title: Cedric Howell

texts:
 flight training. Shipped to the United Kingdom, he was posted to No. 1 Royal Flying Officers' Cadet Battalion at Durham for his initial instruction.On graduating as a pilot, he was formally discharged from the Australian Imperial Force on 16 March 1917 and commissioned as a probationary second lieutenant in the Royal Flying Corps the following day. <mask> was posted to No. 17 Reserve Squadron in April, where his rank was made substantive. Appointed a flight officer on 25 July, he was attached to the Central Flying School for duties. On 12 September, <mask> wed Cicely Elizabeth Hallam Kilby in a ceremony at St Stephen's Anglican Church, Bush Hill Park. Fighter pilot over Italy
In October 1917, <mask> was posted to No. 45 Squadron RFC in France, piloting Sopwith Camels.Just prior to joining the unit, <mask> had suffered a bout of malaria while still in England giving him a "tall, thin and dismal looking" appearance; he was consequently nicknamed "Spike". His service over the Western Front was short-lived, however, as the squadron moved to Italy in late December. While operating over the Italian Front, <mask> was engaged in both aerial combat missions and ground-attack sorties, which included "destroy[ing] enemy transport crossing the Alps". On 1 April 1918, the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service were combined to form the Royal Air Force, with personnel from the former services transferred to the new branch; <mask> thus became a lieutenant in the new service from this date. Throughout the first half of 1918, <mask> conducted several raids on ground targets, including one on an electrical power plant. From a height of approximately

masks: Howell Howell Howell Howell Howell Howell Howell


title: Cedric Howell

type: original

texts: , <mask>, with "great skill", scored three direct hits with his bombs on the facility. He was also active in aerial engagements against Central aircraft during this period, achieving flying ace status early in the year.During a particular patrol with two other members of his squadron on 13 May, the trio intercepted a party of twelve enemy planes. In the ensuring battle, <mask> "carried out a most dashing attack", being personally credited with the destruction of three of the aircraft and with driving a fourth down out of control, despite suffering "frequent jams in both of his machine guns". Cited for his "conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty" in carrying out ground-attack missions, coupled with his destruction of seven Central aircraft, <mask> was awarded the Military Cross. The announcement of the decoration was promulgated in a supplement to the London Gazette on 16 September 1918. Promoted to temporary captain on 1 June 1918, <mask> led a party of three machines out on patrol eight days later. The trio spotted a formation of six Austrian scout planes and went in to attack; <mask> shot down two of the aircraft. Later that month, he took off on a similar sortie with two other aircraft.They intercepted a party of nine machines, and during the consequent battle no less than six of the Central planes were destroyed with a seventh shot down as out of control; <mask> was credited with two of these. Described as a "fine fighting officer, skilful and determined", <mask> was commended for his efforts in destroying five aircraft during June, which resulted in his award of the Distinguished Flying Cross. The notice for the decoration was


title: Cedric Howell

texts: gazetted on 21 September 1918. <mask> was out on patrol on 15 June 1918 when German and Austrian forces initiated the Battle of the Piave River by striking Allied lines on the opposite bank. After landing back at base at 11:40, he was the first to bring news of the attack. With the aircraft refuelled and loaded with bombs, he—in company with the rest of the squadron—then led his flight on a total of four sorties against the enemy insurgents. No.45 Squadron succeeded in destroying with its bombs a pontoon bridge, a boat, and a trench filled with soldiers, before inflicting at least a hundred casualties with machine gun fire. Heavy rain washed other bridges away and by 18 June the stranded Austrian forces on the Allied bank of the river were routed by a counterattack. On 12 July 1918, <mask> and Lieutenant Alan Rice-Oxley took to the sky in their Camels. The pair were soon confronted by a formation of between ten and fifteen Central aircraft. As the consequent dogfight raged, <mask> destroyed four of the aircraft and sent a fifth down out of control. Two days later, <mask> was credited with bringing down another plane, forcing the machine to crash down in Allied-held territory. On 15 July, he led a trio of Camels in an assault on sixteen scout planes; he destroyed two of the machines.The two scouts were to prove <mask>'s final aerial victories of the war, bringing his total to nineteen aerial victories which were composed of fifteen aircraft destroyed, three driven down as out of control and one captured. His total made him No. 45 Squadron's second highest-scoring ace after Matthew Frew, although some sources place <mask>'s score as high as

masks: Howell Howell Howell Howell Howell Howell


title: Cedric Howell

texts:
 thirty aerial victories. Late in July, following ten months of active service in the cockpit, <mask> was posted back to the United Kingdom where he spent the remainder of the war attached to training units as a flight instructor. Cited for his "distinguished and gallant services" in Italy, he was mentioned in the despatch of General Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan on 26 October 1918. For his efforts in destroying eight aircraft over a four-day period in July, <mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. A supplement of the London Gazette carried the announcement on 2 November 1918, reading:

England-to-Australia flight and legacy
While stationed in England, <mask> attended an investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace on 13 December 1918, where he was presented with his Distinguished Service Order and Military Cross by King George V. <mask> was discharged from the Royal Air Force on 31 July 1919.That year, the Australian Government offered a prize of £10,000 to the first aviator to pilot a British or Commonwealth-built aircraft from England to Australia within a period of 30 days. On 15 August, <mask> was approached by British aircraft manufacturer Martinsyde to take part in the race flying their Type A Mk.I aircraft, powered by a Rolls-Royce engine; he accepted the offer. He was to be accompanied by Lieutenant George Henry Fraser, a qualified navigator and engineer who had served with the Australian Flying Corps during the war. <mask> and Fraser took off in their Martinsyde from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome on 4 December 1919. However, the pair soon ran into poor weather, and were forced to land the aircraft in Dijon, France later


title: Cedric Howell

texts: that day. Airborne again, they reached Pisa, Italy the following day, where a replacement tail skid was fitted to the A1; by 6 December, the duo were in Naples. On 10 December, <mask> and Fraser took off in their fully fuelled plane from Taranto in the afternoon.They intended to reach Africa next, but poor weather conditions forced them to alter their plan and they instead headed for Crete. Their Martinsyde was reported flying over St George's Bay, Corfu at 20:00 that evening. For unknown reasons, <mask> and Fraser attempted to execute an emergency landing at Corfu. They were, however, unable to make it to the coast and were forced to crash into the sea. Citizens in the area later reported that they heard cries for help coming from the sea that night, but a rescue was not possible in the rough conditions. Both <mask> and Fraser were drowned. <mask>'s body later washed ashore and was returned to Australia for burial; Fraser's remains were never discovered.<mask> was accorded a funeral with full military honours, which took place at Warringal Cemetery, Heidelberg on 22 April 1920, with several hundred mourners in attendance; his widow, parents and sister were chief among these. A firing party of the Royal Australian Garrison Artillery led the gun carriage bearing the coffin to the cemetery. Captains Adrian Cole, Frank Lukis and Raymond Brownell acted as pallbearers along with five other officers who had served in either the Royal or Australian Flying Corps. On 12 February 1923, a stained-glass window dedicated to the memory of <mask> was unveiled by General Sir Harry Chauvel at St. Anselm's Church of England in Middle Park; <mask> had been a


title: Gustav Schilling (musicologist)

texts:
<mask> (3 November 1805 – March 1880) was a German musicologist, editor and lexicographer. Life
Born in , Schilling was the son of a cantor and village schoolteacher and performed as a pianist at the age of ten. From 1823, he attended the University of Göttingen, studied theology there, and probably obtained a doctorate in philosophy. In 1826, he went to the University of Halle, where he finished his studies. In 1830, he settled as a piano teacher in Stuttgart and became director of the music institute founded by Franz Stöpel. He published numerous books on music and music education, in which he advocated a value-conservative-classical view of art, according to which the "perfection of mankind" The standard of all art, connected with the popular educational ideal, was that music practice and music knowledge could be learned by all, if one only applied the right system. He became best known through the Encyclopädie der gesammten musikalischen Wissenschaften (1835-1838), which he edited and in which numerous important musicians and scholars of the time participated.In some of his writings he was already accused by his contemporaries of plagiat. For example, his main work Versuch einer Philosophie des Schönen in der Musik (1838) draws on Carl Seidel's Charinomos. Beiträge zur allgemeinen Theorie und Geschichte der schönen Künste (two volumes, Magdeburg 1825 and 1828). In part, he also plagiarised himself. In addition to plagiarism, contemporaries also criticised factual errors and unverified adoptions from other works in <mask>'s encyclopaedias. The criticisms, among others by Heinrich Dorn and Carl Ferdinand Becker, resulted in public polemics, which were published in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik edited by Robert Schumann and in the Jahrbüchern des deutschen National-Vereins für Musik und ihre Wissenschaften edited by Schilling. In 1839,

masks:
Friedrich Gustav Schilling
Schilling


title: Gustav Schilling (musicologist)

texts:
 Schilling founded the "Deutscher National-Verein für Musik und ihre Wissenschaft" (German National Association for Music and its Science) and won the Kassel Kapellmeister Louis Spohr for the presidency.He became permanent secretary of this association and responsible editor of the Jahrbücher des Deutschen Nationalvereins für Musik und ihre Wissenschaft, which appeared from 1839 to 1843. He fled Stuttgart on 1 April 1857, and travelled via Liverpool to the US, where he found shelter with one of his sons. He lived first in New York, then in Canada, and finally in Nebraska, on his son's farm. For debts amounting to 150,000 florins and forgery of bills of exchange, he was sentenced on 23 December 1862 "to a penal servitude of ten years." However, extradition to Germany failed. <mask> died in Crete, Nebraska. Work
 De Revelatione divina.Diss. phil., 1829
 Relatio affectuum ad summam facultatem cognoscendi. Diss. phil., 1830
 Was ist Schuld an den heillosen Gährungen und Unruhen unserer Tage, und wodurch kann ihnen abgeholfen werden? Ein Wort seiner Zeit für Jedermann. Stuttgart 1830
 Musikalisches Handwörterbuch nebst einigen vorangeschickten allgemeinen philosophisch-historischen Bemerkungen über die Tonkunst. 1830
 Aesthetische Beleuchtung des Königlichen Hof-Theaters zu Stuttgart.Ein zeitgemäßes Wort an alle Theater-Direktionen, alle Künstler und das gesammte Kunst liebende Publikum. Stuttgart 1832
 Briefe über die äußere Canzel-Beredtsamkeit oder die kirchliche Declamation und Action. Stuttgart 1833; 2. verbesserte Auflage 1838, Erster Band, 1833, Second volume, 1833
 Die Kunst der äusseren Kanzel-Beredtsamkeit, oder die Lehre von der kirchlichen Declamation und Action. 2. Auflage. Stuttgart 1845, books.google.com
 Encyclopädie der gesammten musikalischen Wissenschaften, oder Universal-Lexicon der Tonkunst, 6 Bände und ein Zusatzband, Stuttgart


title: Gustav Schilling (musicologist)

texts:
 Volksmusiklehre oder didaktische Darstellung alles dessen, was der Musikunterricht in sämmtlichen Schulen, von den Gymnasien und höheren Töchterschulen an bis herab zur geringsten Dorfschule, sowie in den verschiedenen dilettantischen Vereinen, als Liedertafeln, Liederkränzen, Harmonien &c. &c. zur Erreichung seines eigentlichen Bildungszwecks notwendig zu lehren hat. Augsburg 1852,
 Der Ocean, oder physisch-geographisch-historische Beschreibung des Weltmeers und seiner einzelnen Theile, Stuttgart Verlags-Bureau(1845, 1849)

Works under the pseudonym "Dr. G. Penny"
 Guido.Eine Erzählung nach dem Leben, 2 volumes, 1832
 Peter Joseph von Lindpaintner, in Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, Jg. 37, No. 40, 7 October 1835,  and No. 41, 14 October 1835,
 Deutschlands schöne Literatur der Gegenwart und Zukunft. Eine Rede an das gesammte deutsche Lese-Publicum, Reutlingen 1836
 Wegweiser durch Göttingen und seine Umgegend, Stuttgart 1837 (Taschenbibliothek für Reisende auf Eisenbahnetth-century musicologistsh-century musicologistsn, Dampfschiffen und Eilwägen, vol. 8)

References

Further reading

 Der Deutsche Pionier, Erinnerungen aus dem Pionier-Leben der Deutschen in Amerika. Elfter Jahrgang, ; hdl:2027/nyp.33433019536881
 Annegret Rosenmüller: Carl Ferdinand Becker (1804–1877).Studien zu Leben und Werk (Musikstadt Leipzig, vol. 4), Hamburg 2000, here . Andreas Münzmay: Von Systemanspruch, Volksbildung und Schönheit der Bewegung - Ansätze zur kulturellen Verortung <mask>. In Musik in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 17 (Jahrbuch 2010), Strube-Verlag, Munich, . <mask>, <mask> on mgg-online

External links

German musicologists
19th-century musicologists
German music educators
19th-century German writers
19th-century German male writers
German lexicographers
German emigrants to the United States
1805 births
1880 deaths
People from Osterode am

masks:
Gustav Schillings
Schilling
Gustav


title: Hans Beimler (politician)

texts:
<mask> (2 July 1895 – 1 December 1936) was a trade unionist, Communist-Party official, deputy in the 1933 Reichstag, an outspoken opponent of the Nazis and a volunteer in the international brigades fighting for the Spanish Republic. Early life
<mask> was born on 2 July 1895 in Munich to <mask>, an unmarried cook and a farm worker. As a three-week-old infant, he was sent to the village of Waldthurn in the Oberpfalz region of Northeastern Bavaria to be raised by his maternal grandparents. His grandfather had a locksmith's business and <mask> followed the family tradition into this trade. In 1913 he joined the German Metal Workers Union (DMV). In 1914, he was conscripted and joined the Kaiserliche Marine serving on minesweepers and rising eventually to the rank of "Mate". In 1917 he was awarded the Iron Cross.In 1918 took part in the November Revolution at Cuxhaven. Returning to Munich, <mask> joined the Spartacus League and in the chaotic period following the armistice, during which there were several revolutionary governments in Germany, he supported the Munich Soviet ("Räterepublik"). In July 1919 <mask> married Magdalene Müller in Hamburg with whom he had a daughter, Rosemarie (1919), and (after moving back to Bavaria) a son, Johann (1921). Following a series of <mask>'s extramarital infidelities, Magdalene committed suicide in 1928. In 1930 <mask> married Centa Dengler, who worked at the KPD's Neue Zeitung in Munich. Political career
After the overthrow of the Munich Soviet ("Räterepublik") by the right-wing Freikorps, <mask> settled in Munich where he joined the Communist Party and became chairman of the local branch in the Munich suburb of Nymphenburg. In 1921 he was arrested for attempting to sabotage troop transports and was jailed for 2 years, just months after the birth of their second child.After his release, he worked in the

masks:
Hans Beimler
Johannes Baptist Beimler
Rosina Beimler
Beimler
Beimler
Beimler
Beimler
Beimler
Beimler


title: Hans Beimler (politician)

texts:
 locomotive factory of Krauß & Co, where he became a trade union leader. In 1925 he was nominated by the congress of Munich trade unions to represent them in the first delegation of German workers to visit the Soviet Union. In 1928 the KPD requested him to re-organize the party in Augsburg in Southern Bavaria, where he was elected to the City Council (Stadtsrat). A fervent Communist and anti-Nazi, he was elected as a KPD deputy to the Reichstag in the German federal election in July 1932. In the same year he was elected to the Bavarian Landestag and succeeded Albert Buchmann as leader of the KPD in Southern Bavaria. In February 1933, during the election campaign for the Reichstag, <mask> addressed the crowd at the last public meeting the KPD were able to hold at Circus Krone in Munich. With the battle cry "We shall all meet again at Dachau!"he rallied the crowd to resist the growing Nazi threat, referencing one of the few victories the Red Army of the Munich Soviet ("Räterepublik") had over the right-wing Freikorps at Dachau in 1919. Internment in Dachau
Hitler came to power in January 1933 and with the Reichstag Fire Decree for the Protection of People and State, one month later, began interning political rivals, including KPD and SPD members, in concentration camps. <mask> and his wife Centa were both arrested in April 1933 and never saw each other again. Already known as an outspoken and defiant anti-Nazi voice in the Reichstag, <mask> and his party colleagues were subjected to two weeks of beatings at the Munich police Praesidium on Ettstraße before being sent to Dachau concentration camp, where the SS guards taunted him with his Dachau remark made ten weeks prior. Hilmar Wäckerle, Dachau's first camp commandant, boasted that he would kill Beimler himself. Indeed, several Communist prisoners of Jewish heritage had already been murdered

masks: Beimler Beimler Beimler


title: Hans Beimler (politician)

texts:
 under his regime. However, with the suspicious deaths of Dachau prisoners already under investigation, Wäckerle decided that, with sufficient physical and mental abuse, Beimler could be encouraged to commit suicide.After four weeks, however, in May 1933 <mask> managed to escape, possibly with the help of some renegade camp guards. He managed to cross into Czechoslovakia and on to the Soviet Union. His wife, Centa, was trapped in Nazi Germany and was imprisoned in Moringen women's concentration camp and other prisons until 1945. His children Rosi and <mask>i were taken in by relatives in the Oberpfalz until <mask> organized their escape to the Soviet Union in 1934. <mask> wrote an account of his experiences at Dachau which appeared in the Soviet Union in August 1933: Im Mörderlager Dachau: Vier Wochen unter den braunen Banditen. It was one of the first published accounts of life inside a Nazi concentration camp and was translated into several languages, including English, Spanish, French and Yiddish. In 1934, Germany revoked <mask>'s citizenship.Spanish Civil War
After short periods in France and Switzerland, working for the International Red Aid (Rote Hilfe) organisation, <mask>n's Centurians". He was subsequently appointed as commissar of all International Brigades supporting the Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. In November 1936, while helping to defend Madrid from the Nationalists, he was shot and fatally wounded during the Battle of Madrid. Rumours subsequently spread that he was shot from behind by an agent of the NKVD, the secret service of the USSR. Over 2 million people paid their respects as his body was transported from Madrid to Montjuïc Cemetery, Barcelona, where he was buried. He was celebrated in a song of Ernst Busch (after a melody by Friedrich Silcher), which was then recorded by the radio station in Barcelona.

masks: Beimler Hans Beimler Beimler Beimler Beimlerlman


title: Hans Beimler (politician)

texts:
 The XI International Brigade was named in his honour.In Ernest Hemingway's novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, the American protagonist Robert Jordan meets with a German revolutionary, <mask>, who is based on Beimler. A week after the fall of Barcelona in January 1939, the Nationalists desecrated the graves of <mask> and his adjutant Luis Schuster (aka Franz Vehlow), burned their corpses and leveled the graves. His son, <mask>, Jr. was arrested in Moscow in the NKVD Hitler Youth Conspiracy. He was later released, along with the son of Max Maddalena, another prominent Communist, and two others. His grandson <mask> is a well-known American screenwriter. Legacy
<mask> was granted national hero status in the German Democratic Republic, with military divisions, ships, factories, schools and streets named in his honour. The Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ), the Communist Party's youth movement, dedicated their paramilitary exercise tournament to him.His legend grew and he was even spoken of as a left-wing intellectual. In 1956 the GDR instituted the <mask>ler Medal which was awarded to citizens who had fought for the Spanish Republic in the civil war. Film and TV
Han Beimler: Comrade 4-part Mini-Series (1969) Dir:Rudi Kurz
Spanien im Herzen – <mask> und andere (1986) – 45 minutes – Dir:Karlheinz Mund
Die Sprungdeckeluhr (1990) – DEFA  – Dir:Gunter Friedrich
Clash of Futures (Krieg der Träume) Episode 1: <mask> (2014) – ARTE  – Dir:Jan Peter, Frédéric Goupil

Sources

References

External links

1895 births
1936 deaths
Politicians from Munich
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Imperial German Navy personnel of World War I
International Brigades personnel
Military personnel killed in the Spanish Civil War
Dachau concentration camp survivors
Burials at Montjuïc Cemetery
German

masks:
Hans
Beimler
Hans Beimler
Hans Beimler
Hans Beimler
Hans Beim
Hans Beimler
Hans Beimler


title: Hugo Sánchez

texts:
<mask> (born 11 July 1958) is a Mexican former professional footballer and manager, who played as a forward. A prolific goalscorer known for his spectacular strikes and volleys, <mask> is widely regarded as the greatest Mexican footballer of all time. In 1999, the International Federation of Football History and Statistics voted <mask> the 26th best footballer of the 20th century, and the best footballer from the CONCACAF region. In 2004 <mask> was named in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players. He is the fourth highest scorer in the history of La Liga, the third highest scoring foreign player after Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo, and is the seventh highest goalscorer in Real Madrid's history. He scored a total of 562 senior career goals for both club and country in 956 matches. <mask> began his career playing for Club Universidad Nacional in 1976, and briefly went on loan to the San Diego Sockers of the North American Soccer League in 1979.In 1981, he moved to Spain to play for Atlético Madrid, playing for the Colchoneros for four years before moving to cross-town rivals Real Madrid, where he would spend the best years of his career, winning numerous titles and accolades. From 1977 to 1994, <mask> was a member of the Mexico national team, gaining 58 caps and scoring 29 goals. He participated in three FIFA World Cup tournaments and was a part of the Mexico team that reached the quarter-finals of the 1986 World Cup. Famous for his acrobatic goal celebrations throughout his club and international career, <mask> was the first notable exponent of the backflip. As a manager, he won two consecutive league championships with UNAM. After managing Necaxa, he was announced as coach of the Mexico national team in 2006, but was fired in March 2008 due to poor results. In 2009, <mask> was named manager of Almería, and helped to save the club from relegation.Club career

UNAM
As a teenager, <mask> played for the Mexico national team at the 1976 Summer Olympics. Having already played in over 80 international matches,

masks:
Hugo Sánchez Márquez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez


title: Hugo Sánchez

texts:
 <mask> signed as a youth player at the age of 18 for Pumas de la UNAM, a professional team representing Mexico's national university, where he completed a degree in Dentistry while playing for the first team. Later that year, UNAM managed to win its first championship in the Primera División. Two years later, he became the league's top-scorer with 26 goals. In 1979, UNAM agreed to exchange players during the off-season with the San Diego Sockers of the North American Soccer League. He played in the NASL during the summer and in the Mexican league during the fall, winter and spring. UNAM loaned <mask> to the Sockers in 1979 and 1980 where he became a prolific striker for the Sockers, averaging nearly a goal a game.<mask>'s five seasons with UNAM were during the team's golden years. In 1980–81, his last season with the club, <mask> and UNAM won its second league championship, a CONCACAF Champions Cup and a Copa Interamericana. During his five years with UNAM, <mask> scored 104 goals in 200 appearances. Atlético Madrid
After five successful seasons in Mexico, <mask> drew the attention of several European sides, including that of English club Arsenal, though eventually signing with Spanish side Atlético Madrid in 1981. It took him a while to find his feet in La Liga, only managing twenty league appearances and scoring eight goals in his first season, but by the 1984–1985 season he was scoring regularly with a team that won the Copa del Rey, finished second in the league and won the Spanish Super Copa. That year, <mask> won his first Pichichi trophy for being the most prolific scorer in the league, scoring 26 goals. Real Madrid

On 15 July 1985, <mask> signed for Real Madrid.It was reported that due to Atlético Madrid's reluctance to anger their fan base with a direct deal with Real, <mask> was transferred to UNAM back in his home country on 4 July before being signed by Real Madrid, with the contract signing taking place in a bank in Mexico City. He was flown back to Spain and presented to 50,000 fans at the Santiago Bernabéu

masks: Sánchez Sánchez Sánchez Sánchez Sánchez Sánchez Sánchez Sánchez Sánchez


title: Hugo Sánchez

texts:
 Stadium on 19 July. He played alongside the famed group of players known as the La Quinta del Buitre ("Vulture's Cohort"), which consisted of Emilio Butragueño, Manuel Sanchís, Martín Vázquez, Míchel, and Miguel Pardeza. With Los Blancos, <mask> won five consecutive league titles from 1985 to 1990, a Copa del Rey title in 1989 and the UEFA Cup in 1986. During those five years, <mask> won four-consecutive Pichichi trophies, becoming the only player in Spanish football history to achieve this without sharing the trophy with any other player in any season, and one of four players to win five Pichichis (the others being Alfredo Di Stéfano, Quini and Messi (who has won 6), scoring 208 goals in 283 games in all competitions. He scored 27 or more goals in four consecutive seasons between 1986 and 1990, including 38 goals in the 1989–90 season, tying the single-season record set in 1951 by Telmo Zarra and earning the European Golden Boot award for the best scorer in Europe. Remarkably, all 38 of these goals were scored with only a single touch.His 38-goal tally stood as a league record until Cristiano Ronaldo surpassed it after scoring 40 goals in the 2010–11 season. In European Cup competitions, <mask> scored 47 goals in 45 matches. He has come to be known to be in the top 25 best football players in history. Later career
In 1992, <mask> returned to his native Mexico for a season and there he won the 1992 CONCACAF Champions' Cup with Club América before playing for a variety of clubs in Spain, Austria and the USA. He played for Dallas Burn in the inaugural year of Major League Soccer, becoming one of two footballers, along with Roy Wegerle, to play outdoor football in both the NASL and the MLS. He is recognised in "FIFA TOP 25" best players of all time. He finished his career playing for Atlético Celaya, along with Butragueño and Míchel, his old colleagues from Real Madrid.Retirement
<mask> retired from Spanish football on 29 May 1997, playing with Real Madrid at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. His last official game was during the

masks: Sánchez Sánchez Sánchez Sánchez Sánchez


title: Hugo Sánchez

texts:
 1998 World Cup qualifiers, where he touched the ball as a symbol of his retirement. International career
<mask> made 58 appearances for Mexico between 1977 and 1994, scoring 29 goals. Prior to representing the senior side, as a teenager he represented Mexico at the 1975 Pan American Games on home soil, where he won a gold medal, and at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He participated in three FIFA World Cup tournaments, making eight World Cup appearances in total, and scoring once. Also, with Chilean Elias Figueroa holds the unique distinction of playing in three alternate tournaments 1978-1986-1994. He helped Mexico win the 1977 CONCACAF Championship to seal qualification for the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina; at the age of 19, he took part in the final tournament, where Mexico lost all three of their group games and suffered a first round elimination.After Mexico failed to qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain, <mask> was a part of the Mexico team that reached the quarter-finals of the 1986 World Cup on home soil, losing out to eventual runners-up West Germany in a penalty shootout. He scored his only World Cup goal during his nation's opening match of the tournament on 3 June, the winning goal in a 2–1 victory over Belgium, although he also missed a penalty in Mexico's second group match against Paraguay, and was later booked, causing him to miss the final group match. Four years later, however, Mexico once again missed out on the final tournament as they were suspended from the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. Despite his advancing age, he later played a key role in helping Mexico to the final of the 1993 Copa América, at the age of 35; he scored once in a 2–0 victory over Ecuador in the semi-finals, although Mexico eventually finished as runners-up to Argentina. <mask> later also appeared at the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States, his final major tournament, where Mexico suffered a round of 16 elimination; he made his only appearance in the tournament on 19 June, in Mexico's opening match of the competition, a 1–0

masks: Sánchez Sánchez Sánchez


title: Hugo Sánchez

texts:
 defeat to Norway. Managerial career

Club
In March 2000, <mask> became manager of UNAM, who were struggling in the league, signing a two-year deal. Although the team went on to have a good campaign under his leadership, differences between the club president and <mask> resulted in his sacking in August of that year.After Jimenez Espriu resigned as the club president a year later, the new president, Luis Regueiro, appointed <mask> as head coach in November 2001. After building his team up for a number of years, by 2004 <mask>' Pumas had won everything they played in: Clausura 2004, Apertura 2004, Champion of Champions 2004 and the Santiago Bernabéu Cup. He also became the only manager in history to lead a Mexican team to two consecutive championships in the Mexican Primera División in the "short tournament" format. The success, however, was short lived. Pumas became the worst team of the tournament the following season and in Winter 2005 were having the worst year in its history. <mask> decided to resign in November 2005. Club Necaxa, another Mexican team, signed him as a head coach in 2006, and he also became the coach of the Mexico national team that year following their participation at the 2006 FIFA World Cup.He became coach of La Liga's Almería in early 2009, but after accomplishing the goal of avoiding relegation from La Liga, and despite on 2 June 2009 the Almeria chairman Alfonso García announcing the renewal of his contract, he was released on 20 December 2009. Mexico
After briefly managing Club Necaxa, <mask> was named head coach of the Mexico national team, with the aim of leading Mexico through the qualification process for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa. During his coaching career especially, <mask> became known for his volatile temperament and his willingness to speak candidly, often expressing strong emotions and opinions, a trait that engenders equally emotional and strong responses from those he criticizes. He had a long-standing feud with the previous Mexico coach, Ricardo La Volpe. <mask>'s first match as

masks: Sánchez Sánchez Sánchez Sánchez Sánchez Sánchez Sánchez Sánchez


title: Hugo Sánchez

texts: Mexico coach was a 2–0 loss to the United States in Phoenix, Arizona in February 2007. <mask> recorded his first victory against Venezuela, a 3–1 win in front of 67,000 fans in San Diego. <mask>'s first game in Mexico took place against Paraguay in Monterrey on 25 March 2007, which Mexico won 2–1.A few days later on 28 March 2007, Mexico defeated Ecuador 4–2 in Oakland, California. In June 2007 <mask> coached Mexico in the 2007 edition of the Gold Cup, his first official competition. After struggling in the first stages of the tournament, México reached the final 24 June 2007 and lost 2–1 against the US. On 27 June 2007, in the opening game of the 2007 Copa América held in Venezuela, <mask> led the Mexico national team to a stunning 2–0 win Brazil, <mask>'s first major victory as a coach. After easing through the group stage of the tournament, <mask> led the team to the semi-finals (beating Paraguay 6–0 in the quarter-finals) where they were beaten 3–0 by Argentina. Mexico ended the tournament in third place by defeating Uruguay 3–1. In August 2007, <mask> announced that Mexico would permanently, or at least in his time coaching the team, drop their famous green home kit, replacing it with their white away kit, meaning that their new away kit would be red.For this decision, <mask> was subject of a lot of criticism. The two main arguments against him were that the decision was breaking a long-standing Mexican tradition, yet the strongest critics suggested that he should devote more time to the strategy and training of the Mexico team rather than entertaining himself with superfluous features of the sport. In March 2008, <mask> suffered poor results, including draws with Australia and Finland,  and a loss at home in Querétaro against Ecuador's U-23 team. Disappointing results continued in the CONCACAF Olympic Qualification, a draw with Canada and a loss to Guatemala. His only victory was a 5–1 win against Haiti. Mexico were eliminated from the Pre-Olympic qualifying tournament on goal difference. On 31 March 2008, <mask> was

masks:
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Hugo
Sánchez
Sánchez
Hugo
Hugo
Sánchez
Sánchez
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Hugo Sánchez


title: Hugo Sánchez

texts:
 fired from his post as Mexican head coach.Style of play
 Nicknamed <mask>l and Pentapichichi, <mask> was a prolific goalscorer, who usually played as a centre-forward; he is widely regarded as Mexico's greatest-ever footballer, and one of the greatest players of his generation. A quick and mobile striker, with good skills and an eye for goal, he was known for his intelligence, positional sense, movement, and anticipation in the area, and was an accurate and efficient finisher, who was capable of scoring with few touches. Due to his athleticism, <mask> was good in the air, despite his diminutive stature, and was also known for his ability to score acrobatic and flamboyant goals from spectacular strikes and volleys from any position on the pitch, both inside or outside the area; his mastery of the "Chilena", or "Bicycle kick", was a result of his own early training in gymnastics, and his goals scored in this manner were later dubbed Huguinas. His trademark was to perform a celebratory somersault followed by a fist pump after each goal he scored, in honour of his sister, who was a gymnast and participated in the Montreal Olympics. <mask> is considered to be the first noted exponent of the backflip. According to his FIFA profile, <mask> is credited as the creator of the scorpion kick, which was later popularised by Colombian goalkeeper René Higuita. Though he regularly practised the trick in training, the Mexican striker never scored a goal with it in an official match.An accurate penalty taker, <mask> held the record for most penalties scored in La Liga with 56, until Cristiano Ronaldo broke the record in 2017 after scoring his 57th penalty-kick. Outside football

Personal life

<mask> is the son of Héctor <mask>, who was also a footballer who played for Asturias F.C. and Atlante. <mask> is currently married to Isabel (née Martín), and has two children, a son and an older daughter from his previous marriage. His son, <mask> Portugal, was also a footballer and played for UNAM and Atlante. He also has two daughters from his current

masks:
Hugo
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Hugo Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Hugo Sánchez


title: Hugo Sánchez

texts:
 marriage. On 8 November 2014, <mask> died from the effects of a gas leak in a Mexico City apartment as stated by the Mexican Red Cross.In 2006, <mask> was appointed as the official FIFA/SOS Ambassador for Mexico, joining Wayne Rooney (Ambassador for England), Ruud van Nistelrooy (Netherlands), and fifty others in fund raising for the official 2006 FIFA World Cup Charity. On 1 September 2007, <mask> inaugurated a street with his name in Puebla, central Mexico, before a thousand of the locals around there. Media
As of January 2015, <mask> is a commentator for ESPN in Mexico and the United States. He had previously served as a guest analyst during their coverage of the 2014 FIFA World Cup before featuring as a regular analyst. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Mexico's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each <mask> goal. footballers
Liga MX players
La Liga players
Atlético Madrid footballers
Real Madrid CF players
Rayo Vallecano players
FC Linz players
Atlético Celaya footballers
Olympic footballers of Mexico
Footballers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
1978 FIFA World Cup players
1986 FIFA World Cup players
1994 FIFA World Cup players
1993 Copa América players
2007 Copa América managers
Mexican football managers
Club Universidad Nacional managers
Club Necaxa managers
C.F. Pachuca managers
CONCACAF Championship-winning players
La Liga managers
UD Almería managers
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Footballers from Mexico City
Mexico national football team managers
Mexico international footballers
Mexican expatriate footballers
Mexican footballers
Association football forwards
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Pichichi Trophy winners
Expatriate football managers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
UEFA Cup winning players
Pan American Games gold medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games medalists in football
Footballers at the 1975 Pan American Games
Medalists at the

masks:
Sánchez Portugal
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez


title: Irmgard Flügge-Lotz

texts:
<mask>, née Lotz (16 July 1903 – 22 May 1974) was a German-American mathematician and aerospace engineer. She was a pioneer in the development of the theory of discontinuous automatic control, which has found wide application in hysteresis control systems; such applications include guidance systems, electronics, fire-control systems, and temperature regulation. She became the first female engineering professor at Stanford University in 1961 and the first female engineer elected a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Early life and education
Lotz was born in Hamelin, Germany on 16 July 1903. She was encouraged at an early age to pursue technical subjects by her mother, whose family had been involved in construction for several generations. She often visited construction sites with her uncle and attended half-price matinee shows for technical films. After her father, Osark, a travelling journalist, was drafted for military service in World War I, the young <mask> helped the family by becoming a math tutor while studying at a girls' Gymnasium in Hanover.Several years later, when Osark returned to Hanover he was in poor health and <mask> continued to work to bring in extra money for the family. She graduated from the Gymnasium in 1923 and entered the Leibniz University Hannover to study mathematics and engineering. Later in life, she explained why she decided to study engineering:

In college she studied applied mathematics and fluid dynamics and was often the only woman in her classes. In 1927, she received her Diplom-Ingenieur and remained in Hanover for her doctorate. In 1929 she earned her doctorate in engineering, publishing her thesis on the mathematical theory of circular cylinders and heat conduction. Lotz went to work for the Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (AVA) in Göttingen, one of the most prominent aeronautical research institutions in Europe. She joined as a junior research engineer and worked closely with Ludwig Prandtl and Albert Betz, two of the leading German aerodynamicists of the

masks:
Irmgard Fgge Lotz
Irmgard
Irmgard


title: Irmgard Flügge-Lotz

texts:
 During her lifetime, she received many honors for her work. In 1970, she was elected a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and chosen to give the von Kármán lecture to the AIAA in 1971. She received the Achievement Award by the Society of Women Engineers in 1970, and received an honorary doctorate from the University of Maryland in 1973. The citation for her honorary degree stated:

She was also a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a member of Sigma Xi, and a member of the advisory boards of several scientific journals. In honor of her contributions, the “Wilhelm Flügge and Irmgard Flügge-Lotz Memorial Award" was established by the Applied Mechanics Division at Stanford University for outstanding graduate students. Death
Flügge-Lotz's health deteriorated after her retirement and she suffered increasingly severe pain from arthritis that spread over her body.On May 22, 1974, Flügge-Lotz died in Stanford Hospital after a long illness. Works
 Die Erwärmung des Stempels beim Stauchvorgang, Dissertation TH Hannover 1929
 Discontinuous Automatic Control, Princeton University Press 1953
 Discontinuous and Optimal Control, McGraw Hill 1968

Bibliography
 J. R. Spreiter & W. Flügge, <mask> Flügge-Lotz in  p. 33-40

See also
German inventors and discoverers
List of people in systems and control

References

External links
"Imrgard Flugge-Lotz", Biographies of Women Mathematicians, Agnes Scott College
Biography of Flugge-Lotz from IEEE

1903 births
1974 deaths
People from Hamelin
20th-century German mathematicians
German women mathematicians
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
German aerospace engineers
Control theorists
Fellows of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Aerodynamicists
Fluid dynamicists
20th-century German inventors
Women inventors
University of Hanover alumni
German emigrants to the United States
20th-century women mathematicians
20th-century American inventors
Engineers from Lower Saxony
20th-century German


title: Desiderio da Settignano

texts:
<mask>, real name <mask> ( 1428 or 1430 – 1464) was an Italian sculptor active during the Renaissance. Biography
He came from a family of stone carvers and stonemasons in Settignano, near Florence. Although his work shows the influence of Donatello, specifically in his use of low reliefs, it is most likely that he received his training in the large Florentine workshop run by Bernardo and Antonio Rossellino. <mask> matriculated into the Arte dei Maestri di Pietra e Legname, Florence's guild of Stone and Woodworkers, in 1453 and shortly thereafter already was supplying cherub head medallions for the frieze running across the front of the Pazzi Chapel in the second cloisteryard of the Basilica of Santa Croce. It is rather surprising that he would have received such an important commission as the Tomb of Carlo Marsuppini so early in his career. Apparently, his design capabilities and sensitivity to the tactile qualities of marble had already been recognized. In composing this wall tomb for the Basilica of Santa Croce, Desiderio relied upon the precedent set only a few years earlier in Bernardo Rossellino's Tomb of Leonardo Bruni.This seems quite appropriate since Marsuppini had succeeded Bruni in the position of Florentine State Chancellor and had been mentored by him just as <mask> had received his training from Bernardo Rossellini. In fact, in his design for the tomb, <mask> was paying homage to Bernardo's example in much the same fashion as Marsuppini did when he had composed the epitaph for the Bruni Tomb. <mask> took over the essential

masks: Desiderio de Bartolomeo di Francesco detto Ferro


title: Desiderio da Settignano

texts:
 compositional scheme of an elevated triumphal arch containing a sarcophagus and effigy bier from the Bruni monument but transformed the sobriety of the earlier memorial into a work of heightened decorative fancy. In the Marsuppini tomb, Desiderio placed standing children holding heraldic shields on either side of the sarcophagus, draped long festoons from an ornate candelabra which surmounts the arch of the lunette, and positioned running youths above the pilasters which frame the funeral niche. In the niche itself, he ignored the symbolism of the Trinity by using four instead of three panels as the backdrop for the sarcophagus. To increase the visibility of the deceased scholar and statesman, he tilted Marsuppini's effigy forward toward the viewer and carved elaborate floral decorations on the rounded corners of the lion-footed sarcophagus. The motifs used are all somewhat classical in inspiration and the total effect is light and charming, even joyous, if somewhat unfocused.In 1461 he finished a tabernacle intended for installation either in the Sacrament Chapel in San Lorenzo,dedicated to the Medici family saints, Cosmas and Damien, located in the left transept of the church; or, more likely, it was first installed in the main chapel choir.<ref>This discussion of <mask>'s tabernacle in San Lorenzo is derived from that of Charles R. Mack, "Tabernacle of the Sacrament,"  International Dictionary of Art and Artists: Art, Chicago/London: St. James Press, 1990, 109</ref>

For his Tabernacle of the Sacrament, <mask> returned (as he had done

masks: Desiderio Desiderio


title: Desiderio da Settignano

texts: above which the Benediction is given. Wherever its first location was, the tabernacle was removed in 1677, taken apart and reassembled for use in the Neroni family chapel in the right transept. For the Neroni, the sculptural components of the tabernacle were recomposed, with the flanking candalabra angels placed in reverse, in outwardly facing positions. Console blocks were used to support the tabernacle which, in a final Baroque touch, was set against a background of colored marble slabs.More recently, the tabernacle has been relocated to the right side of the nave of San Lorenzo and reconstructed in accordance with what is believed to have been the sculptor's original intent, although it is thought that a number of elements have disappeared. The Lamentation relief provides a fine example of <mask>'s talent for low relief carving, but really does not display his mastery of rilievo schiaccato, in the execution of which he was second only to Donatello. For <mask>'s handling of "flattened relief" we must turn to his panel of Saint Jerome at Prayer in the Desert (National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC) or his tondo of the Meeting of Christ and John the Baptist as Youths (Louvre Museum, Paris). The Saint Jerome "comes as close to painting as sculpture can get and the expressive faces of Christ and John in the tondo demonstrate the 15th-century appreciation of Desiderio by Giovanni Santi, the father of Raphael, who spoke of "the dreamy Desiderio, so gentle and beautiful." Beyond the Marsuppini tomb and the San Lorenzo tabernacle, little of


title: Desiderio da Settignano

texts: <mask>'s work is documented or dated and a chronological reconstruction of his artistic development is a matter of conjecture based upon stylistic comparisons. The extent of his autograph work has been debated; many works sometimes attributed to him might be better given to assistants, followers, or to his brother Geri, with whom he frequently collaborated. <mask> made great contributions in the field of portraiture especially as it came to the representation of children.This was a genre which he practically reinvented, drawing upon Roman examples of the Augustan Age. Such sculptures present their youthful subjects with informality even animation; often with open-mouthed expression, they convey a sense of immediacy. His name has been connected with several marble and wooden female busts. The best of these includes the marble bust of Marietta Strozzi in Berlin that projects a soft, ethereal beauty that seems to originate from a marble surface that glows from within the stone. Throughout his brief career, one of the most telling characteristics of his technique was his unusual ability to give to his sculptures a textural sensuousness that demands touch. Of all Quattrocento sculptors, <mask> was, perhaps, the most tactile in his appeal. His work displays true understanding for the crystalline luminosity of marble and how a gently polished and modulated surface could produce an inner glow and how Donatello's famed rilievo schiacciato could be further refined to convey a sense of light softly diffused by its passage through atmosphere.At his best

masks: Desiderio Desiderio Desiderio


title: Desiderio da Settignano

texts:
 <mask> <mask> was a sculptor of soft persuasion and subtle nuances. According to Vasari, his last work was the painted wooden statue of St. <mask>ne, now in Santa Trinita, left unfinished and completed by Benedetto <mask>no after <mask>'s death. <mask> <mask> died in Florence in 1464. The most famous of his pupils was Simone Ferrucci. Giorgio Vasari includes a biography of <mask> <mask> in his Lives of the Artists. Selected works

The tomb of Carlo Marsuppini (1459) in Santa Croce, FlorenceBeauregard Madonna with Standing Christ Child (c. 1455) – marble relief, Norton Simon Museum, PasedinaA Little Boy (c. 1455–1460) – marble bust, National Gallery of Art Washington, DCThe Virgin and Child (c. 1455–1460) – marble reliefThe Christ Child ? (c. 1460) – marble bust, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
The Altar of the Sacrament in San Lorenzo, Florence (completed in 1461)Saint Jerome in the Desert (c. 1461) – marble relief, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DCCiborium of the Sacrament, marble, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DCSt.Jerome in the Desert, marble relief, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DCMadonna and Child in Swaddling Clothes, marble relief, Bargello Museum, Florence
Bust of a Young Boy, (c. 1460), marble bust, J.Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles
Laughing Boy, (c. 1464), marble bust, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Julius Caesar in Profile,(c. 1460) marble high relief, Louvre Museum, Paris
Marietta Strozzi, (c. 1460) marble bust, Staatliche Museen, Berlin
Portrait of a Boy Looking Down, Bargello Museum, Florence
Young

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da Settignano
Mary Magdale
da Maia
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Desiderio
da Settignano


title: Jing Hui

texts:
<mask> (仲瞱), formally Prince Sumin of Pingyang (平陽肅愍王), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Zhongzong. He was a key figure in the coup that overthrew Wu Zetian and restored Emperor Zhongzong in 705, but was later exiled due to false accusations instigated by Wu Zetian's nephew Wu Sansi and killed in exile in a cruel manner. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born, but it is known that his family was from Jiang Prefecture (絳州, part of modern Yuncheng, Shanxi). He had several ancestors who served as officials for Tang Dynasty and its predecessor Sui Dynasty as well as the earlier dynasty Northern Qi, and it is known that his father <mask>song (敬山松) served as a county magistrate during Tang. All that is known about the early part of <mask>'s career is that he passed the imperial examination when he was young. During Wu Zetian's reign
In 698—during the reign of Wu Zetian, the wife of Emperor Gaozong, who had declared herself "emperor" of a new Zhou Dynasty, interrupting Tang—<mask> was made the prefect of Wei Prefecture (衛州, roughly modern Xinxiang, Henan). When he arrived at Wei Prefecture, it was in the aftermaths of a major Eastern Tujue incursion earlier in the year, and the local officials were all busy conscripting labor to build the city walls, despite the fact that it was also harvest season.<mask> stated to his subordinates: "Even a city that is fortified with gold and water cannot be defended without food. Why abandon the harvest to

masks:
Jing Huihongye
Jing Hui
Jing Shan
Jing Hui
Jing Hui
Jing


title: Jing Hui

texts: build the defenses?" He released the laborers from their duty and allowed them to return to their field, and the people were very thankful. <mask> later successively served as deputy minister of defense (夏官侍郎, Xiaguan Shilang) and prefect of Tai Prefecture (泰州, roughly modern Taizhou, Jiangsu). In 701, he was recalled to the capital Luoyang to serve as the secretary general of the capital prefecture Luo Prefecture. Later in the year, when she took up residence for a period at the western capital Chang'an, <mask> served as the deputy official in charge of Luoyang, and was known for his talent and honesty. When Wu Zetian heard of this, she sent him an edict thanking him and awarding him with silk.In 702, when Wu Zetian briefly commissioned her nephew Wu Sansi to command an army, apparently intending to attack Eastern Tujue, she made <mask> Sansi's deputy, but eventually, the army was not launched. In 703, <mask> was made Zhongtai You Cheng (中臺右丞), one of the secretaries general of the executive bureau of government (中臺, Zhongtai), and given the honorific title Yinqing Guanglu Daifu (銀青光祿大夫). In spring 705, with Wu Zetian being ill, <mask> entered into a plot with a number of officials and generals, including Zhang Jianzhi, Cui Xuanwei, Huan Yanfan, and Yuan Shuji, to kill her lovers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong. With agreement from Li Xian the Crown Prince (Wu Zetian's son), they acted on February 20, killing Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, and then surrounding Wu Zetian. While they allowed her to retain the title of "emperor," they had her put

masks:
Jing
Jing
Jing Wu
Jing
Jing


title: Jing Hui

texts:
 under house arrest at the secondary palace Shangyang Palace (上陽宮) and forced her to yield the throne to Li Xian, who was formerly emperor, and he was restored to the throne (as Emperor Zhongzong). Two days later, Emperor Zhongzong was formally restored. During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign
<mask>, along with Zhang Jianzhi, Cui Xuanwei, Huan Yanfan, and Yuan Shuji, were recognized as leaders in Emperor Zhongzong's restoration, and they were put into key positions and created dukes, with <mask> becoming Nayan (納言) -- the head of the examination bureau of government (鸞臺, Luantai), and carrying the title of Duke of Pingyang, soon to be further promoted to be Duke of Qi.He and the other coup leaders instituted a regime of restoring Tang institutions and deprecating Zhou ones. (One of the coup participants, Xue Jichang (薛季昶), had advocated to Zhang Jianzhi and <mask> the killing of Wu Sansi in the aftermaths of the killing of Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, but neither Zhang Jianzhi nor <mask> paid Xue's suggestion much heed until it was too late; in fact, <mask> argued hard against the killing of the Wus, even though another subordinate, Liu Youqiu, also advocated for the Wus' death and unsuccessfully tried to convince <mask> and Huan.) After realizing that Wu Sansi's power was on the rise, <mask> tried to persuade Emperor Zhongzong to reduce the power of the Wu clan on the whole, but was unable to get Emperor Zhongzong to listen, and it was said that the popular sentiment at the time much blamed <mask> for the rise of Wu Sansi. It was said that

masks:
Jing Hui
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing


title: Jing Hui

texts: <mask> often caressed his seat and sighed, and at times squeezed his hand so tightly into a fist that his fingernails broke the skin of his hand, causing it to bleed. Apprehensive of Wu Sansi, he asked the official Cui Shi to keep an eye on Wu Sansi, but when Cui realized that Emperor Zhongzong trusted Wu Sansi and distrusted the coup leaders, instead revealed all of the coup leaders' plans to Wu Sansi to allow Wu Sansi to anticipate them. In summer 705, by which time Emperor Zhongzong's trust in <mask> and his colleagues had completely been lost, Emperor Zhongzong, following Wu Sansi's recommendation, created the five coup leaders princes—in <mask>'s case, Prince of Pingyang—but stripped them of chancellor positions. In spring 706, <mask> was further sent out of Chang'an, which was now capital again, to serve as the prefect of Hua Prefecture (滑州, roughly modern Anyang, Henan).Later in spring 706, with all five of the coup leaders already out of the capital, Wu Sansi and Empress Wei made accusations against them, and they were demoted to more remote prefectures—in <mask>'s case, to be the prefect of Lang Prefecture (朗州, roughly modern Changde, Hunan). Wu Sansi then had his strategist Zheng Yin further accuse the five of them of having participated in the plot of Emperor Zhongzong's son-in-law Wang Tongjiao (王同皎) -- who was executed early in 706 after having been accused of plotting to kill Wu Sansi and deposing Empress Wei. The five were further demoted with the provisions that they would never be allowed to return to the capital Chang'an, with

masks: Jing Jing Jing Jing Jing


title: Jing Hui

texts:
 <mask> becoming the military advisor to the prefect of Yai Prefecture (崖州, in modern Haikou, Hainan). Wu Sansi then had accusations that Empress Wei was having affairs posted publicly in Luoyang, with the intent of incensing Emperor Zhongzong—and then accused the five coup leaders of being behind this public humiliation. He then had his associates propose that the five be killed. Emperor Zhongzong, citing that the five had been previously awarded iron certificates that guaranteed that they would not be executed in recognition of their contribution, ordered that they be reduced to commoner rank and permanently exiled to the Lingnan region with their families—in <mask>'s case, to Qiong Prefecture. At the suggestion of Cui Shi, Wu Sansi then sent the censor Zhou Lizhen (周利貞) to the Lingnan region under guise of reviewing the affairs of the region but with instructions to kill the five.When Zhou arrived at <mask>'s place of exile, he had <mask>'s flesh cut out piece by piece until <mask> died. After Emperor Zhongzong's death in 710 and Emperor Zhongzong's brother Li Dan the Prince of Xiang, himself a former emperor, was restored (as Emperor Ruizong), <mask> and his colleagues were posthumously honored. Four of his sons later served as officials. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 91. New Book of Tang, vol. 120.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 207, 208. Chancellors under Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
Tang dynasty nonimperial princes
7th-century births
706 deaths
Executed Tang dynasty people
People executed by flaying
8th-century executions by the Tang

masks: Jing Jing Jing Jing Jing Jing


title: Cui Jian

texts:
<mask>" (), he pioneered Chinese rock music. For this distinction <mask> is often labeled "The Father of Chinese Rock". Early career
<mask> grew up in a musical family in Beijing—his father was ethnic Korean and a professional trumpet player and his mother was a member of a Korean dance troupe. <mask>an followed his father to start playing the trumpet at the age of fourteen and joined the Beijing Symphony Orchestra in 1981, at the age of twenty. He was first introduced to rock during this period when friends smuggled in illicit recordings from Hong Kong and Bangkok. Inspired by the likes of Simon and Garfunkel and John Denver, <mask> began learning to play the guitar.In 1984 he formed his first band, Qi He Ban (七合板, literally "Seven-Ply Board," but notably called "Seven-Player band") with six other classically trained musicians, including the saxophonist/suona player Liu Yuan. The seminal band was heavily influenced by The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and Talking Heads. They performed their own works—mostly soft rock and love songs—in local hotels and bars. With his band, <mask> released his first cassette Return of the Prodigal that same year. The album contained mellow, pop-oriented love songs, but also showcased songs with progressive and folk rock influences, which were fresh and innovative in China at the time. In 1985, the band released another album, titled "Cui Jian with Seven-Player band". The album featured a combination of Western pop rock, as well as new originals.It also featured more prominent use of the electric guitar, which was seldom used in Chinese popular music. <mask>'s departure from the band and subsequent solo career led him to become the most successful and influential musician in Chinese rock history. <mask> Jian first shot to stardom in 1986, when he

masks:
Cui Jianui
Cui Jian
Cui Jian
Cui Ji
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui


title: Cui Jian

texts:
 performed "Nothing to My Name" (一 无 所 有; pinyin: Yì Wú Suǒ Yǒu) on the 100-Singer Concert of Year of International Peace at Beijing's Workers' Stadium. The next year he left his permanent job with the orchestra. His band, now renamed ADO, included two foreign embassy employees: Hungarian bassist Kassai Balazs and Madagascan/French guitarist Eddie Randriamampionona. His first real album, Rock and Roll on the New Long March, was released in 1989. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, <mask> created a hybrid and experimental music mix that cut across divisions between pop, reggae, funk, hard rock and punk music genres.<mask>'s songs drew on folk and traditional music types, such as the Northwest Wind (Xibeifeng) peasant songs of the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi. At times they knowingly parodied old Communist Party sayings and proverbs. In 1991, for example, he set the old revolutionary song "Nanniwan" to rock music. In 1988 he performed at a concert broadcast worldwide in conjunction with the Seoul Summer Olympic Games. <mask> Jian was the first-ever winner of the MTV International Viewer's Choice Award for his song/music video "Wild in the Snow" in 1991. His earliest works had influence from Western popular music styles, such as punk, dance and jazz; these songs also became his best known works. With tensions rising among the students of China and the government, <mask>'s work was very influential among the youth.Tiananmen and aftermath
<mask> Jian reached the apex of his popularity during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, when "Nothing to My Name" became an anthem to student protestors. Before the protests were violently broken up on 4–5 June, <mask> frequently appeared with the students and was affirmed by Wu'er Kaixi, one of the prominent leaders of the movement, as highly

masks: Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui


title: Cui Jian

texts:
 influential among young Chinese of the time. The following government crackdown forced many rock musicians, <mask> Jian included, into hiding in the other provinces. Sanctions proved relatively temporary and <mask> was able to return to Beijing shortly afterward. In early 1990, the Chinese government would permit him to embark his first rock tour entitled the "New Long March", to raise money for the 1990 Asian Games. Ten concerts were scheduled in Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Xi'an, Chengdu and others. Midway through the tour, <mask> Jian gained notoriety for appearing on stage wearing a red blindfold across his eyes before performing his well-known political anthem, "A Piece of Red Cloth", imprompting the government to terminate the performance and cancel the remainder of the tour.The tour was still able to raise 1 million yuan for the 1990 Asian Games. Later career

Through the 1990s <mask> Jian was banned from playing major venues in Beijing, although he was able to stage a number of one-set, word-of-mouth concerts at newly flourishing venues like The Sunflower Club. Elsewhere in China he was permitted to play to sell-out crowds in both large and small venues, only on occasion facing government interference. Soon, <mask>'s music was banned from all state-controlled broadcasting stations. <mask> toured all over the world including the United States and Europe four times each, and has played numerous shows in East & Southeast Asia. <mask>'s ability to fuse western styles of music and introduce local influences on it, made him a very prominent figure internationally to this day. In 2000 <mask> was awarded the prestigious Dutch Prince Claus Award for positive artistic and intellectual influences on the broader culture and society.In 2002 <mask> and his manager Paul Fry co-organized the

masks: Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui


title: Cui Jian

texts:
 Lijiang Snow Mountain Music Festival (China's Woodstock) in Lijiang, China. <mask> followed this with a 10-city tour in Germany and performances with Udo Lindenberg (Godfather of German Rock & Roll), performances with Deep Purple in China and a 13-city sold-out tour of the United States. Bai Qiang produced a 3D concert film and documentary on <mask> The film, Transcendence, which evokes memories of Tiananmen Square, was screened in Beijing in May 2012 to an enthusiastic fan audience, but its prospects for mainstream release in China are doubtful. Political rehabilitation

On 8 September 2000, <mask> and his band performed the song "Flying" () at the Anti-Piracy Concert held at Worker's Stadium in Beijing. It was his first large-venue performance in the capital in 7 years. He wore a hat with a red star to show support for Chinese Communist Party. In 2002, <mask> initiated, produced, and played at a major rock festival in the mountains of Yunnan.The "Snow Mountain Music Festival" was a major media attraction and was reported by the international press as "China's Woodstock". This experience started a trend of outdoor music festivals in China. In early 2003, <mask> was authorized to open for the Rolling Stones' concert in Beijing. In a 2003 interview, <mask> claimed that in the 1980s he'd learned Rolling Stones and Beatles songs to improve his guitar skills. He was also quoted as having three dreams: to perform in his home city of Beijing again, to see the Rolling Stones perform live, and to perform together with the Rolling Stones. Due to the SARS outbreak, however, the concert was cancelled. Not until March 2004, when <mask> opened for Deep Purple on their mainland tour, was he finally able to perform a full set at a major venue in Beijing.On 24 September 2005, <mask> was

masks: Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui


title: Cui Jian

texts:
 finally granted permission to headline his own show at the Beijing Capital Stadium, which signified the end of the unofficial ban on his performances in China's capital. It also confirmed a major turn-around in government attitude towards rock music in general. <mask> did finally play with the Rolling Stones at the Shanghai Grand Stage on 8 April 2006, singing and playing "Wild Horses". Following the performance, <mask> was quoted as saying, "This is the 20th anniversary of Chinese rock 'n' roll... We have an appointment. In the near future, they will be back, and we'll rock again in Beijing." <mask> performed in Taiwan on 8 July 2007 after numerous attempts in previous years to perform there had been derailed by governments on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. <mask>'s entourage to the island comprised 18 people including his 75-year-old mother.Headlining on the last day of the Hohaiyan Rock Festival at Fulong Beach, <mask>'s participation was promoted on the festival's website with the slogan: "He's really coming!" In September 2007, he performed at the Beijing Pop Festival, including a guest appearance rapping with the American rap group Public Enemy. On 4 December 2009, <mask> returned to Taiwan for his second concert there in three years, for the grand opening of the Legacy Taipei. "<mask> Jian: Rocking China" (DV). Music documentary. External links

 <mask> <mask>'s Official Website
 "Birth Of A Beijing Music Scene" by Matthew Corbin Clark – companion article to PBS Frontline's "China in the Red". <mask> <mask> on Rockinchina.com

Interviews
<mask> <mask> interview from Global Rhythm magazine, August 2008

1961 births
Living people
Chinese guitarists
Chinese male singer-songwriters
Chinese people of Korean descent
Chinese rock singers
Musicians from Beijing
Singers from

masks: Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Jian Cui Jian Cui Jian


title: Ruth Fischer

texts:
<mask> (11 December 1895 – 13 March 1961) was an Austrian and German Communist and a co-founder of the Austrian Communist Party in 1918. She later became a staunch anti-Stalinist activist. <mask> was born Elfriede Eisler in Leipzig in 1895, the daughter of <mask> and Rudolf Eisler, a professor of philosophy at Leipzig but of Austrian nationality. Her father was Jewish and her mother was Lutheran. She was the elder sister to noted film and concert composer Hanns Eisler and fellow communist activist Gerhart Eisler. She studied philosophy, economics and politics at University of Vienna, where her father was working. At an undisclosed time, before March 1921, she adopted her mother's maiden name as part of her writer's name, "<mask>."According to later records of the British Security Service (MI5), she also used the names of her partner Maslow and husband Pleuchot. Communism

The Austrian Communist Party was founded on 4 November 1918 by <mask> and Paul Friedländer, a medical student she married in 1917, who later died in a Nazi prison or concentration camp. She claimed in her memoir, Stalin and German Communism, that she was listed as member number one. Eight days later, she claimed, a crowd of rioters proclaimed her editor of Vienna's largest daily, the Neue Freie Presse, and she was arrested and charged with treason, but released under amnesty. She opposed the failed attempt to seize power in Austria in June 1919 instigated by the Hungarian communist Erno Bettelheim, and during the recriminations that followed, she left her husband and moved to Berlin. She visited the Comintern representative Karl Radek many times while he was interned in Moabit prison, acting as his contact with the German Communist Party. In a memoir of his year in Berlin, Radek commented: "She gave the impression of being a lively, if uneducated female ..I saw that she could grasp ideas easily, but that they didn't

masks:
Ruth Fischer
Background Fischer
Marie Edith Fischer
Ruth Fischer
Ruth Fischer


title: Ruth Fischer

texts: sink in very far, and she could easily fall under some other influence." In 1921, <mask> became leader of the Berlin branch of the Communist Party of Germany, and she and Arkadi Maslow emerged as leaders of the left of the communist party, who blamed the party's over-cautious leadership for the failure of the March Action in 1921, and opposed the tactic of a 'united front' with the German Social Democratic Party. The German authorities tried to forcibly repatriate her to Austria. Thus she married the fellow communist Gustav Golke (1889–1937, executed in the Soviet Great Purge), in order to be naturalised as a German. Heinrich Brandler was the national leader of the Communist Party of Germany. In the early months of 1923, <mask> and urged Brandler to organize an uprising on the model provided by the Bolsheviks in 1917. Together they developed the "theory of the offensive".<mask> denounced the leadership for "making concessions to social democracy", for "opportunism" and for "ideological liquidationism and theoretical revisionism". Chris Harman, author of The Lost Revolution (1982) has pointed out: "Articulate and energetic, they were able to gather around them many of the new workers who had joined the party." Although she appeared to represent a minority view in the German Communist Party at that time, Comintern ordered that she should be co-opted onto its Central Committee in April 1923. In 1923, <mask> appealed to a group of Nazi students, proclaiming that "Those who call for a struggle against Jewish capital are already, gentlemen, class strugglers, even if they don’t know it. You are against Jewish capital and want to fight the speculators. Very good. Throw down the Jewish capitalists, hang them from the lamp-post, stamp on them."<mask> argued that the Communist Party of Germany leaders were saying: "In no circumstances must we proclaim the general strike. The bourgeoisie will

masks:
Fischer
Ruth Fischer
Fischer
Fischer
Ruth Fischer


title: Ruth Fischer

texts: discover our plans and destroy us before we have moved. On the contrary, we must calm the masses, hold back our people in the factories and the unemployed committees until the government thinks the moment of danger has passed." When the leaders of the German communist party met leaders in Moscow in September 1923 to discuss the prospect of seizing power that autumn, Leon Trotsky was so disturbed by the antagonism between the different factions that, out of loyalty to Brandler, he proposed that Maslow and <mask> be ordered to stay in Moscow. In the event, it was agreed that Maslow would stay, but <mask> could return to Germany. After the failure of the Hamburg Uprising, and Maslow's return to Germany, <mask>, Maslow and Ernst Thälmann gained control of the German CP, at Brandler's expense. In April 1924, the 9th party convention elected her and Maslow co-chairpersons of the Communist Party of Germany.In May 1924, she travelled to the UK as a fraternal delegate to a sixth congress of the Communist Party of Great Britain, whom she accused of being too close to the Labour Party, and narrowly avoided being arrested in Manchester. She was elected to the Reichstag under her then legal name Elfriede Golke, and to the Prussian House of Representatives. In January 1925, she was arrested in Austria, after crossing the border illegally on a mission to revive the Austrian communist party. During the power struggle in the Soviet Union following the death of Lenin, the trio backed the Comintern chairman Grigory Zinoviev, who at that time was aligned with Joseph Stalin, against Trotsky and Radek. In June 1924, she led the German delegation to the Fifth Congress of Comintern, where she denounced Trotsky in public, in language not previously heard. At the sixth congress of the German CP, in 1925, she went on to attack the two most famous martyrs of German communism, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht

masks: Fischer Fischer Fischer


title: Ruth Fischer

texts:
 for having "burdened us with great errors which we must eradicate." Writing in a party journal, she likened Luxemburg's influence to a syphilis bacillus.By August 1925, Zinoviev and other soviet leaders had decided that <mask> and Maslow were unreliable, and the executive of Comintern passed a resolution attacking them by name, without mentioning Thälmann. She was ordered to stay in Moscow (while Maslow was in prison in Germany), and Thälmann took over the leadership of the German party. When the rift between Zinoviev and Stalin became public, she began meeting Zinoviev to settle their past differences. In February 1926, she was summoned by Stalin, who told her she could return to Germany and be readmitted to the party leadership if she submitted to the party line, which she refused to do. When the executive of Comintern held a special session, private letters she had written, which had been intercepted by the censorship were read out, including one to Maslow, in which she wrote "We are condemned to death, since terror reigns in Leningrad." From then, she was publicly linked to the anti-Stalinist left, despite her previous clashes with Trotsky. On 19 August 1926, she and Maslow were expelled from the German CP.Anti-Stalinism

In Germany, she and Maslow formed a splinter group to the left of the German CP, arguing that Stalin was the leader of a counter-revolution in the USSR, which was ruled by a new class of bureaucrats running a form of state capitalism. She lost her Reichstag seat in 1928, and fled to Paris in 1933 and in August the same year the Nazi government annulled her naturalisation of 1923. When Trotsky founded the Fourth International in 1938, he 'set great store' by the accession of <mask>, who visited him frequently in France, though her opposition to Stalinism went further than his. In 1941, <mask> left France for the United States. In 1947, she testified before HUAC


title: Ruth Fischer

texts:
 against her brothers Gerhart and Hanns. Her testimony against Hanns resulted in his blacklisting and deportation. She testified that Gerhart was an important Comintern agent.In 1948, she published her memoir Stalin and German Communism - but the accuracy of her account of events that had happened a quarter of a century or more before she was writing has been challenged. Rosa Luxemburg's biographer, J.P.Nettl, described the book as "generally unreliable; in places deliberately so." E.H.Carr looked into one of the claims made in the book and concluded that it was "inaccurate in every particular that can be checked." Isaac Deutscher, a biographer of Trotsky and Stalin, described her as a "young, trumpet-tongued woman, without any revolutionary experience or merit, yet idolized by the Communists of Berlin." In 1955, <mask> returned to Paris and published her books Stalin and German Communism and Die Umformung der Sowjetgesellschaft. Death and afterwards

<mask> died in Paris in 1961, aged 65, from undisclosed causes. She had one child, Friedrich Gerhart Friedländer (F.G. Friedlander), born in Vienna 1917, later a mathematician, who died in the United Kingdom in 2001.The International Institute of Social History has an archive of her papers. See also
 Hanns Eisler
 Gerhart Eisler
 Arkadi Maslow

References

External links

Further reading
<mask> Papers, (International Institute of Social History)
Deutscher, Isaac, "The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921–1929", Oxford University Press, 1980,

1895 births
1961 deaths
Politicians from Leipzig
People from the Kingdom of Saxony
Communist Party of Austria politicians
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
20th-century women politicians
Members of the Prussian House of Representatives
Jewish German politicians
Jewish socialists
American spies against the Soviet Union
German communists
Anti-Stalinist

masks:
Fischer
Fischer
Ruth Fischer


title: Frank Hahn

texts:
<mask> FBA (26 April 1925 – 29 January 2013) was a British economist whose work focused on general equilibrium theory, monetary theory, Keynesian economics and critique of monetarism. A famous problem of economic theory, the conditions under which money, which is intrinsically worthless, can have a positive value in a general equilibrium, is called "<mask>'s problem" after him. One of <mask>'s main abiding concerns was the understanding of Keynesian (Non-Walrasian) outcomes in general equilibrium situations. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born on 26 April 1925 in Berlin to Arnold and <mask>, their roots in German and Czech speaking Jewish communities respectively. <mask> was a chemist by profession and a writer. Arnold and <mask> with their two sons, Peter and <mask>, moved to Prague in 1931 (or possibly 1934) and left for England in 1938. <mask>'s older brother was <mask> (8 Nov 1923-28 Aug 2007) who became an eminent Czech research physiologist who had returned to Czechoslovakia after the War but was compelled to flee to Canada after the Prague Spring in 1968 in which he was active.Peter and <mask> were educated at Bournemouth School from when they were 15, 13 respectively, a school for which <mask> retained an abiding enthusiasm. Peter started at Swansea University but joined the Czechoslovak squadron of the RAF during the War. <mask> too became a navigator in the RAF in the Second World War, then resumed his interrupted higher education, not reading Mathematics at Balliol College, Oxford, but instead reading Economics at the

masks:
Frank Horace Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Frank Hahn
Maria Hahn
Arnold Hahn
Maria Hahn
Frank
Frank
Peter Hahn
Frank
Frank
Frank


title: Frank Hahn

texts:
 London School of Economics. He met at LSE and in 1946 married Dorothy Salter, also an economist and secretary to FA Hayek. <mask> started his teaching career with a lectureship at Birmingham in 1948. <mask> took his doctoral degree in 1951 at the London School of Economics (LSE) for the thesis The share of wages: an enquiry into the theory of distribution, where he was supervised initially by Nicholas Kaldor and later by Lionel Robbins. As a student, he had been part of the Hayek–Robbins seminar at LSE, and he once said his wife had been an original member of the Mont Pelerin Society.Academia

<mask> began his teaching career in 1948 at the University of Birmingham, where he was subsequently elected Reader in Mathematical Economics. In 1960 he joined the University of Cambridge—as a Fellow of the new Churchill College and as University Lecturer in Economics. In 1967 he was appointed Professor at the London School of Economics (though he apparently continued to reside in Cambridge). Five years later he left the LSE appointment to become Professor at Cambridge. His inaugural lecture at Cambridge "On the notion of equilibrium in economics" was delivered on 28 February 1973. He remained Professor of Economics at Cambridge until his retirement in 1992, though he made near-annual visits to the US, especially as visiting professor at Harvard University, the MIT, and the University of California, Berkeley, as well as to Stanford's Institute of Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences. From 1990 to 1996 <mask> directed the PhD program of the

masks:
Frank
Frank Hahn
Hahn
Hahn


title: Frank Hahn

texts:
 Economics Department at the University of Siena.He eventually became emeritus professor at Cambridge. Famous letter
He gained widespread recognition and attention in 1981 as the co-instigator of a letter to The Times signed by 364 of Britain's best-known economists, questioning Margaret Thatcher's economic policy, with a warning that it would only result in deepening the prevailing depression. Influence and leanings
<mask>, by his own admission, was influenced in economics by John Hicks, W. M. Gorman, Takashi Negishi and Kenneth Arrow among others. He in turn influenced a large number of colleagues and students. Death

He died in Cambridge on 29 January 2013, following a short illness. He is survived by his wife Dorothy, née Salter, whom he had married in 1946. Major works
 "The Share of Wages in the Trade Cycle", Economic Journal, vol 60 (1950)."The Share of Wages in National Income", Oxford Economic Papers vol. 3 No. 2 (1951). "The Rate of Interest in General Equilibrium Analysis", Economic Journal (1955). "Gross Substitutes and the Dynamic Stability of General Equilibrium", Econometrica vol 26 (1958) pp. 169–70. "The Patinkin Controversy", Review of Economic Studies vol.19 (1960). "The Stability of Growth Equilibrium", Quarterly Journal of Economics vol. 74, pp. 206–26 (1960). "Money, Dynamic Stability and Growth", Metroeconomica vol. 13 No. 11 (August 1961)."A Stable Adjustment Process for a Competitive Economy", Review of Economic Studies vol 39 pp. 62–5 (1962). "A Theorem on Non-Tatonnement Stability" with T.Negishi, Econometrica vol. 30


title: Frank Hahn

texts:
 No. 3 (1962). "On the Stability of a Pure Exchange Equilibrium", International Economic Review, vol. 3 (May 1962), 206–13."The Stability of the Cournot Oligopoly Solution", Review of Economic Studies vol. 29 pp. 329–33 (1962). "On the Disequilibrium Behavior of a Multi-Sectoral Growth Model", Economic Journal (1963)
 "The Theory of Economic Growth: A survey", with R.C.O.Matthews (1964), Economic Journal vol 74 pp. 779–902 (1964). "On Some Problems of Proving the Existence of an Equilibrium in a Monetary Economy" in Theory of Interest Rates (1965), edited by <mask> and Brechling. "Equilibrium Dynamics with Heterogeneous Capital Goods" Quarterly Journal of Economics vol.80 (1966) pp. 633–46. "On Warranted Growth Paths", Review of Economic Studies, vol. 35, pp. 175–84 (1968). "On Money and Growth", Journal of Money, Credit and Banking vol. 1 No.2 (1969). "Some Adjustment Problems", Econometrica vol. 38 No. 1 (January 1970). General Competitive Analysis (1971), with K.J. Arrow. "Equilibrium with Transactions Costs", Econometrica vol.39 No. 3 (1971). "The Winter of Our Discontent", Economica (1973). "On Some Equilibrium Growth Paths" in Models of Economic Growth (1973), edited by Mirrlees and Stern. "On Transactions Costs, Inessential Sequence Economics and Money", Review of Economic Studies vol. 40 No. 4 (October 1973).On the Notion of Equilibrium in Economics (1974). "Revival of Political Economy: The wrong issues and the wrong arguments", Economic Record vol. 51 pp. 360–4 (1975). "Keynesian Economics and General Equilibrium Theory: Reflections


title: Frank Hahn

texts:
 on some current debates" in Microeconomic Foundations of Macroeconomics (1977), edited by Harcourt. "Monetarism and Economic Theory", Economica Vol. 47 #185 (1980)."General Equilibrium Theory" in Crisis in Economic Theory (1981) edited by Bell and Kristol. Money and Inflation (1982). "Reflections on the Invisible Hand", Lloyd's Bank Review, April 1982. "The Neo-Ricardians", Cambridge Journal of Economics (1982). "Stability" in Handbook of Mathematical Economics (1982), edited by Arrow and Intriligator. "On some difficulties of the utilitarian economist" in
 Equilibrium and Macroeconomics (1984). Money, Growth and Stability (1985)."Liquidity" in Handbook of Monetary Economics (1988), edited by Friedman and <mask>. Critical Essay on Modern Macroeconomic Theory  (1995) with R. M. Solow. "A Remark on Incomplete Market Equilibrium" in Markets, Information and Uncertainty (1999), edited by Chichilnisky. "Notes on Sequence Economies, Transaction Costs and Uncertainty", with K.J. Arrow Journal of Economic Theory vol. 86 No. 2 (1999).References

1925 births
2013 deaths
Academics of the London School of Economics
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Alumni of the London School of Economics
British economists
Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Presidents of the Econometric Society
General equilibrium theorists
Mathematical economists
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Monetary economists
People educated at Bournemouth School
Royal Air Force personnel of


title: Mark Hughes

texts: <mask>, OBE (born 1 November 1963) is a Welsh football coach and former player who is the manager of Bradford City. During his playing career he usually operated as a forward or midfielder. He had two spells at Manchester United, and also played for Barcelona and Bayern Munich, as well as the English clubs Chelsea, Southampton, Everton and finally Blackburn Rovers. He made 72 appearances for Wales scoring 16 goals. He won a host of winners' medals during his playing career, including two Premier League titles, four FA Cups, three League Cups and two European Cup Winners' Cups. He also collected an FA Cup runners-up medal and a League Cup runners-up medal. <mask> was the first player to win the PFA Players' Player of the Year award twice, in 1989 and 1991.He retired from playing in 2002. His reign as Wales manager was his first managerial post; he was appointed in 1999 and remained in the role until 2004. He failed to qualify for a World Cup or European Championship during his five years in charge, although his reign coincided with a marked improvement in results. Wales came particularly close to securing 2004 European Championship qualification. <mask> then spent four years in charge of Blackburn, guiding them to sixth place in 2005–06. He took charge of Manchester City in June 2008 for a year and a half before spending the 2010–11 season at Fulham. He joined Queens Park Rangers in January 2012, helping them retain their Premier League status in 2011–12.Despite some high-profile signings in the summer of 2012, QPR began the 2012–13 season in very poor form, and <mask> was dismissed on 23 November 2012. <mask> was appointed manager of Stoke City on 30 May 2013. He guided the club to three consecutive ninth-place Premier

masks:
Leslie Mark Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes


title: Mark Hughes

texts:
 League finishes in 2013–14, 2014–15 and 2015–16. Progress at Stoke stalled in the 2016–17 season, with the club finishing 13th in the table. Following a poor start to the 2017–18 season, with the club in the relegation zone heading into the new year, he was dismissed by Stoke on 6 January 2018, hours after an FA Cup third round exit to League Two side Coventry City. He was appointed manager of Southampton on 14 March 2018, signing a contract until the end of the season, with Southampton one point above his former club Stoke in 17th place at the time of his appointment. He guided the club to safety at the end of the 2017–18 season, but was dismissed in December 2018 with the club at 18th in the table.Club career

Manchester United
Born in Ruabon, Wrexham, <mask> joined Manchester United after leaving school in the summer of 1980, having been spotted by the team's North Wales talent scout Hugh Roberts. However, he did not make his first team debut for three years – scoring in a 1–1 draw away to Oxford United in the League Cup, in the 1983–84 season. When <mask> made his United debut, the club's forward partnership consisted of 27-year-old Irishman Frank Stapleton and 18-year-old Norman Whiteside from Northern Ireland, and breaking up that partnership would not be an easy challenge for <mask>. But <mask> quickly broke into the first team, partnering Frank Stapleton in attack while Norman Whiteside was switched to midfield to partner Ray Wilkins and stand in for the injury prone Remi Moses. The departure of Wilkins to Milan at the end of the season saw manager Ron Atkinson decide to stick to using Whiteside in the centre of midfield, enabling <mask> to keep his place in the first team ahead of new signing Alan Brazil, and he

masks: Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes


title: Mark Hughes

texts:
 was rewarded handsomely as he scored 25 goals in 55 matches across all competitions as United achieved an FA Cup final victory over Everton. They also finished fourth in the league. <mask> managed a further 18 goals in the 1985–86 season, where they led until February having won their first ten league matches of the season, before a dismal second half of the season saw them slip into fourth place in the final table.That season saw him score 17 goals in the Football League First Division – it would remain the highest goals tally in a league season throughout his career. Barcelona
In the summer of 1986, <mask> was sold to Barcelona for £2 million. United announced on 21 March 1986 that <mask> would be heading for Spain at the end of the season, but the transfer had been agreed many weeks earlier. Manager Terry Venables signed <mask> at the same time that he signed Gary Lineker from Everton to form a new strike partnership at the Camp Nou, but <mask> was a disappointment in his only season at Barcelona, whereas Lineker did well in three seasons there. Bayern Munich (loan)
He was subsequently loaned out to German club Bayern Munich for the 1987–88 season, where he regained his form. On 11 November 1987, he played two competitive matches in one day, first for Wales against Czechoslovakia in Prague in a Euro 1988 qualifier, and second, after being flown across the border into Germany, appearing as a substitute for Bayern in their second round cup replay over Borussia Mönchengladbach. Return to Manchester United

In May 1988, <mask> returned to Manchester United, managed by Sir Alex Ferguson, for a then club record fee of £1.8 million.As he had done in his first spell at Old Trafford, <mask> proved to be a dynamic goalscorer and

masks: Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes


title: Mark Hughes

texts: was a key player for the club over the next seven years. Alex Ferguson had been keen on re-signing <mask> for United soon after becoming manager in November 1986, but <mask> would have been liable for taxation on money earned playing overseas if he had returned to England before April 1988. In 1988–89, his first season back in England, United disappointed in the league and finished 11th after an erratic season. They had gone ten league matches without a win in the autumn but then went on a strong run after the turn of the new year to lift them to third place, only for a late season collapse to drag them down to mid-table. <mask> was voted PFA Player of the Year, the first Manchester United player to be credited with that award, in its 16th season. He was also United's joint top scorer that season, along with Brian McClair, on 16 goals. A year later, <mask> scored twice as United drew 3–3 with Crystal Palace in the FA Cup final, before a Lee Martin goal in the replay gave United their first major trophy in five years.He was United's top goalscorer that season, scoring 15 goals in all competitions; 13 of his goals had come in the league, where United finished a disappointing 13th. He scored his third United hat-trick in a September clash against Millwall in the league at Old Trafford, which United won 5–1. The following season, <mask> scored both goals against former club Barcelona as United lifted the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, winning the final 2–1 in Rotterdam. Once again, he was their top scorer, this time with 21 goals in all competitions, although his tally in the league was bettered by Brian McClair and Steve Bruce. They also reached the Football League Cup final that year, but United suffered a shock 1–0 defeat to a


title: Mark Hughes

texts: Sheffield Wednesday side managed by Ron Atkinson, who had been <mask>'s manager in his first spell at Old Trafford. <mask> was also voted PFA Player of the Year again this season. The 1990–91 season also saw <mask> score the last of his four hat-tricks for United, in a League Cup quarter-final replay against Southampton at Old Trafford, which United won 3–2.In 1991–92, <mask> suffered the disappointment of missing out on a league title medal as United were pipped to the title by Leeds United, but had some compensation in the form of a League Cup winner's medal. He found the net 11 times in the league and 14 times in all competitions. For much of the 1991–92 season, United had been linked with a move for the Southampton striker Alan Shearer, but the player chose to stay at the South Coast club until the season's end before making a decision about his future, before deciding to sign for Blackburn Rovers. Sir Alex Ferguson remained intent on signing a new striker for United that summer, although it was far from clear whether it was <mask> or his strike-partner Brian McClair who would lose his place in the first team or be switched to another position in order to accommodate a new signing. Ferguson's hunt for a new striker ended with the acquisition of Dion Dublin, although Dublin was injured after playing just a few matches for the club, and it was not long before United were in the hunt for another new striker, as a lack of goals were seeing them slip behind in the title race. Eric Cantona was eventually signed at the end of November, which prompted interest from Newcastle United manager Kevin Keegan, who had first asked Ferguson about <mask>' availability that summer. Ferguson, however, insisted that <mask> was not for sale,


title: Mark Hughes

texts: and he remained a regular choice in the first team, playing alongside Cantona while McClair was mostly selected in central midfield from then on.In May 1993, <mask> finally collected an English league title medal as United won the first-ever Premier League title; <mask> was United's top scorer with 15 goals in the league and a further goal in the League Cup. From December, he mostly played alongside new signing Eric Cantona in attack, with Brian McClair being switched to the centre of midfield. <mask> collected yet more silverware in 1994 as United won the league title as well as the FA Cup, with <mask> scoring in the final. He also scored Manchester United's consolation goal in their 3–1 defeat in the 1994 League Cup Final at the hands of Aston Villa at Wembley in that season. In so doing, he became only the second player (after Norman Whiteside in 1983) to score in the finals of both the domestic cups in the same season. This has since been achieved a third time by Didier Drogba in 2007. His partnership with Cantona in attack also went from strength to strength, as he found the net 22 times in all competitions as Cantona scored a further 25.In December 1994, with United second to Blackburn in the race for the league title, media reports were linking United with the signature of several highly rated strikers including Andy Cole and Stan Collymore, and there had already been some impressive performances in the first team from 20-year-old striker Paul Scholes. <mask> was now widely tipped to be the player most likely to lose his place to any new signing in the forward positions, and when United completed the £7 million signing of Cole on 10 January 1995, it was almost immediately reported that new Everton manager Joe Royle