title: Marlene Norst

texts:
<mask> (24 March 193020 December 2010) was an Australian linguist, pedagogue and philanthropist of Austrian heritage. Her main areas of work were German language and literature studies, language pedagogy, English as a second language, socio-linguistics and children’s literature. Early life

Norst was born in Vienna to the lawyer Dr. <mask> (1900–1974) and the English language scholar Dr. <mask>, née Widrich (1900–1967), and grandchild of the author and journalist Dr. <mask> (1859–1939), who was a brother of Eugenie Schwarzwald. Following the Anschluss (the annexation of Austria by Germany) in March 1938 the Norst family fled Austria because of the threat of persecution by the Nazi regime. After a short stay from 22 May to 22 June 1938 with Anton’s sister, Else Rubinowicz (1892-1969), wife of the physicist Wojciech Rubinowicz, in Lwów/Poland the Norsts moved on to Denmark, where they stayed for a few months on the island of Thurø with the author Karin Michaëlis, a friend of Eugenie Schwarzwald. There they met Bertolt Brecht and his second wife, Helene Weigel. After that they traveled on to Canada and finally settled in Australia.Norst’s father was employed in a cannery in Leeton as the food technologist and tasked with establishing a laboratory. In Leeton, Norst went to a Catholic primary school and then became a boarder at Mt. Erin Presentation Convent in Wagga Wagga. After secondary school she studied German and Linguistics at Sydney University and later at Newcastle University. Teaching career

After teaching 1952–1956 at Naremburn Boys' School, Riverside Girls' School (both in Sydney) and at Kempsey High School, a co-educational country school, she left for London where she taught for two years at Walworth Comprehensive School. During this period in Europe she spent about three months

masks:
Marlene Johanna Norst
Anton Heinrich Norst
Mary Norst
Anton Norst


title: Marlene Norst

type: original

texts:
 performances.The play Before / After (Vorher / Nachher) was performed by Sydney Theatre Company in February 2011, less than two months after her death  in Sydney. Personal life

As an enthusiastic chorister Norst was a member of Sydney Philharmonia Choir and of SUMS (the Sydney University Musical Society) for many years and took part in many performances and concert tours in Australia and overseas. Bibliography

Books
<mask> <mask> and John Fletcher, German Language Books in the Libraries of Canberra, Melbourne and New South Wales, North Ryde, N.S.W., Macquarie University, School of Modern Languages, German Section, 1972. <mask> <mask> and Johanna McBride, Austrians and Australia, Athena Press, Potts Point 1988
<mask> <mask>, Ferdinand Bauer: the Australian Natural History Drawings, British Museum of Natural History/Lothian, London/Melbourne, 1989, . <mask> <mask> Burnum: A Warrior for Peace, Simon and Schuster / Kangaroo Press, 1999

Publications (selection)
Stifter's 'Nachsommer' and Biedermeier in: German Literatur, ed. J.M. Ritchie, vol.2; Wolff, London, 1969, pp.147–64. How Does Your Lexicon Grow? in: Language Learning in Australian Society eds. D. Ingram and T. Quinn, Australian International Press, Melbourne, 1978, pp. 166–72. Bücher für das bilinguale Immigrantenkind in Australien in: Schriftenreihe des Börsenvereins des deutschen Buchhandels 13, Frankfurt, 1978, pp. 166–72.Origins: Story Traditions in the Multicultural Society in: Through Folklore to Literature ed. M. Saxby, IBBY Australia Publications, Sydney, 1979, pp. 203–12. Australian National Survey of Ethnic Schools, Macquarie University, Sydney, 1982, (commissioned by the Commonwealth Schools Commission)
Vol.1 Report with Recommendations, pp. 1–218
Vol.2 Data Digest, pp. 1–159
Vol.3 Annotated Bibliography, pp.

masks:
Marlene
Norst
Marlene
Johanna Norst
Marlene
Johanna Norst
Marlene
Johanna Norstum


title: Marlene Norst

texts:
 Frankfurt/a.Main, 2004 for the Goethe Institute, Sydney, 2004.Translation into English of Vorher/Nachher by Roland Schimmelpfennig, S.Fischer, Frankfurt/a.M, 2001 for Goethe Institute, Sydney, 2004. Translation into English of Seven Seconds (In God We Trust) by Falk Richter in: Theatre 35.1, Harvard University, March 2005. Translation into English of Schwerelos oder Rücksicht auf Verluste (Weightless or With Regard to Any Losses Incurred) by Agnes Gerstenberg, 22.4.2005 published: http://www.worldinterplay.org/file_banks/scripts/script319.pdf - May 2005. Translation into English of Der Bus (The Makings of a Saint) by Lukas Baerfuss, Hartmann und Stauffacher, Verlag für Bühne, Film, Funk und Fernsehen, 30.9.2005. Translation into English of Fernwärme (Remote Warmth) by Reto Finger, Fischer Verlag, 2006. ... June 2006. Translation into English of Geisterschiff (Ghost Ship) by Margareth Obexer, Hartmann und Stauffacher Verlag, Cologne 2009.Translation into English of Lotzer. Eine Revolution (Lotzer. A Revolution) by Margareth Obexer, Hartmann und Stauffacher Verlag, Cologne 2009

References

CV of 26 September 2010 (Original!) Bibliography of 28 August 2010 (Original!) <mask> <mask>, A country child's perspective, in: Karl Bittmann, Strauss to Matilda. Viennese in Australia. 1938–1988, Wenkart Foundation, 1988.Macquarie University - Dr. <mask> <mask> shows drawings of Ferdinand Bauer

External links

Austrian emigrants to Australia
People from Sydney
Linguists from Australia
Women linguists
Australian translators
Linguists from Austria
1930 births
2010 deaths
University of Newcastle (Australia) alumni
University of Newcastle (Australia) faculty
Macquarie University faculty
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art
20th-century translators
Australian women

masks: Marlene Norst Marlene Norst


title: Arthur F. Burns

texts:
<mask> (April 27, 1904 – June 26, 1987) was an American economist whose career spanned academia and government. He served two terms as the 11th chair of the Federal Reserve from 1970 to 1978. He previously chaired Council of Economic Advisers under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1956 and served as the first Counselor to the President of Richard Nixon in 1969. <mask> was the first person to have served in both posts. He also taught and researched at Rutgers University, Columbia University, and the National Bureau of Economic Research. President Nixon nominated him to succeed William McChesney Martin as chairman of the Federal Reserve and later renominated for another term. <mask> was succeeded by G. William Miller when his second term expires.After leaving the Fed, President Ronald Reagan chose him as ambassador to West Germany from 1981 to 1985. Early life
<mask> was born in Stanislau (now Ivano-Frankivsk), Austrian Poland (Galicia), a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in 1904 to Polish-Jewish parents, Sarah Juran and <mask>g, who worked as a house painter. He showed aptitude early in his childhood, when he translated the Talmud into Polish and Russian by age six and debated socialism at age nine. In 1914, he immigrated to Bayonne, New Jersey, with his parents. He graduated from Bayonne High School. At age 17, <mask> enrolled in Columbia University on a scholarship offered by the university secretary. He worked in jobs ranging from postal clerk to shoe salesman during his time at Columbia as a student before earning his B.A.and M.A. in 1925, graduating Phi Beta Kappa. Academic career

Rutgers University
After college, he began teaching economics at Rutgers University in 1927, a role that he continued until 1944. <mask>

masks:
Arthur Frank Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Nathan Burnsei
Burns
Burns


title: Arthur F. Burns

texts:
 through his lectures became one of two professors, the other being Homer Jones, credited by <mask> as a key influence for his decision to become an economist. <mask> had convinced <mask>, Rutgers class of 1932, that modern economics could help end the Great Depression. In 1930, he married Helen Bernstein, a teacher. <mask> pursued graduate studies at Columbia while continuing his lectures at Rutgers.As a doctoral student, he became  a protege of Wesley Clair Mitchell, a founder and the chief economics researcher of the National Bureau of Economic Research. In 1933, <mask> joined the NBER under Mitchell's guidance and began a lifelong study of business cycles. He received his Ph.D. in economics from Columbia a year later. In 1943 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. In 1944, he left Rutgers and assumed the role of director of research at the NBER in 1945 following Mitchell's retirement. Columbia University
In 1945, <mask> became a professor at Columbia University. In 1959, he received the John Bates Clark endowed chair.At Columbia, he blocked the acceptance of Murray Rothbard's thesis on the Panic of 1819, despite having known Rothbard since the latter was a child. National Bureau of Economic Research
Beginning in 1933, the academic part of <mask>'s career focused on the measurement of business cycles, including questions such as the duration of economic expansions, and what economic variables rise during expansions and fall during recessions. In 1934, <mask> wrote Production Trends in the United States Since 1870 his first major publication in the field. Often, he collaborated with Wesley Clair Mitchell, whose research directorate role he assumed from 1945 to 1953. In 1946, Burns and Mitchell published

masks:
Milton Friedman
Burns
Friedman
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns


title: Arthur F. Burns

texts:
 Measuring Business Cycles, which presented the characteristic NBER methods of analyzing business cycles. During his tenure, <mask> began the academic tradition of determining recessions, a role continued by the NBER's business cycle dating committee. Today, the NBER is still considered authoritative in dating recessions.In the late 1940s, <mask> asked <mask>, then a professor at the University of Chicago, to join the NBER as a researcher of the role of money in the business cycle. <mask>'s detailed macroeconomic analysis influenced <mask> and Anna Schwartz's classic work A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960. Public service

Counselor to the President
<mask> was appointed as Counselor to the President when Richard Nixon took office in 1969. The newly created position held cabinet rank and was meant as a placeholder until <mask> could be appointed as Chair of the Federal Reserve. <mask> advised Nixon on economic policy during his brief time in the White House. As expected, <mask> was appointed to replace the outgoing William McChesney Martin as Fed Chair in November 1969 and resigned his post in the Nixon administration. Federal Reserve Chairman
<mask> served as Fed Chairman from February 1970 until the end of January 1978.He has a reputation of having been overly influenced by political pressure in his monetary policy decisions during his time as Chairman and for supporting the policy, widely accepted in political and economic circles at the time, that Fed action should try to maintain an unemployment rate of around 4 percent. When Vice President Richard M. Nixon was running for President in 1959–1960, the Fed, under the Truman-appointed William McChesney Martin, Jr., was undertaking a monetary tightening policy that resulted

masks:
Burns
Burns
Milton Friedman
Burns
Milton Friedman
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns


title: Arthur F. Burns

texts:
 in a recession in April 1960. In his book Six Crises, Nixon later blamed his defeat in 1960 in part on Fed policy and the resulting tight credit conditions and slow growth. After finally winning the presidential election of 1968, Nixon named <mask> to the Fed Chairmanship in 1970 with instructions to ensure easy access to credit when Nixon was running for reelection in 1972. Later, when <mask> resisted, negative press about him was planted in newspapers and, under the threat of legislation to dilute the Fed's influence, <mask> and other Governors succumbed. <mask>' relationship with Nixon was often rocky. Reflecting in his diary about a 1971 meeting attended by himself, Nixon, Treasury Secretary John Connally, the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors, and the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, <mask> wrote:

There was significant inflation during this period, which Nixon attempted to manage through wage and price controls while the Fed under <mask> maintained an expansive monetary policy.Although <mask> opposed Nixon's decision to close the "gold window," he "'assured the President that I would support his new program fully,' notwithstanding his reservations about the gold suspension." After the 1972 election, due in part to oil shocks from the 1973 oil crisis, price controls began to fail and by 1974, the inflation rate was 12.3 percent. <mask> thought the country was not willing to accept rates of unemployment in the range of six percent as a means of quelling inflation. From the Board of Governors meeting minutes of November 1970, <mask> believed that:

During <mask>' tenure, the rate of change of the consumer price index rose from 6%/year in early 1970 to over 12%/year in late 1974 after the Arab Oil embargo, and eventually

masks: Burns Burns Burns Burns Burns Burns Burns Burns Burns Burns


title: Arthur F. Burns

texts:
 falling to under 7%/year from 1976 to the end of his tenure in January, 1978, with an annual average rate of consumer price inflation of approximately 9% during his term. Negative economic events included multiple oil shocks (1973 and 1979) and heavy government deficits arising in part from the Vietnam War and Great Society government programs. At the Watergate break-in of 1972, the burglars were found carrying $6300 of sequentially numbered $100 bills. The Fed lied to reporter Bob Woodward as to the source of the bills.<mask> stonewalled Congressional investigations about them and issued a directive to all Fed offices prohibiting any discussion of the subject. In 1976, <mask> received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. American Enterprise Institute
William Baroody, then president of the American Enterprise Institute, brought <mask> to the economics think tank in 1978 after <mask> left his position at the Federal Reserve. From the AEI, <mask> continued to influence public policy. Ambassador to West Germany
<mask> was appointed United States Ambassador to West Germany by President Ronald Reagan. He served in Bonn from June 1981 to May 1985.Death
He died on June 26, 1987 at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. Criticism
Conservative economist Bruce Bartlett gives <mask> poor marks for his tenure as Fed chairman because the inflationary forces that began in 1970 took more than a decade to resolve. In more recent years, the famous quote, "The ultimate purpose of an economy is to produce more consumer goods," has erroneously been attributed to <mask> in popular culture. However, there is absolutely no evidence that

masks:
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Arthur Burns
Burns
Burns


title: Arthur F. Burns

texts:
 <mask> ever uttered this statement; to the contrary, he advocated–both in his speeches and his policies–for thrift and fiscal responsibility. Selected works
 <mask>, <mask>; Mitchell, Wesley C., Measuring Business Cycles,  National Bureau of Economic Research (Studies in Business Cycles), 1946
 <mask>, <mask>, Wesley Clair Mitchell: The Economic Scientist. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1952
 <mask>, <mask>, The Frontiers of Economic Knowledge: Essays, Princeton University Press, 1954. Reprinted from a National Bureau of Economic Research publication.<mask>, <mask>, Prosperity Without Inflation, Buffalo, Smith, Keynes & Marshall; distributed by Doubleday, Garden City, N.Y., 1958
 <mask>, <mask>, et al., The Anguish of Central Banking, Per Jacobsson Foundation, 1979

Sources

 <mask>, <mask>. Inside the Nixon Administration: The Secret Diary of <mask>, 1969–1974 (University Press of Kansas, 2010); reviewed by <mask>, "Burns Diary Exposes the Myth of Fed Independence," Mises Institute. <mask>, <mask>. Reflections of an Economic Policy Maker: Speeches and Congressional Statements: 1969–1978 (AEI Studies no. 217; Washington: American Enterprise Inst., 1978); reviewed by Paul W. McCracken, "Reflections of an Economic Policy Maker: a Review Article" in Journal of Economic Literature 1980 18(2): 579–585. ISSN 0022-0515 Fulltext online at Jstor and Ebsco. <mask>, <mask>. "Progress Towards Economic Stability." American Economic Review 1960 50(1): 1–19. Fulltext in Jstor and Ebsco.Abstract: Views economic growth, 1929–59; discusses corporate growth, government subsidies, increased consumer expenditures, rise in personal income, industrialization, and overall improvement in economic organization. Engelbourg, Saul. "The Council of

masks:
Burns
Burns
Arthur Frank
Burns
Arthur Frank
Burns
Arthur Frank
Burns
Arthur Frank
Burns
Arthur Frank
Burns
Arthur F
Arthur Burns
Doug French
Burns
Arthur F
Burns
Arthur F


title: Arthur F. Burns

texts:
 Economic Advisers and the Recession of 1953–1954." Business History Review 1980 54(2): 192–214. Fulltext in Jstor. Abstract: The 1953–54 recession was the first in which a Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) appointed by a Republican President, Dwight D. Eisenhower, recommended policy actions. Despite traditional Republican Party rhetoric, the CEA supported an activist contracyclical approach that helped to establish Keynesianism as a bipartisan economic policy for the nation.Especially important in formulating the CEA response to the recession – accelerating public works programs, easing credit, and reducing taxes – were <mask>. <mask> and Neil H. Jacoby. Throckmorton, H. Bruce. "The Moral Suasion of <mask><mask>: 1970–1977." Essays in Economic and Business History 1991 9: 111–121. .  Abstract: Reviews key words in <mask><mask>'s testimony on various occasions before the Joint Economic Committee of Congress while he served as chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1970–78. Correlates the key words with rates of inflation and interest rates to determine if there is a relationship between key words of testimony and selected economic variables. Notes

External links

 Papers of <mask><mask>, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
 Arthur F. <mask> Papers, 1911–2005 and undated, bulk 1940–1987, Rubenstein Library Duke University
 Statements and Speeches of <mask><mask>
Papers of <mask>, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, selected documents cited in the Allan H. Meltzer book A History of the Federal Reserve. Collection of <mask>'s works.(alt)

1904 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American economists
20th-century American businesspeople
Ambassadors of the United States to Germany
20th-century American

masks:
Arthur F
Burns
Arthur F
. Burns
Arthur F
. Burns
Arthur F
. Burns
Burns
Arthur F
. Burns
Arthur Burns
Arthur Burns


title: Virji Vora

texts:
<mask> ( 1590– 1670s) was an Indian merchant from Surat during the Mughal era. The East India Company Factory Records describe him as the richest merchant in the world at the time. According to English records, his personal worth is estimated to be worth 8 million rupees, a substantial amount of money at the time. He has been variously described as a "merchant prince," and a "plutocrat." The business activities of <mask> included wholesale trading, money lending, and banking. He established a monopoly over certain imports in Surat, and dealt with a wide range of commodities including spices, bullion, coral, ivory, lead, and opium. He was a major credit supplier and customer of the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company.Early life

The records of the East India Company frequently mention the business activities of <mask> Vora, but little is known about his origins or family background. He has been variously described as a Hindu/Jain and a Muslim. In 1968, Prof. K. H. Kamdar wrote a paper on him based on material from the Bombay Archives and Jain documents in Surat and Baroda. According to this research, <mask>i Jain of the Lonkagacchiya group. He may have been a member of the Srimali Oswal Porwal caste group. He was deeply involved in religious affairs, and held the title of Samghapati/Sanghavi, which is given to a lay leader who makes a major contribution, such as building a temple or organizing a mass pilgrimage. John F. Richards, writing in 1996, mentions him as "Baharji Bohra," and describes him as a Muslim Ismaili merchant belonging to

masks:
Virji Vora
Virji Vora
Virji
Virjivas


title: Virji Vora

texts:
 the Bohra community.The earliest mention of <mask> appears in an East India Company record dated 22 March 1619, which recommends that his servant, "Hacka Parrache" (probably Hak Parekh) should be given "courteous usage" of all English ships at the Swally (Suvali) harbour of Surat. This meant that <mask>ji Vora had branches at several places in India, as well as the port cities of the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and South-East Asia. Virji had agents at most important commercial centers of India, including
 Agra, the imperial capital and the center of the indigo trade;
 Burhanpur, the major transportation and textile center on the Agra-Surat route;
 Golconda in Deccan, where his agents bought spices (especially pepper and cardamom);
 Goa, where his agents bought spices used by the Malabar frigates for coastal trade;
 Calicut in Malabar, center of trade for assorted spices;
 Bihar;

Within Gujarat, his agents were spread across various towns including Ahmedabad, Baroda, and Broach. Business activities

A wholesale trader, <mask> <mask> dealt in a wide range of commodities. Some of his deals mentioned in historical records include

 1625
 Virji bought the entire pepper stock brought by the Dutch to Surat. The English factory at Surat decided to purchase pepper worth £10,000 from Virji at the rate of 16 mahmudis per maund. <mask>, who owned the entire pepper stock in the city, demanded 16.25 per maund, and also asked them to sell to him 25 chests of coral at a price lower than the market price.When the merchants from South India arrived at Surat with a fresh stock

masks: Virji Virjiir Virji Vora Virji


title: Virji Vora

texts:
 of pepper, <mask> bought all the pepper from them. The English then sent an agent to the Deccan to buy pepper, but <mask> asked his agents to buy the pepper stock at a price slightly higher than the English were prepared to give. Ultimately, the English were forced to purchase pepper from <mask>. 1629
 Bought coral from the English at a discount after they found it difficult to sell. 1629
 Sold 20,000 mahmudis worth of pepper to the English. 1633
 Traded 12,000 tolas of gold with the English. 1641
 Sold turmeric and cardamoms to the English.1648
 Bought cloves from the Dutch at a cheaper rate than the English thanks to his enormous liquid capital. He purchased the cloves at Rs. 45 per maund and sold them at Rs. 62-65 per maund. 1649
 Bought all the available quantities of mace and nutmeg in Surat. 1650
 Bought 20 maunds of tea from the Dutch. 1650
 Bought silver ingots from the English at the previous year's rates after the local shroffs (buillion traders) of Surat refused to take them.1650
 Bought all the goods brought by the Dutch to Surat in alliance with the Mohandas Parekh (the broker for the Dutch). 1651
 Bought ivory from the English and coral from the Dutch. 1668
 <mask> <mask> and Haji Zahid (another merchant of Surat) stored thousands of maunds of vermilion and quicksilver, "sufficient to  supply the whole country for many years." <mask> <mask> also bought opium and cotton from the local merchants and exchanged them for pepper in South India or in the Spice islands. He would often purchase the entire quantity of a particular commodity and then dictate

masks: Virji Virji Virji Virji Vora Virji Vora


title: Virji Vora

texts:
 terms to the other merchants, including Indians and foreigners. According to W. H. Moreland, the syndicates dominated by <mask> bought the entire cargoes valued from 5 to 10 lakh of rupees. An English factory record dated 18 July 1643 mentions him as "the sole monopolist of all European commodities."It further states that the deals between the Europeans and the smaller local merchants were restrained by him, and the "time and price" of the deals were decided at "his will and at his own disposure." Relations with the Europeans

<mask> <mask> competed with the British East India Company (EIC) at times, but he was also their biggest creditor and customer in Surat. The two often sent gifts and letters to each other. 1635: <mask> gave nine pieces of white cloth to the Company. 1643: The EIC gave a German Iron Chest (manufactured at Nuremberg) to <mask>. 1654: <mask> asked the Company directors to arbitrate on his disputes with their employees in India. The decision was not favorable to <mask>, but the Company gave him several pieces of broad cloth and satin, two large looking-glasses, and a piece of double glided plate engraved with the Company's Coat of Arms.1661: <mask> Vora (1-1.5% per month). One English record states that, "the town [Surat] is very empty of moneys; <mask> Vora is the only master of it" and, "none but Virgee <mask>h hath moneye to lend or will lend." Some of his credits to the English include
 1619: A record dated 25 August 1619, which states that <mask> lent 25,000 mahmudis to the English. 1630: Lent Rs. 50,000 to the English at Agra. 1635:

masks: Virji Virji Vora Virji Virji Virji Vora Virjiji Virji Vora Virji


title: Virji Vora

texts:
 Lent Rs.20,000 to the English. 1636: Lent Rs. 30,000 to the English. 1636: Lent Rs. 2 lakhs to the English. 1642: A letter dated 27 January 1642 mentions him as the "greatest creditor" of the East India Company, and mentions that he offered a loan of Rs. 100,000 in "necessitous and calamitous times."1647: Financed the East India Company's voyage to Pegu, Burma by providing 10,000 pagodas (about 6000 £), at an interest of 1.17% per month, in Golconda. 1650: Offered Rs. 100,000 to Merry, the President at English Factory at Surat. 1669: The English borrowed Rs. 400,000 from a group of creditors, of which <mask> was an important member. Most of the capital lent to the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in India also came from <mask> <mask> and his close associate, Shantidas Jhaveri. <mask> also lent money to individual Englishmen to finance their own private trade - a practice denounced by the Company's London office.The Dutch and the English often used his facilities for transmitting large amounts of money from Surat to Agra through hundis (similar to demand drafts or traveler's cheques). Relations with the Mughal Authorities

Virji Vora's relationships with the Mughal Subahdars (Governors) of Surat were mostly cordial. By 1623, <mask> had become influential with Ishaq Beg, the Mughal Subahdar of Surat. He was an important figure in the civic affairs of Surat, and was part of the committees formed to discuss important public issues. In July 1624, he was a member of the committee formed to grant certain trading and religious rights to the English. Other members of the

masks: Virji Virji Vora Virji Virji


title: Virji Vora

texts:
 committee included Saif Khan (Subahdar of Surat), Thomas Rastell (President of English factory), Jam Quli Beg (Commander of the Surat castle), Mahmud Kasim (Chief Qazi), and Hari Vaishya. In 1636, he was on a committee set by the Subahdar to settle the claims of the merchants who had lost their goods to English pirates.Mir Musa (also known by his title Muiz-Ul-Mulk), the Subahdar of Surat in the 1630s, himself traded with the English. In order to maintain good relations with him, <mask> did not deal with the English in the commodities in which Mir Musa traded. Later in 1642, Mir Musa helped Virji corner to coral stock. <mask> later used his friendship with Mir Musa to monopolize coral, pepper, and other commodities in 1643. Hakim Sadra (Masih-Uz-Zaman), who briefly replaced Mir Musa as the Subahdar in 1635, seized all available supplies of pepper in Surat in 1638. He extorted money from the mercantile communities of Surat, and consequently ran into a conflict with <mask> <mask>. In the early months of 1638, he put Virji in a jail at Surat.He charged Virji with as many as 50 offences, and sent a list of these offences to the Mughal Emperor, Shah Jahan. <mask> denied all the charges, and was summoned by the emperor. The emperor set him free and removed Hakim from office. He is noted as sending the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan four Arab horses, and prince Murad Bakhsh as presenting the emperor with 18 of the famous Gujarat bullocks in c. 1657. Last days

<mask> <mask> suffered a major setback when the Maratha chief Shivaji raided Surat in 1664. On 7 January 1664,

masks: Virji Virji Virji Vora Virji Virji Vora


title: Virji Vora

texts: Maratha soldiers demolished his residence and warehouses, and looted a large amount of money, along with pearls, rubies, emeralds, and diamonds. Volquard Iverson, a Dutch eye-witness, states that Shivaji got, "six barrels of gold, money, pearls, gems and other precious wares" from Virji.The French traveler Jean de Thévenot, who visited Surat in the 1660s and developed a friendship with <mask>, also wrote about the huge monetary loss suffered by him during the Shivaji's raid. William Foster estimates this loot to be worth £50,000. Even after the Maratha raid, <mask> was not completely ruined, as his assets were distributed across a number of centers outside Surat. The Subahdar of Surat sent <mask> and Haji Zahid Beg to the Mughal Court at Agra to convince the authorities to fortify the town. An English letter dated 27 November 1664 states: "Haji Zahid Beg and <mask> <mask>, the two greatest merchants of this town, hold up their heads still and are for great bargains; so that is seems Shivaji hath not carried away all, but left them a competency to carry on their trade." The last references to <mask> occur in the English records of 1670, which talk about an Armenian merchant called Khwaja Minaz buying broad cloth on behalf of <mask> <mask>, and <mask>'s grandson Nanchand purchasing tin and copper. <mask> had grown old by 1670, and suffered another setback during Shivaji's second raid of Surat in 1670.The English and Dutch records of Surat's merchants and brokers do not mention him after 1670. François Martin, who served as the head of the French operations in

masks: Virji Virji Virji Virji Vora Virji Virji Vora Virji Virji


title: Virji Vora

texts:
 Surat during 1681-1686, wrote about a set of banker-cum-merchants whom he always referred to as "the brothers Boras." Lotika Varadarajan, writing in 1976, said: "In sifting through the material it appears more than probable that one of the two brothers was <mask> Vora". However, Makrand Mehta (1991) believes that the English records would have certainly mentioned <mask> if he had lived beyond 1670. He therefore speculates that <mask> likely died in 1670. B. G. Gokhale assumes that <mask> might have retired from the business after his grandson Nanchand took over the business, and might have died in 1675. Paul Dundas also believes that <mask> died in 1675.Notes

References

Mughal Empire people
People from Surat
Businesspeople from Gujarat
Indian merchants
Gujarati people
17th-century

masks: Virji Virji Virji Virji Virji


title: Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan

texts:
Jean-Jacques d'<mask> (26 November 1678 – 20 February 1771) was a French geophysicist, astronomer and most notably, chronobiologist, was born in the town of Béziers on 26 November 1678. <mask> lost his father, François d'Ortous, at age four and his mother twelve years later at age sixteen. Over the course of his life, <mask> was elected into numerous scientific societies and made key discoveries in a variety of fields including ancient texts and astronomy. His observations and experiments also inspired the beginning of what is now known as the study of biological circadian rhythms. At the age of 92, <mask> died of pneumonia in Paris on 20 February 1771. Biography
<mask> attended college in Toulouse from 1694–1697 with a focus in ancient Greek. In 1698 he went to Paris to study mathematics and physics under the teachings of Nicolas Malebranche.In 1702, he returned home to Béziers and began his lifelong study of several fields, most notably astronomy and plant rhythms. Furthermore, during his time in Béziers, he ate almost every day with the Bishop, Louis-<mask> Alris <mask>. In 1723, <mask>, who had become a member of the Académie Royale des Sciences, co-founded the Académie de Béziers under the protection of Cardinal <mask>, acting prime minister of Louis XV (and himself a protégé of a former Bishop of Béziers, <mask> Bonsi). Eventually, <mask> received official lodging in the Louvre where he remained pensionnaire until 1743 and served as secretary from 1741 to 1743. In 1746, he was reinstated as pensionnaire géomètre, or full-time boarding surveyor. It is reported that the Prince of Conti and other great lords heaped extravagant gifts upon him. He was also secretary to the Duke of Orléans.Observations and notable experiments
In 1719, <mask> discussed the varying obliquity of light that

masks:
Ortous de Mairan
De Mairan
de Mairan
de Mairan
De Mairan
Charles des
de Rousset
de Mairan
de Fury
Pierre de
de Mairan
De Mairan


title: Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan

texts:
 causes cold in winter and heat in summer. He postulated that the sun's heating effect was related to the square of the sine of its elevation. He neglected the effects of atmosphere, admitting that he did not know how much the sun's heat would be absorbed by it. Two and a half years later, he presented a paper to the Academie Royale des Sciences in Paris: "Problem: the ratio of two degrees or quantities of sunlight seen through the atmosphere at two different known angular elevations being given, to find what part of the absolute light of the sun is intercepted by the atmosphere at any desired elevation." In this paper, <mask> made a hypothesis based on mere observations, supposing that the ratio had been measured, even though it had not. The significance of <mask>'s work, although incorrect, led his protégé, Pierre Bouguer, to invent the photometer. In 1729, <mask> constructed an experiment showing the existence of a circadian rhythm in plants, presumably originating from an endogenous clock (See 'Experiment on circadian rhythms in plants' below).In 1731, he also observed a nebulosity around a star near the Orion nebula. This was later designated M43 by Charles Messier. In 1731, he published "Traite Physique et Historique De l'Aurore Boreale" (a short summary appeared in the Philosophical Transactions ) in which he put up a novel hypothesis that the Northern Lights are caused by the Sun, as the interaction of the atmosphere with the zodiacal light. At the time, the aurorae were thought to be 'flames' caused by sulfurous effluvia emanating from the Earth. Experiment on circadian rhythms in plants
In 1729, <mask> performed an experiment that demonstrated the existence of circadian rhythms in plants, specifically the Mimosa pudica. He was intrigued by the daily opening and closing of the

masks:
de Mairan
de Mairan
de Mairan
de Mairan


title: Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan

texts:
 heliotrope plant and performed a simple experiment where he exposed the plants to constant darkness and recorded the behaviour. De Mairan's key conclusion was that the daily rhythmic opening and closing of the leaves persisted even in the absence of sunlight.However, <mask> did not infer that heliotropes have internal clocks driving leaf rhythms, but rather that they were able "to sense the Sun without ever seeing it". The concept of an internal clock was actually not formulated until much later, although <mask>ran did suggest that "it would be curious to test [...] whether, using kilns heated to higher or lower temperatures, one could artificially recreate a day & night perceptible to [plants]; and whether in doing so one could reverse the
order of the phenomena of true day & true night." These results may have gone unnoticed had his colleague, Marchant, not published them for <mask>ran. Alternatively, it may be that <mask>ran simply was not available to present this work himself. It was quite common at the time, when travels were slow, for one scientist to present the work of another. Whatever the case, this rather obscure one-page contribution by a prolific and highly respected academician did stand the test of time. It is by far the most if not the only paper by <mask>ran which is still quoted in the current scientific literature (bar purely historical reviews).When describing his work with eclosion rhythms in his Drosophila models or the rhythmic running activity of mice, founder of modern chronobiology, Colin Pittendrigh, recognised the work of Jean-Jacques d'Ortous <mask>. A video showing circadian rhythms in a cucumber plant in constant conditions, similar to what <mask> observed, can be seen . <mask>'s experimental legacy
Despite Marchant's publication of <mask>'s work, which might

masks:
de Mairan
de Mai
de Mai
de Mai
de Mai
de Mairan
de Mairan
De Mairan
de Mairan


title: Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan

texts:
 have suggested the existence of endogenous biological clocks, rhythms in plant movements were for a long time thought to be extrinsically controlled, by light and dark cycles, or magnetic and temperature oscillations, or even a mysterious, yet-to-be identified X-factor. In 1823, almost a century after <mask>'s work, the Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus <mask>lle expanded on it by measuring the free running period of Mimosa pudica leaf movements in constant conditions, finding them to be 22–23 hours long. This was probably the first hint of what is now called the circadian (from Latin circa, about, and diem) nature of such endogenous rhythms, found in practically all living organisms, including some bacteria

Scientific societies and recognition
In 1718, <mask> was inducted into the Académie Royale des Sciences. The <mask> Fleury and the Count of Maurepas selected Mairan to replace Bernard le Bovier <mask>e as "Secrétaire perpétuel" of the Académie in 1740, a position he accepted only for 3 years, and thus duly resigned in 1743. <mask> also served as the Académie's assistant director and later director intermittently between 1721 and 1760.Eventually, <mask> was appointed editor of the Journal des sçavans, a science periodical, by Chancellor d'Aguesseau. Also, in 1735, <mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and in 1769, a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences as well as to the Russian Academy (St. Petersburg) in 1718. <mask> was also a member of the Royal Societies of London, Edinburgh, and Uppsala and the Institute of Bologna. With Jean Bouillet and Antoine Portalon, he founded his own scientific society in his hometown of Béziers around 1723. Selected publications

Beyond astronomical and circadian observations, <mask> actively worked in several other fields of

masks:
de Mairan
de Cando
de Mairan
Cardinal de
de Fontenell
De Mairan
de Mairan
de Mairan
De Mairan
de Mairan


title: Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan

texts:
 physics including "heat, light, sound, motion, the shape of the Earth, and the aurora". The following is an abbreviated list of publications (with their English translations) organised by Dr. Robert A. Hatch at the University of Florida:
 Dissertation sur les variations du barometre (Bordeaux, 1715) (Essays on barometric variations)
 Dissertation sur la glace (Bordeaux, 1716) (Essay on the ice)
 Dissertation sur la cause de la lumiere des phosphores et des noctiluques (Bordeaux, 1717) (Dissertation on the cause of light phosphates and noctilucence or nightly light)
  Dissertation sur l'estimation et la mesure des forces motrices des corps (1728) (Essay on the estimation of the measures of forces on the body)
 Lettre de m. de Mairan a Madame. Sur la question des forces vives (1741) (Letter to Mme Chatelet on the Question of Living Forces), one side of a public debate with Émilie du Châtelet on forces vives.He also published mathematical works. Traité physique et historique de l'aurore boréale, (1733) (Physical and historical Treaty of the aurora borealis)

References

External links
 Galileo project entry
 SEDS Biography
 At the dawn of chronobiology
 Biological Clocks — Garden Variety Experiments
 Clock Classics: It all started with the plants
 Ellen McNiven Hine (1996): Jean-Jacques Dortous <mask>ran and the Geneva connection: Scientific networking in the eighteenth century (The Voltaire Foundation)

1678 births
1771 deaths
People from Béziers
University of Toulouse alumni
18th-century French astronomers
Deaths from pneumonia in France
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Members of the Académie


title: Dave Armstrong (Catholic apologist)

texts:
<mask> (born 1958) is an American Catholic apologist, author, and blogger. His blog, which includes material from his previous website, contains more than 2500 articles defending Christianity. It is award-winning and has had over two million visitors. He has written over 18 books, including The Catholic Answer Bible. Professional background
Raised as a Methodist in Detroit, Michigan, <mask> converted to non-denominational, Arminian evangelicalism in 1977, with strong affinities to the Jesus Movement and Messianic Judaism, and then to Catholicism in 1990, largely as a result of reading John Henry Cardinal Newman's Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine. He was received into the Catholic Church in February 1991 by Father John Hardon, SJ. <mask>'s conversion story was one of eleven in Patrick Madrid's Surprised by Truth.<mask> began his website, "Biblical Evidence for Catholicism," in March 1997  and it was described in a magazine article in 2002 as "well-known among both Catholic and Protestant apologists, garnering an estimated 200,000 or more hits annually...a virtual Catholic Encyclopedia". The site received the "Catholic Website of the Year" award from the Catholic apologetics periodical Envoy Magazine in 1998. <mask>'s website has achieved notice in the Protestant community; its C. S. Lewis links page has been cited as a further reference source in the evangelical periodical, Christianity Today. Moreover, secular newspapers like the Los Angeles Times have cited the same Lewis web page. In 2004, Christian History magazine lauded <mask>'s Malcolm Muggeridge links page as "...the best website from which to explore Muggeridge is hosted by Roman

masks:
Dave Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong


title: Dave Armstrong (Catholic apologist)

texts:
 Catholic apologist <mask>." <mask>'s website was online for ten years (until March 2007), and his present blog (of the same name) first started operation in February 2004, eventually incorporating all of his previous website articles, and adding many additional ones (currently "more than 2500"). It has received over two million visitors since that time.In 2002, The Catholic Answer Bible  (later revised with a co-author as the New Catholic Answer Bible) was the first of <mask>'s books to be published by Our Sunday Visitor. In 2003 Sophia Institute Press published the first of its five <mask> books, A Biblical Defense of Catholicism. He now has authored eighteen volumes. <mask> has appeared on nationally syndicated Catholic radio talk shows, including Catholic Connection with Teresa Tomeo and two interviews on Catholic Answers Live. He's also served as a staff member of The Coming Home Network as Forum Coordinator and Head Moderator of their Internet Discussion Forum, from 2007-2010. Personal background
He has been married to his wife Judy since October 1984, and the couple has three sons and a daughter. <mask> holds a Bachelor of Arts, Sociology (cum laude) from Wayne State University, Detroit, 1982.Book reviews
A Biblical Defense of Catholicism, by Michael J. Miller, in Homiletic & Pastoral Review, May 2004. The Catholic Verses, by Michael J. Miller, in Homiletic & Pastoral Review, October 2005. The One-Minute Apologist, by Carl E. Olson, in National Catholic Register, August 26 - September 1, 2007 issue. Multiple reviews of 100 Biblical Arguments Against Sola Scriptura (Fr. Dwight Longenecker / Devin Rose / Brandon Vogt / Nick Hardesty / Jeff


title: Dave Armstrong (Catholic apologist)

texts:
 Orthodox Critics of Catholic Apostolicity: Unity Still Sought," The Catholic Answer, November/December 1997, 32-35, 38-39, 62."Martin Luther's Devotion to Mary," The Coming Home Journal, January–March 1998, 12-13. "The Imitation of Mary," The Catholic Answer, May/June 1998, 8-11. "Transubstantiation and the Eucharist," The Coming Home Journal, July–December 1998, 12-13, 31. "St. Augustine's Belief in the Real Presence," The Coming Home Journal, July–December 1998, 18-20. "The Communion of Saints," The Catholic Answer, November/December 1998, 8-12. The Latin Mass, Fall 1999, Vol. 8, No.4, 65-71. "The Perspicuity ('Clearness') of Scripture," The Coming Home Journal, July–December 1999, 16-18.
 cover story on the Eucharist, Envoy Magazine, January/February 2000, cover and 1, 34-40. Top Ten Questions Catholics Are Asked (pamphlet: Our Sunday Visitor, July 2002). Top Ten Questions Catholics Are Asked (Spanish edition pamphlet: Our Sunday Visitor, July 2002). This Rock, February 2004, 20-22. This Rock, April 2004, 25-27. "A Quick Ten-Step Refutation of Sola Scriptura," This Rock, September 2004, 18-21.This Rock, November 2004. "'Can I Get a Quote on That? ': An Interview With <mask>," Gilbert Magazine (Vol. 13, No. 5, March 2010, pp. 14–17; interviewer: Dale Ahlquist. This periodical is published by the American Chesterton Society, and was devoted primarily to <mask>'s book, The Wisdom of Mr. Chesterton."Ten Deficiencies of Sola Scriptura as a Rule of Faith," Catholic Answers Magazine, May / June 2012, 22-25. References

American Roman Catholics
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Evangelicalism
1958 births
Writers from Detroit
Wayne State University

masks:
Dave Armstrong
Armstrong


title: Abner Doble

texts:
<mask> (March 26, 1890 – July 17, 1961) was an American mechanical engineer who built and sold steam-powered automobiles as Doble Steam Cars. His steam engine design was used in various automobiles from the early 1900s, including a 1969 General Motors prototype and the first successful steam-powered aeroplane. Family history
<mask> was born on 26 March 1890 in San Francisco, one of four brothers. His father was <mask>, son of the inventor of the Doble water wheel. <mask>'s forebears had migrated from England to the US in the mid-1700s. William's father <mask> was born in Indiana. He had been a sailor, a smith, and a lumberman, who became a journeyman blacksmith and subsequently became partner in Nelson and Doble.The company became one of the biggest manufacturers of miner's and blacksmith's tools on the US Pacific coast during the California Gold Rush. The company became famous manufacturing <mask> Doble's water wheel turbines for mining applications. The company expanded to make drays and street cars for San Francisco, as well as being involved in operating a local railroad company. In about 1892, <mask>'s grandfather formed the Abner Doble Company, assigning his interests to his sons Robert and William (<mask>'s father) and the company merged with arch-competitor and William stayed on. Early years
<mask> apprenticed at his family's factory at the age of eight. Between 1906 and 1909, while attending high school, Ab and brothers John, Warren, and Bill built their first steam car in their parents' basement. It was composed of parts taken from a wrecked White steamer but reconfigured to be driven by an engine of their own design.Though it did not run well,

masks:
Abner Doble
Doble
William Ashton Doble
Doble
Abner
Abner
Doble
Abner
Doble


title: Abner Doble

texts:
 the <mask> brothers went on to build a second and third prototype in the following years. In 1909 <mask> graduated from high school and attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He dropped out after less than a year of studies, and with his brother, began to design his own steam car. By 1912 they had built their first car in Waltham, Massachusetts. The car was based on an American Underslung chassis, their own engine and a Stanley Steamer boiler. Waltham was near to the Stanley works and its factory at Watertown nearby. <mask> attempted to interest the Stanley twins in his condensing boiler.However, Francis would not hire Doble because he didn't trust him. Although recognized as a steam genius, <mask> was considered by some as arrogant and conceited and often told people he was a genius and therefore privileged to act so. Abner Doble Motor Vehicle Company, General Engineering, and Doble Steam Motors

Abner and his brother John formed their own company, the Abner Doble Motor Vehicle Company, in 1914. Their father provided financial support for the venture. The first car was the Model A. Up to five cars were thought to be made. Four were sold and one was kept for development.The cars were of good quality and appeared to have a good market. In 1915, <mask> drove his Model B, a revamped version of the Model A from Massachusetts to Detroit to seek investors. He managed to obtain $200,000, which he used to open the General Engineering Company with C L Lewis. In January 1917, <mask>'s new car, the Doble-Detroit, caused a sensation at the National Automobile Show in New York. Over 5,000 deposits were received for the car, with deliveries scheduled to

masks: Doble Abner Abner Abner Doble Doble


title: Abner Doble

texts:
 begin in early 1918. The Dobles had not entirely worked out various design and manufacturing issues, and although the car received good notices and over 10,000 orders, about 11 were built. <mask> blamed his company's production failure on the steel shortages caused by World War I, but the Doble Detroit was mechanically unsatisfactory.<mask> also announced at the New York show that he was working on a steam engine for aeroplanes. The <mask> brothers were divided by <mask>'s insistence on taking credit for the company's technical achievements, and <mask> ended up suing <mask> for patent infringement, whereupon <mask> left Detroit for California and the General Engineering Company folded. When <mask> died of lymphatic cancer in 1921 the surviving brothers reunited in Emeryville, California. They set up a company under the name of Doble Steam Motors. In 1924 the State of California learned that <mask> had helped to sell stock illegally in a desperate bid to raise money for the company, and though <mask> was eventually acquitted, the company failed during the ensuing legal struggle. Fewer than thirty of the Model E steam cars were produced before the company went out of business in April 1931, the F cars coming under Besler ownership. The total being reported variously as 24, 42, and 43.<mask> himself owned E-24 from 1925 to 1936 as his own experimental car. He took it with him when on consulting work in New Zealand and England. He sold it in England to Mortimer Harman Lewis (editor of The Engineering and Boiler House Review) of Hyde Park, London, just before he departed for the US. Consultancy and later life

With the demise of their company Abner and Warren

masks:
Doble
Doble
Doble
Doble
John Doble
Doble
Doble
John Doble
Doble
Doble
Doble


title: Abner Doble

texts: went on to work as consultants for other engineering companies globally. During the 1920s and 1930s engines were developed for steam buses. The first were tested in 1926 by International Harvester, using a Doble Model G engine, and the Detroit Motorbus Co, in a double decker, with a Doble Model H engine. A second Detroit bus had a Doble steam engine added in 1927 and at least one of them covered some .In 1929 a Doble Model H was installed in a Yellow Coach for General Motors. This was followed by another Model F in a Fageol bus. He went to New Zealand in March 1930 where he worked under a 3-year contract for A. & G. Price Limited at Thames on the development of a steam engine for buses. One was installed on an AEC chassis for the Auckland Transport Board to trial. The intention was that should the trial be successful more would be constructed. By 1932 the first had covered more than  and a second was ordered by a private company, White and Sons, for their Auckland to Thames Service.In January 1932 <mask> left New Zealand and went via San Francisco to England. There he was loaned by Prices as a consultant to the Sentinel Waggon Works of Shrewsbury, working on steam lorries and locomotives. Several shunting locomotives (switchers) and an undetermined number of railcars were fitted with Doble/Sentinel machinery for sale to customers in Britain, France, Peru, and Paraguay. In Germany, during the 1930s Henschel & Sohn buses and trucks, powered by Doble designed steam engines, were operated. <mask> <mask> left England in 1936. Also during this time he acted as a consultant to Borsig Lokomotiv-Werke of Berlin. <mask> was hired as the chief engineer for a new

masks: Doble Abner Doble Doble


title: Abner Doble

texts:
 bus powerplant for a revived Stanley Motor Carriage Company in Chicago.In the middle of the project after the powerplant was actually built, <mask> left to some annoyance. <mask> then did engine designs for Cleaver-Brooks, Nordberg (1946-1948), and Greyhound. After this he retired to Santa Rosa, California, where he sold Electrolux vacuum cleaners to pay his living expenses. <mask>'s consultancy also included in the development of the Paxton Phoenix car, for the Paxton Engineering Division of McCulloch Motors Corporation, Los Angeles. The project was for a low-weight car built around a unique "torque box" chassis similar to an aeronautical wing section. The project was eventually dropped in 1954. He did work on a design for a steam car for Alex Moulton of England, but it was never built.He was a consultant on the Keen steam car in 1957 and a monotube boiler for Charles W Tadlock of St Louis in 1957. For the remainder of his life, he maintained that steam-powered automobiles were at least equal to gasoline cars, if not superior. He died on 17 July 1961 of a heart attack, in Santa Rosa, California. He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1972. See also
 Doble steam car

References

External links
 Doble Steam Cars, 2 volumes Jim Crank. 2019, at Amazon. <mask> Doble online archive, The Bancroft Library
 Doble Steam Motors Corporation photograph collection, The Bancroft Library
 Automotive Hall of Fame Inductees
 The Strange Triumph of <mask> Doble, AmericanHeritage.com
 H H Stewarts photographs relating to Doble's time in New Zealand at virtualsteamcarmuseum.org

1890 births
1961 deaths
American mechanical engineers
20th-century American

masks: Doble Doble Doble Abner Abner


title: Walter DeVries

texts:
<mask> (November 13, 1929 – November 27, 2019) was a political consultant, author, and founder of the North Carolina Institute of Political Leadership. James M. Perry, the chief political correspondent for the Wall Street Journal, said this about his book The Ticket-Splitter (1972): "<mask> and Tarrance, scholars who have worked in the political hedge-rows, have brilliantly destroyed generations of conventional wisdom about how America votes and why they vote as they do. The Ticket-Splitter has opened new vistas in political research techniques and election strategies." Writing in 1972, Andrew M. Greeley remarked that "<mask> and Lance Tarrance Jr. have apparently pinpointed a change which exists in the real world apart from the 'Op-Ed' page of the New York Times. If party identification has not changed much, 'ticket-splitting' has. In 1944 there were 41 Congressional districts that voted for one party for the Presidency and another for the House of Representatives. In 1956 there were 130 such districts; in 1964, 145... From 1914 to 1962 there was only one year when there were more than six states which elected a Senator from one party and a Governor from another...Since 1962 the average number of 'incongruences' has been eleven per year..."

Significantly, "<mask> and Tarrance ... point out that the 'ticket-splitter' is not the 'independent' described by Angus Campbell and his colleagues from the Survey Research Center -— a voter without conviction or commitment. Rather, the 'ticket-splitter' is both more concerned and better informed than the straight-party voter. He is more likely to be young, professional, college-educated, and to have an income of over $10,000. He is part of America’s post-World War II, college-educated,

masks:
Walter de Vries
DeVries
Walter DeVries
DeVries


title: Walter DeVries

texts:
 1960 until his death.His business, de Vries and Associates, Inc., has written and produced full-length documentaries, mini-documentaries, special telecasts, PSA's and commercials for public television, commercial television, cable networks, and satellite systems. Personal life

<mask> Vries met Lois Cook while still in high school. They were married in September 1950, when de Vries was subsequently recalled for military duty in Korea. They have four sons: Michael Dale (1952), Robert Cook (1953), Steven Richard (1957), and <mask> (1962). De Vries, an avid sailor and also longing to be near the ocean, moved the family from Michigan to Marblehead, Massachusetts, and then ultimately south to the coastal town of Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, in 1972. Works

The Ticket-Splitter: A New Force in American Politics 1972  Foreword by: David S. Broder  Co-Author: V. Lance Tarrance Jr. The Transformation of Southern Politics 1976  Co-Author: Jack Bass.David S. Broder of the Washington Post said the book was a "compelling story with insights on every page." Tom Wicker of the New York Times called it "definitive". Checked and Balanced: How Ticket-Splitters are Shaping the New Balance of Power in American Politics 1998 Co-Author:  V. Lance Tarrance. Everett. C. Ladd of the Roper Center for Public Opinion said that Tarrance and De Vries "continue their leading work in this major new book—essential reading for all who want to understand the evolution of American politics." Founder/member
Delegate to Michigan Constitutional Convention to rewrite the Michigan Constitution. (1962)
Fellow of the Institute of Politics in the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.(1968–69)
Co-founder and member of the American Association of Political

masks:
Walter de
Walter Dann


title: Aric Almirola

texts:
<mask> (born March 14, 1984) is an Cuban-American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 10 Ford Mustang for Stewart-Haas Racing. A graduate of Hillsborough High School in Tampa, <mask> attended the University of Central Florida to work on a degree in mechanical engineering before leaving to pursue a career in racing. His nickname is "The Cuban Missile" because of his Cuban heritage. Racing career

Early career
<mask> was born on Eglin Air Force Base in Fort Walton Beach, Florida, of Cuban descent. He began racing go-karts when he was eight years old.At age 14, he began racing nationally. He won the pole position in his debut in the World Karting Association race and finished fourth in the standings that year. Two years later, he moved up into modifieds and won several Rookie of the Year awards. NASCAR
In 2002, <mask> moved to the NASCAR Sun Belt Weekly Racing Division and finished second in the Rookie of the Year standings. He followed that up with five pole positions in 2003. In 2004, he became one of the first drivers to participate in NASCAR's Drive for Diversity program. He also signed with Joe Gibbs Racing as a development driver under a partnership with former NFL player Reggie White.<mask> ran the season at Ace Speedway, and won two races before finishing 11th in the points standings. He won five more races at the track in 2005, and made his Truck Series debut with Morgan-Dollar Motorsports and had two top-tens in four races. 2006–07
For 2006, <mask> drove the No. 75 Spears Manufacturing-sponsored Chevy for Spears Motorsports in the Craftsman Truck Series, as part of the JGR development program. He started every race and had three Top 10 finishes, including a best finish of ninth, ending the season 18th. That season, he also drove nine races in the Busch Series for Gibbs in the No. 19 Husqvarna/Banquet Foods-sponsored Chevrolet Monte Carlo.His best finish was

masks:
Aric Michael Almirola
Almirola
Almirola
Almirola
Almirola
Almirola


title: Aric Almirola

texts:
 eleventh at Dover International Speedway. He also served as a test driver for Gibbs teammates J. J. Yeley and Denny Hamlin when their Nextel Cup and Busch Series schedules conflicted. He also scored his first career pole at the Milwaukee Mile, qualifying the No. 20 car for Denny Hamlin, who competed in the race. <mask> moved up to the Busch series regularly in 2007, driving the No. 18 and No. 20 Chevys for Joe Gibbs, driving each car in ten races apiece.He won his second career pole award for the Orbitz 300 at Daytona. He won the pole again, for the second straight year, at the AT&T 250 at the Milwaukee Mile, but thought he was going to give up driving duties to Hamlin again; Hamlin's helicopter was unable to land in time for Hamlin to make it to the track, so Almirola started the race, leading the first 43 laps of the race. On lap 59, during a caution period, because of sponsor commitments, Hamlin took over for <mask> while he was running in the third place. Hamlin went on to win the race, but <mask> was credited with his first NASCAR Busch Series win because he was the driver who started the race. <mask> did not participate in team victory celebrations after the race as he had already left the track. He soon joined Dale Earnhardt, Inc. following the sale of Ginn Racing. He drove the No.01 Chevrolet in five races in 2007 and had the best finish of 30th. 2008–09

<mask> was named co-driver of the No. 8 United States Army-sponsored Chevrolet for the 2008 Sprint Cup Series, sharing the ride with Mark Martin. His best finish during the season was an eighth-place finish in the 2008 Food City 500 at Bristol, and his best start in Sprint Cup was a third-place start at the 2008 Goody's Cool Orange 500 at Martinsville. <mask> was named the full-time driver of the No. 8 for the 2009 season. Seven races into the 2009 season, <mask> lost his ride due to a lack of sponsorship.He later signed a five-race deal with Key Motorsports to drive

masks: Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola


title: Aric Almirola

texts:
 their No. 40 Chevrolet Impala SS in the Nationwide Series. He returned to the Truck Series, driving part-time in the No. 15 Graceway Pharmaceuticals-sponsored Toyota Tundra for Billy Ballew Motorsports, and had a seven-race streak of finishes eighth or better. He also made one attempt and one race in the No. 09 Phoenix Racing Chevrolet in the Sprint Cup Series. In October 2009, he filed paperwork in North Carolina Superior Court indicating that he has a breach-of-contract dispute with Earnhardt Ganassi Racing and Dale Earnhardt Inc. <mask> competed in seven Sprint Cup races in 2009 for the team before his No.8 Chevy car was parked because of a lack of sponsorship. The lawsuit was dropped a month later after being settled out of court. 2010–2012: Resurgence in Truck and Nationwide

For 2010, he was to drive full-time for Phoenix Racing's No. 09 Cup series Chevrolet Impala. He also drove the No. 51 Graceway Pharmaceuticals/AK Awareness-sponsored Toyota Tundra for Billy Ballew in the Camping World Truck Series. In April, <mask> parted ways with Phoenix Racing to focus on his Truck Series ride.Almirola attempted the Aarons 499 at Talladega in No. 35 Tommy Baldwin Racing/Mohawk-sponsored Chevrolet but failed to qualify after qualifying was rained out by NASCAR. <mask> won his first race in the Camping World Truck Series at Dover International Speedway and won again at Michigan International Speedway, holding off Todd Bodine and Kyle Busch. <mask> would finish second in points to Bodine. Hendrick Motorsports named <mask> a standby driver for the No. 48 team in case Jimmie Johnson needed to leave for the birth of his daughter. <mask> was not needed.In July 2010, <mask> was again a standby driver for Hendrick Motorsports at Pocono in case Jeff Gordon had to leave or miss the race due to the birth of Gordon's son. At Loudon, he was on standby for a sick Scott Speed. He drove the No. 9 Richard Petty Motorsports Ford at Martinsville Speedway


title: Aric Almirola

texts:
 in Fall 2010 after Kasey Kahne was released from his contract. <mask> had his first Sprint Cup Top 5 finish at Homestead. At Talladega in the fall, he ended up in the closest finish in truck series history by ending up second to Kyle Busch in 0.002 of a second, who passed underneath <mask> below the yellow line. The 1-2 finish was the same as the previous race in 2009 but the finish was controversial because of the yellow line rules (as NASCAR rules state that a driver must not advance his position by going below the yellow line even if he is forced down there).But officials determined that Busch had the lead before going below the yellow line thus making Busch's winning move legal. In 2011, <mask> drove the No. 88 Nationwide Series car for JR Motorsports. He won two poles and had 18 top-10s to finish fourth in points. He was released from his contract after the season when he accepted a full-time Sprint Cup ride, driving for Richard Petty Motorsports in the No. 43 Ford. 2012–2017: Return to Cup in the No.43
 After only running one year's worth of Sprint Cup Series races in his career, Richard Petty Motorsports signed <mask> to a one-year contract, replacing the departing A. J. Allmendinger in the legendary 43 car. <mask> earned a Pole start at Charlotte in May, and collected one top 5 and four top 10s en route to a 20th-place finish in points. <mask>'s best run of the year may have been at Kansas in October, where he qualified fifth and lead 69 laps after taking the top spot on lap 6. But on lap 121, <mask> blew a tire, sending his Farmland Ford into the wall. He spun on lap 172 racing for the lead and lost a lap on pit road. After getting his lap back and working his way up to 13th, <mask> hit the wall once again, setting the front of the car ablaze and ending the promising run. <mask> also returned to the Truck Series in 2012 on a part-time basis driving for his old crew chief Richie Wauters' No.5 Ford. In 2013 <mask> returned

masks: Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Aric Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola


title: Aric Almirola

texts: to Richard Petty Motorsports' No. 43 in the Sprint Cup Series; at Martinsville Speedway in October, the team ran the No. 41 to honor Maurice Petty's induction into the NASCAR Hall of Fame. During the 2013 season from Texas to Talladega, he had the most consecutive Top 10s in the 43 car since Bobby Hamilton in 1996. After being fastest in practice in Talladega, his crew chief Todd Parrott was suspended for violating NASCAR's substance abuse policy. <mask> finished a career high 18th in points.In 2014, he received crew chief Trent Owens who is Richard Petty's nephew. In January 2014, RPM announced a three-year contract extension with Almirola after working on one-year deals the previous two seasons. This coincided with sponsor Smithfield Foods stepping up to fund 29 races in each the next three seasons with brands Smithfield, Farmland, Eckrich, and Gwaltney. Almirola had a rather slow start to 2014, being involved in a 12-car wreck in the 2014 Daytona 500. At Bristol, <mask> posted his best cup finish to date, finishing 3rd. The next week at Auto Club Speedway during the 2014 Auto Club 400, Almirola got involved in an accident with Brian Scott. Almirola made a pass on Scott for 4th place.Scott controversially moved into the back of <mask> to wreck himself and <mask>. In a post-race interview, an angry <mask> retorted "The 33 was obviously a dart without feathers and coming across the race track. He ran right into me. Man, he came from all the way at the bottom of the race track and ran into me. He's not even racing this series for points. He's out there having fun because his daddy gets to pay for it and he wrecked us. That's frustrating."At the 2014 Coke Zero 400, <mask> would earn his first career win in the Sprint Cup Series after avoiding two major wrecks, and leading the field when the race was called off after 112 laps due to rain. His win also marked the first victory by the Richard Petty Motorsports No. 43 since 1999, and 30

masks: Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola


title: Aric Almirola

texts: years to the day Richard Petty won his 200th race. On his big victory <mask> said "The good Lord was watching out for us today and we were meant to win. It's real special for me to win here. This is not only the 30th anniversary of this team's last win at Daytona, it is my hometown and I remember growing up watching Daytona 500s and Firecracker 400s here. To win is real special."Despite only scoring better than 20th only four times in the next few races, <mask>'s win clinched a berth in the 2014 Chase for the Sprint Cup, his first Chase appearance and the first for a Cuban driver. <mask> was eliminated from the championship chase after round 1 of the Chase. <mask> had a more successful year in 2015 despite missing the Chase barely. He had only six Top 10s but he was mainly in the Top 15 and was consistent all year long. he barely missed the chase by almost winning the Fall Richmond race with a strategy call and finished 4th. He finished 17th in the standings, the highest for a non-chaser. He returned to the No.43 in 2016 with Brian Scott as his new teammate. In July 2016, <mask>, in the No. 98 car, won the Xfinity Series race at Daytona, for his first Xfinity Series win since 2007. He barely beat Justin Allgaier by 0.003 seconds to win the race. A final lap caution came out, with <mask> being declared the winner on review. In victory lane, an ecstatic <mask> said that he considered the race to be his first Xfinity Series win as he had won the 2007 Milwaukee race while Denny Hamlin drove 75% of the race. <mask> had a dismal 2016 season with just only collecting a top ten finish.<mask> started the 2017 season without a teammate and finished 4th at the 2017 Daytona 500. <mask> was hit with a 35-point penalty loss after the Talladega race. During the Go Bowling 400 at Kansas Speedway on May 13, <mask> was involved in a violent crash along with Joey Logano and Danica Patrick. After Logano's brake rotor exploded, he collided with

masks: Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola


title: Aric Almirola

texts:
 Patrick, sending both straight into the wall. <mask> attempted to avoid the wreck but instead slammed into Logano. Although he was conscious, <mask> was cut out of his car, placed onto a stretcher, and airlifted to the University of Kansas Hospital. <mask> was diagnosed with a compression fracture of his T5 vertebrae, released from the University of Kansas Hospital after overnight observation and traveled back to North Carolina, where he had a follow-up consultation with his doctors in Charlotte.Almirola was also reported to have the ability to walk the day after his violent wreck. It was expected that he would miss 8–12 weeks. He was replaced by Regan Smith for the Monster Energy Open, which led up to the Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race, the Coca-Cola 600, and the AAA 400 Drive for Autism. Darrell Wallace Jr. and Billy Johnson also substituted for Almirola. On June 29, <mask> stated he would undergo track tests in Charlotte or Darlington before being medically cleared to race in low-banking tracks like Indianapolis or New Hampshire to decrease stress on his back. On July 12, he announced he had been cleared to return to racing at Loudon's Overton's 301. In September 2017, after sponsor Smithfield Foods announced that they would be leaving the team at season's end, Almirola announced his departure from Richard Petty Motorsports.2018–present: Stewart-Haas Racing

On November 8, 2017, Stewart-Haas Racing announced <mask> as the driver of the No. 10 Ford Fusion for the 2018 season. <mask> was leading the 2018 Daytona 500 when on the race's last lap <mask> and eventual race winner Austin Dillon collided, resulting in <mask> crashing into the outside wall and finishing 11th. His consistency throughout the regular season brought him to the playoffs. At the inaugural Charlotte Roval race, <mask> was barely able to advance to the Round of 12 with a 19th-place finish after slamming the outside wall while avoiding William Byron, who cut

masks: Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola


title: Aric Almirola

texts: a tire in front of him. He had a strong running at the fall Dover race until he got loose exiting the turn and collided with Brad Keselowski, which caused a multi-car pileup that took out Keselowski, Martin Truex Jr., and Alex Bowman. One week later, Almirola and Stewart-Haas Racing dominated the fall Talladega race.On the final lap, <mask> was running 2nd until his teammate Kurt Busch ran out of gas. <mask> scored his second career cup win, locking him into the Round of 8. Despite finishing fourth at Phoenix, <mask> was eliminated in the Round of 8. He finished the season fifth in the points standings, the highest finish of his career. In the 2019 season, <mask> once again made the playoffs, but was eliminated in the Round of 16 after finishing 14th at the Charlotte Roval. 5 weeks later, <mask> contended with teammate and pole-setter Kevin Harvick for the win at Texas before finishing in 2nd-place, his best finish of the season. He fell to 14th in the final points standings.On December 4, 2019, Stewart-Haas Racing announced that Mike Bugarewicz will replace Johnny Klausmeier as the crew chief of the No. 10 team in 2020. <mask> finished third at the 2020 GEICO 500 despite crossing the finish line nearly all the way backwards after being spun by Ricky Stenhouse Jr. <mask> led the most laps and won the second stage at Pocono the following week, and looked to be in a position to win until a poor final pit stop cost him the lead. <mask> finished 3rd. <mask> led 128 of the first 137 laps at Kentucky but his car did not do as well in lap traffic and he was unable to regain the lead; <mask>'s teammate Cole Custer won the race. <mask>'s consistency got him in the Playoffs for the third year in a row. He made it to the Round of 12, but was eliminated after the Charlotte Roval.In 2021, <mask> won his duel and started third in the Daytona 500, but contact with Christopher Bell triggered the big one and knocked <mask> out of the race on lap

masks: Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola


title: Aric Almirola

texts:
 14. It was the fourth consecutive year in which <mask> did not finish on the lead lap in the Daytona 500. At New Hampshire Motor Speedway, with 57 laps to go, <mask> passed Ryan Blaney for the lead. He went on to collect his third career win over Christopher Bell after NASCAR shortened the race by 8 laps due to darkness. <mask> was eliminated from the playoffs following the conclusion of the Round of 16 at Bristol. He finished the season 15th in the points standings. On January 10, 2022, <mask> announced his retirement from full-time racing after the 2022 season.Personal life
<mask> <mask> was born as the youngest of four boys at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida, and raised in Tampa. His family members are Cuban and <mask> is a US citizen. His grandfather Sam Rodriguez was a dirt sprint car driver. <mask> is married to <mask>, with whom he has two children: a son named Alex (born September 2012) and a daughter named Abby (born November 2013). <mask> is a Christian. Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time.* – Most laps led.) Cup Series

Daytona 500

Xfinity Series

Camping World Truck Series

Camping World East Series

K&N Pro Series West

ARCA Re/Max Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) * Season still in progress
1 Ineligible for series points

See also
List of Cuban Americans
List of NASCAR drivers
List of people from Tampa, Florida

References

External links

Living people
1984 births
People from Fort Walton Beach, Florida
Racing drivers from Tampa, Florida
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers
World Karting Association drivers
University of Central Florida alumni
American sportspeople of Cuban descent
Joe Gibbs Racing drivers
Dale Earnhardt Inc. drivers
JR Motorsports drivers
Stewart-Haas

masks:
Almirola
Almirola
Almirola
Almirola
Aric
Almirola
Almirola
Almirola
Janice Almirola
Almirola


title: Atanasije Stojković

texts:
<mask> (September 20, 1773 in Ruma, Austrian Empire – September 25, 1832 in Kharkov, Imperial Russia) was a Serbian, Austrian and Russian writer, pedagogue, scholar, physicist, mathematician and astronomer of Serb origin. He is considered as the finder of the Russian meteoritics. <mask> was the president of Kharkiv University from 1807 to 1809 and from 1811 to 1813. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Ruma, then part of the Austrian Empire (now modern day Serbia) on 20 September 1773. He finished grammar school in his native village of Ruma in Srem. From 1789 to 1794 he attended the École polythechnique at Buda and afterwards, till 1798, the University of Göttingen. His education (at Buda and Göttingen) was funded by the Metropolitan of the Serbian Orthodox Church at Sremski Karlovci -- Stevan Stratimirović—and subsequently in Sremski Karlovci itself, where Stojković proposed to take orders.Upon graduation and on returning home, however, he abandoned the idea in favor of his academic and scientific careers. It was during his studies at the University of Budapest, where he was inspired by lectures and it was there that he determined to devote himself to natural science, mathematics, physics and astronomy. He received PhD at the University of Göttingen where he also graduated. <mask> took his undergraduate degree in philosophy in 1796, and for a time pursued the study of philosophy and natural science at the University of Göttingen. He graduated in 1798 with a PhD in Philosophy and Natural Science. He became a member of the Mineralogical Society in Jena. Mainly through the influence of Dositej Obradović he

masks:
Atanasije Stojković
Stojković
Stojković
Stojković


title: Atanasije Stojković

texts:
 turned his attention to literature and science, and during the years 1801 and 1804 made a special study of astronomy.It was during his university days that he began his researches in physics which led to his great treatise on that subject. This work—Fizika—was published in 1801-1804 in three volumes. This work entitled <mask> to rank as one of the greatest of those who took part in the development of early modern physics of which Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was the founding father along with Kepler, Galileo, and others, before him. It also added credibility to Vuk Karadžić's reforms. <mask> wrote the three-volume tome with the common man in mind, using the vernacular idiom rather than the antiquated. From Professor to Rector
Severyn Osipović Potocki secured him in 1799 as professor of physics—its first—at the University of Kharkiv (1805-1813) and within a short period he became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and served as the university's rector (1807-1808 and 1811-1813). He was already acquainted with Pierre Charles Le Monnier and his son-in-law, Joseph-Louis Lagrange, a member of the French Academy of Sciences, which had become part of the Institut de France (1795) and through their work in astronomy <mask> decided to make Meteor Science his life's work.As a member of the newly instituted commission of education at the new university, he rendered invaluable service to his adopted country (Imperial Russia) for the next several years. From 1821 until 1829 he was a professor of geology at St. Petersburg and he corresponded with members of the Geological Society of France (1830) and influenced the work of

masks: Stojković Stojković Stojković


title: Atanasije Stojković

texts:
 the next generation of geologists, Ami Boué (1794-1881), Gerard Paul Deshayes (1795-1875) and Jules Desnoyers (1800-1887). Before Charles Lyell (1797-1875), Stojković advocated a study of the causes or forces now in action in order to illustrate the past. In 1824 a new version of the New Testament appeared in modern Serbian vernacular. This was translated by <mask> <mask>, and was issued in Cyrillic character by the Russian Bible Society at Petrovgrad (St. Peterburg). <mask> was known in Imperial Russia, Austrian and Ottoman empires as one of the most enlightened and zealous teachers of the time. As professor of physics, and regent of schools, Stojković was the ornament of the University of Khirkiv during the time he was there.He published improved editions of several scholastical and philological works. He wrote books in Russian on the foundation of physics and physical astronomy,. In Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, where the Tunguska event on 30 June 1908 took place, a hill is named after <mask> <mask>. Teodor Pavlović (1804-1854) wrote and published a detailed biography of <mask> <mask>, Russian Emperor's Governmental Counselor. Published works
It was during his university days that he began his researches in physics which led to his great treatise on that subject. This work—Fizika—was published in 1801-1804 in three volumes. This work entitled <mask> to rank as one of the greatest of those who took part in the development of early modern physics of which Leibnitz was the founding father along with Kepler, Galileo, and others, before him.It also added credibility to Vuk Karadžić's reforms. <mask> wrote the three-volume

masks: Atanasije Stojković Stojković Atanasije Stojković Atanasije Stojković Stojković Stojković


title: Atanasije Stojković

texts:
 tome with the common man in mind, using the vernacular idiom rather than the antiquated. In 1800, <mask>'s first Serbian novel Kandor or Revelation of Egyptian mysteries shows the clear influences of 18th century Egyptomany—such as was mostly fostered by Karl von Eckartshausen and by Freemasonry and other similar societies. He was author of the first Serbian language book about physics and member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities. The first book presented to the library of Matica Srpska were presented by <mask>. In his literature works he used Slavonic-Serbian language and belongs to the group of authors who brought German version of Enlightenment to Serbs. After completing his education <mask> moved to Harkov, Russia.He died in Harkov on 2 June 1832. While in Imperial Russia, he held the position of Russian-Emperor's Governmental Counselor. His treatise on Physics (Fizika) and New Testament translation were written in the Slavoserbian vernacular and not the Serbo-Slavonic language of the chancellery and private correspondences of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. <mask> was awarded the Order of Saint Vladimir. Selected works
 Kandor ili Otkrovenie Egipetskih Tainih'' (Kandor, or a Revelation of Egyptian Mysteries, 1800)

See also
 Gligorije Trlajić
 Teodor Filipović
 Vasily Karazin
 Andrej Dudrovich

References

Sources

External links
 Mad scientist, text about <mask> <mask> published at B92 website

Further reading

1773 births
1832 deaths
People from Ruma
University of Göttingen alumni
Habsburg Serbs
Serbian educators
Serbian writers
People of the Russian Empire of Serbian

masks: Stojković Stojković Stojković Stojković Atanasije Stojković


title: Cornelia Barns

texts:
<mask> (September 25, 1888 – November 4, 1941) was an American feminist, socialist, and political cartoonist. Personal life
<mask> was born on September 25, 1888 in Flushing, New York, the oldest of three children born to <mask> and <mask>. <mask> initially entered law school, but then explored the sciences before launching a career as a newspaperman for the New York Herald. While living in New York, he also earned a reputation as author and poet. By 1910 the family relocated to Philadelphia, where <mask> established himself as theater manager, and <mask> studied art. New Woman
As educational opportunities were made more available in the 19th century, women artists became part of professional enterprises, including founding their own art associations. Artwork made by women was considered to be inferior, and to help overcome that stereotype women became "increasingly vocal and confident" in promoting women's work, and thus became part of the emerging image of the educated, modern and freer "New Woman".Artists then, "played crucial roles in representing the New Woman, both by drawing images of the icon and exemplyfying this emerging type through their own lives." Artist

<mask> <mask> enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1906,  where she became a pupil of William Merritt Chase and John Twachtman. She has been mentioned as an associate of Robert Henri and his Ashcan school. Her work was honored by receiving two Cresson Traveling Scholarships from the Academy, which permitted her first trip to Europe in 1910,  and encouraged another trip abroad in 1913. She exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts,  and by 1910 was listed as a painter in the American Art Annual. In her mid-twenties she married Arthur S. Garbett, a British music critic working in Philadelphia. The couple gave birth to a son in Philadelphia, and is believed to have spent a couple years in New York City.Max Eastman,  recalled the early days in his assigned role as editor of The Masses, during which the following incident took place around 1913. "<mask> <mask>,  an elf-eyed girl with

masks:
Cornelia Baxter Barns
Cornelia Barns
Charles Edward Barns
Mabel Balston Barns
Charles Barns
Charles Barns
Cornelia
Cornelia
Barns
Cornelia
Barns


title: Cornelia Barns

texts:
 smooth brown hair, turned up with the picture that was brilliantly comic and not like anything else in the world". <mask> <mask>' artistic style relied on heavy crayon lines and a distinctive comic style in her portrayals of pretentiousness, social privilege, male dominance, and childhood innocence. In another work Max Eastman wrote,
 "[T]he drawings of Art Young and <mask> <mask> and William Gropper  were of their own intrinsic nature comic. Captions here were unnecessary, or were at least a supplemental element––often, in fact, supplied by the editors in the office." "American Salon of Humorists" was a 1915 exhibit held in New York City at the Folsom Galleries. It was organized by Louis Baury,  and <mask> <mask> was one of the twenty-three featured artists.She may have been a relative newcomer to the art scene of New York, but she was rising rapidly. Suffrage and socialism: the New York City years

From 1913 to 1917 Barns was a frequent contributor to The Masses, a socialist magazine that attracted a highly talented group of writers and artists. For three years, Barns served on its editorial board. As art historian Rebecca Zurier commented,
"The closest thing to a feminist statement by a woman Masses editor appears in the cartoons of <mask> <mask>, who refrained from any serious social analysis." When publication of The Masses was suspending following government charges, a new magazine, The Liberator was founded by Max Eastman and Crystal Eastman. In the February 10, 1918 issue of the New York Call, <mask> was announced as a contributing editor to The Liberator, along with fellow cartoonist/illustrators Robert Minor, Boardman Robinson and Art Young. In 1925 the New Masses was announced as "A new radical magazine of arts and letters, without political affiliations or obligations but with sympathy and allegiance unqualifiedly with the international labor movement.. ." Once again, <mask> <mask> was listed as a contributing editor. Within socialist periodicals, many cartoons by <mask> <mask> pertained to the topic of women's suffrage and gender equality. As might be

masks: Cornelia Barns Cornelia Barns Cornelia Barns Cornelia Barns Cornelia Cornelia Barns Cornelia Barns


title: Cornelia Barns

texts:
 expected, she also published cartoons in the suffrage magazines including New York City's Woman Voter and the National Woman's Party's Suffragist. "One Man--One Vote" depicted two immigrant women with young children, juxtaposed with the stare from a male dandy in three-piece suit and walking stick. Her cover, "Waiting," published in The Suffragist in 1919 is a powerful portrayal of an unending mass of strong-bodied women, two with babies in their arms, holding a lighted torch while waiting for political recognition through suffrage. In 1918, in its second year of publication, <mask> <mask> and Lou Rogers were listed as art editors for Margaret Sanger's  Birth Control Review. Her earliest contribution was "We Accuse Society."California

In 1920 <mask> <mask> moved to California with her husband, Arthur Selwyn Garbett, and their young son. They settled on a ranch near her parents, who had moved to Morgan Hill,  several years earlier. Seeking job opportunities, the Garbetts next moved to Berkeley. Garbett became a radio station program director,  later offering his own radio program. He also served as music critic for a San Francisco newspaper. <mask> <mask> turned mostly to illustration, and provided sketches and covers for Sunset magazine by 1921. She contributed a feature column for Oakland Tribune, "My City Oakland".Garbett and Barns retired to Los Gatos, California, shortly before <mask>'s death from tuberculosis in November 1941. It was speculated that years of using  etching acids on zinc plates  in poorly ventilated studios had damaged her lungs. Others have noted that her paternal grandmother and grand aunt both succumbed to the disease. Following a flood in the family dwelling, few of her original artworks survive. References

External links

  The Masses Collection at Michigan State University

1888 births
1941 deaths
American editorial cartoonists
American women illustrators
Socialism
Feminist artists
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
People from Flushing, Queens
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
American socialist feminists
Tuberculosis deaths

masks: Cornelia Barns Cornelia Barns Cornelia Barns Cornelia


title: Julia A. Tevis

texts:
<mask><mask> (December 5, 1799 – April 21, 1880) was a pioneer educator of women from Kentucky. After teaching for several years in Virginia, she founded the Science Hill Female Academy in Shelbyville and led the institution to gain a national reputation for excellence. Teaching her students math and science, rather than how to be accomplished seamstresses, Tevis prepared young women for colleges. Early life
<mask> was born on December 5, 1799, near Winchester, Clark County, Kentucky to Mary "Polly" (née Bush) and Pendleton Hieronymus Her father's family were German Methodists and her mother's family were English Baptists Hieronymous was the oldest daughter and second child in the family. Though she began her schooling in Clark County, studying with Mr. Pettichord, when she was seven years old, the Hieronymous family moved to Winchester, Virginia, as they felt schooling opportunities would be better. She attended the female academy there until 1813, when they moved again to the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D. C.

In Georgetown, Hieronymous studied drawing, embroidery, music and French with various private tutors. She enjoyed a privileged life, meeting dignitaries and attending festivities when Congress was in session.During the War of 1812, Hieronymous was barely able to flee during the British attack on Washington. In 1815, she entered a finishing school run by an Englishwoman, Mrs. Stone and graduated when she was nineteen years old. A business reversal of her father, required that Hieronymous earn her own living. Career
At twenty, Hieronymous began teaching at a school in Wytheville, Virginia. After teaching a little over a year in Wytheville, she moved to Washington County, Virginia to teach the daughter of a general who lived in Abingdon. When her father died, Hieronymous brought her mother and sister to live with her and took on the responsibility for their care. She converted to Methodism and met a circuit rider, <mask>, with whom she had a brief courtship.On March 9, 1824, Hieronymous and <mask> married and traveled to Kentucky on their

masks:
Julia A
. Tevis
Julia Ann Hieronymous
John Tevis
Tevis


title: Julia A. Tevis

texts:
 open during the conflict. Several students from Georgia, Louisiana and Mississippi, remained with her through the duration of the war without means to contact or return to their families. She cared for them as if they were her own children, until the war was over and normal travel was resumed. In 1875, the school held its fifty-year reunion and alumni from three generations came to pay tribute to <mask>. Though she had begun relinquishing some of her duties, she continued to instruct Bible classes and chemistry. In 1878, Tevis published her autobiography, Sixty Years in a School-room.The following year, she sold Science Hill to Dr. Wiley Taul Poynter and on her birthday a large "founders celebration" was held in her honor at the school. It was attended by former students, teachers, local dignitaries and friends. Death and legacy
Tevis died on April 21, 1880 at Shelbyville, Kentucky and she was buried in the Grove Hill Cemetery of Shelbyville. The month after her death, her former students and children erected a cemetery marker to her memory. A statue in her honor was erected in 1885 in Shelbyville. The school Tevis founded maintained a reputation as one of the premier college preparatory schools of the South, training some 3,000 young women over its 114-year history until 1939. In 1939, Rachel M. Varble published <mask> a work of juvenile fiction based on the diaries of Tevis.Tevis' private papers and those of Science Hill are housed at the Filson Historical Society in Louisville, Kentucky and contain letters, papers and records of the school from its founding through 1975. The Filson Historical Society is also in possession of the portraits painted by Bond. In 1975 the school was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, because of its significance as both a school and a historical building. References

Citations

Bibliography

1799 births
1880 deaths
People from Winchester, Kentucky
19th-century American women writers
19th-century American writers
Women autobiographers
Kentucky women in education
19th-century American

masks:
Tevis
Julia Ann


title: Gonen Segev

texts:
<mask> (, born 6 January 1956) is a former Minister of Energy & Infrastructure of Israel, member of Knesset, and pediatrician. In 2005 he was convicted of forgery, credit card fraud and attempting to smuggle drugs. In 2019 he was convicted of spying for Iran and was sentenced to 11 years in prison. Early life
Segev was born and raised in Kiryat Motzkin. He began his mandatory military service in the Israel Defense Forces by attending the Israeli Air Force pilot course, but dropped out and moved to a combat unit, where he made it to the rank of captain. He studied medicine at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and graduated with an M.D. He worked as a private doctor and as a farmer in Tel Adashim.Political career
In the early 1990s, Segev was active in the Tzomet party founded by Rafael Eitan. In 1992 he was elected to the 13th Knesset, after Tzomet had won eight seats. At age 35, he was one of the youngest people elected to the Knesset. As the Labor Party was the largest party in these elections it formed the government and the right-wing Tzomet party remained in the opposition. Segev served as an opposition MK and a member of the Knesset's Finance Committee. On 7 February 1994 Tzomet MKs Segev, Esther Salmovitz, and Alex Goldfarb split from their party to form the Yiud faction. On 9 January 1995 Segev became Minister of Energy and Infrastructure after Yiud joined Yitzhak Rabin's government.<mask> held the same minister post again from 22 November 1995 to 18 June 1996 in the government that Shimon Peres formed shortly after Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated. His vote was vital in passing the Oslo Accords in the Knesset. Business and crime
After his political career Segev focused on a business career. In April 2004 <mask> was arrested for attempting to smuggle thousands of ecstasy tablets from Amsterdam to Israel that he claimed he thought were M&M's. He illegally extended his diplomatic passport with a pencil to avoid being searched by Dutch airport authorities. He had also pulled money

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 from an automated teller machine in Hong Kong, after claiming that his card was stolen. A security camera had captured footage of him at the machine.He was convicted in a plea bargain for forgery and attempted drug smuggling and sentenced to five years imprisonment. In August 2006 an Israeli court rejected his appeal for shortening his prison term. In March 2007 his medical license was revoked. He appealed to have his license reinstated to the Jerusalem District Court, but the appeal was denied. He was released from prison in 2007 after the parole board decided to reduce his jail time by a third due to good behavior. Prohibited from practicing medicine in Israel, Segev moved to Nigeria to work as a doctor. Segev was a physician for Israeli diplomatic staff in Abuja and members of the local Jewish community, and received a letter of praise from the Israeli Foreign Ministry for saving an Israeli security guard's life.In 2016, he requested that the Israeli Health Ministry reinstate his medical license so he could resume his medical career in Israel. The request was denied. In an interview with Israeli media, he stated "I’ve decided I’m not coming back to Israel unless I can return with my head held high as ‘Dr. <mask> Segev’ with a permit to work... not as ‘the former convict <mask> Segev." Espionage
In June 2018, the Shin Bet and Israel Police announced that he had been arrested under suspicion of spying for Iranian intelligence. According to Israeli intelligence, Segev was recruited in Nigeria by Iranian Embassy officials in 2012, initially being lured to the Iranian Embassy on the pretext of treating children of diplomatic staff. He traveled twice to Iran to meet his handlers, and met with Iranian agents in apartments and hotels around the world.He received secret communications equipment for encoding messages between him and his handlers. He maintained contacts with Israelis involved in defense and foreign relations, and worked to put Israeli officials in contact with Iranian

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