title: Jennifer Lawrence

texts:
 in Hollywood to set up the Time's Up initiative to protect women from harassment and discrimination, and took part in the 2018 Women's March in Los Angeles. In 2018, <mask> spoke out in support of retaining ranked-choice voting in Maine. Personal life
While filming X-Men: First Class in 2010, <mask> began a relationship with her co-star Nicholas Hoult. It ended around the time they wrapped filming X-Men: Days of Future Past in 2014. In September 2016, she began dating filmmaker Darren Aronofsky after they met during the filming of Mother! They broke up in November 2017.In 2018, she began a relationship with Cooke Maroney, an art gallery director. They became engaged in February 2019 and married that October in Rhode Island. In September 2021, she announced that she was expecting her first child with Maroney. , they reside in the Lower Manhattan area of New York City and in Beverly Hills, California. <mask> was one of the victims of the 2014 celebrity nude photo leak, in which several private nude pictures of her were hacked and posted online. She emphasized that the photos were never meant to go public, calling the leak a "sex crime" and a "sexual violation", and added that viewers of the images should be ashamed of themselves for "perpetuating a sexual offense". She later said her pictures were intended for Hoult (at the time of their relationship), and that unlike other victims of the incident, she did not plan to sue Apple Inc.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

Accolades

<mask> won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Silver Linings Playbook (2012).She has won three Golden Globe Awards; Best Actress – Comedy


title: Stenka Razin

type: original

texts:
<mask> (, ; 1630 – ), known as <mask> ( ),  was a Cossack leader who led a major uprising against the nobility and tsarist bureaucracy in southern Russia in 1670–1671. Early life

<mask>'s father, Timofey Razya, supposedly came from a suburb of Voronezh, a city near Russia's steppe frontier, called the Wild Fields. <mask>'s uncle and grandmother still lived in the village of New Usman''' or Usman' Sobakina,  outside of Voronezh, until 1667. The identity of <mask>'s mother is debated. In one document, Razin was referred to as a tuma Cossack which means "half-blood", leading to a hypothesis that his mother was a captured "Turkish" (turchanka) or Crimean Tatar woman. However, this term was also used by "upper Cossacks" as a derogatory nickname towards all "lower Cossacks" regardless of origin Another hypothesis draws on information about <mask>'s godmother Matrena Govorukha. According to tradition, a godmother should be related to a birthmother, and Stenka's godmother lived in the town of  in Sloboda Ukraine.Thus, Stepan's mother could also be Ukrainian. <mask> was first mentioned in historical sources in 1652, when he asked for permission to go on a long-distance pilgrimage to the great Solovetsky Monastery on the White Sea. In 1661, he was mentioned as part of a diplomatic mission from the Don Cossacks to the Kalmyks. After that, all trace of him was lost for six years, after which he reappeared as the leader of a robber community established at Panshinskoye, among the marshes between the Tishina and Ilovlya rivers, whence he levied

masks:
Stepan Timofeyevich Razin
Stenka Razin
Razin
Razin
Razin
Razin
Razin


title: Stenka Razin

texts:
 tribute from all vessels passing up and down the Volga. In 1665, his elder brother, Ivan, was executed by order of  for unauthorized desertion from the war with Poles. Protracted wars with Poland in 1654–1667 and the Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658) put a heavy burden upon the people of Russia. Taxes increased, as did conscription.Many peasants, hoping to escape these burdens, fled south and joined <mask>'s bands of Cossacks. They were also joined by many others who were disaffected with the Russian government, including people of the lower classes, as well as representatives of non-Russian ethnic groups such as Kalmyks, that were being oppressed at the time. <mask>'s first notable exploit was to destroy the great naval convoy consisting of the treasury barges and the barges of the Patriarch and the wealthy merchants of Moscow. <mask> then sailed down the Volga with a fleet of 35 vessels, capturing the more important forts on his way and devastating the country. At the beginning of 1668, he defeated the voivode Yakov Bezobrazov, sent against him from Astrakhan, and in the spring embarked on a predatory expedition into Daghestan and the Persia, which lasted for eighteen months. Background

The Time of Troubles, which lasted from 1598 to 1613, had proven a difficult period for Russia. The direct male line of Rurik dynasty tsars died out in 1598, and the rule of the Romanov dynasty (which would eventually end with the February Revolution of 1917) began only in 1613.The reigns of Michael Romanov (tsar from 1613 to 1645) and of his son

masks: Razin Razin Razin


title: Stenka Razin

texts:
 Alexis (tsar from 1645 to 1676) saw a strengthening of the power of the tsar with a view to stabilizing the Russian lands after the turmoil of the Time of Troubles. As a result, the Zemsky Sobor and the boyar council, two other bodies of government in Russia, slowly lost influence. The Russian population went from fifteen years of "near anarchy" to the reigns of strong, centralizing autocrats. In addition, a deep divide existed between the peasantry and the nobility in Russia. Changes in the treatment and legal standing of peasants, including the institutionalization of serfdom with the Law Code of 1649, contributed to unrest among the peasantry. The Don Cossacks, a largely lower-class group which lived independently near the Don River and which the tsar's government subsidized in exchange for defending Russia's southern borders, led <mask>'s rebellion. Historian Paul Avrich characterizes <mask>'s revolt as a "curious mixture of brigandage and revolt", similar to other popular uprisings of the period.<mask> revolted against the "traitor-boyars" rather than against the tsar. Cossacks supported the tsar in that they worked for him as contracted military forces - just as they had previously served the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Departure from the Don

In 1667, <mask> gathered a small group of Cossacks and left the Don for an expedition in the Caspian Sea. He aimed to set up a base in Yaitsk (now known as Oral, located in Kazakhstan on the Ural River) and plunder villages from there. However, Moscow learned of Razin's plans and

masks: Razin Razin Razin Razin


title: Stenka Razin

texts: attempted to stop him. As Razin traveled down the Volga River to Tsaritsyn, the voivodes of Astrakhan warned Andrei Unkovsky (the voivode or governor of Tsaritsyn) of Razin's arrival and recommended that he not allow the Cossacks to enter the town. Unkovsky attempted to negotiate with Razin, but Razin threatened to set fire to Tsaritsyn if Unkovsky interfered.When he encountered a group of political prisoners being transported by the tsar's representatives on his way from the Don to the Volga, <mask> reportedly said, "I shall not force you to join me, but whoever chooses to come with me will be a free Cossack. I have come to fight only the boyars and the wealthy lords. As for the poor and plain folk, I shall treat them as brothers." When <mask> sailed by Tsartisyn, Unkovsky did not attack (possibly either because he felt that Razin posed a threat or because the guards of Tsaritsyn sympathized with <mask>'s Cossacks). This incident gave <mask> the reputation of an "invincible warrior endowed with supernatural powers." He continued his travels down the Volga and into the Caspian Sea, defeating several detachments of streltsy, or musketeers. In July 1667, <mask> captured Yaitsk by disguising himself and some of his companions as pilgrims to pray at the cathedral.Once inside Yaitsk, they opened the gates for the rest of the troops to enter and occupy the city. The opposition sent to fight <mask> felt reluctant to do so because they sympathized with the Cossacks. In the spring of 1668, <mask> led the majority of his men down the Yaik

masks: Razin Razin Razin Razin Razin Razin Razin


title: Stenka Razin

texts:
 River (also known as the Ural River) while a small portion stayed behind to guard Yaitsk. However, the government defeated <mask>'s men in Yaitsk and Razin lost his base there. Persian expedition

After losing Yaitsk, <mask> sailed south down the coast of the Caspian Sea to continue his pillaging. He and his men then attacked Persia. Failing to capture the well-defended fortress port of Darband/Derbent in present-day Dagestan, his forces moved south to attack the small port of Badkuba (present Baku) located on the Absheron Peninsula in present-day Republic of Azerbaijan, but at Rasht (in the southwest Caspian Sea in modern Iran) the Persians killed roughly 400 Cossacks in a surprise attack.<mask> went to Isfahan to ask the shah for land in Persia in exchange for loyalty to the shah, but departed on the Caspian for more pillaging before they could reach an agreement. <mask> arrived in Farahabad (on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea in Iran) and masqueraded as a merchant in the city for several days before he and his men pillaged the city for two days. That winter the Cossacks with Razin fended off starvation and disease on the Miankaleh Peninsula, and in the spring of 1669 Razin built a base on the eastern side of the Caspian Sea and began raiding Turkmen villages. Then in the spring of 1669 he established himself on the isle of Suina, off which, in July, he annihilated a Persian fleet sent against him. <mask> <mask>, as he was generally called, had now become a potentate with whom princes did not disdain to treat. In August

masks: Razin Razin Razin Razin Stenka Razin


title: Stenka Razin

texts:
 1669 he reappeared at Astrakhan and accepted a fresh offer of pardon from Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich there; the common people were fascinated by his adventures. The lawless Russian border region of Astrakhan, where the whole atmosphere was predatory and many people were still nomadic, was the natural milieu for such a rebellion as <mask>'s.Open rebellion

In 1670 <mask>, while ostensibly on his way to report at the Cossack headquarters on the Don, openly rebelled against the government, capturing Cherkassk and Tsaritsyn. After capturing Tsaritsyn, <mask> sailed up the Volga with his army of almost 7,000 men. The men traveled toward Cherny Yar, a government stronghold between Tsaritsyn and Astrakhan. <mask> and his men swiftly took Cherny Yar when the Cherny Yar streltsy rose up against their officers and joined the Cossack cause in June 1670. On June 24 he reached the city of Astrakhan. Astrakhan, Russia's wealthy "window on the East," occupied a strategically important location at the mouth of the Volga River on the shore of the Caspian Sea. Razin plundered the city despite its location on a strongly fortified island and the stone walls and brass cannons that surrounded the central citadel.The local streltsy's rebellion allowed <mask> to gain access to the city. After massacring all who opposed him (including two Princes Prozorovsky) and giving the rich bazaars of the city over to pillage, he converted Astrakhan into a Cossack republic, dividing the population into thousands, hundreds, and tens, with their proper officers, all of

masks: Razin Razin Razin Razin Razin


title: Stenka Razin

texts: whom were appointed by a veche or general assembly, whose first act was to proclaim <mask> their gosudar (sovereign). After a three-week carnival of blood and debauchery, <mask> quit Astrakhan with two hundred barges full of troops. His aim was to establish the Cossack republic along the whole length of the Volga as a preliminary step towards advancing against Moscow. Saratov and Samara were captured, but Simbirsk defied all efforts, and after two bloody encounters close at hand on the banks of the Sviyaga River (October 1 and 4), <mask> was ultimately routed by the army of Yuri Baryatinsky and fled down the Volga, leaving the bulk of his followers to be extirpated by the victors. But the rebellion was by no means over. The emissaries of Razin, armed with inflammatory proclamations, had stirred up the inhabitants of the modern governments of Nizhny Novgorod, Tambov, and Penza, and penetrated even as far as Moscow and Novgorod.It was not difficult to stir the oppressed population to revolt by promising deliverance from their yoke. <mask> proclaimed that his object was to root out the boyars and all officials, to level all ranks and dignities, and establish Cossackdom, with its corollary of absolute equality, throughout Russia. Even at the beginning of 1671 the outcome of the struggle was doubtful. Eight battles had been fought before the insurrection showed signs of weakening, and it continued for six months after <mask> had received his quietus. At Simbirsk his prestige had been shattered. Even his own settlements at Saratov and


title: Stenka Razin

texts: Samara refused to open their gates to him, and the Don Cossacks, hearing that the Patriarch had anathematized <mask>, also declared against him. The tsar sent troops to suppress the revolt.As Paul Avrich notes in Russian Rebels, 1600–1800, "The brutality of the repressions by far exceeded the atrocities committed by the insurgents." The tsar's troops mutilated the rebels' bodies and displayed them in public to serve as a warning to potential dissenters. In 1671, Stepan and his brother Frol <mask> were captured at Kagalnik Fortress (Кагальницкий городок) by Cossack elders. They were given over to Tsarist officials in Moscow, and on 16 June 1671, following the announcement of the verdict against him, Stepan <mask> was quartered on the scaffold on Red Square. A sentence of death was read aloud: Razin listened to this calmly, then turned to the church, bowed in three directions, passing the Kremlin and the tsar and said: "Forgive me". The executioner then proceeded to first cut off his right hand to his elbow, then his left foot to the knee. His brother Frol, witnessing Stepan's torment, shouted out: "I know the word and the matter of the sovereign!"(that is, "I am willing to inform upon those disloyal to the tsar"). Stepan shouted back, "Shut up, dog!" These were his last words; after them the executioner hurriedly cut off his head. <mask>'s hands, legs, and head, according to the testimony of the Englishman Thomas Hebdon, were stuck on five specially-placed stakes. The confession helped Frol to postpone his own execution, although


title: Stenka Razin

texts:
 five years later, in 1676, he was executed too. Implications
<mask> originally set out to loot villages, but as he became a symbol of peasant unrest, his movement turned political. Razin wanted to protect the independence of the Cossacks and to protest an increasingly centralized government.The Cossacks supported the tsar and autocracy, but they wanted a tsar that responded to the needs of the people and not just those of the upper class. By destroying and pillaging villages, <mask> intended to take power from the government officials and give more autonomy to the peasants. However, <mask>'s movement failed and the rebellion led to increased government control. The Cossacks lost some of their autonomy, and the tsar bonded more closely with the upper class because both feared more rebellion. On the other hand, as Avrich asserts, "[<mask>'s revolt] awakened, however dimly, the social consciousness of the poor, gave them a new sense of power, and made the upper class tremble for their lives and possessions." At the time of the Russian Civil War, the famous writer and White emigre Ivan Bunin compared <mask> to Bolshevik leaders, writing "Good God! What striking similarity there is between the time of Sten'ka and the pillaging that is going on today in the name of the 'Third International.'"In Russian-language culture and folklore
<mask> and the "Persian princess"

One of the most popular cultural motives associated with <mask> is the episode with the drowning of the "Persian princess" in the river. Modern historians doubt the reality


title: Stenka Razin

texts: of this episode. There are two reports of foreigners who ended up in Astrakhan during the uprising. One of the testimonies is the memoirs of the Dutch traveler Jan Struis. This testimony is much more famous, it was widely used by Russian historians and it served as the basis for the plot of the song. The other is the notes of the Dutchman Ludwig Fabricius, which became known only after the Second World War. In the first, a Persian princess appears, drowned in the Volga, in the second, a certain "Tatar maiden" drowned in the Yaik River.Streis conveys the story as drunken cruelty, and Fabritius as the fulfillment of the oath that <mask> made to a certain "water god" Ivan Gorinovich, who controls the Yaik River: <mask> promised that as a reward for good luck he would give this "god" the best he has. In 1883, the Russian poet Dmitry Sadovnikov published the poem "Stenka Razin", which he, as was customary, presented as a "folk epic". The text of this poem, with minor changes, was set to music by an unknown author and became extremely popular, and was performed by many famous singers. The lyrics of the song were dramatized in one of the first Russian narrative films, Stenka Razin directed by Vladimir Romashkov in 1908. The film lasts about 10 minutes. The screenplay was written by Vasily Goncharov, and the music (the first film music to be specially written to accompany a silent film) was by Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov. The song recounts that <mask> aboard his ship tames the captured "Persian princess" and his men accuse him of weakness —


title: Stenka Razin

texts:
 communicating with a woman, he himself became a "woman" the next morning.Hearing these speeches, <mask> throws the "princess" into the water as a gift to the Volga river, and continues the drunken fun with his men. The song was included in early radio broadcasts in 1923, designed to introduce the new media to peasant communities. An account of this was given by  Charles Ashleigh who visited a training college for  electrical engineers located in Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius. The popular song is known by the words Volga, Volga mat' rodnaya, Iz za ostrova na strezhen, and, simply, <mask> Razin. The song gave the title to the famous Soviet musical comedy Volga-Volga. The melody was used by Tom Springfield in the song "The Carnival Is Over" that placed The Seekers at #1 in 1965 in Australia and the UK. A version of this song is also performed by Doukhobors in Canada.Score:

Other Issues
Razin is the subject of a symphonic poem by Alexander Glazunov, Symphony no. 8 by Myaskovsky (op. 26, 1925), a cantata by Shostakovich, op. 119; The Execution of Stepan Razin (1964), a poem by Yevgeny Yevtushenko, and a novel, '', (Я пришёл дать вам волю)  by Vasily Shukshin. Beside that, <mask> was glorified in the Soviet drama film of 1939 directed by Ivan Pravov and Olga Preobrazhenskaya. One of his atamans, Alena Arzamasskaia, was a former nun. <mask> is the subject of the Landmark book "Chief of the Cossacks".References

Citations

 125 p. Biography in English. 319 p. Biography in Russian. 93 p. Biography in Russian. , 383 p. Biography in

masks: Razin Stenka Razin Razin


title: Shannon Szabados

texts:
<mask> (; born August 6, 1986) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender for the PWHPA and the Canada women's national ice hockey team. Szabados had played for the MacEwan University Griffins and the NAIT Ooks men's hockey teams of the Alberta Colleges Athletics Conference from 2007 until 2013. <mask> has been the first female player at several different tournaments and in several leagues, including minor, junior, and professional hockey. While playing junior hockey, <mask> became the first female to appear in the Western Hockey League (WHL) where she played exhibition games for the Tri-City Americans. <mask> was also the first female to play in the Alberta Junior Hockey League (AJHL), and recorded a shutout in her first game. After the 2006–07 season, <mask> was named the AJHL's Top Goaltender. During the 2013–14 season, <mask> became the first woman to both sign and play in the Southern Professional Hockey League.<mask> represented Canada internationally at the 2010, 2014, and 2018 Winter Olympics. She was in goal during Canada's gold medal wins over the United States in 2010 and 2014. After the 2010 tournament, she was named Top Goaltender and was selected to the Tournament All-Star Team. On November 21, 2014, <mask> made 34 saves to become the first female goaltender to win an SPHL game when the Cottonmouths defeated the Fayetteville FireAntz 5–4 in overtime. On December 27, 2015, <mask> became the first woman to record a shutout in a men's professional hockey league, in a 33-save, 3–0 win for the Cottonmouths over the Huntsville Havoc. Hockey career

Minor
At nine years old, <mask> became the first girl to play in the Brick Super Novice Tournament held at the West Edmonton Mall. In 2001, at the age of 15, she was the first female to play in the Calgary Mac's AAA midget hockey tournament, suiting up for the Edmonton Maple Leaf Athletic Club.Among the

masks:
Shannon Lynn Szabados
Szabados
Szabados
Szabados
Szabados
Szabados
Szabados
Szabados
Szabados
Szabados


title: Shannon Szabados

texts:
 competition at the Mac's tournament when Szabados played were the Shattuck-St. Mary's Sabres led by Zach Parise. Junior
In 2002, at the age of 16, she became the first female to play in the Western Hockey League (WHL). <mask> played in four exhibition games for the Tri-City Americans. During her time in the Americans' training camp, <mask> split an exhibition game with current Montreal Canadiens netminder Carey Price. <mask> recalls, "...he let in four goals in the half he played; I let in two and one in overtime." When she was released from Tri-City, <mask> returned to Alberta to play in the Alberta Junior Hockey League (AJHL), after a vote among the league's general managers regarding female players. In her first game with the AJHL's Sherwood Park Crusaders on October 2, 2002, <mask> recorded a shutout in addition to winning the game.During her AJHL career, <mask> spent time with the Crusaders as well as the Bonnyville Pontiacs and the Fort Saskatchewan Traders. While playing for Sherwood Park, <mask> played in the AJHL All-Star game, and was named co-MVP of the 2004–05 game. After the season, she was named co-MVP of the Sherwood Park club as well. During the 2006–07 season, <mask> led the Traders to the top record in the AJHL and came within a game of winning the AJHL championship against the Camrose Kodiaks. She was named to the AJHL North Division All-Star Team for the 2007 All-Star Weekend. <mask> was the recipient of the Friends of Alberta Junior Hockey League Trophy as the AJHL's Top Goaltender after the 2006–07 season, becoming the first female recipient of the award. She was also named MVP of the Fort Saskatchewan club.Collegiate
Because Szabados spent time in a WHL training camp, she was ineligible to play in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which is a common path for female hockey players. Instead, <mask> played for the men's

masks: Szabados Szabados Szabados Szabados Szabados Szabados Szabados Szabados Szabados Szabados


title: Shannon Szabados

texts:
 team at MacEwan University in Alberta. <mask> spent two full seasons playing with Grant MacEwan (2007–08 and 2008–09) before leaving to join Hockey Canada's program as they assembled the Olympic team. During the 2007–08 season, <mask> helped Grant MacEwan to a silver medal at the 2008 Alberta College Athletic Conference (ACAC). She is returned to the Griffins for the 2010–11 season. For the 2011–12 season, <mask> transferred to the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology and suited up with the NAIT Ooks. In her second season with the team, she set the regular season record for shutouts (5) en route to an ACAC Championship.International

<mask> has represented Canada internationally at the Under-22 and Senior levels. she made her Team Canada debut in 2006, helping Canada to a gold medal at the 2006 4 Nations Cup, held in Kitchener, Ontario. In the opening game of the tournament, <mask> recorded a 3–0 shutout against the United States. <mask> also made her debut with Canada's Under-22 women's team in 2006. She won three straight gold medals at the Air Canada Cup between 2006 and 2008. <mask> served as an alternate for Team Canada at the 2008 IIHF World Women's Championships, and was named to the roster in 2009, but did not play. In 2009, <mask> represented Canada at the 4 Nations Cup, where she played in the gold medal game and recorded a 5–1 victory over the United States.<mask> was expected to be Canada's third goalie heading into the 2010 Winter Olympics, behind veterans Kim St. Pierre and Charline Labonté. In pre-tournament play, including a series of games against midget boys teams from Alberta, <mask> posted the best numbers of the three. Her record against the midget boys was 10–1, with a 1.99 goals against average and .936 save percentage. She also posted three wins against the American women's team leading up to the Olympics, including the 4 Nations


title: Shannon Szabados

texts:
 Cup. She was a member of the 2009–10 Hockey Canada national women's team which won the gold medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics and earned two shutouts, including the final game against the United States women's national ice hockey team. She was selected to the tournament all-star team at the Olympics, and was named top goaltender. In a March 31, 2012 exhibition game versus the United States, <mask> made 24 saves in a 1–0 shutout win at the Ottawa Civic Centre.During the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, <mask> was a member of the Canadian women's hockey team again. She would win all three of her starts, including the gold medal game in overtime to win her second straight Olympic gold medal. In the 2018 Winter Olympics <mask> was again in goal for the gold medal game against Team USA. Tied after regulation and an overtime period, the game went into shootout, which Canada lost to the U.S. who won the gold. The loss ended the team's streak of four consecutive gold medals won since 2002. <mask> was the tournament's leading goaltender with a 94.94% save percentage and was awarded tournament's Best Goaltender. Professional
In March 2010, there was a movement by some in the Edmonton media for the Edmonton Oilers to consider signing <mask> when goaltender Devan Dubnyk came down with the flu prior to a game against the Vancouver Canucks, leaving the Oilers with only one goaltender and in need of an emergency backup.Instead, Calgary Dinos goaltender Nathan Deobald was signed to an amateur tryout contract, prompting journalists including the Edmonton Sun's Terry Jones to criticize the club's move. A similar situation occurred on March 4, 2014 when a campaign was launched on Twitter to have <mask> as an emergency backup goaltender to Ben Scrivens for the Edmonton Oilers game against the Ottawa Senators, as their new goaltender, Viktor Fasth, would not arrive till the

masks: Szabados Szabados Szabados Szabados Szabados Szabados


title: Shannon Szabados

texts:
 next day, after being traded to Edmonton that day. Edmonton opted for UofA Golden Bears goaltender Kurtis Mucha instead. The Oilers invited <mask> to practice with them the next day, while they waited for Fasth to arrive. On March 7, 2014, it was announced that <mask> had been signed to a professional contract with the Columbus Cottonmouths of the Southern Professional Hockey League (SPHL) to finish out the 2013–14 season, to become the first female to play with a SPHL team. She joins the likes of Manon Rhéaume, Danielle Dube, and Hayley Wickenheiser as Canadian women's national team members to play men's professional hockey. <mask> dressed for her first game on March 13, 2014 but did not play in the game.On March 15, <mask> started her first game with the Cottonmouths, stopping 27 of 31 shots in a 4–3 loss to the Knoxville Ice Bears. On November 21, 2014, <mask> made 34 saves to become the first female goaltender to win a SPHL game when the Cottonmouths defeated the Fayetteville FireAntz 5–4 in overtime. In 2015, in a 3–0 win for the Cottonmouths over the Huntsville Havoc, <mask> became the first woman to record a shutout in a men's professional hockey league. NWHL
On June 27, 2018, <mask> signed a contract with the NWHL’s Buffalo Beauts. Along with Lee Stecklein, <mask> was named one of the team captains for the 4th NWHL All-Star Game. Personal life
Her parents' names are Gary and Sharyl, and she has one brother named Matthew. She is of Hungarian descent; her last name, Szabados, is an old Hungarian status term meaning "liberated", as it referred to a person freed from serfdom.She majored in physical education at MacEwan University. <mask> was teammates and friends with Canadian sledge hockey player Matt Cook during her time in the AJHL. At the 2010 Olympics in Vancouver, <mask> had "FLM" on her goalie mask, for "Fight like Matt" in Cook's honour. She was on


title: Shannon Szabados

texts:
 the cover of Hello! Canada in March 2010. <mask> married Carl Nielsen, a former college and minor pro defenceman, in September 2019. In March 2020, she announced that the couple is expecting a baby girl, due in August 2020.On August 20, 2020 she gave birth to her daughter Shaylyn. She was previously married to Alex Ritchie, a former junior goalie. In December 2020, she announced the publication of a children's book written and illustrated by her, titled Every Bunny Loves to Play. Statistics

Regular season
AJHL stats provided from http://www.ajhl.ca/. ACAC stats provided from http://www.acac.ab.ca/. Playoffs

International

Awards and honours
2007 Alberta Junior Hockey League Top Goaltender Award
Vancouver 2010 Olympics, Media All-Star Team
Vancouver 2010 Olympics, Directorate Award, Best Goaltender
2013 Northern Alberta Institute of Technology Athletic Director Award for Excellence
SPHL Player of the Week (2 times; November 24–30, 2014, March 16–22, 2015)

References

External links

1986 births
Bonnyville Pontiacs players
Buffalo Beauts players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian people of Hungarian descent
Canadian women's ice hockey goaltenders
Columbus Cottonmouths (SPHL) players
Fort Saskatchewan Traders players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Living people
MacEwan University alumni
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic ice hockey players of Canada
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Peoria Rivermen (SPHL) players
Sherwood Park Crusaders players
Sportspeople from Edmonton
Professional Women's Hockey Players Association


title: Constantius Chlorus

texts:
<mask> "<mask>" ( – 25 July 306), also called <mask> I, was a Roman emperor as one of the four original members of the "Tetrarchy" established by Diocletian in 293. He was a junior-ranking emperor, or Caesar, from 293 to 305, and senior emperor, Augustus, from 305 to 306. <mask> was also father of Constantine the Great, the first Christian emperor of Rome. The nickname Chlorus () was first popularized by Byzantine-era historians and not used during the emperor's lifetime. Of humble origin, Constantius had a distinguished military career and rose to the top ranks of the army. Around 289 he set aside Helena, Constantine's mother, to marry a daughter of Emperor Maximian, and in 293 was added to the imperial college by Maximian's colleague, Diocletian. Assigned to rule Gaul, <mask> defeated the usurper Carausius there and his successor Allectus in Britain, and campaigned extensively along the Rhine frontier, defeating the Alamanni and Franks.When the Diocletianic Persecution was announced in 303, Constantius ordered the demolition of churches but did not actively hunt down Christians in his domain. Upon becoming senior emperor in May 305, Constantius launched a successful punitive campaign against the Picts beyond the Antonine Wall. He died suddenly at Eboracum (York) in July the following year. After Constantius's death, the army, perhaps at his own instigation, immediately acclaimed his son Constantine as emperor. This act contributed to the collapse of the Diocletianic tetrarchy, sparking a series of civil wars which only ended when Constantine finally united the whole Roman Empire under his rule in 324. According to the Oxford Classical Dictionary, "Constantinian propaganda bedevils assessment of Constantius, yet he appears to have been an able general and a generous ruler". His descendants, the Constantinian dynasty, ruled the Empire until the death of his grandson Julian the Apostate in 363.Life

Early

masks:
Flavius Valerius Constantius
Chlorus
Constantius
Constantius
Constantius


title: Constantius Chlorus

texts:
 career
Constantius's birthday was 31 March; the year is unknown, but his career and the age of his eldest son imply a date no later than c. 250. <mask> was an Illyrian. He was born in Naissus, Dacia Ripensis, a Roman province on the south bank of the Middle Danube – the empire's frontier – with its capital at Ratiaria (modern Archar). He was the son of Eutropius, whom the Historia Augusta claimed to be a nobleman from the province of Moesia Superior, and Claudia, a niece of the emperors Claudius Gothicus and Quintillus. Modern historians suspect this maternal connection to be a genealogical fabrication created by his son Constantine I, and that his family was of humble origins. Constantine probably sought to dissociate his father's background from the memory of Maximian. The claim that Constantius was descended from Claudius Gothicus is attested only after 310 and does not appear to have been made while Constantius was alive.<mask> was a member of the Protectores Augusti Nostri under the emperor Aurelian and fought in the east against the secessionist Palmyrene Empire. While the claim that he had been made a dux under the emperor Probus is probably a fabrication, he certainly attained the rank of tribunus within the army, and during the reign of Carus he was raised to the position of praeses, or governor, of the province of Dalmatia. It has been conjectured that he switched allegiances to support the claims of the future emperor Diocletian just before Diocletian defeated Carinus, the son of Carus, at the Battle of the Margus in July 285. In 286, Diocletian elevated a military colleague, Maximian, to the throne as co-emperor of the western provinces, while Diocletian took over the eastern provinces, beginning the process that would eventually see the division of the Roman Empire into two halves, a Western and an Eastern portion. By 288, his period as governor now over, <mask> had been made Praetorian Prefect

masks: Constantius Constantius Constantius


title: Constantius Chlorus

texts:
 in the west under Maximian. Throughout 287 and into 288, <mask>, under the command of Maximian, was involved in a war against the Alamanni, carrying out attacks on the territory of the barbarian tribes across the Rhine and Danube rivers. To consolidate the ties between himself and Emperor Maximian, <mask> divorced his concubine Helena and married the emperor's daughter, Theodora.Elevation as Caesar

By 293, Diocletian, conscious of the ambitions of his co-emperor for his new son-in-law, allowed Maximian to promote Constantius in a new power sharing arrangement known as the Tetrarchy. The eastern and western provinces would each be ruled by an Augustus, supported by a Caesar. Both Caesars had the right of succession once the ruling Augustus died. At Mediolanum (Milan) on 1 March 293, <mask> was formally appointed as Maximian's Caesar. He adopted the name "Flavius Valerius Constantius", and, being equated with Maximian, also took on "Herculius". His given command consisted of Gaul, Britannia and possibly Hispania. Diocletian, the eastern Augustus, in order to keep the balance of power in the imperium, elevated Galerius as his Caesar, possibly on 21 May 293 at Philippopolis (Plovdiv).<mask> was the more senior of the two Caesars, and on official documents he always took precedence, being mentioned before Galerius. Constantius' capital was to be located at Augusta Treverorum (Trier). <mask>' first task on becoming Caesar was to deal with the Roman usurper Carausius who had declared himself emperor in Britannia and northern Gaul in 286. In late 293, Constantius defeated the forces of Carausius in Gaul, capturing Bononia (Boulogne-sur-Mer). This precipitated the assassination of Carausius by his rationalis (finance officer) Allectus, who assumed command of the British provinces until his death in 296. Constantius spent the next two years neutralising the threat of the Franks who were the allies of Allectus, as

masks: Constantius Constantius Constantius Constantius Constantius


title: Constantius Chlorus

texts:
 Franks in the deserted parts of Gaul to repopulate the devastated areas. Nevertheless, over the next three years the Rhine frontier continued to occupy Constantius' attention.From 303 – the beginning of the Diocletianic Persecution – Constantius began to enforce the imperial edicts dealing with the persecution of Christians, which ordered the destruction of churches. The campaign was avidly pursued by Galerius, who noticed that Constantius was well-disposed towards the Christians, and who saw it as a method of advancing his career prospects with the aging Diocletian. Of the four Tetrarchs, Constantius made the least effort to implement the decrees in the western provinces that were under his direct authority, limiting himself to knocking down a handful of churches. Eusebius denied that Constantius destroyed Christian buildings, but Lactantius records that he did. Accession as Augustus and death

Between 303 and 305, Galerius began maneuvering to ensure that he would be in a position to take power from Constantius after the death of Diocletian. In 304, Maximian met with Galerius, probably to discuss the succession issue and Constantius either was not invited or could not make it due to the situation on the Rhine. Although prior to 303 there appeared to be tacit agreement among the Tetrarchs that <mask>'s son Constantine and Maximian's son Maxentius were to be promoted to the rank of Caesar once Diocletian and Maximian had resigned the purple, by the end of 304 Galerius had convinced Diocletian (who in turn convinced Maximian) to appoint Galerius's nominees Severus and Maximinus as Caesars.Diocletian and Maximian stepped down as co-emperors on 1 May 305, possibly due to Diocletian's poor health. Before the assembled armies at Mediolanum, Maximian removed his purple cloak and handed it to Severus, the new Caesar, and proclaimed Constantius as Augustus. The same scene played out at Nicomedia (İzmit) under the


title: Constantius Chlorus

texts:
 authority of Diocletian. <mask>, notionally the senior emperor, ruled the western provinces, while Galerius took the eastern provinces. Constantine, disappointed in his hopes to become a Caesar, fled the court of Galerius after Constantius had asked Galerius to release his son as Constantius was ill. Constantine joined his father's court at the coast of Gaul, just as he was preparing to campaign in Britain. In 305 Constantius crossed over into Britain, travelled to the far north of the island and launched a military expedition against the Picts, claiming a victory against them and the title Britannicus Maximus II by 7 January 306. After retiring to Eboracum (York) for the winter, Constantius had planned to continue the campaign, but on 25 July 306, he died.As he was dying, Constantius recommended his son to the army as his successor; consequently Constantine was declared emperor by the legions at York. Family
Constantius was either married to, or was in concubinage with, Helena, who was probably from Nicomedia in Asia Minor. They had one son: Constantine. In 289 political developments forced him to divorce Helena. He married Theodora, Maximian's daughter. They had six children:

Flavius Dalmatius
Julius Constantius
Hannibalianus
Flavia Julia Constantia
Anastasia
Eutropia
The name of Anastasia () may indicate a sympathy with Christian or Jewish culture. Legend

Christian legends
As the father of Constantine, a number of Christian legends have grown up around Constantius.Eusebius's Life of Constantine claims that <mask> was himself a Christian, although he pretended to be a pagan, and while Caesar under Diocletian, took no part in the Emperor's persecutions. It was claimed that his first wife, Helena, found the True Cross. British legends
Constantius's activities in Britain were remembered in medieval Welsh legend, which frequently confused his family with that of Magnus Maximus, who also was said to have wed a

masks: Constantius Constantius


title: Tommy Phillips

texts:
<mask> (May 22, 1883 – November 30, 1923) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. Like other players of his era, <mask> played for several different teams and leagues. Most notable for his time with the Kenora Thistles, <mask> also played with the Montreal Hockey Club, the Ottawa Hockey Club, the Toronto Marlboros and the Vancouver Millionaires. Over the course of his career <mask> participated in six challenges for the Stanley Cup, the championship trophy of hockey, winning twice: with the Montreal Hockey Club in 1903 and with the Kenora Thistles, which he captained, in January 1907. Following his playing career, <mask> worked in the lumber industry until his death in 1923. One of the best defensive forwards of his era, <mask> was also known for his all-around skill, particularly his strong shot and endurance, and was considered, alongside Frank McGee, one of the two best players in all of hockey. His younger brother, Russell, also played for the Thistles and was a member of the team when they won the Stanley Cup.When the Hockey Hall of Fame was founded in 1945, <mask> was one of the original nine inductees. Life and playing career

Early life
<mask> was born in Rat Portage, Ontario, on May 22, 1883, the youngest of three children, to James and Marcelline <mask>. <mask>, who was born in Fifeshire, Scotland, on October 14, 1822, had trained as a stonemason and immigrated to Canada to help build railways. He had a son and two daughters from a previous marriage. On April 30, 1877 he married Marcelline (née Bourassa), a native of Buckingham, Quebec. Their first child, a son named Robert, was born in 1878, followed by a daughter, Margaret, in 1879;

masks:
Thomas Neil Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
James Phillips


title: Tommy Phillips

texts: both were born in Ottawa. In 1882 James accepted a job in Western Ontario as superintendent of construction for the Canadian Pacific Railway transcontinental rail line, and the family moved to Rat Portage, near the Ontario border with Manitoba.Here a fourth child, Russell, was born in 1888. Russell would also play hockey, winning the Stanley Cup with <mask> in 1907. As a young child <mask> learned to play hockey, and by 1895 he had joined the Rat Portage Thistles junior club, a team of players mostly aged 12 to 16. <mask> helped the team win the 1895–96 intermediate level championship of the Manitoba and Northwest Hockey Association. By 1899–1900 <mask> had joined the senior Thistles team, and would be named captain the following season, when they won the senior league championship. <mask> immediately earned praise for his endurance: in an era when players played the entire match and would often coast to conserve energy, <mask> could play at a fast pace the entire game, with a posthumous newspaper report stating that he "could play for an entire 60 [minutes] at full speed and be as fresh at the end as he was at the start." His skill was already evident at the time, with the Rat Portage Miner praising him as one "of the best cover-points in the west, being a swift shot, a high lifter and a heavy check."A forward when he joined the senior Thistles, <mask> played cover-point for the 1900–01 season, before moving to left wing in 1901–02; he largely remained in that position for the rest of his career. Regarded as one of the best players in Northwestern Ontario, <mask> moved east to Montreal in September 1902 to study electrical engineering at McGill University.

masks: Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips


title: Tommy Phillips

texts:
 He joined the university's hockey team, which had just moved to a new Canadian university league, and was immediately named captain. <mask> only played one match for McGill, on January 23, 1903, against Queen's University; McGill lost 7–0. Days after the game the Montreal Hockey Club asked <mask> to join them for their Stanley Cup challenge series against the Winnipeg Victorias. This required the approval of the other university clubs, which agreed on the condition that <mask> end his McGill career, which he did. Montreal won the series; <mask> finished third on the team in scoring with six goals in four games.<mask> also earned praise for his defensive play, particularly his ability to stop Tony Gingras, one of the top players on the Victorias. Later in 1902 <mask> moved to Toronto to attend the Central Business School. He joined the Toronto Marlboros and, after changing positions to rover, was regarded as the team's best player. The Marlboros won both the Toronto city and the Ontario Hockey Association senior championships, and felt confident enough with <mask> on the roster to challenge the Ottawa Hockey Club for the  Stanley Cup. The Marlboros lost the series; <mask> had the most assists, though also the most penalty minutes of any player in the series, with eight and fifteen, respectively. He was also regarded by Ottawa reporters to be by far the best player on the Marlboros, with one saying he was "much too fast a man for the company in which he is travelling." Kenora and Ottawa

<mask> moved back to Rat Portage in 1904 when he learned his father was dying.Offered a job with a lumber company, and a C$1,000 bonus to play hockey for the Thistles, he

masks: Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips


title: Tommy Phillips

texts: stayed in the city, much to the disappointment of the Marlboros, who had wanted him to stay in Toronto. Rat Portage was amalgamated with neighbouring towns in 1905 and was renamed Kenora. Due to their proximity to Manitoba, the Thistles played in the Manitoba Hockey League. In the 1904–05 season <mask> had the second-most goals on the team and in the league, with twenty-six, two fewer than Billy McGimsie. The Thistles won the Manitoba league championship, allowing them to challenge for the Stanley, held at the time by the Ottawa Senators. By this time <mask> was regarded as one of the best players in Canada, equal to Frank McGee of the Senators. The Montreal Herald reported that "nine out of ten people will reply that either Frank McGee or <mask> is" the best player in the country.In the first game of the challenge series against Ottawa, <mask> scored the first two goals, then added another three in the second half of the game as the Thistles won by a score of 9–3. Ottawa won the second game, 4–2, while <mask> was held pointless. In the third and deciding game of the series, <mask> scored a hat trick, including the first of the game, although Ottawa won the game 5–4 to retain the Cup. The Thistles won the Stirling Cup as champions of western Canada in the 1905–06 season, which allowed them the right to challenge for the Cup again, since won by the Montreal Wanderers. There was an early spring that year, and with natural ice used at the time, the series had to wait until the following winter. In the 1906–07 season, <mask> led the league in goals, with eighteen. In the first game of the Thistles' successful two-game, total-goal Stanley Cup challenge against the

masks:
Phillips
Phillips
Tom Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips


title: Tommy Phillips

texts:
 Wanderers in January 1907, <mask> scored all four goals in the Thistles' 4–2 victory; he followed that up with three goals in the second game, an 8–6 victory, giving the Thistles a 12–6 win.A two-game rematch two months later saw the team lose; <mask>' nine goals, and sixteen penalty minutes led both categories. Prior to the start of the 1907–08 season, he was offered between $1,500 and $1,800 to play for the Wanderers, but instead signed with the Ottawa Senators for a salary of $1,500. <mask> explained that he was ready to sign with the Wanderers, but the contract he received did not include everything promised. In signing with Ottawa, Philips rejoined Harry Westwick and Alf Smith, who had both joined the Thistles for their Stanley Cup defence in March 1907. It also likely made him the highest paid hockey player in Canada. He finished the season with twenty-six goals, two behind the scoring leaders, his teammate Marty Walsh and Russell Bowie of the Victorias. Western Canada and later life

Though offered a high salary to stay in Ottawa, <mask> decided to leave the team, and prior to the 1909 hockey season joined the Edmonton Hockey Club of the Alberta Amateur Hockey Association (AAHA).The Edmonton team had signed several high-profile players from Eastern Canada to play for the team in the Cup challenge; only two players on the team were from Edmonton, with the rest coming from the east. <mask> and Lester Patrick, another player from the east, never even reached Edmonton; they met their team in Winnipeg on its way east for the Cup challenge. <mask>, who was paid $600 for the two-game series, played in the first game against the Montreal Wanderers, which

masks: Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips


title: Tommy Phillips

texts: Edmonton lost 7–3, but broke his ankle and was forced to miss the second game, a 7–6 Edmonton win. Over the summer <mask> was invited by Patrick to move to Nelson, British Columbia, where the latter was putting together a club of star players to challenge for the Cup. He played in 1909–10 with the local team, retiring after the season and taking a position as a manager of a lumber company in Vancouver. When Patrick and his brother Frank formed the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) in 1911, <mask> was convinced to come out of retirement and join one of the teams in the new league, the Vancouver Millionaires. <mask> finished the 1912 season fourth on Vancouver in goals, and seventh overall in the league, with seventeen in fourteen games.<mask>, who realized that his skills had diminished, retired for a second time at the end of the season. A close friend of the Patricks, he remained close to the league, and occasionally officiated matches after his retirement. After retiring from hockey <mask> ran his own lumber company Timms, Phillips and Company and later moved to Toronto in 1920. <mask> died of blood poisoning at the age of 40 in his residence at 19 Edgewood Crescent, five days after having an ulcerated tooth removed. He was survived by his widow Ella and three children: Margery, Mary and James. <mask> was a member of Rosedale Community Church and a Freemason. He is buried at the Lake of the Woods Cemetery in Kenora, with Ella, who died in 1964.When the Hockey Hall of Fame was founded in 1945, <mask> was inducted as one of the first nine inductees. He was also inducted into the Northwestern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1987. Career


title: Crispin Blunt

texts:
<mask> (born 15 July 1960) is a British Conservative Party politician. He has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Reigate since 1997, and from May 2010 to September 2012 he was the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Prisons and Youth Justice within the Ministry of Justice. Blunt first entered the House of Commons at the 1997 general election, when he replaced the then MP Sir George Gardiner who had been deselected by the Constituency Conservative Association Executive Council and joined the Referendum Party. In 2013, Blunt was himself deselected by the Constituency Executive Council, with speculation that this was due to his public announcement that he was gay. However, after a ballot of party members in Reigate, the decision was overturned by a margin of 5–1 and Blunt was reselected as the Conservative candidate for the 2015 general election. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Germany, one of three sons of English parents Adrienne (née Richardson) and Major-General <mask> (1923–2003). He was educated at Wellington College, and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, where he won the Queen's Medal, gaining a Regular Commission, before reading Politics at University College, Durham between 1981 and 1984, where he was elected President of the Durham Union Society in 1983 and graduated with a 2:1 degree.In 1991, he gained an MBA at the Cranfield School of Management. <mask> was commissioned as an Army Officer into the 13th/18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary's Own) and served until 1990. During the 1980s, he was stationed in Cyprus, Germany and Britain, serving as a Troop Leader, Regimental Operations Officer and Armoured Reconnaissance Squadron Commander. He resigned his commission as a captain in 1990, having been awarded the Queen's Medal. <mask> contested his first Parliamentary seat at the 1992 general election, as the Conservative Party candidate in West Bromwich East. From 1991 to 1992, <mask> was a representative of the Forum of Private Business. In 1993, he was appointed as Special Adviser to Malcolm Rifkind the then-Secretary of State for Defence, and worked in the same capacity when Rifkind became

masks:
Crispin Jeremy Rupert Blunt
Blunt
Peter Blunt
Blunt
Blunt
Blunt


title: Crispin Blunt

texts:
 Foreign Secretary between 1995 and 1997.Member of Parliament
At the 1997 general election, <mask> was elected to Parliament as Member for Reigate in Surrey, replacing the long-serving strongly Eurosceptic MP Sir George Gardiner, who had been deselected by the local Conservative Party. <mask> was subsequently appointed to the House of Commons Defence Select Committee. In July 1997, he was elected as Secretary of the Conservative Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Committee and the Conservative Middle East Council. In May 2000, he joined the House of Commons Environment, Transport and Regional Affairs Select Committee and in July 2003 he was elected Chairman of the Conservative Middle East Council, a position he still occupies. The new Conservative Party leader Iain Duncan Smith appointed <mask> to the Opposition front bench as Shadow Minister for Northern Ireland in September 2001. In July 2002, he was appointed as deputy to Tim Yeo, Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry. On 1 May 2003 he resigned his position on the front bench, saying that Duncan Smith was a "handicap" to the Conservatives.He decided to resign at that time in the expectation that the Conservative Party would make over 500 gains in local government elections, but in the belief that these would be achieved in spite of, rather than because of, Iain Duncan Smith's leadership. Blunt timed his resignation so that it became public after the polls closed but before the results were declared. The following day he was unanimously reselected by his local party as their prospective parliamentary candidate, but in May 2003 he failed to persuade 25 of his fellow Conservative MPs to call for a vote of confidence. He accepted that no challenge for the party leadership would be immediately forthcoming and returned to the back benches. In November 2003, Michael Howard eventually replaced Duncan Smith after a vote of no confidence. Blunt became a party whip under Howard, but on 9 June 2005 he took leave of absence from that role to support the expected leadership bid of Sir Malcolm Rifkind. However, when Rifkind was knocked out of the party leadership contest,

masks: Blunt Blunt Blunt


title: Crispin Blunt

texts: <mask> returned to the Whips' office and wrote to all Party members in his constituency asking them to rank the remaining contenders in order of preference so he could best represent his constituents.<mask> is a former joint chair of the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding. When the Conservative and Liberal Democrat Coalition formed the Government in 2010, <mask> was appointed as the first Minister of State for Prisons at the Ministry of Justice. His responsibilities include: Prisons and probation, Youth justice, Criminal law and sentencing policy and Criminal justice. He is also a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Humanist Group. In November 2013, <mask> was re-selected to stand in the 2015 general election for the Conservative Party having undergone a postal ballot of constituency members. The postal ballot was triggered when the executive council came to a vote with a majority decision not to endorse his candidacy. Having won the postal ballot Blunt called for the executive council to consider their position.The lack of support from a majority of the executive council was partly attributed to the allegedly homophobic views of some older Conservative voters in the area. Roger Newstead, the chairman of the Reigate South and Earlswood Branch, wrote a private letter to Dr Ben Mearns, who had resigned from the branch committee after protesting at the decision to force a postal ballot. In the letter, Newstead said: "I do not know what motivated my executive colleagues but I suspect that <mask> has been the author of his own misfortune. There is no doubt in my mind that his very public and totally unnecessary announcement that he was 'gay' was the final straw for some members, particularly those in the north of the borough, with whom there had been a number of previous disagreements on policy matters... A number of lady members were very offended by the manner in which his marriage broke down. Apparently Victoria's version was very different from <mask>'s". Later clarifying his views to The Guardian newspaper, Newstead said: "I still say it was unnecessary [for <mask> <mask> to come out]. To me it

masks: Blunt Blunt Blunt Blunt Crispin Crispin Crispin Blunt


title: Crispin Blunt

texts:
 was an error of judgment.I wouldn't have done anything like that. I would have just said if anyone had asked me: politicians have a unique lifestyle, it doesn't suit everybody and there is a long history of parliamentary marriages breaking down. You don't have to go out and tell people you have got homosexual tendencies – that sort of thing you know. It is a private matter and it shouldn't have been put in the public domain. He put it in the public domain". In May 2014, <mask> was one of seven unsuccessful candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee. On 19 June 2015, it was announced that he had been elected to the chairmanship of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee, a post he held until 12 July 2017 when he was defeated by Conservative candidate Tom Tugendhat.Prior to the 2016 EU Referendum, Blunt supported Brexit, the successful outcome. In September 2017, <mask> was elected chair of the All Party Parliamentary Humanist Group, the cross-party group which represents humanists in Parliament. In 2018, he became an honorary associate of the National Secular Society. Political views
A long-term Eurosceptic, Blunt issued a pamphlet in 1998, when first elected to parliament, calling for an in-out referendum for the United Kingdom. In June 2016, Blunt championed LGBT rights, during the campaigning of the EU referendum, stating that the UK would be the "world's leading proponents of LGBTI rights, in or out of the EU". Blunt has been described as "a long-term critic of Israel". He voted against the Cameron–Clegg coalition government in 2013 on the issue of British military intervention in the Syrian civil war.<mask> has spoken out about the presence of parliamentary prayers as part of the UK Parliament's formal business. He put forward an Early Day Motion on the issue in 2019, arguing that the practice was discriminatory against non-religious MPs, since those MPs who choose to pray are able to reserve a seat for parliamentary business that day and are more likely to ask questions; there are 650 elected MPs in the UK Parliament, but only seating enough for 427 at any one time. In 2020, he


title: Crispin Blunt

texts:
 again raised the issue in the House, with new speaker Lindsay Hoyle expressing sympathy with the need for reform. Blunt is one of the most prominent Conservative advocates of transgender rights. He argues that supporting transgender individuals is an extension of the party's tradition of supporting individual liberty. Personal life
<mask> married Victoria Jenkins in September 1990 in Kensington and they have a daughter, Claudia, (born March 1992) and son, Frederick, (born August 1994). His niece is the actress <mask>.In August 2010, he announced that he was leaving his wife, in order "to come to terms with his homosexuality". They remain separated but have not divorced. <mask>'s voting record in Parliament had previously been broadly unsympathetic towards gay rights. He later stated regret for that part of his voting record. In January 2016, he stated that he uses poppers, during a parliamentary debate that discussed banning them along with other legal highs. He stated, "I out myself as a user of poppers. I am astonished to find [the government] is proposing it to be banned and frankly so would many other gay men."<mask> is a keen cricketer, representing the Parliamentarians team, alongside fellow MPs Peter Bone and Hugh Robertson. He is also a member of the Marylebone Cricket Club. References

External links
 <mask> <mask> MP official constituency website

 Resignation statement, 1 May 2003
 Profile: <mask> <mask>, BBC News, 2 May 2003
 Former Chairman <mask> <mask> MP Conservative Middle East Council (CMEC) profile

1960 births
Living people
13th/18th Royal Hussars officers
Alumni of Cranfield University
Alumni of University College, Durham
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English humanists
British secularists
LGBT members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
LGBT politicians from England
Reigate
Presidents of the Durham Union
UK MPs 2019–present
Gay politicians
LGBT military

masks:
Blunt
Emily Blunt
Blunt
Blunt
Crispin
Blunt
Crispin
Blunt
Crispin
Blunt


title: Les Hinton

texts:
<mask> (born 19 February 1944) is a British-American journalist, writer and business executive whose career with Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation spanned more than fifty years. <mask> worked in newspapers, magazines and television as a reporter, editor and executive in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States and became an American citizen in 1986. He was appointed CEO of Dow Jones & Company in December 2007, after its acquisition by News Corp. <mask> has variously been described as Murdoch's "hitman"; one of his "most trusted lieutenants"; and an "astute political operator". He left the company in 2011. His memoir, The Bootle Boy, was published in the UK in May 2018, and in the US under the title An Untidy Life in October of the same year. Early life
<mask>, the son of a British Army chef and a seamstress, was born in the docklands of Bootle, a working-class area of Lancashire, now Merseyside. He travelled with his family as his father was posted around the world, attending Army schools in Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya, Germany, and Singapore, as well as Liverpool.He had little formal education after failing his Eleven-plus, and left his Liverpool school in 1959, aged 15. In the same year, he emigrated to Adelaide, Australia. Murdoch and News Corporation
Except for a few years in London in the 1960s, <mask> spent his entire career with Rupert Murdoch and News Corporation. He began work as a copy boy in 1959 at the Adelaide News in South Australia, where 28-year-old Murdoch was managing director. One of his first tasks was to bring Murdoch his lunchtime sandwiches. After finishing his training as a journalist, <mask> moved to London, where he worked as a reporter at United Press International, and the then-broadsheet newspaper The Sun, before Murdoch acquired

masks:
Leslie Frank Hinton
Hinton
Hinton
Hinton
Hinton
Hinton


title: Les Hinton

texts: it in 1969. As a reporter, <mask> was injured while covering the Northern Ireland conflict and in 1976 he was appointed foreign correspondent for the group's newspapers and moved to New York.<mask> later worked as associate editor of the Boston Herald and editor-in-chief of Star. In 1990, <mask> became president of Murdoch Magazines and then president and chief executive officer of News America Publishing, responsible for the company's US publishing operations. In 1993, he was appointed chairman and CEO of Fox Television Stations. He returned to London in 1995 as executive chairman of News Corp subsidiary News International, publisher of The Times, The Sunday Times, The Sun, The Times Literary Supplement, The Times Educational Supplement and the now defunct titles Today and The News of the World where he stayed for eleven years. In 2007, <mask> returned to the United States to become CEO of Dow Jones & Company and publisher of The Wall Street Journal. In 2009, in a speech to the World Association of Newspapers in Hyderabad, <mask> criticized Google and the "false gospel" of the Internet, and called for the newspaper industry to charge for digital content: "Free costs too much. News is a business and we should not be afraid to say it.These digital visionaries...talk about the wonders of the interconnected world, about the democratization of journalism...Well, I think all of us need to beware of geeks bearing gifts." <mask> later admitted in an interview with London's Daily Telegraph that some Journal staff were wary when News Corp bought the newspaper, but said: "If you believed everything you read about the attitude towards us that was alleged to exist, you would have been expected to wear a damn flak-jacket when you came in to the building." In an article for

masks: Hinton Hinton Hinton Hinton Hinton Hinton


title: Les Hinton

texts:
 British Journalism Review in 2015, <mask> described Murdoch as: "a driven businessman with heavy boots who has bruised a lot of people in the last half century." He went on to say: "As a boss, he can be hands-off or autocratic, charming or irascible, forgiving or fierce, and sometimes just a comprehensive pain." In May 2018, <mask>'s memoir The Bootle Boy: an untidy life in news was published by Scribe in the United Kingdom, Australia and the USA. Although it was described as "an epic story… and a penetrating insight into the mind of Murdoch" that "vividly captures the rise and fall of the press", one British newspaper reported that: "despite the close relationship between the men, Murdoch is not spared: he could be unfair, capricious and exasperating… And <mask> is candid about the brutal firings he himself carried out in the companies he ran in the US". Phone hacking and British parliamentary hearings
On 15 July 2011, <mask> resigned as publisher of The Wall Street Journal as a result of the unfolding journalistic ethics scandal at News International – phone hacking – where <mask> had been executive chairman.In his resignation letter to Murdoch, <mask> said that although he was "ignorant of what apparently happened...I feel it is proper for me to resign". In an interview for Reuters, Peter Burden, author of a 2008 book about The News of the World said: "The person that I think is most of a problem for Murdoch is <mask>. He was definitely around when it was going on... and for him to be seen to be mixed up in that whole tacky situation would be very, very damaging indeed." Upon his departure, The Wall Street Journal ran an editorial praising <mask>'s contribution to returning the paper to profitability "amid a terrible business climate". The New Yorker ran a poem

masks:
Hinton
Hinton
Hinton
Hinton
Hinton
Hinton
Les Hinton
Hinton


title: Les Hinton

texts:
 praising <mask>'s hair

In a climate later described by The Wall Street Journal as "a political frenzy" on 1 May 2012, the House of Commons Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee, chaired by Conservative MP John Whittingdale and including Labour members Tom Watson and Paul Farrelly, published a report in which it accused <mask> and others of misleading it during its enquiries into the phone hacking scandal. It also said that <mask> had been 'complicit in the cover-up' at News International. In a 'robust rebuttal letter' to the Committee, <mask> denied both allegations, describing them as 'unfair, unfounded and erroneous' and based on 'a selective and misleading analysis of my testimonies'.During a debate on 22 May 2012, the House of Commons refused to endorse the Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee's report, and referred the case to its own ethics watchdog, the Standards and Privileges Committee, for further investigation. On 14 September 2016, Parliament's ethics committee, the Committee of Privileges, published its own report exonerating <mask> and refuting the original Whittingdale report. The Committee of Privileges stated that the evidence had failed to: "meet the standard of proof" required by Parliament and went on to conclude: "there is no evidence that [<mask>] misled the [Culture, Media and Sport] Committee". In a statement, <mask> described the findings as "too little and too late", saying he had been "vilified". <mask> also said: "Parliament has a back-to-front idea of justice and fairness ... after allowing the sham trial and free-for-all character assassination I experienced in 2012." In an editorial three days later The Wall Street Journal said: "<mask> must be wondering to which office he should go to get his reputation back. The question

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title: Les Hinton

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 was first asked by former Secretary of Labor Ray Donovan after he was acquitted of trumped-up fraud charges in 1987.But it applies to Mr<mask>, who was CEO of our parent company Dow Jones until he resigned amid questions about his involvement in the phone-hacking scandal that took down Britain's News of the World tabloid in 2011." The newspaper went on to say that the British Parliament's [Culture, Media and Sport] committee's false report about <mask> "should be a warning of the damage that political frenzies can do to the lives and careers of honorable men." Personal life
<mask> and his long-time partner Katharine Raymond – a former adviser to British Home Secretary David Blunkett and Prime Minister Gordon Brown – married at a private ceremony in London in 2009. The wedding celebration was attended by politicians and journalists including Tessa Jowell, David Blunkett, Margaret McDonagh, Sarah Brown, Kay Burley, and Rebekah Brooks. They live on Manhattan's upper east side. See also
 News Corporation
 The Wall Street Journal

References

External links
Profile at Dow Jones & Company and WSJ CEO Council

<mask> collected news and commentary at The Independent

<mask> tells newspapers – 'Beware geeks bearing gifts', Laura Oliver, Journalism.co.uk, 2 December 2009
Audit Notes: <mask> Murdoch Jr., UK Tabloid Culture, Ryan Chittum, Columbia Journalism Review, 8 July 2011
<mask>, Resignation letter <mask> to The Wall Street Journal staff, 15 July 2011
<mask>, Resignation letter <mask> to Rupert Murdoch, 15 July 2011

1944 births
People from Bootle
British emigrants to the United States
American chief executives of financial services companies
Dow Jones & Company
The Wall Street Journal people
People associated with the News International phone hacking scandal
Living

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title: William O. Douglas

texts: <mask> (October 16, 1898January 19, 1980) was an American jurist and politician who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, who was known for his strong progressive views, and is often cited as the Supreme Court's most liberal justice ever. In 1975, Time magazine called <mask> "the most doctrinaire and committed civil libertarian ever to sit on the court." Nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, <mask> was confirmed at the age of 40, one of the youngest justices appointed to the court. His term, lasting 36 years and 211 days (1939–75), is the longest in the history of the Supreme Court. After an itinerant childhood, <mask> attended Whitman College on a scholarship. He graduated from Columbia Law School in 1925 and joined the Yale Law School faculty. After serving as the third chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, <mask> was successfully nominated to the Supreme Court in 1939, succeeding Justice Louis Brandeis.He was among those seriously considered for the 1944 Democratic vice presidential nomination and was subject to an unsuccessful draft movement prior to the 1948 presidential election. <mask> served on the Court until his retirement in 1975, and was succeeded by John Paul Stevens. <mask> holds a number of records as a Supreme Court justice, including the most opinions. <mask>ello v. City of Chicago (1949), Brady v. Maryland (1963), and Griswold v. Connecticut (1965). He wrote notable concurring or dissenting opinions in cases such as Dennis v. United States (1951), Terry v. Ohio (1968), and Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969). He was also known as a strong opponent of the Vietnam War and an ardent

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title: William O. Douglas

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 advocate of environmentalism. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1898 in Maine Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota, the son of <mask>, an itinerant Scottish Presbyterian minister from Pictou County, Nova Scotia, and his wife, Julia Bickford Fisk.His family moved to California, and then to Cleveland, Washington. <mask> said he suffered from an illness at age two he described as polio, although a biographer reveals that it was intestinal colic. His mother attributed his recovery to a miracle, telling <mask> that one day he would be President of the United States. His father died in Portland, Oregon in 1904, when <mask> was six years old. <mask> later claimed his mother had been left destitute. After moving the family from town to town in the West, his mother, with three young children, settled in Yakima, Washington. <mask>, like the rest of the <mask> family, worked at odd jobs to earn extra money, and a college education appeared to be unaffordable.He was the valedictorian at Yakima High School and did well enough in school to earn a full academic scholarship to attend Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington. At Whitman, <mask> became a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He worked at various jobs while attending school, including as a waiter and janitor during the school year, and at a cherry orchard in the summer. Picking cherries, <mask> would say later, inspired him to a legal career. He once said of his early interest in the law:

<mask> was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa, participated on the debate team, and was elected as student body president in his final year. After graduating in 1920 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in

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title: William O. Douglas

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 English and economics, he taught English and Latin at his old high school for the next two years, hoping to earn enough to attend law school. "Finally," he said, "I decided it was impossible to save enough money by teaching and I said to hell with it."He traveled to New York taking a job tending sheep on a Chicago-bound train, in return for free passage, with hopes to attend the Columbia Law School. <mask> drew on his Beta Theta Pi membership to help him survive in New York, as he stayed at one of its houses and was able to borrow $75 from a fraternity brother from Washington, enough to enroll at Columbia. Six months later, <mask>'s funds were running out. The appointments office at the law school told him that a New York firm wanted a student to help prepare a correspondence course for law. <mask> earned $600 for his work, enabling him to stay in school. Hired for similar projects, he saved $1,000 by semester's end. In August 1923, <mask> traveled to La Grande, Oregon, to marry Mildred Riddle, whom he had known in Yakima.<mask> graduated second in his class at Columbia in 1925. During the summer of 1925, <mask> started work at the firm of Cravath, DeGersdorff, Swaine and Wood (later Cravath, Swaine & Moore) after failing to obtain a Supreme Court clerkship with Harlan F. Stone. <mask> was hired at Cravath by attorney John J. McCloy, who would later become the chairman of the Board of Chase Manhattan Bank. Yale Law School
<mask> quit the Cravath firm after four months. After one year, he moved back to Yakima, but soon regretted the move and never practiced law in the state. After a time of unemployment and another months-long stint at Cravath, he

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title: William O. Douglas

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 started teaching at Columbia Law School. He joined the faculty of Yale Law School, where he became an expert on commercial litigation and bankruptcy law.He was identified with the legal realist movement, which pushed for an understanding of law based less on formalistic legal doctrines and more on the real-world effects of the law. Teaching at Yale, he and the fellow professor Thurman Arnold were riding the New Haven Railroad and were inspired to set the sign Passengers will please refrain... to Antonín Dvořák's Humoresque #7. Robert Maynard Hutchins described <mask> as "the most outstanding law professor in the nation." When Hutchins became president of the University of Chicago, <mask> accepted an offer to move there, but he changed his mind once he had been made a Sterling Professor at Yale. Securities and Exchange Commission
In 1934, <mask> left Yale after President Franklin Roosevelt nominated him to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). By 1937, he had become an adviser and friend to the President and the Chairman. He also became friends with a group of young New Dealers, including Tommy "The Cork" Corcoran and Abe Fortas.He was also close, both socially and in thinking to the Progressives of the era, such as Philip and Robert La Follette, Jr. and later with President Kennedy. That social/political group befriended Lyndon Johnson, a freshman representative from the 10th District of Texas. In his book The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power, Robert Caro wrote that in 1937, <mask> had helped to persuade Roosevelt to authorize the Marshall Ford Dam, a controversial project whose approval enabled Johnson to consolidate his power

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 as a representative. Supreme Court

In 1939, Justice Louis D. Brandeis retired from the Court, and Roosevelt nominated <mask> as his replacement on March 20. <mask> was Brandeis's personal choice as a successor. <mask> later revealed that his appointment had been a great surprise to him (Roosevelt had summoned him to an "important meeting"), and <mask> feared that he would be named as the chairman of the Federal Communications Commission. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 4 by a vote of 62 to 4.The four negative votes were all cast by Republicans: Lynn J. Frazier, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., Gerald P. Nye, and Clyde M. Reed. <mask> was sworn into office on April 17, 1939. At the age of forty, <mask> was the third-youngest justice to be confirmed to the Supreme Court; only Joseph Story and <mask>, appointed at age thirty-two, were younger. Relationships with others at Supreme Court
<mask> was often at odds with fellow justice Felix Frankfurter, who believed in judicial restraint and thought the court should stay out of politics. <mask> did not highly value judicial consistency or stare decisis when deciding cases. "But the origin of <mask> and Frankfurter's deep-seated animosity went beyond important jurisprudential differences. Temperamentally, they were opposites.From the beginning of their close associations as justices, the two men simply grated on each other's nerves. . . . Although in 1974 <mask> claimed that there had been no 'war' between him and Frankfurter, the evidence to the contrary was overwhelming. Frankfurter and <mask>, two important American jurists whose decades-long bitter debates (indeed, whose 'wars')

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title: William O. Douglas

texts:
 contributed a great deal to our understanding of constitutionalism in a modern society, could not tolerate each other. Intentionally and unintentionally, they went out of their way to harass each other for over two decades." Judge Richard A. Posner, who was a law clerk at the Court during the latter part of <mask>'s tenure, characterized him as "a bored, distracted, uncollegial, irresponsible" Supreme Court justice, as well as "rude, ice-cold, hot-tempered, ungrateful, foul-mouthed, self-absorbed" and so abusive in "treatment of his staff to the point where his law clerks—whom he described as 'the lowest form of human life'—took to calling him "shithead" behind his back." Posner asserts also that "<mask>'s judicial oeuvre is slipshod and slapdash," but <mask>'s "intelligence, his energy, his academic and government experience, his flair for writing, the leadership skills that he had displayed at the SEC, and his ability to charm when he bothered to try" could have let him "become the greatest justice in history." Judicial philosophy
In general, legal scholars have noted that <mask>'s judicial style was unusual in that he did not attempt to elaborate justifications for his judicial positions on the basis of text, history, or precedent.<mask> was known for writing short, pithy opinions which relied on philosophical insights, observations about current politics, and literature, as much as more conventional judicial sources. <mask> wrote many of his opinions in twenty minutes, often publishing the first draft. <mask> was also known for his fearsome work ethic, by publishing over thirty books and once telling an exhausted secretary, Fay Aull, "If you

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title: William O. Douglas

texts: hadn't stopped working, you wouldn't be tired." <mask> frequently disagreed with the other justices, dissenting in almost 40% of cases, more than half of the time writing only for himself. Ronald Dworkin would conclude that because <mask> believed his convictions were merely "a matter of his own emotional biases," <mask> would fail to meet "minimal intellectual responsibilities." Ultimately, <mask> believed that a judge's role was "not neutral" as "The Constitution is not neutral. It was designed to take the government off the backs of the people."<mask> has been widely characterized as a civil libertarian On the bench, <mask> became known as a strong advocate of First Amendment rights. With fellow justice Hugo Black, <mask>ello v. City of Chicago (1949), overturning the conviction of a Catholic priest who allegedly caused a "breach of the peace" by making anti-Semitic comments during a raucous public speech. <mask>, joined by Black, furthered his advocacy of a broad reading of First Amendment rights by dissenting from the Supreme Court's decision in Dennis v. United States (1952), which affirmed the conviction of the leader of the U.S. Communist Party. <mask> was publicly critical of censorship, saying "The way to combat noxious ideas is with other ideas. The way to combat falsehoods is with truth." In 1944, <mask> voted with the majority to uphold the wartime internment of Japanese Americans in Korematsu v. United States but, over the course of his career, he grew to become a leading advocate of individual rights.He was suspicious of majority rule as it related to social and moral questions, and frequently expressed concern about forced

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texts: conformity with "the Establishment". For example, <mask> wrote the decision in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) in stating that a constitutional right to privacy forbids state contraception bans because "specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights have penumbras, formed by emanations from those guarantees that help give them life and substance." That went too far for Hugo Black, who dissented in Griswold despite having been allies with <mask>. Justice Clarence Thomas would years later hang a sign in his chambers reading, "Please don't emanate in the penumbras." Conservative Judge Robert Bork had no objection to the concept of penumbras, writing, "There is nothing exceptional about [<mask>'s] thought, other than the language of penumbras and emanations. Courts often give protection to a constitutional freedom by creating a buffer zone, by prohibiting a government from doing something not in itself forbidden but likely to lead to an invasion of a right specified in the Constitution." Prof. David P. Currie of the University of Chicago Law School called <mask>'s Griswold opinion "one of the most hypocritical opinions in the history of the Court."<mask> and Black also disagreed in Fortson v. Morris (1967), which cleared the path for the Georgia State Legislature to choose the governor in the deadlocked 1966 race between Democrat Lester Maddox and Republican Howard Callaway. Whereas Black voted with the majority under strict construction to uphold the state constitutional provision, <mask> and Abe Fortas dissented. According to <mask>, Georgia tradition would guarantee a Maddox victory but he had trailed Callaway by some 3,000 votes in the general election


title: William O. Douglas

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 returns. <mask> also saw the issue as a continuation of the earlier decision Gray v. Sanders, which had struck down Georgia's County Unit System, a kind of electoral college formerly used to choose the governor. According to many, he was by far the most liberal justice in the history of the Supreme Court with a Martin-Quinn score of -8 at his most liberal. He voted to strike down the death penalty in Furman vs Georgia, believed bans on hard-core pornography and membership in the Communist Party to be unconstitutional, attempted to allow humans to sue on behalf on trees, tried to use the Supreme Court to end the Vietnam War, and generally showed an uncompromisng defense of individual rights from which even Brennan and Marshall shied away. In 1968, in a concurring opinion in the case of Flast v. Cohen, <mask> indicated that he did not believe in judicial restraint.There has long been a school of thought here that the less the judiciary does, the better. It is often said that judicial intrusion should be infrequent, since it is "always attended with a serious evil, namely, that the correction of legislative mistakes comes from the outside, and the people thus lose the political experience, and the moral education and stimulus that come from fighting the question out in the ordinary way, and correcting their own errors"; that the effect of a participation by the judiciary in these processes is "to dwarf the political capacity of the people, and to deaden its sense of moral responsibility." J. Thayer, John Marshall 106, 107 (1901).¶
The late Edmond Cahn, who opposed that view, stated my philosophy. He emphasized the importance of the role that the

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 federal judiciary was designed to play in guarding basic rights against majoritarian control. ... His description of our constitutional tradition was in these words: "Be not reasonable with inquisitions, anonymous informers, and secret files that mock American justice. Be not reasonable with punitive denationalizations, ex post facto deportations, labels of disloyalty, and all the other stratagems for outlawing human beings from the community of mankind. These devices have put us to shame.Exercise the full judicial power of the United States; nullify them, forbid them, and make us proud again." Can the Supreme Court Defend Civil Liberties? in Samuel, ed., Toward a Better America 132, 144 -145 (1968). "Critics have sometimes charged that [<mask>] was result oriented and guilty of oversimplification; those who understand how he thought, and who share his compassion, conscience, and sense of fair dealing, see him as courageous and farsighted." "There is no necessary contradiction between these two views." Rosenberg case
On June 17, 1953, <mask> granted a temporary stay of execution to Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, who had been convicted of selling the plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The basis for the stay was that Judge Irving Kaufman had sentenced the Rosenbergs to death without the consent of the jury.While this was permissible under the Espionage Act of 1917, under which the Rosenbergs were tried, a later law, the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, held that only a jury could pronounce the death penalty. Since at the time the stay was granted the Supreme Court was out of session, this stay meant that the Rosenbergs could


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 expect to wait at least six months before the case was heard. When Attorney General Herbert Brownell heard about the stay, however, he immediately took his objection to Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson, who reconvened the Court before the appointed date and set aside the stay. <mask> had departed for vacation, but on learning of the special session of the Court, he returned to Washington. Because of widespread opposition to his decision, <mask> briefly faced impeachment proceedings in Congress, but attempts to remove him from the Court went nowhere. Vietnam War
<mask> took strong positions on the Vietnam War. In 1952 <mask> traveled to Vietnam and met with Ho Chi Minh.During the trip <mask> became friendly with Ngo Dinh Diem and in 1953 he personally introduced the nationalist leader to senators Mike Mansfield and John F. Kennedy. <mask> became one of the chief promoters for U.S. support of Diem, with CIA deputy director Robert Amory crediting Diem becoming "our man in Indochina" to a conversation with <mask> during a party at Martin Agronsky's house. After Diem's assassination in November 1963, <mask> became strongly critical of the war, believing Diem had been killed because he "was not sufficiently servile to Pentagon demands." <mask> now outspokenly argued the war was illegal, dissenting whenever the Court passed on an opportunity to hear such claims. In 1968 <mask> issued an order blocking the shipment of Army reservists to Vietnam, before the eight other justices unanimously reversed him. In Schlesinger v. Holtzman (1973) Justice Thurgood Marshall issued an in-chambers opinion declining Rep. Elizabeth Holtzman's request for a court order

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 stopping the military from bombing Cambodia. The Court was in recess for the summer but the Congresswoman reapplied, this time to <mask>.<mask> met with Holtzman's ACLU lawyers at his home in Goose Prairie, Washington, and promised them a hearing the next day. On Friday, August 3, 1973, <mask> held a hearing in the Yakima federal courthouse, where he dismissed the Government's argument that he was causing a "constitutional confrontation" by saying, "we live in a world of confrontations. That's what the whole system is about." On August 4, <mask> ordered the military to stop bombing, reasoning "denial of the application before me would catapult our airmen as well as Cambodian peasants into the death zone." The U.S. military ignored <mask>'s order. Six hours later the eight other justices reconvened by telephone for a special term and unanimously overturned <mask>'s ruling. "Trees have standing"
In his dissenting opinion in the landmark environmental law case Sierra Club v. Morton, 405 U.S. 727 (1972), <mask> argued that "inanimate objects" should have standing to sue in court:

He continued:

Environmentalism
In his autobiographical Of Men and Mountains (1950), <mask> discusses his close childhood connections with nature.In the 1950s, proposals were made to create a parkway along the path of the C&O Canal, which ran on the Maryland bank parallel to the Potomac River. The Washington Post editorial page supported the action. However, <mask>, who frequently hiked on the Canal towpath, opposed the plan and challenged reporters to hike the 185 mile length of the Canal with him. After the hike, the Post changed its stance and advocated preservation of

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texts: the Canal in its historic state. <mask> is widely credited with saving the Canal and with its eventual designation as a National Historic Park in 1971. He served on the Board of Directors of the Sierra Club from 1960 to 1962 and wrote prolifically on his love of the outdoors. In 1962, <mask> wrote a glowing review of Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring, which was included in the widely-read Book-of-the-Month Club edition.He later swayed the Supreme Court to preserve the Red River Gorge in eastern Kentucky, when a proposal to build a dam and flood the gorge reached the Court. <mask> personally visited the area on November 18, 1967. The Red River Gorge's <mask> Trail is named in his honor. In May 1962, <mask> and his wife, Cathleen, were invited by Neil Compton and the Ozark Society to visit and canoe down part of the free-flowing Buffalo River in Arkansas. They put in at the low water bridge at Boxley. That experience made him a fan of the river and the young organization's idea of protecting it. <mask> was instrumental in having the Buffalo preserved as a free-flowing river left in its natural state.The decision was opposed by the region's Corps of Army Engineers. The act that soon followed designated the Buffalo River as America's first National River. <mask> was a self-professed outdoorsman. According to The Thru-Hiker's Companion, a guide published by the Appalachian Long Distance Hikers Association, <mask> hiked the entire  trail from Georgia to Maine. His love for the environment carried through to his judicial reasoning. <mask>'s active role in advocating the preservation and protection of wilderness across the United States earned him the


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 nickname "Wild Bill". <mask> was a friend and frequent guest of Harry R. Truman, the owner of the Mount St. Helens Lodge at Spirit Lake in Washington.Travel writing

From 1950 to 1961, <mask> travelled extensively in the Middle East and Asia. <mask> wrote many books about his experiences and observations during these trips. Other than writers from National Geographic—whom he sometimes met on the road—<mask> was one of the few American travel writers to visit these remote regions during this period in time. His travel books include:
 Strange Lands and Friendly People (1950)
 Beyond the High Himalayas (1952)
 North From Malaya (1953)
 Russian Journey (1956)
 Exploring the Himalaya (1958)
 West of the Indus (1958)
 My Wilderness, The Pacific West (1960)
 My Wilderness, East to Katahdin (1961)

In his memoir, The Court Years, <mask> wrote that he was sometimes criticized for taking too much time off from the bench, and writing travel books while on the U.S. Supreme Court. However, <mask> maintained that the travel gave him a world-wide perspective that was helpful in resolving cases before the Court. It also gave him a perspective on political systems that did not benefit from the legal protections in the American Constitution. Presidential politics

When, in early 1944, President Franklin D. Roosevelt decided not to support the renomination of Vice President Henry A. Wallace at the party's national convention, a short list of possible replacements was drafted.The names on the list included former senator and Supreme Court justice James F. Byrnes of South Carolina, former senator (and future Supreme Court justice) Sherman Minton, former governor and

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texts: high commissioner to the Philippines Paul McNutt of Indiana, House speaker Sam Rayburn of Texas, Senator Alben W. Barkley of Kentucky, Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri, and <mask>. Five days before the vice presidential nominee was to be chosen at the convention, on July 15, Committee chairman Robert E. Hannegan received a letter from Roosevelt stating that his choice for the nominee would be either "Harry Truman or <mask>". After Hannegan released the letter to the convention on July 20, the nomination went without incident, and Truman was nominated on the second ballot. <mask> received two votes on the second ballot and none on the first. After the convention, <mask>'s supporters spread the rumor that the note sent to Hannegan had read "<mask> or Harry Truman", not the other way around. These supporters claimed that Hannegan, a Truman supporter, feared that <mask>'s nomination would drive Southern white voters away from the ticket (<mask> had a strong anti-segregation record on the Supreme Court) and had switched the names to suggest that Truman was Roosevelt's real choice. By 1948, <mask>'s presidential aspirations were rekindled by Truman's low popularity, after he had succeeded Roosevelt in 1945.Many Democrats, believing that Truman could not be elected in November, began trying to find a replacement candidate. Attempts were made to draft popular retired General Dwight D. Eisenhower, a war hero, for the nomination. A "Draft Douglas" campaign, complete with souvenir buttons and hats, sprang up in New Hampshire and several other primary states. <mask> campaigned for the nomination for a short time, but he soon withdrew his name from

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