title: Robert Dentler

texts:
<mask><mask> (November 26, 1928 – March 20, 2008) was an American sociologist who co-authored and oversaw the controversial court-ordered busing plan to desegregate Boston's public schools in the 1970s through the 1980s. He was involved in the school desegregation plans for at least sixteen other northern American cities and the University of North Carolina system. Education and career
In 1949, he received a bachelor's in political science from Northwestern University. <mask> began his career in 1949 as a crime reporter for the Chicago City News Bureau. In 1950, he earned a master's in English literature from Northwestern, then taught at the Pomfret School as an English teacher from 1950 to 1952. He then served as an intelligence officer for the U.S. government from 1952 to 1954. In 1954, he received a master's in sociology from American University.His master's thesis was the first in-depth study of the Federal Writers' Project, the New Deal program to support writers during the Great Depression. <mask> then obtained a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Chicago in 1960. <mask> taught at the U.S. Army War College and Dickinson College from 1955 to 1957. While a Ph.D. candidate, <mask> taught at the University of Chicago. He then taught at the University of Kansas (1959-1961), and Dartmouth College (1961-1962), and spent the following ten years at Teachers College, Columbia University. In 1972 he became Dean of Education and University Professor of Education and Sociology at Boston University. He became a tenured professor of education and sociology at the University of Massachusetts, Boston in 1983.He retired his faculty position 1992 and continued to teach part-time there until his death. National desegregation efforts
<mask> worked as a director of the Institute for Urban Studies, established in 1963 by faculty at Columbia University Teachers College. In that capacity, <mask> was hired by the New

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. Dentler
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title: Robert Dentler

type: original

texts:
 York State Education Commission as a researcher and staff writer. He and colleagues Richard Boardman and  Bernard Mackler co-authored Desegregating the New York City Public Schools (1964), commonly known as the Allen Report. The Allen Report was intended to provide the data and research to support the desegregation of the New York City public school system, then the nation's largest school district with more than 1,000 schools and over a million students. <mask> later advised on desegregation plans for New York City, Buffalo, Rochester and White Plains, New York; Bridgeport and Stamford, Connecticut; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania;  Los Angeles and San Bernardino, California. From 1973 to 1985, <mask> was involved in drafting and implementing Boston's controversial desegregation plan.In 1979, he worked on desegregating the University of North Carolina system. In the 1980s, he advised desegregation efforts in the southern school districts of St. Louis and Kansas City, Missouri; Little Rock; Mobile, Alabama; and DeKalb County, Georgia. In 1994, he served as the leading expert witness in the federal court case that led to the desegregation of schools in Rockford, Illinois. Boston school desegregation

In 1973, <mask> was appointed to the Boston Mayor’s Commission on the Public School, as U.S. District Judge W. Arthur Garrity Jr. considered whether the Boston Public Schools were in violation of the Massachusetts Racial Imbalance Act. In 1975, Garrity selected <mask> and Boston University's associate dean, Marvin B. Scott, to draft the Boston school desegregation plan, which involved the busing of thousands of students to break up the high level of segregation in the Boston school system. The plan transformed the Boston schools over a decade marked by incidents of racial conflict and violence, often directed by working-class whites against black students. <mask> was critical of  Common Ground, J. Anthony Lucas's

masks: Dentler Dentler Dentler Dentler Dentler


title: Robert Dentler

texts:
 Pulitzer-Prize-winning book about the Boston busing crisis, saying "social and political demography as well as intergroup history get short shrift," saying the author wove a "complete fabric of exculpation out of the stuff of ... local legends."<mask> believed the book was somewhat unfair and inaccurate in its depiction of Judge Garrity, with whom <mask> had a close and enduring professional and personal relationship. Conflict with John Silber

<mask> was one of fifteen academic deans who led a revolt against Boston University President John Silber, who survived multiple "no-confidence" votes by trustees and faculty in the 1970s and 1980s. Silber's firing of the deans was the subject of a cover article for Esquire Magazine in 1977 by Nora Ephron. Praise
"He had a deep and abiding desire for achieving justice. He would have nothing to do with a plan that wasn't designed to achieve justice. Justice as he saw it was justice for people of color as well as for white people. It was justice for people of limited income as well as for affluent people.That was something that stayed with him." — Charles Willie, one of the court-appointed special masters for Judge Garrity's desegregation plan. Personal life
<mask> was the son of Arnold and Jennie Munsen <mask> of Oak Park, Illinois. His wife, Helen Hosmer <mask>, whom he married in 1950, was an artist who designed a number of book jackets for <mask>'s publications and in her fifties returned to school to become a paralegal. She retired after ten years with the Boston law firm Hale & Dorr. They had one daughter, <mask>, and two sons, Eric Arnold <mask> and Robin Howard <mask>. His brother, Rev.<mask> (1922-2013), a board member of the Heifer Foundation, was a pastor active in the liberal Christian denomination, Disciples of Christ, who began his ministerial career serving an African-American congregation in the 1950s. <mask> served as president of the congregation

masks:
Dentler
Dentler
Dentler
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Dentler
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Deborah Dentler
Dentler
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Dentler


title: Robert Dentler

texts:
 of First Parish Unitarian-Universalist Church of Lexington, Massachusetts. His principal avocation was poetry. In the final year of his life, he became the oldest student to enroll in the poetry-writing seminar taught by acclaimed Massachusetts poet Tom Daley, who eulogized Dentler at a memorial service held at First Parish Church in April 2008. <mask> died of geriatric myelodysplasia. Personal and professional biographical information about <mask> has been collected by independent scholar Thomas Quirk. Bibliography
Among <mask>'s 16 books:
 Big City Dropouts and Illiterates (1967)
 Schools on Trial: An Inside Account of the Boston Desegregation Case (1981)
 University on Trial: The Case of the University of North Carolina (1983)
 Practicing Sociology (2002)
 Hostage America (Beacon Press 1963) (reportedly <mask>'s favorite, Hostage America analyzed the human and sociological consequences of a nuclear attack)

Awards and honors
<mask> earned several awards in his career:
 William Lloyd Garrison Award, Massachusetts Educational Opportunity Association, 1992
 Distinguished Career Award, Sociological Practice, American Sociological Association, 1993
 Distinguished Career Award, American Sociological Association, 2007

The American Sociological Association confers an annual Award for Outstanding Student Achievement in his honor.In 2008, Northwestern University established the <mask> Memorial Prize in poetry, an annual creative writing competition. References

External links
<mask> papers, 1918-2008, University Archives and Special Collections, Joseph P. Healey Library, University of Massachusetts Boston

1928 births
2008 deaths
American sociologists
Northwestern University alumni
American University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
University of Chicago faculty
University of Kansas faculty
Dartmouth College faculty
Columbia University faculty
Boston University faculty
University of Massachusetts Boston

masks:
Dentler
Dentler
Dentler
Dentler
Dentler
Robert Dentler
Robert Dentler


title: Jim Johnson (American football)

texts:
<mask> (May 26, 1941July 28, 2009) was an American football coach, formerly serving as defensive coordinator with the Philadelphia Eagles. Widely regarded as one of the best defensive coordinators in the National Football League (NFL), he was especially known for being a master architect of blitzes, disguising them skillfully and keeping offenses off balance. In more than 40 years of coaching, <mask> held head coaching duties only once (at the collegiate level), but was interviewed by the Arizona Cardinals regarding their head coaching vacancy in 2004. Playing career
A native of Maywood, Illinois, <mask> played high school football for Proviso East High School in Maywood, Illinois. He played college football for head coach Dan Devine at the University of Missouri from 1959 to 1962. An all-Big Eight quarterback, <mask> played in the same backfield with long-time NFL executive Bill Tobin. He went undrafted in the 1963 NFL Draft, but was signed to play tight end by the Buffalo Bills of the AFL (1963–64).Coaching career

<mask> began his coaching career as head coach at Missouri Southern (1967–68), before serving four-year tenures at Drake University (1969–72) and Indiana University (1973–76). In 1977, <mask> was hired by his former head coach at Missouri, Dan Devine, as defensive backs coach at University of Notre Dame. After helping the 1977 Fighting Irish to win the national championship in his first year, <mask> was later promoted to defensive coordinator and assistant head coach under Gerry Faust. Leaving Notre Dame in 1984, <mask> coached in the short-lived USFL with the Oklahoma Outlaws (1984) and Jacksonville Bulls (1985). In 1986, he finally entered the NFL as a coach, spending eight seasons with the St. Louis/Phoenix Cardinals (1986–93). After overseeing the Cards defensive line for four seasons, <mask> excelled as their secondary coach, helping Aeneas Williams become the first rookie cornerback to lead the league in interceptions (6) since 1981. In 1994, he joined the

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Jim Johnson
Johnson
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title: Jim Johnson (American football)

texts: Indianapolis Colts as linebackers coach under head coach Ted Marchibroda.After defensive coordinator Vince Tobin left the Colts in 1996 to become head coach of the Cardinals, <mask> was deemed his successor by new Colts head coach Lindy Infante. The Colts finished last in the AFC East in 1997, causing Infante and his staff to be fired. <mask> spent the 1998 NFL season as linebackers coach on the final staff of Seattle Seahawks head coach Dennis Erickson, before leaving for Philadelphia. He helped the Seahawks register 10 TDs on defense, including 8 INTs returned for scores, 2nd most in NFL history. If <mask> had stayed, he could have stepped into the coordinator's role when Fritz Shurmur died of cancer that summer. On January 22, 1999, Eagles head coach Andy Reid targeted and hired <mask> as the Eagles new defensive coordinator. <mask>'s tenure in Philadelphia was his most successful, as the Eagles won 5 division titles, each reaping the benefits of his defenses.Because head coach Andy Reid is known more for his acumen on the offensive side of the ball, he handed complete control of the defensive unit of the team to <mask>, allowing Reid to concentrate on running the offense with his offensive coordinators, Brad Childress and later Marty Mornhinweg. Reid repeatedly said he had full confidence in <mask> and the Eagles rewarded him accordingly, as he became one of the highest paid coordinators in the NFL. "As I've said many times, <mask> is the best in the business at what he does", said Reid upon signing his prized defensive coordinator to a lucrative four-year contract extension in 2005. "His defensive units continue to produce at a very high level as he puts a lot of pressure on opposing offenses." From 2000–07, <mask>'s units rank tied for first in the NFL with 342 sacks, second in the league in 3rd down efficiency (34.3%) and red zone touchdown percentage (43.0%), and fourth in fewest points allowed (17.6 per game). In 2001, <mask>'s unit became the fourth team in NFL

masks:
Johnson
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Jim Johnson
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Jim Johnson
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title: Jim Johnson (American football)

texts:
 history to go all 16 games without allowing more than 21 points. Their streak of allowing 21 or fewer in 34 straight games was second longest in NFL history (Minnesota, 1968–71).In 1999, <mask>'s unit forced an NFL-best 46 turnovers, including a team-record 5 interceptions returned for TDs. Eagles defenders were selected for the Pro Bowl 26 times during <mask>'s tenure. Former Eagle Brian Dawkins led the way with seven. Other Eagles defenders to go to the Pro Bowl under <mask> include Troy Vincent (five), Jeremiah Trotter (four), Hugh Douglas (three), Lito Sheppard (two), and Trent Cole, Michael Lewis, Asante Samuel, Corey Simon, Bobby Taylor (one each). Current NFL head coaches John Harbaugh (special teams and defensive backs), Ron Rivera (linebackers), and Sean McDermott (defensive backs and linebackers) coached under <mask> with the Eagles. Illness and death
Shortly after the Eagles were eliminated from the playoffs, on January 29, 2009, it was announced that <mask> was undergoing treatment for melanoma. In mid-May, <mask> announced a leave of absence due to the advancement of the cancer, with secondary coach Sean McDermott taking over duties as the interim defensive coordinator.On July 24, 2009, <mask> officially resigned as defensive coordinator, with McDermott having the interim tag removed. Four days later, on July 28, 2009, <mask> died at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 68. Head coaching record

College

References

1941 births
2009 deaths
American football quarterbacks
American football tight ends
Arizona Cardinals coaches
Buffalo Bills players
Indianapolis Colts coaches
Missouri Southern Lions football coaches
Missouri Tigers football players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football coaches
Seattle Seahawks coaches
Philadelphia Eagles coaches
National Football League defensive coordinators
United States Football League coaches
Sportspeople from Maywood, Illinois
Deaths from melanoma
Deaths from cancer in Pennsylvania
American Football League

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: Eliza McCartney

texts:
<mask> (born 11 December 1996) is a New Zealand track and field athlete who competes in the pole vault and won the bronze medal in this event at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She is the current New Zealand and Oceania record holder at , and is the outdoor world junior record holder at  (her absolute junior record has since been passed indoors). She also won the silver medal at the Summer Universiade in 2015. In 2018, she placed second at the Commonwealth Games. Personal life
<mask> was born in Auckland, where she still lives in the seaside suburb of Devonport. Her father <mask> previously competed in the high jump while her mother Donna Marshall previously competed as a gymnast. She has two younger brothers.She attended her local primary school and then Belmont Intermediate School and later moved onto Takapuna Grammar School, where she was in the same year as the singer-songwriter Lorde; the two played netball together. <mask> was most fond of netball growing up, with her height and agility giving her an advantage in playing defence. She also participated in a myriad of other sports in her youth, including cross country running, basketball, touch rugby, squash, tennis, swimming, and water polo. Eventually, she moved onto track and field, being a successful high jumper in her early teens before beginning pole vaulting in 2011. <mask> studies physiology at the University of Auckland. Career

In 2011, at age 14, <mask> began pole vaulting. She has always been coached by Jeremy McColl.In 2012, <mask> won the national youth (under 18) title and the New Zealand secondary school championship. The following year she broke the New Zealand youth record and was selected for the 2013 World Youth Championships in Athletics where she finished fourth. In July 2014 <mask> took the bronze medal at

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Eliza McCartney
McCartney
William McCartney
McCartney
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McCartney
McCartney
McCartney


title: Eliza McCartney

texts:
 the 2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics, with a vault of  which was her first New Zealand national record. In 2015, she claimed her first senior national title at the New Zealand Athletics Championships. and gained the silver medal at the Universiade  with a height of . On 19 December 2015 <mask> set a world junior record of  at Auckland's Mount Smart Stadium. On 17 January 2016 she vaulted  in Brisbane, Australia improving her own national senior and junior records (but not the world junior record).<mask> and McColl's long-term goal had been for her to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, but it became clear during 2015 that the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro may already be a possibility. On 23 February 2016, she jumped  at the Vertical Pursuit international pole vault competition at Millennium Institute of Sport in Auckland, setting four new records: New Zealand national, New Zealand under 20, New Zealand resident, and New Zealand all comers. She was subsequently added to the New Zealand team to the 2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships

On 5 March 2016, she jumped  at the national championships in Dunedin, to surpass her own New Zealand record. It is not clear whether or not this set a new Oceania record. The IAAF normally requires a minimum of three competitors in an event for a record to be ratified and in this case, there were only two. Regardless, the Oceanian record was broken later in July 2016 by Alana Boyd of Australia, with a jump of 4.81 m.

<mask> made her senior international debut at the March 2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Portland, Oregon. She placed fifth with a vault of , setting a new New Zealand indoor record.In April 2016, <mask> was selected to compete at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. In the Olympic

masks: McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney


title: Eliza McCartney

texts:
 final, she cleared 4.50 m, 4.60 m, 4.70 m, and her personal best 4.80 m on her first attempts, but was eliminated after failing to clear 4.85 m. Her 4.80 m result and no misses up to that height saw her place ahead of Australia's Alana Boyd to win the bronze medal. At age 19 years and 252 days, <mask> became the youngest Olympic medallist in the women's pole vault. She was also only the fourth New Zealand Olympic medallist in a field event, after Yvette Williams (long jump, 1952), Valerie Adams (shot put, 2008, 2012, 2016), and Tomas Walsh (shot put, 2016). BMX rider Sarah Walker, an Olympic silver medallist, approached <mask> at the Halberg Awards ceremony on 18 February 2016 and has been mentoring her since. On 22 February 2017, <mask> equalled her indoor national record of  at the Vertical Pursuit, held at Auckland's Britomart precinct. Four days later, she jumped a height of  at the Auckland Track Challenge, breaking her own national record and the Oceanian record.On 26 May 2018, Mccartney again broke her national and Oceanian records when she jumped a height of  at the Prefontaine Classic in Oregon. On 24 June 2018, in Mannheim, Germany she improved upon her personal best to 4.86. A few minutes later, she improved it again to 4.92. The 4.92 ranks her as the fourth highest female vaulter in history. On 18 July 2018, at a "street vault" in Jockgrim, Germany, <mask> cleared 4.94m. The vault was a new National and Oceania record and the #1 vault in the world in 2018. In her first competition of 2019, <mask> cleared 4.85 m at the Potts Classic, breaking her New Zealand resident record.An achilles tendon injury in March 2021 prevented her from competing in the Tokyo Olympics. Notes
1. An Athletics New Zealand Resident Record is the best performance by a New Zealander(s) in New

masks: McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney


title: Eliza McCartney

texts:
 Zealand. Awards and recognition
<mask> won the Emerging Talent category of New Zealand's Halberg Awards for 2015 at an awards ceremony held on 18 February 2016. The year before, she was a finalist in the Halberg Awards Emerging Talent category, which was won by cyclist Regan Gough. <mask>'s 4.80 m vault that won her the Olympic bronze medal was voted New Zealand's Favourite Sporting Moment at the Halberg Awards for 2016. Sponsorship and advertising work
In October 2016, <mask> became an ambassador for Beef and Lamb New Zealand, joining existing athlete ambassadors Lisa Carrington, Sophie Pascoe, and Sarah Walker.Also in October 2016, <mask> became a brand ambassador for Blueberries NZ. In December 2016, <mask> featured alongside several other notable New Zealanders in an aircraft safety video for Air New Zealand, entitled Summer of Safety. In June 2021, <mask> became the Hyundai NZ Electric Vehicle ambassador. Statistics

Personal bests

Pole vault annual progression

International competitions

National titles
New Zealand National Track & Field Championships
 Pole vault: 2015, 2016, 2017

References

External links

Living people
1996 births
People from North Shore, New Zealand
Athletes from Auckland
New Zealand female pole vaulters
People educated at Takapuna Grammar School
Olympic athletes of New Zealand
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for New Zealand
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for New Zealand
Universiade silver medalists for New Zealand
Medalists at the 2015 Summer

masks: McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney


title: Mohammed Ali Abdullah Bwazir

texts:
<mask>r is a citizen of Yemen, once held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba. Bwazir's Guantanamo Internment Serial Number was 440. American intelligence analysts estimate he was born in 1980, in Howra, Yemen. Bwazir arrived in Guantanamo on May 1, 2002. In December 2015, unnamed officials leaked that Congress had been given notice that 17 individuals would be transferred from Guantanamo starting in thirty days. The US military planned to transfer the last three of those seventeen on January 21, 2016. Both his lawyers and military officials were surprised when Bwazir balked at the last moment, and declined repatriation.On January 5, 2017, Bwazir and three other Yemeni men were transferred to Saudi Arabia. Hunger strike
The Washington Post reports that Bwazir's lawyers assert that Bawazir was one of those participating in the 2006 Guantanamo hunger strike, and that the new harsher procedures camp authorities instituted to break the hunger strike violated last fall's proscription on torture. Camp authorities have been force-feeding hunger strikers. In January 2006, camp authorities started using "restraint chairs" to feed detainees. The Center for Constitutional Rights quoted from the emergency injunction Bwazir's lawyers filed on his behalf, in reaction to what they described as the unnecessary violence of his force-feeding in the restraint chair:
 Forcibly strapped Mr. Bawazir into a restraint chair, tying his legs, arms, head, and midsection to the chair. Inserted of a feeding tube that was larger than the tube that had previously been left in Mr. Bwazir's nose, increasing the


title: Mohammed Ali Abdullah Bwazir

texts:
 pain of the insertion and extraction. Poured four bottles of water into his stomach through the nasal gastric tube every time he was fed even though Mr. Bawazir has never refused to drink water by mouth.Restrained Mr. Bawazir in the chair for extended periods at each feeding. Denied Mr. Bawazir access to a toilet while he was restrained and then for an additional hour or more after he was released from the chair. Placed Mr. Bawazir in solitary confinement. Medical records show Bwazir's weight had dropped to 97 pounds, during the 140 days of his hunger strike. Medical records show Bawazir was restrained in the chair longer than the manufacturer's directions. Lieutenant Colonel Jeremy Martin asserted that the force-feedings were conducted humanely. He explained the extraordinary duration of the detainee's confinement to the restraint chair was due to the length of time the force-feeding took.U.S. government lawyers argued that the bans on torture and cruel and unusual treatment didn't apply to captives in Guantánamo Bay. Justice Gladys Kessler called the allegations "extremely disturbing". On February 11, 2009, US District Court judge Gladys Kessler declined to bar the use of restraint chairs for force-feeding
<mask> <mask>r and
Omar Khamis Bin Hamdoon. Kessler has noted that Bwazir and Hamdoon's petition stated that the use of the restraint chair was "tantamount to torture". However, she stated the opinion that because she lacked the medical expertise to evaluate the position of the camp's medical authorities she lacked jurisdiction to rule on the petition. According to the Agence France Presse, Bwazir and Hamdoon were not

masks:
Mohammed Ali
Abdullah Bwazi


title: Mohammed Ali Abdullah Bwazir

texts:
 opposed to being force fed, and so claimed in their petition that the use of restraints was unnecessary. According to the Agence France Presse, camp authorities are withholding medical treatment for their other ailments from the hunger strikers, in an attempt to pressure them to quit their strike.Official status reviews

Originally, the Bush Presidency asserted that captives apprehended in the "war on terror" were not covered by the Geneva Conventions, and could be held indefinitely, without charge, and without an open and transparent review of the justifications for their detention. In 2004, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Rasul v. Bush, that Guantanamo captives were entitled to being informed of the allegations justifying their detention, and were entitled to try to refute them. Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants

Following the Supreme Court's ruling, the Department of Defense set up the Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants. Scholars at the Brookings Institution, led by Benjamin Wittes, listed the captives still held in Guantanamo in December 2008, according to whether their detention was justified by certain common allegations:

 <mask> <mask>  was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... are associated with both Al Qaeda and the Taliban." <mask> <mask>r  was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... traveled to Afghanistan for jihad." <mask> <mask>  was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges that the following detainees stayed in Al Qaeda, Taliban or other guest- or safehouses." <mask> <mask>  was listed

masks:
Mohammed Ali
Abdullah Bwazir
Mohammed Ali
Abdullah Bwazi
Mohammed Ali
Abdullah Bwazir
Mohammed Ali
Abdullah Bwazir


title: Mohammed Ali Abdullah Bwazir

texts:
 as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... took military or terrorist training in Afghanistan."<mask> <mask>r  was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... fought for the Taliban." <mask> <mask>r  was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges that the following detainees were captured under circumstances that strongly suggest belligerency." <mask> <mask>r  was listed as one of the captives who was a foreign fighter. <mask> <mask>r  was listed as one of the captives who "deny affiliation with Al Qaeda or the Taliban yet admit facts that, under the broad authority the laws of war give armed parties to detain the enemy, offer the government ample legal justification for its detention decisions." <mask> <mask>r was listed as one of the eight captives who could not be fit into the Wittes team's other classifications. habeas corpus

A habeas corpus petition was filed on Bwazir's behalf in 2005. Formerly secret Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment

On April 25, 2011, whistleblower organization WikiLeaks published formerly secret assessments drafted by Joint Task Force Guantanamo analysts.His 9-page Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment was drafted on October 27, 2008. It was signed by camp commandant Rear Admiral David M. Thomas Jr. He recommended continued detention. References

External links
 Who Are the Remaining Prisoners in Guantánamo? Part Two: Captured in Afghanistan (2001) Andy Worthington, September 17, 2010
<mask> <mask>r: Allegations of Abuse

Detainees of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Yemeni extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
Living people
Year of birth

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Mohammed Ali
Abdullah Bwazi
Mohammed Ali
Abdullah Bwazi
Mohammed Ali
Abdullah Bwazi
Mohammed Ali
Abdullah Bwazi
Mohammed Ali
Abdullah Bwazi
Mohammed Ali
Abdullah Bwazi


title: Aatifi

texts:
<mask> (born 1965) is a contemporary Afghan-German painter, printmaker and calligrapher. He was born in Kandahar, Afghanistan. He lives and works in Bielefeld, Germany. His works contain abstracted Arabian calligraphy and modern European influences. Biography
After graduating as a master calligrapher early, he moved to Kabul in 1982. There he finished High School, opened a workshop shortly after and built a school for drawing and calligraphy. He then entered the Kabul University's Fine Arts Faculty in 1989 to become a painter.In the same year, he was awarded the Prize for Calligraphy and Composition by the Afghan Ministry of Culture and was awarded a second time the year after. In 1991, he was awarded first place by the artists group Hakim Naser Khesraw Balkhi. In 1992, he finished his studies in Kabul. Moving to Germany in 1995, <mask> became a member of the Sächsischer Künstlerbund and worked as a stipendiary at Moritzburg Castle in 1997. He then got recognized by painter and professor  who offered him classes in 1997/98 at Dresden Academy of Fine Arts. In the late 1990s <mask> moved to Bielefeld where he set up his studio to work and to create art to the present day. Solo Exhibition at Museum für Islamische Kunst in the Pergamon Museum Berlin (2015)
Invited by director Stefan Weber Aatifi curated an exhibition in the Museum für Islamische Kunst in the Pergamon Museum Berlin in 2015 titled 'Aatifi - News from Afghanistan'.Specialised in preserving and presenting ancient Islamic art, Weber's decision to implement contemporary paintings on a large scale in the museum for the first time was based on <mask>'s approach towards calligraphy. '<mask> comes from a living tradition, which also distinguishes him from a number of contemporary artists [ ... ]. The strengths of the tradition - i.e. the foundations of classical aesthetics in calligraphy - are not always known, nor is the freedom of distancing oneself from these understood. That's why poor imitations of

masks: Aatifi Aatifi Aatifi Aatifi Aatifi


title: Aatifi

texts:
 cultural archetypes are produced. Not so with Aatifi. <mask> pulls off the balancing act [ ...].' Work and techniques
Aatifis works can be described as a form of highly stylized appropriation of written language. Coming from the tradition of classic Arabian calligraphy however, he tried to reduce the evidence of perceivable language even further to the point of him using the bare shapes of his source material for the intricacy of the composition. Using acrylics, chalk, ink, charcoal, and metal to establish a wide range of intercepted and connected spaces. In his figurative and abstract works Aatifi also turns to printmaking in various techniques, which he first got in contact with when living in Dresden. His colour palette is a representation of his experiences in Afghanistan and Germany, but is also based on his travels around the world. In 2016, Aatifi has included works in collage technique to his oeuvre.In: Horizonte der Bild-Kunst-Geschichte, Part 1, 1st edition, Athena-Verlag, Oberhausen 2018. Julia Thieke: Zwischen Lapislazuli und Lithium. Künstlerportrait Aatifi. In: Kunst & Material [magazine], 2016. Martina Bauer (Ed. ): Aatifi – News from Afghanistan [exhibition catalogue], Kerber Verlag, 2015. Kunstverein Zwickau e.V.(Ed. ): Internationales Grafiksymposium Zwickau Zebra 5. [exhibition catalogue] 2013. The Graphic Arts Museum of Schreiner Foundation (Ed. ): Von Kaiserblau bis Luxusschwarz. [exhibition catalogue] Verlag Grafik Museum Stiftung Schreiner, 2011. Friederike Schir, Reiner Kuhn, Manuel Schroeder, Inga Schubert-Hartmann (Eds.): Metakom. [exhibition catalogue], Kettler, 2011. References

External links
 Artist's website
 Exhibition details about 'Aatifi - News from Afghanistan' on the website of the Museum für Islamische Kunst
 Elke Vogel, fünf Ausstellungstipps der Woche',  art Das Kunstmagazin, online-edition, 2. Juli 2015

Further reading

Afghan artists
German painters
German calligraphers
German printmakers
1965 births
Living


title: Kavi Kunjara Bharati

texts:
<mask> (1810–1896) was a Tamil poet and a composer of Carnatic music. He was born in a family with long involvement in music and scholarship. Ancestry
His ancestors belonged to Tirunelveli district. His parents lived in the village of Perungarai in Ramanathapuram district. It is said the whole village was a gift from Maharaja Ragunatha Sethupathi (1675–1670) to their family. His given name was Koteeswara Bharathi after his grandfather with the same name. His father was Subramanya Bharathi.His father and grandfather were also well known musicians as well as his maternal grandfather, Nandanur Nagabharathi. Father Subramanya Bharathi and grandfather Kotiswara Bharathi were also scholars in Tamil and Sanskrit. His parents, who were longing to have a child, prayed weekly at the Murugan temple in Kodumalur (near Perungarai) and the child was considered to be blessed by Lord Muruga. In his early boyhood he was taught  Sanskrit and Tamil and thanks to his brilliance in poetry, language skills and music, he developed an intellectual relationship with the then famous poet Madurakavi Bharathiar. One could imagine fruitful discussions among the two in the presence of their families and Koteeswara Bharthi, at the early age of 12 started composing kirtanams and prabandhas in the praise of his favourite gods Muruga, Meenalkshi Sundareswarar and Subrahmanya. When he was 18, he became critically ill and at this stage, the legend says that the local deity appeared in his dreams and told him to compose songs in her praise in order to get well. The next day he found that he was feeling much stronger and full of verve.He then fulfilled the deity's wish and composed a prabandha in the name of the deity and sang it in the temple. His most famous work, the Opera "Azhahar


title: Kavi Kunjara Bharati

texts:
 beautiful compositions. Azhahar Kuravanji, itself was first released with full notations by his illustrious grandson Koteeswara Ayyar in 1916 along with the Skaanda puranam and Perinba kirtahanigal in three volumes. Koteeswara Ayyar is known for his compositions in the 72 Melakarta ragas. There is a small confusion between the two composers, as they have almost the same "mudrai". To avoid this confusion, <mask> <mask> Bharathi used "kavikunjaram" as his mudrai and Koteeswara ayyar's mudrai was "kavikunjara dasan". In fact, the first volume of the 36 suddha madyama melakartas by Shri Koteeswara ayyar—called "Kanda ganamudham" is dedicated to his maternal grandfather <mask> <mask> Bharathi.A more recent version of Azahar Kuravanji was released by K. Nagamani, the son of Koteeswara Ayyar. Here are some of his other famous compositions:

Elloraiyum Polave - Suddhasaveri
Ennadi Penne Unakku - Begada
Pithanavan - Anandbairavi
Singaravelanai - Danyasi
Sannidhi Kandu - Mohanam

The first song was the favourite of S.G. Kittappa and T.R. Mahalingam who have given disc recordings of it. Azhahar Kuravanji

Kuravanjis are dance-dramas in Tamil half way between Bhaagavatha Mela Naataka and rustic dance-dramas. The accent is on high entertainment value with the use of Rakti raagas and folk tunes. Rhythmic sol-fa passages and onomatopoeic phrases are used to enliven the pure dance passages. Azhahar Kuravanji is the story of the heroine falling in love with Maalazhagar.The first invocatory song in Kanada is in Sanskrit and here one can read the mudrai "Hitha kunjara bhanita" in the charanam. In fact, this first song itself shows that Kavikunjara Bhaarathi, a contemporary of Shri Tyaagaraaja, has adopted the classical division of the composition into pallavi,

masks: Kavi Kunjara Kavi Kunjara


title: Kavi Kunjara Bharati

texts:
 song in Begada "maalai Kuravanji Vandaale". The gypsy woman's beauty is described in the second charanam:

"Minnalennum idaiyaal – annamennum nadaiyaal
Menkai ilangiya kanganavosai
Kaleen kaleen enru kulunga nalangodu
Maalai Kuravanji Vandaale"

One can see the use of onomatopoeia to bring out the movement of the hands and the tinkling of bracelets.This is then followed by a fairly long passage describing the Gypsy tribe and their ways. There is a full description of the flora and fauna and it would be interesting to compare the current eco-system with the one described in this kuravanji. In the Bhairavi song the gypsy vaunts of her capacities as in these lines:

"kallinum naar iruppen – manalaiyum
Kayirena thirippen nalla
Vallamaiyayangai nelli-k- kaniyena
Chollum kurikondu velluven"

Mohanavalli requests the gypsy to read her palm lines and the gypsy then starts the rituals before undertaking this task. She finally predicts the heroine's future and assures her that her wishes will be fulfilled. The gypsy announces the arrival of Maalazhahar in the romantic Sahaana raaga song "Vandu cheruvar maane". The final marriage scene is described in the song in Mohanam. This is followed by a secondary folk theme on the marriage of the gypsy woman.The play ends with a mangalam in Sauraashtram. See also
List of Carnatic composers

Sources

 <mask> <mask> Bharthi, Madurakavi Bharathi padangal and Ramakavirayar padangal, pammal vijayaranga Mudaliyar, 1889, Madras
 Azhahar Kuravanji, K.Nagamani, Alliance Press, Chennai, 1963
 Kandaganamudam, N.Koteeswara Ayyar, The Madras law Journal press, Mylapore, 1932.
 http://www.indian-heritage.org/music/garlandk.htm

External links
 Carnatica.net

Carnatic composers
1810 births
1896 deaths
19th-century classical

masks: Kavi Kunjara


title: Maria Elise Turner Lauder

texts:
<mask> (pen name <mask>, also known as <mask>; 20 February 1833 – 1 June 1922) was a Canadian teacher, linguist, and author who travelled extensively in Europe. She published novels and poetry, but mostly was known for writing about her travels. Lauder was also a philanthropist, involved in the temperance movement. She was the author of My First Visit to England, 1865; In Europe, 1877; Evergreen Leaves: Being Notes from My Travel Book. Belford, 1877; Evergreen Leaves: Or, "Toofie" in Europe, 1884; Legends and Tales of the Harz Mountains, North Germany, 1885; and At Last, 1894. She also wrote song lyrics including, "Britain, We Stand by You", 1899; "The Last Night and its Vision", 1901; "Birdie's Reply : To a Wee Bird Trying to Fly", 1907; and "Alone - The Queen's Lament", 1908. Early life and education
<mask> (or, "Marie") <mask>f (or, "de Touffe") (nickname "Toofie"), was born in Saint-Armand, Quebec, Canada, on 20 February 1833.Lauder was of Norman and Huguenot descent, her ancestors having escaped from France to Germany at the time of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Her father was Whitcomb Powers Toof (or Whitcombe de Touffe) (d. 1836), and her mother was Phoebe Harriet Perry (1807–1875), who descended from United Empire Loyalists family of Vermont. <mask>'s father died in 1836. Two years later, her mother married Rodolphus Fuller Grote (1809–1888). There were five half-siblings from this marriage: George Whitfield Grote (1843–1920), lawyer and poet who authored "Ode on the coronation of King Edward VII" (1901); Phoebe Agnes Robina (Grote) Copeland (1849–1932), poet;

masks:
Maria Elise Turner Lauder
Toofie Lauder
Maria Elise Turner de Touffe Lauder
Maria
Elise Turner Too
Lauder


title: Maria Elise Turner Lauder

texts:
 Gorham Whitcombe Grote, a doctor; John Wesley Grote (1845-1898), an insurance agent; and Lorenzo Perry Grote (1852–1869). Lauder studied in Oberlin College, Ohio, as women were not then admitted to the University of Toronto. She studied theology there for two years under Charles Grandison Finney, graduating with honours.Career

Lauder was a fair linguist, as she added a knowledge of Latin and Greek in addition to several modern languages, the latter of which she spoke fluently. After completing her education, she worked as a linguist, and taught at Whitby Ladies' College, in Whitby, Ontario. She married Abram <mask>, a teacher, in 1856 and they moved to Toronto where he studied law. He became a prominent barrister in that city, affiliating with the Conservative Party, and serving for several years as a member of the Ontario Legislature. During this time, she became a philanthropist and member of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) movement. The Lauders had one child, the pianist, William Waugh <mask>, for whom she was the sole teacher until he was eleven years old in 1869. She became obliged to assume the entire direction of her child's musical education.For this, she travelled extensively, residing in Great Britain, Germany, France and Italy, and visiting many parts of Europe, accompanied by her husband and son. During her residence abroad, she formed the friendship of several musical celebrities and authors, and, armed with an introductory letter from the widely-known author and musical critic, Oscar Paul, of the Royal Conservatorium der Musik in Leipzig, she took

masks:
William Lauder
Lauder


title: Maria Elise Turner Lauder

texts:
 William to Sachse-Weimar, where he studied with Franz Liszt. According to Pauline Pocknell, William was the only Canadian pupil of Liszt. At the invitation of Liszt, <mask> took William to perform in Rome. There, she was presented at the royal court to Umberto I and Queen Margherita, and was honoured with private audiences with the queen, and invitations, both in the Quirinal Palace and the Palace of Capodimonte in Naples. <mask> was also presented, with her son, at the papal court to Pope Leo XIII. Extensive travel was the inspiration for Lauder to publish various books, including My First Visit to England (1865) and In Europe (Toronto, 1877).Enthused after spending time in the Harz in summer, she collected material on local folk tales with the help of German novelist Gustav Freytag and wrote Legends and Tales of the Harz Mountains in Germany, published by Hodder & Stoughton. The 1881 work was dedicated to Queen Margherita, who presented <mask> with her royal autographed portrait. Of this book, The Westminster Review stated:

"Toofie" was <mask>'s pen name; she published many literary articles and poems using it, as well as a number of volumes of poetry. "Toofie" was also a fictional character in at least one of <mask>'s works. She wrote a tribute poem upon the death of Empress Elisabeth of Austria, as well as poems honoring Queen Victoria, King Edward, and King George. She also wrote lyrics for several songs, including "Britain, We Stand by You", "The Last Night and its Vision, "Birdie's Reply : To a Wee Bird Trying to Fly", music by Arthur Uvedale,  and "Alone - The Queen's

masks: Lauder Lauder Lauder Lauder Lauder


title: Maria Elise Turner Lauder

texts:
 Lament". Personal life
<mask> was an amateur musician.A Methodist in religious affiliation, she was a co-founder of the Metropolitan Methodist Church, a historic Neo-Gothic style building in downtown Toronto; it is one of the largest and most prominent churches of the United Church of Canada. She died in Toronto, on 1 June 1922 at age 89, after a brief illness. Selected works

Books

Song lyrics
 "Britain, We Stand by You", 1899. "Birdie's Reply : To a Wee Bird Trying to Fly", music by Arthur Uvedale, 1907. "Alone - The Queen's Lament", 1908. Notes

References

Citations

Attribution

Bibliography

External links

1833 births
1922 deaths
19th-century Canadian non-fiction writers
19th-century Canadian women writers
19th-century Methodists
20th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian women writers
Canadian Methodists
Canadian people of Norman descent
Canadian philanthropists
Canadian travel writers
Canadian women non-fiction writers
Canadian lyricists
People from Saint-Armand, Quebec
Oberlin College alumni
Woman's Christian Temperance Union people
Women travel writers
Writers from Quebec
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from A Woman of the Century
20th-century


title: François Périer

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 10 November 1919 – 29 June 2002), was a French actor renowned for his expressiveness and diversity of roles. He made over 110 film and TV appearances between 1938 and 1996, with notable excursion into the French avant-garde. He was also prominent in the theatre. Among his best-known parts was that of Hugo in the first production of Jean-Paul Sartre's Les Mains Sales in 1948. He was the narrator of the French-language version of Fantasia, and made several commercial audio recordings (with commentary) popularizing classical music in France. In 1957 he won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film Gervaise. Life

<mask> was born in Paris, France, on 10 November 1919.He had two daughters with his first wife, Jacqueline Porel: photographer Jean-Marie and journalist Anne-Marie. He died on 29 June 2002 in Paris of a heart attack during his sleep. His remains were interred at Passy Cemetery in Paris next to those of the stage and silent film actress Réjane (1856–1920), who was the grandmother of <mask>'s first wife.

masks:
François Périer
François Pillu
Périer
Périer


title: Andriscus

texts:
<mask> (, Andrískos;  154/153 BC - 146 BC), also often referenced as Pseudo-Philip, was a Greek pretender who became the last independent king of Macedon in 149 BC as Philip VI (, Philipos), based on his claim of being Philip, a now-obscure son of the last legitimate Macedonian king, Perseus. His reign lasted just one year and was toppled by the Roman Republic during the Fourth Macedonian War. Ancient sources generally agree that he was originally a fuller from Adramyttium in Aeolis in western Anatolia. Around 153 BC, his ancestry was supposedly revealed to him, upon which he travelled to the court of his claimed uncle, the Seleucid monarch Demetrius I Soter, to request assistance in claiming his throne. Demetrius refused and had him sent to Rome, where he was judged harmless and exiled to a city in Italy; he managed to escape, and after gathering support, primarily from Thrace, he launched an invasion of Macedon, defeating Rome's clients and establishing his rule as king. The Romans naturally reacted militarily, triggering war; after some initial successes, <mask> was defeated and captured by the praetor Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, who subdued Macedon once again. He was imprisoned for two years before being paraded in Metellus' triumph in 146 BC, after which he was executed.In the aftermath of his revolt, the Romans established the Roman province of Macedonia, ending Macedonian independence and establishing a permanent presence in the region. Origins and early life
Details of his origins are vague and sometimes conflicting, though it is generally believed that he was a fuller from Adramyttium in Aeolis in western Anatolia. His exact date of birth is unknown, though according to his own story, he was "of maturity" when he made his claims of royalty in 154 BC, and had been raised by a Cretan in Adramyttium. By his own claims, he was educated at Adramyttium until

masks: Andriscus Andriscus


title: Andriscus

texts:
 adolescence, until the Cretan died, after which he was raised with his foster mother. Upon reaching maturity, his mother (or foster mother, according to his claim) gave him a sealed parchment that was supposedly written by Perseus himself, along with the knowledge of the location of two hidden treasures, at Amphipolis and Thessalonica; he would later use these to advance his claims. Ancient sources are unanimous in calling him an impostor and dismiss the story as false; Niese suggests that there is a possibility of his claims being true, but generally agrees that he was a pretender; his main advantage in his claims was his close resemblance to Perseus. Around 154/153 BC, he left Pergamon for Syria, where he declared his claim to be the son of Perseus.According to his own account, it was due to his mother (or foster mother) urging him to leave Pergamon to avoid the wrath of the pro-Roman Eumenes II. Claiming the throne

In Syria
He first staked his claim in Syria. Livy and Cassius Dio write that he simply went from Pergamon to Syria and directly staked his claim before the Seleucid monarch, Demetrius I Soter. Diodorus Siculus offers a different account. According to him, <mask> was already a mercenary in Demetrius' army. Due to his resemblance to the former Macedonian king, his comrades started jokingly calling him "son of Perseus"; these jokes soon began becoming serious suspicions, and at one point, <mask> himself decided to seize the opportunity and claimed that he was indeed the son of Perseus. Niese attempts to reconcile both accounts, suggesting that he might have travelled to Syria and then enlisted as a mercenary before staking his claim.He appealed to the king to help him win back his "ancestral" throne, and found great popular support among the Seleucid populace, to the extent that there were riots in the capital, Antioch. Large segments of the Seleucid population


title: Andriscus

texts:
 were of Macedonian descent, nurturing strong anti-Roman sentiment since the Roman conquest of Macedon in the Third Macedonian War; they were eager to help the claimant. They proceeded to such an extent that there were even calls for deposing the king if he did not help the pretender. Unmoved, or perhaps frightened, Demetrius had <mask> arrested and sent to Rome. In Rome
In Rome, he was brought before the Senate, where Dio writes that he stood "in general contempt" due to what was perceived to be his ordinary nature and transparently false claim. The Romans believed his claim to be fake, because the real Philip had died at Alba Fucens two years after his father Perseus. Considering him harmless, they simply exiled him to an Italian city, but he managed to escape; fleeing Italy, he went to the Greek world, to the city of Miletus.Gaining support
In Miletus, he tried to advance his claims further, attracting significant attention and sympathy. When the leaders of Miletus learned about this, they arrested him and sought advice from visiting Roman envoys on what to do with him; the envoys were contemptuous of the pretender and told the Miletans he was safe to release. He continued his travels through Ionia, meeting former acquaintances of Perseus and gaining an audience with Kallipa, a former concubine of Perseus who was now married to Athenaios, brother of the Pergamene king Attalus II Philadelphus. Being a Macedonian by birth, and due to her former connections to the Antigonids, she accepted his claim and agreed to help him, giving him money and slaves, and probably recommending that he travel to Thrace, where he would find a following. He was also received favourably in Byzantium. He finally arrived in Thrace, where he met Teres III, who had married the granddaughter of Perseus and was the son of Cotys IV, who had once been an ally of Perseus. Teres and the other Thracian


title: Andriscus

texts:
 Macedonian populace remained pro-republican and pro-Roman. The relative lack of reprisals towards Macedon after his defeat, as compared to the destructions of Corinth and Carthage in the same period, has been suggested as evidence for this theory. Reign

Military campaigns

<mask>' reign was defined to a significant degree by his military campaigns, due to his being in a constant state of war with Rome. After his conquest of the Kingdom, he enlarged the army and began campaigns to conquer Thessaly, a key part of the realm of the old Antigonids. Initial resistance to him were from ad hoc forces of Roman allies in Greece, a few Roman units and legates in the region and some resistance from the remnants of Rome's client republics in Macedon, some elements of which seem to have survived for some time into his reign.Soon, however, the Romans sent a legion under the praetor Publius Juventius Thalna to defeat the pretender. Thalna, however, appears to have underestimated <mask>' strength, not taking into account the fact that the king's army had grown dramatically since his enthronement. <mask> attacked and fought him at an unspecified location in Thessaly (Dio gives it as "near the borders of Macedon"); details of the engagement are scarce, but Thalna was killed and his forces almost annihilated. It was the worst defeat Rome would suffer at the hands of the Macedonians; Florus remarks on the irony of how "they that were invincible against real kings, were defeated by this imaginary and pretended king". The victory greatly increased the king's prestige; he obtained an alliance with Carthage, and his domestic popularity was increased dramatically, allowing him to stamp out republican resistance and conquer Thessaly. Foreign policy
At first, Andriscus attempted to negotiate his position with Rome, but when it became clear that they would not recognize his throne, he embarked on a

masks: Andriscus Andriscus Andriscus


title: Andriscus

texts:
 strongly anti-Roman policy, He continued to cultivate his relations with his Thracian allies, to whom he owed his throne; they would continue to provide significant forces for him during his reign. Foreign interest in relations with him increased dramatically after his victory over Thalna; as mentioned before, Carthage, which was under attack from Rome in the Third Punic War, allied itself to him and promised him money and ships, though these could not be sent before his ultimate defeat.Significant sympathy, possibly cultivated to a degree by him, arose in Greece; however, the Achaean League remained pro-Roman and continued to resist and fight him. King Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamon remained staunchly pro-Roman; the Pergamenes were terrified of the prospect of a revived and strong Macedonia on their doorstep. Domestic policy
Domestically, <mask> implemented a strongly anti-Roman and anti-Republican policy. Ancient historians interpreted this as his cruelty and tyranny; it has been suggested that that these were simply manifestations of his anti-Roman policy and his persecutions of his opponents, including pro-Roman republicans. At the same time, it is also possible that he was indeed tyrannical. His persecutions increased significantly after his victory over Thalna, costing him significant popularity; this would have dire consequences for him later. Coinage
The extent and nature of Andriscus' coinage is a matter of debate.It has been suggested that many of his coins were overstrikes of previous Antigonid, republican and Roman coinage. He issued a very small amount of silver drachmae, on which he pictured himself as a Hellenistic king, and added Herakles on the reverse. Only three coins of Andriscus are known, two of which are overstruck, one on a drachm of the Thessalian League, the other on a Roman denarius. It is therefore possible that he also used the denarii he


title: Andriscus

texts:
 seized as booty after his victory against Thalna to mint his own coins. The coins are also of poor quality, due to the short duration of his reign, the need to reuse old dies and the need to quickly produce wartime coinage. Some non-royal coinage has also been discovered and dated to the period of his reign, possibly struck by the remnants of the pro-Roman republics. It has also been suggested that the king was more liberal than implied by the sources, and allowed some degree of independent coinage.Downfall and death

Thalna's defeat shook Roman prestige in the East, and made the Senate realize the full significance of the revolt. They organized a full consular army of two legions under praetor Quintus Caecilius Metellus, to defeat <mask> and check, if not quell, his uprising. Arriving in Greece in 148 BC, Metellus marched along the Thessalian coast in a combined land and sea advance, while the allied Pergamene fleet threatened the coastal district of northern Macedonia. To protect himself against both offensives, <mask> took up a defensive position with his main army at Pydna, where Metellus engaged him in battle. In the ensuing Battle of Pydna, Andrisus was decisively defeated. His harsh persecutions during his reign now showed their consequences; this single battle was enough to make him lose control of Macedon, as the people submitted to Metellus. He was forced to flee to Thrace, his original base of support, and began organizing a new army; however, Metellus pursued him swiftly and routed his forces before he could prepare them.<mask> then fled to the Thracian princeling Byzes; however, Metellus managed to persuade the latter into becoming a Roman ally and handing <mask> over as a prisoner, ending his reign. He remained a prisoner over the next two years, while Metellus subdued any remaining Macedonian resistance, organized Macedon as a province and settled the

masks: Andriscus Andriscus Andriscus Andriscus


title: Andriscus

texts:
 Achaean War of 146 BC. When Metellus returned to Rome in 146 BC, he received the agnomen Macedonicus for his victory and was granted a triumph. <mask> was brought in chains and paraded in the triumph, and later executed — the last king to reign over Macedon. Assessment and legacy
Ancient sources are extremely hostile, not only to the origins and claims, but also of the character of <mask> — Diodorus calls him "shot through with cruelty, greed and every base quality"; Dio and Livy call him "a man of the lowest kind". They also describe him as cruel and tyrannical; accusations of tyranny probably reflect his harsh persecutions of pro-Roman and pro-republican elements in Macedon. At the same time, it is possible that he was indeed tyrannical, especially after his victory over Thalna, and perpetrated acts of terrorism and repression against his subjects.His main legacy was that in the aftermath of his revolt, the Romans understood the strength of anti-Roman feeling that had arisen in Macedon, and realized that the old administration could not be sustained — a thorough reorganization was necessary. Another reason why reorganization was necessary was that <mask>' persecutions had killed many pro-Roman republicans and thoroughly disrupted the old administrative structure; it would be difficult to re-establish it. Therefore, the Senate made Macedon a Roman province, with Metellus as its first governor. References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Primary sources

Velleius Paterculus, Roman history, Book I
Florus, Epitome, Book 1;
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita Libri, Periochae 46-50 and 51-55
Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Book 32
Polybius, The Histories, Book 37
Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book 21

Secondary sources

Attribution

2nd-century BC Macedonian monarchs
Ancient Anatolian Greeks
2nd-century BC Greek people
2nd-century BC Macedonians
Pretenders of Macedonia (ancient


title: Taylor Mays

texts:
<mask> (born February 7, 1988) is a former American football safety. He won Washington state titles in track in both the 100-meter dash and 200-meter dash as a high school sophomore, before leaving track and field to dedicate himself to football. He played college football at USC, and was a three-time All-American. He was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft and also played in the NFL for the Cincinnati Bengals and Oakland Raiders, playing in 66 regular season NFL games. Early life
<mask> was born in Irving, Texas, the son of <mask>, a former NFL defensive lineman, and <mask> (née Black), a Nordstrom executive. He is African-American and Jewish and was raised in his mother's Jewish religion. Growing up he attended Sunday school from a young age, and then Hebrew school twice a week.He had a football-themed bar mitzvah in February 2001. Speaking of his bar mitzvah, he said: "I don't think at the time I really understood what it meant. Now, looking back on it, I feel like I have come a long way in regards to maturity and becoming an adult. I think it helped me do that". Growing up, he "celebrated Chanukah, Passover, and Yom Kippur always". His father played defensive tackle for the University of Washington in the late 1970s, and was later drafted in the ninth round of the 1980 NFL Draft by the then-St. Louis Cardinals and later played as a defensive lineman for the Minnesota Vikings from 1987 to 1988. His mother worked as an executive vice president at Nordstrom, and his father, Stafford, worked as a Microsoft executive.From a young age,

masks:
Taylor Mays
Mays
Stafford Mays
Laurie Mays


title: Taylor Mays

texts:
 for  and 3 touchdowns. Mays played for the West Team in the 2006 U.S. Army All-American Bowl game alongside future USC teammates Mitch Mustain and Stafon Johnson. He posted three tackles in the game. On May 21, 2005, <mask> participated in the 2005 Palo Alto Nike, Inc. Training Camp. Listed at 6'3", 218-pounds, Mays ran a 4.59 in the 40-yard dash, recorded 21 reps of 185-pounds on bench press and posted a 31" vertical jump.By age 17, Mays was 6' 3", 228-pounds. Recruiting
Rivals.com listed Mays as the No. 1 overall prospect in the state of Washington in 2006. While considering offers from USC, Washington and Miami, Mays elected to commit to the University of Southern California after being recruited by defensive back coaches Rocky Seto and Greg Burns. Mays was expected to attend Washington in the footsteps of his father, but didn't want to fall under his father's shadow and decided to build his own legacy while citing Pete Carroll's enthusiasm and coaching style as a major factor in his decision, officially committing on August 14, 2005. College career
Mays received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Southern California, where he played for head coach Pete Carroll's USC Trojans football team from 2006 to 2009. 2006 season
Mays got the start at free safety his freshman year after Josh Pinkard went down with a season-ending injury in their first game against Arkansas.His first college career interception came in week 5 against Washington State. Throughout the year he was a solid safety recording 62 tackles in only 12 starts and an ended the year leading his


title: Taylor Mays

texts:
 team in interceptions with 3. In 2006, Mays became the third player in Trojan history to be named the Pac-10's Co-Freshman of The Year while also earning Second-team All-American, 1st-team Freshman All-American and Defensive Freshman of the Year honors from Sporting News magazine. Mays surprised a lot of people throughout the nation when it was stated by Pete Carroll that the 6' 3", 230-pound freshman was the fastest player on a top-tier team built with some of the speediest players in the nation. Teammate running back Joe McKnight stated: "He's faster than me. I wish I had it, whatever he has." According to Carroll, Mays was clocked at an astonishing 4.25 in the  dash, .01 seconds slower than the record set at the 2008 NFL Combine by Tennessee Titans running back Chris Johnson.<mask> also said that he models his game after former USC safety and Pro Football Hall of Fame safety Ronnie Lott and the late Washington Redskins safety <mask>: "He's been my favorite player. I look up to (former USC safety) Ronnie Lott, too. That's what's special being in this program, living up to the safeties here." Mays switched from No. 29 to No. 2 after his freshman season for former Florida State player Deion Sanders and former Michigan player Charles Woodson who both wore the number while playing defensive back in college. 2007 season

After Josh Pinkard was re-positioned to cornerback, <mask> returned as the team's starting safety alongside All-Pac-10 strong safety Kevin Ellison, whom he credits as his mentor.His most impressive game of the season came during week 10 against California,

masks:
Mays
Sean Taylor
Mays


title: Taylor Mays

texts:
 where he posted 10 tackles and deflected 3 passes which helped hold one of the best offenses in the nation 14 points below its average in the 24–17 win. He also had a career-high 12 tackles in week 8 against the Oregon. Mays finished third on the team with 65 total tackles, 6 pass deflections, 1 forced fumble, and 1 interception in 13 games in 2007. He earned Third-team All-American honors from the Associated Press, First-team All-American honors from Sporting News, and All-Pac-10 honorable mention. After the 2007 season, Mays was listed by ESPN The Magazine in an article titled "Workout Warriors", honoring college football's most physically talented players. According to the article, in the USC spring practices in 2008, Mays posted unbelievable numbers:  Measured at 6' 3", 226-pounds with 6% body fat, Mays ran an electronically timed 4.32 40-yard dash, threw up 225-pounds 23 times during the bench press, and recorded a 41" vertical jump and an 11' 4" standing broad jump. When he arrived at USC, Mays weighed 215-pounds, posted a 35" vertical and 10' standing broad jump.<mask> was listed at the No. 2 spot behind Texas defensive end Brian Orakpo. 2008 season

Before the start of the 2008 season, Mays was honored with a 2008 Preseason All-American selection and was on the early watch list for both the Bronko Nagurski Trophy, awarded to the best defensive player in the nation, and the Lott Trophy. Mays stated in a Los Angeles Times interview on November 10 that he would decide whether or not to forfeit his senior year at USC to enter the 2009 NFL Draft after the 2008 post


title: Taylor Mays

texts:
 Jenkins and Tennessee safety Eric Berry. He earned First-Team All-American honors from several sources such as Sporting News, Walter Camp Football, and the Associated Press as well as Second-Team All-American honors by Rivals.com and All-Pac-10 First-Team honors. On January 13, two days before the deadline for college players to declare for the Draft, <mask> announced that he would return to USC for his last year. Mays was regarded as unanimous first-round pick in the 2009 NFL Draft but opted to return to continue to develop and to complete his education at Southern California, citing the importance of graduating to himself and his parents as well as giving his last shot at leading USC to the BCS National Championship. 2009 season
In a Lindy's Football article, Mays stated that he wanted to play a different role in the defensive secondary that would call him to be more involved in the action. "I want to be closer to the action. People who know football know what my role on the defense is, but I'd like to be more involved this season", Mays said.The usual duties of a free safety in Pete Carroll's defense calls for him to be a center fielder preventing plays being made deep downfield, keeping him from doing much else in the box. Carroll said he agreed to tweak <mask>' duties for the 2009 season, <mask>' last at USC. In his last season with the Trojans, one ending with the roughest record (8–4) of his 4-year tenure at USC, he tallied a career-high 96 total tackles for the season while adding another interception to his career total. In October, he was named a midseason

masks: Mays Mays Mays


title: Taylor Mays

texts:
 All-American by The Sporting News. The withdrawal of several key players from last year's Trojans team was heavily felt on the defensive side of the ball, with Mays and the secondary surrendering 211.5 passing yards per game, 126 more yards than the defense surrendered in 2008. The lack of playmaking and leadership-by-performance from Mays has led experts to quote his stock for the upcoming NFL draft as one that is heavily slipping, though his pre-draft workouts are expected to impress NFL managers the league over. <mask> was named First-team All-Pac 10 for the second year in a row and was named First-team All-America for the third consecutive season.Professional career
Prior to his first season, Mays was considered one of the top talents for the 2010 NFL Draft and frequently drew comparisons to Adrian Wilson for his size and <mask> for his hitting ability, . Mays participated in the 2010 Senior Bowl, but played sparingly, making his interception of Cincinnati quarterback Tony Pike in the second quarter being his only highlight. According to Sports Illustrated's Tony Pauline, Mays "looked stiff and mechanical with his defensive back fundamentals and really showed limited skills in pass coverage drills", and was therefore projected to outside linebacker by some teams. However, during an interview with Steve Wyche of NFL Network, Mays said that the NFL teams he was interviewed by during the 2010 NFL Combine processes never mentioned him switching positions, but that he would be willing do so if need be. As a top safety prospect he received an invitation to the NFL Scouting

masks:
Mays
Sean Taylor


title: Taylor Mays

texts:
 Combine and ran the 40-yard dash in 4.43 seconds, the fastest time among safeties. Although it could have been considerably faster, as he clocked an unofficial time of 4.24 seconds. He attended the combine and completed the majority of drills, but opted to skip the three-cone drill and short shuttle.On March 31, 2010, <mask> participated at USC's pro day, but only ran positional drills for team representatives and scouts in attendance. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, <mask> was projected to be a second round pick by the majority of NFL draft experts and scouts. He fell from his top ten and first round grade the previous year, due to concerns over his coverage ability and lack of perceived drive to work on his weaknesses. He was ranked the second best free safety prospect available by NFLDraftScout.com. San Francisco 49ers
The San Francisco 49ers selected <mask> in the second round (49th overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft. <mask> was the fifth safety drafted in 2010, behind Eric Berry, Earl Thomas, Nate Allen, and T. J. Ward.In an interview with the Sacramento Bee′s Matt Barrows following the draft, Mays suggested that Seattle Seahawks head coach Pete Carroll led him to believe that the Seahawks would select him with the 14th overall pick, which they instead used to pick another safety, Texas' Earl Thomas. "I understand it's a business. But with it being a business, he needs to be honest. And that's all I was asking for", Mays said. In a post-draft interview, San Francisco 49ers executive Trent Baalke insisted that, despite the addition of Mays, then-current veteran

masks: Mays Mays Mays Mays


title: Taylor Mays

texts:
 strong safety Michael Lewis would be the starter for the 2010 season. On July 30, 2010, <mask> signed a four-year contract with the 49ers. After spending the entirety of the first three games on special teams, coach Mike Singletary benched then-starting strong safety Lewis in favor of Reggie Smith and Mays who split time at the spot in the team's Week 4 match-up against the Atlanta Falcons.While garnering a team-high 11 tackles in the game, <mask>' most outstanding play of the game was a special teams touchdown made off of a deflected punt. After the game, <mask> was named the indefinite starter at strong safety alongside free safety. Cincinnati Bengals

On August 22, 2011, <mask> was traded to the Cincinnati Bengals for a seventh round pick in the 2013 NFL Draft. His trade after being drafted in the second round a year prior was questioned and was due to Mike Singletary's firing by Trent Baalke. <mask> was selected solely on Singletary's choice and the majority of the 49er's organization decided a safety wasn't a need at that time. In 2012, he played in all 16 games, starting 3 of them. In the 2013 season, he played 203 snaps.After the 2013 season, the Bengals re-signed Mays to a one-year $755,000 deal, with a $40,000 signing bonus. On March 11, 2014, the Bengals re-signed Mays. He played in all 16 games for the Bengals in 2014. Through the 2014 season, he started 10 of the 16 games he played, with 98 tackles on defense (71 solo) and 6 pass-breakups. He had 21 tackles on special teams with the Bengals. He primarily played on special teams, and was also used at both safety

masks: Mays Mays Mays Mays Mays


title: Taylor Mays

texts:
 positions as well as at linebacker. Minnesota Vikings
Mays signed with the Minnesota Vikings on March 24, 2015.He was released on June 16. Detroit Lions
The Detroit Lions signed <mask> on June 22, 2015. The team released him on August 21. Oakland Raiders
On August 25, 2015, <mask> signed with the Oakland Raiders. He was released on September 5 for final roster cuts. On September 14, 2015, <mask> re-signed with the Raiders due to starting safeties, Nate Allen and Charles Woodson both sustaining injuries in the first regular season game. Second stint with Cincinnati Bengals
On March 17, 2016, the Cincinnati Bengals signed <mask> as a free agent to a one-year, $840,000 contract.Three days prior, the NFL suspended Mays for the first four games of the 2016 NFL season for violating the league's substance abuse policy. On July 23, Mays was released by the Bengals after learning that he would be dealt an additional suspension for violating the NFL's substance abuse policy again. Saskatchewan Roughriders
On October 9, 2017, <mask> was added to the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the West Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL), and he played one game for them the following month. Mays was released in April 2018. Career statistics

Honors

On June 26, 2011, he was inducted into the Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. In 2018, Mays was inducted into The O’Dea High School Athletic Wall of Honor. Personal life
The Mays family lives in the Magnolia neighborhood of Seattle.See also
 List of select Jewish football players

References

External links

 Minnesota vikings bio


title: Charles III of Spain

texts: <mask> (<mask>; ; Italian and Neapolitan: ; ; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was King of Spain (1759–1788). He also was Duke of Parma and Piacenza, as <mask> (1731–1735); King of Naples, as <mask>, and King of Sicily, as <mask> (1734–1759). He was the fifth son of Philip V of Spain, and the eldest son of Philip's second wife, Elisabeth Farnese. A proponent of enlightened absolutism and regalism, he succeeded to the Spanish throne on 10 August 1759, upon the death of his childless half-brother Ferdinand VI. In 1731, the 15-year-old <mask> became the Duke of Parma and Piacenza, as <mask> I, following the death of his childless grand-uncle Antonio Farnese. In 1738 he married Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony, daughter of Augustus III of Poland, who was an educated, cultured woman. The couple had 13 children, eight of whom reached adulthood, including <mask>, heir to the Spanish throne.<mask> and Maria Amalia resided in Naples for 19 years. He gained valuable experience in his 25-year rule in Italy, so that he was well prepared as monarch of the Spanish Empire. His policies in Italy prefigured ones he would put in place in his 30-year rule of Spain. As King of Spain, <mask> made far-reaching reforms to increase the flow of funds to the crown and defend against foreign incursions on the empire. He facilitated trade and commerce, modernized agriculture and land tenure, and promoted science and university research. He implemented regalist policies to increase the power of the state regarding the church. During his reign, he expelled the Jesuits from the Spanish Empire.He strengthened the Spanish army and navy. Although he did not achieve complete control

masks:
Charles III
Charles Sebastian
Charles I
Charles VII
Charles V
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles III


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 over Spain's finances, and was sometimes obliged to borrow to meet expenses, most of his reforms proved successful in providing increased revenue to the crown and expanding state power, leaving a lasting legacy. In the Spanish Empire his regime enacted a series of sweeping reforms with the aim of bringing the overseas territories under firmer control by the central government, reversing the trend toward local autonomy, and gaining more control over the Church. Reforms including the establishment of two new viceroyalties, realignment of administration into intendancies, creating a standing military, establishing new monopolies, revitalizing silver mining, excluding American-born Spaniards (criollos) from high civil and ecclesiastical offices, and eliminating many privileges (fueros) of clergy. Historian Stanley Payne writes that <mask> "was probably the most successful European ruler of his generation. He had provided firm, consistent, intelligent leadership. He had chosen capable ministers....[his] personal life had won the respect of the people."John Lynch's assessment is that in Bourbon Spain "Spaniards had to wait half a century before their government was rescued by <mask>." Spanish imperial legacy

In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht concluded the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14) and reduced the political and military power of Spain, which the House of Bourbon had ruled since 1700. Under the terms of the treaty, the Spanish Empire retained its American territories and the Philippines, but ceded to Hapsburg Austria, the Southern Netherlands, the kingdoms of Naples and Sardinia, the Duchy of Milan, and the State of Presidi. The House of Savoy

masks:
Charles III
Charles III


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 gained the Kingdom of Sicily, and the Kingdom of Great Britain gained the island of Menorca and the fortress at Gibraltar. In 1700, <mask>'s father, originally a French Bourbon prince, Philip of Anjou, became King of Spain as Philip V. For the remainder of his reign (1700–46), he continually attempted to regain the ceded territories in Europe. In 1714, after the death of the king's first wife, the Princess Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy, the Piacenza Cardinal Giulio Alberoni successfully arranged the swift marriage between Philip and the ambitious Elisabeth Farnese, niece and stepdaughter of Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma. Elisabeth and Philip married on 24 December 1714; she quickly proved a domineering consort and influenced King Philip to make Cardinal Giulio Alberoni the prime minister of Spain in 1715.On 20 January 1716, Elisabeth gave birth to the Infante <mask> of Spain at the Royal Alcázar of Madrid. He was fourth in line to the Spanish throne, after three elder half-brothers: the Infante Luis, Prince of Asturias (who ruled briefly as Louis I of Spain before dying in 1724); the Infante Felipe (who died in 1719); and Ferdinand (the future Ferdinand VI). Because the Duke Francesco of Parma and his heir were childless, Elisabeth sought the duchies of Parma and Piacenza for <mask>, since he was unlikely to be king of Spain. She also sought for him the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, because Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1671–1737) was also childless. He was a distant cousin of hers, related via her great-grandmother Margherita de' Medici, giving <mask> a claim to the title through that lineage. Biography

Early years

The birth of

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 <mask> encouraged Prime Minister Alberoni to start laying out grand plans for Europe. In 1717 he ordered the Spanish invasion of Sardinia.In 1718, Alberoni also ordered the invasion of Sicily, which was also ruled by the House of Savoy. In the same year <mask>'s first sister, Infanta Mariana Victoria was born on 31 March. In reaction to the Quadruple Alliance of 1718, the Duke of Savoy then joined the Alliance and went to war with Spain. This war led to the dismissal of Alberoni by Philip in 1719. The Treaty of The Hague of 1720 included the recognition of <mask> as heir to the Italian Duchies of Parma and Piacenza. <mask>'s half-brother, Infante Philip Peter, died on 29 December 1719, putting <mask> third in line to the throne after Louis and Ferdinand. He would retain his position behind these two until they died and he succeeded to the Spanish throne.His second full brother, Infante Philip of Spain, was born on 15 March 1720. Beginning in 1721, King Philip had been negotiating with the Duke of Orléans, the French regent, to arrange three Franco-Spanish marriages that could potentially ease tense relations. The young Louis XV of France would marry the three-year-old Infanta Mariana Victoria and thus she would become Queen of France; <mask>'s half brother Louis would marry the fourth surviving daughter of the regent, Louise Elisabeth. <mask> himself would be engaged to Philippine Elisabeth who was the fifth surviving daughter of the Duke of Orléans. In 1726 <mask> met Philippine Élisabeth for the first time; Elisabeth Farnese later wrote to the regent and his wife regarding their meeting:

And to the duchesse d'Orléans she writes:

Out of these

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles


title: Charles III of Spain

texts: proposed marriages, only Louis and Louise Élisabeth would wed. Elisabeth Farnese looked for other potential brides for her eldest son. For this, she looked to Austria, its principal opponent for influence on the Italian peninsula. She proposed to <mask>, Holy Roman Emperor, that the Infante <mask> marry the eight-year-old Archduchess Maria Theresa and that her second surviving son, the Infante Philip, marry the seven-year-old Archduchess Maria Anna.The alliance of Spain and Austria was signed on 30 April 1725 and included Spanish support for the Pragmatic Sanction, a document drafted by Emperor <mask> in 1713 to assure support for Maria Theresa in the succession to the throne of the Habsburgs. The emperor also relinquished all claims to the Spanish throne and promised to support Spain in its attempts to regain Gibraltar. The ensuing Anglo-Spanish War stopped the ambitions of Elisabeth Farnese, and the marriage plans were abandoned with the signing of the Treaty of Seville on 9 November 1729. Provisions of the treaty did allow the Infante <mask> the right to occupy Parma, Piacenza, and Tuscany by force if necessary. After the Treaty of Seville, Philip V disregarded its provisions and formed an alliance with France and Great Britain. Antonio Farnese, the Duke of Parma, died on 26 February 1731 without naming an heir; this was because the widow of Antonio, Enrichetta d'Este was thought to have been pregnant at the time of his death. The Duchess was examined by many doctors without any confirmation of pregnancy.As a result, the Second Treaty of Vienna on 22 July 1731 officially recognized the young Infante <mask> as Duke of Parma and Piacenza. The duchy

masks:
Charles VI
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 was occupied by Count Carlo Stampa, who served as the lieutenant of Parma for the young <mask>. <mask> was from then on known as HRH <mask> of Spain (or Borbón), Duke of Parma and Piacenza, Infante of Spain. Since he was still a minor, his maternal grandmother, Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg, was named regent. Rule in Italy

Arrival in Italy

After a solemn ceremony in Seville, <mask> was given the épée d'or ("sword of gold") by his father; the sword had been given to Philip V of Spain by his grandfather Louis XIV of France before his departure to Spain in 1700. <mask> left Spain on 20 October 1731 and traveled overland to Antibes; he then sailed to Tuscany, arriving at Livorno on 27 December 1731. His cousin Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, was named his co-tutor and despite <mask> being the second in line to inherit Tuscany, the Grand Duke still gave him a warm welcome.En route to Florence from Pisa, <mask> was taken ill with smallpox. <mask> made a grand entrance to the Medici capital of Florence on 9 March 1732 with a retinue of 250 people. He stayed with his host at the ducal residence, the Palazzo Pitti. Gian Gastone staged a fête in honor of the Patron Saint of Florence, St. John the Baptist, on 24 June. At this fête Gian Gastone named <mask> his heir, giving him the title of Hereditary Prince of Tuscany, and <mask> paid homage to the Florentine senate, as was the tradition for heirs to the Tuscan throne. When Emperor <mask> heard about the ceremony, he was enraged that Gian Gastone had not informed him, since he was overlord of Tuscany and the nomination should have been his prerogative. Despite the celebrations, Elisabeth Farnese

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Charles
Charles
Don Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles VI


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 urged her son to go on to Parma, which he did in October 1732, where he was warmly greeted.On the front of the ducal palace in Parma was written Parma Resurget (Parma shall rise again). At the same time the play La Venuta di Ascanio in Italia was created by Carlo Innocenzo Frugoni. It was later performed at the Farnese Theatre in the city. Conquest of Naples and Sicily

In 1733, the death of Augustus II, King of Poland, sparked a succession crisis in Poland. France supported one pretender, and Austria and Russia another. France and Savoy formed an alliance to acquire territory from Austria. Spain, which had allied with France in late 1733 (the Bourbon Compact), also entered the conflict.<mask>'s mother, as regent, saw the opportunity to regain the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, which Spain had lost in the Treaty of Utrecht. On 20 January 1734, <mask>, now 18, reached his majority, and was "free to govern and to manage in a manner independent its states". He was also named commander of all Spanish troops in Italy, a position he shared with the Duke of Montemar. On 27 February, King Philip declared his intention to capture the Kingdom of Naples, claiming he would free it of "excessive violence by the Austrian Viceroy of Naples, oppression, and tyranny". <mask>, now "<mask> I of Parma", was to be in charge. <mask> inspected the Spanish troops at Perugia, and marched toward Naples on 5 March. The army passed through the Papal States then ruled by Clement XII.The Austrians, already fighting the French and Savoyard armies to retain Lombardy, had only limited resources for the defense of Naples and were divided on how best to oppose the Spanish. The Emperor

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 wanted to keep Naples, but most of the Neapolitan nobility was against him, and some conspired against his viceroy. They hoped that Philip would give the kingdom to <mask>, who would be more likely to live and rule there, rather than having a viceroy and serve a foreign power. On 9 March the Spanish took Procida and Ischia, two islands in the Bay of Naples. A week later they defeated the Austrians at sea. On 31 March, his army closed in on the Austrians in Naples. The Spanish flanked the defensive position of the Austrians under general Traun and forced them to withdraw to Capua.This allowed <mask> and his troops to advance onto the city of Naples itself. The Austrian viceroy, Giulio Borromeo Visconti, and the commander of his army, Giovanni Carafa, left some garrisons holding the city's fortresses and withdrew to Apulia. There they awaited reinforcements sufficient to defeat the Spanish. The Spanish entered Naples and laid siege to the Austrian-held fortresses. During that interval, <mask> received the compliments of the local nobility, and the city keys and the privilege book from a delegation of the city's elected officials. Chronicles of the time reported that Naples was captured "with humanity" and that the combat was only due to a general climate of courtesy between the two armies, often under the eyes of the Neapolitans that approached with curiosity

The Spanish took the Carmine Castle on 10 April; Castel Sant'Elmo fell on 27 April; the Castel dell' Ovo on 4 May, and finally the New Castle on 6 May. This all occurred even though <mask> had no military experience, seldom wore uniforms, and could only with difficulty be persuaded to witness a


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 review.Arrival in Naples and Sicily, recognition as king 1734-35
<mask> had his triumphant entrance to Naples on 10 May 1734, through the old city gate at Capuana surrounded by the city councilors along with a group of people who threw money to the locals. The procession went on through the streets and ended up at the Cathedral of Naples, where <mask> received a blessing from the local archbishop, Cardinal Pignatelli. <mask> took up residence at the Royal Palace, which had been built by his ancestor, <mask> of Spain. Two chroniclers of the era, the Florentine Bartolomeo Intrieri, and the Venetian Cesare Vignola made conflicting reports on the view of the situation by Neapolitans. Intrieri writes that the arrival was a historic event and that the crowd cried out that "His Royal Highness is beautiful, that his face is as the one of San Gennaro on the statue that the representative". Vignola wrote in contrast that "there were only some acclamations", and that the crowd applauded with "a lot of languors" and only "to incite those that threw the money to throw it in more abundance". <mask>'s father, King Philip V of Spain, wrote the following letter to <mask>.The letter began with the words "To the King of Naples, My Son, and My Brother". <mask> was unique in the fact that he was the first ruler of Naples to actually live there, after two centuries of viceroys. However, Austrian resistance had not yet been completely eliminated. The emperor had sent reinforcements to Naples directed by the Prince of Belmonte, which arrived at Bitonto. Spanish troops led by the Count of Montemar attacked the Austrians on 25 May 1734 at Bitonto, and achieved a decisive

masks:
Charles
Charles
Charles
Philip III
Charles
Charles
Charles


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 victory. Belmonte was captured after he fled to Bari, while other Austrian troops were able to escape to the sea. To celebrate the victory, Naples was illuminated for three nights, and on 30 May, the Duke of Montemar, <mask>'s army commander, was named the Duke of Bitonto.Today there is an obelisk in the city of Bitonto commemorating the battle. After the fall of Reggio Calabria on 20 June, <mask> also conquered the towns of L'Aquila (27 June) and Pescara (28 July). The last two Austrian fortresses were Gaeta and Capua. The Siege of Gaeta, which <mask> observed, ended on 6 August. Three weeks later, the Duke of Montemar left the mainland for Sicily where they arrived in Palermo on 2 September 1734, beginning a conquest of the island's Austrian-held fortresses that ended in early 1735. Capua, the only remaining Austrian stronghold in Naples, was held by von Traun until 24 November 1734. In the kingdom, independence from the Austrians was popular.In 1735, pursuant to the treaty ending the war, <mask> formally ceded Parma to Holy Roman Emperor <mask> in exchange for his recognition as King of Naples and Sicily. Conflict with the Holy See

During the early years of <mask>'s reign, the Neapolitan court was engaged in a dispute with the Holy See over jurisdiction, clerical appointments, and revenues. The Kingdom of Naples was an ancient fief of the Papal States. For this reason, Pope Clement XII considered himself the only one entitled to invest the king of Naples, and so he did not recognize <mask> of Bourbon as a legitimate sovereign. Through the apostolic nuncio, the Pope let <mask> know he did not consider valid the nomination received by him from

masks:
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles VI
Charles
Charles
Charles


title: Charles III of Spain

texts: <mask>'s father, Philip V, King of Spain. In response, a committee headed by the Tuscan lawyer Bernardo Tanucci in Naples concluded that papal investiture was not necessary because the crowning of a king could not be considered a sacrament. The situation worsened when, in 1735, just a few days before the coronation of <mask>, the Pope chose to accept the traditional offering of Hackney horse from the Holy Roman Emperor rather than from <mask>.The Hackney was a white mare and a sum of money which the King of Naples offered the Pope as feudal homage every 29 June, at the feast of Saints Peter and Paul. The reason for this choice was that <mask> had not yet been recognized as ruler of the Kingdom of Naples by a peace treaty, and so the Emperor was considered still de jure King of Naples. Receiving the Hackney from the Holy Roman Empire was common while receiving it from a Bourbon was unusual. The Pope, therefore, considered the first option a less dramatic gesture, and in doing so provoked the wrath of the religious Spanish infante. Meanwhile, <mask> had landed in Sicily. Although the Bourbon conquest of the island was not complete, he was crowned King of the Two Sicilies ("utriusque Siciliae rex") on 3 July in the ancient Cathedral of Palermo, after having traveled overland to Palmi, and by sea from Palmi to Palermo. The coronation bypassed the authority of the Pope thanks to the apostolic legation of Sicily, a medieval privilege which ensured the island a special legal autonomy from the Church.Thus, the papal legate did not attend the ceremony as <mask> would have wanted. In March 1735 a new discord developed between Rome and Naples. In Rome, it was

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles


title: Charles III of Spain

texts: discovered that the Bourbons had confined Roman citizens in the basement of Palazzo Farnese, which was the personal property of King <mask>; people were brought there to impress them into the newborn Neapolitan army. Thousands of inhabitants in the town of Trastevere stormed the palace to liberate them. The riot then degenerated into pillage. Next, the crowd directed itself toward the embassy of Spain in Piazza di Spagna. During the clashes that followed, several Bourbon soldiers were killed, including an officer.The disturbances spread to the town of Velletri, where the population attacked Spanish troops on the road to Naples. The episode was perceived as a serious affront to the Bourbon court. Consequently, the Spanish and Neapolitan ambassadors left Rome, the seat of the papacy, while apostolic nuncios were dismissed from Madrid and Naples. The regiments of Bourbon troops invaded the Papal States. The threat was such that some of the gates of Rome were barred and the civil guard was doubled. Velletri was occupied and forced to pay 8000 crowns for the occupation. Ostia was sacked, while Palestrina avoided the same fate by the payment of a ransom of 16,000 crowns.The commission of cardinals to whom the case was assigned decided to send a delegation of prisoners of Trastevere and Velletri to Naples as reparations. The papal subjects were punished with just a few days in jail and then, after seeking royal pardon, were granted it. The Neapolitan king subsequently managed to iron out his differences with the Pope, after long negotiations, through the mediation of its ambassador in Rome, Cardinal Acquaviva, the archbishop Giuseppe Spinelli and the


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 chaplain Celestino Galiani. The agreement was achieved on 12 May 1738. After the death of Pope Clement in 1740, he was replaced by Pope Benedict XIV, who the following year allowed the creation of a concordat with the Kingdom of Naples. This allowed the taxation of certain property of the clergy, the reduction of the number of the ecclesiastical, and the limitation of their immunity and autonomy of justice via the creation of a mixed tribunal. Choice of name
<mask> was the seventh king of that name to rule Naples, but he never styled himself <mask> VII.He was known simply as <mask> of Bourbon (Italian: Carlo di Borbone). This was intended to emphasize that he was the first king of Naples to live there, and to mark the discontinuity between him and previous rulers named <mask>, specifically his predecessor, the Habsburg <mask>. In Sicily, he was known as <mask> of Sicily and of Jerusalem, using the ordinal III rather than V.  The Sicilian people had not recognized <mask> of Naples (<mask>'Anjou) as their sovereign (they rebelled against him), nor Emperor <mask>, whom they also disliked. Peace with Austria

A preliminary peace with Austria was concluded on 3 October 1735. However, the peace was not finalized until three years later with the Treaty of Vienna (1738), ending the War of the Polish Succession. Naples and Sicily were ceded by Austria to <mask>, who gave up Parma and Tuscany in return. (<mask> had inherited Tuscany in 1737 on the death of Gian Gastone.)Tuscany went to Emperor <mask>'s son-in-law Francis Stephen, as compensation for ceding the Duchy of Lorraine to the deposed Polish King Stanislaus I. The treaty included the transfer to Naples

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Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles VI
Charles III
Charles I
Charles d
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles VI


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 of all the inherited goods of the House of Farnese. He took with him the collection of artwork, the archives and the ducal library, the cannons of the fort, and even the marble stairway of the ducal palace. War of the Austrian Succession

The peace between <mask> and Austria was signed in Vienna in 1740. That year, Emperor <mask> died leaving his Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary (along with many other lands) to his daughter Maria Theresa; he had hoped the many signatories to the Pragmatic Sanction would not interfere with this succession. However, this was not the case, and the War of the Austrian Succession broke out. France was allied with Spain and Prussia, all of whom were against Maria Theresa.Maria Theresa was supported by Great Britain, ruled by George II, and the Kingdom of Sardinia, which was then ruled by <mask> <mask> of Sardinia. <mask> had wanted to stay neutral during the conflict, but his father wanted him to join in and gather troops to aid the French. <mask> arranged for 10,000 Spanish soldiers to be sent to Italy under the command of the Duke of Castropignano, but they were obliged to retreat when a Royal Navy squadron under Commodore William Martin threatened to bombard Naples if they did not stay out of the conflict. The decision to remain neutral was again revived and was poorly received by the French and his father in Spain. <mask>'s parents encouraged him to take arms as his brother Infante Felipe had done. After publishing a proclamation on 25 March 1744 reassuring its subjects, <mask> took the command of an army against the Austrian armies of the prince of Lobkowitz, who were at that point marching for the Neapolitan border. In

masks:
Charles
Charles
Charles Emmanuel
III
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles