title: Horace Wells

texts:
<mask> (January 21, 1815 – January 24, 1848) was an American dentist who pioneered the use of anesthesia in dentistry, specifically the use of nitrous oxide (or laughing gas). Early life
<mask> was the first of three children of <mask> and <mask>, born on January 21, 1815 in Hartford, Vermont. His parents were well-educated and affluent land owners, which allowed him to attend private schools in New Hampshire and Amherst, Massachusetts. At the age of 19 in 1834, <mask> began studying dentistry under a 2-year apprenticeship in Boston. The first dental school did not open until 1840 in Baltimore. At age 23, <mask> published a booklet "An Essay on Teeth" in which he advocated for his ideas in preventive dentistry, particularly for the use of a toothbrush. In his booklet, he also described tooth development and oral diseases, where he mentioned diet, infection, and oral hygiene as important factors.After obtaining a degree, <mask> set up a practice in Hartford, Connecticut, with an associate named William T. G. Morton, who would become famous for his use of ether as an anesthetic on October 16, 1846. Career
After he completed dental training in Boston, <mask> opened his own office in Hartford, Connecticut on April 4, 1836. Between 1841 and 1845, <mask> became a reputable dentist in Hartford, where he had many patients and attracted apprentices. Among his patients were respected members of society such as William Ellsworth, the governor of Connecticut. His three apprentices were John Riggs, C. A. Kingsbury, and William Morton. In 1843, <mask> and Morton started a practice in Boston and <mask> continued to instruct Morton. John Riggs later became a partner and Kingsbury became one of the founders of Philadelphia Dental

masks:
Horace Wells
Wells
Horace
Betsy Heath Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells


title: Horace Wells

type: original

texts: College.<mask> first witnessed the effects of nitrous oxide on December 10, 1844, when he and his wife Elizabeth attended a demonstration by Gardner Quincy Colton billed in the Hartford Courant as "A Grand Exhibition of the Effects Produced by Inhaling Nitrous Oxide, Exhilarating, or Laughing Gas." The demonstration took place at Union Hall, Hartford. During the demonstration, a local apothecary shop clerk Samuel A. Cooley became intoxicated by nitrous oxide. While under the influence, Cooley did not react when he struck his legs against a wooden bench while jumping around. After the demonstration, Cooley was unable to recall his actions while under the influence, but found abrasions and bruises on his knees. From this demonstration, <mask> realized the potential for the analgesic properties of nitrous oxide, and met with Colton about conducting trials. The following day, <mask> conducted a trial on himself by inhaling nitrous oxide and having John Riggs extract a tooth.Upon a successful trial where he did not feel any pain, <mask> went on to use nitrous oxide on at least 12 other patients in his office. In 1844, Hartford did not have a hospital, so <mask> sought to demonstrate his new findings in either Boston or New York. He chose to go to Boston in January 1845 where he previously studied dentistry, and also knew William Morton, a former student and associate. <mask> and Morton's practice was dissolved in October 1844, but they remained on friendly terms. Morton was enrolled in Harvard Medical School at the time and agreed to help <mask> introduce his ideas, although Morton was skeptical about the use of nitrous oxide. He gave a demonstration to medical students at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston on

masks: Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells


title: Horace Wells

texts:
 January 20, 1845. However, the gas was improperly administered and the patient cried out in pain.The patient later admitted that although he cried out in pain, he remembered no pain and did not know when the tooth was extracted. It was later found that the gas is not as effective on both obese people and alcoholics – the patient was both  The audience of students in the surgical theatre jeered "humbug". After the embarrassment from his failed demonstration, <mask> immediately returned home to Hartford the next day. Shortly after, he became ill and his dental practice became sporadic. On February 5, 1845, <mask> advertised his home for rent. On April 7, 1845, <mask> advertised in the Hartford Courant that he was going to dissolve his dental practice, and referred all his patients to Riggs, the man who had extracted his tooth. In October 1846, Morton gave a successful demonstration of ether anesthesia in Boston.Following Morton's demonstration, <mask> published a letter accounting his successful trials in 1844 in an attempt to claim the discovery of anesthesia. His efforts in establishing his claim were mostly unsuccessful. Despite his advertisement for dissolving his practice in April 1845, <mask> sporadically continued his practice, with his last daybook entry being on November 5, 1845. Later years
<mask> closed his office nine times and relocated six different times between 1836 and 1847. He closed his office due to ill health, although his physician could not find any physical cause for his non-specific complaints. He mentioned his recurring illness in a letter to his sister <mask> Cole in April 1837. He also became ill shortly after marrying Elizabeth Wales in 1838 and having his only son Charles Thomas

masks:
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Mary Wells


title: Horace Wells

texts:
 <mask>.During winter months, he would not write letters to any family or friends, except for his published letter in 1846 after Morton's ether demonstration. <mask> definitively ended his dental practice in late 1845 and began selling shower baths for which he received a patent for on November 4, 1846. He also planned to sail to Paris to purchase paintings to resell in the United States. He traveled to Paris in early 1847, where he petitioned the Academie Royale de Medicine and the Parisian Medical Society for recognition in the discovery of anesthesia. <mask> moved to New York City in January 1848, leaving his wife and young son behind in Hartford. He lived alone at 120 Chambers St in Lower Manhattan and began self-experimenting with ether and chloroform, and he became addicted to chloroform. The effects of sniffing chloroform and ether were unknown.<mask> rushed into the street on January 21, 1848, his 33rd birthday, and threw sulfuric acid over the clothing of two prostitutes. He was committed to New York's infamous Tombs Prison. As the influence of the drug waned, his mind started to clear and he realised what he had done. He asked the guards to escort him to his house to pick up his shaving kit. He committed suicide in his cell on January 24, slitting his left femoral artery with a razor after inhaling an analgesic dose of chloroform. He is buried at Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford, Connecticut. Legacy
Twelve days before his death, the Parisian Medical Society voted and honored him as the first to discover and perform surgical operations without pain.In addition, he was elected an honorary member and awarded an honorary MD degree. However, <mask> died unaware of these decisions. <mask> first voiced his concern for

masks: Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells


title: Horace Wells

texts:
 minimizing his patient's pain during dental procedures in 1841. He was known for caring about his patient's comfort. During his time as a dentist, <mask> advocated for regular check ups for dental hygiene, and also began the practice of pediatric dentistry in order to start dental care early. The American Dental Association honored <mask> posthumously in 1864 as the discoverer of modern anesthesia, and the American Medical Association recognized his achievement in 1870. A monument to <mask> was raised in the Place des États-Unis, Paris.Hartford, Connecticut, has a statue of <mask> in Bushnell Park. In popular culture
 The story of Dr. <mask>' self-experimentation with drugs was explored in an episode of Science Channel's Dark Matters: Twisted But True in a story entitled "Jekyll vs Hyde", comparing it to the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. A full-length theatrical production, entitled Ether Dome, written by Elizabeth Egloff and directed by Michael Wilson centers around the story of <mask>' discovery of nitrous oxide as an anesthetic, as well as the life of his protege and partner, William Morton. See also
 Dental anesthesiology
 Humphry Davy
 Crawford Long
 James Young Simpson
 Place des États-Unis

Gallery

References

Further reading

Musto, David F., "They Inhaled", New York Times, August 12, 2001 (review of Ether Day)

External links
 Dr <mask> (1815–1848) Accessed: 2008-06-17

 Vermont History – Horace Wells
 Herald (Scotland)

1815 births
1848 deaths
American anesthesiologists
American dentists
Burials at Cedar Hill Cemetery (Hartford, Connecticut)
People from Hartford, Connecticut
People from Hartford, Vermont
Suicides by sharp instrument in the United States
Suicides in New York (state)
1840s

masks:
Wells
Wells
Horace Wells
Horace Wells
Wells
Horace Wells
Horace Wells


title: Nithya Menen

texts:
<mask> (born 8 April 1989) is an Indian actress and singer who works primarily in Malayalam, Telugu, Tamil, and Kannada films. She has acted in more than 50 films and is a recipient of several accolades, including three Filmfare Awards South and two Nandi Awards. <mask> appeared first on-screen as a child, when she was eight, in the English film, The Monkey Who Knew Too Much (1998), playing the younger sister to Tabu's character. She started her acting career at the age of 16 by appearing in a supporting role in the Kannada film 7 O' Clock, which was released in 2006. She made her debut in leading roles in Malayalam with Aakasha Gopuram (2008), in Telugu with Ala Modalaindi (2011) and in Tamil with Nootrenbadhu (2011). In 2019, she made her Hindi debut with Mission Mangal. Early life
<mask> was born on 8 April 1989, in Bangalore to Malayali parents settled in Karnataka.Menen cannot read or write Malayalam and identifies herself as a Kannadiga. She was educated at Poorna Prajna Education Centre, Indiranagar and Mount Carmel College, Bangalore. She was educated at Poorna Prajna School and Mount Carmel College, Bangalore. She later studied journalism at the Manipal Academy of Higher Education. She once said in an interview that she never wished to become an actress but a journalist, but ultimately found journalism unappealing, so she pivoted to filmmaking, and enrolled in a cinematography course at the Film and Television Institute of India at Pune. During the school's entrance exam, she met B. V. Nandini Reddy, who convinced Menen to take up acting. Reddy would later turn director and sign Menen for a lead role in her

masks:
Nithya Menen
Nithya Menen
Nithya Menen


title: Nithya Menen

texts:
 con-artists. The film received mixed to negative reviews, but became a hit at the box office. 2011-2012: Telugu debut and breakthrough
In 2011, her first release was Nandini Reddy's romantic comedy Ala Modalaindi, which was <mask>'s maiden Telugu venture as well. The film opened to favourable reviews by critics and turned out to become a sleeper hit, while Menen received critical praise for her performance. Idlebrains Jeevi in his review cited that she "epitomized Nitya character with her fabulous performance", "looks beautiful in all kinds of dresses" and was "the best debut in recent years of Telugu cinema after Samantha in YMC", while another critic wrote that she was a "charming find" and "...quite the Genelia replacement that our cinema so badly needs right now." She eventually won the Nandi Award for Best Actress for her performance and received a nomination for Filmfare Award for Best Actress at the 59th Filmfare Awards South.Further more, she also sang two songs for the soundtrack album of the film, tuned by Kalyani Malik. Nandini Reddy, later, went on to describe Menen as "the discovery of the decade". Following Ala Modalaindi, she starred in Santosh Sivan's historical fiction Urumi as part of an ensemble cast. She portrayed a Chirakkal princess named Bala, playing the love interest of Prabhu Deva's character, which gained positive remarks, with a Sify review claiming that she "looks pretty and is a scene stealer". <mask> quoted that much of her character was based on "Santosh's perception of who I am", with Sivan stating that he had written that role for her and that only she could play it. She received a

masks: Menen Menen


title: Sarah Waters

texts:
<mask>  (born 21 July 1966) is a Welsh novelist. She is best known for her novels set in Victorian society and featuring lesbian protagonists, such as Tipping the Velvet and Fingersmith. Life and education

Early life

<mask> was born in Neyland, Pembrokeshire, Wales in 1966. She later moved to Middlesbrough when she was eight years old. She grew up in a family that included her father Ron, mother Mary, and a "much older" sister. Her mother was a housewife and her father an engineer who worked on oil refineries. She describes her family as "pretty idyllic, very safe and nurturing".Her father, "a fantastically creative person", encouraged her to build and invent. <mask> said, "When I picture myself as a child, I see myself constructing something, out of plasticine or papier-mâché or Meccano; I used to enjoy writing poems and stories, too." She wrote stories and poems that she describes as "dreadful gothic pastiches", but had not planned her career. Despite her obvious enjoyment of writing, she did not feel any special calling or preference for becoming a novelist in her youth. <mask> was a supporter of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, joining as a result of her boyfriend at the time. Politically, she has always identified as a leftist. Education

After Milford Haven Grammar School, <mask> attended university and earned degrees in English literature.She received a BA from the University of Kent, an MA from Lancaster University, and a PhD from Queen Mary, University of London. Her PhD thesis, entitled Wolfskins and togas : lesbian and gay historical fictions, 1870 to the present, served as inspiration and material for future books. As part of her research she read 19th-century pornography, in which she came across the title of her first book, Tipping the Velvet. However, her literary influences are also found in the popular classics of Victorian literature, such as Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins and the Brontës, and

masks:
Sarah Ann Waters
Sarah Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters


title: Sarah Waters

texts:
 in the contemporary novelists that combine a keen interest in Victoriana with a post-modernist approach to fiction, especially A.S. Byatt and John Fowles. Angela Carter's Nights at the Circus had a huge influence on her début novel as well, and <mask> praises her for her literary prose, her "common touch", and her commitment to feminism. Personal life
<mask> came out as lesbian in the late 1980s. She has been in a relationship with copy editor Lucy Vaughan since 2002.As of 2007, she lives in Kennington, south-east London. Career
Before writing novels, <mask> worked as an academic, earning a doctorate and teaching. <mask> went directly from her doctoral thesis to her first novel. It was during the process of writing her thesis that she thought she would write a novel; she began as soon as the thesis was complete. Her work is very research-intensive, which is an aspect she enjoys. <mask> was briefly a member of the long-running London North Writers circle, whose members have included the novelists Charles Palliser and Neil Blackmore, among others. With the exception of The Little Stranger, all of her books contain lesbian themes, and she does not mind being labelled a lesbian writer.She said, "I'm writing with a clear lesbian agenda in the novels. It's right there at the heart of the books." Despite this "common agenda in teasing out lesbian stories from parts of history that are regarded as quite heterosexual", she also calls her lesbian protagonists "incidental", due to her own sexual orientation. "That's how it is in my life, and that's how it is, really, for most lesbian and gay people, isn't it? It's sort of just there in your life." Her writing influences include Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Mary Shelley, the Brontës, John Fowles, A. S. Byatt, and Angela Carter. Tipping the Velvet (1998)

Her debut work was the Victorian picaresque Tipping the Velvet, published by Virago Press in 1998.The novel took 18 months

masks: Waters Waters Waters Waters Waters


title: Sarah Waters

texts:
 to write. The book takes its title from Victorian slang for cunnilingus. <mask> describes the novel as a "very upbeat [...] kind of a romp". It won a 1999 Betty Trask Award, and was shortlisted for the Mail on Sunday / John Llewellyn Rhys Prize. In 2002, the novel was adapted into a three-part television serial of the same name for BBC Two. It has been translated into at least 24 languages, including Chinese, Latvian, Hungarian, Korean and Slovenian. Affinity (1999)

<mask>'s second book, Affinity, was published a year after her first, in 1999.The novel, also set in the Victorian era, centres on the world of Victorian Spiritualism. While finishing her debut novel, <mask> had been working on an academic paper on spiritualism. She combined her interests in spiritualism, prisons, and the Victorian era in Affinity, which tells the story of the relationship between an upper-middle-class woman and an imprisoned spiritualist. The novel is less light-hearted than the ones that preceded and followed it. <mask> found it less enjoyable to write. "It was a very gloomy world to have to go into every day", she said. Affinity won the Stonewall Book Award and Somerset Maugham Award.Andrew Davies wrote a screenplay adapting Affinity and the resulting feature film premiered 19 June 2008 at the opening night of Frameline the San Francisco LGBT Film Festival at the Castro Theater. Fingersmith (2002)

Fingersmith was published in 2002. It was shortlisted for the Booker Prize and the Orange Prize. Fingersmith was made into a serial for BBC One in 2005, starring Sally Hawkins, Elaine Cassidy and Imelda Staunton. <mask> approved of the adaptation, calling it "a really good quality show", and said it was "very faithful to the book. It was spookily faithful to the book at times, which was exciting." The novel was later adapted again by South Korean director Park Chan-wook into the 2016 film The Handmaiden, which set the story in


title: Sarah Waters

texts:
 Japanese-occupied Korea in the 1930s.Fingersmith was named by singer and artist David Bowie as one of his "top 100 books". The Night Watch (2006)

The Night Watch took four years for <mask> to write. It differs from the first three novels in its time period and its structure. Although her thesis and previous books focused on the 19th century, <mask> said that "Something about the 1940s called to me". It was also less tightly plotted than her other books. <mask> said,

The novel tells the stories of a man and three women in 1940s London. <mask> describes it as "fundamentally a novel about disappointment and loss and betrayal", as well as "real contact between people and genuine intimacy".In 2005, <mask> received the highest bid (£1,000) during a charity auction in which the prize was the opportunity to have the winner's name immortalised in The Night Watch. The auction featured many notable British novelists, and the name of the bidder, author Martina Cole, appeared in <mask>' novel. The Night Watch was adapted for television by BBC2 and broadcast on 12 July 2011. The Little Stranger  (2009)

Also set in the 1940s, The Little Stranger  also differs from <mask>' previous novels. It is her first with no overtly lesbian characters. Initially, <mask> set out to write a book about the economic changes brought by socialism in postwar Britain, and reviewers note the connection with Evelyn Waugh. During the novel's construction, it turned into a ghost story, focusing on a family of gentry who own a large country house they can no longer afford to maintain.The Paying Guests (2014)

This novel is set in the 1920s, in the social and economic aftermath of World War I. Households are in reduced circumstances and Frances Wray and her mother have to take in lodgers to keep going. The developing lesbian relationship between Frances and lodger Lilian Barber provides a complex backdrop for a murder investigation that takes up the latter

masks: Waters Waters Waters Waters Waters Waters Waters Waters


title: Sarah Waters

texts:
 half of the book. The Observer said: "The inimitable <mask> handles a dramatic key change with aplomb in her new novel set in 1920s south London". The Telegraph described it as "eerie, virtuoso writing". Honours and awards
<mask> was named as one of Granta's 20 Best of Young British Writers in January 2003. The same year, she received the South Bank Award for Literature.She was named Author of the Year at the 2003 British Book Awards. In both 2006 and 2009 she won "Writer of the Year" at the annual Stonewall Awards. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2009. She holds an honorary degree from Lancaster University. She has featured on the Pinc List of leading Welsh LGBT figures. She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to literature. Each of her novels has received awards as well.Tipping the Velvet
 Betty Trask Award, 1999
 Library Journal's Best Book of the Year, 1999
 Mail on Sunday/John Llewellyn Rhys Prize, 1999
 New York Times Notable Book of the Year Award, 1999
 Ferro-Grumley Award for Lesbian and Gay Fiction (shortlist), 2000
 Lambda Literary Award for Fiction, 2000

Affinity
 Stonewall Book Award (American Library Association GLBT Roundtable Book Award), 2000
 Arts Council of Wales Book of the Year Award (shortlist), 2000
 Ferro-Grumley Award for Lesbian and Gay Fiction, 2000
 Lambda Literary Award for Fiction (shortlist), 2000
 Mail on Sunday/John Llewellyn Rhys Prize (shortlist), 2000
 Somerset Maugham Award, 2000
 Sunday Times Young Writer of the Year Award, 2000
 The Best Translated Crime Fiction of the Year in Japan, Kono Mystery ga Sugoi! 2004

Fingersmith
 Crime Writers' Association Ellis Peters Historical Dagger, 2002
 Man Booker Prize for Fiction (shortlist), 2002
 Orange Prize for Fiction (shortlist), 2002
 British Book Awards Author of the Year, 2003
 The Best Translated Crime Fiction of the Year in Japan,

masks:
Sarah Waters
Waters


title: Cui Anqian

texts:
<mask> (崔安潛), courtesy name Jinzhi (進之), was an official and general of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, who was a participant in Tang's campaigns against the agrarian rebels Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao. Background and early career
It is not known when <mask> clan of Qinghe (清河, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), which claimed ancestry from the ruling house of the Spring and Autumn period state Qi, and which traced its ancestry to officials of Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty, Cao Wei, Jin Dynasty (266–420), Later Zhao, Southern Yan, Liu Song, Northern Wei, Northern Qi, and Tang Dynasty. <mask>'s grandfather <mask> () served as a prefectural prefect, and his father <mask>g () served as a regional governor and was created the Count of Qinghe. He had at least three older brothers, <mask>fang (), <mask>u (who would later serve as chancellor), and <mask>shu (), and at least one younger brother, <mask>chong (). <mask>an passed the imperial examinations in the Jinshi class in 849, during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong. During the reign of Emperor Xuānzong's son Emperor Yizong, he would successively serve as the governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) of Jiangxi Circuit (江西, headquartered in modern Nanchang, Jiangxi) and then the military governor (Jiedushi) of Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern Xuchang, Henan) as well as the prefect of Zhongwu's capital Xu Prefecture ().During Emperor Xizong's reign
During the reign of Emperor Yizong's son Emperor Xizong, the Tang realm became overrun by agrarian rebels. In 876, <mask>

masks:
Cui Anqian
Cui Anqiui
Cui Anqian
Cui Yi
Cui Con
Cui Yan
Cui Shenyo
Cui Zhou
Cui Yan
Cui Anqi
Cui


title: Cui Anqian

texts: Anqian, pursuant to Emperor Xizong's orders, sent troops under his officer Zhang Zimian () to combat the major agrarian rebel Wang Xianzhi. In 877, however, Emperor Xizong ordered Zhang Zimian to transfer his 7,000 men to another Zhongwu officer, Zhang Guan (), who was to serve under the overall commander of the operations against Wang, Song Wei ()—who, for reasons lost to history, had long despised Zhang Zimian. The chancellor Zheng Tian objected, pointing out that giving the Zhongwu troops to Song would leave Cui and Zhongwu Circuit defenseless; as a result, Emperor Xizong had Zhang Zimian give 4,000 of his soldiers to Song, while allowing him to return to Zhongwu with 3,000 men. <mask> was subsequently transferred to Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan) to serve as its military governor and the mayor of its capital Chengdu Municipality. Once there, he tried to root out corruption that was rampant under the prior military governor Gao Pian and to revise improper regulations that Gao had imposed. He also tried to strengthen Xichuan's defenses by improving military training.In 878, when Dali, which had long been in intermittent warfare with Tang, made peace overtures through letters that its prime minister wrote to the Tang Office of the Chancellors, the chancellors did not respond directly but had <mask> author a response in his own name. Eventually, however, <mask>'s actions to try to rectify the problems that Gao left him offended Gao's ally, the chancellor Lu Xi,

masks: Cui Cui Cui


title: Cui Anqian

texts: and Lu falsely accused <mask> of crimes. <mask> was thus removed from his office, given the honorary post of advisor to the Crown Prince (even though there was no crown prince at the time), and sent to the eastern capital Luoyang. After the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao captured the capital Chang'an around the new year 881 and established his own state of Qi as its emperor, Emperor Xizong fled to Chengdu. <mask> followed Emperor Xizong there, and was subsequently made senior advisor to the Crown Prince. In 882, with Gao, then titular overall commander of the operations against Huang, taking no real actions against Huang, the chancellor Wang Duo volunteered to oversee the operations against Huang. Emperor Xizong agreed, and further made <mask> Wang's deputy.(Gao, in anger, wrote an irreverent submission to Emperor Xizong that accused Wang of being a failed general and <mask> of being corrupt, and Emperor Xizong had Zheng author a harshly worded response.) In 883, however, after Wang was relieved of his command, <mask> was also relieved of his command and made the defender of Luoyang. In 886, when the warlord Zhu Mei supported Emperor Xizong's distant cousin Li Yun the Prince of Xiang as a competing claimant to the imperial throne, <mask>, who was then at Hezhong Circuit (河中, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), submitted a letter supporting Li Yun's claim, along with other imperial officials then at Hezhong. He appeared to suffer no reprisals after both Li Yun and Zhu were killed later in

masks: Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui


title: Cui Anqian

texts:
 the year, however. During Emperor Zhaozong's reign
In 889, by which time Emperor Xizong's brother Emperor Zhaozong was emperor, Wang Jingwu the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Weifang, Shandong) died. Most of Wang's officers supported his son Wang Shifan as his successor, but one of his officers, Zhang Chan () the prefect of Di Prefecture (棣州, in modern Binzhou, Shandong), refused to support Wang Shifan. Emperor Zhaozong, trying to take initiative in this conflict, commissioned <mask> Anqian as the military governor of Pinglu, carrying the honorary chancellor title of Shizhong ().Zhang welcomed <mask> to Di Prefecture and planned a campaign against Wang Shifan. The campaign apparently lasted for more than a year, but in early 891, Wang Shifan, after killing the officer Lu Hong (), who had turned against him, used the momentum to attack Di Prefecture. Di fell, and Wang killed Zhang; <mask> fled back to Chang'an. Emperor Zhaozong subsequently commissioned Wang as the military governor of Pinglu. <mask> subsequently died, although the date is not known. He was given the posthumous name of Zhenxiao (貞孝, "faithful and filially pious"). Notes and references

Sources
 Old Book of Tang, vol.177. New Book of Tang, vol. 114. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258. 9th-century births
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhongwu Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Xichuan Circuit
Mayors of Chengdu
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Pinglu Circuit
Year of death unknown
<mask> clan of

masks: Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui


title: Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle

texts:
<mask>-<mask>-<mask>, Comte <mask> (10 May 1775, Metz6 July 1809, Wagram) was a French cavalry general during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, often called "The Hussar General". He first gained fame for his role in the Capitulation of Stettin. Over the course of his short career, he became known as a daring adventurer and was credited with many exploits. Eventually, he fought on every front and was killed at the Battle of Wagram. Early career

<mask> was born on 10 May 1775 in Metz, Lorraine province, into a family of minor nobility. His father was <mask> d’Augny, an officer in the French Royal Army and a knight of the Order of Saint Louis, and his mother was <mask>e. On his maternal side, <mask> was a descendant of <mask>, a Marshal of France.His military inclinations showed at an early age and, thanks to his family's status, when he was eleven years old he was able to join the Foreign Infantry Regiment of Alsace (German) as a second lieutenant replacement on 19 June 1786, rising to the rank of second lieutenant by the age of fourteen. When the French Revolution broke out, <mask> embraced it and was assigned as a second lieutenant to the 24th Cavalry Regiment on 25 May 1791. Being an officer in the French Army had always been a privilege of the nobility, but this was reversed by a government decree in 1792, to the point of forbidding people of aristocratic origins to have military command. As result, he lost his commission but he remained loyal to France. The incident did not deter his desire for a military career, so he enlisted as a private in

masks:
Antoine
Charles
Louis
de Lasalle
Antoine Lasalle
Pierre Nicolas de Lasalle
Suzanne Dupuy de la Gaul
Lasalle
Abraham de Fabert
Lasalle


title: Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle

texts:
 1792 and moved to Paris. He joined the Section des Piques, a group of radical Parisian revolutionaries in the National Guard. By 1793, he had joined the Army of the North in Italy as a volunteer in the 23rd Horse Chasseur Regiment.He was soon elected sergeant and led his company to attack and capture an enemy artillery battery. The general in command witnessed the fearlessness that <mask> had demonstrated, and proposed that he be made an officer. <mask> rejected this because it would separate him from his men. The Army of Italy
Through family friendship with François Christophe Kellermann, he won back his pre-Revolutionary grade of lieutenant and became Kellermann's aide-de-camp on 10 March 1795. Enjoying the challenges of staff work, he stayed with Kellermann when he transferred to the Army of Italy on 6 May 1795. He was employed as assistant to Kellermann's son, Adjutant-General François Étienne <mask> in May, 1796. <mask> was soon promoted to Captain on 7 November, the same year.Battle of Rivoli

He justified his rapid progress and reputation when, at the Battle of Rivoli, he spurred ahead with the entire cavalry26 horsemen of the 22nd Horse Chasseurs. A battery of 15 French guns blasted the Austrian dragoons, while two columns of infantry were led forward supported by cavalry under <mask> and <mask>. The packed Austrian soldiers in the gorge fled when their own dragoons began trampling on them in panic. As a result, an entire battalion of the Deutschmeister Regiment threw down its arms in panic and fled. Likewise, the dispersed infantry on the

masks:
Lasalle
Lasalle
de Kellermann
Lasalle
Charles Leclerc
Lasalle


title: Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle

texts:
 Trambasore Heights were unable to hold once <mask> and the French cavalry got in their midst. <mask> and his men continued to support Generals Lebley and Vial until the battle was over. There were 5,000 French casualties and 14,000 Austrian casualties.Eleven flags were captured, five of which were captured by <mask>. After the battle, all of the trophies were piled up before Napoleon and <mask> lay exhausted a few feet away on top of his five flags. Napoleon said, "Go to sleep on your flags, <mask>, for it was well-deserved!”

With 16 men from the new Corps of Guides, Lasalle charged the enemy's Uhlans, forcing them to evacuate the city and retreat to the Tagliamento. <mask> was the first to cross the river in pursuit of them. <mask> and his men successfully drove the enemy out of the Tagliamento, ending the campaign in Italy with an overwhelming French Victory. The invasion of Egypt
Napoleon Bonaparte personally asked <mask> to participate in the Campaign in Egypt. Excited about participating in this exotic expedition, he joined the Army of the East.They invaded Alexandria and from there marched to Cairo. On 21 July 1798, in the Battle of the Pyramids, the Turks, reassured by the easy refuge the village of Embabeh provided for them, resisted the efforts of the French Army. <mask>, at the head of 60 men, charged the village and routed the garrison, chasing them wildly. He cut off the retreating army by taking a secret route through the Giza Pyramids, allowing Napoleon to crush his opponents. Because of this bold move, Napoleon promoted <mask> to

masks: Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle


title: Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle

texts:
 Lieutenant Colonel of the 22nd Horse Chasseur Brigade and 7th Hussars. He traveled back to the Nile with General <mask> and fought at the Battle of Salahieh on 11 August. While battling and besting a group of Mamelukes, the cord that attached his sabre to his wrist snapped, leaving the sabre on the ground.He calmly dismounted and picked it up in the middle of the fray, quietly mounted his horse and continued fighting. This fearlessness made him a popular companion for risky missions. Major battles
Two weeks later at the Battle of Remedieh, he chopped both hands off a Mameluke who was fighting General Davout, saving his life. He then overthrew several Mamelukes, broke his sword over the head of Osman Bey, broke a pair of pistols while defending himself, took the sword of a wounded dragoon, returned to the mêlée, rallied his troops, restored the fight, and drove the enemy to the desert. On 22 January, at the Battle of Samanhout, he executed some brilliant cavalry charges that led considerable losses for the enemy. Finally on 1 March 1799, at the Battle of Gehemi, he completely defeated a regiment of Arabs who had come from Yanbu' al Bahr to help the Mamelukes, and killed over 300 men. <mask> continued to follow his regiment and played a major role in General Desaix's subjugation of Upper Egypt against Murad Bey.The 22nd Horse Chasseurs returned to Cairo after the victory and were tasked to contain Egypt and to ensure communications between Salahieh and Cairo. <mask> successfully completed this mission. After the signing of the Convention of El-Arish on 24

masks:
Louis Desaix
Lasalle
Lasalle


title: Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle

texts:
 January 1800, <mask> returned home to France. To advertise his recent adventures, he adopted the Mamelukes' baggy red trousers (saroual) as part of his uniform. On 5 August, after his return, he received pistols and a Sabre of Honour from Napoleon. On 25 August of the same year he received the command of the 10th Hussars as Colonel or chef de brigade. Interlude in France

He was one of the best commanders of light cavalry, as well as being intelligent, well-educated, and witty; yet, according to Divisional General <mask> Marbot, he posed as a libertine and ruffian who "might always be seen drinking, swearing, and smashing everything", carefully maintaining the hussar image and reputation.He also founded the "Society of Alcoholics", which shocked the high society of Paris (except for Napoleon). One evening <mask> made Paul Thiébault count all the empty wine bottles. Thiébault asked "Do you want to kill yourself?” which prompted the famous reply from <mask>: "My friend, any hussar who does not die by thirty is a blackguard..."

Affair and marriage
<mask> had been intimately connected with Joséphine Berthier, the wife of General Victor Leopold Berthier (Minister of War and Chief of Staff) and sister-in-law to Marshal <mask> Berthier. Joséphine and Berthier divorced and <mask> immediately proposed to her. Napoleon gave Lasalle 200,000 francs towards the nuptials. When they met at the Tuileries Palace, Napoleon asked, "When is the wedding?” <mask> replied, "Sire, when I have enough money to buy the wedding presents and furniture". Napoleon said, "But I gave

masks:
Lasalle
Jean Antoine
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Louis Alexandre
Lasalle
Lasalle


title: Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle

texts:
 you 200,000 francs last week, what did you do with them?".Lasalle replied, "I used half to pay my debts and have lost the rest gambling". Such a confession would have broken the career of any other soldier but, coming from Lasalle, it made the Emperor smile. Napoleon merely ordered his Grand Marshal of the Palace, and aide, General Géraud Duroc to give Lasalle another 200,000 francs. When a prefect asked why Napoleon didn't discipline Lasalle for his conduct, Napoleon responded that "It only takes a stroke of a pen to create a prefect, but it takes twenty years to make a Lasalle". Despite this extravagance, Lasalle apparently possessed a sense of duty and responsibility towards his new family and cared for Berthier's three boys, Alméric-Alexandre (b. 1797), Oscar (b. 1799), and Alexandre-Joseph (b.1802) as if they were his own. (In fact, Alméric-Alexandre and Oscar probably were his illegitimate sons. He and Joséphine had their own little girl, Charlotte-Joséphine, who was born in May, 1806.) On 14 June 1804 he was made a member of law in the 5th Cohort of the Legion of Honour as a Commander. He took up his post in Salamanca, Spain later that year. Duelling and boredom in Spain
Shortly after his arrival in Spain, <mask> found himself involved in a duel by sabre. He had been attempting to seduce the wife of the Captain of Engineering when the captain caught them in flagrante delicto.<mask> was generous (or cautious) enough not to attack and contented himself with parrying, but he did so with such vigor that it broke the engineer's wrist. As the engineer

masks: Lasalle Lasalle


title: Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle

texts:
 was doubled over with fatigue and pain, <mask> let down a hard blow with the flat edge of his sabre on the man's back. When it was obvious the engineer could take it no more, <mask> opted to end the battle by saying, "If you had known me better you would have attached less importance to the fact you have been injured, and if I had known better, I would have refrained from continuing to fight after you had been injured. Let us finish this fight for it is far too unequal, but because of your actions I now know you are a man of honor." This (and other) indiscretions didn't tarnish his reputation for handling light cavalry and, by 1 February 1805, he was promoted to Brigadier General. A month and a day later, he took command of the 2nd Brigade of Dragoons stationed in Amiens. He soon became sick of drilling and parades, but things changed when Napoleon set his sights on the new Austrian and Russian threats along the Rhine, sending <mask> and his men into action.On the Prussian Front

<mask> went into immediate action at the Battle of Austerlitz, with the 1st Dragoon Division, under the command of Divisional General <mask>, in the Cavalry Reserve of Marshal Joachim Murat. Because of his successes on the field, he was given command of a Light Cavalry Brigade consisting of the 5th and 7th Hussar Regiments, also under the command of Marshal Murat. <mask>'s star was high during the 1806 campaign for Prussia, where his hussars became known as the "Brigade Infernale" ("Hellish Brigade"), with Colonels François Xavier <mask>rz and Ferdinand-Daniel Marx as his

masks:
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Louis Klein
Lasalle
de Schwa


title: Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle

texts:
 regimental commanders. He then fought at Schleiz and Jena-Auerstedt, where he captured the King of Prussia's bodyguard and forced the Prince of Hohenlohe to retreat. On 26 October 1806, <mask> was in pursuit of Hohenlohe when he observed Prussian infantry northwest of his position, at the edge of the forest, near Zehdenick. Unconcerned about the enemy's huge numerical superiority, he charged. After fierce fighting, the Prussians managed to beat back <mask>'s hussars until cavalry reinforcements arrived.General Grouchy arrived at about the same time and the combined attacks destroyed the Prussian cavalry. The Prussian infantry moved into the woods and then withdrew. On 28 October, as they approached Prenzlau, they realized the Prussian Army had been inside the city for some time. Marshal Murat arrived at 10 a.m. and ordered <mask> to cut the road from Gustow and to storm the northern gates of the city. <mask> took his troopers right up to the city gates and burst them open. He continued on through the city and out the east gates where he could see Hohenlohe's army forming in a plain north east of the city. Capitulation of Stettin

The next day <mask> and his hussars marched to the fortress of Stettin, arriving well ahead of the main French force.He prepared to attack but decided to try a bluff instead. Pretending that the entire army had arrived, he demanded that Stettin surrender. General Romberg's reply was predictable:. "Tell your master that the town of Stettin was entrusted to my safeguard and that I shall defend it to my last man". Lasalle then

masks: Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle


title: Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle

texts:
 resorted to threats: "If, by 8 a.m. you have not surrendered, the town will be bombarded by our artillery, stormed by 50,000 men, the garrison will be put to the sword and the town will be plundered during twenty-four hours". Convinced that he was faced with 50,000 French soldiers, Romberg entered into negotiations and capitulated on the evening of 29–30 October. Over 5,000 men and 281 guns were surrendered, and Lasalle became a national hero.Napoleon wrote to Murat, "If your Light Cavalry captures fortified towns, I’ll have to discharge my Engineer Corps and have my heavy artillery melted down". In spite of their victory, Lasalle's troops were exhausted. He later wrote: "Who could recognize the brilliant hussars from Kronach fourteen months ago, those of the 5th Regiment with their white pelisses with lemon-yellow braids and their sky-blue breeches, those of the 7th Regiment with their green pelisses with daffodil-yellow braids and their scarlet breeches? Today the whole brigade, men and horses adorned alike in mud, have neither form nor color. Their uniform is misery". Battles of Lübeck and Golymin

The capitulation of Stettin had prevented Prussian General Blücher from passing the frontier into Eastern Pomerania. Now Blücher was determined to escape from the French at any cost.Murat, together with <mask>, Bernadotte and Soult were in hot pursuit, forcing Blücher farther and farther to the north. Having run out of Prussian territory, On 5 November, he marched into the neutral city-state of Lübeck, where he demanded money and food from the city


title: Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle

texts:
 authorities. The next day, Bernadotte's men arrived and attacked the walls. <mask> was among these men and fought bravely. During the Battle of Golymin, General <mask> led his legendary "Hellish Brigade" against a Russian battery of 12-15 guns. The hussars charged with vigor but were abruptly seized with panic, turned about and, in disorder, stampeded back to the rear. Of the whole brigade only the elite company of the 7th Hussars, placed immediately behind <mask> himself, remained firmly at their posts.<mask> was furious. He rode after them, screamed "Halt! ", and brought them back. <mask> kept them within a short range from the Russian guns as punishment for their behavior, standing 20 paces in front of his men, remaining motionless and calm, although under enemy fire. He then finally rallied his troops and commanded "Break the ranks! ", and with the support of Klein's dragoon division charged the enemy from the flank. The Russians were routed and fled under the cover of artillery as <mask> pursued until the battle was won.Promotion and cavalry trainer
On 30 December 1806, <mask> was promoted to Divisional General and given command of the Light Cavalry Division in Murat's Cavalry Reserve. Shortly thereafter, Napoleon authorized raising a guard regiment of Polish Light Horse. Under General <mask> they were given an intensive course in horsemanship and discipline, becoming one of the finest regiments in the Imperial Guard. An officer of the Poles wrote: "It was in <mask>'s school that we learned outpost duty. We have kept a precious memory of this

masks: Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle


title: Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle

texts:
 general in whom all the lovable and imposing qualities of a born marshal were combined ... He should have replaced Murat to whom he was vastly superior ..."

Battle of Heilsberg

During the Battle of Heilsberg, on 12 June 1807, Murat was surrounded at the height of a mêlée by 12 Russian dragoons. <mask> was in command of three brigades of light cavalry which contained the "Hellish Brigade", two lancer regiments, and five horse chasseur regiments.<mask> saw Murat in trouble and charged at the enemy, killing the officer who commanded the detachment and putting 11 dragoons on the run, saving Murat's life. Shortly after, Murat and other members of the "Hellish Brigade" saved <mask> from certain death. Afterwards, while shaking hands, Murat told <mask>, "General, we are even". The following July, Napoleon made <mask> a Grand Cross Knight of the Order of the Iron Crown. He was then sent to Spain under the orders of Jean-Baptiste Bessières. The Peninsular War
<mask> was given command of the 1st Light Cavalry Division, consisting of the 8th Hussars, 13th, 16th and 24th Chasseurs. <mask>'s cousin, <mask>-Adolphe-Georges du Prel, became his aide-de-camp.He arrived in Spain on 15 February 1808. One of <mask>'s major faults was his willingness to repay resistance with brutality, and it was said of him that he "made Spain tremble". In June, <mask> was responsible for the torching of Torquemada, a village that resisted his troops. As his men approached Palencia, the insurgents abandoned their positions and fled to Valladolid, supported by a column of infantry.

masks:
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Pierre Louis
Lasalle
Lasalle


title: Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle

texts:
 Battling across Spain
After plundering Torquemada and ransoming the town of Palencia, <mask> set off for Valladolid. On 11 June 1808 <mask>'s army linked up with the troops of General Merle. The following day, their combined 9,000 strong army attacked a force of 4-5,000 men under Spanish General Cuesta, deployed along the Cabezón bridge to bar the road to Burgos against oncoming French divisions.In the subsequent French attack the Spanish cavalry fled and the infantry broke, whereafter <mask> proceeded to Valladoli, which he occupied the same night. On 14 July at Medina de Rioseco, with 14,000 men under the command of Bessierès, he fought against over 20,000 Spaniards. <mask> marched towards Vitoria, commanding the rearguard, and protecting the French from another breach made by the enemy. As a result of these actions, he was named Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor and made a Count of the Empire. On 7 November he fought at the Battle of Burgos. The untrained Spanish militias were unable to form infantry squares and scattered in the face of massed French cavalry, while the stubborn Spanish and Walloon Guards stood their ground in vain. A few days later, at the Battle of Villa Viejo, he captured seven cannons and four flags.On 15 March, Leval’s division and <mask>’s cavalry crossed the Tagus River at Talavera. On the next day they were joined by Victor-Perrin, heading Villatte’s and Ruffin’s divisions, at Arzobispo. The rest of the cavalry, along with the artillery and the baggage, was sent to Almaraz. Two days later, <mask> reached Meza de Ibor and

masks: Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle


title: Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle

texts:
 fought the Spanish troops, forcing them out of their defensive position on the Tagus. Battle of Medellín

<mask> then joined the Battle of Medellín. The Spanish had an army almost twice the size of the French. <mask>'s position was a bit dangerous, since the Guadiana River was only a mile behind his back and <mask> recognized how dangerous a retreat would be in the close confinements of the narrow bridge.<mask> had been reinforced with seven infantry battalions from Villatte, and once he saw the Spanish routing to the west he ordered a powerful counter-attack. <mask>'s fresh battalions also attacked frontally, and French dragoons were now rolling over the center of the Spanish army, which attempted to flee in any way it could. Cuesta's army effectively ceased to exist. That was his last battle on the Spanish Peninsula, where he was nicknamed "Pícaro" which means "rogue" or "adventurer" in Spanish. Napoleon called 33-year-old <mask> from Spain to Germany. <mask>'s excitement at being ordered to join Masséna’s corps in Germany was made clear by a chance meeting with <mask> and Thiébault in Burgos. To <mask>er’s question if he were traveling via Paris, <mask> replied, "Yes, it’s the shortest way.I shall arrive at 5 a.m.; I shall order a pair of boots; I shall make my wife pregnant, and I shall depart". He left immediately to take command of the Light Cavalry Division in the IV Army Corps commanded by Masséna. Final battles in Austria

Battle of Aspern-Essling

<mask> joined the French Army for its 1809 Campaign along the Danube. He arrived just prior to

masks: Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Roederer Roeder Lasalle Lasalle


title: Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle

texts: Napoleon's push across the Danube at Aspern-Essling and was sent to scout the location of the Austrian army. The first stage of the operation began on 13 May 1809, laying a bridge of boats over the first arm of the Danube to Lobau. Then, the advance guard and <mask>'s light cavalry would pass into Lobau, together with the material needed to bridge the second arm to the left bank. As soon as this was finished, Molitor’s division and <mask>'s four light cavalry regiments passed over and <mask>'s horsemen fanned out into the plain.There were no travelers or couriers to be intercepted there, as there had always been in Prussia and Spain; consequently, <mask>'s officers had nothing to go on but the evidence of their own eyes and ears. On the morning of the 21st, great masses of men, guns and wagons had assembled on the island. In the next four hours both Aspern and Essling were taken and retaken several times. Napoleon ordered <mask>'s cavalry regiments to aid Marulaz's distressed troops, but General Liechtenstein anticipated this maneuver sending nine regiments to drive off <mask>, engaging him frontally with four regiments and using the remaining five to charge his flank. <mask> fought them off, buying time for the hard-pressed French infantry in Aspern. At 7 p.m. <mask> mustered his troops for another charge. <mask> managed to defeat the first Habsburg line, but Austrian hussars captured quite a few men of the 24th Chasseurs.Outnumbered on the second day of battle, Napoleon ordered <mask> and Espagne to defend a sector the IV Corps had been thrust into.


title: Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle

texts:
 Taking advantage of the fog, <mask>'s men fought along the defensive ground running between the two villages, charging the Austrians in a series of short, sharp charges intended to prevent them from launching a coordinated attack. These tactics worked, allowing General <mask> to gain complete control of Essling. Later, during Marshal Lannes' advance, <mask> and Marulaz's cavalry charged at least three times in an effort to support the infantry. Although the French were forced to withdraw, <mask>'s determination and courage prevented the withdrawal from becoming a rout. Death at the Battle of Wagram

On 5 July 1809, <mask> fought at the Battle of Wagram commanding a Light Cavalry Division in the IV Corps of Marshal Masséna. On the morning of the battle, <mask> had a presentiment about his death.He drew up a petition to the Emperor, asking him to take care of his children, and gave it to one of his friends to deliver to Napoleon, if necessary. On the eve of the battle, opening his luggage he found his broken pipe, a bottle of liquor and a broken glass that had been used by his wife. As a result of these omens, he told his aide-de-camp, "I will not survive this day". He wrote a letter to his wife that read: "Mon coeur est à toi, mon sang à l'Empereur, ma vie à l'honneur" (My heart belongs to you, my blood to the Emperor, my life to honor). On the night of the second day, <mask>'s men had still not been ordered to fight so <mask> went to Marshal Masséna to ask permission to pursue the enemy. Masséna ordered him to go aid General MacDonald. <mask> exclaimed,

masks: Lasalle Boudet Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle Lasalle


title: Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle

texts:
 "The battle is almost finished and we are the only ones who have not contributed to the victory!Let’s go, follow me!" <mask> was temporarily separated from his division and accidentally alerted a battalion of enemy infantry, so he charged them with the 1st Cuirassier Regiment. <mask> was shot in the chest but continued to charge. The enemy infantry broke and was routed as <mask> and regiment pursued them. As he charged, <mask> was shot between the eyes by a Hungarian grenadier and was killed instantly. Marulaz tried to avenge <mask> by leading a hussar regiment against a square of Austrian infantry, but was wounded in the attempt and had to be carried to the rear. Posthumous honours

 A street in Metz was named after him.His portrait was placed in one of the salons of the Hotel de Ville. In 1891, his remains were repatriated from Austria and entombed at Les Invalides. In 1893, an equestrian statue of him was erected in Lunéville. He has a bust in the Gallery of Battles of the Palace of Versailles. His name is marked on a pillar of the Arc de Triomphe. His name is used for a cycling event in the Netherlands, the Tour de Lasalle www.tourdelasalle.nl
 He is briefly mentioned in Edgar Allan Poe's short story, The Pit and the Pendulum in which he ultimately saves a condemned main character from being executed by the Spanish Inquisition. References

Sources

 Philip Haythornthwaite, Napoleon's Commanders (1): c1792-1809.(Elite, Vol.1), Osprey Publishing (2001)

Further reading
 Marcel Dupont, Le Général Lasalle, Éditions Berger-Levrault (1929), reissued by


title: Martin Ellis

texts:
<mask> is an American church, concert and theatre organist. He is currently the organist for Rose City Park Presbyterian Church in Portland, Oregon. He was Principal Organist and Assistant Music Director at North United Methodist Church, and Senior Staff Pianist/Organist, Staff Arranger and Orchestrator for the Indianapolis Children's Choir and Youth Chorale in Indianapolis, Indiana until August, 2014. He works with Gresham High School's Theatre Arts Department as their resident piano accompanist. Training and early career
<mask> began organ studies in the 6th grade, and at 15 began studying with R. Gary Deavel at Manchester University in North Manchester, Indiana. At DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, <mask> majored in keyboard performance and composition. The Central Indiana Chapter of the American Theatre Organ Society (ATOS) was extremely supportive, engaging <mask> in performances regionally throughout his college years.<mask> was also head accompanist for the DePauw Choirs, touring to Carnegie Hall and Williamsburg, Virginia. He was active as a vocal coach to the voice department and assistant conductor for three opera/musical theatre productions produced by the DePauw School of Music. He graduated from Depauw in 1990. Church Organist/Music Director

Before accepting the position playing for Rose City Park Presbyterian in 2014, <mask> was Assistant Organist/Choirmaster at Second Presbyterian Church (Indiana's largest church) under Robert Shepfer, playing the 4m/81r Aeolian-Skinner pipe organ from 1990–1998. He then moved to Portland, Oregon, serving as Music Director/Organist at St. James Lutheran Church in downtown Portland. In 2004, <mask> was appointed the Assistant Director of Music and Organist at North United Methodist Church in Indianapolis, playing the restored 4m/76r Kimball orchestral pipe organ and two other organs. He also directed the

masks:
Martin Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Martin
Ellis
Martin
Martin


title: Martin Ellis

texts:
 Cathedral Ringers Handbell Ensemble and coordinated the Handbell program.Theatre organist
<mask>' initial exposure to the theatre organ occurred at the Paramount Music Palace in Indianapolis when he was 7 years old. During his senior year, he served as the weekend artist at Milwaukee's Piper Music Palace, as an alternate organist at the Pipes and Pizza in Lansing, Illinois, and performed concerts in and around the Chicago area. <mask> is now an active featured theatre organist for ATOS and has been a regular theatre organ soloist in both the Chicago and Indianapolis areas for the last twenty years. After his move to Portland, Theatre organ came into play again as he served as an associate organist at Uncle Milt's Pipe Organ Pizza in Vancouver, Washington and played for the local organ clubs. He has appeared on the Ohio Theatre's summer movie series for several years. Mr. <mask> has been a featured artist at conventions of The American Guild of Organists, The Organ Historical Society, and The American Theatre Organ Society. Concert organist
<mask> has appeared with the Indianapolis Chamber Orchestra, Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, playing Saint-Saëns Symphony No.3 and featured in recent Yuletide Celebrations, and also played the Poulenc Organ Concerto for the Carmel Symphony Orchestra. Hilbert Circle Theatre
<mask> was named the house organist for Hilbert Circle Theatre in Indianapolis, Indiana in 2009. "The 15 rank Wurlitzer with 9 additional classical ranks has truly turned out to be a stunning theatre installation that I am enjoying playing and proud to present to the public", commented <mask>. This historic theatre has not had a house organist since the first Wurlitzer was removed in the 1930s; <mask> is the first house organist in over seventy years. Carlton Smith of Carlton Smith Pipe Organ Restorations was responsible for the rebuild and reinstallation of

masks: Ellis Ellis Ellis Ellis Ellis Ellis Ellis


title: Martin Ellis

texts:
 the theatre's Wurlitzer. "My biggest goal in this business of being a theatre organ artist is to reach out to the general public and perpetuate the theatre organ art form", said <mask>. "With the 28 Yuletide Christmas shows coming up in December which will feature the Wurlitzer theatre pipe organ this year, this becomes a reality."Yuletide
"A vintage theatre pipe organ is giving the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra some new sounds", heralded the Indianapolis Star newspaper." The addition of the organ increases the symphony's repertoire", said Simon Crookall, President and CEO of the ISO. Those were just a few of the comments about the Yuletide Celebration concerts—27 in all, which saw the debut of the newly installed 3m/24r Wuritzer theatre pipe organ by house organist, <mask>, and colleague, Donna Parker. Opening the second half of the concert, the house lights dimmed as the Wurlitzer and organist were introduced to the audience while the symphony played the beginning strains of the well-loved holiday hit "Silver Bells". With the organ console center stage surrounded by the symphony, the curtain rose, the organist quickly took his place on the bench, and both organ and orchestra joined together for "Joy to the World", played in classic toccata fashion, before taking the instrument in a completely different direction with a rhythmic, energetic Brazilian "Sleigh Bells". The organ arrangement was written by <mask>, with the orchestral arrangement by conductor Jack Everly, carefully fitted around it. The Yuletide Celebration concert series is the second largest Christmas concert series in the United States—second only in ticket sales to the Christmas show at Radio City Music Hall with The Rockettes.Pacific Rim Children's Choir Festival
For seven years, <mask> has also served as Artistic Assistant/Pianist for the Pacific Rim Children's Choir Festival in Honolulu,

masks:
Martin
Martin Ellis
Ellis
Martin


title: Martin Ellis

texts:
 Hawaii. International performances and 2010 tour
<mask> has performed at Westminster Abbey in London and toured much of Canada and Europe, including playing an organ concert on the Tambourini organ at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome during tours with the ICC. Most recently, <mask> toured Australia in November 2010, performing for the Organ Society of Western Australia on the Karrinyup Wurlitzer Organ in the Sterling Theatre Concert Season. <mask> was interviewed by John Crook of ATW Travel Radio Australia during his tour. Another highlight of the tour was the Pops on Pipes concert in Auckland, New Zealand. Trio con Brio
With extraordinary sight-reading skills and the ability to musically adapt to a variety of situations, <mask> was invited to be the fourth member of Trio con Brio by Donna Parker, Jonas Nordwall and Tom Hazleton. TCB uses three separate organs played simultaneously for grand orchestral effects and interesting concert programs.He performed for the Dickinson Theatre Organ Society and Fort Wayne's Embassy Theatre when Hazleton was unable to perform, and was ready to step in and play any of the other member's parts as the understudy. He became the third permanent member upon Hazleton's passing. <mask> is featured on three CDs from the group. Review
In a 2007 issue of the Vox Humana newsletter, from the Incorporated Society of Organ Builders, Mark Dresden writes about a recent Trio con Brio concert: "The players are excellent musicians, well versed in their knowledge of the theater organ in general and of the Dickinson Kimball in particular. They are also well versed in the art of playing together with creative, original and exciting arrangements. It was also exciting to see and hear for the first time the two Dickinson consoles on stage. But there was more.Also on stage with the Dickinson consoles were two grand pianos and a third organ which was an Allen

masks: Ellis Ellis Ellis Martin Ellis


title: Martin Ellis

texts:
 Organ. All in all, it was a visually exciting prelude to that which was about to follow. Whether playing together as the Trio or playing individually, their music was clean, crisp and imaginative. As a trio however, we were treated to sounds that were quite special. Six hands, thirty fingers and six feet can and did produce wonderful arrangements just not possible by a single organist." Recordings
Mr. <mask> has a solo CD, <mask> on the Morton, featuring the Wheaton Fox Studio 4/26 Robert Morton Pipe Organ, and In the Key of Three, the Trio's most recent recording. Other TCB CDs with <mask> include Tales from the Chambers, and A Change of Seasons.. <mask> is featured on the Reynolds Associates Pipe Organ Builders, Inc. website, playing music on two different Reynolds organs.A solo theatre organ CD was recorded in Spring 2011, and the next Trio Con Brio recording using the 5 manual 108 rank Midmer-Losh organ at the Adrian Phillips Music Studio in Phoenix, Arizona. Organ Innovation
Ellis, Parker and Nordwall worked for Rodgers Instrument Corporation, spearheading  MIDI implementation with church music. Arranger
<mask> has many published choral and orchestra arrangements with Hal Leonard and Colla Voce publishing companies. He recently orchestrated 15 pieces that were performed and recorded with the Moscow Chamber Orchestra and ICC. Novello and Co. Ltd published <mask>' arrangement of three organ pieces by Samuel Wesley. In 2012, his arrangement of "The Star-Spangled Banner" was performed by Kelly Clarkson, the Indianapolis Children's Choir and percussion for Super Bowl XLVI at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis. <mask> customized handbell music to benefit from the expanded octaves including chimes available at NUMC.Handbell ringers coined the term 'martinizing' to define <mask>' ability. Editor
<mask> selected and edited works for By Babylon's Streams, Organ Music of

masks: Ellis Martin Ellis Ellis Ellis Ellis Ellis Ellis Ellis


title: Martin Ellis

texts:
 the English Romantic School. The book description from Boosey: "This music book presents some of the finest & most ambitious works written by English organ composers active between the late-Victorian period & the years following the First World War. Its contents include the Scherzoso of Walter Battison Haynes, the Nunc Dimittis of Charles Wood, the Fantasy on the Tune 'Babylon's Streams by William Harris, the Impromptu No. 2 by Sidney Nicholson, and the Lament." Teacher
<mask> taught privately  in Indianapolis while working there. He was a featured instructor at the ATOS Summer Youth Camp in Eastern Massachusetts in June 2011, which provided young enthusiasts the opportunity to study and learn the art of the theatre pipe organ through lectures, master classes, and private instruction.<mask> currently works with Gresham High School (Oregon)'s Theatre Arts Department, accompanying their musical performances and student's competition pieces. Awards
After becoming the first winner of the ATOS Young Organists Competition in 1986, <mask> premiered with Rex Koury at the Chicago Theatre Wurlitzer and was featured in concert at the ATOS National Convention the following year in Richmond, Virginia. After winning the local American Guild of Organists competition, he was the runner-up in the AGO Region V competition. He also placed first in the Arts Council of Indianapolis' Young Artist Competition. Personal
<mask> has trained and cares for his six exotic parrots, and restores and collects large antique reed organs. He lives in Portland, Oregon. References

Living people
Musicians from Indianapolis
Manchester University (Indiana) alumni
DePauw University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
American classical organists
American male organists
Theatre organists
21st-century organists
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American keyboardists
People from

masks: Ellis Ellis Ellis Ellis


title: Johann Ludwig Krapf

texts:
<mask> (11 January 1810 – 26 November 1881) was a German missionary in East Africa, as well as an explorer, linguist, and traveler. Krapf played an important role in exploring East Africa with <mask>. They were the first Europeans to see Mount Kenya with the help of Kikuyus who dwelled at its slopes and Kilimanjaro. <mask> also played a key role in exploring the East African coastline. Early life
<mask> was born into a Lutheran family of farmers in southwest Germany. From his school days onward he developed his gift for languages. He initially studied Latin, Greek, French and Italian.More languages were to follow throughout his life. After finishing school he joined the Basel Mission Seminary at age 17 but discontinued his studies as he had doubts about his missionary vocation. He read theology at University of Tübingen and graduated in 1834. While working as an assistant village pastor, he met a Basel missionary who encouraged him to resume his missionary vocation. Ethiopia
In 1836 he was invited by the Anglican Church Missionary Society (CMS) to join their work in Ethiopia. Basel Mission seconded him to the Anglicans and from 1837-1842 he worked in this ancient Christian land. He prepared himself by learning ancient Ge'ez and the Amharic language of the highlands.Landing at Tadjura, Krapf followed the trade route to Shewa where he presented himself to its ruler, Meridazmach Sahle Selassie, and later accompanied the Meridazmach on a military campaign in southern Shewa. Krapf's pietist background did not help him much to

masks:
Johann Ludwig Krapf
Johannes Rebmann
Krapf
Krapf


title: Johann Ludwig Krapf

texts:
 by learning the languages of the local Mijikenda people and also Swahili which is an East African lingua franca language of communication.Soon after arrival in Mombasa his wife and young daughter suffered and died from malaria. Krapf moved to the higher grounds of Rabai on the coastal hills and started his station New Rabai (Rabai Mpya). Here he wrote the first dictionary and grammar of the Swahili language. He also started studying other African languages, drafting dictionaries and translating sections of the Bible. Working with a Muslim judge named Ali bin Modehin, he translated Genesis. He went on to translate the New Testament, as well as the Book of Common Prayer. However, most of this was unpublished, though it was later used in revising a translation in a more southern version of Swahili.In 1846 he was joined by <mask>, another southwest German Lutheran who was in the service of the CMS. <mask> and Rebmann set off to explore the interior of East Africa and they were the first Europeans to see the snowcapped mountains of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya. They sent reports about them to Europe which were ridiculed by the experts. <mask>'s deteriorating health forced him to return to Germany in 1853. He brought with him several old Swahili manuscripts, including copies of the Book of the Battle of Tambuka, the earliest Swahili manuscript. In Korntal he continued his linguistic studies and advisory work for the Christian missions. Krapf's legacy
 The Anglican Church of Kenya counts him as its founding father.Linguists have

masks:
Johannes Rebmann
Krapf
Krapf


title: Johann Ludwig Krapf

texts:
 been drawing on his works as he studied languages as diverse as Ge'ez, Amharic, Oromo, Swahili, Kamba, Mijikenda and Maasai language. His house at New Rabai is now part of Rabai Museum, one of the National Museums of Kenya. The building of the German Embassy at Nairobi is called "Ludwig-Krapf-House". In his home town of Tübingen-Derendingen there is an elementary school that bears his name. Bibliography (Selection)
•	Vocabulary of the Galla Language, London 1842. •	Vocabulary of six East African languages. Kiswahili, Kinika, Kikamba, Kipokomo, Kihiau, Kigalla, Tübingen 1850.•	Outline of the elements of the Kisuaheli Language, with special reference to the Kinika Dialect, Tübingen 1850. •	Reisen in Ostafrika, ausgeführt in den Jahren 1837 - 1855. Unveränderter Nachdruck der Ausgabe Stuttgart, Stroh 1858. Mit einer Einführung hrsg. von Werner Raupp, Münster, Berlin 1994 (= Afrikanische Reisen 2). •	The Books of the Old Testament. Translation in Amharic Language.,3 Bände, London 1871–73.•	Dictionary of the Suahili Language, London 1882. References

Sources and further reading
 Eber, Jochen: <mask> Krapf: ein schwäbischer Pionier in Ostafrika. 2006
 Gütl, Clemens. <mask> Krapf - "Do' Missionar vo' Deradenga" zwischen pietistischem Ideal und afrikanischer Realität (Beiträge zur Missionswissenschaft und interkulturellen Theologie, Bd. 17). Hamburg 2001. Gütl, Clemens.<mask> <mask>'s "Memoir on the East African Slave Trade" - Ein unveröffentlichtes Dokument aus dem Jahr 1853. With introduction edited by Clemens Gütl (Beiträge zur

masks:
Johann Ludwig
Johann Ludwig
Johann Ludwig
Krapf


title: Johann Ludwig Krapf

texts:
 Afrikanistik, vol. 73), Wien 2002. Kretzmann, Paul E. (no date, author 1883-1955) <mask> Krapf: The Explorer-Missionary of Northeastern Africa. Columbus, Ohio: The Book Concern. Raupp, Werner: Gelebter Glaube. Metzingen/Württemberg 1993, pp.278–287: "<mask> Krapf - Bahnbrecher der ostafrikanischen Mission". Raupp, Werner: <mask> Krapf. Missionar, Forschungsreisender und Sprachforscher (1810-1881). In: Lebensbilder aus Baden-Württemberg, vol. 22. Ed. by Gerhard Taddey and Rainer Brüning, Stuttgart 2007, pp.182–226. Raupp, Werner: <mask> Krapf, "dr Missionar vo Deradinga". In: Hin und weg. Tübingen in aller Welt. Ed. by Karlheinz Wiegmann. Tübingen 2007 (Tübinger Kataloge, 77), S. (90) - 99.Raupp, Werner: Morgenroth des Reiches Gottes. In: Tübinger Blätter 96 (2010), pp. 70–73. External links and sources

 Krapf's life and works
 Kretzmann, Paul E., <mask> Krapf: The Explorer-Missionary of Northeastern Africa at Internet Archive
 1882 bio of <mask>
 Kraft at the web site of the Evangelische Kirche Württemberg
  More pictures of J.L. Krapf

1810 births
1881 deaths
People from Tübingen
People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
German Lutheran missionaries
Translators of the Bible into Swahili
Translators of the Bible into Amharic
Anglican missionaries in Ethiopia
Anglican missionaries in Kenya
19th-century translators
German Anglican missionaries
German expatriates in Ethiopia
German expatriates in Kenya
Lutheran missionaries in Ethiopia
Lutheran missionaries in Kenya
German explorers of Africa
19th-century Lutherans
Missionary

masks:
John Ludwig
Johann Ludwig
Johann Ludwig
Johann Ludwig
John Ludwig
Krapf


title: Mio Shirai

texts:
is a Japanese former professional wrestler and current professional wrestling referee. She started her career in March 2007, working alongside her sister <mask> on the Japanese independent circuit for promotions such as Ice Ribbon, JWP Joshi Puroresu and Pro Wrestling Wave. In June 2010, the <mask>s came together with fellow freelancer Kana to form the Triple Tails stable as part of which they began working most notably for Smash. After Io left the stable the following year, <mask> and Kana continued working together as the tag team Triple Tails.S<mask> remained a freelancer until January 2014, when she signed a four-way contract with Ice Ribbon, Oz Academy, Pro Wrestling Wave and Union Pro Wrestling. She retired from professional wrestling due to neck injuries in September 2015 at the age of 27, after which she started working as a referee. Professional wrestling career

Team Makehen (2007–2010)
<mask> made her professional wrestling debut on March 4, 2007, alongside her younger sister, with the two adopting the ring names <mask> and <mask>, respectively ("Shirai" being Japanese for "Purple Thunder").While both of the sisters initially kept much of their private lives, including their real names, a secret, Io's real name was released by Japanese authorities in May 2012 as . <mask>, on the other hand, has managed to keep her real name a secret. In their debut match, the Shirai sisters teamed with Toshie Uematsu to face the trio of Erika Ura, Nozomi Takesako and Yuri Urai. Starting their careers as freelancers, the Shirai sisters

masks:
Io Shirai
Shirai
Mio
. Shirai
Shirai
Mio
Io Shirai
Mio


title: Mio Shirai

texts: represented Team Makehen, a stable made up of wrestlers trained by Tomohiko Hashimoto, in several independent promotions during their first year in the business, including Ibuki, Pro Wrestling Wave, JWP Joshi Puroresu, and Sendai Girls' Pro Wrestling. On October 19, 2008, <mask> and Io made their debuts for one of Japan's largest professional wrestling promotions, All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), wrestling in a match, where they defeated the team of Kyoko Kimura and Mikado. From January to March 2009, the Shirais also made several appearances for another large promotion not usually known for female wrestling, Pro Wrestling Zero1. On April 29, the Shirai sisters won their first championship by defeating Moeka Haruhi and Tomoka Nakagawa in a tournament final to become the first TLW (Totally Lethal Wrestling) World Young Women's Tag Team Champions.Despite its name, the championship was owned and promoted by Pro Wrestling Wave. From July to November, the Shirais spent four months working for the Ice Ribbon promotion. On November 12, 2009, the Shirais entered Pro Wrestling Wave's Captain's Fall Six Person Tag Team Tournament, teaming with Gami, but the trio was defeated in their first round match by Ran Yu-Yu, Ryo Mizunami and Toshie Uematsu. However, the trio earned their way back into the tournament by defeating Misaki Ohata, Moeka Haruhi and Yumi Ohka in a consolation match later that same day. On November 25, the Shirais and Gami first defeated Bullfight Sora, Cherry and Kaoru in the semifinals and then Ayumi Kurihara, Kana and Shuu


title: Mio Shirai

texts:
 Shibutani in the finals to win the tournament. On December 23, the Shirais lost the TLW World Young Women's Tag Team Championship to Misaki Ohata and Moeka Haruhi. On June 9, 2010, <mask> entered the 2010 Catch the Wave tournament.After two draws and two losses, Shirai finished last in her block and did not advance in the tournament. Triple Tails (2010–2011)

On June 19, 2010, the Shirai sisters formed the Triple Tails stable with fellow freelancer Kana, defeating Ayumi Kurihara, Hikaru Shida and Yoshiko Tamura in their first match together at a NEO Japan Ladies Pro Wrestling event. As a result, the Shirais received a shot Kurihara's and Tamura's NEO Tag Team Championship on July 4, but were defeated by the defending champions. Triple Tails returned to its winning ways on August 29, by defeating Asami Kawasaki, Hikaru Shida and Nagisa Nozaki in a six-woman tag team match. On October 18, 2010, <mask>, working under the ring name Kitzune Nanoko, made her debut for AAA in Puebla, Mexico, where she teamed with Alissa Flash to defeat Cynthia and Esther Moreno in a tag team match. In Mexico, both Shirais worked under cat-like masks they would only wear for their entrances in Japan. On October 31, Shirai was renamed Kaguya, while her debuting little sister was given the ring name Oyuki.In their first match under the new names, Kaguya and Oyuki teamed with Yuriko in a six-person tag team match, where they were defeated by Cynthia Moreno, Gato Eveready and Mari Apache. During their stay in AAA, Kaguya and Oyuki became associates of the La

masks: Mio Shirai


title: Mio Shirai

texts:
 On April 30 at Smash.16, Triple Tails was defeated in a six-woman tag team match by Makoto, Serena and Syuri. On May 3 at Smash.17, the Shirai sisters were defeated in a tag team match by Hikaru Shida and Syuri. Triple Tails' second event took place on May 8 and saw <mask>, Io and Kana defeat Akino, Kagetsu and Syuri in a main event six-woman tag team match.In June, <mask> began wrestling regularly for Union Pro Wrestling, starting a feud with male wrestler Ken Ohka. On July 10, <mask> defeated Ohka to win the SGP Global Junior Heavyweight Championship, afterwards declaring herself Ohka's master. On July 23, Triple Tails held a press conference to announce that, following the group's third self-produced event on September 18, Io was leaving the stable in order to pursue a singles career. On August 21, Triple Tails made its debut for Oz Academy, defeating the trio of Ayumi Kurihara, Hiren and Yumi Ohka. On September 14, Triple Tails defeated Cherry, Moeka Haruhi and Shuu Shibutani in the group's final Pro Wrestling Wave appearance. Four days later, Triple Tails defeated Dash Chisako, Ryo Mizunami and Sendai Sachiko at their third self-produced event in the group's final appearance together. Triple Tails.S (2011–2013)
After Io's departure from Triple Tails, <mask> and Kana renamed the group Triple Tails.S and continued wrestling together as a tag team.However, in Smash, <mask> and Kana were broken apart following Io's departure, with Kana being preoccupied with the Smash Diva Championship and <mask> entering a storyline with Takuya

masks: Mio Mio Shirai Mio Mio Mio


title: Mio Shirai

texts: Kito. The storyline involved Kito repeatedly professing his love for <mask>, who refused to return the affection. On September 8 at Smash.21, <mask> defeated Kito in a hardcore match. After the match, when Kito continued to profess his love for <mask>, he was attacked by IWA Japan wrestler Keizo Matsuda. During the following months, <mask> repeatedly cost Kito matches against Matsuda and his colleagues, but still could not get him to leave her alone. After the break up of Triple Tails, <mask> continued making semi-regular appearances for Osaka Pro Wrestling, forming a partnership with male wrestler Hayata, whom she would refer to as her "big brother". The two also went on to team together in Pro Wrestling Wave.On October 19, <mask> lost the SGP Global Junior Heavyweight Championship to Cherry. Initially, <mask> announced that she was leaving Union Pro following her loss, but eventually came back to form a partnership with Ken Ohka, who had now accepted his role as her inferior. Meanwhile, <mask> and Kana also continued to produce their own events; Triple Tails.S' first show took place on November 2 and saw <mask> wrestle Toshie Uematsu to a 30-minute time limit draw in the main event. On November 23, <mask> and Kana defeated Ayako Hamada and Shuu Shibutani in the finals to win the Osaka Joshi Pro Wrestling Tag Team Tournament. In December 2011, <mask> made her American debut, when she took part in Chikara's JoshiMania weekend. On December 2 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, <mask> teamed with Mayumi Ozaki in a losing effort against the

masks: Mio Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai


title: Mio Shirai

texts: team of Ayako Hamada and Cherry. The following day in Everett, Massachusetts, <mask> was defeated by Ozaki in a singles match.On the third and final night of the tour in Manhattan, New York, <mask>, Aja Kong and Tsubasa Kuragaki defeated Hanako Nakamori, Manami Toyota and Sawako Shimono in a six-woman tag team match. On January 3, 2012, <mask> returned to the ring with her sister, when she teamed with Ken Ohka at a Union Pro event to unsuccessfully challenge Io and Nosawa Rongai for the Americas World Mixed Tag Team Championship. At a Pro Wrestling Wave event on February 1, Ayumi Kurihara, Mika Iida and Shuu Shibutani joined forces with <mask> and Kana, turning Triple Tails.S from a tag team once again into a stable. The following month, the stable was renamed White Tails, in reference to Wave's top villainous alliance, Black Dahlia. On February 11, <mask> began working regularly for Oz Academy, defeating Hiroyo Matsumoto, a member of the villainous Seikigun, in her return match to the promotion. On February 26, <mask> was defeated by Seikigun leader Mayumi Ozaki in a tryout match and afterwards agreed to join her stable, noting that they "had a lot of things in common". Back in Smash, the hostilities between <mask> and Takuya Kito ended after Kito led a four-man team to a final victory over a team of IWA Japan wrestlers, which led to <mask> and Kito teaming together and defeating Aki Shizuku and Koji Doi on March 14 at Smash.Final, the promotion's final event before ceasing its operations.Afterwards, <mask> continued working for

masks: Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai


title: Mio Shirai

texts: Smash's follow-up promotion, Wrestling New Classic, teaming with Kana to defeat Makoto and Syuri at the promotion's first event, Before the Dawn, on April 26. After the match, <mask> sided with Makoto and against Kana, when she was verbally assaulting her defeated opponent. Taking Makoto under her wing, Shirai began referring to her as her sister. In early 2012, Shirai started a rivalry in Union Pro with Cherry, attempting to reveal her true age, a secret Cherry had managed to keep for her whole career. On March 18, Cherry defeated <mask> in a match, where she would have had to reveal her age, had she been defeated. A rematch, with an added stipulation that <mask> would have to remove all of her makeup if she lost, was scheduled for May 4, however, <mask> was forced to pull out of the match, after suffering a nasal fracture at an Oz Academy event five days earlier. <mask> ended up managing her replacement, Emi Sakura, to a win, after interfering in the match; as a result, Cherry was forced to reveal that she was born May 14, 1974.<mask>, working with a nose protector, returned to the ring on May 29 at a Pro Wrestling Wave event, losing to Syuri in her first round-robin match in the 2012 Catch the Wave tournament. On June 8, in her second match in the tournament, <mask> defeated Ayumi Kurihara, and in doing so also won DDT Pro-Wrestling's Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship. Two days later, <mask> lost the title to Hiroyo Matsumoto in the first round of a tournament to determine the number one contender to the Oz Academy Openweight

masks: Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai


title: Mio Shirai

texts: Championship. On June 22, <mask> returned to WNC, when she teamed with Makoto in a tag team match, where they defeated Kana and Syuri. In early July, <mask> and Kana took part in the 2012 Japan Expo in Paris, France. On July 30, <mask> regained the Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship by pinning Gorgeous Matsuno in a four-way tag team match. However, immediately afterwards <mask> was pinned for the title by the special guest referee of the match, Gentaro.On July 27 at a Pro Wrestling Wave event, White Tails and Black Dahlia wrestled to a draw in a five-on-five gauntlet match, from which <mask> was eliminated after wrestling Black Dahlia leader Misaki Ohata to a ten-minute time limit draw. Afterwards, <mask> agreed to join Black Dahlia at the request of Ohata, who was trying to bring down the average age of her group, but also wanted to remain a member of White Tails. The two groups then agreed that the stable which would manage to draw fewer people to their self-produced Wave event, which would take place August 7 and 8, would disband. Shirai performed on both the Black Dahlia and the White Tails event and afterwards remained with White Tails, which won the battle for attendance 201-191, forcing Black Dahlia to disband. Also in August, <mask> returned to Ice Ribbon. After remaining undefeated for the entire month, scoring singles victories over Riho and Hamuko Hoshi and a tag team victory over Hikaru Shida, <mask> was named the number one contender to Shida's ICE×60 Championship, Ice Ribbon's top title. On September 23 at Ribbon no


title: Mio Shirai

texts: Kishitachi 2012, <mask> defeated Shida to win the ICE×60 Championship, her first major joshi title.Following her win, Shirai turned down Miyako Matsumoto's challenge for the title and stated that she instead wanted to defend it against Tsukasa Fujimoto, whom she dubbed "the face of Ice Ribbon". On October 28 at 2012 Yokohama Ribbon III, <mask> defeated Fujimoto for her first successful defense of the ICE×60 Championship. On November 27, <mask> once again worked under her masked Kaguya persona, when she took part in the 2012 Reina de Reinas tournament, co-produced by Pro Wrestling Wave and AAA in Tokyo's Korakuen Hall. After defeating Faby Apache in her opening match, Kaguya was defeated in the finals of the tournament by the reigning AAA Reina de Reinas Champion, Sexy Star. The following day, <mask> made her second successful defense of the ICE×60 Championship against Neko Nitta. After several months of inactivity, <mask> and Kana announced on December 5, a week following Kana's departure from WNC, that they were restarting Triple Tails.S. The team's return match took place on December 16 at a Pro Wrestling Wave event, where they were defeated by Hikaru Shida and Yumi Ohka.Also in December, <mask> was in the running for Tokyo Sports Joshi Puroresu Grand Prize, awarded to the joshi wrestler of the year, but was ultimately defeated in the voting process by Yuzuki Aikawa. On December 31 at RibbonMania 2012, <mask> lost the ICE×60 Championship to Maki Narumiya in her third defense, ending her reign at 99 days. On January 13, 2013, <mask>


title: Mio Shirai

texts: received her first shot at the Oz Academy Openweight Championship in a match, where she was defeated by the defending champion, fellow Seikigun member Chikayo Nagashima. On January 30, <mask> entered a tournament contested for the vacant Triangle Ribbon Championship, defeating Aoi Kizuki and Hikaru Shida in her first round three-way match. On February 11, <mask> was defeated in the finals of the tournament by Miyako Matsumoto in a three-way match, which also included Tsukasa Fujimoto. On February 13, <mask> and Ken Ohka entered a storyline in Union Pro, where the two were forced out of the promotion, after Ohka was defeated by Keisuke Ishii in a "Loser Leaves Union match". However, the two reappeared at the end of event, now working under balaclavas and the ring names "Nazo Fukumen A" and "Nazo Fukumen B" in order to be able to continue working for the promotion.<mask> and Ohka were later joined by several other Union Pro wrestlers under Nazo Fukumen masks, including Shota as Nazo Fukumen C, Gabai-Ji-chan as Nazo Fukumen G, Kengo Mashimo as Nazo Fukumen K, Seiya Morohashi as Nazo Fukumen M, and Hiroshi Fukuda as Nazo Fukumen P. On February 17, <mask> entered the Wave Single Championship tournament as a late replacement for an injured Ayumi Kurihara, but was eliminated in her semifinal match by Kana. On February 24, Triple Tails.S held its first self-produced event in nine months, which saw <mask> and Kana wrestle Arisa Nakajima and Ayako Hamada in a main event tag team match. On March 29, <mask>, along with Hiroshi Fukuda, was named

masks: Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai


title: Mio Shirai

texts: the official commentator for Union Pro's internet broadcasts. On April 5, <mask> made her in-ring debut as Nazo Fukumen B, unsuccessfully challenging Kaori Yoneyama for the Union Fly to Everywhere (FTE) World Championship, despite outside interference from Nazo Fukumen A and Nazo Fukumen P. On April 21, <mask> and Kana defeated Misaki Ohata and Tsukasa Fujimoto to win the Wave Tag Team Championship, bringing Triple Tails.S its first title. On June 9, <mask> picked up a major win by pinning the reigning JWP Openweight Champion Arisa Nakajima during the 2013 Catch the Wave tournament. Despite the win, <mask> failed to advance from her round-robin block, finishing with a record of three wins and three losses. On July 7, <mask> and Kana made their first successful defense of the Wave Tag Team Championship against Kyusei Sakura Hirota and Tsukasa Fujimoto.On July 12, the White Tails stable produced their final event before the group's dissolution, during which Shirai defeated the soon-to-retire Ayumi Kurihara in a singles match. Three days later, <mask> and Kana lost the Wave Tag Team Championship to Shidarezakura (Hikaru Shida and Yumi Ohka) in their second defense. On July 27, Shirai made another appearance as Kaguya for Pro Wrestling Wave, when she took part in a match, where Ayumi Kurihara retired her masked A☆YU☆MI persona. Replacing an injured Ray, she teamed with Leon to defeat A☆YU☆MI and noki-A, the masked Akino, in a tag team main event. Back in Ice Ribbon, <mask> formed a new partnership with rookie Rutsuko Yamaguchi. On August


title: Mio Shirai

texts: 25, <mask> and Yamaguchi defeated BBA38 (Cherry and Meari Naito) to become the number one contenders to the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. They received their title shot on September 22, but were defeated by the defending champions, Muscle Venus (Hikaru Shida and Tsukasa Fujimoto).The following day in Union Pro, the Nazo Fukumen storyline was concluded, when first Kaori Yoneyama unmasked Nazo Fukumen B as Shirai during a mixed tag team match and later in the main event, Nazo Fukumen K, KJ and P lost to Union Seikigun (Isami Kodaka, Madoka and Seiya Morohashi) in a three-on-three hardcore elimination match. Post-match, the now unmasked Hiroshi Fukuda apologized for the stable's past actions and both he and Shirai were welcomed back to Union Pro by the promotion's official representative Naomi Susan. Shirai then entered a storyline built on the relationship between Union Pro and AV company IdeaPocket. Picking up wins over the likes of Hiroshi Fukuda, Masayuki Mitomi and Menso～re Oyaji, Shirai earned the right to collaborate with AV actresses such as Rika Seibi, Ryu Mizusaki and Tsubasa Amami. On October 20, Shirai returned to AJPW, when the promotion held its first women's match in years, where she was defeated by Akino. Six days later, Shirai made her debut for the AJPW splinter promotion Wrestle-1, defeating Bambi in a singles match. In late 2013, Shirai formed a new cross-promotional three-woman stable named Kuros with Misaki Ohata and Tsukasa Fujimoto.After not appearing for the promotion for thirteen months, it was


title: Mio Shirai

texts:
 announced on October 31 that <mask> would be returning to Wrestling New Classic as the newest member of Makoto's Shiritsu Puroresu Gakuen ("Private Wrestling School") stable. <mask>, however, quickly established that she was not on the same page as Makoto, announcing that she was bringing Misaki Ohata with her to confront the "wimps" in charge of the school. Shirai's WNC return match took place on November 29, when she and Ohata defeated Makoto and Miyako Matsumoto in a tag team match. On December 27, <mask> and Kana announced they were disbanding Triple Tails.S, with their final self-produced independent event taking place in early 2014. Four-way affiliation (2014–2015)
On January 22, 2014, Shirai held a press conference with the heads of Ice Ribbon, Oz Academy, Pro Wrestling Wave and Union Pro to announce that she had signed an unprecedented four-way contract with the promotions and was now officially affiliated with all four of them. As a signing gift, <mask> was given the right to book Oz Academy's March 2 event. She punished Seikigun's rivals Chikayo Nagashima, Hikaru Shida, Kagetsu and Sonoko Kato by placing them in unfavorable matches, named stablemates Mayumi Ozaki and Yumi Ohka the number one contenders to the Oz Academy Tag Team Championship and gave herself a shot at the Oz Academy Openweight Championship.Meanwhile, <mask> also earned another shot at the Union FTE World Championship, challenging Cherry after her first match under a Union Pro contract on February 11, where the two defeated Kaori Yoneyama and Sareee. On March

masks: Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai


title: Mio Shirai

texts: 2, <mask> failed in her attempt to capture the Oz Academy Openweight Championship from Akino. <mask> also failed to win gold on two occasions in another one of her new home promotions, Ice Ribbon, unsuccessfully challenging Cherry for the Triangle Ribbon Championship on March 1 and Muscle Venus for the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship alongside Miyako Matsumoto on March 9. On March 23, <mask> also failed to win the Union FTE World Championship from Cherry. On May 15, <mask> and Kana produced Triple Tails.S' final independent event before officially dissolving the partnership, which featured a main event tag team match, where <mask> and Kayoko Haruyama were defeated by Kana and Arisa Nakajima. From May 5 to July 4, <mask> took part in the round-robin portion of the 2014 Catch the Wave tournament, finishing with a record of two wins, one draw and three losses, failing to advance from her block after losing to Misaki Ohata in their final round-robin match. On August 1, <mask> held a press conference to announce that on September 11 she would be producing her own event at Shinjuku Face under the banner of "M.I.O" (Mission in Odate), which would feature her wrestling her first deathmatch.On August 31, <mask> defeated Ladybeard to become the new Union FTE World Champion. On September 11, <mask> wrestled twice during her first M.I.O event; first she defeated Misaki Ohata and Tsukasa Fujimoto in a three-way match between the Kuros members and then, in the main event, teamed with Isami Kodaka and Maki Narumiya in a six-person "Barbed


title: Mio Shirai

texts: Wire Board Deathmatch", where they were defeated by Mayumi Ozaki, Shuu Shibutani and Yuko Miyamoto. On September 15, <mask> and Misaki Ohata unsuccessfully challenged Sakuragohan (Mika Iida and Kyusei Sakura Hirota) for the Wave Tag Team Championship, which also forced them to start the upcoming 2014 Dual Shock Wave from the first round. On September 23, <mask> and Ohata defeated Tsukasa Fujimoto and Yumi Ohka in the first round of the tournament. On October 1, <mask> and Ohata defeated Dynamite Kansai and Fairy Nipponbashi to advance to the semifinals of the tournament, where, later that same event, they wrestled Kyoko Kimura and Tomoka Nakagawa to a fifteen-minute time limit draw. Ohata was then defeated by Kimura in an overtime singles match and, as a result, both she and <mask> were eliminated from the tournament. On November 26, Kuros won Wave's second annual One Day 6-Person Tag Tournament, defeating Cherry, Meari Naito and Shuu Shibutani in the finals and, as a result, earned the right to produce the December 14 Wave event.On December 21, <mask> challenged Hikaru Shida for both the Wave Single Championship and the Revolution Championship Wrestling (RCW) Women's Championship, but the match ended in a thirty-minute time limit draw, resulting in Shida retaining her titles. Two days later, <mask> made a surprise appearance for World Wonder Ring Stardom, confronting her sister Io and challenging her to a match at the second M.I.O event on February 14, 2015. On December 28 at Ice Ribbon's biggest event of the year, Ribbon Mania 2014,

masks: Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai Shirai