title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts: create his oldest son Li Zhong, whose mother Consort Liu was of low birth and therefore considered nonthreatening, crown prince so that Li Zhong would be grateful of her in the future. Liu also persuaded Zhangsun to suggest the idea as well, and in fall 652, Emperor <mask> created Li Zhong crown prince. By this point, however, Empress Wang was facing a major threat from another romantic rival. When <mask> was crown prince, he had an affair with one of Emperor Taizong's concubines, Consort Wu.After Emperor Taizong's death, all of his concubines who did not bear sons, which included Wu, were housed at Ganye Temple () to be Buddhist nuns. In either 650 or 651, Emperor <mask> was visiting Ganye Temple to offer incense to Buddha when he saw Consort Wu. Both of them wept. When Empress Wang heard this, she, wanting to divert Emperor <mask>'s favor from Consort Xiao, secretly instructed Consort Wu to grow her hair back, while suggesting to <mask> that he take her as a concubine. Consort Wu was intelligent and full of machinations, and therefore, when she first returned to the palace, she acted humbly and flattered Empress Wang, who trusted her greatly and recommended her to Emperor <mask>. Soon, Emperor <mask> became enamored with Consort Wu. Meanwhile, <mask>'s sister Princess Gaoyang and her husband Fang Yi'ai (房遺愛, Fang Xuanling's son), were implicated in 652 of conspiring with another brother-in-law Chai Lingwu (), the general Xue Wanche () and <mask>'s uncle Li Yuanjing () the

masks:
Gaozong
Emperor Gaozong
Gaozong
Gaozong
Emperor Gaozong
Gaozong
Gaozong
Emperor Gaozong
Emperor Gaozong


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

type: original

texts: Prince of Jing to make Li Yuanjing emperor.Fang, knowing that Zhangsun had long been apprehensive of Li Ke, falsely implicated Li Ke in the plot as well, hoping to ingratiate Zhangsun sufficiently that he would be spared. nevertheless, in spring 653, at the suggestion of Zhangsun and Cui Dunli – despite Emperor <mask>'s initial inclination to spare Li Yuanjing and Li Ke—Emperor <mask> ordered that Fang, Xue, and Chai be executed, and that Li Yuanjing, Li Ke, and the Princesses Gaoyang and Baling (Chai's wife) be forced to commit suicide. Zhangsun took this opportunity to accuse several other officials friendly with Fang or hostile to him—the chancellor Yuwen Jie, Li Daozong the Prince of Jiangxia, and the general Zhishi Sili () – of being friendly with Fang and had them exiled. He also deposed and exiled Li Ke's mother Consort Yang and Consort Yang's other son Li Yin () the Prince of Shu, as well as Fang's brother Fang Yizhi () and Xue's brother Xue Wanbei (). By 654, both Empress Wang and Consort Xiao had lost favor with Emperor <mask>, and the former romantic rivals joined forces against Consort Wu, but to no avail, and as a sign of his love to Consort Wu, in 654 he conferred posthumous honors on her father Wu Shihuo (). Later that year, Consort Wu gave birth to a daughter that died shortly after birth. Evidence implicated Empress Wang as the killer, although some historians believe Consort Wu killed her own daughter in order to frame Empress Wang, but no concrete evidence

masks: Gaozong Gaozong Gaozong


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts: of this exists.In anger, <mask> considered deposing Empress Wang and replacing her with Consort Wu, but wanted to make sure that the chancellors would support this, and so visited Zhangsun's house with Consort Wu, awarding him with much treasure, but when he brought up the topic that Empress Wang was sonless (as an excuse for deposing her), Zhangsun repeatedly found ways to divert the conversation, and subsequent visits by Consort Wu's mother Lady Yang and the official Xu Jingzong, who was allied with Consort Wu, to seek support from Zhangsun were also to no avail. In summer 655, Consort Wu accused Empress Wang and her mother Lady Liu of using witchcraft. In response, <mask> barred Lady Liu from the palace and demoted Liu Shi. Meanwhile, a faction of officials began to form around Consort Wu, including Li Yifu, Xu, Cui Yixuan (), and Yuan Gongyu (). On an occasion in fall 655, <mask> summoned the chancellors Zhangsun, Li Shiji (who by now was using the name Li Ji to observe naming taboo for <mask>'s name Li Shimin), Yu Zhining, and Chu to the palace—which Chu deduced to be regarding the matter of changing the empress. Li Ji claimed an illness and refused to attend. At the meeting, Chu vehemently opposed deposing Empress Wang, while Zhangsun and Yu showed their disapproval by silence.Meanwhile, other chancellors Han Yuan and Lai Ji also opposed the move, but when Emperor <mask> asked Li Ji again, Li Ji's response was, "This is your family matter, Your Imperial Majesty. Why

masks:
Emperor Gaozong
Emperor Gaozong
Emperor Gaozong
Emperor Taizong
Gaozong


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts:
 ask anyone else?" Emperor <mask> therefore became resolved. He demoted Chu to be a commandant at Tan Prefecture (roughly modern Changsha, Hunan), and then deposed both Empress Wang and Consort Xiao, putting them under arrest and creating Consort Wu empress instead to replace Empress Wang. (Later that year, Empress Wang and Consort Xiao were killed on orders by the new Empress Wu after Emperor <mask> showed signs of considering their release.) Then, at Xu's suggestion, in spring 656, <mask> demoted Li Zhong to be the Prince of Liang and created Empress Wu's oldest son Li Hong the Prince of Dai crown prince instead. In 655 as well, Emperor <mask> commissioned the general Cheng Zhijie () to attack Ashina Helu, but while the campaign saw some victories over Western Turkic Khaganate's substituent tribes Geluolu () and Chuyue (), it was hindered by Cheng's inability to restrain his assistant Wang Wendu () from pillaging and inappropriately halting the army.After the campaign ended in early 657, both Cheng and Wang were deposed from their offices. Xianqing era (656–661)

In 657, Emperor <mask> commissioned the general Su Dingfang, who had served under Cheng Zhijie in the earlier failed campaign, to command a campaign against Ashina Helu, assisted by Ren Yaxiang and Xiao Siye (). They were joined by the Western Turkic Khaganate’s leaders Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen, who had submitted to <mask> during Emperor Taizong's reign. The campaign caught Ashina Helu by surprise, and Su

masks:
Gaozong
Gaozong
Emperor Gaozong
Gaozong
Gaozong
Tang


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts: defeated him in several battles, causing him to flee to the kingdom Shi (石國, centering modern Tashkent, Uzbekistan), which arrested him and delivered him to Su, thus largely ending the Western Turkic Khaganate as an organized state. (Emperor <mask> would try to continue the Western Turkic Khaganate's existence as a vassal stage by dividing it in half and creating Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen as khans of the two halves.) Meanwhile, Xu Jingzong and Li Yifu, aligned with Empress Wu, began to carry out a campaign of reprisal on her behalf. In 657, they accused Han Yuan and Lai Ji of plotting treason with Chu Suiliang, who was then serving as the commandant at Gui Prefecture (桂州, roughly modern Guilin, Guangxi).Emperor Gaozong demoted Han and Lai to be prefects of distant prefectures, and demoted Chu and Liu Shi to even more distant prefectures—in Chu's case, to the extremely distant Ai Prefecture (愛州, roughly modern Thanh Hóa Province, Vietnam), and Chu's subsequent petition, sent from Ai Prefecture, pleading with <mask>, fell on deaf ears. Empress Wu's reprisals did not end there. In 659, Zhangsun Wuji became the next target. At that time, two low level officials, Wei Jifang () and Li Chao () had been accused of improper associations, and when Emperor Gaozong put Xu and Xin Maojiang of investigating, Xu falsely accused Wei and Li to be part of a treasonous plot by Zhangsun. Emperor <mask>, without meeting with Zhangsun, believed Xu, and put Zhangsun under house arrest in

masks:
Gaozong
Emperor Gaozong
Gaozong


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts: exile at Qian Prefecture (黔州, roughly modern southeastern Chongqing). Xu further implicated Chu, Liu, Han, and Yu Zhining in the plot as well. Yu was removed from his post.Chu, who had died in 658, was posthumously stripped of all titles, and his sons Chu Yanfu () and Chu Yanchong () were executed. Orders were also issued to execute Liu and Han, although Han died before the execution order reached his location. Meanwhile, Zhangsun, once he reached his place of exile, was forced to commit suicide. It was said that after Han's and Lai's deaths, no official dared to criticize the emperor any further. Also in 659, a vassal of Western Turkic Khaganate (Pin. Tujue), Duman (), the commander of the Esegels (aka Izgil, , Ch. Asijie, Sijie 思結) Tribe, rebelled against Tang occupation, along with the Western Turkic Khaganate's subject kingdoms Shule (), Zhujupo (), and Yebantuo () (all in modern Kashgar, Xinjiang).The joint forces commanded by Duman quickly defeated the Tang vassal Yutian (于田, in modern Hotan, Xinjiang). In winter 659, Emperor <mask> sent Su Dingfang against Duman, and once he arrived in the vicinity of Duman's army, he selected 10,000 infantry soldiers and 3,000 cavalry soldiers and made a surprise attack on Duman. When he arrived at Duman's headquarters, Duman was surprised, and after Su initially defeated Duman, Duman was forced to withdraw within the city. Su put the city under siege, and Duman surrendered. In spring 660, Su took Duman back to the eastern capital


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts: Luoyang, where Emperor Gaozong was at the time, to present Duman to him. Some officials requested that Duman be executed, but Su made a plea on Duman's behalf—that he had promised Duman life before Duman surrendered—and Emperor Gaozong stated that while under the law, Duman should die, he would honor Su's promise, and so he spared Duman. On the other end of the Tang atmosphere of influence, on the Korean Peninsula, Baekje had been attacking the Tang ally Silla.Once Su returned from the Esegel campaign, Emperor <mask> commissioned him to head over the sea to attack Baekje, in conjunction with Silla. Su quickly captured the Baekje capital Sabi, forcing Baekje's King Uija and his crown prince Buyeo Yung to surrender. Emperor <mask> ordered that Baekje be annexed as Tang territory. Emperor <mask> then followed up by commissioning Su, along with Qibi Heli, Liu Boying (), and Cheng Mingzhen (), to attack Goguryeo. In 660, Emperor <mask> and Empress Wu toured Bian Prefecture (modern-day Taiyuan), and Empress Wu had the opportunity to invite her old neighbors and relatives to a feast. Later that year, Emperor <mask> began to suffer from an illness that carried the symptoms of painful headaches and loss of vision, generally thought to be hypertension-related, and he began to have Empress Wu make rulings on petitions made by officials. It was said that Empress Wu had quick reactions and understood both literature and history, and therefore, she was making correct rulings.He also

masks: Gaozong Gaozong Gaozong Gaozong Gaozong


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts:
 became very dependent on her advice over time. Thereafter, her authority rivaled Emperor <mask>'s, after this point on, Empress Wu became the undisputed power behind the throne for twenty-three years. Middle reign: Empress Wu's aggrandization of power

Longshuo and Linde eras (661–666)
Meanwhile, just after Su Dingfang left Baekje territory to attack Goguryeo, the Buddhist monk Dochim () and the former Baekje general Gwisil Boksin rose to try to revive Baekje. They welcomed the Baekje prince Buyeo Pung back from Japan to serve as king, with Juryu (주류, 周留, now Seocheon County, South Chungcheong) as their headquarters. They put the Tang general Liu Renyuan () under siege in Sabi. Emperor <mask> sent the general Liu Rengui, who had previously been demoted to commoner rank for offending Li Yifu, with a relief force, and Liu Rengui and Liu Renyuan were able to fight off the Baekje resistance forces' attacks, but were themselves not strong enough to quell the rebellion, and so for some time the armies were in stalemate. Meanwhile, Su advanced on the Goguryeo capital Pyongyang and put it under siege, but was unable to capture it quickly.In spring 662, after the general Pang Xiaotai () was defeated by Goguryeo forces at Sasu River (蛇水, probably Botong River) and was killed along with his 13 sons, Su ran into harsh snowstorms and withdrew. Around the same time, after the death of the Huige chief Yaoluoge Porun (), who had been obedient to <mask>, Yaoluoge Porun's nephew Yaoluoge

masks: Gaozong Gaozong Tang


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts: Bisudu () rose in rebellion with the Tongluo () and Pugu () tribes in conjunction with other Tiele Confederation tribes. Emperor <mask> sent the general Zheng Rentai () to attack the Tiele, but while Zheng was initially victorious, his officers became bogged down in pillaging and eventually suffered great losses after being caught in poor weather. Emperor <mask> instead sent Qibi, who was ethnically Tiele, assisted by Jiang Ke, to Tiele to try to persuade them to surrender. Qibi was able to do so, and rebel leaders were arrested and turned over to <mask>. Qibi executed them and ended the rebellion. Meanwhile, for reasons unknown, also in 662 Emperor Gaozong sent the general Su Haizheng () to attack Qiuzi and ordered Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen to assist him.Ashina Buzhen, who had a rivalry with Ashina Mishe, falsely informed Su that Ashina Mishe was set to rebel and would attack the Tang army, and Su responded by ambushing Ashina Mishe, killing him and his chief assistants. The Western Turkic Khaganate tribes, angry over Ashina Mishe's death, largely turned away from Tang and submitted to the Tibetan Empire instead, and when Ashina Buzhen died later that year, Tang influence in the region was greatly reduced. During these years, Li Yifu had been, due to favors from Emperor <mask> and Empress Wu, exceedingly powerful, and he grew particularly corrupt. In 663, after reports of Li Yifu's corruption were made to <mask>, <mask> had Liu Xiangdao and Li Ji investigate, finding

masks:
Gaozong
Gaozong
Tang
Gaozong
Emperor Gaozong
Emperor Gaozong


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts: Li Yifu guilty. Li Yifu was removed from his post and exiled, and would never return to Chang'an. During the years, Empress Wu had repeatedly, in her dreams, seen Empress Wang and Consort Xiao, in the states they were after their terrible deaths, and she came to believe that their spirits were after her. For that reason, Emperor <mask> started remodeling a secondary palace, Daming Palace (), into Penglai Palace (), and when Penglai Palace's main hall, Hanyuan Hall (), was completed in 663, Emperor <mask> and Empress Wu moved to the newly remodeled palace (which was itself later renamed to Hanyuan Palace).(However, Empress Wang and Consort Xiao continued to appear in her dreams even after this, and therefore, late in Emperor <mask>'s reign, he and Empress Wu were often at the eastern capital Luoyang, not at Chang'an.) Also in 663, the Tibetan Empire attacked a Tang vassal state, the Tuyuhun. Tuyuhun's Ledou Khan Murong Nuohebo, unable to withstand the Tibetan attack, took his people and fled into Tang territory to seek protection, thus ending Tuyuhun's existence as a state. Meanwhile, also in 663, Liu Rengui and Liu Renyuan, in conjunction with Munmu of Silla and the former Baekje crown prince Buyeo Yung, defeated Buyeo Pung and Japanese forces sent to assist him, at the Battle of Baekgang. Buyeo Pung fled to Goguryeo, ending the Baekje resistance movement. Emperor <mask> recalled Liu Renyuan, leading Liu Rengui in charge of former Baekje territory, but in 664 sent Liu

masks: Gaozong Gaozong Gaozong Gaozong


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts: Renyuan back to Baekje and tried to recall Liu Rengui. Liu Rengui petitioned to remain to prepare for another attack on Goguryeo, and Emperor <mask> agreed to let him remain.By 664, Empress Wu, who felt that her power was well established, was extending her influence further in the political arena and increases her controlling behavior over Emperor Gaozong and arbitrarily makes many government decisions, in the same year when the eunuch Wang Fusheng () reported to <mask> that she had engaged the sorcerer Guo Xingzhen () – an act that was strictly forbidden—<mask>, in anger, summoned the chancellor Shangguan Yi to consult Shangguan. Shangguan suggested that he depose Empress Wu. He agreed, and had Shangguan draft an edict to that effect. However, Empress Wu had received information that that was happening, and she emerged to defend herself. <mask> could not carry out the removal, and instead blamed Shangguan. As both Shangguan and Wang had previously served the former crown prince Li Zhong, Empress Wu had Xu Jingzong falsely accuse Shangguan, Wang, and Li Zhong of conspiring against Emperor <mask>'s life. Around the new year 665, Shangguan and Wang were executed, and Li Zhong was forced to commit suicide.From this point on, every day that Emperor <mask> presided over imperial meetings, Empress Wu would sit behind a pearl screen behind him to hear the reports. Emperor <mask> sat enthroned before his ministers as usual while they counseled him, Empress Wu would be parked behind

masks:
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Emperor Gaozong
Emperor Gaozong
Emperor Gaozong
Gaozong
Gaozong
Gaozong


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts: a screen, listening in. “Promotion or demotion, life or death, were settled by her word,” according to Song dynasty historian Sīmǎ Guāng 司马光 in the Zizhi Tongjian. As a result, she came to control most major decisions made and presided over imperial gatherings with emperor or in his absence. She and Emperor <mask> were thereafter referred to as the "Two Saints." In 665, Emperor <mask> and his powerful wife Empress Wu went to Luoyang and began preparation in earnest to make sacrifices to heaven and earth at Mount Tai – a traditional ceremony for emperors that were rarely carried out in history due to the large expenses associated with them. At Empress Wu's request—as she reasoned that the sacrifice to earth also included sacrifices to past empresses (Emperor <mask>'s mother Empress Zhangsun and grandmother Duchess Dou, posthumously honored as an empress), she believed that it would be more appropriate to have females offer the sacrifices rather than male officials, as had been tradition in the past.Emperor <mask> decreed that the male ministers would offer sacrifices first, but Empress Wu would next offer sacrifices, followed by Princess Dowager Yan, the mother of Emperor Gaozong's younger brother Li Zhen the Prince of Yue. In winter 665, Emperor <mask> and Empress Wu and headed for Mount Tai. On the lunar new year (10 February 666), he and she initiated the sacrifices to heaven, which were not completed until the next day. On 12 February, sacrifices were made to earth. He


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts:
 and she gave general promotions to the imperial officials, and it was said that starting from this time, promotions of imperial officials, which were strict and slow during the reigns of Emperors Gaozu and Taizong, began to become more relaxed and often excessive. He and Empress Wu also declared a general pardon, except for long-term exiles. Japan, India, the Persian court in exile, Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla, the Turks, Khotan, the Khmer, and the Umayyad Caliphate all had representatives attending the Feng and Shan sacrifices held by Emperor <mask> and Empress Wu in 666 at Mount Tai.Qianfeng and Zhongzhang eras (666–670)

In summer 666, Yeon Gaesomun died and was initially succeeded as Dae Mangniji by his oldest son Yeon Namsaeng. As Yeon Namsaeng subsequently carried out a tour of Goguryeo territory, however, rumors began to spread both that Yeon Namsaeng was going to kill his younger brothers Yeon Namgeon and Yeon Namsan, whom he had left in charge at Pyongyang, and that Yeon Namgeon and Yeon Namsan were planning to rebel against Yeon Namsaeng. When Yeon Namsaeng subsequently sent officials close to him back to Pyongyang to try to spy on the situation, Yeon Namgeon arrested them and declared himself Dae Mangniji, attacking his brother. Yeon Namsaeng sent his son (later known as Cheon Heonseong/Quan Xiancheng (), as Yeon Namsaeng changed his family name from Yeon () to observe naming taboo for Emperor Gaozu, whose personal name was the same character) to <mask> to seek aid.

masks: Gaozong Tang


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts: Emperor <mask> and Empress Wu saw this as the opportunity to destroy Goguryeo, and he initially commissioned Qibi Heli to aid Yeon Namsaeng, and also sent the generals Pang Tongshan () and Gao Kan () to attack Goguryeo. Meanwhile, Empress Wu's sister, the Lady of Han (who had married the low-level official Helan Yueshi ()), and her daughter Lady Helan had both been frequently visiting the palace and were said to be "favored" by Emperor <mask>. When Lady of Han died in 666, Emperor <mask> created Lady Helan the Lady of Wei, and wanted to let her live in the palace, but hesitated because he thought Empress Wu would be jealous.When Empress Wu heard this, she was indeed jealous, and therefore she poisoned meat offered by her nephews Wu Weiliang () and Wu Huaiyun (), who had been on poor relations with her and whose grandmother were not her mother Lady Yang; she then gave the poisonous meat to Lady Helan, who ate it and died. Empress Wu then implicated Wu Weiliang and Wu Huaiyun in Lady Helan's death and executed them. Around the new year 667, Emperor <mask> and Empress Wu further commissioned Li Ji to be the overall commander of the attack on Goguryeo, assisted by Hao Chujun. In fall 667, Li Ji crossed the Liao River and captured Sinseong (新城, in modern Fushun, Liaoning). The Tang forces thereafter fought off counterattacks by Yeon Namgeon and joined forces with Yeon Namsaeng, although they were initially unable to cross the Yalu River. In spring 668, Li Ji turned his attention


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts:
 to Goguryeo's northern cities, capturing the important city Buyeo (扶餘, in modern Siping, Jilin). In fall 668, he crossed the Yalu and put Pyongyang under siege.Yeon Namsan and King Bojang surrendered, and while Yeon Namgeon continued to resist in the inner city, his general, the Buddhist monk Shin Seong () turned against him and surrendered the inner city to Tang forces. Yeon Namgeon tried to commit suicide, but was seized and treated. This was the end of Goguryeo, and Tang annexed Goguryeo into its territory, with Xue Rengui being put initially in charge of former Goguryeo territory as protector general. However, there was much resistance to Tang rule (fanned by Silla, which was displeased that Tang did not give the Goguryeo territory to it), and in 669, following Emperor <mask>'s order, a part of the Goguryeo people were forced to move to the region between the Yangtze River and the Huai River, as well as the regions south of the Qin Mountains and west of Chang'an, only leaving old and weak inhabitants in the original land. Xianheng era (670–674)
In summer 670, the Tibetan Empire captured the 18 prefectures that Tang had established over the Western Regions (Xiyu), and Emperor Gaozong, in response, commissioned Xue Rengui, assisted by Ashina Daozhen () and Guo Daifeng (), to attack the Qinghai Lake area, to try to open a second front against the Tibetan Empire as well as to try to restore the territory previously held by Tuyuhun. However, Guo, who felt himself to be Xue's


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts:
 equal as a general, was displeased at serving as an assistant, and their discord eventually led to a major defeat at the hands of the Tibetan Empire's prime minister Lun Qinling (). For the time being, the Xiyu territory was lost.By 672, Emperor <mask> gave up the hopes of reestablishing Tuyuhun and moved Murong Nuohebo and his people deep into Tang territory. By 674, Emperor <mask> and Empress Wu was displeased at King Munmu of Silla encouragement of Goguryeo revival movements who continued to resist Tang rule over the region and he stripped King Munmu of all Tang-bestowed titles, including the title of King of Silla, and arbitrarily conferred them on King Munmu's brother Kim Immun () instead, commissioning Liu Rengui, assisted by Li Bi (李弼, Li Ji's brother) and the ethnically Mohe general Li Jinxing (), to escort Kim Immun back to Silla territory. However, King Munmu formally apologized and offered tribute, Emperor <mask> and Empress Wu drawal and recalled Kim Immun. The Sassanian prince Peroz III fled to China during this time around 670. The Chinese Emperor, who allowed Sassanian refugees fleeing from the Arab conquest to settle in China. Late reign: Problems of succession

Shangyuan and Yifeng eras (674–679)
In 675, Li Jinxing reached Silla territory with Mohe forces that submitted to Tang. However, Tang forces were repelled by Silla army at Maeso fortress.The emperor over the years suffered much more severe headaches from consuming many of the dangerous substances that


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts: Empress Wu ordered. Because he could not run the empire, power in the imperial court gradually passed to Empress Wu. Meanwhile, by this time, even more Emperor <mask> was continuously suffering from a persistent headache, and he considered making Empress Wu regent, to gain all power. Both Hao Chujun and Li Yiyan objected strenuously, and Emperor <mask> did not make her regent, but until the end of his reign, she has decision-making power on most events in the governmental and border matters. (The modern Chinese historian Bo Yang suggested that Emperor <mask>'s illnesses may be the result of long-term poisoning by Empress Wu, but did not provide evidence.) However, this did not prevent Empress Wu from engaging a number of mid-level officials, including Yuan Wanqing () and Liu Yizhi, known as the "North Gate Scholars" (北門學士, as the palace sat north of the imperial government) to serve as her advisors and to divert the powers of the chancellors in government affairs. Therefore, she exercised her power stronger and ruled over political issues without talking much to the chancellors.Also in 675, Li Hong the Crown Prince died suddenly—with traditional historians largely attributing his death to poisoning by Empress Wu, due to her anger that he tried to curb her power grab and had shown sympathy to his two older sisters born of Consort Xiao—Princesses Yiyang and Gao'an. Emperor <mask>, in grief, posthumously honored Li Hong as an emperor, and he created Empress Wu's second son, Li


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts: Xian the Prince of Yong, crown prince. Along with the war with Silla, some resistance of Goguryeo people continued to plague Tang rule there. In 676, Xue Rengui crossed the Yellow Sea to fight against Silla. However, Silla navy expelled Tang forces on the coast of western Silla. Emperor <mask> order withdrawal of Tang forces from the Korean Peninsula entirely and moved the Protectorate General to Pacify the East to Liaodong (遼東, in modern Liaoyang, Liaoning) and the commandant of Xiongjin (), who governed the former Baekje territory at Sabi, to Geonan (建安, in modern Yingkou, Liaoning), allowing Silla eventually to expel Tang out of the Korean Peninsula and unified the parts of the peninsula south of the Taedong River. In 677, he bestowed on Goguryeo's former King Bojang, Go Jang, the titles of Prince of Chaoxian and commandant of Liaodong, giving him the forcibly removed Goguryeo people.He also bestowed on Buyeo Yung the title of Prince of Daifang and commandant of Xiongjin—with the intent of letting Go Jang and Buyeo Yung to rebuild Goguryeo and Baekje as loyal vassals to counteract Silla. To accommodate these movements, the Protectorate General was further moved to Xincheng. (Buyeo Yung was not able to make any headway in leading his people back to Baekje territory, while Go Jang tried to break away from Tang rule in alliance with the Mohe; when this was discovered, Emperor <mask> recalled him to Chang'an and exiled him to Qiong Prefecture.) Meanwhile, Tang had to endure

masks: Gaozong Gaozong


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts:
 multiple attacks from the Tibetan Empire, and in 677, he commissioned Liu Rengui, then a chancellor, to take up defense position at Taohe Base (洮河軍, in modern Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai), to prepare a counterattack against the Tibetan Empire. However, Liu's proposals were repeatedly blocked by another chancellor, Li Jingxuan. In order to retaliate against Li Jingxuan, even though Liu knew that Li Jingxuan was not capable in military matters, he nevertheless recommended that Li Jingxuan take over for himself, and despite Li Jingxuan's attempt to decline, <mask> commissioned Li Jingxuan to command the army against the Tibetan Empire. In fall 678, Li Jingxuan's forces engaged Tibetan forces commanded by Lun Qinling, and was soundly defeated, with Li Jingxuan's assistant Liu Shenli () captured by the Tibetan Empire.Li Jingxuan was only able to escape after being protected by the ethnically Baekje general Heichi Changzhi. Tiaolu, Yonglong, Kaiyao, Yongchun, and Hongdao eras (679–683)
Meanwhile, the Western Turkic Khaganate chieftain Ashina Duzhi had claimed the title of Shixing Khan and was allied with another chieftain, Li Zhefu (), and they pillaged Anxi (i.e., Suyab). Emperor <mask> was ready to commission an army against Ashina Duzhi and Li Zhefu, but the official Pei Xingjian (), who had previously served as secretary general at Xi Prefecture (西州, roughly modern Turfan Prefecture, Xinjiang), opposed—instead proposing that a small detachment be announced to escort the

masks:
Emperor Gaozong
Gaozong


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts: Persian prince Narsieh back to Persia to contend for regal title. Emperor <mask> agreed and put Pei in charge of the detachment. When Pei arrived at Xi Prefecture, he, under the guise of a hunting party, summoned a number of tribal chiefs loyal to <mask> in the area, and once they arrived, launched a surprise attack on Ashina Duzhi, who, caught by surprise, was forced to surrender; Li Zhefu then surrendered as well. (Narsieh, having been used in this manner, was left in the region to fend for himself.) Meanwhile, though, another trouble was flaring up for <mask>.The former Göktürk territory, over which Tang had established 24 prefectures with the tribal chiefs serving as prefects, rebelled, and, under the leadership of Ashide Wenfu () and Ashide Fengzhi (), supported Ashina Nishoufu as khan. Emperor <mask> sent Xiao Siye to attack Ashina Nishoufu, but after Xiao achieved a few victories, he became careless, and a counterattack by Ashina Nishoufu crushed him, advancing as far as Ding Prefecture. Ashina Nishoufu also encouraged the Xi and the Khitan to attack Ying Prefecture (營州, roughly modern Zhaoyang, Liaoning), although those attacks were fought off. Around the new year 680, after Pei returned from the Western Turkic Khaganate front, <mask> commissioned him to attack the Göktürks. Pei defeated and captured Ashide Fengzhi, and Ashina Nishoufu's subordinates killed him and surrendered, ending the rebellion. Meanwhile, Li Xian's relationship with Empress Wu was deteriorating,

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Tang
Tang
Gaozong
Emperor Gaozong


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts: as Li Xian heard rumors that he was not born of Empress Wu but her sister Lady of Han, and was fearful. Meanwhile, earlier, Ming Chongyan (), a sorcerer trusted by Empress Wu and <mask>, had repeatedly stated that he believed Li Xian did not have the abilities to be emperor, that his younger brother Li Zhe the Prince of Ying had an appearance like Emperor Taizong, and that another younger brother, Li Dan the Prince of Xiang, had the most honored appearance of all.Knowing that Li Xian was fearful of her, Empress Wu had the North Gate Scholars author teachings on filial piety to give to Li Xian, and also personally rebuked him, further causing him to be alarmed. When Ming was assassinated in 679, Empress Wu suspected Li Xian of carrying out the assassination. She had a report made to <mask> that accused Li Xian of assassinating Ming. When the officials Xue Yuanchao, Pei Yan, and Gao Zhizhou were put in charge of investigations, they discovered a number of armors in Li Xian's palace. Empress Wu thus accused Li Xian of treason, and while Emperor <mask> initially wanted to take no actions against Li Xian, at Empress Wu's insistence he relented. In fall 680, he reduced Li Xian to commoner rank, and created Li Zhe as the new crown prince. In 681, the Göktürk territory flared up again, as the chieftain Ashina Fu'nian claimed khan title and allied with Ashide Wenfu to attack Chinese territory.Emperor <mask> again commissioned Pei to attack Göktürk forces. Pei's assistant Cao Huaishun

masks:
Emperor Gaozong
Emperor Gaozong
Gaozong
Gaozong


title: Emperor Gaozong of Tang

texts: () was initially defeated by Ashina Fu'nian, but after Pei sent spies to spread rumors, the rumors led to discord between Ashina Fu'nian and Ashide Wenfu. When Pei's forces approached Ashina Fu'nian's position, Ashina Fu'nian arrested Ashide Wenfu and surrendered. (Against Pei's recommendation to spare Ashina Fu'nian, Emperor Gaozong executed him.) In 682, the Western Turkic Khaganate chieftain Ashina Chebo () rebelled against Tang rule, and Emperor <mask> initially was to commission Pei again, but before the army could depart, Pei died. However, the commandant at Anxi, Wang Fangyi (王方翼, Empress Wang's cousin) was able to defeat Ashina Chebo and crush the rebellion. Also in 682, the Göktürk chief Ashina Gudulu rose, in alliance with Ashide Yuanzhen (), to claim khan title.This, unlike the several earlier rebellions, actually saw the Göktürk khanate being permanently reestablished to Tang's north and persisting for decades, and would plague the last two years of Emperor <mask>'s reign as well as the reigns of his successors. Late in 683, Emperor <mask> was seriously ill, and he, who was then at Luoyang, summoned Li Zhe, then in charge of Chang'an, to Luoyang to attend to him. In November his illness led him to blindness. Imperial physician Qin Minghe (秦鳴鶴), hailing from the West/Daqin (now believed to be from Syria/Eastern Roman Empire) offered a cure of acupuncture and bloodletting, which was applied (and healed the blindness) despite Empress Wu's protests. Qin Minghe On 27


title: Francis Haar

texts:
<mask> born as Haár Ferenc (July 19, 1908 – December 22, 1997) was a Hungarian socio-photographer. He studied interior architecture at Hungarian Royal National School of Arts and Crafts between 1924 and 1927. His master was Gyula Kaesz. Life and career
He started working as an interior architect and poster designer in 1928, and taught himself photography. In 1930 he became acquainted with Munka-kör (Work Circle) led by socialist avant-garde poet and visual artist Lajos Kassák, who just returned from Vienna. Kassák pointed out that the photography is more than the painting and can access to such part of reality that cannot be accessed by painters. Kassák's motto was photography is the real child of our age not the painting.That was a lifelong inspiration to <mask>. He became an active and leading member of the Munka Kör, his partners in socio-photography were among others Sándor Gönci, Árpád Szélpál and Lajos Lengyel, who later became renowned graphic artist and book designer. The first socio photo exhibition ever in Hungary was held in 1932, which brought the first success to <mask>. His first photo studio was opened in Budapest in 1934. Some of his photos were exhibited at the Paris Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in 1937, so <mask> decided to move to Paris where he established himself as a portrait photographer. However, in 1939 he was invited by Hiroshi Kawazoe to Japan and the International Cultural Society of Japan (Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai) officially arranged his trip. With help of Japanese friends he opened and operated his photo studio in Tokyo between 1940 and 42.The Haar family was evacuated to Karuizawa in 1943 and they spent 3 years there. He became the photographer of Yank, the Army Weekly magazine of the U.S. occupation forces in Japan, and subsequently filmmaker with U.S. Public Health

masks:
Francis Haar
Francis
Francis
Francis Haar


title: Francis Haar

texts:
 and Welfare Section (1946–48). Again his Tokyo photo studio was opened in 1946 and was in active business until 1956. His wife Irene opened the famous restaurant  Irene's Hungaria in Ginza, downtown Tokyo, which was frequented by celebrities, intellectuals, army men and sports people from all over the world besides the Japanese. Accepting a challenge he moved and worked as photographer for the Container Corporation of America, Chicago from 1956 until 1959. He returned to Tokyo and operated his photo studio again for a year. 1960 brought a great decision and the Haars moved to Hawai'i and <mask> started his photo studio there.He taught photography at the University of Hawai'i between 1964 and 1974. He became the production photographer for the Kennedy Theater, the University of Hawai'i Drama Department. <mask> died at the age of 89 in Honolulu. References
 <mask> – A Lifetime of Images (edited by <mask>). University of Hawaii Press, 2001. Haár Ferenc in Hungarian

Awards
 1933, 1935 First Prize, National Photo Contest, Budapest
 1959 First Prize, Metropolitan Improvement Photo Contest, Chicago
 Golden Eagle Award for Pineapple Country Hawai'i, C.I.N.E., Washington D.C. Photographic Award, Educational Perspectives Magazine, University of Hawai'i
 Gift Print Award, Arts Council of Hawai'i
 Living Treasure of Hawai'i, Honpa Hongwanji and the Hawai'i State Legislature
 Lifetime Achievement Award, Hungarian Photographic Society

Books
 Way to Orient Arts Publishing Company, Tokyo, 1940
 Hungarian Picture Book Benrido Publishing Company, Kyoto, 1941
 Around Mount Fuji Benrido Publishing Company, Kyoto, 1942
 The Best of Old Japan Charles Tuttle Company, Tokyo, 1951
 Japanese Theatre in Highlights Charles Tuttle Company, Tokyo, 1951
 Mermaids of Japan Kanabeshobo Company, Tokyo, 1954
 Geisha of Pontocho by P.D.Perkins. Photographs by <mask>.

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Francis
Francis Haar
Francis Haar
Tom Haar
Francis Haar


title: Francis Haar

texts:
 Tokyo News Service, 1954
 The World of Dew : aspects of living Japan by D.J. Enright. Photographs by <mask>. Secker & Warburg, 1955
 Tokyo You Should See Charles Tuttle Company, Tokyo, 1960
 Foto Haár Ferenc Corvina Publishing Company, Budapest, 1969
 Legends of Hawai'i Victoria Publishers, Honolulu, 1972
 Artists of Hawai'i Vol. 1 University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, 1974
 Artists of Hawai'i Vol.John Young Museum of Art, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa

Documentary films
 1948 • Hamajo Fishing Village, Palmer Pictures
 1950 • Picturesque Japan, Japan Travel Bureau
 1951 • Students Today – Japan's Tomorrow , Australian Mission, Tokyo
 1953 • Arts of Japan, U.S. Information Agency, Tokyo
 1954 • Awakening, Sophia University, Tokyo
 1955 • Japanese Calligraphy, Belgian Education Ministry
 1959 • Ukiyoe – Prints of Japan, Art Institute of Chicago
 1959 • Juvenile Delinquency in Chicago, Chicago Public Television
 1961 • Hula Ho'olaulea – Traditional Dances of Hawai'i, Honolulu Academy of Arts
 1962 • Pineapple Country Hawai'i, Pineapple Growers Association, Honolulu
 1963 • The Other Language, AID Far East Training Center, Hawai'i
 1964 • Tenno – Symbol and Myth, Asuka Production with Fuji Television Company, Tokyo
 1966 • Hawaii's Asian Heritage', Island Films Production, Honolulu
 1968 • Aala – Life and Death of a Community, B.B.H. Productions, Honolulu
 1976 • Artists of Hawai'i'', Bicentennial Commission and Hawai'i State Foundation on Culture and the Arts, Honolulu

Works in public collections
 Victoria and Albert Museum, London
 Museum of Modern Art, New York
 Hawai'i State Foundation on Culture and the Arts
 Mayor's Office of Culture and the Arts, Honolulu
 The Contemporary Museum, Honolulu
 Hungarian Museum of Photography, Kecskemét

Photographers from Budapest
1908 births
1997 deaths
Photography in Japan
University of Hawaiʻi


title: Henry Dyer

texts:
<mask> (23 August 1848 – 25 September 1918) was a Scottish engineer who contributed much to founding Western-style technical education in Japan and Anglo-Japanese relations. Early life

<mask> was born on 16 August 1848, in the village of Muirmadkin (now absorbed into the town of Bellshill) in the Parish of Bothwell in what is now known as North Lanarkshire. Around 1865, the <mask> family moved to Glasgow where <mask> was employed at James Aitken and Company's foundry in Cranstonhill. There he served his apprenticeship as a student engineer under Thomas Kennedy and A C Kirk. At the same time, he attended classes at Anderson's College (later to become the University of Strathclyde) together with Yamao Yōzō. <mask> studied engineering education at Glasgow University from 1868 under Professor William Rankine, who was eager to establish the faculty of engineering. He was the first Scot to win the Whitworth scholarship awarded in 1868, which was for the further instruction of young men gifted in the practice and theory of mechanics.<mask> graduated from Glasgow University in 1873 with a "certificate in proficiency in engineering", the forerunner of the BSc in Engineering, from the Engineering department. Japan (1873–1882)

<mask> is principally remembered in Japan for his contributions to curriculum development for the Imperial College of Engineering an engineering institution under the Public Works (Kobu Sho) of the Meiji Japan aimed at creating young Japanese engineers of various industrial fields to achieve rapid modernization. Through an initiative in 1872 led by Yozo Yamao, the Meji government sought teaching staff for a newly established engineering school. Hugh Matheson, a contact of Yamao, . consulted with Lewis Gordon, and William John Macquorn Rankine. Rankine arranged for teaching staff lead by <mask> as Principal and Professor of Engineering, and informed it to Itō Hirobumi, minister of Public Works, at the time vice Ambassador of the Iwakura Mission. The Engineering Institution aimed at creating young Japanese engineers who take responsibility for rapid industrialization.<mask> designed a six year academic curriculum consisting of basic

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Henry Dyer
Henry Dyer
Dyer
Henry
Dyer
Henry Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer


title: Henry Dyer

texts:
 (general and science subjects), professional (technical subjects) and practical courses of two years in duration for six departments. The ICE programme was a revised version of the Royal Indian Engineering College curriculum adapted to Japan's specific scientific and technical needs. To provide practical training, <mask> helped set up the Akabane Engineering Works, the largest in the Empire of Japan. Many of the major engineering works carried out in Japan at the end of the 19th century were by his former students, and <mask> also sent many to Glasgow to complete their education. When he left the ICE in 1882, <mask> was made Honorary Principal and Emperor Meiji awarded him the Third Class of the Order of the Rising Sun, the highest Japanese honour available to foreigners. He had established a progressive system of engineering education in Tokyo and greatly contributed to the progress Japan made as an industrial power. Returning from Japan, <mask> brought back various Japanese artifacts and art works, some of which were later donated by his descendants to the Mitchell Library, Glasgow and Edinburgh Central Library.Included in the bequest to Edinburgh Central Library donated by <mask>'s daughter Marie Ferguson <mask>, is the painted handscroll Theatres of the East by the Japanese artist Furuyama Moromasa, loose Japanese woodblock prints, bound woodblock printed volumes, bound volumes of paintings, and a collection of nineteenth century Japanese photographs attributed to Franz von Stillfried-Ratenicz. Scotland (1882–1918)
<mask> went back to Scotland and in 1886 became a life governor of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College (previously Anderson's College, where he had been a student, and later to become the University of Strathclyde, and governor of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Agricultural College. He became a member of the Glasgow School Board in 1891 and was its president from 1914 until his death. <mask> represented a tireless pro-Japanese lobby within Scotland. He assisted Japanese students, engineers and trainee managers and had a staunch ally in Captain A R Brown of the company Brown, McFarlane who had been responsible for

masks:
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Henry Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Henry Dyer
Dyer


title: Henry Dyer

texts:
 taking the first Clyde-built ships to Japan. <mask> worked as an unofficial liaison officer for the Japanese Government in Glasgow and thanks to his efforts Glasgow University Court permitted Japanese as a language for entry in 1901. In the same year Professors Jōji Sakurai and Isao Iijima of the Tokyo Imperial University were awarded honorary degrees during the University’s Ninth Jubilee celebrations.The University of Strathclyde's <mask> Building, home to the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, was named after him. In 2015 he was inducted into the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame

Family
Married 23 May 1874, Marie Euphemia Aqaurt Ferguson, eldest daughter of Duncan Ferguson of Glasgow at the British Legation in Yokohama, Japan. Publications
 The Evolution of Industry (1895)
 Dai Nippon: The Britain of the East (1904)
Japan in World Politics (1909)
Collected Writings of <mask>, in 5 vols., edited by Nobuhiro Miyoshi, Tokyo: Edition Synapse. See also
Imperial College of Engineering
James Alfred Ewing
William Edward Ayrton
John Milne
Mechanical Engineering Heritage (Japan) No.100 in 2020

References

Olive Checkland, '<mask> at the Imperial College of Engineering Tokyo, and afterwards in Glasgow', Chapter 11, Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits, Volume 3, Japan Library,
Collected Writings of <mask>,
<mask>: Pioneer of Education in Japan, by Nobuhiro Miyoshi, 2004,
<mask>, a Scottish Engineer in Japan, Robin Hunter (with a Foreword by Lesley Hart), available as an ebook or paperback from Amazon. External sources

<mask>, 1848-1918 - a detailed and informative site
Japan and People
Japan and Shipbuilding
Glasgow University and Japan
 - Henry Dyer Building, University of Strathclyde

1848 births
1918 deaths
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
Foreign educators in Japan
Scottish engineers
Scottish expatriates in Japan
People from North Lanarkshire
University of Tokyo faculty
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
Alumni of the University of Strathclyde
Academics of the University of Strathclyde
Scottish educators
Japanese diplomats
Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame

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Dyer
Henry Dyer
Henry Dyer
Henry Dyer
Henry Dyer
Henry Dyer
Henry Dyer
Henry Dyer


title: Michael Chiesa

texts:
<mask> (; born December 7, 1987) is an American professional mixed martial artist, and sports analyst who currently competes in the welterweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A professional MMA competitor since 2008, <mask> was the winner of FX's inaugural The Ultimate Fighter: Live. , he is #10 in the UFC welterweight rankings. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> began his professional mixed martial arts career in 2008. He fought for several regional promotions in the Pacific Northwest, going undefeated in his first seven fights, before gaining an opportunity to appear on The Ultimate Fighter: Live reality show. The Ultimate Fighter
<mask> was one of 32 lightweight fighters announced by the UFC to participate in first live season of The Ultimate Fighter reality show. Chiesa earned his way into The Ultimate Fighter house, and a $5,000 bonus, with a submission victory over Johnavan Vistante in the elimination rounds.He was chosen as the fifth pick for Team Faber. <mask>'s terminally ill father died shortly after his victory. After teammate Al Iaquinta picked up the first win for Team Faber, his coach decided that <mask> would fight Jeremy Larsen next. <mask> would go on to defeat Larsen by unanimous decision after two rounds. For his quarter-final fight, Chiesa was matched up with the highly favored prospect, Justin Lawrence. After a hard-fought two rounds, the judges declared a draw and the fight went to a third, "sudden-victory" round. Early in the third round, <mask> was able to reverse Lawrence on the ground, gain a mount position and win the fight by TKO, earning a $5,000 knock-out bonus and a place in the semi-finals.<mask> was selected to fight Team Cruz fighter, James Vick, in the semi-final round. <mask> won the fight by technical

masks:
Michael Keith Chiesa
Chiesa
Chiesa
Chiesa
Chiesa
Chiesa
Chiesa
Chiesa
Chiesa
Chiesa


title: Michael Chiesa

texts:
 knockout in the second round. He moved on to the finals against Team Faber teammate Al Iaquinta. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> officially made his UFC debut at The Ultimate Fighter 15 Finale on June 1, 2012, against fellow Team Faber teammate Al Iaquinta. <mask> defeated Iaquinta by technical submission due to a rear-naked choke 2:47 into the opening round thus becoming The Ultimate Fighter: Live's inaugural winner and received Submission of the Night honors for his efforts. <mask> was expected to face Rafaello Oliveira on December 8, 2012, at UFC on Fox 5. However, Oliveira was forced out of the bout with a broken hand and replaced by Marcus LeVesseur.Then, the week of the event, <mask> was forced out of the bout with LeVesseur with the shingles and the bout was scrapped altogether. <mask> next fought Anton Kuivanen on February 23, 2013, at UFC 157. <mask> submitted Kuivanen with a rear-naked choke in the second round. <mask> was expected to face Reza Madadi on July 27, 2013, at UFC on Fox 8. However, on May 14, 2013, it was announced Madadi was pulled from the bout due to visa issues. <mask> instead faced Jorge Masvidal. <mask> was stopped by Masvidal in the second round due to a d'arce choke submission, resulting in the first defeat in his professional career.<mask> next faced Ultimate Fighter winner Colton Smith on November 6, 2013, at UFC Fight Night 31. He won the fight via submission in the second round. The win also earned <mask> his second Submission of the Night bonus award. <mask> faced Francisco Trinaldo at UFC 173 on May 24, 2014. He won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Joe Lauzon on September 5, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 50. After a back and forth fight, Lauzon defeated <mask> via TKO in the second round after opening a significant cut

masks: Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa


title: Michael Chiesa

texts: above <mask>'s right eye, forcing a doctor's stoppage.The performance earned both participants Fight of the Night honors. <mask> faced Mitch Clarke on April 4, 2015, at UFC Fight Night 63. He won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> faced Jim Miller on December 10, 2015, at UFC Fight Night 80. He won the fight via submission in the second round. The bout also earned <mask> his second Fight of the Night bonus award. <mask> faced Beneil Dariush on April 16, 2016, at UFC on Fox 19.He won the bout via submission in the second round and was also awarded a Performance of the Night bonus. <mask> was expected to face Tony Ferguson on July 13, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 91. However, <mask> pulled out of the fight on June 27 citing a back injury and was replaced by promotional newcomer Lando Vannata. <mask> faced Kevin Lee on June 25, 2017, at UFC Fight Night 112. At a UFC summer kick off press conference in association with UFC 211, Kevin Lee mentioned Chiesa's mother had tickets to the show, in which Chiesa responded "don't you ever talk about my mom". This verbal altercation ultimately led to punches being thrown, and both were escorted from the stage. <mask> lost the fight via technical submission at the end of the first round.He appealed to the Oklahoma State Athletic Commission to overturn the defeat, claiming referee Mario Yamasaki erred both in stopping the fight despite no tapout nor loss of consciousness and in allowing Lee to use illegal downward elbows, which cut his head. Albeit having one fight left on his contract, <mask> signed a new four-fight deal with UFC at the end of August 2017. <mask> was expected to face Anthony Pettis on April 7, 2018, at UFC 223; however, the bout was canceled after a backstage incident with Conor McGregor on April 5, 2018. McGregor threw

masks: Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa


title: Michael Chiesa

texts:
 a dolly at a UFC bus that Chiesa was traveling on and broke a window. <mask> was hit by shards of glass, which opened a cut on his forehead, and needed hospitalization subsequently resulting in the fight's cancellation. On September 10, 2018, <mask> told the media he has sued McGregor for assault, battery, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. He also sued Barclay's Center for negligence, although he didn't disclose the amounts or further details of either of the cases.The bout with Pettis was rescheduled to UFC 226. At weight-ins, <mask> weighed in at 157.5 pounds, 1.5 pounds over the lightweight limit of 156 pounds. As a result, the fight proceeded at a catchweight bout and <mask> forfeited 30% of his purse to Pettis. <mask> lost the fight via submission in round two. Shortly after the loss, <mask> announced going up to welterweight division. <mask> faced Carlos Condit on December 29, 2018 at UFC 232. He won the fight via submission in the second round.<mask> faced Diego Sanchez on July 6, 2019 at UFC 239. He won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> dedicated the win to the memory of Jess Roskelley. <mask> faced Rafael dos Anjos on January 25, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 166. He won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Neil Magny on January 20, 2021 at UFC on ESPN 20. <mask> won the fight via unanimous decision after controlling Magny on the ground for most of the 5 rounds.<mask> faced Vicente Luque on August 7, 2021 at UFC 265. He lost the fight via a submission in round one. <mask> faced Sean Brady on November 20, 2021 at UFC Fight Night 198. He lost the bout via unanimous decision. Film and television
<mask> was featured in the award-winning mixed martial arts documentary Fight Life. The film is directed by James Z. Feng and was released in

masks: Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa Chiesa


title: Timo Hildebrand

texts:
<mask> (born 5 April  1979) is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. <mask> holds a Bundesliga record for keeping a clean sheet for the most consecutive minutes (884 minutes), which he set during the 2003–04 season. Club career

VfB Stuttgart

After starting his career at the little-known FV Hofheim/Ried, <mask> joined the Stuttgart youth team in 1994. In the 1999–2000 season, <mask> played in six Bundesliga matches. From the summer of 2000, he was the club's number one goalkeeper and contributed largely to Stuttgart's successes, particularly as part of what became known as "Stuttgart's young wild ones" team under coach Felix Magath. He began the 2000–01 season by playing in eight matches in the Intertoto Cup. He went on making 32 Bundesliga appearances, five German Cup appearances, and eight UEFA Cup.The following season, he made 34 appearances. VfB Stuttgart managed to be Bundesliga runners-up in 2003. He had made 20 Bundesliga appearances, one German Cup appearance, four UEFA Cup appearances, and eight Intertoto Cup matches. He survived the Champions League group stage the following season, before bowing out to Chelsea FC in the second round. He made 43 appearances during the 2003–04 season. <mask> also played a significant role in Stuttgart's victorious 2006–07 Bundesliga campaign, figuring as a backbone for the next generation of "wild ones" like Serdar Tasci or Mario Gómez and helping Stuttgart provide the third-best defence of the season. The 2006–07 campaign remains his greatest domestic success to this day, and his last season with Stuttgart as in December 2006 he did not accept the club's offer to extend his contract.He made 39 appearances during the  2006–07 season. Valencia
Hildebrand joined the Spanish club Valencia on a free transfer on 3 July 2007, with Valencia unveiling <mask> via a news conference the next day on 4 July 2007. He stated in the news conference that he would "give everything" to the club. <mask> was being viewed as a replacement to the club's long-serving goalkeeper Santiago Cañizares. He made his debut for Valencia on 29 August, for the third

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Timo Hildebrand
Hildebrand
Hildebrand
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Hildebrand
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title: Timo Hildebrand

texts:
 qualification round second leg of UEFA Champions League against IF Elfsborg. He played the full 90 minutes of that game of which they won 2–1. <mask> was Valencia's first-choice goalkeeper for most of the 2007–08 season, collecting a Copa del Rey trophy on the way.After the departure of manager Ronald Koeman, <mask> lost his place in the first team as Koeman's successor Unai Emery preferred newly signed Renan Brito. According to media coverage, <mask> refused consignment to the bench and was eventually cut from the squad altogether. <mask> had not been playing for Valencia for several months since the Supercopa de España second leg on 24 August 2008. On 4 December 2008, he left Valencia by mutual consent. Hoffenheim

On 10 December 2008, <mask> signed for the Bundesliga side 1899 Hoffenheim. He made his Bundesliga debut for Hoffenheim on 31 January 2009 in their 2–0 win at home to Energie Cottbus, being substituted in the 60th minute due to an injury. During the 2008–09 season, he made 14 appearances.During the 2009–10 season, he made 32 appearances. In summer 2010, <mask> left Hoffenheim. Sporting
Hildebrand signed a one-year deal with Portuguese club Sporting CP and debuted on 16 October 2010 in a 2–1 win over GD Estoril Praia in the Portuguese cup. After <mask> left Sporting, he was on trial with Manchester City on their pre-season tour of USA before the 2011–12 season, but they did not take up the option to sign him. Schalke 04
<mask> signed onto Schalke 04 in the middle of the 2011–12 Bundesliga campaign after starting keeper Ralf Fährmann was injured. During the 2013–14 season. Eintracht Frankfurt
On 25 September 2014 <mask> signed for Eintracht Frankfurt in the wake of a major injury to their first-choice keeper Kevin Trapp.He made three appearances. This final top-flight matches for Eintracht were the last of over 300 Bundesliga appearances for <mask>. International career

After collecting 18 Under-21-caps, <mask> made his full international debut for Germany on 28 April 2004 in a friendly against Romania in Bucharest as he came on as a half-time substitute for Oliver Kahn with Germany 0–4 down,

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title: Timo Hildebrand

texts:
 and eventually lost 1–5. <mask> was selected for three consecutive tournaments for Germany, Euro 2004, 2005 Confederations Cup and 2006 World Cup, as Germany's third-choice goalkeeper behind Jens Lehmann and Oliver Kahn. He played his first competitive international at the 2005 Confederations Cup against Argentina (final score 2–2). He was the only member of the 2006 World Cup squad who did not play at the tournament, as Germany came third on home soil. After Kahn's retirement from international football in 2006, <mask> stepped up to become Germany's number two and was Jens Lehmann's natural replacement during the Euro 2008 qualification.Somewhat surprisingly, Joachim Löw dropped <mask> from the final squad for the tournament and picked Robert Enke and René Adler ahead of him. Although Löw stated that <mask> was an important player and may return to the set-up in near future, he never appeared for Germany since his omission from their squad for Euro 2008. Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
VfB Stuttgart
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2000, 2002
 Bundesliga: 2006–07
 DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2006–07

Valencia
 Copa del Rey: 2007–08

Germany
 FIFA World Cup third place: 2006
 FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 2005

Individual
ESM Team of the Year:  2003–04

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
People from Worms, Germany
Association football goalkeepers
German footballers
Germany under-21 international footballers
Germany international footballers
Germany B international footballers
Germany youth international footballers
German expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
German expatriate sportspeople in Spain
German expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
VfB Stuttgart players
VfB Stuttgart II players
Valencia CF players
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim players
Sporting CP footballers
FC Schalke 04 players
FC Schalke 04 II players
Eintracht Frankfurt players
Bundesliga players
Regionalliga players
La Liga players
Primeira Liga players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
2005 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
Footballers from

masks: Hildebrand Hildebrand Hildebrand Hildebrand


title: Lal Singh Dil

texts:
<mask>  <mask> (Punjabi ਲਾਲ ਸਿੰਘ ਦਿਲ) (11 April 1943 – 14 August 2007) was one of the major revolutionary Punjabi poets emerging out of the Naxalite (Marxist-Leninist) Movement  in the Indian Punjab towards the late sixties of the 20th century. The Movement was a political failure and died down quickly, but it brought in revolutionary changes in the subject matter, language and idiom, tone and tenor of Punjabi poetry. Referring to the impact of the Naxalite Movement in Punjab, sociologist Paramjit S. Judge says, "The consequences of the Naxalite movement have been almost ephemeral and have hardly made an impact on the social and political spheres... Its positive contribution is that it has revolutionized Punjabi poetry which can never be traditional and romantic again." "The prominent poets belonging to this school are: Pash, <mask>, Harbhajan Halvarvi, Darshan Khatkar, Amarjit Chandan and Sant Ram Udasi," says Paramjit S Judge. Prof Ronki Ram called him "one of the most popular and serious poets of the Naxal Movement in Punjab of the late 1960s." Biography

Birth and family background
<mask> was born on 11 April in 1943 in a Ramdasia Chamar, (an 'outcaste' community of tanners) family in Ghungrali Sikhãn (Punjabi text: 'ਜਨਮ ਸਥਾਨ: ਘੂੰਗਰਾਲੀ ਸਿੱਖਾਂ') near Samrala, a small town in Punjab (Malwa region) in then British India, now Indian Punjab. His was a family without money, without land,

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title: Lal Singh Dil

texts:
 without education, without any financial and intellectual resources that could give <mask> a start for upward social or economic mobility.The family was fitted to perform only manual and menial agricultural labour, and <mask>'s father, almost throughout his life, worked as an agricultural labourer on someone's land. The family, like most of the Ramadasia community in the Malwa region of Punjab, formally subscribed to Sikhism. Education
<mask> <mask> passed his high school examination from the Government School, Samrala in 1960-61, being the first in his clan to pass tenth standard, while working as a wage labourer, and go to college. He joined A.S. College at another town, Khanna, close by, but dropped out after one year. He joined Junior Teachers' Training course in 1964 at SHS College in Bahilolpur, another close-by town, but gave up after two years without completing the course. He spent a year studying for Gayani, an honours course in Punjabi literature, but gave up without completing the course. During this period <mask> <mask> supported himself by working as a wage labourer and herder, and by giving tuitions.(Punjabi text:'ਵਿੱਦਿਆ: ਮੈਟਿ੍ਕ (1960–61) ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਹਾਈ ਸਕੂਲ, ਇਕਸਾਲ ਏ. ਐਸ ਕਾਲਜ ਖੱਨਾ ਵਿਚ ਪੜਿਆ, ਦੋ ਸਾਲ ਸ.ਹ.ਸ ਬਹਿਲੋਲਪੁਰ `ਚ ਜੂਨੀਅਰ ਬੇਸਿਕ ਟ੍ਰੇਨਿੰਗ ਕਰਦਿਆਂ ਲਾਏ,ਇਕ ਸਾਲ ਗਿਆਨੀ ਦੀ ਤਿਆਰੀ ਕਰਦਿਆਂ ।…ਪੜਦਿਆਂ ਖੇਤ ਮਜ਼ਦੂਰੀ ਕੀਤੀ, ਰਾਜ ਮਿਸਤ੍ਰੀਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਦਿਹਾੜੀ ਕੀਤੀ…')

Discrimination
Right from his childhood he

masks:
Lal Singh
Lal Singh
Lal Singh
Dil
Lal Singh
Dil


title: Lal Singh Dil

texts:
 faced discrimination because he belonged to a 'lower caste'. This is what he writes in the opening paragraph of his autobiography, Dastaan: 'I have endured the ordeal by fire time and again in my life, and it is a miracle that I have been able to emerge unscathed.' What that fire was he illustrates with an example in the next few lines of the same opening paragraph. While as a small boy of  five or six, out of innocence, he dares to bathe at  a jat farmer's well. He is immediately dragged away, whip-lashed thrice and, driven out by the farmer's son. As   a 'chamar' he is not permitted to bathe at the well of an upper caste.He is pushed into this 'fire' again and again, at school, at college where he dares to fall in love with an upper caste girl, and even within the egalitarian Naxalite movement. '<mask> <mask> was born in a 'chamar' family. Reference to this occurs at many places in his poetry. In his autobiography he has written freely about the prevalence of the arrogance of caste superiority in his locality, at his school, and in the Naxalite organizations and among the police,' says Amarjit Chandan. (Punjabi text:'ਲਾਲ ਸਿੰਘ ਦਿਲ ਚਮਾਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਘਰ ਜੰਮਿਆ । ਇਹ ਗੱਲ ਇਹਦੀ ਕਵਿਤਾ ਵਿਚ ਕਈ ਥਾਈਂ ਆਈ ਹੈ । ਸਵੈਜੀਵਨੀ ਵਿਚ ਇਹਨੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਵਿਹੜੇ, ਸਕੂਲ ਤੇ ਨਕਸਲੀ ਪਾਰਟੀ ਅਤੇ ਫੇਰ ਪੁਲਸ ਦੇ ਜ਼ਾਤ ਅਭੀਮਾਨ ਬਾਰੇ ਖੁੱਲ਼ ਕੇ ਲਿਖਿਆ ਹੈ')

In the Naxalite Movement
<mask> was introduced to the Marxist ideology by one Comrade Jagjit <mask>

masks:
Lal Singh
Dil
Lal Singh
Singh Baghi


title: Lal Singh Dil

texts: of his own town in 1968 (Punjabi text:'ਪ੍ਰੇਰਨਾ: ਸਾਹਿਤ ਤੇ ਸਮਾਜਵਾਦੀ ਸੋਚ ਦੀ ਪਹਿਚਾਣ 1968 `ਚ ਕਾਮਰੇਡ ਜਗਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ ਬਾਗੀ, ਸਮਰਾਲਾ ਨੇ ਕਰਾਈ ।') This is how he himself describes his enthusiasm for the Naxalite movement: 'The news of Naxalbari spread like wildfire. Those days I was working as a labourer on daily wages. I carried heavy loads up and down a ladder, and all this activity gave me strange energy.I felt now I would be able to accomplish what I could have achieved had I been present during the upsurge in Vietnam. I felt I was on the threshold of realizing the imminent Revolution. He took part in a Naxlite agitation (Birla Seed Farm Agitation, Ropar)  in 1969 and later, in the same year, was part of a group of Naxalites who unsuccessfully raided the police station in the town of Chamkaur on 30 April 1969. He fled from the scene but was soon arrested and faced severe police torture during a long police remand. He was tried and sentenced to six months imprisonment with hard labour, in his own words (Punjabi text:'ਛੇ ਮਹੀਨੇ ਦੀ ਬਾਮੁਸ਼ੱਕਤ ਕੈਦ…'). He remained in jail for sometime between middle of 1969 and 1971. After release from jail in 1971, fearing police persecution, facing neglect from family, friends and comrades, and lacking support from any quarter he fled to Uttar Pradesh, another Indian province.'Pushed out of Punjab, <mask> left for Uttar Pradesh towards the end of 1971. The main reasons for


title: Lal Singh Dil

texts:
 his caste always acting as the insurmountable barrier. In Uttar Pradesh, after his conversion to Islam, he hoped his caste would not come in the way and he would be able to find a woman who would be willing to marry him. But this never happened. This is what Prem Parkash writes: '<mask> has not written about any love affair with a woman in his memoirs, he has only given indications of his fantasies. He even talks in abstractions.Comrades accuse him of several things but I am sure he has never seen a woman unclothed.' Even while in Uttar Pradesh he did not give up writing poetry. He was in contact with Urdu poets  and wrote  many Ghazals in Urdu, but he continued to write in Punjabi. 'Between 1972 and 1983 I came into contact with Urdu poets of the town Mohammadi,' writes Dil. (Punjabi text:'ਬਹੱਤਰ ਤੋਂ ਤਿਰਿਆਸੀ ਤਕ ਮੈਂ ਕਸਬਾ ਮੁਹਮੰਦੀ ਦੇ ਉਰਦੂ ਸ਼ਾਇਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਸੰਪਰਕ `ਚ ਆਇਆ ।') 'While here, in Uttar Pradesh, he wrote his poems published as Bahut Sarrey Suraj (So many Suns) ' (Punjabi text:'ਓਥੇ ਰਹਿੰਦਿਆਂ ਇਹਨੇ 'ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਸੂਰਜ'  ਵਾਲੀਆਂ ਕਵਿਤਾਵਾਂ ਲਿਖਿਆਂ ।') in 1982. Back home and a tea vendor at a bus station, death
He returned to his home town Samrala sometime in 1983. Like a devout Muslim he continued to say his daily namaaz but also remained addicted to drinking.He kept on writing poetry under his old name, but he could not find any regular employment or source of income. 'The comrades of his revolutionary


title: Lal Singh Dil

texts:
 days were now editors, executives, professors, businessmen or expatriates. The spring thunder was over and everyone had returned to the comfort zone of their class structures. <mask> had his kachcha home in the run-down Kang Mohalla or Chamarian (a chamar ghetto), as some referred to it. He was at a loose end and did not know what to do,' writes Niupama Dutt. He did receive some financial support from a few friends. Finally, he ended up as a tea vendor at a bus terminal close to his hometown, Samarala.He died in 2007 in a hospital in Ludhiana. Writings

Poetry and autobiography
<mask> <mask> had started writing poetry even while at school. Some of his poems were published  in well-known Punjabi magazines, Lakeer, Preetlari and Nagmani, even before his first collection of poetry was published. He published three collections of poetry:  Setluj Di Hawa  (Breeze from  the Sutlej) 1971; Bahut Sarey Suraj (So  Many  Suns) 1982; and Satthar (A Sheaf) 1997. A collected volume of all his poems titled Naglok  (The World of the Nāgas) was published in 1998 and 2007. He also wrote a long poem titled Aj Billa Phir Aaya (Billa Came Again Today), which was published in 2009, posthumously. He published his autobiography, Dastaan, in 1998, containing a Foreword by Amarjit Chandan and an Afterword by Prem Parkash.Although he had converted to Islam, he continued to publish his works under his pre-conversion

masks:
Dil
Lal Singh
Dil


title: Lal Singh Dil

texts:
 name. Translations of his works
I  English translations of five of his poems were published  in Modern Poetry in Translation, Third Series Number Eighteen, Transitions, in 2012. II  An English translation by Nirupama Dutt of his autobiography, Dastaan, along with his 20 poems, has been published as: Poet of the Revolution: The Memoirs and Poems of <mask> <mask> (Viking Penguin, 2012). III An English translation of his one hundred poems titled Exclusion Deprivation and Nothingness <mask> Dil Selected Poems translated by T C Ghai has been published by LG Publishers Distributors, Delhi in 2017. About his poetry
His contemporary revolutionary poets, Pash foremost among them, sang of a revolution round the corner, using blood and thunder imagery to denounce, frighten and challenge the 'class enemies', predicting the imminent fall of the 'comprador bourgeois state'. <mask> <mask> shared their optimism, but in most of his poetry he remained a poet of the understatement. His poetry is revolutionary in another very important sense.It focuses, for the first time in Punjabi poetry, on the lives of men and women and children who are absolutely at the lowest rungs of the Indian society, the social and economic out-castes - the Dalits, the landless labourers and farm workers, the daily wagers, and many nomadic and wandering 'non-Aryan' tribes (who he believes were the original inhabitants of India, and

masks:
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Dil
Lal Singh
Lal Singh
Dil


title: Lal Singh Dil

texts:
 whom he calls the Naglok through the title of the collected work of his poems) conquered by the invading Aryans; the people to be exploited and humiliated, to be used and abused and kept at the margins of everything decent and worthwhile. His poetry is a narrative of the wretched of the earth told by one of them. <mask> was not a great reader of books. He just did not have the means to buy or access many books or other written materials. His understanding of life, of history, religion and society, has been mostly picked up from his environment and experience, which makes his poetry distinctive and different, for it has a quality of the raw, the unformed and the folk. His poetry gives voice to the voiceless, the ignored and in their language, through their unsophisticated mixture of truth, prejudice, anger, bitterness and humour, desire for revenge, and for transcendence as in fairy tales. Notes

References
•	Judge, Paramjit S.  Insurrection to Agitation: The Naxalite Movement in Punjab.Popular Prakashan. 1992. •	<mask>, <mask>. Naglok (Poems). Chetna Prakashan 1998. (Punjabi). see "About the Author" (ਲੇਖਕ ਬਾਰੇ) by publisher/editor pp.221–22

•	Ghai, Trilok Chand] "<mask> <mask>' Dastaan: An Autobiography of Absences". (A Review)  http://ghai-tc.blogspot.in/2011/11/lal-singh-dils-dastaan.html . 2 November 2011

•	Dutt, Nirupama (tr.). Poet of the Revolution: The Memoirs and Poems of <mask>

masks:
Dil
Dil
Lal Singh
Lal Singh
Dils
Lal Singh


title: Lal Singh Dil

texts:
 Dil. Penguin Viking. (2012). •	Chandan, Amarjit.1998:  “A Complete Story of an Incomplete Journey” (ਅਧੂਰੇ ਸਫ਼ਰ ਦੀ ਪੂਰੀ ਦਾਸਤਾਨ), Introduction.<mask>, <mask>. Dastaan: An autobiography (ਦਾਸਤਾਨ: ਸਵੈ-ਜੀਵਨੀ). Chetna Prakashan, Ludhiana (Punjabi). •	<mask>, <mask>. Dastaan: An autobiography (ਦਾਸਤਾਨ: ਸਵੈ-ਜੀਵਨੀ). Chetna Prakashan, Ludhiana.1998. p. 115
•
•	<mask>, <mask>.“My Urdu Milieu” (ਮੇਰਾ ਉਰਦੂ ਮਾਹੌਲ). Tarsem s. Dr.(ed.) (ਤਰਸੇਮ ਐਸ. ਡਾ.) <mask> <mask>: Biographical and Critical Essays (ਲਲ ਸਿਂਘ ਦਿਲ: ਸੰਕਲਪ ਤੇ ਸਮੀਖਿਆ) Lokgeet Prakashan,Chandigarh.2006. P30.(Punjabi)

•	Ghai, Trilok Chand. 2012. “<mask> <mask>, five poems, translated from Punjabi”, Modern Poetry in Translation, Third series – Number Eighteen, Transitions. pp. 50–51

External links
 <mask> <mask>'s Weblog
 <mask> Dil images
 . by Ajay Bhardwaj
 The Women of Kudeli, a poem by Dil in English translation
 Life and  poetry of  a wandering heart: A Review of Nirupama Dutt's translation of <mask>'s autobiography
 Rich Heritage of Punjabi Dalit Literature and its Exclusion from Histories: Dil in the context of Dalit Literature

Further reading
 Tarsem S  (Ed.) (2006): <mask> Dil : Sankalp te  Samikhiya (biographical and critical essays) ; Lokgeet Parkashan,   (Punjabi)
 <mask> Dil: Naglok (Poems) (with critical essays by Punjabi Scholars)  Chetna Prakashan, Ludhiana 2007 (Punjabi)

Punjabi-language poets
1943 births
2007

masks:
Dil
Lal Singh
Dil
Lal Singh
Dil
Lal Singh
Lal Singh
Dil
Lal Singh
Dil
Lal Singh
Dil
Lal Singh
Dil
Lal Singh
Lal Singh


title: James Ford (pirate)

texts:
<mask>, born <mask><mask>, also known as <mask><mask>, Sr., the "N" possibly for Neal (October 22, 1775 – July 7, 1833), was an American civic leader and business owner in western Kentucky and southern Illinois, from the late 1790s to mid-1830s. Despite his clean public image as a "Pillar of the Community", <mask> was secretly a river pirate and the leader of a gang that was later  known as the "Ford's Ferry Gang". His men were the river equivalent of highway robbers. They hijacked flatboats and Ford's "own river ferry" for tradable goods from local farms that were coming down the Ohio River. <mask> was an Illinois associate of Isaiah L. Potts and the Potts Hill Gang, highway robbers, of the infamous Potts Inn. <mask> also was an associate of John Hart Crenshaw, an illegal slave trader and a kidnapper of free African Americans, and may have taken part in the Illinois version of the Reverse Underground Railroad. At one point, the outlaws used "Cave-in-Rock" as their headquarters on the Illinois side of the lower Ohio River, approximately around 85 miles below Evansville, Indiana.Early life and family history
<mask> was born in the Ninety-Six District, Province of South Carolina of the Thirteen Colonies, now present-day Spartanburg, Spartanburg County, South Carolina a son of Philip and <mask> and a grandson of <mask>. He had two brothers, Philip Jr. and Richard. His father died while <mask> was still young, and his mother then married William Prince, who brought the family to what would become Princeton in Caldwell County, Kentucky. This marriage provided <mask> with a number of step- and half-siblings, who provided important contacts for his future political, business, and criminal careers. Marriages and children
In the late 1790s, <mask> married Susan Miles, a daughter of

masks:
James Ford
James N
. Ford
James N
. Ford
Ford
Ford
James Ford
James Ford
Elizabeth Ford
John Ford
Ford
James
James Ford


title: James Ford (pirate)

texts:
 William Miles, who was a brother of the ferry keeper at Miles Ferry, between the Kentucky and Illinois banks of the Ohio below Cave-in-Rock, near the location of present-day Rosiclare, Illinois. <mask> provided her husband with two sons, Philip (November 25, 1800 - November 23, 1831) and William M. (1804 – November 2, 1832), as well as a daughter, Cassandra (1805/1806–1863). Susan died in the 1820s, and in 1829, <mask> married Elizabeth "Betsy" W. Armstead Frazier (1790-1800 - 1834-1835), a widow whose husband had died suddenly while staying at <mask>'s plantation, in then Livingston County, Kentucky  (now Crittenden County, Kentucky).<mask> had one more son, <mask><mask>, Jr., (circa 1830 - October 1844). Criminal activities
<mask> had settled on the Kentucky side of the Ohio River by the late 1790s, during the time that Samuel Mason's river pirates operated out of Cave-in-Rock. Early writers identified him with the "<mask>" who operated a tavern and brothel in the cave in the spring of 1799, but these are now believed to be incorrect, since historical records show that a man named <mask> lived in the area at the same time as <mask>. Criminal associates
 John Harmon
 Alonzo Pennington and Pennington Gang (successors to the Ford's Ferry Gang, after <mask>'s assassination and his distant relatives)
 Isaiah L. Potts or legendary Billy Potts, Sr. of Potts Inn
 Sturdivant Gang of counterfeiters. Notable Ford's Ferry Gang members
<mask>
Philip <mask>
William M. <mask>
Francis Prince (possible gang member)
Henry C. Shouse
Nathaniel Simpson (possible gang member)

Military service
The military experience of <mask> was limited to commanding frontier Kentucky and Illinois territorial militia units. Even without any combat experience, serving as a militia officer helped <mask>

masks:
Susan Ford
Ford
Ford
Elizabeth Ford
James N
. Ford
James Ford
James Wilson
James Wilson
Ford
Ford
James Ford
Ford
Ford
James Ford
Ford


title: James Ford (pirate)

texts: acquire local prestige and created opportunities for him in the political and business affairs of the Ohio River valley of Kentucky and Illinois. <mask> was captain of the Livingston County cavalry company in the 24th Kentucky Militia Regiment between July 1, 1799, and December 15, 1802.While living in Illinois Territory, on January 2, 1810, <mask> became captain of the Grand Pierre area militia company of the 4th Regiment of Illinois Territory Militia, was one of three territorial militia companies in southeastern Illinois. (The other companies based around the frontier settlements of Elizabethtown and Cave-In-Rock were simply local volunteer frontier military units.) The Grand Pierre Company comprised men from Grand Pierre, a frontier settlement in the area located near the Grand Pierre Creek Watershed, now Rosiclare, Illinois. Grand Pierre was one of three frontier Illinois militia districts in what later became Hardin County, Illinois. The fort used by the Grand Pierre militia company may have been the blockhouse formerly located north of the present-day water tower that was used later by the Sturdivant Gang for counterfeiting in the late 1810s and early 1820s. During the occupation of the fort by the counterfeiters, <mask> held the deed to the land, giving him legal ownership of the fort and making him guilty by association for allowing counterfeiting to take place. <mask> was also the captain of a company of the Illinois Territorial Militia from July 15, 1811, to August 8, 1811.<mask> was later promoted to major, being one of two such military ranks available in the 4th Regiment of Militia in the Illinois Territory on November 28, 1811. <mask>, Sr. also spelled Steel, who had been a private in Ford's Company, succeeded him as captain of the Grand Pierre militia. In

masks:
Ford
James Ford
James Ford
Ford
Ford
James Steele


title: James Ford (pirate)

texts:
 the War of 1812, Steele served as a private in Captain John Cochran's company of the 1st Regiment
of Illinois (Territorial) Militia, under the command of Captain Absolem Cox, at Kaskaskia on September 3, 1812. The residency of <mask> was recorded in the first Illinois State Census in 1818 and the 1820 U.S. Census as living in Pope County, Illinois, now present-day Hardin County, Illinois. At the time the state and federal censuses were conducted, Steele was a criminal member of the Sturdivant Gang of counterfeiters which operated in the Rosiclare area of Hardin County from the 1810s to 1820s. Property holdings
<mask> was a substantial land owner, who owned a 500-acre plantation at his home in Tolu, Kentucky, as well as holding numerous other properties on the Kentucky and Illinois sides of the Ohio River. Through his first wife's family, he secured the rights to the Miles Ferry, which soon became known as Ford's Ferry, though this is not the infamous one he operated later, upriver from Cave-in-Rock, called Ferry Ohio.Through his second marriage, he secured control of the Frazier Salt Works, at the Lower Lick Great Salt Springs, in the Illinois Salines in Gallatin County, Illinois, during the late 1820s. Slave-holding
<mask> owned a considerable number of slaves in Kentucky. He leased out his slaves for saltmaking operations under a contract with the U.S. government at the U.S. Saline, near Equality, Illinois. The influence of <mask> was felt as far away as Springfield, Illinois, which can be attested to in the Sangamo Journal newspaper, where he ran a fugitive slave notice, with detailed physical descriptions of two runaway slaves he owned. The cruel and ruthless treatment <mask> showed toward his slaves was told in numerous stories many true and untrue. In one tale,

masks:
James Steele
James Ford
James Ford
James Ford
Ford


title: James Ford (pirate)

texts:
 <mask> was alleged to have punished one of his slaves by using a vise to secure the head of the slave and cut off his ears and pull out his teeth. The 1832 runaway slave notice <mask> had printed in the Sangamo Journal indicated that a slave named "Ben" had his ears removed for "robbing a boat on the Ohio River".In another tale, <mask> allegedly bound hand to foot an offending slave and dragged him to death behind a mule, through a field of tree stumps. Allegations of illegal slave trading

<mask> was also alleged to have had legitimate and criminal associations with John Hart Crenshaw, an Illinois businessman operating the Illinois Salines and who kidnapped free Blacks to sell into the illegal slave trade, as well as practicing illegal slave breeding. The road from the Old Slave House of Crenshaw in Illinois crossing the Ohio River to Ford's Ferry, Kentucky, was a heavily traveled route of the infamous Reverse Underground Railroad, which sent its victims to a life of enslavement in the Southern United States. Physical appearance
Dr. Charles H. Webb, future husband of <mask>'s daughter Cassandra, described the appearance of <mask> while he was at his plantation in 1822:

He was of about six feet in height, and of powerful build, a perfect Hercules in point of strength; but he has now grown to corpulent to undergo much fatigue. His head is large and well shaped; his sandy brown hair, now thin, is turning gray, for he must be fully fifty years old; his eyes, of a steel-gray color, are brilliant and his glance quick and penetrating; his nose rather short and thick; his upper lip remarkably long, his mouth large, and his lips full and sensuous. He has a broad firm double chin, and his voice is deep and sonorous. His complexion is very florid, and he converses fluently.On the

masks:
Ford
Ford
James Ford
James Ford
Ford
James Ford


title: James Ford (pirate)

texts:
 whole, when in repose, he gives one the idea of a good natured, rather than a surly, bulldog; but, if aroused, I should say he would be a lion tamer. Death
<mask> was ambushed and shot dead at Ford's Ferry near his home on July 7, 1833, by members of his own criminal gang. He was buried in the <mask> family cemetery in Kirksville, Kentucky, on the grounds of the <mask> family plantation property, now located on Tolu-Carrsville Road (Kentucky Route 135 - KY 135), in present-day Tolu, Crittenden County, Kentucky, on a farm that was owned by the Brazwell family in the 1980s. Ford's Ferry after <mask>
Following the death of <mask> in 1833, Ford's Ferry continued on as an important Ohio River ferry crossing with a high-water road that could be used even when the river flooded. The small town built around Ford's Ferry came to be spelled Fords Ferry and continued to prosper. According to the 19th-century Collins' Historical Sketches of Kentucky, Fords Ferry had four stores and two hotels, with a population of about 75 people. Eventually, the Ohio River ferry at Cave-In-Rock became the last one in the area, bypassing the road traffic at Ford's Ferry, which caused it to cease operations and be abandoned along with the town.See also
Peter Alston
Samuel Mason
John Murrell
Isaiah L. Potts
Stack Island (Mississippi River)
Sturdivant Gang
Tower Rock

References

McFarland, Joe. "When Salt was Gold - Illinois DNR", Outdoor Illinois, October 2009. Springfield, IL:  Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Musgrave, Jon. Slaves, Salt, Sex & Mr. Crenshaw: The Real Story of the Old Slave House and America's Reverse Underground R.R..  Illinoishistory.com, 2005. Musgrave, Jon. Black Kidnappings in the Wabash and Ohio Valleys of Illinois.Research Paper presented at Dr. John Y. Simon's Seminar

masks:
James Ford
Ford
Ford
James Ford
James Ford


title: James Ford (pirate)

texts:
 in Illinois History at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, April–May 1997, Carbondale, IL. Musgrave, Jon. Potts Hill Gang, Sturdivant Gang, and Ford's Ferry Gang Rogue's Gallery, Hardin County in IllinoisGenWeb. Springfield, IL:  The Illinois Gen Web Project, 2018. Myers, Jacob W.  "[http://www.illinoishistory.com/1922-gallatinsalines.html History of the Gallatin County Salines”, October 1921-January 1922, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society], 14:3-4. Prince, Thomas E. Jr. The Story of a Family: The Origins of the Prince and Bradshaw Families of Lyon County, Kentucky.Louisville, Ky.:  Horse Head Publishing, 1990, 46-47. Rothert, Otto A. The Outlaws of Cave-In-Rock. Carbondale, IL:  Southern Illinois University Press. 1924 rpt. 1996. Sniveley, William Daniel and Louanna Furbee.Satan's Ferryman: A True Tale of the Old Frontier. New York:  F. Ungar Publishing Company, 1968. Wellman, Paul I. Spawn of evil: the invisible empire of soulless men which for a generation held the Nation in a spell of terror. New York:  Doubleday, 1964. External links
<mask> (1775 - 1833) - Find A Grave Memorial
<mask>: 'Satan's Ferryman' and 'Outlaw of Cave-in-Rock'
Sturdivant Gang, Potts Hill Gang, and Ford's Ferry Gang Rogue's Gallery
Isaiah L. Potts (Billy Potts, Sr.) and Polly Blue of Potts Hill (Potts Inn), by William R. Carr
A Look Back at Fords Ferry, KY (Town History)

1770s births
1833 deaths
Crime families
American outlaws
19th-century American criminals
Outlaw gangs in the United States
American pirates
19th-century pirates
American justices of the peace
American slave owners
American slave traders
People murdered in Kentucky
Extrajudicial killings
People from Spartanburg, South Carolina
Ferries of Kentucky
Ferries of Illinois
Ferries of the United States
Deaths by

masks:
James Ford
James Ford


title: Trayvon Bromell

texts:
<mask> (born July 10, 1995) is an American professional track and field athlete specializing in sprinting events. He was the first junior to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 meters with a time of 9.97 seconds, the current junior world record. Bromell's personal best time in the 100m of 9.76 seconds makes him the 6th fastest man of all time, tying him with Christian Coleman. He is the 2016 world indoor 60 m champion and competed for the United States at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Track career

2013
In May, competing for Gibbs High School in St. Petersburg, Florida, Bromell won the 100 m at the Florida High School Athletic Association 3A State Finals in 10.45 s, and was second in the 200 meters in 21.41 s.

On June 8 he had a brush with the 100 m high school record and junior world record, clocking his first sub-10 s run with an altitude-assisted time of 9.99 s at the Great Southwest Classic in Albuquerque, New Mexico. However, the race was wind-assisted with a +4.0 m/s tailwind, +2.0 m/s above the allowable limit for record keeping. Later that month Bromell competed in the 100 m and the 200 m at the New Balance Nationals Outdoor.In the 100 m he won his preliminary in 10.31 s before winning the final in 10.45 s, run into a −2.4 m/s headwind. In the 200 m he lowered his personal best twice with times of 20.96 s in the preliminary and 20.91 s in the final despite headwinds. However, he still had to settle for second in the final. <mask> headed to the USA Junior Outdoor Track & Field Championships a few days later to compete in the 100 m on day one and the 200 m on day two. On day one he won his semi in 10.56 s into a −2.7 m/s headwind and the final again in 10.48 s with a much stronger −4.8 m/s headwind, winning his first USATF title in the 100 m. On day two Bromell was disqualified after his semi for stepping out of his lane during the race, and did not compete in the 200 m final. After the national championships he was named the Gatorade Track and Field Athlete of the

masks:
Trayvon Jaquez Bromell
Bromell


title: Trayvon Bromell

texts:
 Year for 2013. With his win in the 100 m he qualified to represent the United States in the 100 m and the 4 × 100 meters relay at international championships that year.Two months later in August <mask> competed in the Pan American Junior Championships in Medellín, Colombia where he competed in the 100 m and the 4 × 100 m relay. He placed third in the 100 m to earn his first international medal, and then anchored the United States to victory in the 4 × 100 m relay to earn his first international gold medal. 2014
On March 29, 2014, Bromell tied the world junior record in the 100 metres, running a 10.01 at the Texas Relays in Austin, Texas, while representing Baylor University. Just one day before the race, <mask> came within .01 of the record with a 10.02. Following the meet, <mask> was named "2014 Texas Relays Most Outstanding Performer." The last Baylor athlete to receive the same honor was Michael Johnson, 24 years earlier. On June 13, 2014, <mask> ran 9.92 in the semifinals at the NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon, but that result did not enter the record books, because it was ruled wind-assisted due to a +2.2mps tail-wind with +2.0mps being the maximum allowable tail-wind for times to be considered legal.The following day, he ran 9.97 in the final with a legal +1.8mps wind. Pending ratification, that gave him sole possession of the men's 100m record. <mask> became the first freshman since Walter Dix in 2005 to win the 100 meters at the NCAA Outdoor Championships. At the end of May 2014, <mask> ran a time of 9.77 at the Big 12 Championships. However, the record-time was nullified by a +4.2 m/s tail-wind. The meet was at Lubbock, Texas, where the altitude is just eight meters below an elevation that would qualify marks for altitude assistance. Meet officials also reversed the direction of the race to take advantage of the wind.<mask>'s time of 9.77 ranks equal to the ninth-fastest wind-aided 100 meters race of all time.

masks: Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell


title: Trayvon Bromell

texts:
 2015
In 2015, he returned to Eugene at the NCAA Championships, improving his personal best time to 9.90 in the preliminary round of the 100m. At the 2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, in June 2015, <mask> won his first round heat in a personal best time of 9.84 seconds, tying him as the tenth fastest 100m runner of all time with Canadian legends Donovan Bailey and Bruny Surin. He won his semi-final in a wind-aided 9.76 seconds (+3.7 m/s) to improve his all-conditions best, before going on to finish second in the final to Tyson Gay in 9.96 seconds. This qualified him for the 2015 World Championships in both the 100m and 4 × 100 metres relay. <mask> made his Diamond League debut at the 2015 Herculis meeting in Monaco, competing in the 100m and 4 × 100 m relay. Although one of the favorites for the 100m, Bromell false-started, thus disqualifying him.However, he was able to successfully lead-off his team to a victory in the 4 × 100 m in 37.87 seconds. In August, <mask> arrived in Beijing for the World Championships. <mask> won his 100 metre heat in 9.91 seconds, and qualified for the final after finishing third in his semi-final in a fastest-loser time of 9.99 seconds. <mask> went on to tie for the Bronze Medal in the final, running 9.92 seconds to equal his college rival Andre De Grasse of Canada, whose 9.92 was a personal best. This was the first tie in World Championship 100m history. In the 4 × 100 metre relay, <mask> ran the lead leg once again in both the heats and the final. He was able to lead the United States team off to a victory in their heat, and a Silver Medal in the final.However, a mishap in the final exchange resulted in a disqualification for the team, stripping <mask> and his teammates of their medal. <mask> ended his season there, and went on to graduate from Baylor later in the year. He turned professional and signed an endorsement deal with sports company New Balance. 2016
2016 was set to be a breakout year for <mask>, after his

masks: Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell


title: Trayvon Bromell

texts: achievements the year before. <mask> set his sights on winning the Gold Medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the 100m, and defeating the defending Olympic champion and fastest man in history, Usain Bolt of Jamaica, at the latter's final Olympic 100m race. <mask> decided to race indoors, competing in the 60 metres event. On March 12, 2016, he placed second in the 60 meters in 6.507 seconds at 2016 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships, and six days later, on March 18, 2016, <mask> improved his time by three hundredths of a second by winning the 60 meters title in 6.47s at the 2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships.Winning in front of a home crowd in Oregon, <mask> also beat Jamaican veteran Asafa Powell, who ran 6.44 seconds in the heats and the semi-finals, both while easing down. <mask> opened his outdoor season with a 200-metre race at the Waco Baylor Invitational. Not normally a 200m runner, <mask> still won the race in a decent 20.30 seconds. He ran his first 100m of the season at the Waco Michael Johnson Classic in 10.04 seconds. After a 7th-place finish in the 200m at an IAAF Diamond League stop in Rome, Bromell pulled out of meets in Birmingham and Oslo, after suffering a grade one Achilles tendon sprain he got before the meet in Rome. He focused on recovering and making the US team in the 100m at the Olympic Trials in Oregon. In July, Bromell competed at the national trials.He won his heat in 9.94 seconds and his semi-final in 9.86 seconds, before going on to finish second in the final to 34-year-old veteran and fellow Florida resident Justin Gatlin, thus qualifying him to compete for the US at the Olympics with Gatlin and another Florida resident Marvin Bracy. <mask>'s time of 9.84 seconds equaled his personal best, which he coincidentally set on the same venue (Hayward Field). <mask> focused all his time on prepping for Rio. Not long after the trials, Bromell's injury came back, forcing him to pause on his prep for the Olympics. <mask> still decided to

masks: Trayvon Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell


title: Trayvon Bromell

texts:
 compete at Rio, in both the 100m and 4 × 100 m relay. <mask> arrived in Rio for the Olympics, and took part in the Parade of Nations on August 5, 2016. Eight days later, on August 13, 2016, he competed in his 100m heat, where he finished second with 10.13 seconds, behind Ben Youssef Meite of the Ivory Coast.The next day, as with the year before, <mask> was drawn in the same semi-final as Andre De Grasse and Usain Bolt, and finished third once again behind the two. <mask> edged out Chijindu Ujah of Great Britain by 2 milliseconds to take the last qualifying spot for the final, in 10.01 seconds. Less than two hours later, <mask> raced in the final, finishing eighth in 10.06. <mask> rested up for the 4 × 100 m final, where he would switch places with Michael Rodgers to run anchor leg instead of first. In the final, Bromell struggled to keep up with the Japanese anchor Asuka Cambridge, and dove at the line to finish third just 2 hundredths behind him, but 2 hundredths ahead of Canada's anchor Andre De Grasse. Bromell fell to the ground in agonizing pain after his dive, and Rodgers helped him to his feet as the medical team helped him off the Track. While his team celebrated their Bronze Medal, a scan revealed Bromell had torn his Achilles once again.More disappointment came as it was revealed that an improper first exchange resulted in a disqualification, therefore stripping <mask> and his very same teammates from Beijing of their medal once again. 2017
After a disappointing 2016 season, <mask> was anxious to recover with a comeback. He set his sights on beating Bolt again, but this time at the 2017 World Championships. Bolt decided to only contest in the 100m and 4 × 100 m that year, dropping the 200m as it was harder to train for. The 100m race at the championships was set to be his last individual race, and <mask>'s last shot at Bolt's crown. However, healing took longer than expected, and <mask> barely raced during the season. His only race was on June 22, 2017, at the