title: Diego López V de Haro

texts: against Juan Núñez <mask> Lara in the knowledge that <mask> would support his ally. The forces of the king laid siege to Aranda de Duero where Juan Nunez was at the time. Juan immediately broke his oath of vassal to the king. After a series of skirmishes, Juan Nunez managed to escape from the siege while pretending to surrender the city. He moved from there to meet with <mask> and his son, Lope Diaz IV where the three promised to wage war against the king in their respective territories. As most of the kings vassals were unsupportive of the war, costs spiraled as they demanded war preparation funds and made little effort to use the money effectively. The king ordered for the infante John to enter into negotiations with <mask> V, something he agreed to without issue as his vassals were equally unsupportive of the war.The two sent the queen, <mask> Molina to negotiate a peace. Negotiations with the rebels were hosted by Alonso Pérez <mask> in the town of Pancorbo. Negotiations with <mask> quickly broke down and he again decided to continue to appeal to the pope. At the beginning of 1307, while the king, <mask> Molina and the infante John were in Valladolid, they heard news that Pope Clement <mask> renounced the validity of the renunciation over Biscay of 1300. The king drafted a new agreement whereby <mask> <mask> would keep Biscay during the course of his life, but it would revert to Maria II of Haro upon his death and would not go to his son, Lope Diaz IV who would instead inherit Orduña-Urduña and Balmaseda, and get <mask> Ebro and Villalba de Losa from the king. The

masks:
II de
Diego Lopez
Diego Lopez
Diego Lopez
Maria de
de Guzmán
Diego Lopez
Maria de
V
Diego Lopez
V
Miranda de


title: Diego López V de Haro

type: original

texts: group convened on the court of Vallalodid to reach a final agreement. Before the agreement over Biscay was finally reached, Juan Nunez <mask> Lara left the courts feeling betrayed by the king and his mother.For this reason, the king granted <mask> V the title of Mayordomo Mayor of the king, a move which in turn upset the infante John enough to leave the courts, warning the king that he would no longer be of service to him until the wardens of <mask>' castles paid tribute to his wife (upon <mask>' death according to the agreement). Regardless, the group met again in Lerma where it was agreed that the castles that would go to María II <mask> Haro would begin to pay her tribute, whilst the castles going to Lope Díaz IV de Haro would do the same for him. With the reconciliation of <mask> <mask> and of the infante John, the king demanded that Juan Núñez <mask> Lara leave the Kingdom of Castile and for him to return the castles of Cuenca and Cañete located in the Province of Cuenca that the king had earlier given to him. The king proceeded to Tordehumos in October 1307 where he began to siege the city together with the infante John, his son, <mask> <mask>, and the Grand Master of the Order of Santiago, Juan Osórez. It was around the same time that the king also received a papal order to take all the possessions of the Knights Templar into his possession. Added to other complications, King <mask> decided to reach a peace treaty with Juan Núñez <mask> Lara where Lara agreed to turn all his territories over to the king minus those in La Bureba and La Rioja. After the siege and

masks:
II de
Diego Lopez
Diego Lopez
Diego Lopez
Díaz de
Diego Lopez
V
II de
Alfonso de
Valencia
Ferdinand IV
II de


title: Diego López V de Haro

texts:
 the peace agreement, many nobles, sensing an opportunity to grab power, attempted to create new friction between Lara, the infante John and the king.Convinced that the king wanted them both dead, Juan Nunez II and the infante Juan forged a new alliance together without attempting to reach out to <mask> <mask>. Despite assurances from the king to the contrary, this edgy conflict bubbled until 1309 when the king called a conference at the courts of Madrid (the first of its kind actually held in the capital). Present at this conference were all the major players left alive from the previous infighting. The king announced his intention to wage war against the Kingdom of Granada due to growing pressure to expand from his nobles. The Conquest of Gibraltar and the Siege of Algeciras (1309)

Amongst the nobles that took part in the action were a majority of the nobles from the previous civil strife from both sides. These included <mask> <mask> <mask>, the infante John of Castile, Juan Núñez <mask> Lara, Alonso Pérez <mask>, Fernán <mask> Saldaña, Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena and many other magnates from Castile. The Castilian forces were made up of the militias of the towns of Salamanca, Segovia, Seville, and many other cities. King Denis of Portugal also sent 700 knights under Martín Gil <mask>, Alférez of the king of Portugal.Furthermore, a great deal of knights from the orders of Santiago Calatrava were also present. Pope Clement V granted King Ferdinand IV a tenth of all taxes and rents collected by the church for a period of three years. This edict was passed by papal

masks:
Diego Lopez
V
Diego Lopez
V de
Haro
II de
de Gmán
Ruiz de
de Sousa


title: Diego López V de Haro

texts: bull on 28 April 1309 from the city of Avignon. King <mask> of Castile set up his headquarters in the city of Seville where emissaries of king James II of Aragon announced their readiness to commence operations against the city of Almería. <mask> in turn decided to lay siege to the city of Algeciras which had been the main Muslim stronghold on the Iberian Peninsula for many years. <mask>, amongst others opposed this plan and advocated unsuccessfully for an attack on Gibraltar. This was possibly due in part to the fact that the city had been unsuccessfully besieged in the past, most notably at the Siege of Algeciras (1278).Nevertheless, the Castilian-Leonese army gathered in the city and was transferred over the Guadalquivir River towards Algeciras. The vanguard of Ferdinand's army reached the city walls on 27 July 1309, followed three days later by the last of the Christian forces which included the king Ferdinand and his entourage. The other prong of attack led by James II of Aragon began its siege of Almería on 15 August of the same year. With the siege of Algeciras ongoing, Gibraltar fell to the forces of Ferdinand under the control of Juan Núñez <mask> Lara, Archbishop of Seville, Fernando Gutiérrez Tello and the Grand Master of the Order of Calatrava on 12 September 1309. In mid October 1309, the infante John of Castile, his son, Alfonso, Juan Manual, and Fernán <mask> Saldaña deserted the Castilian encampment at Algeciras together with about fifty other knights. The action, which was due in part because <mask> owed them a great deal of money, provoked the

masks:
Ferdinand IV
Ferdinand IV
Diego Lopez
II de
Ruiz de
Ferdinand IV


title: Diego López V de Haro

texts:
 indignation of the European monarchs and the protest of James II of Aragon who tried to persuade the deserters unsuccessfully to return to Algeciras. Nevertheless, King <mask> maintained the support of Juan Núñez <mask> Lara and of <mask> <mask> and continued to try and take the city.Disease and generally poor conditions became so bad in the Christian camp that <mask> was forced to pawn the jewels and crowns of his wife, Constance of Portugal to pay his soldiers and knights. A short time later, the troops of <mask> Castilla y Molina, brother of <mask>, arrived in the Christian camp accompanied by 400 knights and many footsoldiers under the command of the Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela. Towards the end of 1309, <mask> <mask> became sick as the result of an attack of gout, from which he would later die in Christian camp on the River Andarax. After months of failed attempts to take the city, <mask> decided to negotiate a peace with the Kingdom of Granada who had sent their emissary to the camp. They reached a deal where Ferdinand would lift the siege in return for 50,000 gold pieces and the towns of Quesada and Bedmar. Death and legacy

<mask> <mask> <mask> died in winter of 1310 in the camp at Algeciras. His niece, María II <mask> <mask>, wife of the infante John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos, took possession of the Lordship of Biscay.Further, the infante John returned the villas of Paredes de Nava, Cabreros, Medina de Rioseco, Castronuño and Mansilla to the king. After his death during the siege of Algeciras, his body was taken to the city of Burgos where

masks:
Ferdinand IV
II de
Diego Lopez
de Haro
Ferdinand IV
Felipe de
Ferdinand IV
Diego Lopez
V
Ferdinand IV
Diego Lopez
V de
Haro
Díaz de
Haro


title: Diego López V de Haro

texts:
 he was sepulchered at the now destroyed Monasterio de San Francisco de Burgos. It was the same place where his previous wife, the infanta <mask>nte of Castile was also buried. Marriage and descendants

<mask> <mask> <mask> married the infanta <mask>nte of Castile, together they were the parents of:

 Lope <mask> <mask> (1285–1322). Señor of Orduña and Balmaseda and Alférez of the king, Ferdinand IV of Castile. Died without descendants. Fernando Díaz <mask>.Señor of Orduña and Valmaseda after the death of his brother. Married in 1315 with Maria of Portugal, Lady of Meneses and Orduña, daughter of the infante <mask> Portugal and his wife, <mask> Manuel, sister of Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena. <mask> <mask>, who died in infancy. María Díaz <mask>. Señora of Tordehumos. Married Juan Núñez <mask> Lara, señor of Lara and Albarracín. See also
 House of Haro
 Lords of Biscay
 María II <mask> <mask>
 Juan Núñez <mask> Lara

References
Most of the information on this page was translated from its Spanish equivalent.Bibliography

External links

   Ficha genealógica de <mask> <mask>. Fundación Casa ducal de Medinaceli

1250 births
1310 deaths
Lords of Biscay
Order of Santiago
Diego Lopez

masks:
Viola
Diego López
V de
Haro
Viola
Díaz IV
de Haro
de Haro
Alfonso de
Violante
Pedro López
de Haro
de Haro
II de
Díaz de
Haro
II de
Diego López
de Haro


title: Liu Yan (emperor)

texts:
<mask> (; 889 – 10 June 942), né <mask> (劉巖), also known as <mask> (劉陟) (from c. 896 to 911) and briefly as <mask> (劉龔), formally Tianhuang Dadi (天皇大帝) with the temple name Gaozu (高祖), was the first emperor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Southern Han. Background
<mask> was born in 889, during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang. His father <mask> (also known as <mask>) was then the prefect of Feng Prefecture (封州, in modern Zhaoqing, Guangdong) and was married to a Lady Wei, the niece of Wei Zhou (韋宙), a prior military governor (Jiedushi) of Lingnan East Circuit (嶺南東道, headquartered in modern Guangzhou, Guangdong), which Feng Prefecture belonged to. However, he also secretly had a concubine outside the home, a Lady Duan, and it was to Lady Duan that <mask> was born. When Lady Wei found out, she killed Lady Duan, but could not bear to kill the infant <mask>, and she took him back home to be raised as her own, as a younger brother to her own sons <mask> and <mask> (劉台). As <mask> grew up, it was said that he was tall and capable in both horsemanship and archery. After <mask> became the commander of the army of the circuit (which had been renamed Qinghai (清海)) by that point under the military governor Li Zhirou the Prince of Xue in 896, <mask> was also given the title of military advisor to Li Zhirou as the Prince of Xue, and his name was changed from Liu <mask> to <mask> Zhi.Service under <mask>
In 901, Li Zhirou's successor <mask>o died, leaving a recommendation to Emperor Zhaozong that <mask> be made acting military governor, and <mask> subsequently took that title. <mask> continued serving under his brother, and was first recorded to have participated in a campaign in 902, when Lu Guangchou, who controlled the Qian

masks:
Liu Yan
Liu Yan
Liu Zhi
Liu Gong
Liu Yan
Liu Zhiqian
Liu Qian
Liu Yan
Liu Yan
Liu Yin
Liu Tai
Liu Yan
Liu Yin
Liu Yan
Yan
Liu
Liu Yin
Xu Yanru
Liu Yin
Liu Yin
Liu Zhi


title: Liu Yan (emperor)

texts: Prefecture (虔州, in modern Ganzhou, Jiangxi) region as Qian's prefect, attacked Qinghai, capturing Shao Prefecture (韶州, in modern Shaoguan, Guangdong) and giving it to his son <mask>chang, and then putting Chao Prefecture (潮州, in modern Chaozhou, Guangdong) under siege. <mask> personally led an army and repelled Lu Guangchou from Chao, and then prepared to attack Shao. Under <mask>'s advice (as <mask> believed that a direct attack would not be successful due to the strength of <mask>'s army), he put Shao under siege to try to wear out <mask>'s defense, but the strategy backfired when, due to high water levels on the river, the Qinghai army's food supplies were disrupted. Lu Guangchou then launched a relief army from Qian, repelling <mask> from Shao. Meanwhile, Emperor Zhaozong commissioned the chancellor Cui Yuan as the new military governor of Qinghai, but Cui, while on the way to Qinghai, heard about popular uprisings in the region and also was worried that <mask> would not yield the position to him, and therefore returned to then-capital Luoyang. Subsequently, after <mask> bribed the powerful warlord Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), who had the Tang imperial court under his physical control by that point, Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor Emperor Ai of Tang commissioned <mask> as full military governor in 904.<mask> served as <mask>'s deputy military governor. It was said that at that time, in addition to the continued conflict with Lu Guangchou, substantial portions of the region were controlled by other warlords—Khúc Hạo (曲顥) at Jiao Prefecture (交州, in modern Hanoi, Vietnam); <mask> (劉士政) at Gui Prefecture (桂州, in modern Guilin, Guangxi); Ye Guanglüe (葉廣略) at Yong Prefecture (邕州,

masks:
Lu Yan
Liu Yin
Liu Zhi
Liu Zhi
Lu Yanchang
Lu Yanchang
Liu Yin
Liu Yin
Liu Yin
Liu Yin
Liu Zhi
Liu Yin
Liu Shizheng


title: Liu Yan (emperor)

texts:
 in modern Nanning, Guangxi); Pang Juzhao (龐巨昭) at Rong Prefecture (容州, in modern Yulin, Guangxi); <mask> (劉昌魯) at Gao Prefecture (高州, in modern Maoming, Guangdong); and <mask> (劉潜, different person than <mask>'s father) at Xin Prefecture (新洲, in modern Yunfu, Guangdong). In addition, east of the Pearl River, there were some 70 camps of people who did not recognize <mask>'s authorities. It was said that after <mask> entrusted the military matters to <mask>, <mask> gradually had these warlords expelled or forced into submission, such that he became known as the preeminent general in the Lingnan region. One of these campaigns was described as in or around 910 (by which time <mask> was a vassal of the new Later Liang, which Zhu had established as its Emperor Taizu, and carried the title of Prince of Nanping or Nanhai), when <mask> attacked <mask> at Gao Prefecture. <mask> repelled his attack, but figured that he would not be able to indefinitely hold out against the <mask> brothers, and therefore, along with Pang, offered to submit to Ma Yin the Prince of Chu. Ma sent troops to safely escort <mask> Changlu and Pang back to his territory and had his general Yao Yanzhang take up garrison at Rong Prefecture.In 911, <mask> grew deathly ill. He submitted a petition recommending <mask> as acting military governor, and died shortly after. <mask> took over the circuit. Shortly after, Later Liang's Emperor Taizu made <mask> full military governor. His name was changed back to <mask>. As military governor
It was said that <mask>, while serving as military governor, frequently invited members of the intelligentsia who had fled from the Central Plain to serve on his staff, and often made them prefects of the circuit's prefectures, so among the prefects there were no

masks:
Liu Changlu
Liu Qian
Liu Zhi
Liu Yin
Liu Yin
Liu Zhi
Liu Zhi
Liu Yin
Liu Zhi
Liu Changlu
Liu Changlu
Liu
Liu
Liu Yin
Liu Zhi
Liu Zhi
Liu Zhi
Liu Yan
Liu Yan


title: Liu Yan (emperor)

texts: military officers. Meanwhile, also in 911, Lu Guangchou's son and successor <mask> was assassinated by his officer Li Qiu, who subsequently died and was succeeded by another officer, <mask>.As Li Qiu had considered killing Lu Guangchou's chief strategist Tan Quanbo, Tan claimed to be ill and retired from the Qian Prefecture army. Hearing of this, <mask> dispatched an army to attack Shao Prefecture and captured it; its prefect Liao Shuang (廖爽) fled to Chu, allowing <mask> to take Shao under his control. Meanwhile, he also again attacked Rong Prefecture. <mask> was unable to stand up against his attacks despite being aided by a Chu relief force commanded by Xu Dexun, so Yao took the people and left Rong Prefecture, allowing <mask> to take control of the Rong Prefecture region, as well as Gao Prefecture. Hearing of the war between two of his vassals, Later Liang's Emperor Taizu sent a delegation led by the official Wei Jian (韋戩) to try to mediate a peace between Ma and <mask>. <mask> responded by sending a large tribute of gold, silver, rhinoceros horns, ivory, and other assorted jewels and spices, to Emperor Taizu. In late 912, Emperor Taizu was assassinated and succeeded by his son Zhu Yougui the Prince of Ying.In early 913, Zhu Yougui bestowed the honorary title of acting Taifu (太傅, "emperor's professor") on <mask>. He was subsequently defeated in a countercoup led by his brother Zhu Youzhen the Prince of Jun and committed suicide. Zhu Youzhen, who took the throne and changed his name to Zhu Zhen, then gave <mask> the title of not only military governor of Qinghai, but also of Jianwu Circuit (建武, headquartered at Yong Prefecture), and also created him the Prince of Nanping, a title previously held by <mask>. Also in 913, <mask> sought a marital

masks:
Lu Yanchang
Li Yantu
Liu Yan
Liu Yan
Yao Yanzhang
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu Yin
Liu Yan


title: Liu Yan (emperor)

texts:
 alliance with Ma Yin, and Ma agreed. In 915, <mask> sent a delegation to Chu's capital Changsha to welcome Ma's daughter Empress Ma as his bride, and Ma sent his brother Ma Cun (馬存) to escort her to Qinghai. Meanwhile, <mask> was dissatisfied that he was only given the title of Prince of Nanping, while another Later Liang vassal, Qian <mask>, carried the greater title of Prince of Wuyue. He made a request to Zhu Zhen that he be created the similarly-honored title of Prince of Nanyue and be given a further title as commander of the circuits.When Zhu Zhen refused, <mask> commented:

Thereafter, <mask> stopped sending tributes and emissaries to the Later Liang court. In fall 917, <mask> went further and declared himself emperor of a new state of Yue, at his capital of Panyu (which he renamed Xingwang). He posthumously honored his grandfather <mask> (劉安仁), father <mask>an, and brother <mask> as emperors. He commissioned the Later Liang emissaries Zhao Guangyi and Li Yinheng (who were previously detained by <mask>), as well as his deputy military governor <mask>an, chancellors. As emperor of Yue
Also in 917, <mask> gave his niece, <mask>a, the daughter of his brother <mask>, whom he had created the Princess Qingyuan, in marriage to <mask>, a son of his northeastern neighbor Wang Shenzhi the Prince of Min (who remained a Later Liang vassal), to cement a relationship between the two states. In 918, after <mask> offered sacrifices to heaven and earth and issued a general pardon, he changed the name of his state from Yue to Han (and thus his state became known as Southern Han). As emperor of Southern Han

Early reign
In 919, <mask> created his wife Lady Ma empress.In 920, at <mask>an's request, <mask> established schools and imperial examinations, apparently

masks:
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu Anren
Liu Qi
Liu Yin
Liu Yin
Yang Dongqi
Liu Yan
Liu Hu
Liu Yin
Wang Yanjun
Liu Yan
Liu Yan
Yang Dongqi
Liu Yan


title: Liu Yan (emperor)

texts: following the Tang model. He also sent emissaries to Former Shu, seeking friendly relations. In 922, there was an incident where <mask>, believing in the words of a sorcerer that he needed to leave the capital to avoid a disaster, left Xingwang to visit Meikou (梅口, in modern Meizhou, Guangdong), near the Min border. The Min general <mask> (Wang Shenzhi's son or nephew) decided to launch a surprise attack on <mask>'s train, but before <mask>'s forces arrived, <mask> received the news and fled Meikou before Min forces could attack. In 924, <mask> launched an attack on Min, advancing on the borders of Min's Ting (汀洲, in modern Longyan, Fujian) and Zhang (漳州, in modern Zhangzhou, Fujian) Prefectures. A Min counterattack defeated him, and he fled. Meanwhile, in 923, Later Liang had been conquered by its northern rival Jin, whose prince Li Cunxu declared himself the emperor of a new Later Tang (as Emperor Zhuangzong).When the news reached <mask>, <mask> became fearful of this powerful new state in the north, and in 925 sent his official He Ci (何詞) to Later Tang to try to seek friendly relations in humble terms (referring to himself as "the King of the Great Han" rather than emperor while addressing Emperor Zhuangzong as "the Emperor of the Great Tang") and to find out more about the strength of this new dynasty. After He Ci returned, He Ci reported that Emperor Zhuangzong had become arrogant and excessive and that there was no need to be fearful of him; <mask> was pleased, and from this point on no longer sought communications with Later Tang. Later in the year, it was said that a white dragon was discovered in the Han palace. In response, <mask> changed his era name to Bailong ("white dragon") and changed his own name to Gong (龔). However, later in the

masks:
Liu Yan
Wang Yanmei
Liu Yan
Wang Yanmei
Liu Yan
Liu Yan
Liu Yan
Liu Yan
Liu Yan
Liu Yan


title: Liu Yan (emperor)

texts:
 year, when foreign monks informed him that the character "Gong" was not favorable to Southern Han's fortune, he further changed his name to a newly created character (龑), showing the character of a dragon (龍) over that of heaven (天), pronouncing the newly created character "<mask>." (The Zizhi Tongjian placed this second name change in 941.) Also in 925, when Zheng Min (鄭旻) the emperor of Changhe, sent his brother Zheng Zhaochun (鄭昭淳) to Southern Han to seek a marriage alliance, <mask> gave another niece, the Princess Zengcheng, to Zheng Min in marriage.Middle reign
In 928, a Chu fleet attacked Southern Han and put Feng Prefecture under siege. In response, <mask>, believing that Dayou was a phrase from the I Ching that would portend good fortune in battle, changed the era name to Dayou, and also sent the general Su Zhang (蘇章) to take a fleet manned with well-trained archers to try to lift the siege on Feng. Su engaged the Chu fleet and pretended to withdraw after a skirmish, inducing the Chu fleet to chase; he then caught the Chu fleet in an ambush and defeated it, forcing the Chu forces to withdraw. In 930, <mask> sent his generals Liang Kezhen (梁克貞) and Li Shoufu (李守鄜) to attack Jiao Prefecture; they captured it and took Khuc Thua My (曲承美, son and successor of Khuc Hao) captive, taking (for the time being) Jinghai Circuit (靜海, Vietnamese: Tĩnh Hải, headquartered at Jiao Prefecture) under Southern Han control and ending the control of the circuit by the Khúc family. Liang further advanced to Champa and pillaged it of its treasure. <mask> stationed his general Li Jin (李進) at Jiao Prefecture to defend it. The Southern Han hold on Jinghai would not last long, however.After the fall of the Khúcs, Dương Đình Nghệ the prefect of Ai Prefecture (愛州,

masks:
Yan
Liu Yan
Liu Yan
Liu Yan
Liu


title: Liu Yan (emperor)

texts:
 Vietnamese: Ai châu, in modern Thanh Hóa Province, Vietnam) built up a personal army of 3,000 adoptive sons, wanting to take control of Jinghai. Although Li knew about this, he did nothing as he was receiving regular bribes from Dương. In 931, Duong put Jiao Prefecture under siege. <mask> sent the general Cheng Bao (程寶) to try to lift the siege, but before Cheng could get there, the city fell. Li fled back to Xingwang, where <mask> put him to death. Cheng tried to recapture Jiao Prefecture, but <mask> defeated and killed him in battle. In 932, <mask> created his 19 sons as imperial princes.In 934, Empress Ma died. Also in 934, <mask> allowed his then-surviving oldest son <mask> the Prince of Qin (<mask>'s older brothers <mask> and <mask>u having died earlier) to form a guard force of his own, but these guard ranks were filled with hoodlums that <mask> was close to. When <mask>an tried to speak on this matter to advise <mask> to curb <mask>'s activities, as <mask> was commonly regarded as the heir, <mask> refused to listen. When <mask> subsequently observed the guards pillage gold and silk from merchants and the merchants' fear causing them not to report the matter, <mask> lamented, "If the rule is as troubled as this, what is a chancellor for?" He thus claimed an illness and retired to his mansion. <mask> subsequently never against summoned <mask> for any audiences, and <mask> eventually died at his home without returning to chancellorship. Late reign
In 936, <mask> sent his general Sun Dewei (孫德威) to attack Chu's Meng (蒙州, in modern Wuzhou, Guangxi) and Gui (桂州, in modern Guilin, Guangxi).When Chu's prince Ma Xifan (Ma Yin's son) personally went to Gui Prefecture to defend against the attack, Sun withdrew. In 937, Dương Đình Nghệ was killed by his

masks:
Liu Yan
Liu
Yang
Liu Yan
Liu Yan
Liu Hongdu
Liu Hongdu
Liu Yaoshu
Liu Guit
Liu Hongdu
Yang Dongqi
Liu Yan
Liu Hongdu
Liu Hongdu
Liu Yan
Yang
Yang
Liu Yan
Yang
Yang
Liu Yan


title: Liu Yan (emperor)

texts: general Kiều Công Tiễn (矯公羨), who took over Jinghai. In 938, when another former general of Duong's, Ngô Quyền (吳權), rose at Ai Prefecture and subsequently attacked Jiao Prefecture, Kieu Cong Tien sought aid from Southern Han. <mask> wanted to use this opportunity to take over Jinghai again, so he commissioned his son <mask>o as the military governor of Jinghai and changed his title to Prince of Jiao, having him command an army to head to Jiao Prefecture while <mask> himself commanded a follow-up army. By the time that <mask>o was approaching Jiao Prefecture, however, Wu had already defeated and killed Kieu Cong Tien and occupied Jiao Prefecture. When <mask>o prepared to attack, Wu set a trap for him—setting large wooden planks covered with iron into the tidal zone, such that when <mask>o attacked at high tide, the planks were invisible, but when the tide fell, the Southern Han ships became stuck on the planks and unable to move. Ngo then counterattacked, killing more than half of the Southern Han soldiers, including <mask>o.<mask>, hearing the news, cried bitterly and withdrew his own fleet. (This became known as the Battle of Bạch Đằng River.) In 939, Zhao Guangyi, pointing out that there had not been any emissaries sent between Southern Han and Chu after Empress Ma's death and that the two states, related by marriage, should be friendly to each other, recommended the official Li Shu (李紓) as an appropriate emissary. <mask> agreed, and after Li visited Chu, Chu also sent emissaries to Southern Han, reestablishing relations between the two states. Despite this, in 941, <mask> sent an emissary to Later Jin's Emperor Gaozu (whose Later Jin state had earlier taken over Later Tang's territory) seeking a military alliance where they would attack Chu and

masks:
Liu Yan
Liu Hongca
Liu Yan
Liu Hongca
Liu Hongca
Liu Hongca
Liu Hongca
Liu Yan
Liu Yan
Liu Yan


title: Liu Yan (emperor)

texts:
 divide its territory; the Later Jin emperor declined. In 942, <mask> grew seriously ill. He considered both of his oldest surviving sons, <mask> and <mask> the Prince of Jin, to be arrogant and unrestrained, and considered a younger son, <mask> the Prince of Yue, to be an appropriate successor.He thus considered sending <mask> and <mask> out of the capital and making <mask> his heir. However, the official Xiao Yi (蕭益) persuaded him that bypassing older sons would cause disturbances, and so <mask> did not carry out this plan. He soon died, and <mask> became emperor (as Emperor Shang). The Zizhi Tongjian, summarizing the opinions from other sources, commented about <mask>'s reign:

Personal information
 Father
 <mask> or <mask>, posthumously honored Emperor Shengwu with the temple name of Daizu ). Mother
 Lady Duan, <mask>an's concubine ). Wife
 Empress Ma, daughter of Ma Yin, the prince of Chu:
 Major Concubine
 Consort Zhao, mother of Prince Hongdu, later consort dowager. Children
 <mask> (劉耀樞), the Prince of Yong (created 932), died early
 <mask> (劉龜圖), the Prince of Kang (created 932), died early
 <mask> (劉弘度), later renamed <mask>, initially the Prince of Bin (created 932), later the Prince of Qin (created 932), later emperor
 <mask> (劉弘熙), later renamed <mask>, the Prince of Jin (created 932), later emperor
 <mask> (劉弘昌), the Prince of Yue (created 932, killed by <mask>g 944)
 <mask> (劉弘弼), the Prince of Qi (created 932, killed by <mask>g 947)
 <mask> (劉弘雅), the Prince of Shao (created 932, killed by <mask>g 945)
 <mask> (劉弘澤), the Prince of Zhen (created 932, killed by <mask>g 944)
 <mask>o (劉弘操), initially the Prince of Wan (created 932), later the Prince of Jiao (created and killed in battle 938).<mask> (劉弘杲), the Prince of Xun (born 923,

masks:
Liu Yan
Liu Hongdu
Liu Hongxi
Liu Hongchang
Liu Hongdu
Liu Hongxi
Liu Hongchang
Liu Yan
Liu Hongdu
Liu Yan
Liu Zhiqian
Liu Qian
Liu Zhiqi
Liu Yaoshu
Liu Guitu
Liu Hongdu
Liu Bin
Liu Hongxi
Liu Sheng
Liu Hongchang
Liu Shen
Liu Hongbi
Liu Shen
Liu Hongya
Liu Shen
Liu Hongze
Liu Shen
Liu Hongca
Liu Honggao


title: Sam Quinones

texts:
<mask> is an American journalist from Los Angeles, California. He is best known for his reporting in Mexico and on Mexicans in the United States, and for his chronicling of the opioid crisis in America through his 2015 book Dreamland, followed by, in 2021, his book, "The Least of Us." He has been a reporter for 35 years. He is now a freelance journalist. Prior to that he was a reporter for the Los Angeles Times from 2004 to 2014. Early life and education
<mask> grew up in Claremont, California. He graduated from Claremont High School in 1977 and then attended the University of California at Berkeley, graduating with B.A.degrees in Economics and American History. Career

Journalism
He took his first journalism job in 1987 at the Orange County Register. The next year he moved to Stockton, California, where he spent four years working as a crime reporter for the Stockton Record. In 1992, he moved to Seattle, where he covered county government and politics for the Tacoma News-Tribune. He left for Mexico in 1994 where he worked as a freelance reporter. <mask> returned to the United States in 2004 to work for the Los Angeles Times, covering immigration-related stories and gangs. He wrote in November 2012 about efforts to rework the Mexican indigenous governance system known as usos y costumbres (uses and customs), which has become seen as disadvantaging migrants to the United States and pitting them against people who had remained in their villages.In 2013, he took a leave of absence from the paper to work on his book Dreamland about the opioid epidemic in America, focusing on abuse of prescription painkillers such as Oxycontin and the spread of Mexican black-tar heroin, primarily by men from the town of Xalisco, Nayarit. In 2014, <mask> left the Los Angeles Times to "return to freelancing, writing for National Geographic, Pacific Standard Magazine, the New York Times, the Los Angeles Magazine, and

masks:
Sam Quinones
Quinones
Quinones
Quinones


title: Sam Quinones

texts:
 several other publications." In January 2017, <mask> was interviewed by Sally Wiggin from WTAE Pittsburgh. The two discussed his book Dreamland and the opioid epidemic Pennsylvania and other states are facing in the 21st century. Writing for the Los Angeles Times in January 2017, <mask> penned an op-ed piece titled, "The Truth is Immigrants have let us live like Princes." In the article, he writes about the positive economic impact of immigrant workers on the Southern Californian region of the United States. Books
 True Tales from Another Mexico: The Lynch Mob, the Popsicle Kings, Chalino and the Bronx (University of New Mexico Press, 2001) is a collection of non-fiction stories of Mexico on the margins and a country in transition.Among the stories are tales of a colony of drag queens as they prepare for Mexico's oldest gay beauty contest; the Michoacan village where everyone has made a life making popsicles; the bare-knuckle neighborhood of Tepito; the story of Aristeo Prado, the last valiente of his wild and violent rancho in Michoacan; the story of Jesus Malverde, the narcosaint of Sinaloa; Oaxacan Indian basketball players holding onto tradition in Los Angeles; the story of a lynching in a small Hidalgo town; and the only biography ever written of Chalino Sanchez, the immigrant narcosinger gunned down after a show, who became a legend and probably the most influential musical figure to come out of Los Angeles in a generation. Antonio's Gun and Delfino's Dream: True Tales of Mexican Migration (University of New Mexico Press, 2007), is a collection of non-fiction stories about Mexican immigrants, and their lives on both sides of the border, based on his reporting in Mexico. Stories include the Henry Ford of Velvet Painting in El Paso/Juarez; how a rich and vital opera scene emerged in the babbling border city of Tijuana; the season of a high school soccer team in Garden City, Kansas; and

masks: Quinones Quinones


title: Sam Quinones

texts:
 finally, how drug-trafficking Mennonites in Chihuahua ran Quinones out of Mexico. Threading through the book are the stories of a young construction worker named Delfino Juarez, who first hitched his future to Mexico City then, when it failed him, he moved north to Los Angeles. Dreamland: The True Tale of America's Opiate Epidemic (Bloomsbury Press, 2015) is story of the evolving opioid epidemic in Mexico and the United States. Quinones describes the "explosion in heroin use and how one small Mexican town changed how heroin was produced and sold in America." The Virgin of the American Dream: Guadalupe on the Walls of Los Angeles, Quinones first book of photojournalism, documents murals of the Virgin of Guadalupe on walls and buildings in Los Angeles.The murals are used to dissuade "tagging" of walls throughout Mexico. The Least of Us: True Tales of America and Hope in the Time of Fentanyl and Meth (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2021) is a follow-up to Dreamland which covers synthetic drugs like fentanyl and meth as well as "unnoticed stories of Americans involved in community repair". Other professional activities
In 1998, he was selected as a recipient of the Alicia Patterson Fellowship, for a series of stories on impunity in Mexican villages. In 2008, he was awarded a Maria Moors Cabot prize, by Columbia University, for a career of excellence in covering Latin America. In 2011, he started a storytelling experiment, called "Tell Your True Tale" on his website. The site aims to encourage new writers to write their own stories. At last count it had more than 50 stories posted.In February 2012, <mask> started "True Tales: A Reporter's Blog" about “Los Angeles, Mexico, migrants, culture, drugs, neighborhoods, border, and good storytelling.”

His book Dreamland: The True Tale of America's Opiate Epidemic was released in hardback in 2015, and a year later in paperback. It won a National Book Critics Circle


title: Sam Quinones

texts:
 award for the Best Nonfiction Book of 2015. It was also selected as one of the Best Books of 2015 by Amazon.com, the Daily Beast, Buzzfeed, Seattle Times, Boston Globe, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Entertainment Weekly, Audible, and in the Wall Street Journal and Bloomberg Business by Nobel economics laureate, Prof. Angus Deaton, of Princeton University. In 2019, Dreamland was selected as one the Best 10 True-Crime Books of all time based on lists, surveys, and ratings of more than 90 million Goodread.com readers. Also in 2019, Slate.com selected Dreamland as one of the 50 best nonfiction books of the last 25 years. In 2021, GQ Magazine selected Dreamland as one of the “50 Best Books of Literary Journalism of the 21st Century.”

In The Least of Us (published October 2021), <mask> chronicles the emergence of a drug-trafficking world producing massive supplies of dope cheaper and deadlier than ever, marketing to the population of addicts created by the nation's opioid epidemic, as the backdrop to tales of Americans’ quiet attempts to recover community through simple acts of helping the vulnerable. In 2022, the National Book Critics Circle nominated The Least of Us as one of the best nonfiction books of 2021.<mask> has lectured a more than 50 universities across the United States. In 2012, he gave a lecture at the University of Arizona entitled “So Far from Mexico City, So Close to God: Stories of Mexican Immigrants" and of Mexico's Escape from History.”

Personal life
<mask> lives in Southern California. Awards and honors
2015 National Book Critics Circle Award (Nonfiction) winner for Dreamland: The True Tale of America's Opiate Epidemic

References

External links
Official website
2017 Interview with WATE Television in Pittsburgh, PA
<mask> on Twitter
<mask>'s blog

American male journalists
Living people
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Los Angeles Times people
People from Claremont,

masks:
Quinones
Quinones
Quinones
Quinones
Sam Quinone


title: Bob Elliott (baseball)

texts:
<mask> (November 26, 1916May 4, 1966) was an American third baseman and right fielder in Major League Baseball who played most of his career with the Pittsburgh Pirates and Boston Braves. He also briefly managed and coached in the Majors. Born in San Francisco, California, the right-handed batting and throwing <mask> stood  tall and weighed . <mask> contributed some of the happiest memories to the Braves' final Boston years, winning the  National League Most Valuable Player Award and earning the nickname "Mr. Team." The following season, his power hitting helped lift Boston to its second National League pennant of the 20th century, the team's first in 34 years, and last before relocating to Milwaukee. He was the second Major League third baseman to have five seasons of 100 runs batted in, joining Pie Traynor, and retired with the highest career slugging percentage (.440) of any NL third baseman.He also led the National League in assists three times and in putouts and double plays twice each, and ended his career among the NL leaders in games (8th, 1262), assists (7th, 2547), total chances (10th, 4113) and double plays (4th, 231) at third base. Early career with Pirates
Raised in El Centro, California, he attended El Centro Junior College and signed with the Pirates in 1936. <mask> came to the Major Leagues as an outfielder in 1939. As a right-handed batter, his power hitting was hampered by the spacious left field at Forbes Field, but in eight years with the team he compiled more than 100 RBI three times, and he batted .315 in 1943. Manager Frankie Frisch shifted him to third base after the 1941 season, seeking to take advantage of his strong arm while compensating for his lack of speed. Exempted from World War II military service due to head injuries from being hit by

masks:
Robert Irving Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott


title: Bob Elliott (baseball)

texts:
 a batted ball in 1943, <mask> was named to the NL All-Star team in 1941, 1942, 1944 and 1945, and finished among the top ten players in the MVP voting from 1942 through 1944, placing second in the league in RBI the last two years. On July 15, 1945, he hit for the cycle.After the 1946 season, he was traded to the Braves in a lopsided deal for 37-year-old second baseman Billy Herman, a future member of the Baseball Hall of Fame who was named Pittsburgh's playing manager for 1947. But Herman was aghast at the price — <mask> — the Pirates had paid for him. "Why, they've gone and traded the whole team on me", he said. Herman played only 15 more Major League games and the other three players made a total of 127 appearances with the Pirates. Boston's "Mr. Team"
With a friendlier hitting environment at Braves Field, <mask> exceeded the 20 home run mark three times in his five years in Boston, equalling Whitey Kurowski for the most 20-HR seasons by an NL third baseman. In his 1947 MVP campaign, <mask> did not lead the NL in any offensive category; however, he batted .317 (second in the NL), with 22 home runs and 113 runs batted in, all team highs.In 1948, when the Braves won the pennant, <mask> batted .283 with 23 homers and 100 RBI and made his sixth All-Star team. He also led the Major Leagues with 131 walks, breaking the club record of 110 set by Billy Hamilton in 1896; it remains the franchise record. Batting cleanup, he hit .333 in the 1948 World Series, which Boston lost in six games to the Cleveland Indians; he had a pair of home runs in his first two at bats in Game 5, an 11–5 victory, and was 3 for 3 with a walk in the final 4–3 loss in Game 6. Although his numbers declined somewhat thereafter, <mask> enjoyed productive years from  through , including a season batting

masks: Elliott Elliott Elliott Elliott Elliott Elliott


title: Bob Elliott (baseball)

texts:
 .305 with 24 HRs and 107 RBI in , his sixth 100-RBI campaign. He was named to his last All-Star squad in 1951, his final year with Boston. By the early 1950s he had broken Kurowski's NL record for career home runs at third base, though Eddie Mathews surpassed him within a few seasons. Late playing career
<mask>'s playing career began to wind down in 1952, as he struggled with the New York Giants following an April trade, and ended after a 1953 campaign split between the St. Louis Browns and Chicago White Sox.Over 15 years (1939–53) and 1,978 games, <mask> batted .289 and collected 2,061 hits, 170 home runs, 382 doubles, 94 triples, 1,064 runs, 967 bases on balls and 1,195 RBI. <mask>'s last highlight was two home runs on opening night for the Giants in 1952, both off Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Robin Roberts. His final Major League game occurred on September 16, 1953 for the White Sox. <mask> then returned to California in 1954 and played for his hometown team, the San Diego Padres of the Pacific Coast League, for the second half of the season. He hit two home runs and drove in five runs in the final game of the year, helping the Padres to win the pennant for the first time since 1937, the team's second year in the PCL (when they were led by 19-year-old San Diegan star Ted Williams). Manager and coach
He became the Padres' manager in 1955 and managed them through the first 35 games of the 1957 season. He also managed the Sacramento Solons of the Pacific Coast League in 1959.After a third-place finish in Sacramento, <mask> received his only Major League managing opportunity when he took over the Kansas City Athletics for the  season. But the Athletics were one of the weakest teams in the American League, and the team's owner, Arnold Johnson, died suddenly just before

masks: Elliott Elliott Elliott Elliott Elliott


title: Bob Elliott (baseball)

texts:
 the season began. The A's won only 58 games while losing 96 (.377) in <mask>'s only season at the helm, finishing in last place. He was fired by new owner Charles O. Finley at season's end, and replaced by Joe Gordon. In , <mask> was a coach for the expansion Los Angeles Angels during their maiden AL campaign. Less than five years later, <mask> died at age 49 in San Diego after suffering a ruptured vein in his windpipe. He was survived by his wife, Skippy, two daughters, Judy Gale and Cheryl Townsend, and grandchildren Daren Klum, Chris Townsend and <mask>.<mask> is buried at Greenwood Memorial Park in San Diego. <mask> was posthumously inducted into both the San Diego Hall of Champions (1967) and the Boston Braves Hall of Fame (1997). See also

 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle

References

Further reading

<mask> at Baseball Evolution Hall of Fame

External links

1916 births
1966 deaths
Baseball players from San Francisco
Boston Braves players
Burials at Greenwood Memorial Park (San Diego)
Chicago White Sox players
Kansas City Athletics managers
Knoxville Smokies players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Los Angeles Angels coaches
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Major League Baseball third basemen
National League All-Stars
National League Most Valuable Player Award winners
New York Giants (NL) players
People from El Centro, California
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Sacramento Solons managers
St. Louis Browns players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players
Savannah Indians players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Baseball players from San

masks:
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Bob Townsend
Elliott
Elliott
Bob Elliott


title: Frank Ives Scudamore

texts:
<mask> (1823–1884) was an English Post Office reformer and writer. Life
The son of <mask>, a solicitor, by his wife Charlotte, daughter of Colonel Francis Downman, R.A. and niece of Sir Thomas Downman, he was born at Eltham in February 1823, and educated at Christ's Hospital; Sir <mask>, was his uncle. On leaving school he entered the General Post Office (1841), and, on the amalgamation of the receiver-general's and the accountant-general's offices in 1852, was appointed chief examiner of the new department. In 1856 <mask> became receiver and accountant general. He was, after George Chetwynd of the money-order office, heavily involved in the scheme for government savings banks. Scudamore explained to William Ewart Gladstone as Chancellor of the Exchequer the proposed machinery, and had support and obtained authorisation from parliament in 1861. In 1865 Scudamore drew up a report on the advisability of the state acquiring the telegraphs, which were then in the hands of a few private companies, on lines suggested by Frederick Ebenezer Baines.In negotiations <mask> was employed as chief agent, and the way was prepared for the Telegraph Act 1868 entitling the state to acquire all the telegraphic undertakings in the kingdom, and the Telegraph Act 1869 giving the Post Office the monopoly of telegraphic communication. In 1870 the Irish telegraphs were transferred to the Post Office. Sir John Tilley, <mask>'s superior, did not support the nationalisation, but allowed Scudamore to run the resulting state telegraph system. <mask> had been promoted assistant

masks:
Frank Ives Scudamore
John Scudamore
Charles Scudamore
Scudamore
Scudamore
Scudamore
Scudamore


title: Frank Ives Scudamore

texts:
 secretary (1863) and soon afterwards second secretary, of the Post Office, and in 1871 he was made C.B. Clashes over his impatience of obstacles led to his resignation in 1875. Among other changes made by Scudamore was the introduction of female clerks into the postal service. He then accepted an offer of the Ottoman government to go to Constantinople to organise the Turkish international post office; the sultan conferred on him the order of the Medjidieh in 1877; he gave up his post on encountering delays.He continued to live at Therapia, and wrote. <mask> died at Therapia on 8 February 1884, aged 61, and was buried in the English cemetery at Scutari. Works
<mask> wrote:

People whom we have never met (1861), a lecture on fairies. The Day Dreams of a Sleepless Man, London, 1875. France in the East; a contribution towards the consideration of the Eastern Question (London, 1882), which is a plea for the good intentions of France in south-eastern Europe, and against the policy of preserving the integrity of the Ottoman empire. <mask> also contributed to Punch, and in The Standard, The Scotsman, the Comic Times, and other papers. He wrote for The World under Edmund Yates.Mentioned by Anthony Trollope
The distinguished British author Anthony Trollope (1815-1882), was employed in the Post Office from 1859 until 1867, when he resigned to devote all his energy to his writing. In his autobiography, he mentioned Scudamore:

When Sir Rowland Hill left the Post Office, and my brother-in-law, Mr.[John] Tilley, became Secretary in his place, I applied for the

masks: Scudamore Scudamore Scudamore


title: Frank Ives Scudamore

texts:
 immense body of men employed by the Post Office. However, Mr. <mask> was appointed; and I made up my mind that I would fall back upon my old intention, and leave the department. I think I allowed two years to pass before I took the step; and the day on which I sent the letter was to me most melancholy. In one of his novels, Trollope made a humorous mention of <mask>. In The Way We Live Now, the planned elopement of Marie Melmotte is frustrated when she is intercepted by detectives instructed by a telegram sent by her father:

It may be well doubted whether upon the whole the telegraph has not added more to the annoyances than to the comforts of life, and whether the gentlemen who spent all the  public money without authority ought not to have been punished with special severity in that they had injured humanity, rather than pardoned because of the good they had produced.Who is benefited by telegrams? The newspapers are robbed of all their old interest, and the very soul of intrigue is destroyed. Poor Marie, when she heard her fate, would certainly have gladly hanged Mr. Scudamore. <mask> married in 1851 Jane, daughter of James Sherwin, surgeon, of Greenwich, and left children. They had at least one son called Leonard George <mask> who was a casualty during the First World War. He was buried in the Commonwealth war graves cemetery of St Leonard's Church at Sutton Veny. Notes

Attribution

1823 births
1884 deaths
Civil servants in the General Post Office
English writers
People from Eltham
Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie
People educated at

masks:
Scudamore
Scudamore
Family Scudamore
Scudamore


title: Kurt Westergaard

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 13 July 1935 – 14 July 2021) was a Danish cartoonist. In 2005 he drew a cartoon of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, wearing a bomb in his turban as a part of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons, which triggered several assassinations and murders committed by Islamists around the world, diplomatic conflicts, and state-organized riots and attacks on Western embassies with several dead in Muslim countries. After the drawing of the cartoon, <mask> received numerous death threats and was a target of assassination attempts. As a result, he was under constant police protection. Early life
<mask> was born on 13 July 1935 in the village of Døstrup, in the Mariagerfjord area of Jutland. He grew up in a conservative Christian family (Inner Mission) environment, going to Sunday school. <mask> was introduced to cultural radicalism during high school in the 1950s, which he experienced as an "epiphany" and "a liberation from the religious subjugation of his childhood."<mask> was a trained schoolteacher, educated at Ranum Seminarium. After working as a teacher for some time, he enrolled at the University of Copenhagen to study psychology. He subsequently worked as a teacher for handicapped children and was a principal of a school in the Djursland area for the handicapped. Cartooning
After briefly working for the newspaper Demokraten, he was a cartoonist for Jyllands-Posten from the early 1980s on. In 2005, he drew a depiction of Muhammed wearing a bomb in a turban as part of the Prophet cartoons controversy. On 12 February 2008, the Danish Security and Intelligence Service (PET) arrested three Muslims – two Tunisians and one Moroccan-born Dane – who were charged with planning to murder Westergaard. After the plot was foiled, the Danish secret service was made

masks:
Kurt Westergaard
Kurt Vestergaard
Westergaard
Westergaard
Westergaard
Westergaard


title: Kurt Westergaard

texts:
 responsible for protecting Westergaard.He was placed under police surveillance when traveling to and from work and his house was fitted with steel doors, a panic room, reinforced glass in the windows, and surveillance cameras. Following the release of Dutch politician Geert Wilders' film Fitna in 2008, which used <mask>'s cartoon without permission, <mask> made a cartoon depicting Wilders with a bomb and a sign which reads: "Danger! Freedom of expression". In a 2009 interview, <mask> said he was trying to "show that terrorists get their spiritual ammunition from parts of Islam and with this spiritual ammunition, and with dynamite and other explosives, they kill people." He took issue with the way Danish people have judged his intentions, telling Canadian blogger Jonathan Kay that he was shunned by many of his former friends: "One of my old friends from the left, he said last year to me 'There are many who say that if something happens to [you], you were asking for it' — that it would be my own fault." <mask> also criticised the reaction of immigrant communities in Denmark to his cartoon, stating that "many of the immigrants who came to Denmark, they had nothing. We gave them everything – money, apartments, their own schools, free university, health care.In return, we asked one thing – respect for democratic values, including free speech. Do they agree? This is my simple test." Attacks
On 1 January 2010, a 28-year-old Somali Muslim intruder armed with an axe and knife entered <mask>'s house and was subsequently shot and wounded by police. <mask> was unharmed due to security precautions in his house. He escaped to a panic room when he saw the intruder standing in the hallway wielding an axe. <mask> took his five-year-old granddaughter into the "panic room" when he

masks: Westergaard Westergaard Westergaard Westergaard Westergaard Westergaard Westergaard


title: Kurt Westergaard

texts: realized what was happening.The intruder attempted to break down the reinforced door with his axe, shouting phrases like "We will get our revenge! ", "Revenge!" and "Blood!" He failed to get through and was shot in the hand and knee by police officers who arrived on the scene within a few minutes. The assailant was arrested, taken into custody, and charged with the attempted murders of <mask> and a police officer. This second attempted murder in two years received extensive coverage in the Danish newspapers. The Sunday edition of Jyllands-Posten included a front-page article about how <mask> now needs a bodyguard to provide round-the-clock security; a full-page article on the background of the controversy; an interview with <mask> by Lars Pedersen; a list of quotes showing the "disgust and condemnation" aroused by the attack; an article about the assailant's appearance in a court in Aarhus; two articles about the man himself, who had apparently been living in Denmark for fifteen years and was known to the intelligence services; and, in the editorial and in an opinion piece by political commentator Ralf Pittelkow, advocacy of the values Western society is based on, in particular freedom of expression.According to PET intelligence, the suspect is closely linked to the Somali Islamist insurgency group al-Shabaab, commonly considered a terrorist organization, as well as an al-Qaeda affiliate in East Africa. On 22 June 2011, the assailant was found guilty of an attempt to perform an act of terrorism and attempted murder, by a unanimous jury. The assailant pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of a weapon and breaking and entering, but pleaded not guilty to the other charges. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison followed by permanent deportation from Denmark. In

masks: Westergaard Westergaard Westergaard


title: Kurt Westergaard

texts:
 March 2013, a psychiatric patient was taken into custody by the Danish police. According to Danish newspapers the man had been a passenger on a bus, when he started yelling and threatening to bomb the bus and <mask>, who was not on the bus. Al-Qaeda hit list
In 2010 Anwar al-Awlaki published an Al-Qaeda hit list in Inspire magazine, including three Jyllands-Posten staff members: <mask>, Carsten Juste, and Flemming Rose, along with other figures claimed to have "insulted Islam," including Salman Rushdie, Ayaan Hirsi Ali and cartoonist Lars Vilks.The list was later expanded to include Stéphane "Charb" Charbonnier, who was murdered in a terror attack on Charlie Hebdo in Paris, along with 11 other people. After the attack, Al-Qaeda called for more killings. Death
<mask> died in his sleep in Copenhagen on 14 July 2021, a day after his 86th birthday, after suffering from a long illness. Awards
<mask> was awarded the Sappho Award in May 2008, an award given by the Free Press Society in Denmark to a 'journalist who combines excellence in his work with courage and a refusal to compromise'. On 8 September 2010, he was awarded the M100 Media Award (M100-Medienpreis) by German Chancellor Angela Merkel for his contributions to freedom of opinion. Memoirs
In 2011, <mask>, helped by John Lykkegaard, published his memoir Manden bag stregen. See also

Charlie Hebdo shooting
Theo van Gogh (1957–2004), Dutch film director
Lars Vilks
Stéphane Charbonnier (Charb)
Naji al-Ali (1938–1987), Palestinian political cartoonist

References

1935 births
2021 deaths
Danish editorial cartoonists
Danish critics of Islam
Danish cartoonists
Former Lutherans
People associated with the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
People from Aarhus
People from Tønder Municipality
Jyllands-Posten

masks:
Kurt Westergaard
Kurt Westergaard
Westergaard
Westergaard
Westergaard


title: Mark Slonim

texts: <mask> (, also known as <mask> and <mask>; March 23, 1894 – 1976) was a Russian politician, literary critic, scholar and translator. He was a lifelong member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, and, in 1917, served as its deputy for Bessarabia in the Russian Constituent Assembly. He joined the Samara Government during the early phases of the Civil War, opposing both the Bolsheviks and the conservative elements of the White movement. Assigned to his party's Foreign Delegation, <mask> lobbied unsuccessfully for the return of Bessarabia to Russia during the Paris Peace Conference. After a short stay in Tuscany, he settled in Czechoslovakia in 1922, an editor of Volya Rossii review. <mask>, who was also an Italian-trained literary scholar, became Volya Rossiis literary theorist and columnist. From that vantage point, he gave encouraged the liberal-progressive and modernist side of the White émigré intellectuals.<mask> argued, against conservatives such as Zinaida Gippius, that the exiles needed to appreciate changes occurring in the Soviet Union and became one of the first popularizers of Soviet writers in the West. He was also one of the main backers (and an intimate friend) of poet Marina Tsvetaeva. In 1928, convinced that Russian literature in exile was in fact dead, <mask> moved to Paris and, as an anti-fascist, opened up to Soviet patriotism. His 1930s contacts with the Union for Repatriation were particularly controversial. He escaped World War II and arrived to the United States aboard the SS Navemar, spending the 1940s and '50s as a teacher at Sarah Lawrence College. He continued to publish tracts and textbooks on

masks:
Mark Lvovich Slonim
Marc Slonim
Marco Slonim
Slonim
Slonim
Slonim
Slonim


title: Mark Slonim

texts:
 Russian literary topics, familiarizing the American public with the major trends of Soviet poetry and fiction. He spent his final years in Geneva, where he translated Andrei Bely's Silver Dove and worked sporadically on his memoirs.Biography

Early activities
<mask> was born in the Russian Empire's port city of Odessa (now in Ukraine), although some sources mistakenly have Novgorod-Severskiy, Chernihiv Governorate. His elder brother Vladimir was also born in Odessa in 1887. Their parents were upper-middle-class Russian Jewish intellectuals; <mask>'s uncle was the literary critic Yuly Aykhenvald. The future critic was also a distant relative of Yevsey Lazarevich <mask>, whose daughter, Vera Yevseyevna, became the wife of novelist Vladimir Nabokov. According to Russologist Michel Aucouturier, <mask>'s memoirs show him as an erudite and an adept of aestheticism, whose "socialist sympathies" were only cemented by the Russian Revolution. While completing his secondary studies at a classical gymnasium in Odessa, Slonim came into contact with the Socialist Revolutionaries (or "Esers"), and, like his older brother Vladimir before him, became their follower. Their radicalism pitted them against their father, who supported the moderate-liberal Kadet Party.Slonim, who regarded himself as a libertarian socialist rather than a Marxist, worked on establishing "self-instruction circles", circulating banned literature among students, artisans and workers, and traveled to Europe to meet with Osip Minor. As he recalled in the 1960s, the Eser leadership was "appalled to discover than in Odessa and the nearby region most of the work was being

masks: Slonim Slonim Slonim Slonim


title: Mark Slonim

texts:
 done by boys and girls of 16 or 17." According to later sources, he was brought to the attention of the Okhrana and left Russia surreptitiously. From 1911, he studied philosophy and literature at the University of Florence, where he took his Ph.D. In 1914, he published in Italy a translation of Ivan Turgenev's poetry cicle, Senility. By 1918, Slonim was also a graduate of Saint Petersburg Imperial University. Upon the start of World War I, Slonim followed the "defensist" line of the Eser mainstream, supporting Russia's commitment to the Allies, and served in the Imperial Army.The February Revolution caught him on the Romanian Front, but he soon returned to Petrograd, where (Aucouturier writes) "his talents as a propagandist and an orator soon made him one of his party's celebrities". Slonim supported the Russian Provisional Government and its "defensist" policies against the Left Esers, with public disputations against Vladimir Karelin and Maria Spiridonova. According to Slonim, he was one of the youths left in charge of party work: the more senior Esers were either in government or consumed by work in the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. Constituent Assembly and Paris Conference
In his memoirs, <mask> claims to have foreseen the danger posed by the reorganized Bolsheviks, having heard their leader, Vladimir Lenin, speak. He contrasts Bolshevik unity with the Esers' indecisiveness and factionalism. He was still active after the October Revolution, which placed Russia under a Bolshevik Council of People's Commissars. <mask> became an Eser candidate for the Russian Constituent Assembly in the November 25 election,

masks: Slonim Slonim


title: Mark Slonim

texts: running in the southwestern province of Bessarabia.He took his seat in the Eser landslide win, and, aged 23, was the youngest parliamentarian. Days after, Bessarabia formed its own government as the Moldavian Democratic Republic, and remained undecided about its future within the Russian Republic. The elections for the Constituent Assembly were chaotic, and the results were never fully recorded. <mask> was present in the Assembly on the morning of January 19, 1918, when the Bolsheviks dissolved it by force and opened fire on the supporting crowds. For a while, he was in the Ukrainian State, helping Gregory Zilboorg put out a clandestine paper which angered both the Bolsheviks and the Ukrainian nationalists. He later fled to Samara, where the Constituent Assembly had formed its own "Committee of Members" government. He joined the latter, then, upon its merger into the Provisional All-Russian Government, moved to Omsk.As the Russian Civil War took hold of the countryside, <mask> followed the Czechoslovak Legion and became friends with its leaders, trailing across Siberia under an assumed name. Nevertheless, he disliked the concept of Allied intervention, and moved closer to the Left Esers. His party sent him abroad as a member of its Foreign Delegation, which originally existed to put persuade the West not to recognize Alexander Kolchak as Russia's Supreme Ruler. In November 1918, <mask> had lost his Bessarabian constituency, as the region united with Romania. The writer became a strong critic of that merger, claiming that the Romanian identity in both Romania and Bessarabia had been recently fabricated by intellectuals,

masks: Slonim Slonim Slonim


title: Mark Slonim

texts: lacking popular support among the Moldavian peasants (see Moldovenism). Slonim also claimed that the union process had been triggered by the German Empire in late 1917, as an anti-Bolshevik move, and supported by Russians who had discarded "personal and national dignity." Building on such arguments, Slonim depicted the Russian Empire as a functional and organic economic entity, suggesting that Bessarabia had more in common with Ukraine than with Romania.He also argued that Bessarabia had not been renounced by Russia, not truly annexed by the Romanian Kingdom. "Sooner of later", he suggested, "there must come about [Bessarabia's] reunion with the Russian State." Acknowledging that there was a "united front" between the White movement and Soviet Russia on the Bessarabian issue, he proposed to overcome the impasse by organizing a League of Nations referendum in the former Moldavian Republic. Scholar Charles Upson Clark, who sees Slonim's accounts as among "the best [...] from the Russian standpoint", rejects his theory about the German inspiration for the union, noting that it was in fact a traditional Romanian goal. Slonim joined a self-appointed team of politicians and landowners who claimed to speak for Bessarabia, and attended the Paris Peace Conference to lobby for the Russian cause. Among the other members of this body were Alexander N. Krupensky, Alexandr K. Schmidt, Vladimir Tsyganko, and Mihail Savenco. <mask>, seconded by Tsyganko, circulated rumors of "unheard-of atrocities" committed by the Romanian Army, such as the massacre of 53 people in one village of after the Khotyn Uprising, and the torturing of many


title: Mark Slonim

texts: leader of the Fasci Italiani, who invited <mask> to write for Il Popolo d'Italia. <mask> explained that he would never write for the right-wing press; in a later reply, Mussolini insisted that his budding fascist movement was not in fact reactionary. Another work, tracing the historical background of Bolshevism and the Esers, appeared in 1921 as Da Pietro il Grande a Lenin: Storia del movimento rivoluzionario in Russia ("From Peter the Great to Lenin: History of the Revolutionary Movement in Russia"); a French edition came out in 1933, at Éditions Gallimard. Slonim followed up with an essay on Bolshevik Proletkult and Futurism, taken up by Henri Grégoire's monthly, Le Flambeau (October 1921). At this early stage, Slonim derided Soviet literary productions, and described the better poets (Alexander Blok and Andrei Bely) as incompatible with communist dogmas. After a short stay in Berlin, during which time he issued his own journal, Novosti Literatury, Slonim settled in Prague, Czechoslovakia, where he taught at the Russian Free University and joined the local Zemgor.He was also co-opted to write for the Russian-language émigré magazine Volya Rossii ("Russia's Will", "Russia's Freedom", or "Russia's Free Will"). Its editorial board included <mask> (editorial secretary to 1923, later full editor), Sergey Postnikov, Evsei Stalinskii, Vasily Sukhomlin, and Vladimir I. Lebedev. The former four were all members of the Eser Foreign Delegation; Lebedev was not. Occupying a Prague building which had reputedly housed Mozart, and also gathering for conversations at Národní kavárna café, the circle members networked with European


title: Mark Slonim

texts:
 Slonim claimed that these were back-translations from Czech and English reprints. Later, Slonim's positive reviews of Krasnaya Nov' magazine were used against its editor, Aleksandr Voronsky, who was eventually purged from the Soviet Communist Party. Slonim became a backer of Tsvetaeva and her husband Sergei Efron, who had settled in Prague.Together with Salomeya Halpern, Hélène Iswolsky, D. S. Mirsky and Lebedev, he organized a Committee to Assist Marina Tsvetaeva. He became a friend, confidant, and dedicated promoter of Tsvetaeva, even though she declined interest in Eser ideology and political matters in general. They continued to disagree over politics, whenever Tsvetaeva made a public show of her loyalty for the House of Romanov. Their liaison had romantic undertones: to Tsvetaeva, he was "the dear one", and his departure to be with another woman inspired her to write the poem "Attempt at Jealousy". Thinking that she held an idealized view of him, <mask>, newly separated from his first wife, rejected her advances in 1924, but they remained friends. He was critical of her affair with K. B. Rodzevitch, whom he regarded as a "dull, mediocre" man. Move to Paris
By the late 1920s, Slonim had come to share Gippius' opinion that Russian literature in exile was doomed, its links with the Russian soil forever severed.He noted that, from 1926 on, the Foreign Delegation had only relied on Soviet publications for understanding the goings-on in Russia, and argued that Soviet literature could be followed for its documentary value. He himself published an introduction to Russian literature in the 1927 edition of Slovanský Přehled.


title: Mark Slonim

texts: His skepticism was also showing in his political essays, where he asserted that the Eser cause had been stifled by the 1922 Show Trials. By then, the Esers' Prague group had become torn between two camps, each accusing the other of serving the Soviets. One was led by Viktor Chernov, the other (comprising the Volya Rossii group) was headed by Sukhomlin. Slonim also had a quarrel with writer Vasily Yanovsky—reportedly, because he commented on Yanovsky's poor use of Russian and his borrowings from Mikhail Artsybashev. In 1927, Slonim purchased a printing press in Paris, where he hoped to relaunch Volya Rossii.He ultimately abandoned the plan and, in 1928, simply relocated to Paris, together with Stalinskii and Sukhomlin. They reinforced a Russian colony that was just growing in importance, as French interest in Russian affairs was about to peak. Volya Rossii continued to appear in Prague until March 1932, when it closed down as a result of the Chernov scandal. In its last years, it supported the Right Opposition and the Five-Year Plan, seeing them as evidence of Soviet normalization, and a promise for Eser uprisings. Lebedev even claimed to have traveled inside the Soviet Union. <mask> remained skeptical of this "mysticism", while also noting that the expanding Stalinist regime had emerged from industrialization as a "petty bourgeois" force, its appeal increased among émigré monarchists and Eurasianists. His articles were regularly featured in other émigré publications: Sotsialist-Revolyutsioner, Problemy and Novaya Gazeta in Paris; Russkiy Arkhiv of Belgrade; and the American Moskva.<mask> was focusing his attention on


title: Mark Slonim

texts: writing counter-propaganda descriptions of Socialist Realism, which was entering the official Soviet literary and political discourse under Joseph Stalin. Readers of his work provide contrasting reviews: Aucouturier finds his 1930 study on Stalinism in Literature "important"; however, according to the Russian sociologist Evgeny Dobrenko, <mask>'s contribution here "overstep[s] the boundaries of scholarship." Although he still upheld the old Narodnik values, <mask> favored aestheticism and formalism over social determinism, and, on these grounds, criticized Pavel Milyukov's work in literary history. He also looked for tensions between the official dogma and writers who still cultivated individualism in its various forms, citing works by Pasternak, Artyom Vesyoly, Yury Libedinsky, and Leonid Leonov. He welcomed Stalin's decision to disband the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers, seeing it as a "Charter of Liberation" for the nonconformist authors. In Paris, <mask> Montparnasse, until 1938, when it dissolved.Like Nikolai Berdyaev and Nicholas Zernov, <mask> also attached himself to the French Catholic circles, which welcomed Russian liberals who were at once anti-communist and anti-fascist. He was also close to avant-garde painters Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova, whom he introduced to Efron and Tsvetaeva when the latter couple also settled in Paris. In 1933, he attended a symposium grouping Chisla magazine writers and members of the French Communist Party, discussing André Gide's account of life in the Soviet Union. The meeting veered into scandal when (according to <mask>'s account) he took the rostrum and

masks: Slonim Slonim Slonimare Slonim Slonim


title: Mark Slonim

texts:
 informed both camps that Gide was not in fact a convert to communism, and that "instead of making loud pronouncement they had better read Gide's oeuvre." Impresario and Soviet "defensist"
Slonim's work diversified, and he became a literary impresario, founding, with George Reavey, the European Literary Bureau. It had contracts with Berdyaev, Samuel Beckett, André Malraux and Jacques Maritain. He also worked on translations and on editing books for print: in 1930, Čestmír Jeřábek's Svět hoří; and in 1934, Adèle Hommaire de Hell's Mémoires d'une aventurière.Together with Reavey, he put out one of the first collections of Russian prose rendered in English (1934), which is also noted for its inclusion of Socialist Realists Alexander Fadeyev and Feodor Gladkov. With Gide's help, Slonim and Reavey's anthology of Soviet literature came out at Gallimard in 1935, and possibly included unsigned translations by Tsvetaeva. Slonim was by then also publishing regular literary chronicles, turning his attention to works by William Faulkner, Peter Neagoe, and D. H. Lawrence. Slonim was for years critical of émigrés who asked to be resettled in the Soviet Union, denouncing Efron's work for the NKVD-sponsored Union for Repatriation. In 1935, he finally met Zamyatin, who had escaped Russia, and they "became very good friends"—before Zamyatin's sudden illness and death. In 1934, <mask> had resumed his conferencing on Lenin, networking with Italian anti-fascists such as Oddino Morgari and Alberto Meschi, and being followed around by Mussolini's OVRA. <mask> and Lebedev became alarmed by the rise of Nazi Germany, and predicted that it would


title: Mark Slonim

texts: attack the Soviet Union with support from the right-wing exiles.With this in mind, they founded in 1936 a Russian Émigré Defensist Movement (REOD), its newspaper edited by Slonim. Slonim came to agree with the basic tenets of Soviet thinking: he believed that democracy was doomed, and that the world was becoming split into two camps, of communism and fascism. He formulated his preference into a socialist-patriotic manifesto: "The defensist joyfully greets all tidings of the internal and external successes of Russia. When a new factory is built in the Soviet Union, when a strong army is created, when a heroic flight is made, when important discoveries are made and when a talented book is written, the defensist feels a sense of pride." He put out in 1935 a sympathetic book on the ill-fated expedition of SS Chelyuskin, followed in 1937 by Les onzes républiques soviétiques ("The Eleven Soviet Republics"), at Éditions Payot. The latter book was well-liked in the Soviet Union itself, and recommended by Intourist, but criticized by Pierre Pascal for its geographical and historical inaccuracies. In 1938, Slonim also translated Viktor Shklovsky's Voyage de Marco Polo.However, he had grown more appreciative of the Sovremennye Zapiski writers, and in 1939, published generous commentary on Vladimir Nabokov's work, beginning with King, Queen, Knave. That year, Slonim also completed a version of Bunin's Liberation of Tolstoy, published by Gallimard but disliked by the author. When Lebedev abandoned the REOD and moved to America in 1936, <mask> continued his work. This was an especially controversial decision, as the REOD became exposed


title: Mark Slonim

texts:
 for its links with the Union for Repatriation and the NKVD. <mask> ultimately presented his resignation in July 1938. In June 1939, he met Tsvetaeva one final time in Paris, as she and Efron began their return trip to the Soviet Union. <mask> was still in Paris after the Nazi–Soviet Pact and before the Nazi invasion of France.Arrested for his contacts with the French communists, he was sent to a French concentration camp. By August 1941, he was in Spain, taking the SS Navemar from Seville to New York City. He completed the journey, despite the Navemars "criminally inadequate" facilities, alongside friends Zosa Szajkowski and <mask>. Sarah Lawrence College
Slonim initially lectured on Russian topics at Yale, Chicago and Penn, before becoming, in 1943, a professor of Russian and comparative literature at Sarah Lawrence College, Yonkers. While publishing various pieces in American academic journals, Slonim also contributed to the Jewish cultural review Yevreiski Mir. In a 1944 article for that magazine (quoted favorably by scholar <mask>), he denied the existence of a separate Jewish literature in Russia, proposing that Jewish authors were merely Russian authors. His stance in this far-reaching debate about Jewish assimilation was similar to that of his uncle Aykhenvald, including their proposed reference to Jewish writers as "writers who are Jews".In late 1944, he lectured at the Phillips Academy East and West Association on the issue of Russia–United States relations. <mask> was viewed with caution by the American Esers. They investigated his REOD activity and concluded that he had shown callousness, and had mixed with NKVD

masks:
Slonim
Slonim
Mark Zborowski
Simon Markish
Slonim


title: Mark Slonim

texts: envoys, but cleared him of allegations that he had been a spy himself. Following the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union, <mask> and his colleagues, reunited in New York City, resumed the "defensist" line, unconditionally; Chernov took a more moderate stance. In February 1945, <mask> finally met Nabokov at a dinner party in New York. Nabokov dismissed him as a Soviet agent, and probably used him as an inspiration for the novella Double Talk. Nabokov's reading is dismissed by his exegetes: Vladimir E. Alexandrov speaks of Nabokov's "unjustified suspicions, including his snubbing of <mask>"; Brian Boyd also notes that Slonim "was in fact firmly against Stalin and the Soviet system."Before 1950, Slonim was again banned in the Soviet Union and the Eastern bloc: copies of Le Bolchévisme vu par un russe were confiscated on sight by the Romanian Propaganda Ministry. In 1950, Oxford University Press released Slonim's literary panorama, The Epic of Russian Literature from Its Origins Through Tolstoy. According to the Revue des Études Slaves, it was an "intelligent and alert" work, appealing "to the cultivated public rather than the specialists". The Epic, echoing the approach of Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé, focused on the 19th-century novels and debates, being more dismissive of earlier literature. He followed up in 1953 with a second volume, Modern Russian Literature, covering the period from Anton Chekhov to the 1950s, and a biographical study, Tri lyubi Dostoyevskogo ("Three Loves of Dostoevsky"). He returned to Italy on a research trip, employed by La Sapienza University's Institute for Slavic Philology, and, in 1954, edited the

masks:
Slonim
Slonim
Marc Slonim


title: Mark Slonim

texts:
 collection Modern Italian Short Stories. In 1954, at the height of McCarthyism, he appeared before the Jenner Committee, dismissing rumors of communist activities at Sarah Lawrence.Additionally, <mask> worked with Harvey Breit on a Signet anthology of love stories, which appeared in 1955 as This Thing Called Love. In 1959, he lectured at Vassar on Pasternak's philosophical outlook. A year later, he commemorated Pasternak by moderating a round table for Radio Liberty. Guests included Reavey, B. J. Chute, Herbert Gold, Ferenc Körmendi, and Santha Rama Rau. Also in 1960, he collected and edited for print selections from Mikhail Zoshchenko's satires (as Izbrannoe). In parallel, he arranged for print the diaries of Leonid Andreyev. That project was put on hold by son Vadim Andreyev, for fear that disclosing his father's opinions on Bolshevism would make the ban on his work permanent.Final years
According to Aucouturier, <mask> stands out as "one of the first independent critics of the USSR's literary output [and] a pioneer of Soviet literary historiography in the Occident." Italian writer Italo Calvino, who visited Sarah Lawrence College in 1959, called <mask> "the most famous expert on Russian literature in America". Philologist Melissa Frazier sees him as an "incredibly significant figure in the phenomenon of Russian émigré culture". She notes: "Slonim did a lot more in the way of plot summary—but in the polarized world of the Cold War, even plot summary was hugely important. [...] He was one of the few in the West actually reading what was being written in the Soviet Union with the recognition that there were still great


title: Mark Slonim

texts: writers who had stayed behind." <mask> retired from Sarah Lawrence in 1962, and from teaching in 1965, living the rest of his life in Switzerland, where he was animator of a Russian literary club. In 1963–1964, from his new home in Geneva, Slonim worked on an English version of Andrei Bely's Silver Dove, and corresponded over literary details with Maria Olsufyeva, who had finished translating that same novel into Italian.Slonim's last standalone book was the 1964 textbook Soviet Russian Literature. Writers and Problems, praised by Revue des Études Slaves for its "sense of balance", but criticized for its "allusive nature". Social historian Lawrence H. Schwartz notes its "vitriolic" critique of the Union of Soviet Writers. Slonim also contributed regularly to reviews and encyclopedias, answering queries posed by his younger colleagues, and supporting the Sarah Lawrence graduate program in Switzerland. Some of his final articles defended a fellow critic, Andrei Sinyavsky, who had angered the Soviet establishment with his reading of Alexander Pushkin. In late 1968, he staged a letter writing campaign in support of the Soviet writer-dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. His historical essay on Volya Rossii was published in 1972, as part of Nikolai Poltoratsky's review of Russian literature in exile.He also arranged for print Sofiya Pregel's Last Poems (1973). <mask> died in 1976 in the French resort of Beaulieu-sur-Mer. His incomplete memoirs, covering the period up to October 1917, were handed by his widow, Tatiana, to Aucouturier, who published them in Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique. <mask> continued to live in Geneva. In

masks:
Slonim
Slonim
Tatiana Slonim


title: Mark Slonim

texts:
 1986, she donated her husband's 16th-century copy of the Theotokos of Vladimir to the city's Art and History Museum. Notes

References
Michel Aucouturier, "La critique de l'émigration et la littérature soviétique: <mask> et Volja Rossii", in Revue des Études Slaves, Vol. 71, Part 2, 1999, pp.377–389. Michel Aucouturier, <mask>, "Les souvenirs de Marc Slonim. Reminiscences on the Revolution", in Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique, Vol. 18, Issue 4, 1977, pp. 411–434. Charles Upson Clark, Bessarabia. Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea.New York City: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1927. Ion Constantin, Ion Negrei, Gheorghe Negru, Ion Pelivan, părinte al mișcării naționale din Basarabia. Bucharest: Editura Biblioteca Bucureștilor, 2011. Ion Constantin, Ion Negrei, Gheorghe Negru, Ioan Pelivan: istoric al mișcării naționale din Basarabia. Bucharest: Editura Biblioteca Bucureștilor, Bucharest, 2012. Lily Feiler, Marina Tsvetaeva: The Double Beat of Heaven and Hell. Durham & London: Duke University Press, 1994.Simon Karlinsky, Marina Tsvetaeva: The Woman, Her World, and Her Poetry. Cambridge etc. : Cambridge University Press, 1985. Leonid Livak,
How It Was Done in Paris: Russian Émigré Literature and French Modernism. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003. Russian Émigrés in the Intellectual and Literary Life of Interwar France: A Bibliographical Essay. Montreal etc.: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010. Rossana Platone, "Un tentativo fallito: la rivista Beseda", in Europa Orientalis, Vol. 3, 1984, pp. 171–188. Catia Renna, "Il dibattito critico degli anni Venti sulla letteratura russa di emigrazione e la 'nota praghese':

masks:
Mark Slonim
Mark Slonim


title: Mark Slonim

texts:
 M. Slonim e A. Turincev", in eSamizdat, Issue 1, 2004, pp. 23–31. Lawrence H. Schwartz, Marxism and Culture: The CPUSA and Aesthetics in the 1930s.Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1980. Maxim D. Shrayer, An Anthology of Jewish-Russian Literature: Two Centuries of Dual Identity in Prose and Poetry, 1801–2001. Oxon & New York City: Routledge, 2015. Gene Sosin, Sparks of Liberty: An Insider's Memoir of Radio Liberty. University Park: Penn State University Press, 1999. Elizabeth White, The Socialist Alternative to Bolshevik Russia. The Socialist Revolutionary Party, 1921–1939.Oxon & New York City: Routledge, 2010. Gregory Zilboorg, <mask>, introductory notes to Yevgeny Zamyatin, We, pp. xix–xxxv. New York City: E. P. Dutton, 1959. 1894 births
1976 deaths
Libertarian socialists
Socialist Revolutionary Party politicians
Politicians of the Moldavian Democratic Republic
Russian Constituent Assembly members
Russian political philosophers
Russian avant-garde
Russian formalism
20th-century essayists
Russian male essayists
20th-century biographers
Russian biographers
Male biographers
20th-century memoirists
Russian memoirists
Russian travel writers
Russian anthologists
20th-century Russian translators
Russian–English translators
Translators from Czech
Russian writers in French
Russian writers in Italian
Russian literary critics
Russian literary historians
Jewish historians
Slavists
Comparative literature academics
Literary agents
Russian newspaper founders
Russian newspaper editors
Russian magazine editors
Russian book publishers (people)
Jewish Ukrainian writers
Jewish Russian politicians
Jewish socialists
Politicians from


title: Joseph A. Farinholt

texts:
<mask><mask> (July 17, 1922 – June 11, 2002) is thought to be the only enlisted man in the history of the U.S. military to receive four awards of the Silver Star, the United States third highest decoration for valor in combat. <mask> was born in Catonsville, Maryland, in 1922. In 1938, he lied about his age to enlist in the Maryland National Guard's Company B, 5th Regiment (The Dandy Fifth). Farinholt was mobilized with his unit for service in World War II in January 1941, at which time the unit was reorganized as the 175th Infantry Regiment, 29th Infantry Division. Corporal Farinholt was assigned to the anti-tank platoon of Headquarters Company, 3rd Battalion, in which he initially served as an assistant gun-crew chief manning a 57 mm towed anti-tank gun, an American-produced British "6 Pounder". First Silver Star

Farinholt earned his first Silver Star on July 13, 1944, near Saint Lô in Normandy, France when he fully exposed himself to enemy fire and with complete disregard for his own safety, neutralized an enemy mortar and anti-armor weapon, so that his battalion's attack could advance. For this action Farinholt was promoted to staff sergeant.Second Silver Star

His second Silver Star came five days later on July 18, 1944, when in three of four days he led multiple, daring raids behind enemy lines to recapture weapons and equipment thought lost to the enemy. Baltimore News-Post correspondent <mask> heard of Farinholt's exploits in the Normandy campaign and went looking for the story. On August 19, 1944, an article appeared on the front page of the News-Postarticle with

masks:
Joseph A
. Farinholt
Service Joseph Farinholt
Louis Azreal


title: Joseph A. Farinholt

texts:
 Guard.Other awards
Farinholt's military awards and decorations include: the Combat Infantryman Badge, Silver Star Medal (with 3 Oak Leaf Clusters), Bronze Star, Purple Heart
Good Conduct Medal, European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal (with Arrowhead and 4 Battle Stars), American Defense Service Medal, American Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal and Belgian Croix de Guerre for valor. Silver Star with three oak leaf clusters
  Bronze Star
  Purple Heart
  Army Good Conduct Medal
  American Defense Service Medal with Fleet Clasp
  American Campaign Medal
  European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with Arrowhead and 4 battle stars
  World War II Victory Medal
  Belgian Croix de Guerre with palm
  Combat Infantryman Badge

References

Further reading
Answering Their Country's Call: Marylanders in World War II by Michael H. Rogers
The Silver Star: A History of America's Third Highest Award for Combat Valor by Fredric L. Borch III and William R. Westlake
Baltimore News-Post August 19, 1944. The Baltimore News-Post is defunct. Its archive is maintained by the Archives of the State of Maryland. External links
 <mask><mask>. Veterans History Project. Retrieved 2019-04-16.Four-time Silver Star Recipient, a Humble Hero at a Maryland State Veterans Cemetery. United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Carpenter, Bryce (January 25, 2017). Retrieved 2019-04-16. 1922 births
2002 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Silver Star
United States Army soldiers
Place of death missing
People from Catonsville, Maryland
Military personnel from

masks:
Joseph A
. Farinholt


title: Adela Jušić

texts:
<mask> (born 1982 Sarajevo) is a Bosnian contemporary visual artist. She was born in Sarajevo. She is known for her socially engaged art on the subject of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the role of partisan women during the Second World War in Yugoslavia. She has exhibited her works in more than 100 international exhibitions including: Frestas – Trienal de Artes (São Paulo), The Women's Room (New York), Balkan Artist Guild (London), Manifesta 8. (Murcia), ISCP (New York), Videonale (Bonn), Image Counter Image (München). <mask> is a cofounder of the Association for Art and Culture Crvena. <mask> is one of the creators of the online archive of the antifascist struggle of women in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Yugoslavia.She lives and works in Sarajevo. Education
<mask> attended the High School of Applied Arts from 1997 to 2001. She obtained an MA from the Academy of Fine Arts, the Department of Printmaking, Sarajevo University in 2007. She completed her second MA in Democracy and human rights in South East Europe from Sarajevo and Bologna universities in 2013. She completed her internship as part of ERMA program at the Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities, Skopje, Macedonia in 2013. Career
<mask> grew up in Sarajevo during the 1992-1995 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina which strongly influenced her art works. The main aspects of her work are her personal experience of the war and the politics of war, her strong devotion to feminism, communality and solidarity.She uses different media: video, video performance, performance, collage and drawing. (The sniper, I will never talk about the war again, Silk lavander shirt, Ride the recoil). Second part of her works portray partisan women's role in the Second World War and the role of women in Socialism (Unknown Heroines, What has our struggle given us?, Unknown partisan woman). Until 2017, she has created more than 50 multimedia and visual art works. Her works have been reviewed by Marina Gržinić, David Elliot, Jelena Petrović, Matthew Webber, Jonathan Blackwood, Alessandra Ferrini and Hodara Susan, among some. Her work is

masks:
Adela Jušić
Jušić
Adela Jušić
Jušić
Jušić


title: Adela Jušić

texts:
 described as "disarmingly honest and candid, be it dealing with family stories or broader political narratives." Auto-biographical works on war in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Sniper (2007)
Original title Snajperist, this short video is an auto-biographical work.<mask> <mask>'s father had been a member of the Bosnian Army in Sarajevo from the start of the war. His task during Sarajevo siege was to hunt down the snipers who were shooting at civilians in breach of human rights and the Geneva Conventions. It was on December 3, 1992, when, as a sniper, he got killed by a sniper bullet which hit him in the eye. In The Sniper, the artist narrates the part of her father's notebook where he had listed how many soldiers he had killed during his combat assignments, while drawing a red circle behind which the photograph of her father appears. The Sniper was part of the MOMENTUM exhibition “HERO MOTHER / Contemporary Art by Post-Communist Women Rethinking Heroism” curated by Rachel Rits-Volloch and Bojana Pejic in Berlin. Bojana Pejic states that: "Memory is also re-enacted in the pieces that treat the trauma and loss caused by the war in Bosnia (Maja Bajević and <mask> <mask>), and these works also specify that the memories of women, even when they are soldiers, differ from those of men." Alessandra Ferini, visual artist, researcher and educator, states:

The Sniper was used as part of MA Fine Art degree course at Chelsea College of Arts, University of the Arts London and Tate Research Centre and rose "the issue of how personal material occupies the field of catharsis in making, living and restoring memories."<mask> presented her work The Sniper at London School of Economics panel "Art in Conflict" in 2013. The Sniper is part of imai – inter media art institute foundation archive and Transitland: Video Art from Central and Eastern Europe. Transitland EUROPA is a collaborative archive of 100 videos that reflect on the transitions and transformations in the post-Socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The videos include works from the past twenty years, from the fall of the

masks: Adela Jušić Adela Jušić Jušić


title: Adela Jušić

texts:
 Berlin Wall to the present. When I die, you can do what you want (2011)
Original title of the work is Kad ja umrem, radite šta hoćete, 2011. In this video, the artist tenderly applies dye to the hair of her grandmother, who has since died. On the soundtrack,  <mask> whispers in Bosnian, retelling the stories her grandmother shared about her difficult life.“Back then it was hundred times worse,” the subtitles read, and, “Death is a pretty relief.”. <mask>'s grandmother had lived through both the Second World War and the previous war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Hana Marku describes the work:
When I die, you can do what you want is also part of imai – inter media art institute foundation archive of 3,000 artistic and documentary works from the pioneering era of the 1960s until the present day. I will never talk about the war again (2011)
Original title of the work is: Ja više nikada neću pričati o ratu. In this collaborative video performance I Will Never Talk About the War Again of <mask>  <mask> and Lana Cmajcanin, the two artists from Bosnia and Herzegovina promise each other not to talk about the war anymore, repeating the same sentence over and over, increasingly becoming more and more agitated that they cannot escape the subject even by not talking. Matthew Webber reviews the work:
The work I will never talk about the war was included in the Perpetuum Mobile collection of Living Archive, during its first edition in Zagreb, Croatia in 2011, as "integral part, an attempt and challenge to politically (re)articulate these overlapping, conflicting and rebounding grounds". Jelena Petrovic, member of curatorial team, states that "the work itself becomes a trigger for the curators’ positioning in relation to the work, as well as a signifier of the context in which it is presented to the audience, media and the politics of place."This work, along with The Sniper and When I die, you can do what you want have been included in Film Mutations: Festival of Invisible Cinema 08 Parallel Film, Zagreb 2014. Selector of the Festival, theoretician and artist Marina Gržinić, describes the

masks: Jušić Jušić Adela Jušić


title: Adela Jušić

texts:
 works showing the "intensified, militarized colonialism and the machine of war (which regulates gaze, affects and life)" and further that:

I will never talk about the war again exhibitions
I will never talk about the war again was used as a title for an exhibition in Färgfabriken's global project, Psychosis in Stockholm in 2011, curated by Vladan Jeremic, on post-war trauma and the social psychological consequences. It presents the works of artists from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia and Russia such as <mask>  <mask>, Marina Abramović, Igor Grubić, Živko Grozdanić Gera, Lana Cmajcanin and several others. I will never talk about the war again work and Bedtime stories, also a collaboration between <mask>  <mask> and Lana Cmajcanin are both included in the exhibition. The modified exhibition of the original one presented in Stockholm I will never talk about the war again was also presented in Maribor, Slovenia as a part of the programme created by KIBLA for the manifestation Maribor 2012: European Capital of Culture. It is focused on critical social analysis and testimonies of violence and trauma connected with recent wars in the countries of the former Yugoslavia. Ride the recoil (2013)
<mask> <mask>'s mixed media work in collaboration with Ervin Prašljivić Ride the Recoil was developed with technical support by Ervin Prašljivić and Ognjen Šavija.Ride the Recoil is a critique of the video game Sniper : Ghost Warrior 2 (set in Sarajevo) as the commodification of the Bosnian war. The work consists of the video-game excerpts, audio narrative part of the artist on how to avoid snipers (based on her wartime experiences) overdubbing the instructions of the video game on how to kill and series of photographs of a little girl leaving the gate. Ride the recoil has won the Special award of 54th October salon. Ride the Recoil was first published as part of Triple Canopy’s Internet as Material project area, supported by the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, the Brown Foundation, Inc., of Houston, the Lambent Foundation Fund of Tides Foundation, the National Endowment

masks: Adela Jušić Adela Jušić Adela Jušić