ended abruptly in 1985 when she lost her (false) passport during a vacation in Rome. Fearing that the passport had fallen, or could fall, into the hands of western counter-intelligence services, which would lead to her unmasking, her handlers hurriedly ordered her back: she was smuggled into East Germany near Lübeck within the week. Life

Provenance and early years
<mask> was born in Lauban, a small manufacturing town in Silesia and to the west of Breslau (as Wrocław was known at that time). Her father was a railway worker. She was six when the Nazi Party took power and nineteen when the war ended and she watched a "death march" of surviving former inmates from the Auschwitz concentration camp being forcibly moved towards the west in order that they should not be found still inside the concentration camps by the Soviet forces invading from the east.Teaching career
Between 1942 and 1945 she attended teacher training colleges in Lauban, Neustadt (Neisse) and then Löbau, which was a short distance away but, critically, on the western bank of the Neisse River. During 1944/45 Silesia had been the scene of extensive ethnic cleansing and frontier changes implemented in April/May 1945 meant that the entire region was now part of Poland. A large chunk of what had been central Germany was now administered as the Soviet occupation zone and it was here that <mask>, despite not having completed her training, embarked on a career as a teacher and, later, as a school head. Between 1950 and 1960 she undertook, and apparently completed, the rest of her teacher training by correspondence course with the party's "Karl Marx" Academy in Potsdam. She had already, in 1946, joined the Socialist Unity Party ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei

masks:
Johanna Olbrich
Johanna Olbrich
Johanna Olbrich


title: Johanna Olbrich

texts:
 Deutschlands" / SED), created in April of that year and by October 1949, when the Soviet occupation zone was rebranded and relaunched as the Soviet sponsored German Democratic Republic (East Germany), well on the way to becoming the ruling party in a new kind of one-party dictatorship. Espionage
In 1960 she took a job in the Ministry for popular training and education where Margot Honecker was already installed as a "deputy minister" and exercising her powerful influence. The way now lay open to an academic career, but <mask> made other choices.One of her colleagues was in the habit of making his apartment available as a "conspirative apartment" (konspirative Wohnung) to the Ministry for State Security ("Stasi"), where a local Stasi officer might conduct discreet meetings with informers. The colleague was getting married, however, and wished to end the arrangement in case it might interfere with married life. He suggested that <mask>ch might wish to make her apartment available for the discreet meetings in place of his. She was known to be a committed government supporter and, as expected, agreed. The next event of significance occurred when the Stasi officer, before leaving the apartment at the end of one of his meetings, stopped to ask Olbrich directly if she would be prepared to move across to the west and obtain information for the East German authorities. The offer reflected her unquestioning support for the regime, and after a few days of consideration she agreed unconditionally to serve her country as requested. There followed a further period of preparation during which her suitability for an espionage mission was more systematically assessed.It was also necessary to arrange an alternative identity. Sonja Lüneburg (born Sonja Lydia Goesch: 1924-1996) was a Berlin hairdresser. In 1950 she crossed from the eastern (Soviet administered) half of Berlin to the western sector. Thousands were doing the same at this time, and there were not yet any significant physical

masks:
Johanna Olbrich
Johanna Olbri


title: Johanna Olbrich

texts: barriers preventing migration from east to west. Motives are generally believed to have been economic, but sources indicate that Sonja Lüneburg moved to the west for love. Sixteen years later, her relationship in the west having broken apart, she made the mistake of returning to her former home in East Berlin. She submitted her passport for inspection at the Weissensee frontier crossing.It was retained. Evidently her age and other attributes corresponded to the profile the Ministry for Security officials had been looking out for. The committed East German socialist <mask> had already become a "peace activist", having joined the Stasi Intelligence Service (Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung, /HVA) in 1962 or 1963, and is identified in Stasi files from between 1962 and 1988 under the code name "Anna". For her mission to the west, however, she needed a complete identity. Sonja Lüneburg's identity was available. <mask> learned the necessary details of her new identity in preparation for her move to the west. While all this was going on the real Sonja Lüneburg applied for permission to leave the country permanently, but the authorities had by now become acutely aware of a shortage of working age population, resulting both from the slaughter of war and from the exodus during the 1950s of several million East Germans wishing to become West Germans.Flight from the (East German) republic was by this time not permitted, and Lüneburg's request was declined. Instead, the Ministry for State Security had her held in a detention centre for nearly a year and then placed in a psychiatric institution where she was treated with a series of injections, tablets and electric shocks. She was wrecked. The doctors diagnosed paranoid schizophrenia. She was finally released in November 1974, but readmitted to an institution less than a year later. In 1983 she was transferred to a retirement home where according to reports she took to identifying herself as "Empress Sonja". In 1993, it was reported that the real

masks:
Johanna Olbrich
Olbrich


title: Johanna Olbrich

texts: Sonja Lüneburg was still alive, still institutionalised, but living by now in a retirement home in Berlin (Wilhelm-Kuhr-Straße), finding her only comfort in the "Cabinet" cigarettes which she chain smoked.The real Sonja Lüneburg died in 1996. The woman who stole her identity seems never to have shown any very deep concern over what happened to the real Sonja Lüneburg. In 1967 (the false) Sonja Lüneburg was taken to West Germany, using an indirect route via Colmar in Alsace. For the next two years she lived in Hamburg where she had obtained work with an insurance company. Outside office hours she was undergoing intense further training. She undertook several overseas foreign trips to London, Sweden and France, enabling her to gain a detailed knowledge of how frontier formalities worked. She was still in Hamburg in 1969 when, on the urgent recommendation of her Stasi handler, she replied to a newspaper job advertisement for a secretarial job in Bonn - then the West German capital.Her application was successful, and she found herself working, between 1969 and 1972, as secretary for William Borm, a FDP member of the West German parliament ("Bundestag"). An irony of which neither of them was aware at the time was that Borm was also on the Stasi payroll. Sources are in some respects imprecise as to how <mask> was able to pass information to the East German authorities from her secretarial work, but she presumably used the miniature (by the standards of the times) camera with which she had been issued to photograph documents that passed across her desk. After German reunification, which took place in 1990, Stasi records were made accessible to scholars. One of these, Helmut Müller-Enbergs, calculated that between December 1970 and July 1985, 492 items were passed to the Stasi from Agent "Anna" of which 394 were identified as documents. Most were "position papers" and minutes of meetings between members of the FDP party leadership. Many had been annotated "very good" and 29 contained


title: Johanna Olbrich

texts: information that it had been thought appropriate to pass to the leadership of East Germany's ruling SED party.As William Borm approached retirement age his work load declined, but he was able to recommend his efficient secretary to colleagues. In 1972 she transferred to the party general secretary, Karl-Hermann Flach. However, Flach suffered a stroke and died at the unexpectedly young age of 44. His successor as party general secretary was Martin Bangemann who inherited not merely the job but also his predecessor's secretary, known in the west as Sonja Lüneburg. Bangemann was also, between 1973 and 1984, a member of the European Parliament. Olbrich, urged on by her East German handlers, convinced him that she could work as his secretary both on Bonn and in Brussels. In the words of her ultimate boss, East Germany's legendary spy chief Markus Wolf (who in their retirements became a neighbour), "for <mask> there were now many pressures.... Each day she commuted hither and yonder between offices and apartments in the federal capital and in Brussels, striving not to neglect the interests either of her [western] boss nor of ours [as her spymasters]".Beyond her allotted tasks she was taking time carefully to make notes of important meetings, photocopying critical documents. She would photograph even her own handwritten notes of meetings in order to make them small enough to be more easily transported. For years, each month she would pack two or three photographic film rolls each of 36 images in a little envelope which she then left in the toilet of a train travelling to the east. This meant that sometimes when she travelled by train she took a slightly indirect route in order to be on the correct express train from West Germany's busiest Railway station at Cologne to East Berlin. In 1984, after an election which had led the FDP to "change sides" and join the governing coalition, Martin Bangemann became West Germany's Minister for Economics. His secretary occupied the office directly


title: Johanna Olbrich

texts: outside the minister's own, and the usefulness to her handlers of the documents crossing her desk increased further. The relationship between the minister and the spy became close.There are pictures of <mask> accompanying the Bangemann family on Mediterranean sailing holidays. The Bonn espionage career ended abruptly in July 1985. Returning from a visit East Germany via an indirect route, in an uncharacteristic moment of carelessness she left her travel bag in a Rome taxi. Along with her clothes, the bag contained an implausibly large amount of cash - 5,000 West German Marks - and a forged passport containing her photograph. Probably, as she ruefully related later, the taxi driver would be interested only in the cash. But she could not be sure. After a brief period of reflection in East Berlin the decision was taken by Markus Wolf himself that she should return to East Germany, which she did on 3 August 1985.In Lübeck she met a "smuggler" employed by the Stasi, who as she later wrote, was more normally involved in helping East Germans escape to the west. He took her by boat to a point in the (normally deadly) frontier defences between East and West Germany. East German border officials were waiting for them. She was escorted safely across the wide strip of open land on the East German side of the Inner German border. She was welcomed beyond the militarised strip with a glass of brandy. Following her disappearance from her apartment in Bonn it was searched. Colleagues and contacts were interviewed.From the western perspective (the false) Sonja Lüneburg was recorded as "missing" till 1991. <mask>'s own memoir was finally published ten years after her death in 2013, which has encouraged the appearance of several thoughtful contributions on her years as a spy. Sources nevertheless remain very largely silent over what happened to her between her sudden return to East Germany in 1985 and German reunification in 1990. It is recorded that she was showered with awards and medals, along

masks:
Olbrich
Johanna Olbrich


title: Johanna Olbrich

texts:
 with a cash reward for her years of faithful and, it would appear, productive espionage. The retired spy
By the time of the changes of 1989/90 <mask> was living in an apartment block in Bernau, just outside Berlin. After reunification it was a former colleague from the Stasi Intelligence Service (Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung, /HVA) who denounced her. She was  arrested on 11 June 1991 and spent two months held in investigatory detention, before being released on bail.When she faced the regional high court in Düsseldorf she took the opportunity to share her belief that she "had done something that was right and important". She had wanted to "secure the peace in Europe". Writing later of the uncomprehending reaction by the prosecuting team at her Düsseldorf trial, she would observe "they simply could not grasp my motives, because they were prisoners of their own prejudices". In 1992 she was sentenced to a thirty-month jail term. However, she was released in 1994 and returned to her home in Bernau. One reason that <mask>'s story is relatively widely known is that she featured prominently in a 2003 memoir published by the retired former spy chief Markus Wolf. In retirement the two became friends.Commentators observed that when Wolf  took trips out of town it was <mask> who was called upon to look after his domestic cats. She also remained on friendly terms with Martin Bangemann, probably the most high-profile target of her successful career in espionage. Even at her trial, in 1992, he came to see her and greeted her with a hand shake in the court room. At Christmas in 1999 he sent her a copy of a political book with a note:  "Dear Sonja - Your part in the story is only briefly set out. Happy Christmas, Health and Fortune, also for 2000. Warm greetings". <mask> died on 18 February 2004 at Bernau bei Berlin.References

People from Upper Lusatia
People from Silesia
East German spies
People convicted of spying for East Germany
Socialist Unity Party of Germany members
1926 births
2004

masks:
Johanna Olbrich
Johanna Olbrich
Johanna Olbrich
Johanna Olbrich


title: Shooting of Gidone Busch

texts:
<mask> or <mask> (1968 – August 30, 1999) was a mentally ill Breslover Hasid who was shot and killed outside his apartment in Borough Park, Brooklyn by four officers of the New York City Police Department, who fired on him at least 12 times. The killing was highly controversial, because although <mask> was armed at the time, the weapon he brandished was a claw hammer, and accounts of the incident varied widely. Background

Early life
<mask> was born to <mask>, a dentist, and his wife Doris, a divorce mediator. He had a brother named Glenn. At one point, Norman and Doris divorced, whereupon Doris married Howard Boskey, a psychiatrist. <mask> grew up in a comfortable suburban home in Dix Hills, New York. College years and mental illness

In 1991, while <mask> was a third-year medical student at Mount Sinai Medical School in New York City, a routine urine test revealed that he had IgA nephropathy, an immune system disease that could lead to kidney failure.The revelation shook <mask> deeply, causing him to drop out of medical school. He read books on philosophy and immersed himself in music in a quest for meaning in life. <mask> decided to explore a path to spiritual enlightenment in his own religion of Judaism, and he promptly moved to Israel. During his seven years there, he vacillated between various Jewish sects, starting with a conventional Orthodox yeshiva in Jerusalem, continuing on to Chabad, and then to a Na Nach yeshiva in Safed. Eventually, <mask> went back to the more mainstream Breslov Hasidic group. The diagnosis also triggered immobilizing depressions in <mask>, which later developed into serious mental illness. <mask>'s mental health history included three involuntary commitments at a

masks:
Gidone Busch
Gary Busch
Busch
Gidone Busch
Norman Busch
Busch
Busch
Busch
Busch
Busch
Busch
Busch


title: Shooting of Gidone Busch

texts:
 hospital on Long Island, where he had made threats to his parents, and evinced signs of paranoid schizophrenia.He once became very agitated, and kicked a hole in the wall of his room at his mother's house, saying afterward, "I can't believe I did that. I love this house. I grew up in this house." Borough Park

<mask>'s spiritual quest led him into taking up residence on 46th Street in the Borough Park section of Brooklyn, New York, a neighborhood with a prominent Orthodox Jewish population. At times, <mask> would enjoy music, or the quiet grace of celebrating the Shabbat with friends. During other times, when he neglected to take his medication, he wouldn't look up from his prayer book or his food. In 1997, <mask> entered a residential program for the mentally ill in Borough Park, but soon checked himself out, against the advice of doctors, who said they did not believe he was capable of living on his own.He took computer training courses with plans to go into business designing web pages. <mask> would often be seen walking around talking to himself, and wearing heavy clothes in mid-summer. He procured a claw hammer, which he called his "staff", carved on it the tetragrammaton, and danced around with it in prayer. He meditated while playing loud music, or prayed so loudly that the neighbors complained. In the beginning of August 1999, three weeks before his death, <mask> met a female acquaintance from Israel, Netanya Ullman, on the New York City Subway, and they decided to get married. On August 29, 1999, <mask> struck a neighbor's passing car with his hammer. When the driver stopped and rolled down his window, <mask> swung at him and broke his nose.The neighbor filed a complaint with the police. Police

masks: Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch


title: Shooting of Gidone Busch

texts:
 shooting and death
During the late afternoon of August 30, 1999, neighbors called police complaining that <mask> had been playing music too loud, and dancing almost naked in the street. By the time police arrived, he was back inside his basement apartment with a friend, a homeless man named Percy Freeman, with whom <mask> had been smoking marijuana. He waved the hammer at them, which may have appeared at first to be a flute. At 6:40 p.m., police received an anonymous 9-1-1 call about a man living at 1619 46th Street, <mask>'s address, who was menacing neighborhood children with a hammer. When police arrived, they asked Freeman to leave the apartment. Freeman came up the stairs, and told police "Don't worry about the hammer, it's a religious object," as officers wrestled him to the ground and handcuffed him.The officers called for the Emergency Service Unit, standard procedure in the New York City Police Department in situations involving a mentally disturbed person. They ordered <mask> to come out, which he refused to do. Officers then entered the apartment, and tried to contain him. <mask> by this time had ceased wearing his prescription glasses, and may not have recognized his intruders as cops. <mask> threatened them with the hammer, and took a swing or two at them. Failing to pacify him, Officer Daniel Gravitch shot a half-ounce of pepper spray in <mask>'s eyes. At 6:48:20 p.m., Sergeant Joseph Memoly, just arriving on the scene, put in a second call for the Emergency Service Unit.<mask> was either forced outside, or broke free from the officers. According to police, he then ran up a narrow stairway from the apartment, struck Sergeant Terrence O'Brien with the hammer several times on his left arm,

masks: Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch


title: Shooting of Gidone Busch

texts:
 then rushed past other officers. He stood on the sidewalk, wearing a tallit and tefillin, with the hammer raised over his head. Six officers who responded to the radio calls stood on their feet, guns drawn, in a rough semicircle around him. They shouted at him, one officer "almost pleading" to drop the hammer. There was a distinct single shot, followed closely by a volley of 12 shots, which were fired by Seargent Memoly and Officers Martin Sanabria and William Loshiavo, whereupon <mask> fell dead. Alternatively, <mask> took a step forward, was screaming while swinging the hammer, and kept coming at the officers.He was striking a fallen police sergeant with the hammer when he was shot. At 6:48:27 p.m., Sergeant O'Brien radioed: "Perp down." Officers later found strange scribblings on the wall of the apartment. One spelled out the word "POLICE" as "Pointedly Off-wing Litigating Intensely Careful Errand-deliverers." Reactions

In the aftermath of the killing, many neighborhood residents gathered in the street, chanting "Justice" while occasionally throwing objects at police. Many demanded to know why Mayor Rudy Giuliani did not go to Brooklyn to address their concerns about police brutality. One witness at the scene said of the police, "If I had been in their shoes I would have done the same thing."City Councilman Noach Dear called for an investigation. He said that the police needed to re-examine their methods for dealing with the mentally ill, but there were no easy answers. At a news conference the following morning at City Hall attended by Mayor Giuliani and Jewish community leaders, Police Commissioner Howard Safir stated that seven independent witnesses confirmed that <mask> hit Sergeant O'Brien with

masks: Busch Busch Busch


title: Shooting of Gidone Busch

texts:
 the hammer. Legal proceedings
On November 1, 1999, a Brooklyn grand jury declined to indict the four officers involved in the shooting, citing the fact that <mask> presented a threat to the officers, and had refused orders to drop the hammer. <mask>'s mother, <mask>-Boskey, filed a federal suit through her attorneys, claiming <mask>'s civil rights had been violated by the officers. However, on June 5, 2001, the Justice Department declined to file charges, announcing instead that they agreed that excessive force had not been used. Civil proceedings

In October 2003, <mask>-Boskey's lawsuit against the NYPD reached Federal Court.However, the <mask> family had another setback when on November 17, 2003, the jury supported the police officers' version of the shooting, and found the officers and the city not liable in <mask>'s death. However, on September 9, 2004, federal judge Sterling Johnson Jr. a former police officer, found serious issues with the police officers' version of the events leading up to <mask>'s shooting, as well as the truthfulness of their testimony, overturning the jury verdict, and ordering a new trial. The <mask> Family declined to pursue another trial for family health reasons, announcing their decision on August 27, 2006. However, they continue to seek justice for Gidone. See also

 Shooting of Amadou Diallo – a high-profile police shooting in the Giuliani era

References

External links

1999 in New York City
1990s crimes in New York City
20th century in Brooklyn
August 1999 crimes
August 1999 events in the United States
Crimes in Brooklyn
Deaths by firearm in Brooklyn
Deaths by person in New York City
New York City Police Department corruption and misconduct
Police brutality in

masks:
Busch
Busch
Doris Busch
Busch
Busch
Busch
Busch
Busch
Busch


title: Aisha Khalid

texts:
<mask> (born 1972 in Lahore, Pakistan) is a female contemporary visual artist, working with miniature painting, textiles, video and site specific installations in architectural spaces. <mask> is one of a generation of artists from Pakistan who have transformed the tradition of miniature painting into an internationally celebrated form of contemporary art. In recent years, <mask>’s practice has extended to significantly larger paintings, murals and installations. She is a member of what has come to be called the Pakistani 'neo-miniature' school. Biography

<mask> graduated from the National College of Arts, Lahore in 1993 and completed her post-graduate degree Fine Art degree from Rijksakademie, Amsterdam in 2003. <mask> was schooled in classical miniature painting and has become a leading figure in developing the contemporary miniature. She has described her two-year fellowship at the Rijksakademie as a real learning experience, due to the culture shocks she encountered.She has described how the reaction from audiences in Amsterdam to her miniatures differed compared to reactions in Pakistan:  My miniatures were considered beautiful and exotic but beyond that the viewers could not read anything significant in them. They would ask me, is it about religion, ethnicity or typical oriental traditions? It was surprising to discover the difference in perception, in Pakistan my miniature was labeled as unconventional and modern while western audiences considered them archaic.As a result, her experience in Amsterdam led her to change her style and adopt more contemporary mediums to make her

masks:
Aisha Khalid
Khalid
Khalid
Khalid
Khalid


title: Aisha Khalid

texts:
 work more accessible to her hosts. Work
<mask> works with paintings, murals, video, installations, and textile works. She was initially trained as a traditional miniaturist, and is known for reviving old techniques in contemporary ways. Themes
Many of <mask>'s works deal with the theme of gender. Her work has been described as having a 'feminine sensibility', coming partly from references to traditionally feminine crafts such as textiles and needlework.This comes both from her use of textiles in her work, but also from her focus on repeated geometric patterns, taken from traditional Islamic patterns, combined with floral motifs. In keeping with the theme of gender, she has also made repeated use of the theme of the covered or uncovered female figure, using motifs such as curtains, burqas, and flowers. This theme took on a new dimension after her fellowship at the Rijksakademie in Amsterdam, where she encountered familiar patterns of male dominance and female submissiveness, but with new dimensions. Her flower and curtain symbols took on new meanings: the red-light district, for example, had different types of curtains, drawn to indicate the conduct of business. After 9/11, a new political dimension appeared in her work. Conversation, for example, is a video installation made during <mask>'s time at the Rijksakademie. The work was about her response to the violence inflicted on Afghanistan in the name of counter-terrorism.Throughout the work, a rose is slowly embroidered by a brown-skinned hand, while at the same time another rose is unpicked, removed, and subsequently erased by

masks: Khalid Khalid Khalid


title: Aisha Khalid

texts:
 a white hand using a needle. Awards

<mask> received the Alice Award (artist book category) in 2012, and was a finalist for the Jameel Art Prize in 2011, winning the People’s Choice Award in 2011. She is among a handful of Pakistani artists who have had solo shows of their work, including 'Two worlds as one' Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen (2016); Garden of ideas, Aga Khan Museum, Toronto (2014); Larger Than Life, Whitworth Art Gallery, United Kingdom (2012); Larger Than Life, Corvi-Mora, London (2012); Pattern to Follow, Chawkandi Art, Karachi (2010); Conversations, Pump House Gallery, London (2008). She participated at the 2009 Venice Biennale, the 2011 Sharjah Biennial and 2013 Moscow Biennale. 8, Issue 3; Jan 2005) (magazine), Asian Art Newspaper, London, 2005
 Book: Art Tomorrow (monograph) Marc Parent/Terrail, Paris, 2002
 Book: Unveiling the Visible: Lives and Works of Women Artists of Pakistan (monograph), Sang-e-Meel Publication, Lahore, 2001
 Article: "Reinventing Tradition" by Rachel Duffell, Kee Magazine, 2010
 Article: "Reading Through the Lense of the Political: Contemporary Art in Pakistan", Asia Art Archive, Sep 2009
 Article: Pakistan's Contemporary Painting Workshop, HK, Quintessentially: Insider, 2007

References

External links
https://facebook.com/aishakhalid72/
https://www.summeracademy.at/en/a-short-interview-with-aisha-khalid/
https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/art/aisha-khalid-is-up-for-the-challenge-1.369575

20th-century Pakistani artists
21st-century Pakistani artists
1972 births
Living people
People from Lahore
National College of Arts


title: Jesse Applegate

texts:
<mask> (July 5, 1811 – April 22, 1888) was an American pioneer who led a large group of settlers along the Oregon Trail to the Oregon Country. He was an influential member of the early government of Oregon, and helped establish the Applegate Trail as an alternative route to the Oregon Trail. Early life
<mask> was born in Henry County, Kentucky, on July 5, 1811. In 1821, he moved with his family to Missouri where he soon was employed in the law office of Edward Bates. He attended seminary in Illinois, worked as a schoolteacher, clerk, and deputy surveyor to the Missouri Surveyor General, where he met Jedediah Smith, William Sublette, and David Edward Jackson—men who were instrumental in blazing the Oregon Trail. <mask> married Cynthia Ann Parker on March 13, 1831 and settled outside Osceola, Missouri on the Osage River the next year. His farmstead lasted for twelve years, with the labor force primarily slaves from neighboring farms, despite Applegate not owning any personally.The Great Migration
Along with his brothers Charles and Lindsay and their families, he joined what became known as the "Great Migration of 1843" on the Oregon Trail. He became one of the leaders of the expedition after it split into two parties over a dispute about whether the large amounts of livestock being driven by some members of the group would slow down their travel. Applegate's party became known as the "cow column" and the other party was called the "light column". He memorialized the journey in an essay that gained in fame in the ensuing decades, "A Day with the Cow Column in 1843". After leaving their guide Marcus Whitman at his mission and abandoning their

masks:
Jesse Applegate
Jesse Applegate
Applegate


title: Jesse Applegate

texts:
 wagons at Fort Walla Walla, the <mask> brothers built boats for traveling down the Columbia River to Fort Vancouver. Near The Dalles, a boat capsized and <mask> and Lindsay each lost a son to drowning. Lindsay later wrote, "We resolved if we remained in the country, to find a better way for others who might wish to emigrate."Settlement and involvement in politics
In 1844, <mask> started a farm in present-day Polk County, and also built a mill and worked as a surveyor, including surveying the site of Oregon City. During the elections for the Legislative Committee of the Provisional Government of Oregon 1845, <mask> was elected without his prior knowledge as the representative of Yamhill County (one of five counties in Oregon at the time). Soon, he was appointed, along with David Hill and Robert Newell, to draft a revision of the Organic Laws, eventually being voted and adopted by the settler population. The Provisional Government had tense relations with the Hudson's Bay Company centered on Fort Vancouver across the Columbia River, and <mask> led the way for a political settlement. He created a new oath for members of the government that was inclusive for British subjects as well as American citizens. In a meeting with John McLoughlin and James Douglas, the Yamhill legislator was able to induce the men to join the Provisional Government. A previous episode of an American squatting on Fort Vancouver's farmland and his subsequent threat of burning the Fort down helped produce the agreement.The Provisional Government was to tax the Hudson's Bay Company only on transactions with the settlers. Douglas was one of the judges elected to the newly

masks:
Applegate
Jesse
Jesse Applegate
Applegate
Applegate


title: Jesse Applegate

texts:
 established Vancouver district, encompassing the lands of north of the Columbia. Upon hearing of an upcoming battle between two men over a woman, Applegate was able to get dueling banned. The Cayuse War was one of the last series of events in Oregon that Applegate was active in. After the Whitman massacre, a commission led by Applegate contacted Douglas to request a loan from the HBC, to fund a military intervention. Douglas stated that he was not authorized to make a loan, but recommended the peace keeping mission of Peter Ogden sent to the Cayuse. A loan of $999.41 was raised from the contributions of Applegate, Asa Lovejoy and George Abernethy, with others raised as well.Due to the isolation of the settler communities in the Willamette Valley Joseph Meek and Applegate were appointed to request aid from other parts of the United States. Meek traveled to Washington, D.C. to deliver a memorial written by <mask> appealing for military support. While attempting to reach his destination of California, Applegate had to turn back due to the mountain passes being impossible to traverse in the winter. Applegate Trail

A safer alternative to boating the Columbia River was still needed for settlers wishing to reach the Willamette Valley. The Barlow Road was safer than the river passage, but was considered to be worst stretch of the entire Oregon Trail. Another attempt at finding an alternate route, the Meek Cutoff, resulted in the deaths of at least 23 people. <mask> wrote legislation that authorized him to survey a southern route to the Willamette Valley that would avoid the Columbia River.Daniel Waldo, one of Applegate's fellow emigrants from the

masks: Applegate Applegate


title: Jesse Applegate

texts:
 Great Migration of 1843, was made the expedition's outfitter. Also known as the South Road, the Applegate Trail started at Fort Hall in present-day Idaho and followed the Humboldt River before crossing the Klamath Basin. <mask> traveled along the trail in 1846, its first year, and later accused <mask> of starving his party to give him a stronger negotiating position for giving relief. <mask> was however defended by men who surveyed the road. Later life
<mask> settled on a land claim in the Umpqua Valley in 1849. He named the place Yoncalla after the local Indian tribe. In 1857, he represented Umpqua County at the Oregon Constitutional Convention though he withdrew from the gathering before it was complete.In an address in 1865, <mask> expressed a then-progressive position that "Every member of the commonwealth, no matter of which sex, what color or where born, if free from the tutelage imposed by the domestic relations should have the right to vote, if morally and mentally qualified to do so." <mask> died on April 22, 1888 and is buried in a small private cemetery near Yoncalla, Oregon with his wife. Footnotes

Further reading
 Joseph Schafer, "<mask>: Pioneer, Statesman and Philosopher," Washington Historical Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 4 (July 1907), pp. 217–233. External links

 <mask>—Pioneer from the Oregon Encyclopedia
 from End of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Center

1811 births
1888 deaths
Oregon Trail
Members of the Oregon Constitutional Convention
Members of the Provisional Government of Oregon
Oregon pioneers
American explorers
People from Henry County, Kentucky
People from Osceola, Missouri
People from Yoncalla, Oregon
Oregon

masks:
Jesse Thornton
Applegate
Applegate
Applegate
Applegate
Applegate
Jesse Applegate
Jesse Applegate


title: Robert of Auvergne

texts:
<mask> of Auvergne, also called <mask> (died 7 January 1234), was a French nobleman, prelate and poet from the Auvergne. He served as bishop of Clermont from 1195 until 1227 and thereafter as archbishop of Lyon until his death. He was also a troubadour, composing poetry in Occitan. <mask> was involved in several feudal conflicts between 1195 and 1211. Twice imprisoned (1199, 1207) and accused of murder and rapine, his disputes with family and vassals drew intervention from both king and pope. He emerged victorious and in control of the city of Clermont itself. He also added lands and castles to his diocese and took part in the Albigensian Crusade (1209).After his election as archbishop, he was imprisoned a third time for interfering with the marriage politics of the count of Champagne, but was soon liberated by his friends. He was less successful in Lyon, where his pontificate is marked by disputes with the rising merchant class. His health declined in his final two years. <mask>'s known literary career fell between 1195 and 1212. He is describes as lo Vesques de Clarmon ('the bishop of Clermont') in the songbooks. Little of his poetry survives and all that does concerns disagreements with his cousin, Dalfi d'Alvernhe. Dalfi states that the bishop had a lady lover and the bishop hints at Dalfi's sexual inadequacy, but it is difficult to know what reality lies behind their joking exchange.Family and early life
<mask> was born into the highest nobility of France. He was a younger son of Count <mask> of Auvergne and Matilda, daughter of Duke Odo II of Burgundy. His elder brothers

masks:
Robert
Robert de la Tour
Robert
Robert
Robert
Robert IV


title: Robert of Auvergne

texts:
 were Counts William X and Guy II. He was a cousin of the troubadour Dalfi d'Alvernhe, a first cousin of Duke Odo III of Burgundy and a first cousin once removed of King Philip II of France (through the latter's grandmother, Matilda of Carinthia). He was also related to the counts of Forez and thus to Archbishop Renaud of Lyon. Prior to his election as bishop, <mask> was the dean of the chapter of the cathedral of Autun. Autun lay within the ecclesiastical province of Lyon.Bishop of Clermont
<mask> was elected bishop of Clermont in 1195. In 1197, he dedicated the Abbey of Le Bouchet, founded by his father. Between 1197 and 1201 <mask> was involved in a quarrel with his brother Guy in which both resorted to force. In 1197, <mask> excommunicated his brother and placed his lands under interdict. He then ravaged his lands with hired soldiers for the next two years. At the same time, <mask> got into a dispute with the troubadour Pons de Capduelh over the castle of Vertaizon, which Pons had received from his wife as a dowry some time before 1196 and which the bishop claimed as a fief. In 1199, Guy wrote to Pope Innocent III requesting intervention.Before receiving a response, he engineered <mask>'s capture. Pons seized the bishop and imprisoned him in Vertaizon before handing him over to Guy. The bishop was accused of murder, arson and pillage. When Innocent learned of his imprisonment, he authorized the archbishop of Bourges, Henry de Sully, to absolve Guy on condition of penance for his own excesses. Henry reconciled the brothers in July 1199, and mediated a peace agreement signed in

masks: Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert


title: Robert of Auvergne

texts: May 1201. As bishop, <mask> sought to increase his hold on his castles and to expand his diocese's territory. In 1199, Count Guy did homage to his brother for the castle of Lezoux.In 1202, Guy committed the city of Clermont to the bishop's keeping until he had made peace with King Philip. Guy had sided with the English in the Anglo-French War of 1202–1204. <mask> thus became the first bishop to govern the city directly, a position subsequent bishops retained down to 1552. In 1205, Innocent III opened an inquiry into the dispute between <mask> and Pons, which was still unresolved. At this, King Philip II intervened to force Pons' wife to turn the castle over to <mask>. In 1211 Pons and his wife, with their three sons, three daughters and three sons-in-law, sold Vertaizon to the bishop for 7,650 marks, of which 7,000 were to be retained by the bishop as compensation for his unlawful imprisonment. In 1206, <mask> and Guy again fell into dispute.In 1207, Guy again imprisoned his brother. Although excommunicated by the pope, he only released <mask> after King Philip marched an army against him. He had to pay reparations and give security. In 1207, <mask> acquired the fiefs of Montmorin and Mauzun from the king. A castle was begun at Mauzun imitating the royal style introduced into the Auvergne by Philip. <mask> participated in the Albigensian Crusade with his own troops. In July 1209, he and Guy were among the leaders of the army that marched out of Lyon.They had returned to the Auvergne before the end of the year. In 1211, according to the Chronicle of Bernard Ithier, a new dispute

masks: Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert


title: Robert of Auvergne

texts:
 arose between <mask> and Guy, during which the count destroyed the monastery of Saint-Pierre de Mozac. A royal army under Guy II of Dampierre and Archbishop Renaud of Lyon captured nearly all of Count Guy's possessions and confiscated his fiefs. This was the end of his disputes with his brother. In May 1212, a document issued by <mask> indicates that Philip had given him the castle of Lezoux, the castle "between two river" (inter duos rivos) and that of Dallet. In 1215, <mask> again joined the Albigensian Crusade, this time accompanied by Géraud de Cros, archbishop of Bourges. He returned to his diocese in 1216.In 1217, with Countess Blanche of Champagne as his guarantor, he swore an oath of fealty to the king. In 1217, as he was preparing to depart on the Fifth Crusade, Duke Odo III of Burgundy placed his six-year-old son and heir, the future Hugh IV, under the guardianship of <mask> and William of Joinville. When Odo died suddenly in 1218, <mask> became the guardian of the young duke. In 1225, <mask> attended the Council of Bourges. During his long episcopate in Clermont, the Franciscans set up in Montferrand and the Dominicans in Clermont itself (1219). He was succeeded at Clermont by his nephew, Hugh, in April 1227. Archbishop of Lyon
In 1227, <mask> was elected to succeed Renaud de Forez (died 23 October 1226) as archbishop of Lyon in the Holy Roman Empire after a vacancy of several months.The papal bulls conferring on him the pallium and informing his suffragans of his election are dated 3 and 7 April 1227. <mask> has been accused of paying little attention to Lyon. Early


title: Robert of Auvergne

texts: in his pontificate, in his capacity as tutor to the young duke of Burgundy, he had advised Alice of Vergy, Hugh's mother and the regent of Burgundy, that Hugh should be married to Yolanda, daughter of Count <mask> II of Dreux. This marriage alliance violated an agreement Alice had made with Count Theobald IV of Champagne. In response, a furious Theobald took <mask> hostage in 1227. Yolanda's uncle and <mask>'s personal friend, Count Henry II of Bar, liberated the imprisoned bishop. By this stage of his career, <mask> was an elderly and even "esteemed" man.In 1230, Theobald agreed to pay the bishop 1,000 marks of silver in compensation to the bishop. Numerous documents and diplomas exist from <mask>'s pontificate in Lyon. He practised nepotism, appointing his nephew Hugh to the seneschalcy. He brokered an agreement between the monasteries of Saint-Martin d'Ainay and Saint-Martin de l'Île Barbe over the possession of Cuire. He imposed new taxes on wine, which caused the burgers of Lyon to complain and created the first stirrings of the communal movement in Lyon. The letter written by Pope Gregory IX to <mask> on 28 September 1229 is an important witness to the evolution of the crusading movement, since for the first time Gregory offered the remission of sins to those who took part in the War of the Keys against the Emperor Frederick II. <mask>, calling himself "aged and ill", made out his will in 1232.He died on 7 January 1234 during a particularly harsh winter. He was buried in the cathedral of Lyon. There was a divided election following his death and the pope had to intervene to

masks: Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert