title: Gifford Pinchot

texts:
 with the Works Progress Administration and National Park Service, Pinchot helped expand Pennsylvania's state parks, and also helped Pennsylvania's struggling farmers and unemployed workers by paving rural roads, which became known as 'Pinchot Roads.'When Prohibition was nationally repealed in 1933, and four days before the sale of alcohol became legal in Pennsylvania again, <mask> called the Pennsylvania General Assembly into special session to debate regulations regarding the manufacture and sale of alcohol. This session led to the establishment of the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board and its system of state-run liquor stores. Though Pinchot is often misquoted as having said his goal was to "discourage the purchase of alcoholic beverages by making it as inconvenient and expensive as possible," in reality he believed that the PLCB would put bootleggers out of business by offering lower prices. <mask> also argued that under the new system of state controlled liquor stores "[w]hisky will be sold by civil service employees with exactly the same amount of salesmanship as is displayed by an automatic postage stamp vending machine." Final years
<mask> ran unsuccessfully for the Senate a third time in the 1934 Senate election in Pennsylvania, losing the Republican nomination to incumbent Senator David A. Reed. He later sought the Republican nomination in the 1938 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, running on a platform that favored the New Deal and opposed the influence of Republican leaders Joseph R. Grundy and Joseph N. Pew Jr. He was defeated in the Republican primary by conservative former Lieutenant Governor Arthur James.Out of public office, <mask> continued his ultimately successful campaign to


title: Gifford Pinchot

type: original

texts:
 prevent the transfer of the Forest Service to the Department of the Interior, frequently sparring with Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. He also published new editions of his manual on forestry and worked on his autobiography, Breaking New Ground, which was published shortly after his death. During and after World War II, <mask> advocated for conservation to be a part of the mission of the United Nations, but the United Nations would not focus on the environment until the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. Death

<mask> <mask> died on October 4, 1946, aged 81, from leukemia. He is interred at Milford Cemetery, Pike County, Pennsylvania. Personal life

During the 1912 presidential campaign, <mask> frequently worked with Cornelia Bryce, a women's suffrage activist who was a daughter of former Congressman Lloyd Bryce and a granddaughter of former New York City mayor Edward Cooper. They became engaged in early 1914 and were married in August 1914.Although Cornelia <mask> waged several unsuccessful campaigns for the United States House of Representatives, she was successful with numerous other political and public service activities, and has been described by historians at the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission as “one of the most politically active first ladies in the history of Pennsylvania." She gave numerous speeches on behalf of women, organized labor, and other causes, and frequently served as a campaign surrogate for her husband. <mask> and his family took a seven-month voyage of the Southern Pacific Ocean in 1929, which <mask> chronicled in his 1930 work, To the South Seas. <mask> and his wife had one child, <mask> <mask>, who was born in 1915. The

masks:
Pinchot
Gifford
Pinchot
Pinchot
Pinchot
Pinchot
Pinchot
Pinchot
Gifford
Bryce Pinchot


title: Gifford Pinchot

texts:
 younger <mask> later helped found the Natural Resources Defense Council, an organization similar to his father's National Conservation Association. Proud of the first <mask> <mask>'s legacy, the family has continued to name their sons <mask>, down to <mask> <mask> Pinchot National Forest in Washington and Gifford Pinchot State Park in Lewisberry, Pennsylvania, are named in his honor, as is <mask> Hall at Penn State University.A large Coast Redwood in Muir Woods, California, is also named in his honor, as are Mount Pinchot and Pinchot Pass on the John Muir Trail in the Kings Canyon National Park in California. The Pinchot Sycamore, the largest tree in his native state of Connecticut and second-largest sycamore on the Atlantic coast, still stands in Simsbury. The house where <mask> was born belonged to his grandfather, Captain Elisha Phelps, and is also on the National Register of Historic Places. He is also commemorated in the scientific name of a species of Caribbean lizard, Anolis pinchoti. In 1963, President John F. Kennedy accepted the family's summer retreat house, Grey Towers National Historic Site, which the <mask> family donated to the U.S. Forest Service. It remains the only National Historic Landmark operated by that federal agency. <mask> <mask> III, grandson of the first <mask> Pinchot, founded the Pinchot University, now merged with Presidio Graduate School.The <mask> family also dedicated The Pinchot Institute for Conservation, which maintains offices both at Grey Towers and headquarters in Washington, D.C. The Institute continues <mask>'s legacy of conservation leadership and sustainable forestry. See also

Mount Pinchot (Montana)
List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s

masks: Pinchot Gifford Pinchot Gifford Gifford Pinchotifford Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot Gifford Pinchot Gifford Pinchot Pinchot


title: Gifford Pinchot

texts:
 (Nov 23, 1925)
Gifford Pinchot State Park a Pennsylvania state park in York County, Pennsylvania
Gifford Pinchot National Forest, a United States National Forest in Washington
National Irrigation Congress
Pinchot South Sea Expedition

Notes

References

Works cited

Bibliography

Primary sources
"Breaking New Ground" by <mask> Pinchot.. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1947. In print, 1998, by Island Press and in paperback..
 <mask> <mask>, The Conservation Diaries of Gifford Pinchot ed by Harold K. Steen (2001)
 <mask> <mask>, The Fight for Conservation. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1910. Secondary sources

Online sources
 (1912: Competing Visions for America, <mask> <mask>, Ohio State University)
 <mask> <mask> (1865–1948) Conservation Hall of Fame, National Wildlife Federation
 Gifford Pinchot Brief Bio

External links

 Gifford Pinchot at the Forest History Society

 "American Experience: The Big Burn"
 Grey Towers National Historical Site, Milford, Pennsylvania
 Pinchot Institute for Conservation, Washington, D.C.

1865 births
1946 deaths
Pinchot family
People from Simsbury, Connecticut
American conservationists
American environmentalists
Governors of Pennsylvania
Deaths from leukemia
Pennsylvania Progressives (1912)
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
United States Forest Service officials
History of forestry in the United States
History of forestry education
Pennsylvania Republicans
American foresters
Progressive Era in the United States
Alumni of the French National School of Forestry
Yale University alumni
Gifford Pinchot National Forest
Republican Party state governors of the United States
Writers from Connecticut
Writers from Pennsylvania
Recipients of the Sir

masks: Gifford Gifford Pinchot Gifford Pinchot Gifford Pinchot Gifford Pinchot


title: Mark Dodson

texts:
<mask> and Suicidal Tendencies. Biography
<mask>'s musical career began in the late 1970s, engineering recordings by Advertising, Judas Priest, Joan Jett and mixing an album by The Modern Lovers. He also worked for a number of heavy metal artists, such as Metal Church, Ozzy Osbourne, Prong, Glenn Tipton, U.D.O. and Ugly Kid Joe. In late 1980s and early 1990s, <mask> worked with Anthrax to produce two of their albums State of Euphoria (1988) and Persistence of Time (1990) as well as the Europe-only EP Penikufesin (1989) and the compilation album Attack of the Killer B's (1991). Around 1992, Anthrax and <mask> discontinued their collaboration and the band had Dave Jerden produce their next album, Sound of White Noise (1993).<mask> also produced the Suicidal Tendencies albums How Will I Laugh Tomorrow (1988), Controlled by Hatred/Feel Like Shit...Déjà Vu (1989) and Lights...Camera...Revolution! (1990) as well as the compilation album Still Cyco After All These Years (1993). The band parted ways with him in 1991 while they decided to move in a different musical direction for their next album, The Art of Rebellion (1992). <mask> also worked with the Infectious Grooves, a project featuring Suicidal Tendencies members, to produce their first two albums, The Plague That Makes Your Booty Move (1991) and Sarsippius' Ark (1993). <mask> also produced the Electric Love Hogs only release in 1992. Tommy Lee Co-produced two tracks on this album with <mask>. <mask> also produced Scottish band The Almighty's 1993 album Powertrippin'.Works
Production/Engineering/Mixing/Arranging
 Roger Daltrey - Ride a Rock Horse (1975)
 Steve Gibbons - Caught

masks:
Mark Dodsondas Priest
Dodson
Dodson
Dodson
Dodson
Dodson
Dodson
Dodson
Dodson


title: Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany

texts:
<mask>  (3 October 1797 – 29 January 1870), was Grand Duke of Tuscany (1824–1859). He married twice; first to Maria Anna of Saxony, and after her death in 1832, to Maria Antonia of the Two-Sicilies. By the latter, he begat his eventual successor, Ferdinand. <mask> was recognised contemporarily as a liberal monarch, authorising the Tuscan Constitution of 1848, and allowing a degree of free press. The Grand Duke was deposed briefly by a provisional government in 1849, only to be restored the same year with the assistance of Austrian troops, who occupied the state until 1855. <mask> attempted a policy of neutrality with regard to the Second Italian War of Independence, but was expelled by a bloodless coup on 27 April 1859, just before the beginning of the war. The Grand Ducal family left for Bologna, in Papal territory.Tuscany was occupied by soldiers of Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia for the duration of the conflict. The preliminary peace of Villafranca, agreed to between Napoleon III of France and Franz Joseph of Austria on 11 July, provided for the return of the Lorraines to Florence, but <mask> himself was considered too unpopular to be accepted, so on 21 July 1859 he abdicated the throne in favour of his son, Ferdinand. Ferdinand was not, however, any more acceptable to the revolutionaries in control of Florence, and his accession was not proclaimed. Instead, the provisional government proclaimed the deposition of the House of Habsburg (16 August). Biography
Born in Florence, <mask> II was the son of Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Princess Luisa Maria Amelia Teresa of the Two Sicilies, who were double first cousins. His maternal grandparents were Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Marie Caroline of Austria. He succeeded his father on 18 June 1824.During the first twenty years of his reign he devoted himself to the internal development of the state. His was the mildest and least reactionary of all the

masks:
Leopold II
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold


title: Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany

texts: Italian despotisms of the day, and although always subject to Austrian influence he refused to adopt the Austrian methods of government, allowed a fair measure of liberty to the press, and permitted many political exiles from other states to dwell in Tuscany undisturbed. But when during the early 1840s unrest spread throughout Italy, even in Tuscany demands for a constitution and other political reforms were advanced; in 1845 and 1846 riots occurred in various parts of the country, and <mask> granted a number of administrative reforms. But Austrian influence prevented him from doing more, even had he wished to do so. The election of Pope Pius IX gave fresh encouragement to Liberalism, and on 4 September 1847 <mask> instituted the National Guard – a preparation for a constitution; soon afterward the marchese Cosimo Ridolfi was appointed prime minister. The granting of the Neapolitan and Piedmontese constitutions was followed (17 February 1848) by that of Tuscany, composed by Gino Capponi. The uprisings in Milan and in Vienna aroused patriotic enthusiasm in Tuscany, where war against Austria was demanded; <mask>, yielding to popular pressure, sent a force of regulars and volunteers to co-operate with Piedmont in the Lombard campaign.His speech on their departure was uncompromisingly Italian and Liberal. "Soldiers," he said, "the holy cause of Italian freedom is being decided to-day on the fields of Lombardy. Already the citizens of Milan have purchased their liberty with their blood and with a heroism of which history offers few examples... Honour to the arms of Italy! Long live Italian independence!" The Tuscan contingent fought bravely, though unsuccessfully, at Curtatone and Montanara. On 26 June, the first Tuscan parliament assembled but the disturbances consequent on the failure of the campaign in Lombardy resulted in the resignation of the Ridolfi ministry, which was succeeded by that of Gino Capponi. The riots

masks: Leopold Leopold Leopold


title: Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany

texts: continued, especially at Livorno, which was prey to actual civil war, and the democratic party of which Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi and Giuseppe Montanelli were organizers became every day more influential.Capponi resigned, and <mask> agreed reluctantly to a Montanelli-Guerrazzi ministry, which in its turn had to fight against the extreme republican party. New elections in the autumn of 1848 returned a constitutional majority, but it ended by voting in favour of a constituent assembly. There was talk of instituting a central Italian kingdom with <mask> as king, to form part of a larger Italian federation, but in the meanwhile the grand-duke, alarmed at the revolutionary and republican agitations in Tuscany and encouraged by the success of the Austrian troops, was, according to Montanelli, negotiating with Field-Marshal Radetzky and with Pius IX, who had now abandoned his liberal tendencies, and fled to Gaeta. <mask> had left Florence for Siena, and eventually for Porto Santo Stefano, leaving a letter to Guerrazzi in which, on account of a protest from the pope, he declared that he could not agree to the proposed constituent assembly. The utmost confusion prevailed in Florence and other parts of Tuscany. On 18 February 1849 a republic was proclaimed and on that same day <mask> sailed for Gaeta. A third parliament was elected and Guerrazzi appointed dictator.But there was great discontent, and the defeat of Charles Albert at Novara caused consternation among the Liberals. The majority, while fearing an Austrian invasion, desired the return of the grand-duke who had never been unpopular, and in April 1849 the municipal council usurped the powers of the assembly and invited him to return, "to save us by means of the restoration of the constitutional monarchy surrounded by popular institutions, from the shame and ruin of a foreign invasion." <mask> accepted, although he said nothing about the foreign invasion, and on 1 May

masks: Leopold Leopold Leopold Leopold Leopold


title: Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany

texts: sent Count Luigi Serristori to Tuscany with full powers. But at the same time the Austrians occupied Lucca and Livorno, and although <mask> simulated surprise at their action it has since been proved, as the Austrian general d'Aspre declared at the time, that Austrian intervention was due to the request of the grand-duke. On 24 May the latter appointed G Baldasseroni prime minister, on the 25th the Austrians entered Florence and on 28 July <mask> himself returned. In April 1850 he concluded a treaty with Austria sanctioning the continuation for an indefinite period of the Austrian occupation with 10,000 men; in September he dismissed parliament, and the next year established a concordat with the Church of a very clerical character. He feebly asked Austria if he might maintain the constitution, and the Austrian premier, Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg, advised him to consult the pope, the king of Naples and the dukes of Parma and Modena.On their advice he formally revoked the constitution (1852). Political trials were held, Guerrazzi and many others being condemned to long terms of imprisonment, and although in 1855 the Austrian troops left Tuscany, <mask>'s popularity was gone. Some of the Liberals, however, still believed in the possibility of a constitutional grand-duke who could be induced for a second time to join Piedmont in a war against Austria, whereas the popular party headed by Ferdinando Bartolommei and Giuseppe Dolfi realised that only by the expulsion of <mask> could the national aspirations be realised. When in 1859 France and Piedmont made war on Austria, <mask>'s government failed to prevent numbers of young Tuscan volunteers from joining the Franco-Piedmontese forces. Finally an agreement was arrived at between the aristocratic constitutionalists and the popular party, as a result of which the grand-duke's participation in the war was formally demanded. <mask> at first gave way, and entrusted Don Neri

masks: Leopold Leopold Leopold Leopold Leopold Leopold


title: Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany

texts:
 Corsini with the formation of a ministry. The popular demands presented by Corsini were for the abdication of <mask> in favour of his son, an alliance with Piedmont and the reorganisation of Tuscany in accordance with the eventual and definite reorganisation of Italy.<mask> hesitated and finally rejected the proposals as derogatory to his dignity. On 27 April there was great excitement in Florence, Italian colours appeared everywhere, but order was maintained, and the grand-duke and his family departed for Bologna undisturbed. Thus the revolution was accomplished without blood being shed, and after a period of provisional government Tuscany was incorporated in the kingdom of Italy. On 21 July <mask> abdicated in favour of his son Ferdinand IV of Tuscany, who never reigned, but issued a protest from Dresden (26 March 1860). Evaluation

<mask> of Tuscany was a well-meaning, not unkindly man, and fonder of his subjects than were the other Italian despots, but he was weak, and too closely bound by family ties and Habsburg traditions ever to become a real Liberal. Had he not joined the conclave of autocrats at Gaeta, and, above all, had he not summoned Austrian assistance while denying that he had done so, in 1849, he might yet have preserved his throne, and even changed the course of Italian history. At the same time his rule, if not harsh, was demoralising.Along with his wife he was the founding patron of L'Istituto Statale della Ss. Annunziata, the first female boarding school in Florence established to educate aristocratic  and noble young ladies. <mask> ordered the construction of La Botte, a water tunnel under the Arno River, which allowed for the final drainage of the Lago di Bientina, which had previously been the largest lake in Tuscany. Completed in 1859, La Botte remains an integral part of the Tuscan water management system. He spent his last years in Austria, and died in Rome. Marriages and children

In Dresden


title: Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany

texts:
 on 28 October 1817 by proxy and in Florence on 16 November 1817 in person, <mask> married Princess Maria Anna of Saxony, born in Dresden on 15 November 1799. She was a daughter of Maximilian, Prince of Saxony and Caroline of Bourbon-Parma.Her maternal grandparents were Ferdinand, Duke of Parma and Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria. <mask> and his wife were second cousins as they were both great-grandchildren of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. They had four children:

Archduchess Carolina Auguste Elisabeth Vincentia Johanna Josepha (Florence, 19 November 1822 – Florence, 5 October 1841). Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria (1 April 1825 – 26 April 1864). Married Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria. Archduchess Maria Maximiliana Thekla Johanna Josepha (Florence, 9 January 1827 – Florence, 18 May 1834). Archduchess Maria Josepha Amalia Carlotta Giovanna (Florence, 1 May 1828 – Florence, 1 May 1836)

Maria Anna died in Pisa on 24 April 1832.On 7 June 1833 in Naples, <mask> married secondly Maria Antonietta of the Two Sicilies (Palermo, 19 December 1814 – Orth, 7 November 1898). His new wife was the second daughter of Francis I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Isabella of Spain. Marie Antoinette was his first cousin. They had ten children:

Archduchess Maria Isabella of Austria. Married her maternal uncle Prince Francis, Count of Trapani, youngest son of Francis I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Isabella of Spain. Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany (10 June 1835 – 17 January 1908). Archduchess Maria Theresia Annunziata Johanna Josepha Paulina Luisa Virginia Apollonia Philomena (Florence, 29 June 1836 – Florence, 5 August 1838).Archduchess Maria Christina Annunziata Agatha Dorothea Johanna Josephina Luisa Philomena Anna (Florence, 5 February 1838 – Florence, 1 September 1849). Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria (30 April 1839 – 18 January 1892). He married Princess Maria Immaculata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, second


title: Alexandra Escobar

texts:
<mask> (born July 17, 1980) is an Ecuadorian weightlifter. At the 2001 World Weightlifting Championships in Antalya, Turkey she won gold in the 53 kg category in the clean and jerk, bronze in the snatch, and the overall bronze medal with in total 205 kg. She ranked 7th in the Woman's 58 kg category at the 2004 Summer Olympics, lifting 215 kg in total. At the 2006 World Weightlifting Championships she ranked 16th in the 58 kg category, and at the 2007 World Weightlifting Championships she ranked 5th in the same category, lifting a total of 220 kg. <mask> won the gold medal in the 58 kg category at the 2008 Pan American Weightlifting Championships. She competed in Weightlifting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's 58 kg in Beijing, ranking 5th with 223 kg in total, and also was the national flag bearer at the opening ceremony. She was the Ecuadorian flag-bearer for both the 2004 and 2008 Olympic games.At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she again competed in the women's 58 kg category, finishing 9th with a total of 226 kg. Early life
<mask>'s parents struggled to support her, and soon sent her to be raised by her aunt Luisa Marquez. It was Luisa's daughter, Adela Marquez, who introduced <mask> to the sport of weightlifting. From an early age <mask> knew that sports would likely present the best opportunity to escape the poverty she had inherited at birth. <mask> was found by a local coach in Esmeraldas named Silvio Mila. Mila practically refused to let <mask> walk away from the sport, and just four months after beginning to train in the sport she won her first medal and was shortly thereafter invited to join the Ecuadorian Weightlifting team. <mask> first found international success in 2001 at the World Championships in Antalya, Turkey where she won a gold medal in the 53 kg Clean & Jerk event.<mask> has also found considerable success on her home continent winning 18 gold medals in various major South American competitions. She has competed in three Olympic Games all

masks:
María Alexandra Escobar Guerrero
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar


title: Alexandra Escobar

texts:
 in the 58 kg event, and is currently working towards qualifying for the 2016 games to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. <mask> and her husband Dario Xavier Garcia have one son, Dominic Ramses Garcia. She is currently coached by the Cuban Javier Perez Rosas, and trains in her home town of Esmeraldas. The government has provided her with facilities to train in and a monthly stipend to allow her to focus solely on weightlifting. Pan American Championships

While <mask> has competed in three Olympic Games and several World Championships her greatest success has undoubtedly come at the Pan American Championships. She first appeared on the Pan American stage in 2008 at the games held in Callao, Peru when she swept the 58 kg events, winning three gold medals 1 each in the 58 kg, the 58 kg – snatch, and the 58 kg – clean & jerk.Since the 2008 games in Callao Escobar has won 10 gold medals, 2 silvers, and 1 bronze. Making that even more impressive, she won back to back to back gold medals in both the 58 kg and the 58 kg – clean & jerk during the 2008, 2009 and 2010 games. <mask> is showing no signs of slowing down either having recently won gold medals in 58 kg, the 58 kg – snatch and the 58 kg – clean & jerk events at the 2013 games held in Caracas, Venezuela. Olympic Games

<mask>'s dream is to win an Olympic medal, and she has competed in three games so far. She first competed in the Olympics in 2004 in Athens, Greece. She then returned in the 2008 games in Beijing, China. Finally, she competed in London, England during the 2012 games.Prior to the 2012 games, <mask> said:

<mask> has yet to accomplish this goal as her best finish so far was fourth place in the 2008 games. In the opening ceremony of those games, <mask> was the flag bearer for her home country Ecuador. <mask> considers this a great honor that was bestowed upon her. Her other finishes in the Olympics were 7th place in 2004 and 9th in 2012. After the disappointing finish in London, there was some

masks:
Escobar
Alexandra Escobar
Escobar
Alexandra Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar


title: Alexandra Escobar

texts:
 speculation that <mask> would retire as she has spoken about an interest in coaching and studying sports science. However this soon proved false as she has returned to competitions in 2013. World championships

<mask> has competed in eight World Championships.She has won one gold medal, in 2001, and has finished second on two occasions, both occurring in the 2013 games held in Wroclaw, Poland. She has also won four bronze medals, in 2001, 2003 and 2013. Her medals have all came in the 58 kg, 58 kg – snatch and 58 kg – clean & jerk events. Controversy

In October 2003, <mask> threatened to boycott the World Championships that were being held in Vancouver, Canada later that year unless the governing committee canceled a twenty thousand dollar fine that was imposed on a fellow competitor. Ultimately, the issue was resolved and <mask> attended the games winning a bronze medal in the 58 kg – snatch event. This event painted <mask> as a martyr in the eyes of the weightlifting community and garnered her significant respect among her fellow competitors. References

External links

1980 births
Living people
World Weightlifting Championships medalists
Olympic weightlifters of Ecuador
Weightlifters at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2007 Pan American Games
Sportspeople from Esmeraldas, Ecuador
Ecuadorian female weightlifters
Pan American Games gold medalists for Ecuador
Pan American Games medalists in weightlifting
Weightlifters at the 2015 Pan American Games
South American Games gold medalists for Ecuador
South American Games medalists in weightlifting
Competitors at the 2010 South American Games
Weightlifters at the 2019 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
Weightlifters at the 2020 Summer Olympics
21st-century Ecuadorian

masks:
Escobar
Alexandra Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar


title: Avidius Cassius

texts:
<mask> ( 130 – July 175 AD) was an Assyrian Roman general and usurper. He was born in Cyrrhus, and was the son of Gaius Avidius Heliodorus, who served as praefectus or governor of Roman Egypt, and Julia Cassia Alexandra, who was related to a number of royal figures, including her descent from both Augustus and Herod the Great. He began his military career under Antoninus Pius, rising to the status of legatus legionis. He served during the Parthian war of Lucius Verus, in which he distinguished himself, for which he was elevated to the Senate, and later made Imperial legate. During the Bucolic War, he was given the extraordinary title of Rector Orientis, giving him Imperium over all of the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. In 175, <mask> declared himself emperor, because he had received news, from Marcus Aurelius' wife Faustina the Younger, that the Emperor Marcus Aurelius was about to die. He received broad support in the eastern provinces of Egypt, Syria, Syria Palaestina and Arabia Petraea, especially Syria, which was his homeland.Despite his control of the vital grain production of Egypt, and his command of seven legions, he was heavily outmatched by Aurelius. While Aurelius was amassing a force to defeat <mask>, a centurion of one of <mask>' legions murdered Cassius, sending his head to Aurelius as proof. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born around 130, in the town of Cyrrhus, Syria. He was born to <mask> Heliodorus and Julia Cassia Alexandra. His father, Heliodorus, was of equestrian status, and served as Ab epistulis for Hadrian. Heliodorus later served as Praefectus augustalis, the prefect of Roman Egypt, from 137 to 142AD. According to <mask> Dio, he received this post, which was one of the highest posts that an equestrian could hold, due to his

masks:
Gaius Avidius Cassius
Cassius
Cassius
Cassius
Avidius
Cassius
Gaius Avidius
Cassius


title: Avidius Cassius

texts:
 oratory skills alone.His mother, Julia Cassia, was the great-granddaughter of Junia Lepida, who was herself a great-great-granddaughter of the first Roman emperor, Augustus. She was also a descendant of Herod the Great through her father, Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus. <mask> was also a distant descendant of the Roman client-king Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Commagene, who had been dethroned half a century before. Early career
It is thought that <mask> began his career during the reign of Antoninus Pius. He may have been adlected as a quaestor in 154. It is thought that he became a legatus legionis of one of the legions stationed in Moesia Inferior, which guarded against the Sarmatians, during the late years of Pius' rule (138–161), and it is certain that he was a legatus by at least 161AD, the last year of Pius' reign. <mask> rose to prominence rapidly 164, under the co-emperors Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius, during the Parthian war of Lucius Verus, serving as legatus legionis or commander of Legio III Gallica.In 165, he led Legio III Gallica down the Euphrates, and defeated the Parthians at Dura-Europos. Before the end of the year, <mask> and his legion marched to the south, crossed Mesopotamia at its narrowest point, and attacked and sacked the twin Parthian cities of the Tigris river: Seleucia, which was on the right bank; and Ctesiphon, which was on the left bank and was the Parthian capital. After capturing Ctesiphon, he burnt the palace of Vologases IV. Despite the fact that Seleucia had surrendered to the Romans, he destroyed it as well, justifying it by claiming that the local population had broken their agreement. <mask>' legion was by this time in dire need of supplies. The first signs of what became known as the Antonine Plague showed

masks: Cassius Cassius Cassius Cassius Cassius


title: Avidius Cassius

texts:
 up in his army in 165. <mask> marched back to Syria, carrying with him the spoils taken from his campaign.He sent details of his campaign to Rome, for which he was rewarded with elevation to the Senate. Much of his success was credited to Emperor Lucius Verus, who, although himself an excellent commander, was notedly unafraid of delegating military tasks to more competent generals. In May of 166, <mask> was made suffect consul, a position he held while still stationed outside of Rome. During that year, Lucius Verus and <mask> launched a new campaign against the Parthians, invading across the northern stretch of the Tigris river, into Media. During this time, a false rumor reached Rome that <mask> had led Legio III Gallica across the Indus River. In late 166AD, <mask> was appointed imperial legate of Syria. In 170, <mask> was given the extraordinary title of Rector Orientis (literally "Supreme Commander of the Orient"), giving him imperium over the entirety of the eastern section of the empire, in order to combat a large rebellion in Egypt, commonly called the Bucolic War.This rebellion was centered in the area of the Pentapolis of Middle Egypt, and was motivated by a rapid rise of grain prices in the area. The Bucoli came close to capturing Alexandria, but were halted by <mask>' troops. <mask> succeeded in putting down this revolt in 175, after using a strategy of dividing the various revolting tribespeople, and then conquering them. Usurpation
In 175, after hearing false reports that Marcus Aurelius had succumbed to his severe illness, <mask> declared himself emperor, claiming that Aurelius' troops in Pannonia, where he had been leading troops as a part of the Marcomannic War, had elected him emperor. Some versions say that <mask> was tricked, or

masks: Cassius Cassius Cassius Cassius Cassius Cassius Cassius Cassius Cassius Cassius


title: Avidius Cassius

texts: persuaded, by Faustina the Younger, who was the wife of Aurelius, because she feared that Aurelius would die while Commodus, their son, was still young, a situation which would likely have led to a usurper seizing the throne for himself. According to these accounts, Faustina thus tricked, or persuaded, Cassius into rebelling, to ensure the next emperor was someone of her choosing. The exact date of his revolt is unknown, although it is known that he revolted by at least 3 May, due to a document about his emperorship from that date.A papyrus from the Oxyrhynchus Papyri has shown that Cassius was confident of Egyptian support as early as April or even March. Aurelius attempted to suppress news of the revolt, but, when it became widespread throughout his camp, chose to address it in a speech. The exact wording of his speech is unknown, as the record given by <mask> Dio is believed to be a free composition, which followed only the outline of Aurelius' actual speech. In the record, Aurelius laments the betrayal of a dear friend, and says that if the danger had been to him alone, he would be willing to "set the issue" between himself and Cassius, before the Senate and the Army, and would have yielded the empire to Cassius, if the senate and army considered him the better leader. He was also recorded as saying that he hoped that Cassius would not be killed or commit suicide, so that he could show mercy. The Historia Augusta, a work both treasured by historians and notorious for its falsehoods, records that Aurelius formed a peace commission among his advisors. Cassius started the rebellion in a good position.He received large support from the Eastern provinces, especially his homeland of Syria, due to a combination of his distant royal descent, his victories in


title: Avidius Cassius

texts: the Parthian War and the Bucolic War. He received support from the provinces of Egypt, Syria, Syria Palaestina and Arabia Petraea, giving him a potential strength of seven legions: three from Syria, two from Syria Palaestina, one from Roman Arabia, and one from Egypt. <mask> set his base of operations in Egypt, with two important bases outside of Egypt being Antioch and Cyrrhus, both important military centres. Gaius Calvisius Statianus, the contemporary prefect of Egypt, issued an edict, which has survived in a fragmentary state, ordering the populace of Egypt to rejoice at the accession of Cassius. Despite controlling some of the most important parts of the Roman East, especially Egypt which was a critical supplier of grain for the city of Rome, Cassius failed to win widespread support for his rebellion. The Roman Senate swiftly declared Cassius a public enemy, and Publius Martius Verus, the governor of Cappadocia, who staunchly opposed the rebellion, rallied public support for Aurelius. <mask>, through the marriage of his daughter, Avidia Alexandra, to Titius Claudius Dryantianus Antonius, had connection to the Licinnii of Lycia, including Claudius Dryantianus's father Tiberius Claudius Agrippinus, who was a consul.The aristocratic Licinnii are one of the most well known Lycian families. It is unknown how much of a role Claudius Dryantianus played, although it is known that some considered him to be <mask>' partner in crime. Claudius Dryantianus and Avidia Alexandra were pardoned by Marcus Aurelius, although Claudius Dryantianus' estate was confiscated after his death. Many nobles throughout the empire opposed the rebellion, one example being Herodes Atticus, who is recorded as having sent <mask> a letter containing only the word emanes, literally

masks: Cassius Cassius Cassius Cassius


title: Avidius Cassius

texts:
 "you are mad". Despite this widespread opposition, the capital of Rome was thrown into a panic, which forced Aurelius to send Gaius Vettius Sabinianus Julius Hospes, the governor of Pannonia Inferior, with troops to secure the city. Aurelius was forced to withdraw from his campaign against the Iazyges, and end the Marcomannic War. Several barbarian tribes sent offers of their assistance to Aurelius, all of which were refused.Aurelius amassed troops and prepared to depart for the East, to depose Cassius. It was soon clear that Aurelius was in a stronger position, with far more legions available to him than to Cassius. When news of Aurelius' plans to invade reached Egypt, a centurion killed Cassius, and sent his head to Aurelius, who refused to see it, and ordered it buried. He was likely killed by at least the end of July 175, as Egypt chose to recognize Aurelius again on 28 July 175. <mask> had rebelled for three months and six days before being killed, during which time no coins were struck bearing his image. Aftermath
After the death of Cassius, Publius Martius Verus swiftly took control of Syria, and burned all of Cassius' correspondences. Even after the news of Cassius' death had reached Marcus Aurelius, Aurelius was still determined to visit the east.He set off with a body of advisors, along with his wife, Faustina, who died along the way, in a village in south Cappadocia, about  south of Tyana, called Halala. The town was renamed in her honor, and his son, Commodus. After the death of Faustina, Aurelius wrote to the Senate, asking them for a report on <mask>' supporters, but specifically saying he desired no bloodshed to punish them, as several retributions had already been carried out in the name of Aurelius. Among these were the killing of

masks: Cassius Cassius


title: Avidius Cassius

texts:
 Avidius Maecianus, a son of Cassius. Aurelius ordered the banishment of Avidius Heliodorus, another son of Cassius. Avidia Alexandra, the daughter of Cassius, and her husband, were placed under the protection of "an uncle by marriage", believed to be Claudius Titianus, a Lycian senator. Personal life
Dio spoke highly of Cassius, saying that he was a "good man" whose only fault was that his father, Heliodorus, was given his post of Praefectus augustalis only because of his speaking abilities.He was labelled as being a strict disciplinarian during his time as commander of Legio III Gallica. <mask> was married to Volusia Vettia Maeciana, daughter of Lucius Volusius Maecianus, and had at least three children (the Historia Augusta implies he may have had more):
 Avidius Heliodorus – first son of Cassius, who was banished by order of the emperor. <mask> Maecianus – second son of <mask>, who was killed after the revolt had been put down. Avidia Alexandra – daughter of <mask>, who was forced to live under the protection of an uncle, along with her husband. In popular culture
Roman Empire: Reign of Blood
Gladiator Begins
20s A Difficult Age, one of the series' antagonist is based on and named after Cassius. Footnotes

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

130 births
175 deaths
2nd century in Egypt
2nd-century murdered monarchs
2nd-century Roman governors of Syria
2nd-century Roman usurpers
Ancient Roman equites
Ancient Roman generals
<mask>, Gaius
Avidius, Gaius
Generals of Antoninus Pius
Generals of Lucius Verus
Generals of Marcus Aurelius
Herodian dynasty
Murdered Roman emperors
Orontid dynasty
People from Cyrrhus
People of the Roman–Parthian Wars
Roman governors of Syria
Roman legates
Roman quaestors
Senators of the Roman Empire
Suffect consuls

masks: Cassius Avidius Cassius Cassius Cassius


title: Jeremy Fogel

texts:
<mask> (born September 17, 1949) is a former United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. <mask> was appointed by President Bill Clinton. He was a judge for the municipal court and superior court of Santa Clara County, California from 1981 to 1998. He served as Director of the Federal Judicial Center from 2011–2018. Education and early career
<mask> was born in San Francisco, California, and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Stanford University in 1971 and a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1974. He entered private practice in San Jose, California until 1978. He was a lecturer in human development at San Jose State University from 1977 to 1978 and member of the Santa Clara County Bar Association from 1978 to 1981.With the Mental Health Advocacy Project, he was a directing attorney from 1978 to 1981 and an Executive director from 1980 to 1981. Along with his judicial work, <mask> lectures at Stanford Law School; one of his courses was "Psychology of Litigation: Practical and Ethical Implications". Judicial career

State judicial service
He was appointed by Democratic governor Jerry Brown as a judge on the Santa Clara County Municipal Court from 1981 to 1986. Brown successor, Republican governor George Deukmejian, appointed <mask> to a judgeship at the Superior Court of Santa Clara County in 1986; <mask> remained until 1998. As a Superior Court judge, <mask> on November 23, 1992 allowed the East Side Union High School District to screen Channel One News, whose content included commercials, in classrooms provided that students who opt out receive alternative assignments. In 1997, <mask> heard a case challenging Measure B, a ballot initiative for a public transportation sales tax passed by 52 percent of voters. Challengers argued that because Measure B was a special tax (earmarked) rather than a general tax (for the general fund), a simple majority vote was insufficient.<mask> dismissed the lawsuit on April 3, 1997, two days after it opened. Federal judicial service
<mask> was nominated by President Bill Clinton on September 8, 1997, to the seat on the United States District Court for the

masks:
Jeremy Don Fogel
Fogel
Fogel
Fogel
Fogel
Fogel
Fogel
Fogel
Fogel
Fogel


title: Jeremy Fogel

texts:
 Northern District of California that had been vacated by Robert Aguilar. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 16, 1998, and received his commission on March 17, 1998. He assumed senior status on December 31, 2014. He retired from active service on September 14, 2018.

Notable cases

<mask> has presided over federal criminal cases, including trials for perjury and fraud. In 2010, he presided over the perjury case of Federal Bureau of Investigation employee Rachelle Thomas-Zuill, who pleaded guilty. On January 8, 2010, <mask> sentenced two people to federal prison for defrauding 24 Hour Fitness; one of the convicted, Susan Powell, served as a vice president of that company.Powell got 15 months, and advertising executive Michael Johnston got 5 months. On July 22, 2010, <mask> sentenced Seth Sundberg, the branch manager of a mortgage and financial business, to 71 months in prison and $2.4 million in restitution for obtaining a $5 million tax refund from the Internal Revenue Service fraudulently. Sundberg pleaded guilty in January 2010 to mail fraud. Other cases that <mask> has presided over federally included that of serial bank robber Froilan Alix Roldan, whom he sentenced to 18 years' imprisonment on September 30, 2009. Roldan robbed $90,000 from a Bank of America branch in Santa Clara, California over three instances in three years. Judge <mask> also sentenced NASA Ames Research Center contractor Ernst John Rohde to a five-year term for possessing child pornography on his government computer; two other Ames employees had been convicted of the same offense previously. On October 29, 2009, <mask> awarded the Palo Alto, California-based social networking website Facebook $711 million in damages in a civil suit that Facebook filed against online marketer Sanford Wallace, whom Facebook accused of using the website to send spam to and steal personal information from website users.California execution moratorium

On December 15, 2006, in the case Morales v. Tilton, Judge <mask> ruled that California execution procedures violate the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution because inexperienced, untrained prison staff do executions in

masks: Fogel Fogel Fogel Fogel Fogel Fogel Fogel


title: Jeremy Fogel

texts:
 crowded, poorly lit settings; <mask> wrote that "implementation of lethal injection" by California "is broken, but...can be fixed." That moratorium came ten months after <mask> issued a ruling two hours prior to the scheduled February 21, 2006 execution of Michael Morales with conditions to prevent a painful execution: instead of administering it via intravenous tube, a licensed medical professional would have to inject sodium thiopental directly into Morales' vein. California then delayed the execution, as it could not comply with <mask>'s order. Under the same painful death criteria, <mask> issued a stay of execution for Albert Greenwood Brown on September 28, 2010, two days before Brown was scheduled to be executed. In response to <mask>'s ruling in Morales v. Tilton, The New York Times wrote in a 2011 editorial: "For legislators in state capitols considering whether to abolish the [death] penalty... this case... has documented how lethal injection can be cruel and unusual punishment when unprofessionally administered and how the culture of prisons breeds that shoddy approach. It is one more reason to reject the death penalty as a barbaric punishment." Subsequent career
On September 17, 2018, Judge <mask> became the first Executive Director of the Berkeley Judicial Institute, a center at Berkeley Law School whose mission is to build bridges between judges and academics and to promote an ethical, resilient and independent judiciary.Personal life
<mask> married preschool teacher Kathleen Aim Wilcox and lives in Los Altos, California; their son Nate Wilcox-<mask> attended the Menlo School and Stanford University and played on the football teams of both schools. See also
 List of Jewish American jurists

References

External links

1949 births
Living people
California state court judges
Harvard Law School alumni
Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California
People from Los Altos, California
Lawyers from San Francisco
Stanford Law School faculty
Stanford University alumni
Superior court judges in the United States
United States district court judges appointed by Bill Clinton
20th-century American judges
21st-century

masks:
Fogel
Fogel
Fogel
Fogel
Fogel
Jeremy Fogel
Fogel
Fogel


title: DuBose Heyward

texts:
<mask> (August 31, 1885 – June 16, 1940) was an American author best known for his 1925 novel Porgy. He and his wife Dorothy, a playwright, adapted it as a 1927 play of the same name. The couple worked with composer George Gershwin to adapt the work as the 1935 opera Porgy and Bess. It was later adapted as a 1959 film of the same name. <mask> also wrote poetry and other novels and plays. He wrote the children's book The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes (1939). Childhood, education, and early career
<mask> was born in 1885 in Charleston, South Carolina, the son of Jane Screven (<mask>) and <mask>.He was a descendant of Judge Thomas <mask>, Jr., a South Carolinian signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, and his wife, who were of the planter elite. As a child and young man, <mask> was frequently ill. He contracted polio when he was 18. Two years later he contracted typhoid fever, and the following year fell ill with pleurisy. He described himself as having been "a miserable student" who was uninterested in learning. He dropped out of high school in his first year at age fourteen but had a lifelong and serious interest in literature. He was able to support himself as he became a successful insurance agent.While confined to his sickbed, he wrote numerous verses and stories. In 1913 <mask> wrote a one-act play, An Artistic Triumph, which was produced in a local theater. Although described as a derivative work that reportedly showed little promise, <mask> was encouraged enough to pursue a literary career. In 1917, while convalescing, he began to work seriously at fiction and poetry. In 1918 he published his first short story, "The Brute," in Pagan, a Magazine for Eudaemonists. The next year, he met Hervey Allen, who was teaching at the nearby Porter Military Academy. They became close friends and formed the Poetry Society of South Carolina.It helped spark a revival of southern literature. <mask> edited the society's yearbooks until 1924 and contributed much of their content. His poetry was well

masks:
Edwin DuBose Heyward
Heyward
Heyward
DuBose
Edwin Watkins Heyward
Heyward
Heyward
Heyward
Heyward
Heyward


title: DuBose Heyward

texts:
 received, earning him a "Contemporary Verse" award in 1921. In 1922 he and Allen jointly published a collection, Carolina Chansons: Legends of the Low Country. They  jointly edited an issue of Poetry magazine featuring Southern writers. During this period <mask> and his friend Henry T. O'Neill together operated a successful insurance and real estate company. Marriage and family
<mask> met his wife Dorothy when they were both at the MacDowell Colony in 1922.After they married, they lived for many years in Charleston. Their only child, Jenifer <mask> <mask>, was born in 1930 in New York City. She became a sculptor, actress and dancer, a member of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. She married Judson Wood Jr., and died in 1984. Career as full-time writer
By 1924, <mask>bo Brown and Other Poems (1924). Between stints of writing, he supplemented his income by lecturing on southern literature at colleges and the Porter Military Academy.Porgy
In 1925 he published his novel Porgy, set in the black community of Charleston, which had many Gullah people. Given the positive reception for the book, he and Dorothy, a playwright, adapted it as a dramatic play. While working on that adaptation, he was approached by composer George Gershwin, who proposed collaborating on an opera of the material. His and Dorothy's play Porgy opened on Broadway in 1927, and it was a considerable success, running for 367 performances. Describing <mask>'s achievement in Porgy, the African-American poet and playwright Langston Hughes said <mask> was one who saw "with his white eyes, wonderful, poetic qualities in the inhabitants of Catfish Row that makes them come alive." <mask>'s biographer James M. Hutchisson characterized Porgy as "the first major southern novel to portray blacks without condescension" and said that the libretto to Porgy and Bess was largely <mask>'s work. Critics have described <mask> as sympathetic in his portrayal of the Southern blacks in his work.Others, however, have noted that the characters in Porgy, though viewed

masks: Heyward Heyward DuBose Heyward Heywardas Heyward Heyward Heyward Heyward Heyward


title: DuBose Heyward

texts:
 sympathetically, are described in stereotypical ways. According to Ellen Noonan,

Porgy and Bess
For the opera Porgy and Bess, both <mask> and Ira Gershwin, the composer's brother and regular partner, worked on the lyrics. <mask> did not get much credit for that work. In his introduction to the section on <mask> <mask> in Invisible Giants: Fifty Americans Who Shaped the Nation But Missed the History Books (2003), Stephen Sondheim wrote:

<mask> <mask> has gone largely unrecognized as the author of the finest set of lyrics in the history of the American musical theater – namely, those of 'Porgy and Bess'. There are two reasons for this, and they are connected. First, he was primarily a poet and novelist, and his only song lyrics were those that he wrote for Porgy. Second, some of them were written in collaboration with Ira Gershwin, a full-time lyricist, whose reputation in the musical theater was firmly established before the opera was written.But most of the lyrics in Porgy – and all of the distinguished ones – are by <mask>. I admire his theater songs for their deeply felt poetic style and their insight into character. It's a pity he didn't write any others. His work is sung, but he is unsung. The Gershwin opera Porgy and Bess was produced in 1935, featuring top African-American singers and chorus. Large sections of dialogue from the play were set to music for the recitatives in the opera. Although it had limited success when first produced, it has since had numerous successful revivals, toured Europe, North America, and other continents, and been recognized as an American operatic masterpiece.Later works
<mask> continued to explore black Charleston with another novel set in Catfish Row, Mamba's Daughters (1929). He and Dorothy also adapted this as a play. <mask> wrote the play Brass Ankle, produced in 1931 in New York. The title refers to a Southern term for a person of mixed-race ancestry, and was long used in a pejorative way. The play addressed issues of mixed-race, featuring a couple in a small southern

masks: Heyward Heyward DuBose Heyward DuBose Heyward Heyward Heyward Heyward


title: DuBose Heyward

texts:
 town who have grown up believing they were white and learning about some African-American ancestry. Reviewers treated his play favorably as a version of the "tragic mulatto" genre, but it was not a commercial success. He wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation of Eugene O'Neill's play The Emperor Jones (1933).<mask> wrote a children's book, The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes (1939), which was quite popular. His novella Star Spangled Virgin (1939) was set in Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. It deals with the domestic life of Adam Work and his woman Rhoda. It was described as "singularly charming and very original", covering their and friends' interpretations of "the relations of men and women". <mask> died from a heart attack in June 1940, at the age of 54, in Tryon, North Carolina. Representation in other media
The opera Porgy and Bess was adapted as a film, released in 1959. Works

Poetry collections
Carolina Chansons: Legends of the Low Country (1922) (with Hervey Allen)
Jasbo Brown and Other Poems (1924)
Skylines and Horizons (1924)

Novels
Porgy (1925)
Angel (1926)
Mamba's Daughters (1929)
The Half Pint Flask (1929)
Peter Ashley (1932)
Star Spangled Virgin (1939)

Children's literature
The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes (1939)

Plays
Porgy (1927) (with <mask>)
Brass Ankle (1931)
Mamba's Daughters (1939) (with <mask>)

Screenplay
The Emperor Jones (1933) from the play by Eugene O'Neill

Opera
Porgy and Bess (1935) (with George Gershwin and Ira Gershwin)

See also
 South Carolina literature

Notes

References

External links

Porgy, edited with introduction and resources by Kendra Hamilton, American Studies, University of Virginia.1885 births
1940 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American opera librettists
Charleston Renaissance
MacDowell Colony fellows
Writers from Charleston, South Carolina
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American male dramatists and playwrights
Novelists from South

masks:
Heyward
Heyward
Dorothy Heyward
Dorothy Heyward


title: Nikola Čuturilo

texts:
<mask> (; born 9 July 1962), also known as Čutura (Чутура, trans. Water-bottle) is a Serbian rock musician. He is known as a guitarist for the band Riblja Čorba, as well as for his solo work. Biography

Early career
<mask> started his career as a teenager, in 1976, playing as a guitarist for the band Kredit, which also featured Igor Popović (who would later become frontman of Jakarta, vocals), Časlav Stanković (guitar), Srđan Đurić (bass guitar) and Milan Bubalo (drums). However, Kredit soon disbanded (Stanković, Đurić and Bubalo would later form Laki Pingvini), and in 1977, Čuturilo and Popović, with Srđan Đurić (bass guitar), Slobodan Đurišić (later would play in Mama Co Co, Točak Band, Spori Ritam Bend and YU grupa, drums) and Saša Lokner (later would play in Bajaga i Instruktori, keyboards), formed the band Paviljon. After a year spent in Paviljon, <mask> became a member of Bicikl. With Bicikl Čuturilo recorded a 7-inch single with songs "Palanačka hronika" ("Small Town Chronicles") and "Dečja pesma" ("Children's Song"), released in 1981.Čuturilo soon had to leave Bicikl due to his army obligations, and after he returned from the army in 1982, he joined Siluete. A year later, <mask> moved to the band Zamba, with which he released the album Udarac nisko (Low Punch). In 1984, Zamba disbanded and Čuturilo accepted the invitation from Električni Orgazam leader Srđan Gojković to join Električni Orgazam on tour. Riblja Čorba
In September 1984,

masks:
Nikola Čuturilo
Čuturilo
Čuturilo
Čuturilo


title: Nikola Čuturilo

texts:
 <mask> became a member of Riblja Čorba. He and Vidoja "Džindžer" Božinović became new Riblja Čorba guitar duo, replacing Rajko Kojić and Momčilo Bajagić. Čuturilo spent five years in Riblja Čorba, appearing on studio albums Istina (Truth; 1985), Osmi nervni slom (Eighth Nervous Breakdown; 1986), Ujed za dušu (Soul Bite; 1987) and Priča o ljubavi obično ugnjavi (Talking About Love Is Usually Annoying; 1988). Solo career
Čuturilo released his first solo album 9 lakih komada (9 Easy Pieces) in 1988.He wrote all songs on the album, and played guitar and sung on the album recording. Bass guitarists Bodan Arsovski (of Leb i Sol) and Žika Jelić (of YU grupa), drummers Dragoljub Đuričić (of Leb i Sol) and Ivan Ranković (of Ekatarina Velika), keyboardist Saša Lokner (of Bajaga i Instruktori) and guitarist Vlada Negovanovuć (of Tunel) participated in the album recording. Serbian rock and roll pioneer Mile Lojpur appeared as a guest musician in the song "Kad je Lojpur svirao" ("When Lojpur Used to Play"), referring to himself. The album was well received and <mask> formed Laki Band (Easy Band) which featured Van Gogh member Zvonimir Đukić (guitar), Dragoljub Đuričić (drums) and Ruž member Dejan Grujić (bass guitar). With Laki Band Čuturilo recorded his second solo album, Raskršće (Crossroads) in 1989. Album was produced by Saša Habić, and, alongside Laki Band members, featured Laza Ristovski and Saša Lokner on keyboards and Dejan Cukić on backing

masks: Čuturilo Čuturilo


title: Nikola Čuturilo

texts: vocals. During the same year, <mask> wrote the music for the theatre play Najbolji ludi dan (The Best Crazy Day) which was set at the stage of Nova Gorica theatre.On 14 September 1989 Čuturilo officially left Riblja Čorba and formed the band Oblaci (The Clouds) which featured <mask>'s brother Darko (keyboards), Zoran "Baki" Radovanović (drums), Dejan Grujić (bass guitar), and Saša Ranđelović (guitar). Čuturilo and Oblaci (under the name Čutura & Oblaci) released the album Rekom ljubavi (Down the River of Love) in 1991. The album was produced by Saša Habić and brought a number of radio hits: "Glorija" ("Gloria"), "Pustiću radio" ("I'll Put the Radio On"), "Reka ljubavi" ("River of Love") and "Srećan put" ("Have a Nice Trip"). Album featured Pera Joe, Jelena Galonić, Nenad Milosavljević, Dragi Jelić and Žika Jelić as guest musicians. In 1991, Čuturilo participated at the Retrospective Evening of the Belgrade Spring Festival, performing a cover of Oliver Dragojević's song "Molitva za Magdalenu" ("Prayer for Magdalene") which was released on the album Beograde (Oh, Belgrade). At the time Čutura & Oblaci went on the Rekom ljubavi tour, Yugoslav wars broke out, and in November 1991, Čuturilo went to London. In London Čuturilo performed mostly in clubs, playing with Paul Rodgers and Micky Moody, among others.In 1998, he recorded his fourth studio album I.D.. The album was recorded in London with David Duncan (bass guitar) and Neil Findlay (drums),

masks:
Čuturilo
Nikola Čuturilo


title: Nikola Čuturilo

texts: produced in Belgrade by Vlada Negovanović, and released through Komuna Belgrade. In 2006, Čutrilo released his fifth solo album, Nemir (The Unrest), recorded with Dejan Grujić on bass guitar and Blagoje Nedeljković on drums. The album was produced by Block Out leader <mask> and released through PGP-RTS. In 2012, Čuturilo released the album Tu i sad (Here and Now). The album was released both on CD, through PGP-RTS, and available for free download, through timemmachinemusic.org. Tu i sad featured a new version of his 1989 hit "Voli me" ("Love Me"), and a cover of Pop Mašina song "Sećanja" ("Memories").The album featured guest appearances by Dragi and Žika Jelić of YU grupa, and Bora Đorđević and Vidoja Božinović of Riblja Čorba. The video for the song "Sanjam da je bolje" ("I'm Dreaming that It's Better") from the album featured the actress Gala Videnović. During the same year, Čuturilo wrote the official song of the 2012 European Men's Handball Championship, held in Serbia. The song, entitled "Never Give Up", was sung by Ognjen Radivojević. The same song, with lyrics in Serbian and entitled "Nikad ne zaboravi", was recorded by four children, including Čuturilo's son Danilo, as the official song of the 2012 European Women's Handball Championship, also held in Serbia. In March 2014, Čuturilo released the single "Neko ka ja" ("Someone Like Me"), widely praised by the media for its political and social lyrics. In December of the same year,


title: C. West Churchman

texts:
<mask>  (29 August 1913 – 21 March 2004) was an American philosopher and systems scientist, who was Professor at the School of Business Administration and Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. He was internationally known for his pioneering work in operations research, system analysis and ethics. Biography
<mask> was born in 1913 in Mount Airy, Philadelphia,  to <mask> and Helen Norah Fassitt, descendants of Philadelphia Main Line families. His first intellectual love was for philosophy and this far-ranging love for wisdom captivated him to the end of his life. He studied philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania, where he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity. He earned a bachelor's degree in 1935, a master's in 1936, and a PhD in 1938, all in philosophy. One of his teachers was Edgar A.Singer, who had been a student at Harvard of the philosopher and psychologist William James. Before completing his dissertation, in 1937, he became Instructor of Philosophy, also at the University of Pennsylvania. <mask>'s dissertation was ultimately completed under Henry Bradford Smith, titled "Towards a General Logic of Propositions" (1938). Upon finishing his degree, he was appointed assistant professor at the university. During World War II, <mask> headed the mathematical section of the U.S. Ordnance Laboratory at the Frankford Arsenal in Philadelphia and devised a way to test small arms ammunition and detonators based on the statistical methods of bioassay. He also investigated the theory of detonation, applying high-speed photography.In 1945, back in Pennsylvania he was elected Chairman of the Department of Philosophy. In 1951,

masks:
Charles West Churchman
Churchman
Clark Wharton Churchman
Churchman
Churchman


title: C. West Churchman

texts:
 <mask>man moved to the Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland, Ohio, and until 1957 he was Professor of Engineering Administration at Case. In 1957, he joined the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley and remained there as a Professor Emeritus after his retirement. During 1946–1954, he served as the secretary and program chairman of the American Philosophy of Science Association. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. <mask>man was a founding member of TIMS, now INFORMS, and was its ninth president in 1962. In 1989, <mask>man was elected president of the International Society for the Systems Sciences.<mask>man edited the journal Philosophy of Science for a long period beginning in 1948. He was also the first editor-in-chief of the journal Management Science in 1954. <mask>man has been cited by Noam <mask> as the only professor from whom he learned anything as an undergraduate. European students of C. <mask>man are Werner Ulrich and Kristo Ivanov who developed his work in related fields and contributed to its diffusion in Europe. <mask> died in 2004 in Bolinas, California. Work
<mask>man made significant contributions in the fields of management science, operations research and systems theory. During a career spanning six decades, <mask>man investigated a vast range of topics such as accounting, research and development management, city planning, education, mental health, space exploration, and peace and conflict studies.<mask>man became internationally recognized due to his then radical concept of incorporating ethical values into operating systems. Hasan Ozbekhan, his friend, in The Predicament of Mankind proposal

masks:
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Chomsky
West Church
Churchman
Church
Church
Church


title: C. West Churchman

texts:
 to the Club of Rome incorporated ethical values in the 49 Continuous Critical Problems that constitute the Global Problematique. The proposal was not accepted because it was "too humanistic"

Personal life
His wife <mask> died in 2009. About her husband, she said, "Academic philosophy wasn't satisfying to him. He demanded that philosophy have meaning in the world. He wanted to insert an ethical dimension into science. And he really made it his job to remind all these CEOs that they had ethical responsibilities.""He was a tremendous teacher. People would flock to his class," <mask> said. "He always kept you on the edge of your chair, because he was a very, very exciting lecturer. He had students from everywhere, all over the world." Professor <mask> and <mask> are survived by their son Daniel Wharton <mask> (Josh) of Bolinas, his daughter-in-law <mask> and two grandchildren, Jenna and <mask>. Recognition

<mask>'s honors include the Academy of Management’s Best Book in Management Award and the McKinsey Book Award, both in 1968. In 1965 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.His work was further honored through three honorary doctorates given to him by the Washington University in St. Louis in 1975, the University of Lund, Sweden in 1984, and the Umeå University, Sweden in 1986. In 1983, <mask>man received the Berkeley Citation, one of the campus's highest awards. In 1999 he received the LEO Award for Lifetime Exceptional Achievement in Information Systems. He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences. The West Churchman Memorial Prize was awarded in 2014, during the 10th

masks:
Gloria Churchman
Gloria Churchman
Churchman
Gloria Churchman
Churchman
Joy Churchman
Kyle Churchman
Churchman
Church


title: C. West Churchman

texts:
 Brazilian Congress of systems, conducted by CORS - USP, after a selection carried out by an editorial committee, composed of researchers from several countries. The purpose of it was to provide recognition to an important systemic research work developed within the highest ethical and methodological standards as advocated C. <mask>man. Publications
<mask>man wrote some 15 books and edited another 9 books:

 1938, Towards a General Logic of Propositions, Ph.D. Dissertation.1940, Elements of Logic and Formal Science, J.B. Lippincott Co., New York. 1940, Euclid Vindicated of Every Blemish, Translator, Saccheri's. 1946, Psychologistics, with Russell L. Ackoff. 1948, Theory of Experimental Inference, Macmillan Publishers, New York. 1950, Methods of Inquiry: Introduction to Philosophy and Scientific Method, with Russell L. Ackoff, Educational Publications, St. Louis, Missouri, Missouri. 1956, Costs, Utilities, and Values, Sections I and II. 1957, Introduction to Operations Research, with Russell L. Ackoff & E.L. Arnoff, J. Wiley and Sons, New York.1960, Prediction and Optimal Decision, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 1968, Challenge to Reason, McGraw-Hill, New York. 1968/1979, The Systems Approach, Delacorte Press, New York. 1971, The Design of Inquiring Systems, Basic Concepts of Systems and Organizations, Basic Books, New York. 1975, Thinking for Decisions: Deductive Quantitative Methods, Science Research Associates, Chicago, Illinois. 1979, The Systems Approach and Its Enemies, Basic Books, New York. 1982, Thought and Wisdom; The Gaither Lectures, Intersystems Publications, Seaside, California.Books edited by C<mask> <mask>. 1947, Measurement of Consumer

masks:
West Church
Church
. West
Churchman


title: C. West Churchman

texts:
 Interest, ed. with Russell L. Ackoff, and M. Wax. 1959,  Measurement: Definitions and Theories, ed. with P. Ratoosh. 1959, Experience and Reflection by Edgar A. Singer, Jr., ed.1960, Management Sciences, ed. with M. Verhulst. 1975, Systems and Management Annual 1975, ed. 1976, Design Methods and Theories, ed. 1976, World Modelling: A Dialogue, ed. with R.O. Mason.1984, Natural Resources Administration: Introducing a New Methodology for Management Development, ed. with A.H. Rosenthal, and S.H. Smith. 1989, The Well-Being of Organizations, ed. 2011, The Permanent Revolution in Science. Richard L. Schanck and C. <mask>, (Reissue of 1954 book). New York, Philosophical Library, Introduction by C<mask> <mask>.See also

 Boundary critique
 Co-design
 Formal science
 Debora Hammond
 Werner Ulrich
 Kristo Ivanov
 Umeå University
 Ludwig von Bertalanffy
 Wicked problem

References

External links

 Appreciation of <mask>man by Werner Ulrich includes obituary from the San Francisco Chronicle. Biography of C<mask> <mask>man from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). C<mask> <mask>man's profile at the Ethics and Sustainability Forum. Interview of C<mask> <mask>man by prof. Kristo Ivanov at Umeå University on April 30, 1987 (2 hours in 4 sections). With photos and documentation. 1913 births
2004 deaths
American business theorists
American operations researchers
American systems scientists
Mathematicians from Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania alumni
People from Bolinas, California
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Mathematicians from California
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management

masks:
West Churchman
. West
Churchman
Church
. West
Church
. West
Church
. West
Church


title: Ramsay Weston Phipps

texts:
<mask> (10 April 1838 – 24 June 1923) was an Irish-born military historian and officer in Queen Victoria's Royal Artillery. The son of <mask>, an officer of the British East India Company's army, he was descended from the early settlers of the West Indies; many generations had served in the British, and the English military. Phipps served in the Crimean War, had a stint of duty at Malta, and helped to repress the Fenian uprising in Canada in 1866. <mask> is known for his study of The Armies of the First French Republic and the Rise of the Marshals of Napoleon I, a five-volume set published posthumously from 1926–1939 by Oxford University Press. He also edited L.A. Fauvelet de Bourrienne's Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, a three-volume work published in 1885 and Madame Campan's The private life of Marie Antoinette, queen of France and Navarre; with sketches and anecdotes of the courts of Louis XVI, published in 1889. Background
<mask> descended from generations of military and political men. Colonel <mask>, a Yeoman of Lincolnshire, raised a regiment of horse for Charles I.Another of his ancestors was Lord Chancellor of Ireland in the reign of Queen Anne. Captain <mask> settled the Island of St. Christopher, in the West Indies in 1676. The family was rewarded for its loyalty with titles and lands in Ireland. <mask> was also a cousin of the Earls of Mulgrave. In 1791, <mask>' grandfather, Constantine (1746–1797), rented the Hotel d'Harcourt in Caen, France, from the Duke of Harcourt; in 1793, he returned briefly to England in 1793 for the wedding of one of his daughters, leaving eight of his children in France.

masks:
Ramsay Weston Phipps
Pownoll Phipps
Phipps
Ramsay Weston Phipps
William Phipps
James Phipps
Ramsay Phipps
Phipps


title: Ramsay Weston Phipps

texts: When War of the First Coalition broke out in 1793, the children were separated from their parents. <mask>' father, Pownoll <mask> (1780–1858) and his siblings grew up in the French city during the French revolution, and lived under the threat of anti-English violence.Only after the Treaty of Campo Formio could the children return to England, arriving on 2 October 1798, all of them fluent in French; Pownoll <mask> reportedly spoke with French-accented English for the rest of his life. By the end of October, Pownoll had a commission as a lieutenant and joined the Bengal Army of the East India Company. The following June, he embarked for India on the Bombay-built ship Britannica. Upon arrival in India, Pownoll <mask> joined the force under command of Colonel Arthur Wellesley. He participated in Sir David Baird's expedition from India to Egypt in 1801, for which participation he eventually became a Knight of the Crescent. <mask> married Henrietta Beaunpaire; orphaned by the French Revolution, she had taken refuge with him and his siblings at the Hotel d'Harcourt, on 10 August 1802, in Calcutta. Pownoll <mask>' second wife, Sophia Matilda Arnold, was Benedict Arnold's daughter.<mask> retired from the East India Company service on 1 July 1825, with the rank of colonel. Living for a time in London, he was a popular regular at Exeter Hall events. A well-versed, informed and articulate speaker and storyteller, <mask> was a gallant gentleman, readily at ease in all society, and very friendly: "a tall, stout, officer-like person, about 60-years of age, with white hair, short, sharp features, and a pleasant cast of

masks:
Ramsay Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Phipps


title: Ramsay Weston Phipps

texts:
 countenance." He also had a strict sense of honor. In 1857, a year before his death, he wrote a letter to the Editor of The Times, in which he asserted his belief in the good character and quality of the Sepoys, despite the popular outrage against them during the Indian Mutiny. Pownoll <mask> developed bronchitis after presiding over the closing of an art exhibit in Clonmel, Ireland; he died in November 1858. His funeral was attended by Protestant and Catholics, and the procession was over a mile long.<mask> <mask> was the second son of Pownoll <mask> and his third wife, the Irish-born Anna Charlotte Smith. Born at the family estate, Oaklands, in Tipperary, Ireland, he was named <mask> in honor of an uncle who pioneered slave emancipation in the West Indies, and <mask> after another uncle, a scientific clergyman. By 1841, his father had returned to England, to reside in Kent, where the family lived in Yalding. They lodged at the "Parsonage" with a local farmer, Ramsey Warde; Ramsey Warde was also a relative of <mask>' mother. The family of four included three-year-old <mask>, his older brother, Pownoll (age five), his mother (age 30) and his father. Eventually, two more children joined the family: Henrietta Sophia and Robert Constantine, twins born 23 September 1841. The boy died 9 October, but Henrietta lived into adulthood, marrying Lieutenant-Colonel William Smith.After suffering a bout of measles in spring 1847, <mask> attended Mr. Barron's School at Stanmore with his older brother, Pownoll, with the intent to following his brother in a year or two to Rugby in Warwickshire. Military career
Before he

masks:
Phipps
Ramsay Weston
Phipps
Phipps
Ramsay
Weston
Phipps
Ramsay
Ramsay Phipps


title: Ramsay Weston Phipps

texts: could enter Rugby, <mask> was offered instead a cadetship and entered the government preparatory school at Carshalton in Surrey. In 1849, at the age of 11, he put on a uniform, and he wore it, or a variation of it, until his retirement in 1887. <mask> later attended the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. After his graduation, he expected a commission in the Royal Artillery, and while awaiting it, he lived for a few months with his uncle at Carragh, Ireland; his lieutenant's commission arrived, dated 1 August 1855, and with it instructions him to join his Royal Artillery unit at Woolwich, for service in the Crimean War. He reached the Crimea in November 1855, and participated in the siege of Sevastopol. Assigned to the Matthew Dixon's 5th Company, 9th Battalion, he was part of the right siege train, and his chief occupation was blowing up the Sevastapol docks.He was still small for his age, and looked very young, which drew teasing from his company. The siege work was difficult and the living conditions were brutal; he recounted to his brother that the soldiers were plagued not only by the Russian fire, but by dysentery, bad food, and wintering in tents. He returned to England the following year on the Imperatrice, arriving in March 1856. Although he was given a medal to wear when Queen Victoria reviewed the troops, it was later collected from him; the decision was made at higher commands that only those who had landed in the Crimea prior to September 1855 would be awarded the Crimea Medal. After his return to England, <mask> was quartered at the Tower of London. After this assignment, he was sent to

masks:
Phipps
Phipps
Ramsay Phipps


title: Ramsay Weston Phipps

texts: Plymouth, serving at the Prince of Wales Redoubt. In 1861, <mask> was stationed in South Shoebury, Essex.He was promoted to the Royal Artillery's unique rank of second captain on 7 April 1864, and appointed brigade adjutant on 14 October 1868. The brigade adjutant functioned as the staff officer for the brigade commander: he supervised all brigade books and records, monitored the execution of orders, supervised the education and training of subalterns, prosecuted in all courts-martial proceedings, and accepted and transmitted all orders. <mask> married Anne Bampfylde, the daughter of a Bath physician, in September 1864. With a few exceptions, most of <mask>' posts included garrison duty in southern England in the vicinity of the Royal Artillery barracks at Woolwich. <mask> traveled to the United States, arriving in Boston on 30 April 1866; he went to Canada to participate in operations against the Fenian uprising. In 1869, his brother and a friend sought to climb the Zermatt and the Schreckhorn, during which climb the friend fell over  to bottom of the Lauteraar glacier. In the emergency, <mask> joined his brother in Grindelwald while guides recovered the body.In 1881, <mask> was stationed in Ireland; his wife remained in Bath, living in the prestigious Royal Crescent (No. 19), with her three children, a female cousin, and several servants. <mask> was promoted to major on 12 April 1873, to brevet lieutenant-colonel on 1 July 1881, and substantive lieutenant-colonel on 26 April 1882. <mask> had little tolerance for foolishness and retained a professional soldier's dislike of civilian interference in military

masks:
Phipps
Ramsay Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Ramsay Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Phipps


title: Ramsay Weston Phipps

texts: affairs, and ineffective administration, whether from civilians or government. In 1887, shortly after his retirement, he wrote a letter to the editor of The Times addressing some of the highly publicized problems of desertions from the ranks. "War Office civilians", he wrote, "like the plan of indiscriminate enlist, as it swells their list of recruits. Then, when the list of deserters grows, they put on long faces, and say, 'it must be those wicked officers.'The officers would stop this plan in a day if they were allowed." The problem with recruiters, <mask> maintained, lay in the need for quantity, not quality. "What fools you civilians are to pay for these blackguards", he wrote. "If you would let the officers select their men, for the first year or so, you would have fewer men on paper, fewer men in prison, and just as many men for service....I will then give you another hint for saving money...why not do away with the Inspector-General of Recruiting, and spend his pay in horse artillery, who would be very ornamental and very serviceable? What use is the Inspector General?" He had retired from active service in 1883, and <mask> fully retired in 1887, after attaining the rank of colonel. <mask> and his wife had seven children, five of whom survived into adulthood.The first son, Edmund, born 1867, died less than two months later while the family was stationed at Plymouth. During a short stint on Malta in 1869, a daughter Mary was born and died immediately. Edmund Bampfylde was born in 1869, and followed a career in education; he attended New College, Oxford, and became a Deputy Secretary on the Board of

masks: Phipps Phipps Phipps


title: Ramsay Weston Phipps

texts: Education. In 1906, he married Margaret Percy <mask>, who was Mayor of Chelsea for two terms. In 1916, he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath, followed by a knighthood in 1917; he served in the Ministry of Munitions during the latter part of World War I. Charles Fossett, born in 1872, and Henry, the youngest son, pursued military careers. Charles and Henry were awarded the Distinguished Service Order for their roles in the British Expeditionary Force in 1914. Charles attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the Royal Garrison Artillery during World War I, assigned to the VI Corps Heavy Artillery, and in 1918 moved to Parkgate, in Dublin.Henry married Lorna Campbell in 1906, and they had three children. Henry eventually attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the Royal Artillery, and died on 24 August 1949. The youngest, Gertrude Annie, was born on 13 December 1876. She married in 1907 to Lieutenant Colonel E.C. Sandars, CMG, also a Royal Artillery officer; the couple had a daughter, Elizabeth. <mask>' wife died in October 1885. In 1888, <mask> settled with his three youngest children at Chalfont St Giles.The 1891 Buckingham census shows <mask> on the Royal Artillery retired list and living at a country manor house, The Stone, with his sons, 21-year-old Edmund, a student at the University of Oxford, and 16-year-old Henry, a student at Wellington, and 14-year-old Gertrude. Four servants supported this small family, including a cook, a lady's maid for Gertrude, a housemaid, and a scullery maid. In 1901, Henry had left the family household, but Edmund and Gertrude still lived with their father

masks: Phipps Phipps Phipps Phipps


title: Ramsay Weston Phipps

texts:
 in St. Giles. <mask> remained at The Stone until 1920. Career as military historian

Chalfont St Giles lies  from London, and about the same distance to Oxford, maintained a foot in the social world of London and the academic world of Oxford. <mask> was chairman of the magistrates for the Burnham division, sitting at Beaconsfield, and was a member of the County Standing Joint Committee and the County Licensing Committee. He also attended annual Diocesan Conferences at Oxford.<mask> pursued his life-long interest in the Napoleonic Wars. In 1885, he edited a revised edition of what was then the standard authority on Napoleon, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne's Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte. He also wrote the revision's chapters XXIV and XXVI. Subsequently, he edited a new edition of the surgeon Barry Edward O'Meara's Napoleon at Saint Helena, another Napoleonic Wars classic, to which he wrote a new introduction: O'Meara had been Napoleon's doctor on Helena. Historians praised <mask>' introduction as a convincing exposition against the treatment of Napoleon on Helena. In 1889, he edited a revised edition of Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan's The private life of Marie Antoinette, queen of France and Navarre; with sketches and anecdotes of the courts of Louis XVI, which was also well received. Creation of the magnum opus
Initially interested in the ministers of the Empire, <mask> was diverted to a deeper interest in Napoleon's marshals, primarily by the difficulty of obtaining facts about them.He capitalized on the growing interest of both Britons and the French in the Napoleonic period by purchasing, as they

masks: Phipps Phipps Phipps Phipps Phipps


title: Ramsay Weston Phipps

texts: came out, the many personal memoirs published by the descendants of the participants. Indeed, by 1920, he had acquired over 2,000 volumes, plus sundry maps and letters. That year, in failing health, he moved to the house of his son, Charles, in Carlyle Square (21), Chelsea, London. There was no room for the books at his son's house, so <mask> gave them to All Souls College, Oxford; the majority of them were placed in the Codrington Library. He selected All Souls for its established reputation in military history, and for the Codrington's collection left to it by Sir Foster Cunliffe, who had been killed in action in 1916. The collection, called the Phipps Collection, numbered more than 2,000 volumes, and includes Napoleon's published correspondence, that of the marshals, and has been kept up to date with modern works issued by the Historical Department of the French General Staff. By the 1920s, there was still little published in English about the French marshals.<mask>'s work was complicated by the regular appearance of new material. The French field armies of the Revolutionary Wars (1793–1800) formed the military education of the future marshals, but little had been published in either French or English about their early military experience. <mask> called these revolutionary armies the Schools for Marshals. Furthermore, he postulated, "the Consulate and the Empire cannot be judged until the Revolutionary period has been studied in detail." Published works were inconsistent, and French sources frequently misinterpreted the English sources, and vice versa. <mask> wrote both an introduction to his work and a


title: Ramsay Weston Phipps

texts:
 summary of the histories of the armies of the Republic and the Consulate, from 1791 to 1804, and at certain points in his narrative, he paused to review the positions of the various future marshals and other well-known generals. He reflected on the development of their experience, the characteristics of their leadership, and the relationships to one another and to Napoleon.Critically, he posited that generals rarely improved with practice. A massive typescript remained unfinished on <mask>'s death in June 1923. It included an introduction, a summary of the armies, a detailed history of the armies and the coup d'état in Paris, a complete history of the French armies in Spain 1808–1814, accounts of Napoleon's 1814 campaign and of the marshals during the First and Second Restorations. It also included biographical material on the marshals and notes on the ministers of the Empire. <mask> hoped that his children might be able to prepare it all for publication, and he made some provision for that. After <mask>'s death, with the support of Charles Oman, his son Charles F<mask> supervised the publication of the first three volumes. Charles died in June 1932 before proofing the final galleys of volume three.Volumes four and five were left in the hands of <mask>'s "very capable granddaughter" and literary executor, Elizabeth Sandars. Reception
<mask>' effort, and that of his literary executors, was well received as both interesting and informative. "The narrative is that of a gallant gentleman whose life was spent as a 'soldier of the Queen' and in contributing to the greatness of the British Empire, who narrates to

masks:
Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
. Phipps
Phipps
Phipps


title: Ramsay Weston Phipps

texts: his listeners the facts which he has gathered, after his retirement from the army, in the pursuit of his favorite hobby." The narrative itself is informal and charming, not only full of analysis, but also relaying interesting stories and anecdotes about the marshals themselves. Other reviewers found the narrative clear, but undistinguished and "fatigued." In the first volume, <mask>' analysis covers a categorization of the marshals, although the narrative itself is largely confined to the Armée du Nord. In the beginning, he points out, the French army was well disciplined and the class of non-commissioned officers was "especially good."As the integration of the so-called volunteers—the revolutionary conscripts—into the units of regular troops undermined morale, discipline, and conditions, the army's cohesion fell apart. <mask> highlighted in particular the problems of armies moving without magazines or supplies. His analysis of the classes of marshals—citizen, soldier, officer—offers a noteworthy and solid refutation of the marshals as a class of leadership rising from the rough soldiery; his criticism of the French Revolutionary army system resulting from the two amalgamations is acute, targeted and well-documented. However, by limiting his sources to only those in English or French, in which he also was fluent, <mask> necessarily restricted his details, ignoring the actions of the Austrians and the Russians. The evidence, though, is always well assembled, even though, by volume three, it becomes much more sparse. Of the five volumes, the second may be the most interesting: it dealt with more interesting


title: Ramsay Weston Phipps

texts: times, and more consistent military operations. The army of the north was a "bad army", and the story of its command is one of "honest and brave men hurried in turn to the guillotine, or of less honest men going over to the enemy."Some of <mask>' own eccentricities also appear in volume two; he frequently lapses into sarcasm, revealing his disdain for civilian administration of military affairs, and there are points at which he fails to follow through fully on his criticism; for example, he holds back on his critique of Jean Victor Moreau despite his assertion that he wanted to demolish once and for all the myth that Moreau was as great a soldier as Napoleon. <mask> adeptly describes the game of cat and mouse that Moreau, Jean Baptiste Jourdan, and the Archduke Charles played with one another in the summer of 1796 as their armies criss-crossed south-western Germany; neither general came to grips with the other until October, and even then, after the Battle of Schliengen, Charles was content to chase Moreau and Jourdan over the Rhine, not to demolish the French army. They were lacking, <mask> postulated, the instinct and nerves of Napoleon. The problems associated with <mask>' lack of professional training as an historian become clear by the third volume. Despite his reading of newly published works, <mask>' idea of what constituted new material included the publications of memoirs and journals of the participants, not the extensive secondary literature and array of historiographical material in the periodic literature written by professional historians seeking to understand the French revolution and the


title: Ramsay Weston Phipps

texts: Napoleonic Wars. Consequently, <mask>' perceptions of the French revolution remained rooted in the outdated theories of Archibald Alison, Adolphe Thiers, and others, while ignoring some of the new theories of Albert Sorel, François Victor Alphonse Aulard and Albert Mathiez. His military background emerged clearly in his hostility to the meddling of the French government in the affairs of soldiers.Despite his amateur standing, <mask> plowed through an alarmingly confusing mass of material, especially that covering the 1796–1797 campaigns in Ireland and the Pyrenees. He hacked through a tangle of French material to provide a path for the English language reader. This feat in itself made volume three a useful tool; furthermore, <mask> offered an even-handed treatment of the suppression of Lyon and Toulon, two French cities whose revolts alarmed the Revolutionary government. Despite his lack of professional training, <mask> provided a valuable assessment to these widely studied revolts. Reviewers also gave credit to Elizabeth Sanders, <mask>' granddaughter and literary executor, for her skillful handling of the last two volumes. The purpose of the work becomes even more apparent and direct under her management and editing of the material. The role of the future marshals becomes more clear in the campaigns of 1797, and especially in the Italian campaign; her handling of the material kept it fully focused on the future marshals Massena, Augereau, Berthier, and Brune.By the time of the publication of the final volume, <mask>' work had established for itself a place in the pantheon of Napoleonic literature. It

masks: Phipps Phipps Phipps Phipps Phipps Phipps


title: Ramsay Weston Phipps

texts:
 "will always be regarded as a valuable source", well-known to students of the Napoleonic era, and the last volume, critics maintained, was "as interesting as its predecessors." Not only did <mask> achieve his goal of creating a record of the development of the marshals, but his volumes have become a useful history of the progress of the wars themselves, from 1792 to 1799. The true value of the first volume, and indeed the subsequent four, lies in its repeated use as a reference work. Publications
 <mask> <mask>. The Armies of the First French Republic and the Rise of the Marshals of Napoleon I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1926–39. Edited works
 Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan, The private life of Marie Antoinette, queen of France and Navarre; with sketches and anecdotes of the courts of Louis XVI, Revised edition edited by R.W.Phipps, London, Bentley, 1889. Barry Edward O'Meara, Napoleon on Saint Helena. Revised edition edited by R.W<mask>, 2 volumes, London: Bentley, 1888. Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, revised edition edited by R. W<mask>, 3 volumes, London, Bentley, 1885. Archives
Three photograph albums and a photographic print by <mask> <mask> are held in the British Empire and Commonwealth Collection at Bristol Archives. The albums include photos from 1874–1927, from <mask>' time in India (including parts of the North East frontier which is now Pakistan), Egypt, Aden, Burma, South Africa, and Ceylon.There are also images from Shoeburyness, Plymouth, Chalfont St Giles, Charterhouse and Canterbury Cathedral, as well as family photographs from England and abroad.

masks:
Phipps
Ramsay Weston
Phipps
. Phipps
. Phipps
Ramsay Weston
Phipps
Phipps


title: Ramsay Weston Phipps

texts: 1873. London: John Murray, 1873. Hart, H. G. Hart's annual army list, special reserve list, and territorial force list. London: Murray, 1883. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The English Notebooks: 1853–1856. United States: Ohio State University Press 1997.Huidekoper, Frederic L. "Review." American Historical Review. 34:1, October 1928, pp. 120–121. Irvine, Dallas D. "Review."The Journal of Modern History. Vol. 4, No. 3 (September, 1932), pp. 471–474. London Gazette. no.21764, p. 3129, 17 August 1855;  no. 23966, p. 1923, 11 April 1873; no. 23966, p. 1923; no. 25089, p. 1412; and 28 March 1882, no. 25115, p. 2641, 6 June 1882. Retrieved on 15 June 2010. Lossing, Benson John."Descendants of Benedict Arnold." The American historical record. Philadelphia: Chase & Town, Publishers, 1872–1874, volume 3. New England Historic Genealogical Society Staff. The New England Register. Westminster, MD: Heritage, 2010. Nolan, Fred.A brief history of Chalfont St. Giles. Village website. Accessed 15 June 2010. One of the Protestant side. Random recollections of Exeter Hall, in 1834–1837. London: James Nisbet and Co., 1837. Page, William (editor).Parish of Chalfont St. Giles. A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 3 (1925), pp. 184–193. Found at British History online. University of London & History of Parliament Trust. 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010.Parish register transcripts from the Presidency of Bengal, 1713–1948. India. Office of the Registrar General. Salt Lake City, Utah: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1966–1967. <mask>, Pownoll William. The life of Colonel Pownoll <mask>. London: Bentley, 1894.<mask>, <mask>.

masks:
Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Ramsay Weston


title: Florence Kelley

texts:
<mask> (September 12, 1859 – February 17, 1932) was a social and political reformer and the pioneer of the term wage abolitionism. Her work against sweatshops and for the minimum wage, eight-hour workdays, and children's rights is widely regarded today. From its founding in 1899, <mask> served as the first general secretary of the National Consumers League. In 1909, <mask> helped to create the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Early life
On September 12, 1859, <mask> was born to William D<mask> (1814–1890) and Caroline Bartram Bonsall in Philadelphia. Her father was a self-made man who became an abolitionist, a founder of the Republican Party, a judge, and a longtime member of the US House of Representatives. <mask> was influenced mainly by her father and said, "I owe him everything that I have ever been able to learn to do."Throughout her early years, he read books to her that involved child labor. Even at 10, she was educated by her father on his activities, and she was able to read her father's volume, The Resources of California. Caroline Bartram Bonsall, <mask>'s mother, was not a less-prominent figure. Bonsall had relations to the famous Quaker botanist, John Bartram. Unfortunately, Bonsall's parents died while at a young age, she was then adopted by Isaac and Kay Pugh. <mask> spent many happy years with her grandparents Isaac and Kay Pugh. <mask>'s great-aunt, Sarah Pugh, lived as a Quaker and opponent of slavery.Pugh's decision to deny use of cotton and sugar because of the connection to slave labor made an impression on <mask> from an early age. Pugh was an advocate for women and told <mask> about her life as an oppressed woman. <mask> had two brothers and

masks:
Florence Moltrop Kelley
Kelley
Kelley
Kelley
. Kelley
Kelley
Kelley
Kelley
Kelley
Kelley
Kelley
Kelley