title: Devin Ebanks

texts:
 his sophomore season. College statistics

Professional career

Ebanks declared for the 2010 NBA draft, and was selected 43rd overall by the Los Angeles Lakers. He was signed on August 12, 2010.On December 27, 2010, the Los Angeles Lakers assigned Ebanks to the Bakersfield Jam of the NBA D-League. On January 8, 2011, the Lakers recalled Ebanks from the Jam as a result of an injury sustained by Matt Barnes. In February 2011, <mask> fractured his leg while practicing before a game in Memphis. On December 23, 2011 and in his sophomore season in the NBA, <mask> was announced the starting small forward, in place of Matt Barnes, by new Laker coach Mike Brown. In his first game as a starter, Ebanks had 8 points, 1 rebound, and 2 assists, against the Chicago Bulls. On February 15, 2012, he was assigned with the Los Angeles D-Fenders. He was later recalled on February 26, 2012.In his sophomore season, he averaged 4 points in 16.5 minutes per game. He also played 12 of 24 games as a starter. On August 13, 2012, <mask> re-signed with the Lakers to a one-year deal. On September 13, 2013, <mask> signed with the Dallas Mavericks. However, he was waived on October 22. In November 2013, he was acquired by the Texas Legends. On February 3, 2014, <mask> was named to the Prospects All-Star roster for the 2014 NBA D-League All-Star Game.On February 20, he was traded to the Springfield Armor. In July 2014, he joined the NBA D-League Select Team for the 2014 NBA Summer League. On August 28, 2014, he signed with Bnei Herzliya of Israel for the 2014–15 season. On October 28, 2014, he parted ways with Herzliya after just three games, with the team citing

masks: Ebanks Ebanks Ebanks Ebanks Ebanks


title: Bertram Ramsay

type: original

texts:
Admiral Sir <mask>, KCB, KBE, MVO (20 January 1883 – 2 January 1945) was a Royal Navy officer. He commanded the destroyer  during the First World War. In the Second World War, he was responsible for the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940 and planning and commanding the naval forces in the invasion of France in 1944. Personal life
<mask> was born in Hampton Court Palace, into an old family (see <mask> Baronets). His parents were Brigadier General <mask> and Susan Newcombe Minchener. He attended Colchester Royal Grammar School. On 26 February 1929, <mask> married Helen Margaret Menzies, daughter of Colonel Charles Thomson Menzies.They had two sons,
 David Francis <mask> (1 October 1933 – 2 January 2021) who wrote two books and had two children, <mask> and <mask>. Major General Charles Alexander <mask> CB OBE (12 October 1936 – 31 December 2017) was educated at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and rose to become Director General of the Territorial Army and was a member of the Queen's Body Guard for Scotland. Early naval career
<mask> joined the Royal Navy in 1898. As a naval cadet, he was posted to  in April 1899. Later serving on HMS Britannia, he became a midshipman within a year. By the middle of 1902 he was an acting sub-lieutenant, and he was confirmed in this rank on 15 September 1902. He was promoted to lieutenant on 15 December 1904.The Census 1911 reveals him serving as Flag Lieutenant to Rear Admiral Douglas Gamble on HMS Bacchante (1901) in the Mediterranean. The ship was captained at the time by Reginald Tyrwhitt. First World War
During the First World War, <mask> was given his first command, , a small monitor, in August 1915. For two years his ship was part of the Dover

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title: Bertram Ramsay

texts:
 Patrol off the Belgian coast. Promoted to commander on 30 June 1916, in October 1917 he took command of another Dover Patrol vessel, the destroyer . On 9 May 1918, his ship took part in the Second Ostend Raid, a follow up to the Zeebrugge Raid, for which he was mentioned in despatches. Second World War
<mask> retired from the navy in 1938, but was coaxed out of retirement by Winston Churchill one year later to help deal with the Axis threat.Promoted to vice-admiral, he was named Commander-in-Chief, Dover on 24 August 1939. His duties included overseeing the defence against possible destroyer raids, the protection of cross-Channel military traffic and the denial of the passage through the Straits of Dover by submarines. Operation Dynamo

As Vice-Admiral Dover, <mask> was responsible for the Dunkirk evacuation, codenamed Operation Dynamo. Working from the tunnels beneath Dover Castle, he and his staff worked for nine days straight to rescue troops trapped in France by the German forces. For his success in bringing home 338,226 British and allied soldiers from the beaches of Dunkirk, he was asked to personally report on the operation to King George VI and was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. Defending Dover
After Operation Dynamo was completed, he was faced with the enormous problems of defending the waters off Dover from the expected German invasion. For nearly two years, he commanded forces striving to maintain control against the Germans, gaining a second Mention in Despatches.<mask> was in command when the German battleships  and  together with escorts passed through the Channel in February 1942. Though the British had made plans to deal with this (Operation

masks: Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay


title: Bertram Ramsay

texts:
 Fuller), British forces were taken by surprise, and failed in their efforts to stop them. Operation Torch

<mask> was to be appointed the Naval Force Commander for the invasion of Europe on 29 April 1942, but the invasion was postponed and he was transferred to become deputy naval commander of the Allied invasion of North Africa. Operation Husky

During the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) in July 1943, <mask> was Naval Commanding Officer, Eastern Task Force and prepared the amphibious landings. Operation Neptune

<mask> was reinstated to the Active List on 26 April 1944 and promoted to the rank of admiral on 27 April 1944. He was appointed Naval Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Naval Expeditionary Force for the invasion. In this, he executed what has been described by historian Correlli Barnett as a "never surpassed masterpiece of planning" — coordinating and commanding a fleet of almost 7,000 vessels to delivering over 160,000 men onto the beaches of Normandy on D-Day alone, with over 875,000 disembarked by the end of June.He defused a potential conflict between Prime Minister Winston Churchill and the British Sovereign, King George VI, when Churchill informed the King that he intended to observe the D-Day landings from aboard , a cruiser assigned to bombardment duties for the operation. The King, himself a seasoned sailor and a veteran of the Battle of Jutland in the First World War, likewise announced that he would accompany his Prime Minister. The two were at civil loggerheads until meeting with Admiral <mask>, who flatly refused to take the responsibility for the safety of either of them. <mask> cited the danger to both the King and the Prime Minister, the

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title: Bertram Ramsay

texts:
 risks of the planned operational duties of HMS Belfast, and the fact that both the King and Churchill would be needed at home in case the landings went badly and immediate decisions were required. This settled the matter and both Churchill and King George VI remained ashore on D-Day. While the port of Antwerp was vital for the Allies after D-Day, Admirals Cunningham and <mask> warned SHAEF and Montgomery that the port was of no use while the Germans held the approaches. But Montgomery postponed the Battle of the Scheldt, and the delay in opening the port was a grave blow to the Allied build-up before winter approached.Death
On 2 January 1945, <mask> was killed when his plane crashed on takeoff at Toussus-le-Noble Airport southwest of Paris. He was en route to a conference with General Bernard Montgomery in Brussels. <mask> was interred in Saint-Germain-en-Laye New Communal Cemetery. A memorial to all who died in the crash was erected at Toussus-le-Noble in May 1995. Awards
Mentioned in Despatches – 1918, 1940
Knight Commander of the Bath (KCB) – 1940
Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)
Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO)
Grand Officier of the Légion d'honneur
Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit (United States) For gallant and distinguished service whilst in command of the invasion operations on Normandy
Order of Ushakov, First Class (USSR) – 1944

Legacy

A statue of <mask> was erected in November 2000 at Dover Castle, close to where he had planned the Dunkirk evacuation. His name also appears on the Colchester Royal Grammar School war memorial and a portrait hangs in the school. A secondary school in Middlesbrough was named in his honour, but

masks: Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay


title: Bertram Ramsay

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 has since been renamed at least twice.In February 2020, the Scottish Borders Council announced plans to build a museum at the family home of Vice-Admiral <mask>. "A former garden store will be converted at Bughtrig House in Coldstream to create the museum in his honour," BBC News reported. Admiral <mask>'s legacy has been remembered by the Royal Navy; they have used his name for the Apprenticeship Centre at  in Fareham, the Ramsay Building which was opened by his son in March 2012. In film and fiction
His involvement in the Dunkirk evacuation and the D-Day landings has led to several appearances as a character in film and television drama – in Dunkirk (1958, played by Nicholas Hannen), The Longest Day (1962, played by John Robinson), Churchill and the Generals (1979, played by Noel Johnson), Dunkirk (2004, played by Richard Bremmer), Ike: Countdown to D-Day (2004, played by Kevin J. Wilson), Churchill (played by George Anton) and Darkest Hour (2017, played by David Bamber). References

Further reading
Barnett, Correlli (1991). Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the Second World War. Norton & Company.London. Woodward, David (1957). <mask> at War. The Fighting Life of Admiral Sir <mask> <mask>. – London: W. Kimber. External links

 "D-Day's 'forgotten man' ", University of Cambridge, 2014. Short film on <mask>'s role in the Allied invasion of occupied France.The Papers of Admiral Sir <mask> <mask>ov, 1st class
Military personnel from London
Royal Navy officers of World War I
Alumni of the Royal College of Defence Studies
Royal Navy personnel killed in World War II
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in France
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in

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title: Peter Morales

texts:
<mask> is the former president of the Unitarian Universalist Association (2009 to 2017). <mask> was the UUA's first Latino president. In the early 2000s, he was the senior minister of the Jefferson Unitarian Church in Jefferson County, Colorado, a rapidly growing Unitarian Universalist congregation in the northwestern Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Area. He also worked for the UUA from 2002 to 2004. In 2008, he announced his candidacy for president, and in 2009 he was elected. As the result of a controversy regarding the UUA's hiring practices and charges of institutional racism, <mask> resigned as president in 2017, three months before the end of the term. Personal history
<mask> was born in San Antonio, Texas.His mother, Oralia López, was of Mexican-American heritage; his father, <mask>, was an immigrant from Spain. His initial language was Spanish. As a youth, he greatly enjoyed baseball. As a young child, he attended a bilingual Lutheran mission church, which his mother had attended growing up. When <mask> was ten, his family later moved to a larger, English speaking congregation. He attended Sunday school and was confirmed there, while learning what he called "fundamentalist doctrine." On graduation from high school, he attended Raymond College at the University of the Pacific in Stockton, California.Active in student government, he studied history and social theory. It was also in college, when learning about "evolution and cultural anthropology and comparative religion," that he ceased to belief in his childhood faith, and left his Lutheran denomination,

Upon graduation in 1967, he married his wife Phyllis and taught school for three years. Faced with the draft during the Vietnam War, he immigrated to Revelstoke, British Columbia. There he worked in a lumber mill and as a reporter for a community newspaper. No longer in danger from the draft, he returned to the United States when he was 26 and entered a program in American Studies at the University of Kansas. Following a summer in Mexico, studying Spanish, <mask> was granted a lectureship in 1976 as a Fulbright lecturer in American literature and American history at the University of Oviedo in Asturias, in northern Spain. However, while in

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title: Peter Morales

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 Spain, his son (born in Canada and then four years old) was diagnosed with cancer, necessitating a return to the United States, where the son was treated at the University of California San Francisco Medical Center.Faced with daunting medical bills, <mask> accepted a job in 1977 working for the California Department of Social Services in Sacramento where his second child, a daughter, was born. He worked there until 1985 on tasks related to the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program. In 1985, <mask> ventured into newspaper publishing as the owner of community newspapers in Rogue River and Cottage Grove, Oregon, being a pioneer in the use of desktop publishing. As an experienced and innovative journalist, in 1995 he was awarded one of the first Knight International Journalism Fellowships and spent 5 months teaching and advising at La Industria de Chiclayo in Chiclayo, Peru. Unitarian Universalism
<mask> first became involved in Unitarian Universalism at the Unitarian Universalist Church of Eugene, Oregon. Very active, he served on the congregation's board of trustees. He enrolled in Starr King School for the Ministry, a Unitarian Universalist seminary in Berkeley, California and on graduation in 1999 was called to the Jefferson Unitarian Church in Golden, Colorado.Active in liberal evangelism while still in seminary, under his leadership the Jefferson Unitarian Church grew rapidly. The leadership of the Unitarian Universalist Association in 2002 asked him to serve as Director of District Services for two years, returning to Jefferson Unitarian Church in 2004. In 2008, in an address to his congregation, he announced his candidacy for the presidency of the Unitarian Universalist Association on a platform of inclusion and growth. Presidency of the Unitarian Universalist Association
On June 27, 2009, <mask> was elected president of the Unitarian Universalist Association at the General Assembly of the Association in Salt Lake City, Utah. <mask> received 2,061 votes from delegates to 1,481 for his opponent, Dr. Laurel Hallman. Two themes defined the <mask> presidency, 2009-2017: collaboration and innovation. These were the driving forces behind the accomplishments of his

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title: Peter Morales

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 administration.Within the UUA, <mask> restructured staff groups for more efficiency, effectiveness, and outreach. Beyond the UUA, <mask> formed deeper partnerships with other Unitarian Universalist organizations, such as the UU Service Committee, to form the UU College of Social Justice. He also partnered with the Unitarian Universalist Ministers Association to create an entrepreneurial ministry program following the creation of an interfaith pilot program with leading business schools. <mask> was a staunch supporter of multifaith collaboration. <mask> sought to position the UUA as a convener for multifaith collaboration, most notably with the United Church of Christ, the Union for Reform Judaism, and the NAACP. <mask> was unrelenting in his efforts to increase Unitarian Universalist presence and involvement on issues such as marriage equality, racial justice, immigration, and climate change. He was arrested twice for his convictions.Seeing moral issues as global issues, <mask> engaged in, and promoted, international relationships and efforts for equality in many parts of the world including: Japan, India, Guatemala, Mexico, and Africa. In March 2017, a controversy broke out regarding the UUA's hiring practices as they pertained to institutional racism. Charges spread on social media that the leaders had chosen a white man over a qualified woman of color. In a letter to staff addressing the controversy, <mask> called for “more humility and less self righteousness, more thoughtfulness and less hysteria.” Later he realized that the letter “made matters worse” and that he had “clearly lost the trust of many people.”
On March 30, 2017, <mask> announced he would resign as UUA president, effective two days later. His term had only three months left. Notes

Writings
 Columns in UU World Magazine
 News, Press Releases, UU World and International posts
 Articles in HuffPost

American religious leaders
American people of Mexican descent
American people of Spanish descent
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American Unitarian Universalists
Unitarian Universalist clergy
People from Eugene, Oregon
Starr King School for the Ministry alumni
University of Oviedo faculty
Converts to

masks: Morales Morales Morales Morales Morales Morales Morales Morales


title: Rafael Osuna

texts:
<mask>  (15 September 1938 – 4 June 1969), nicknamed "El Pelón" (The Bald), was a former world No. 1 tennis player, the most successful player in the history of Mexico and an Olympian. He was born in Mexico City, and is best remembered for his singles victory at the U.S. Open Championships in 1963, winning the 1960 and 1963 Wimbledon Doubles championships, the 1962 U.S. Open Championships doubles, and for leading Mexico to its only Davis Cup Final round appearance in 1962. He is the only Mexican to date to be inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame, in 1979. Career
His first successes as an athlete occurred before he was ten years old, when he competed in the open category of the Mexican National Table Tennis Championships. In the course of the tournament, he upset the Mexico City Table Tennis Champion in singles, a feat remarkable both for Osuna's young age and the fact that it was his first tournament. <mask> also won the Doubles Championship, with Alfredo Ramos Uriarte as his partner.From age 10 to 14 he was ranked in the top 10 in Mexico's Open singles in table tennis. He was awarded a full scholarship to attend the University of Southern California (USC) in the US, by Head Coach George Toley, who quickly identified Osuna as a major talent. Toley had to literally reteach Osuna how to play tennis because of his poor technique but, in Toley's own words ¨he moves on the tennis court like a God¨. Osuna participated in the 1960 Wimbledon championships, competing only in the doubles category with Dennis Ralston (soon to be his roommate at school). The two unknown youngsters soon made history, as the first unseeded pair to win the men's doubles at Wimbledon. This victory marked the beginning of <mask>'s career and fame. Described as an "agile and cerebral player" who "moves on the tennis court with the grace of a panther" (Tony Mottram), his subsequent achievements include:

 He is the only Mexican tennis player ever ranked World No.1, in 1963, by the

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title: Rafael Osuna

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 International Tennis Federation. He is the only Mexican tennis player ever to win a Grand Slam event singles title, the United States Tennis Association National Championships US Open Singles (1963). He is one of only three Latin Americans to win the US Championships, along with Guillermo Vilas and Juan Martín del Potro. <mask> and Palafox are the only Mexican tennis players ever to win the US Open doubles title, in 1962. In 1962, as the leader of the Mexican Davis Cup Team, <mask> led the team to its only Davis Cup Final to date, and the first-ever final reached by a Latin American country. His last victory (two weeks before his death in a plane crash) was an almost single-handed defeat of Australia in Davis Cup competition; Osuna won both his singles matches and the doubles. At that time Australia had won the Davis Cup 17 times, and the defeat was considered a major upset.USTA National Hard Courts singles and doubles champion 1962 and doubles champion 1969. <mask> was NCAA singles champion in 1962, doubles champion from 1961 to 1963, and team champion in 1962–63. The 1963 USC tennis team is regarded by some as the best collegiate tennis team of all time. <mask> won Mexico's only Olympic gold medals in tennis, in singles and in men's doubles with Vicente Zarazua in 1968, though they were both exhibition events. In the simultaneously run demonstration event, Osuna reached the semifinals in the singles and won the doubles tournament (again alongside Zarazua). <mask> earned a Bachelor in Science in Business Administration from the University of Southern California in 1963. In that same year, the International Tennis Federation would declare him the year-end No.1 player in the world. Style
<mask> was known for his footspeed, touch, and tactical awareness. Commentator Bud Collins dubs him "Mexico's greatest player...Ubiquitous on court, confusing to foes, ever seeking the net". His U.S. Open victory came against big server Frank Froehling, a dangerous unseeded opponent who

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title: Rafael Osuna

texts:
 had upset top-seeded Roy Emerson in the semifinals. Collins describes <mask>'s victory as a triumph of tactical play:

He is also remembered by his bold strategy against Bill Bowrey on the 4th match of the Mexico vs Australia Davis Cup tie in 1969. Coming back after the obligatory break after three sets (Osuna leading 2 sets to one), after holding serve on the first game, Osuna hits out, going for the lineas and keeping the ball away from Bowrey on each of all his service returns. While the knowledgeable public interprets this actions as trying to get loose, as the match progresses the public is baffled by Osuna continuing to do so after holding serve.Then, after holding serve and going up 4–3, <mask> changes his manner of play drastically by chipping in his return low to his opponents feet. At this precise moment Bowrey, in the entire 4th set and coming out of the rest period, has not hit one volley after his service motion due to the ¨hitting out¨strategy that Osuna implemented on this set. Bowrey is startled by the change of strategy on the first point. Osuna plays a superb second point to go up 0-30. Being love – 30 gets Bowrey extremely tight and gets broken. Osuna closes the match on his next service game. 1968 Olympic Summer Games
<mask> competed for Mexico in tennis at the 1968 Summer Olympics, which was a demonstration sport with no medals awarded.He finished in first place in three events:
 Demonstration events – Men's doubles (with Vicente Zarazúa)
 Exhibition events – Men's singles
 Exhibition events – Men's doubles (with Vicente Zarazúa)

According to ESPN Latin America, <mask>'s latest achievements such as reaching the World No. 1 and winning the US Open in 1963 were highly influential factors for the organizers to create a tennis event for the Olympics. Demonstration events (Guadalajara)

Exhibition events (Mexico City)

Death
Osuna was one of 79 people killed in the crash of Mexicana Flight 704 on 4 June 1969 near Monterrey, Nuevo León, "Pico del

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 Fraile", Tres Cerros. He was 30 years old. Posthumous honors

<mask> has received numerous posthumous honors, including:

 During the 1969 National Championships, the Intercollegiate Tennis Association NCAA instituted the Rafael Osuna Sportsmanship Award, the first new award added since 1881. Given to the most outstanding college tennis player, the criteria for the award are competitive excellence, sportsmanship, and contribution to tennis. During the 1969 US Open Championships at Forest Hills, two months after his death, the US Open Committee declared 28 August to be Rafael Osuna Day, honoring the memory of the former champion.This was the first time the tournament had honored a tennis player in this manner. In 1969 the Chapultepec Club, the cathedral of Mexican tennis and home to the majority of its history, named its stadium "Rafael Osuna". In 1972, with the intent to strengthen ties between the US and Mexico and to honor the memory of the only player ever to win the US Championships and the Mexican Open championships in singles, the "Osuna Cup" event was instituted. It is disputed annually by the official teams from both nations, and is the longest international tennis event played on Mexican territory, and the only one sanctioned by the USTA and the MTF. In 1970 Mr. Joseph F. Cullman, Honorary Chairman of the Board of the International Tennis Hall of Fame, presented to the Chancellor of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ing. Javier Barrios Sierra, ten scholarships in the name of <mask>a to be awarded to outstanding Mexican students. On 14 July 1979, <mask> was inducted as a member of the International Tennis Hall of Fame, in Newport, Rhode Island.To date, <mask> is the only Mexican to receive this honor, and the second Mexican-born player (after John Doeg). In 1979, Mexican President José López Portillo y Pacheco unveiled an  statue of <mask>a, erected by the Mexican National Athletics Institute at the Olympic plaza at the Mexican Olympic Committee. In

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 1983, the Intercollegiate Tennis College Association (NCAA) inaugurated their Tennis Hall of Fame, in Athens, Georgia. The inaugural class was the All Time NCAA Champions of Excellence. with 10 Players and 5 Head Coaches. <mask> was one of the ten along with such other great players as: Arthur Ashe, Dennis Ralston, Alex Olmedo, Ted Schroeder, Tony Trabert, and his Coach George Toley. In 1990 Mrs. <mask> de Belmar published the biography <mask>a: Sonata in Set Mayor.The book has been included in the International Tennis Hall of Fame Museum, Wimbledon Museum, USTA library, and Doheney library at USC. It is a collector's item, with only 2000 copies in the first edition. On 28 November 2000, Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon presented an homage to the most outstanding Mexican athletes of the 20th Century, awarded by the Secretary of Public Education of Mexico. Osuna was selected "Sportsman of the 20th Century" in the Category of Tennis. On 14 October 2006, the University of Southern California USC Hall of Fame Selection Committee selected <mask> to be inducted into the USC Athletic Hall of Fame on May 5, 2007. In November 2010 CNN Mexico selected <mask>'s accomplishments as one of the top 10 sports highlights of all time. Grand Slam finals

Singles (1 title)

Doubles (3 titles, 2 runners-up)

Grand Slam tournament performance timeline

Singles

References

External links

1938 births
1969 deaths
Mexican male tennis players
Tennis players from Mexico City
International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees
United States National champions (tennis)
Wimbledon champions (pre-Open Era)
University of Southern California alumni
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Tennis players at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Mexico
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1969
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in tennis
Central American and Caribbean Games gold

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title: Maximilian Fretter-Pico

texts:
<mask> (6 February 1892 – 4 April 1984) was a German general during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany. A veteran of WWI, he would serve in the Battle of France, in the Eastern Front and in Hungary. Early life
Fretter-Pico was born on 6 February 1892 in Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, in the German Empire, joining the Field Artillery Regiment "Grand Duke" (1st Badisches) No. 14 (German: Feldartillerie-Regiment „Großherzog“ (1. Badisches) Nr. 14) of the Prussian Army in Karlsruhe on 20 September 1910 as an officer candidate, and attended the Military School in Danzig from March to November 1911.On 27 January 1912 he was promoted to lieutenant (German: Leutnant) and completed a course at the artillery school in Jüterbog from September 1913 to January 1914. First World War
With his regiment he went to the First World War as an adjutant and took over an anti-balloon gun platoon in January 1915. On 18 September 1915 he was promoted to senior lieutenant (German: Oberleutnant). In May 1916 he gave up his command again and worked as an adjutant in various brigades and divisions until 1918. In January and February 1918 he completed general staff training in the high command of the Army Group Duke Albrecht von Württemberg. Before the end of the war, he was promoted to captain (German: Hauptmann) on 18 October 1918 and as such he was accepted into the Reichswehr. Interwar Years
There he was first active in the staff of the 1st (Prussian) Artillery Regiment (German: 1.(Preußischen) Artillerie-Regiments) in Königsberg and was then transferred to the staff of Group Command 1 (German: Gruppenkommandos 1) in Berlin until April 1923. This was followed by an


title: Maximilian Fretter-Pico

texts:
 activity in the Ministry of the Reichswehr in the Army Operations Department T 1 (German: Heeres-Operationsabteilung T 1) until October 1927, which was only interrupted by a one-year transfer from October 1925 to October 1926 as a company commander in the 6th (Prussian) Artillery Regiment (German: 6. (Preußische) Artillerie-Regiment) in Hanover. He then returned to Hanover as chief of the 8th Battery of the 6th Artillery Regiment (German: 8. Batterie des 6. Artillerie-Regiments) and held this command until September 1930. After Fretter-Pico had completed a two-month training course at the Army Riding School (German: Heeres-Reitschule), he was transferred to the staff of the 1st Cavalry Division (German: 1.Kavallerie-Division) moved to Königsberg. He stayed there until October 1933. On 1 April 1932 he was promoted to major and on 1 March 1935 to lieutenant colonel (German: Oberstleutnant). In October 1935 he was transferred to the foreign department in the Army High Command and on 1 August 1937 he was promoted to colonel (German: Oberst). In 1938 he was posted to the Turkish Army as a military attaché for a few months until November of the same year. After his return he was appointed Chief of Staff of the General Command of the Saar-Palatinate Border Troops (German: Generalkommandos der Grenztruppen Saarpfalz) in Kaiserslautern. Second World War
After the beginning of the Second World War, this General Command was renamed XXIV Army Corps on 17 September 1939.As part of the Western Campaign, the corps took part in the fighting in France. On 1 March 1941 <mask> was promoted to major general (German: Generalmajor) and in April of the same year he was briefly transferred to the Führerreserve. On 19 April 1941 he took


title: Maximilian Fretter-Pico

texts:
 2nd and 3rd Army, it was temporarily referred to as the Army Group Fretter-Pico (German: Armeegruppe Fretter-Pico).This formation took part in the Battle of Debrecen, from 6 to 29 October 1944. On 23 December 1944 he gave up his command and was z. b. V. of the Army High Command. This put him on 25 March 1945 as an assessor in the court martial in Torgau against the General der Panzertruppe Walter Fries. Contrary to Hitler's express order, Fries had given up the city of Warsaw, which had been declared a fortress (German: Festung), and had the German troops withdrawn. The trial ended on 30 March 1945 with Fries' acquittal and Fretter-Pico was appointed commander of military district IX, based in Kassel (German: Wehrkreis IX (Kassel)), this being his last command. There he was taken prisoner by the US Army on 22 April 1945 being released in mid-1947. Post-War Period
In the post-war years he wrote several books in which he dealt with the role of the Wehrmacht.<mask>-Pico died at the age of 92 on 4 April 1984 in Kreuth am Tegernsee. He was buried in Cemetery IV of the Jerusalem and New Churches on Bergmannstrasse in Berlin-Kreuzberg, in the hereditary family grave of the Soltmann family, from which his wife Gertrude (1901-1993) was born. Family
He was the elder brother of Otto Fretter-Pico (one year younger), also a German general during World War II. Awards

 Iron Cross (1914)  2nd Class (12 October 1914) & 1st Class (23 December 1916)
 Knight's Cross 2nd Class of the Order of the Zähringer Lion with Swords (10 October 1914)
 Hanseatic Cross of Hamburg (20 January 1918)
 Wound Badge in Black (June 1918)
 Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (31 October 1939) & 1st Class (16 June 1940)
 West Wall Medal (22


title: Maximilian Fretter-Pico

texts:
 November 1940)
 German Cross in Gold as General der Artillerie and commanding general of the XXX. Armeekorps (19 September 1942)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross as Generalmajor and commander of the 97. leichte Infanterie-Division (26 December 1941)
 Oak leaves as General der Artillerie and commanding general of the XXX. Armeekorps (16 January 1944)

Works

 Mißbrauchte Infanterie – Deutsche Infanterie-Divisionen im osteuropäischen Großraum 1941 bis 1944 [Mishandled Infantry - German infantry divisions in the Eastern European metropolitan area 1941 to 1944]. Verlag für Wehrwesen Bernard & Graefe, Frankfurt am Main, 1957.Verlassen von des Sieges Göttern – (Mißbrauchte Infanterie) [Forsaken by the Gods of Victory - (Mishandled Infantry)]. Kyffhäuser Verlag, Wiesbaden, 1969. Bibliography

 Dermot Bradley (Hrsg. ): Soldatenschicksale des 20. Jahrhunderts, Band 5: <mask>-Pico – Die Jahre danach: Erinnerungen des Generals der Artillerie a. D. 1945 bis 1984 [Soldier Fates of the 20th Century, Volume 5: <mask>-Pico - The Years After: Memories of the General of the Artillery a. D. 1945 to 1984]. Biblio-Verlag, Osnabrück 1986, . Dermot Bradley: Die Generale des Heeres 1921 bis 1945, Band 4 [The Generals of the Army 1921 to 1945, Volume 4].Biblio-Verlag, Bissendorf 1996, , S. 75 f.

References

Citations

Bibliography

1892 births
1984 deaths
Military personnel from Karlsruhe
Generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
Generals of Artillery (Wehrmacht)
German military personnel of World War I
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak

masks:
Maximilian Fretter
Maximilian Fretter


title: Gene Upshaw

texts:
<mask>. (August 15, 1945 – August 20, 2008), also known as "Uptown <mask>" and "Highway 63", was an American professional football player for the Oakland Raiders of the American Football League (AFL) and later the National Football League (NFL). He later served as the executive director of the National Football League Players' Association (NFLPA). <mask> was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1987 and is also the only player in NFL history to reach the Super Bowl with the same team in three different decades. Early life
<mask> was born in Robstown, Texas, and graduated from Robstown High School. He played college football at Texas A&I University (now Texas A&M University-Kingsville), where he was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. In 1967 at age 22, <mask> married <mask> (née Hill). Together they had one son, <mask>, and later divorced.Football career
After playing football in college at a number of offensive line positions, he settled at left offensive guard for the Oakland Raiders in the American Football League and the National Football League for 15 years. During that time, he played in three Super Bowls; in the 1967, 1976, and 1980 seasons, making him the first player to reach the game in three different decades (Jerry Rice and Bill Romanowski would later accomplish the feat in 2003). He also played in three AFL Championship Games, seven American Football Conference title games, one AFL All-Star game, and six NFL Pro Bowls. He was selected by The Sporting News' to the 1969 AFL All League team. He was part of a particularly strong offensive line during the 1976 season, with interior linemates Dave Dalby at center and George Buehler at right guard. In the

masks:
Eugene Thurman Upshaw Jr
Gene
Upshaw
Upshaw
Upshaw
Jimmye Lee Hill Upshaw
Eugene Upshaw III


title: Gene Upshaw

texts:
 1976 AFC championship game of the 1976–77 NFL playoffs, the Raiders beat the Pittsburgh Steelers, rushing for 157 yards and passing for 88 yards. The Raiders then beat the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl XI, rushing for a whopping 266 yards and passing for 180 yards, as <mask> overwhelmed the opposing defensive tackle, Alan Page, a Hall-of-Famer.In the 1980 AFC championship game of the 1980–81 NFL playoffs, the Raiders beat the San Diego Chargers, rushing for 138 yards and passing for 261 yards. The Raiders then beat the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl XV, rushing for 117 yards and passing for 261 yards again, as <mask>, Dalby, and right guard Mickey Marvin outmatched Eagle nose tackle Charlie Johnson and inside linebackers Bill Bergey and Frank LeMaster. In 1999, he was ranked No. 62 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players. He was the older brother of <mask>, who was a defensive lineman with the Cleveland Browns, Kansas City Chiefs and St. Louis Cardinals. Over the course of his sixteen seasons in the NFL, <mask> witnessed—and, in many cases, participated in—many iconic NFL games and plays. These include the Heidi Game, the Immaculate Reception, The Sea of Hands Game, Ghost to the Post, the Holy Roller Game, and Red Right 88.He also reached three Super Bowls in three different decades (1967, 1976, and 1980); in total, <mask> played in 24 playoff games with the Raiders. NFLPA career
<mask> was an active member of the bargaining committee for the National Football League Players' Association (NFLPA) throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s. He led the NFLPA in its unsuccessful strike in 1987 and through years of antitrust litigation against the

masks:
Upshaw
Upshaw
Marvin Upshaw
Upshaw
Upshaw
Upshaw


title: Gene Upshaw

texts: league, including a brief period in which the NFLPA became a professional association rather than a union, that ended with the union's acceptance of a salary cap in return for free agency and an enhanced share of league revenues for the union's members. Until his death, he was the executive director of the association. In an infamous 1987 incident during labor negotiations between the NFL and the NFLPA, Dallas Cowboys president and general manager Tex Schramm told <mask>, "<mask>, here's what you have to understand: we're the ranchers and you're the cattle, and we can always get more cattle." He alienated many retired players after comments he made in response to 325 former AFL and NFL players receiving minimal retirement benefits. When the former players attempted to have the NFL and the NFLPA consider their plight, <mask> responded: "The bottom line is I don't work for them.They don't hire me and they can't fire me. They can complain about me all day long. They can have their opinion. But the active players have the vote." <mask> later said he was misquoted and was speaking solely about fellow Hall of Famer Joe DeLamielleure, further saying "A guy like DeLamielleure says the things he said about me; you think I'm going to invite him to dinner? No. I'm going to break his damn neck."While <mask>'s comments were true on the letter of the NFL's benefit rules—the NFLPA is charged with the union rights of active players, and any matters dealing with retirees are subject to negotiations between the NFLPA and the NFL Management Council—they were badly received by both former and current players, fans, and the media. Prior to his death, a campaign was allegedly being led by Ravens

masks: Upshaw Gene Upshaw Upshaw Upshaw


title: Gene Upshaw

texts:
 kicker Matt Stover to oust <mask> as head of the NFLPA; however, all parties have denied such a plan. Stover along with a number of other players claim to have only been seeking a definite succession plan in order to avoid a drawn-out and messy transfer of power such as <mask>'s death has seen realized. Tennessee Titans center Kevin Mawae, president of the NFLPA, had denied reports of mass callings from players for <mask> to step down. Halls of Fame and other honors
<mask> was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1987. And in 1996, <mask> was also inducted into the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame. In 2004, the NCAA Division II sports information directors awarded the first <mask> Division II Lineman of the Year award.It is presented each year during the weekend of the NCAA Division II Football Championship by the Manheim (Pennsylvania) Touchdown Club. Death
In mid-August 2008 at his home in Lake Tahoe, <mask> began to feel ill. His wife Terri (née Buich) noticed that his breathing was labored, so she convinced him to go to the emergency room, where he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer on August 17. On August 20, <mask> died with Terri and his sons Eugene III, Justin, and Daniel by his side, five days after his 63rd birthday. After his death, the NFL announced that all 32 teams would wear a patch on their jerseys with the initials "GU" and the number 63 for the opening weekend of the 2008 season. Beginning in the second week of the season, all teams wore the patch as a decal on their backs of their helmets instead of a shoulder patch; while the Raiders continued to wear the shoulder patch throughout the season. In 2011, his son <mask> III filed a lawsuit in Fairfax

masks:
Gene Upshaw
Upshaw
Upshaw
Upshaw
Upshaw
Gene Upshaw
Upshaw
Upshaw
Eugene Upshaw


title: Gene Upshaw

texts:
 County Circuit Court regarding how the will was handled at the time of his father's death, stating his father was too ill to be able to understand the document he was signing. The case was settled out of court prior to the trial, but the facts of the case created more conflict between retired players and the NFLPA, with several prominent retired players/advocates lashing out at <mask> and his family for a $15 million payment in his will and citing the large number of disabled and broke veterans who had no resources; however, the reporting also showed that the $15 million was a deferred payment from <mask>'s long tenure as the NFLPA head and the money was taken out of his salary during that time and served as a de facto pension separate from the issues that were causing controversy.See also
Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame
List of American Football League players
Most consecutive starts by a left guard

References

External links
Pro Football Hall of Fame biography

1945 births
2008 deaths
American Football League All-League players
American Football League All-Star players
African-American players of American football
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football offensive guards
Oakland Raiders players
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas football players
Executive Directors of the National Football League Players Association
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Deaths from cancer in California
Presidents of the National Football League Players Association
American Football League players
People from Robstown, Texas
African-American trade unionists
Trade unionists from Texas
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American

masks: Upshaw Upshaw


title: Hoodie Allen

texts:
Steven Adam Markowitz (born August 19, 1988), better known by his stage name <mask>, is an American rapper, singer and songwriter from Plainview, New York. After graduating from the University of Pennsylvania, he began working at Google before ultimately quitting to pursue a music career full-time. In 2012, he released his first official EP titled All American which debuted at No. 10 on the Billboard 200. In October 2014, Hoodie officially released his debut studio album, People Keep Talking which was successful with first week sales of over 30,000 along with a debut position of No. 8 on the Billboard 200. Hoodie followed up on his success in January 2016 and released his second studio album, Happy Camper.Early life
Steven Markowitz was born on Long Island and raised in a Jewish household in Plainview along with his brother, Daniel. He started writing lyrics as a child, and would perform raps for his friends at house parties. Markowitz first attended the Long Island School for the Gifted in South Huntington, and later attended Plainview – Old Bethpage John F. Kennedy High School. While attending the University of Pennsylvania, he pledged the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity. He also played as defensive back for Penn's sprint football team. After graduating in 2010 with a degree in marketing and finance, he worked at Google as an AdWords associate in their Standardized AdWords Reseller Training (START) program. He would leave at 7:00 AM for a bus ride to the Googleplex in Mountain View, work a full day at Google, return home at 6:00 PM, write songs, answer fan emails, and schedule concerts until 2:00 or 3:00 AM.Reflecting on this, <mask> said, "I was moving so fast, and even while I was at Google there was so much

masks:
Hoodie Allen
Allen


title: Hoodie Allen

texts:
 going on that I felt like I was doing two full-time jobs." His dream and passion was music, so when he got opportunities to do live shows, he decided to leave Google. Career

2009–12: Beginnings and Leap Year
<mask> <mask> originally was the duo of Steve Markowitz and Obey City (Samuel Obey, a childhood friend) on vocals and production, respectively. The name came about because Steven's nickname growing up was "Hoodie," and he wanted a name that "would stick in peoples' minds and be a little bit funny and representative of who I am" so a play off of famed filmmaker <mask> was settled on. Steve and Obey's first two releases were the Bagels & Beats EP and Making Waves mixtape. These earned Hoodie a nomination for MTVU's Best Music on Campus Award in 2009. The single "UPENN Girls" also received notable attention.However, in 2010 Obey City ceased to produce in Hoodie for unknown reasons, and Steve continued making music with RJ Ferguson (aka RJF), giving himself the name <mask> <mask>jordje, Gasic. Mixtape: <mask> <mask> "rio life". Complex Magazine. July 26, 2011. In June 2010, he released "You Are Not a Robot," which sampled "I Am Not a Robot" by Marina and the Diamonds and which hit No. 1 on Hype Machine, an aggregator that collects the most-blogged about music in the world. After seeing the response, he spent the summer working, and finished his mixtape Pep Rally by September.The album was largely produced by RJF, and sampled songs from Death Cab for Cutie, Flight Facilities, Marina and the Diamonds, Ellie Goulding, and Two Door Cinema Club. He picked the name "Pep Rally" because he said that it "captured the energy of the record" and something "new and exciting." He self-financed a video for the lead

masks:
Hoodie
Allen
Woody Allen
Hoodie
Allen D
Hoodie
Allen


title: Hoodie Allen

texts:
 American, featuring rapper Wax, Jared Evan, and others varied from show to show. The I Work Better In The UK Tour was his first time performing overseas. The Excellent Adventure Tour, which featured G-Eazy, began on September 7, 2012. 2013: Crew Cuts and Americoustic
On February 11, 2013, XXL premiered the music video for "Cake Boy," the first single off of Hoodie's upcoming mixtape. The single was later released on iTunes for purchase. A week later, the music video for "Fame Is For Assholes" (abbreviated FIFA) premiered on YouTube which features rapper Chiddy Bang. Hoodie commented, "I wanted to write a track that mixed a classic doo-wop vibe with the more upbeat hip-hop style that my fans have come to love."Hoodie embarked on his Cruisin' USA Tour with Aer and Jared Evan which began on March 5, 2013. G-Eazy, instead of Aer, accompanied <mask> on his Boston, Philly, and NYC shows. During the Cruisin' USA Tour, Hoodie directed the audience to chant that they wanted to see him on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. Leading up to Roseland Ballroom, Hoodie started the hashtag "#GetHoodieAllenOnFallon" on Twitter to rally his fans. After trending worldwide, Fallon asked to speak with <mask>. Hoodie performed his new single "Make It Home" on Fuse alongside Kina Grannis which was released on April 30. The studio version of the single was released onto iTunes on May 15, 2013, where it reached the top ten of the iTunes Hip-Hop/Rap charts.On July 30, 2013, Hoodie released the music video for "No Interruption (Acoustic)". His acoustic EP Americoustic was released on August 13, 2013, and reached No. 1 on the iTunes Hip-Hop/Rap album chart and No. 4 on the iTunes overall albums chart. The EP's guitar work was composed,

masks: Hoodie Hoodie


title: Hoodie Allen

texts:
 2019: Whatever USA
On August 16, 2019, Hoodie released his fourth studio album Whatever USA. Leading up to its release, the ninth track "Never Going Back" was released on March 1, 2019.He then released "Come Around“, the second single on the album, with Christian French on June 21, 2019. The third track released before the album released was "Hell of a Time" which was released on August 2, 2019. Acting career
<mask> has appeared in four episodes of the CollegeHumor series Jake and Amir since March 3, 2011. He made his CollegeHumor debut as Amir's rap teacher in "Jake and Amir / Rap Teacher (With <mask> <mask>)" and returned to that role three more times in videos titled "Jake and Amir / Rap Teacher 2 (with <mask> <mask>)", "Jake and Amir / Rap Teacher 3 (with <mask> <mask>)", and "Jake and Amir / Jake and Amir Finale Part 5: The Auditions". Reception
In July 2011, Hoodie cracked the Top 10 of Billboard's Uncharted Territory. For the week of August 5, 2011, he was No. 2 on Billboards Uncharted Territory, with Billboard noting that his "growing popularity is undeniable."On April 10, 2012, Hoodie's All American EP went to No. 1 on the iTunes charts within hours of its release. All American'' also debuted at No. 10 on Billboard's Top Albums and was featured on its hip-hop and R&B column, The Juice. Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

As lead artist

References

External links

Living people
American hip hop singers
East Coast hip hop musicians
Google employees
Jewish American musicians
Jewish rappers
People from Old Bethpage, New York
Rappers from New York (state)
Underground rappers
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
1988 births
21st-century American

masks: Hoodie Hoodie Allen Hoodie Allen Hoodie Allen


title: David Premack

texts:
<mask> (October 26, 1925 – June 11, 2015) was Professor of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, United States. He was educated at the University of Minnesota when logical positivism was in full bloom. The departments of Psychology and Philosophy were closely allied. Herbert Feigl, Wilfred Sellars, and Paul Meehl led the philosophy seminars, while Group Dynamics was led by Leon Festinger and Stanley Schachter. Research
Premack started in primate research in 1954 at the Yerkes Primate Biology Laboratory at Orange Park outside Jacksonville, Florida. His first two chimpanzee subjects, Sarah and Gussie, started at the University of Missouri and traveled with him to the University of California, Santa Barbara, and then to the University of Pennsylvania, where he had nine chimpanzee subjects. Premack's first publication (1959) was a new theory of reinforcement (which became known as Premack's principle).It argued that the more probable response in any pair of responses could reinforce the less probable response—demonstrating that reinforcement is a relative, not an absolute property. This theory predicts six conditions, all of which have been supported by evidence:
Reinforcement is a relative property. Responses A, B, C have a descending rank order of probability. A will therefore reinforce both B and C.  C will reinforce neither. This suggests that reinforcement is an absolute property. However, B corrects this view. B will reinforce C, but not A.B is both a reinforcer and not a reinforcer. Reinforcement is therefore a relative property. Reinforcement is a reversible property. When drinking is more probable than running, drinking reinforces running. When the probabilities are reversed, running reinforces drinking. Historically, consummatory responses, eating and drinking, have served exclusively as reinforcers, but


title: David Premack

texts: consummatory responses are, like any other response, subject to reinforcement. Reinforcement and punishment, traditionally contrasted as opposites, are in fact equivalent except for sign.If response A leads contingently to B, and B is more probable than A, A will increase in frequency (reinforcement); conversely, if A leads contingently to B, and B is less probable than A, A will decrease in frequency (punishment). The major contrast is not between reward and punishment; but between reward and punishment as contrasted with freedom. Freedom is the condition in which stimuli are freely (not contingently) available to an individual. When motorized running is more probable than lever pressing but less probable than drinking, then running reinforces lever pressing and punishes drinking. In other words, the same response can be both a reinforcer and a punisher - at the same time and for the same individual. The equivalence of reinforcement and punishment is further suggested in this interesting fact: rats are either sensitive to both reinforcement and punishment, or insensitive to both; they are never sensitive to one but insensitive to the other. Premack introduced the concept of Theory of Mind, with Guy Woodruff, in an article published in 1978.This has proven to be a fruitful concept in psychology and neuroscience. For example, hundreds of articles have been published on theory of mind in fields ranging from comparative psychology studies of cognitive capacities of animals to human developmental psychology studies of infant cognition to social neuroscience studies of the brain substrates that mediate simulations of mental processes in other individuals. <mask>'s analysis of same/different led him and his associates to show that chimpanzees can do analogies. Sameness/difference is not a relation between objects (e.g., A same A,


title: David Premack

texts:
 to gentle actions such as one object caressing another, negative value to harsh actions such as one object hitting another. In addition infants assign positive value when one object helps another to achieve its goal, negative value when one object hinders another from achieving its goal. Finally, he and <mask> argued: infants equate caressing with helping (despite their physical dissimilarity); and equate hitting with hindering (despite their physical dissimilarity. Premack has focused on cognitive differences between the intelligence of animals and humans. Human competence is domain general, capable of serving indeterminately many goals; animal competence is a narrow adaptation, serving only one goal.For instance, humans teach all possible activities (different ones in different cultures), whereas meerkats and cats, two of very few animals that teach at all, teach one activity: how to eat dangerous food such as scorpions in the one case, and how to stalk mice in the other. What explains the domain-generality of human competence? Human competence is composed of an interweaving of multiple evolutionarily-independent components; animal competence of a single evolutionary component. Premack debated of the nature of linguistic performance in apes with Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky at the Centre Royaumont pour une Science de l'Homme, during one of the last moments when Jacques Monod could participate in intellectual debates shortly before his death. He died at the age of 89, and was buried at Riverside National Cemetery on June 17, 2015. References

1925 births
2015 deaths
American psychologists
Cognitive scientists
Fellows of the Society of Experimental Psychologists
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
University of Missouri faculty
University of Pennsylvania faculty
University of Minnesota alumni
Experimental


title: Geoff Palmer (scientist)

texts:
Sir <mask> OBE (; born 9 April 1940) is a Professor Emeritus in the School of Life Sciences at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, Scotland, and a human rights activist. He discovered the barley abrasion process whilst a researcher at the Brewing Research Foundation from 1968 to 1977. In 1998, <mask> became the fourth person, and the first European, to be honoured with the American Society of Brewing Chemists Award of Distinction, considered the "Nobel prize of brewing". In 1989, he became the first black professor in Scotland, becoming a professor emeritus after he retired in 2005. He was knighted in the 2014 New Year Honours. Early life
<mask> was born in St Elizabeth, Jamaica. His father left home when he was seven years old; after his mother moved to work as a dressmaker in England in 1948, part of the Windrush generation, <mask> grew up in Kingston, Jamaica, in the care of his eight aunts.He joined his mother in London in March 1955, shortly before his 15th birthday, living at a house on the Caledonian Road. Too young to work, he was assessed as educationally subnormal at his first school, and he was sent to Shelborne Road Secondary Modern. His cricketing skill gained him a place on the London Schools' cricket team, and a place at Highbury Grammar School. After leaving school in 1958 with six O-levels and two A-levels, in botany and zoology, he found a job as a junior lab technician at Queen Elizabeth College, London University, working for Professor Garth Chapman. He gained further qualifications studying one day a week at a local polytechnic. In 1961, <mask> went to the University of Leicester earning a degree (2:2) in botany in 1964. He sought post-graduate work, and applied to study for an MSc at the University of Nottingham, funded by the Ministry of Agriculture.Academic career
After an interview with Professor Anna Macleod, he secured a place to study for a PhD in grain science and technology jointly with Heriot-Watt College and the University of Edinburgh, beginning his doctorate in 1965. After completing his PhD thesis entitled

masks:
Godfrey Henry Oliver Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer


title: Geoff Palmer (scientist)

texts: Ultra-structure of cereal grains in relation to germination in 1967, he began his research work at the Brewing Research Foundation in Surrey in 1968, where he worked on the science and technology of barley. He moved back to Heriot-Watt University in 1977. He received a Doctorate of Science in 1985, and was offered a personal chair at Heriot-Watt in 1989 after Macleod had retired. <mask> specialises in grain science and has extensive expertise with barley, sorghum, other cereals and malt, having written a textbook on the subject entitled Cereal Science and Technology. He investigated the processes that turn barley into malt, and he invented the barley abrasion process while at the Brewing Research Foundation. At Heriot-Watt, he and his students worked on brewing using sorghum.He developed a new simple method to detect pre-germination in cereal grains showing difference in amylase actions of individual grains of a barley sample containing different degrees of pre-germination, with results that can be expressed in optical density. In the journal International Brewer and Distiller, it was reported that <mask> had "requested samples of pre-germinated grain as he is developing a new amylase test which will look at the distribution of the enzyme across individual grains in a sample. A small number of grains, with high amylase/pre-germination activity, can cause unexpected storage or processing problems and visual or average analyses do not always identify uneven distribution." He attracted and received funding to set up the International Centre for Brewing and Distilling at Heriot-Watt University, through initiating contact with the distilling industry. He has also contributed to the Encyclopedia of Seeds and the Encyclopedia of Grain Science, writing the Foreword for the latter. On 29 April 2021, it was announced that Sir <mask> had been appointed as the Chancellor of Heriot-Watt University, for an initial term of five years. The role is central to promoting Heriot-Watt's prominence and profile in research in the University's campuses in

masks:
Palmer
Palmer
Geoff Palmer


title: Geoff Palmer (scientist)

texts:
 Scotland, Malaysia and Dubai.Views

Human rights and racial equality work
Alongside his academic work, <mask> is also a prominent human rights activist and is involved in a considerable amount of charity work in the community. He wrote a series of articles for the Times Educational Supplement from 1969 to 1971 on way to improve the education of children from ethnic minorities. His book on race relations entitled Mr. White and the Ravens, was first published in 2001, and he contributed an article to The Scotsman entitled 'Stephen Lawrence analysis: Society is more mixed but racism has not gone away - we still have a long way to go' (5 January 2012). <mask> has also authored a book on the history of slavery, The Enlightenment Abolished: Citizens of Britishness (2007), and has spoken out extensively against the slave trade. In 2007, the Bicentenary of the passage of the Slave Trade Act 1807 by Parliament, which abolished the slave trade, Professor <mask> was named among the "100 Great Black Britons", as well as on the 2020 updated list. He serves as the Honorary President of Edinburgh and Lothians Regional Equality Council (ELREC), an Edinburgh-based organisation which works to tackle discrimination and promote human rights and equality in the community, specifically with regard to the nine protected characteristics outlined in the Equality Act 2010. <mask> recently spoke about the Ethnic Coding in NHS Scotland at ELREC's 40th Annual General Meeting.Views on the Melville Monument and slavery

During the George Floyd protests, <mask> was a leading proponent of calls to reinterpret the Melville Monument, a large column in St Andrew Square, Edinburgh dedicated to Scottish statesman Henry Dundas, due to his support for "gradual abolition", which delayed the abolition of slave trade by fifteen years. Noting that he did not support the removal of controversial statues "because [they are] part of black history", <mask> instead called on Scottish society to "take down... racism." On 4 April 2021, <mask> appeared on an episode of the BBC's Antiques

masks:
Palmer
Palmer
Geoff Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer


title: Geoff Palmer (scientist)

texts:
 Roadshow, presenting his antique collection of silver sugar bowls and tongs. On the programme, he described the significance of these items to slavery: "After the 200 year commemoration of the abolition of the slave trade I decided to look at sugar, because it was one of the main reasons for slavery. I thought I would find some evidence of this and acquired these silver items. While slaves were working and dying, people... were consuming the sugar, in those bowls, and with those tongs.To me, those silver bowls tell us the sort of things we do in order to make money, and to have a lifestyle that we think we deserve." Awards and media
In recognition of his work and achievements in the field of grain science, <mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2003 Birthday Honours. In 2008, <mask> became the fourth and only European individual to be honoured with the American Society of Brewing Chemists (ASBC) Award for distinction in scientific research and good citizenship: he received the award in Boston, Massachusetts in 2008. <mask> has been awarded Honorary Doctorates by Abertay University in 2009, the Open University in 2010, the University of the West Indies in 2015, and Heriot-Watt University in 2015. He was knighted in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to human rights, science, and charity. In August 2015 <mask> was the guest of interviewer Jim Al-Khalili on the BBC Radio 4 programme The Life Scientific. Personal life
<mask> has lived in the town of Penicuik in Midlothian since 1977.He is married to educational psychologist <mask>. References

External links
 "Audience with Professor Sir Godfrey Henry <mask> OBE by Sylbourne Sydial on January 1, 2014", YouTube. 1940 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of Heriot-Watt University
Jamaican emigrants to the United Kingdom
Knights Bachelor
Scottish human rights activists
Scottish non-fiction writers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of Heriot-Watt University
Alumni of the University of Leicester
People from

masks:
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Margaret Palmer
Oliver Palmer


title: Mansoor Ijaz

texts:
<mask> (born August 1961) is a Pakistani-American venture financier and hedge-fund manager. He is founder and chairman of Crescent Investment Management Ltd, a New York and London-based investment firm that operates CARAT, a proprietary trading system developed by Ijaz in the late 1980s. His venture investments included unsuccessful efforts in 2013 to acquire a stake in Lotus F1, a Formula One team. In the 1990s, Ijaz and his companies were contributors to Democratic Party institutions as well as the presidential candidacies of Bill Clinton. During the first Clinton term, when the U.S. had severed official ties with Sudan, Ijaz opened informal communications links between Washington and Khartoum in an effort to gain access to Sudanese intelligence data on Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda, who were then operating from Sudan. <mask> was involved in efforts to broker a ceasefire in Kashmir in 2000–2001, and in the Memogate controversy, in which former Pakistani envoy Husain Haqqani allegedly used him to deliver a memorandum to senior U.S. officials in order to thwart an attempted coup by the Pakistani military after bin Laden was killed. Personal life

<mask> was born in Tallahassee, Florida, and grew up on a farm in Montgomery County, Virginia.He has two brothers (Atif and Mujeeb) and a sister (Neelam <mask>-Ahmad). His brother Farouk died in 2012. His father, Mujaddid <mask> (June 12, 1937— July 9, 1992), was a Pakistani experimental physicist and professor of physics at Virginia Tech who was noted for his early role in the development of Pakistan's nuclear energy program and his discovery of numerous isotopes while working at Oak Ridge National Laboratories. His mother, Lubna Razia <mask>, was a solar physicist who worked with the United Nations Industrial Development

masks:
Mansoor Ijaz
Ijaz
Mansoor Ijaz
Ijaz
Ahmed Ijaz
Ijaz


title: Mansoor Ijaz

texts:
 Organization to develop renewable energy programs in Pakistan. <mask> received his bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Virginia in 1983 and a master's degree in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1985, where he was trained as a neural sciences engineer in the Harvard-MIT Medical Engineering Medical Physics Program (M.E.M.P.). While attending the University of Virginia, <mask> earned All-American status as a powerlifter in March 1982 with a combined lift total (squat, bench press and deadlift) of 960 lbs at the National Collegiate Powerlifting Championships held at Marshall University. Coached by John Gamble, he competed in the 56 kg class.Later that year, he competed at the U.S. National Powerlifting Championships in the 52 kg class and finished third. <mask> was Virginia State Champion in the 52 kg and 56 kg classes and set more than 25 Virginia State powerlifting records during three years in the sport. Professional life

Wall Street career

<mask> <mask> began his career on Wall Street in 1986, joining Van Eck Associates Corporation as a technology analyst. In 1990, <mask> left Van Eck to start Crescent Investment Management LLC, where he developed a trading system, Computer-Aided Regression Analysis Techniques, to manage his first hedge fund. His mentor at Van Eck, Klaus Buescher, joined Crescent as president in 1991, and they together managed the company until Buescher's death in June 1997. Since that time, <mask> has remained active as Crescent's owner, operating it as a quantitative investment adviser and venture investing firm. In the early 2000s, Crescent transitioned from a traditional hedge-fund management firm to a focus on venture investments, initially in homeland security technologies after the September

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title: Mansoor Ijaz

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 11 attacks.Ijaz formed and listed Crescent Technology Ventures PLC on London's AIM Stock Exchange to raise venture capital for his projects, but changes in AIM Rules for small-cap investment companies forced the start-up to de-list a year later. In the 2000s, Ijaz also launched an effort to finance and build what would have been the world's first underwater hotel, Hydropolis. Construction of this Dubai resort was projected to cost US$500 million in 2007, but was shelved by local authorities after the financial crisis of 2008. Crescent Hydropolis Holdings LLC continues operations today under private ownership. Crescent's venture investments included a bid together with its Abu Dhabi affiliate, Al Manhal International Group LLC, to acquire a stake in Formula One team Lotus F1. Quantum Motorsports Limited, a partnership between Crescent and Al Manhal, announced its intention to acquire 35% of Lotus F1 in June 2013. After several delays related to financing the deal, it did not take place.Media commentator
<mask> has also served as a media commentator and has written numerous opinion pieces for internationally known publications including The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, and the Los Angeles Times in the United States and the Financial Times in the United Kingdom. On television, he has served as a guest commentator for U.S. networks CNN, ABC, and Fox News, as well as for the BBC in the United Kingdom. Hired as a Fox News contributor in late 2001, <mask> appeared as a counterterrorism and foreign affairs analyst on various network programming. By 2007, his appearances on Fox were no longer exclusive to the network. He continued to appear periodically for various networks in Pakistan, India and the U.S. into early 2012 as Pakistan's Supreme Court-appointed Judicial

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title: Mansoor Ijaz

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 Commission began the Memogate inquiry. Political life

Through his opinion pieces and political fundraising, <mask> has advocated for the integration of Muslims into the American political mainstream. He raised significant amounts for various Democratic Party causes during the 1990s when President Clinton had paved the way for minority communities to become more active in U.S. politics, encouraging fellow Pakistani and Muslim Americans to join his fundraising efforts along the way.In 1996, <mask> raised or contributed more than $525,000 for the Clinton-Gore re-election campaign, bringing <mask> into close proximity with Clinton, Vice President Al Gore, Hillary Clinton as well as other Clinton administration national security officials with whom he would later engage on Sudan, Kashmir and Pakistan's nuclear program. <mask> also used his fundraising results to advance his causes in Congress, appearing as an expert witness in front of committees in the Senate on extremist threats faced by the United States  and in the House of Representatives to advocate for Washington to adopt a policy of "constructive engagement" with rogue Muslim countries affected by U.S. sanctions. As <mask>' prominence in Democratic Party circles increased, allegations of conflicts with his business interests also surfaced, although they were never proven. In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, <mask> had a public falling out with senior Clinton-era officials, including the former president, Sandy Berger and Susan Rice, over what he deemed were failures in their counterterrorism policies during Clinton's two terms in office. In 2007, Nevada Republicans approached <mask> to run against Sen. Harry Reid, in a bid to unseat the Senate Majority Leader, but <mask> declined. <mask> was a member of the

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title: Mansoor Ijaz

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 board of directors of the Atlantic Council from 2007 until 2009, and he is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations,

Philanthropic activities
Away from Crescent's daily affairs and former political and media engagements, <mask> has served on the College Foundation Board of Trustees at the University of Virginia, and he serves on the advisory board of the Rebuilding Afghanistan Foundation. RAF raises funds for building education infrastructure and programs in Afghanistan, including the construction of schools such as Mayar Elementary School, which enrolled 400 boys and girls from Maidan Wardak Province upon opening in late 2005.During the mid-1990s, <mask> supported Developments in Literacy, an initiative to build and operate elementary schools in rural Pakistan as alternatives to the religious schools in which many Pakistani children were being radicalized. The group did not seek to create a secularized school system; its goal was to teach the Qur'an as one of many subjects rather than as the only subject. <mask> and his wife Valérie also serve as goodwill ambassadors for a British charity, Children of Peace, that works to reconcile differences between Palestinian and Israeli youth. In late 2011, while addressing the World Peace Festival, a peace conference held in Berlin, <mask> announced an intention to donate 1% of his net worth to create a Humanitarian Relief Fund that would make an effort to alleviate the root causes of poverty. In noting his belief that governments have often failed to provide assistance to the poor in sufficient ways over the long term, Ijaz sought similar pledges for the proposed fund from other philanthropists. International negotiations

Negotiations with Sudan
<mask> <mask> was involved in unofficial negotiations between the U.S. and

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title: Mansoor Ijaz

texts: Sudanese governments in 1996 and 1997 to obtain access to Sudan's intelligence files on Osama bin Laden and the early remnants of Al-Qaeda's network there after efforts to extradite bin Laden to the U.S. failed in early 1996. In the same year, the United States Congress imposed sanctions against Khartoum over allegations of harboring and abetting terrorist cells on its soil.In early 1996, CIA and State Department officials held secret meetings near Washington, D.C., with Sudan's then-defense minister, El Fatih Erwa. In May 1996, bin Laden left Sudan for Afghanistan under pressure from the United States when the meetings failed to reconcile U.S. demands made of Khartoum about its record in aiding, abetting and harboring known terrorist groups and individuals. <mask> first met Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir and other Sudanese leaders in August 1996 and reported his findings back to U.S. government officials, including Lee Hamilton, ranking member of the House Committee on International Relations at the time, and Sandy Berger, then Clinton's deputy national security adviser, and Susan Rice, then director for African Affairs at the National Security Council. Initially, Khartoum sought U.S. sanctions relief, particularly for its growing oil sector, in return for access to its intelligence data on Al Qaeda's nascent network and bin Laden's activities there. However, the sanctions continued until U.S. officials exempted some in unrelated policy decisions that benefited U.S. oil companies. <mask> then argued that Washington should adopt a policy of "constructive engagement" with Khartoum vis-a-vis economic development and political reconciliation in return for Sudanese counterterrorism cooperation. In April 1997, Omar al-Bashir sent a letter to Hamilton, hand-carried by Ijaz


title: Mansoor Ijaz

texts: from Khartoum to Washington D.C., in which Sudan made an unconditional offer of counterterrorism assistance to the FBI and other U.S. intelligence agencies.Madeleine Albright, then newly appointed Secretary of State, decided to test the Sudanese government's moderating public stance, and on September 28, 1997 she announced that certain U.S. diplomats would return to Khartoum to pursue, among other objectives, obtaining Sudan's counterterrorism data. According to former U.S. Ambassador to Sudan Tim Carney and <mask>, Susan Rice, then newly appointed as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, and counterterrorism czar Richard Clarke persuaded Berger to overrule Albright's overture to Khartoum. In early October 1997, the State Department abruptly reversed its diplomatic entendre and proceeded in early November to announce new, more comprehensive trade, economic, and financial sector sanctions against the Sudanese regime. <mask> ended his efforts to reconcile U.S.–Sudan relations over counterterrorism issues in the summer of 1998 after the FBI declined Sudanese intelligence chief Gutbi Al-Mahdi's final unconditional offer of counterterrorism cooperation. Capturing bin Laden had been an objective of the U.S. government from the presidency of Bill Clinton until his death in 2011. <mask> asserted that in 1996, prior to bin Laden's expulsion from Sudan, the Sudanese government allegedly offered to arrest and extradite him to the United States.Khartoum's offer included detailed intelligence about the growing militancy of Hezbollah, Hamas, Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood and Iran's Revolutionary Guard, among other groups operating in the region. Ijaz further asserted that U.S. authorities allegedly rejected each offer despite knowing of bin Laden's involvement in training

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title: Mansoor Ijaz

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 terrorists in Somalia, some of whom were allegedly involved in supporting militia members that downed U.S. Black Hawk helicopters in Mogadishu in October 1993. Any evidence of bin Laden's involvement in criminal activity against U.S. interests, such as training militia members who attacked U.S. troops in 1993, could have been grounds for indicting him far before Sudan expelled the Saudi fugitive in May 1996. However, the 9/11 Commission found that although "former Sudanese officials claim that Sudan offered to expel bin Laden to the United States", "... we have not found any reliable evidence to support the Sudanese claim." Amb. Carney reportedly had instructions only to press the Sudanese to expel bin Laden because the U.S. government had no legal basis (i.e., no indictment outstanding) to ask the Sudanese for further action. In August 1998, two years after the warnings, the U.S. launched cruise missile strikes against Khartoum in retaliation for the East Africa embassy bombings.Ceasefire negotiations in Kashmir
In 2000 and 2001, <mask> was involved in efforts to broker a ceasefire in Kashmir, the cause of multiple wars between India and Pakistan since independence. He held a series of meetings with senior Indian and Pakistani government officials as well as senior Kashmiri leaders in both Indian and Pakistani-held Kashmir from November 1999 until January 2001, traveling to India secretly on out-of-passport visas. Following months of clandestine negotiations between militant Kashmiri commander Abdul Majid Dar and A. S. Dulat, then-chief of India's intelligence directorate, Dar declared a unilateral ceasefire in the Himalayan enclave on July 25, 2000. The initial ceasefire was aborted by a hard-line militant faction within Dar's Hizbul Mujahideen, widely believed to have


title: Mansoor Ijaz

texts: been supported by Pakistani intelligence. In order to gain Pakistani support for India's peace efforts in Kashmir, <mask> met Gen. Pervez Musharraf in Islamabad in May 2000. Musharraf reluctantly agreed to back the ceasefire plan despite opposition from hardliners in the ranks of Pakistan's armed forces and intelligence services. <mask> carried Musharraf's message to senior Indian officials, including India's then-deputy intelligence chief, C. D. Sahay.Sahay and <mask> worked together to develop a comprehensive blueprint for participation of a wider cross-section of Kashmiri resistance groups, particularly militant groups operating from Pakistan-held Kashmir. In late summer 2000, <mask> traveled to Muzaffarabad to negotiate with Hizbul Mujahideen commander Syed Salahuddin. That meeting resulted in Salahuddin issuing a letter to President Clinton, hand-carried to the White House by <mask>, in which the Kashmiri leader requested Clinton's support for Salahuddin's further steps in Kashmiri ceasefire negotiations. The plan drafted by Sahay and <mask> reportedly became the basis of a decision by India's prime minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, to announce a unilateral ceasefire in Indian-held Kashmir in November 2000. To broaden support for the plan, <mask> met with senior Indian government officials in New Delhi and leaders of Kashmiri resistance groups in Srinagar. He would later bring the two sides together for face-to-face negotiations. But <mask>'s efforts to build permanent peace ended in early 2001 when he shared his plans with Indian home minister L. K. Advani to bring Pakistan's radical Islamic groups on board in support of wider Indo-Pakistani peace.A resulting peace summit between India and Pakistan, held in Agra in June 2001, sought to forge an agreement on a permanent

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title: Mansoor Ijaz

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 resolution to the Kashmir conflict, but Musharraf and Vajpayee ultimately failed to persuade their hardliners to allow signing of an accord. Memogate

<mask> <mask> was one of the key protagonists in Pakistan's Memogate controversy. On October 10, 2011 Ijaz published an opinion piece about the interference of Pakistan's intelligence services in the function of its democratic institutions. In the opinion's prelude, <mask> disclosed the existence of a memorandum that he had allegedly been asked to deliver to Admiral Mike Mullen, then-chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, on behalf of a senior Pakistani diplomat, later identified as Pakistani envoy Husain Haqqani, in the days following the Abbottabad raid. The memorandum sought the Obama administration's help to avert a military takeover of Pakistan's civilian government in the immediate aftermath of Osama bin Laden's death. It was delivered to Mullen at <mask>'s request by former U.S. national security adviser General James L. Jones. Then-leader of the opposition, Nawaz Sharif (who would later become Pakistan's prime minister), lodged a petition with the Supreme Court of Pakistan to investigate the origins, credibility and purpose of the memorandum.His and other petitions lodged with the Supreme Court alleged that the memorandum had been drafted by Haqqani at the behest of Pakistan's then-president, Asif Ali Zardari, and delivered without knowledge of the country's powerful armed forces and intelligence services. On December 30, 2011, after reviewing Sharif's petition, the Supreme Court constituted a Judicial Commission to conduct a broad inquiry. <mask> was among the key witnesses deposed, as were Pakistan's intelligence chief, Ahmad Shuja Pasha and Haqqani. Pakistan's army chief Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani submitted written

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title: Mansoor Ijaz

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 testimony to the Supreme Court, as did then-Prime Minister Yousef Raza Gilani on behalf of the Zardari government. After nearly six months of investigations, the Judicial Commission reported its findings on June 12, 2012. It found that the memorandum was authentic and that Haqqani was its "originator and architect". The report said the former ambassador "orchestrated the possibility of an imminent coup to both persuade Mr. <mask> to convey the message and also to give it (Memorandum) traction and credibility".The justices found further that one of Haqqani's purposes was to head a new national security team in Pakistan. In an unexpected turn of the investigation, a secret fund was discovered in Pakistan's Washington embassy that Haqqani allegedly had access to and had allegedly utilized, in "apparent violation of Article 84 of the Constitution of Pakistan". The Commission's report exonerated President Zardari from any prior knowledge of the memorandum, although it noted that in the "considered view" of the justices, Haqqani had led <mask> to believe the memorandum had the Pakistani president's approval. Following testimony by <mask>, the Commission deemed him a reliable witness whose credibility Haqqani had unsuccessfully sought to undermine. The Supreme Court, upon hearing the Commission's report in session, ordered Haqqani to appear before the bench. The former envoy, however, continued to reject the Commission's findings while maintaining his innocence. As of July 2014, he remained in the United States.References

External links

Testimony to House Foreign Affairs Committee, May 9, 2009
December 2011 interview with CNN's Fareed Zakaria
November 2011 interview with NDTV's Barkha Dutt (47:14), 11-20-2011
Musawer <mask> <mask> – America's Secret Emissary

1961 births
Living

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title: David W. Johnson (scholar)

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<mask><mask> (born 1940 in Muncie, Indiana) is a social psychologist whose research has focused on four overlapping areas:  cooperative, competitive, and individualistic efforts; constructive controversy; conflict resolution and peer mediation and experiential learning to teach interpersonal and small group skills. <mask> has developed and applied psychological knowledge in effort to improve practices within educational systems. <mask>'s books have been translated into 20 different languages and his work has been applied in many countries. Early life and education
He grew up in a family of seven children, living for several years on a family farm. Currently, he lives in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He graduated from Ball State University in 1962, received a master's degree and a doctoral degree in social psychology from Teachers College, Columbia University  in 1964 and 1966 respectively, with Morton Deutsch as his dissertation advisor. Career
Since 1966 he has worked at the University of Minnesota in the Department of Educational Psychology, becoming a full professor in 1973.His brother <mask> came to the University of Minnesota in 1969 and together they founded the Cooperative Learning Center. Social interdependence theory, cooperation, and appropriate competition

<mask> began his work on social interdependence theory and the appropriate use of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic efforts in the mid-1960s. At that time, elementary, secondary, and university teaching was dominated by competitive and individualistic learning. Social Darwinism, with its premise that students must be taught to survive in a "dog-eat-dog" world dominated educational thought, although it was being challenged by individualistic learning largely based on B. F. Skinner's work on programmed learning and behavioral modification. In the 60's and 70's, while cooperative learning was generally ignored by educators, <mask> challenged the prevailing competitive and individualistic practices by presenting the theory and research on cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning, creating operational procedures for cooperative learning and appropriate competition, and implementing cooperative learning in schools and universities. Research review
<mask>'s first

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. Johnson
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Roger Johnson
Johnson
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Johnson


title: David W. Johnson (scholar)

texts:
 published review of the research on cooperation and competition appeared in 1970 in his book, The Social Psychology of Education. This was followed by a more comprehensive review, with his brother Roger, published in the Review of Educational Research in 1974 and the editing of a special issue of the Journal of Research and Development in Education in 1978.In 1981 and 1983 he pioneered the use of meta-analysis in publishing reviews of the impact of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic on achievement/productivity and on interpersonal attraction. In 1989 he and his brother published a book, Cooperation and Competition: Theory and Research, which contained a series of meta-analyses (currently being revised with updates)on many of the dependent variables relevant to Social Interdependence Theory. Extension of theory
Social interdependence theory was originally formulated by Morton Deutsch in 1949. While Deutsch created the basic structure of theory, many of its implications were left unexplored and several of its assumptions were unchallenged. In his research, <mask> explicated the conditions underlying effective cooperation and constructive competition. In the 1989 meta-analysis book, the breath of social interdependence theory was extended to a wider range of outcomes and the internal dynamics of effective cooperation were more clearly delineated. More recently, in 2003, <mask> published a review of Social Interdependence Theory in the American Psychologist, and in 2005 he and his brother published an update of the theory in Psychological Monographs

Program of research
Over the past 40 years, in collaboration with his brother and colleagues, <mask> has published over 100 research studies on the impact of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic efforts on a wide variety of outcomes, including achievement and productivity, higher-level reasoning, motivation, perspective-taking, social development, social skills, interpersonal attraction (among relatively homogeneous individuals, individuals from different ethnic and cultural groups, and handicapped and nonhandicapped individuals), social support, self-esteem, and psychological health.He conducted a program of research to identify the factors that mediate the impact of cooperation,

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title: David W. Johnson (scholar)

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 such as positive interdependence, individual accountability, promotive interaction, social skills, and group processing. In addition, he has conducted a series of studies identifying the conditions under which competition results in constructive outcomes. Implementation
In the mid-1960s <mask> began training educators in the use of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning. While the theory existed and was validated, the procedures for structuring cooperation were largely unspecified. <mask> developed such procedures for teachers, specifying three types of cooperative learning:  formal cooperative learning (students work together to achieve a joint learning goal for a major part of one class period to several weeks), informal cooperative learning (students work to achieve a joint learning goal in temporary, ad-hoc groups that last for a few minutes), and cooperative base groups (students work together to achieve joint goals in a long-term group lasting from a semester to several years). Additionally, he has developed procedures for administrators leading "cooperative schools": colleagial teaching teams, school-based decision-making and cooperative faculty meetings. These procedures appeared in his books, Learning Together and Alone:  Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Learning (first published in 1975 and now in its fifth edition), Cooperation in the Classroom (first published in 1984 and now in its eighth edition), and Leading the Cooperative School (first published in 1989 and now in its second edition).Overall, he has written 33 other books for teachers, professors, and administrators on how to use cooperative learning. These books include those written for the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development and for ASHE-ERIC. <mask>'s books and training materials have provided guidance for using cooperation to educators all over the world. Finally, to ensure that the operational procedures were actually used, <mask> and <mask> founded the Cooperative Learning Center at the University of Minnesota in the early 1970s and established a network of school districts that conducted multi-year efforts to implement cooperative learning and the cooperative school. Additionally, a network of staff development leaders

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title: David W. Johnson (scholar)

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 (employed by school districts) have committed themselves to the long-term implementation of cooperative learning. Nowadays, cooperative learning is a valued instructional procedure at all levels of education. Cooperative Learning Centers have been established in many countries around the world, as the Hong Kong Cooperative Learning Center, which had <mask> conduct a seven-year project to train faculty from all seven Hong Kong universities and many mainland universities in the use of cooperative learning.Cooperative Learning Centers can be found in Shanghai, Japan, Cyprus, Norway, Italy, and at multiple places in the United States and Canada. Constructive controversy

<mask> began documenting the essential role of intellectual conflict in effective instruction and decision making in the 1960s  when conflict was largely seen as undesirable and destructive. His formulation of constructive controversy theory, the program of research and the operational procedures that he created, have now made constructive controversy a frequently used procedure in education and in decision making situations in a wide variety of organizations. His work demonstrates the instructional and decision-making power of intellectual conflict and highlights the importance of training all citizens in a democracy in the controversy procedure to enable them to engage in constructive political discourse. Research review, extension of theory and program of research
Similar to procedures he followed in his work on social interdependence, <mask> published a review of the research relevant to constructive controversy. Using these reviews as a base, <mask> formulated constructive controversy theory. He then created the operational procedures for using controversy in decision making and instructional situations (Joining Together:  Group Theory and Group Skills).Research reviews were published in 1979, 1989, 1995, 2000, and 2003. To validate and extend the theory, <mask> (with his colleagues and brother) has published over 15 research studies in constructive controversy. Overall, 25 non-research articles, reviews, and book chapters have been published by <mask> in collaboration with his brother and colleagues. Implementation

In the 1970s, <mask> began training teachers in how to

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title: David W. Johnson (scholar)

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 utilize constructive controversy for instructional purposes. The procedures teachers use to structure constructive controversies were described in various book chapters and articles beginning in the 1970s. The first book detailing the procedures, Creative Conflict was published in 1987. Constructive Controversy:  Intellectual Challenge in the Classroom was published in 1991 and is now in its fourth edition.Conflict resolution and peer mediation

In an effort to ensure conflicts of interests are managed constructively, in the 1960s <mask> began a program of teaching elementary, secondary, and university students to be "peacemakers" in the sense of knowing how to engage in integrative negotiations and mediate peer conflicts. The Teaching Students To Be Peacemakers program consists of (a) teaching students how conflicts are potentially constructive, (b) the strategies for managing conflicts, (c) how to engage in integrative negotiations, and (d) how to mediate conflicts among peers. All students in a class or school are trained, and then each takes his or her turn at being a peer mediator. While there are many conflict resolution and peer mediation training programs, what makes this one unique is that it is based on the theory concerning constructive conflict and has been more thoroughly researched. Research review
More specifically, the reviews of the literature related to the conflict resolution and peer mediation program began in 1971 with the summary of <mask>'s research on perspective-taking in conflict situations, following by reviews on communication in conflicts in 1973 and 1974 and numerous other subsequent reviews. In 1996 he published the first comprehensive review of the research on school conflict resolution and peer mediation programs in the Review of Educational Research

Extension of theory
<mask>'s theorizing on integrative negotiations began in 1966 with his dissertation on perspective taking in integrative and distributive conflict situations. His theory of constructive conflict was first published in 1970 in his book, The Social Psychology of Education, and then refined and elaborated in three subsequent books (Reaching Out, Joining Together, Human Relations and Your Career)  The theory was substantially revised in 1987 with