title: Slavoljub Muslin

texts:
<mask> (, ; born 15 June 1953) is a Serbian football manager and former player. He worked as a head coach of the Serbian national football team. He began his head coaching career in 1988 and has since had stints in France, Morocco, Serbia-Montenegro, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Belgium, Cyprus, Belarus and Russia. On 5 May 2016 he became the head coach of the Serbian national football team until October 2017. Prior to that, <mask> was a notable football player. He played as a defender for several clubs, being the most important Red Star Belgrade and later Lille OSC. His son Marko is also a professional footballer.Playing career
Born to Croatian father Duje <mask> (from Split) and Serbian mother Danica (from Kragujevac), <mask> <mask> was born and raised in Belgrade, where he started playing football with OFK Beograd, continuing on in BASK, and FK Rad before transferring to Red Star Belgrade. Muslin was a defensive stalwart for Red Star Belgrade in the 1970s. Throughout his six years at Marakana he played alongside some of the club's biggest stars like Dragan Džajić, Vladislav Bogićević, Jovan Aćimović, Vladimir Petrović, Dušan Savić, among others. He has won three championship titles with Red Star and finished as runner up in the UEFA Cup in 1978-79 losing the final to Borussia Mönchengladbach. In 1981, he moved on to Lille OSC, then to Stade Brestois 29 and finished his playing career with SM Caen. Coaching career

Stade Brestois
Muslin began coaching in 1988 at the club where he spent some playing years earlier - Stade Brestois 29 - staying there until 1992. For the last two years of his tenure he had David Ginola in the squad.Pau and Bordeaux
Muslin spent the next three seasons at

masks:
Slavoljub Muslin
Muslin
Muslin
Slavoljub
Muslin


title: Slavoljub Muslin

type: original

texts:
 Pau FC before moving on to Girondins de Bordeaux in summer 1995. With a potent squad of quality up-and-coming players like Bixente Lizarazu, Christophe Dugarry as well as superstar-in-the-making Zinedine Zidane, <mask> led the team on a great run in the 1995–96 UEFA Cup ensuring progression to the quarterfinals before winter break 1995–96. He was sacked during spring 1996 due to poor domestic league form, which meant that he didn't get to lead the team in the UEFA Cup quarterfinals where the Girondins eliminated the favourites AC Milan and later made it to the final where they lost to a Bayern Munich team featuring the likes of Lothar Matthäus, Jürgen Klinsmann, Oliver Kahn, Markus Babbel, etc. Lens
RC Lens became Muslin's home in the summer of 1996. He coached the team in 1996–97 season before getting the axe on 11 March 1997. Le Mans
He went to Le Mans UC72 in the summer of 1997. Raja Casablanca
He changed clubs during the 1998–99 season, moving to coaching the Moroccan side Raja Casablanca.Red Star Belgrade
His old club Red Star Belgrade came calling in late summer 1999. <mask> took over the reins on 20 September, in difficult circumstances after Miloljub Ostojić got sacked because of poor league form and embarrassing 0–1 first leg "home" loss (match was played in Sofia due to air traffic embargo imposed on FR Yugoslavia following the NATO bombing that ended a couple of months earlier) to Montpellier HSC in UEFA Cup first round. Though he couldn't lead his squad past the French team in the second leg (his first match in charge), <mask> won the domestic double (league & cup) at the end of the season in an impressive fashion. He won the league again next season, but lost

masks: Muslin Muslin Muslin


title: Slavoljub Muslin

texts:
 in the cup final to bitter rivals FK Partizan. He resigned his post on 30 September 2001, six weeks into the 2001–02 league season. The specific reason was never given, but it is widely believed it had to do with the ongoing simmering row with striker Mihajlo Pjanović that came to a head during the Champions League 3rd round qualifying tie when Muslin dropped the 24-year-old forward and Red Star ended up losing 0–3 to Bayer Leverkusen. Levski
Muslin was not without a job for too long as in late March 2002 Levski Sofia sacked their coach Rüdiger Abramczik mid-season and offered the job to the Serbian who promptly steered the team to the league and cup double in May.He was sacked in April 2003 as Levski was trailing the leaders by 8 points in the domestic league. The team went on to win the National Cup under the management of Georgi Todorov. Red Star, again
In June 2003, Red Star came calling again after two seasons under coach Zoran Filipović. By the following spring <mask> brought his second domestic double to the club as a coach. The split from Red Star was again full of controversy. After winning the title, Muslin reportedly wanted more say in the club's transfer policy, essentially calling for his coaching role to be expanded into what club managers in England do. Red Star president Dragan Džajić would have none of it and a huge row erupted.At one point, usually calm and collected Džajić exploded in the media calling <mask> "the worst person he's ever met". Metalurh
The next stop for Muslin in summer 2004 became Ukraine's Metalurh Donetsk, which he coached fairly successfully for the better part of 2004–05 domestic league season. He resigned his post on 8 March 2005,

masks: Muslin Muslin


title: Slavoljub Muslin

texts:
 citing differences in opinion over the vision for the team's immediate future as the reason. His departure came after league matchday 17 with Metalurh occupying the 3rd spot in Vyscha Liha. Simultaneously, <mask> also led the team in 2004/05 UEFA Cup - with much less distinguished outcome - after successfully overcoming the qualifying stage, Metalurh was demolished by SS Lazio (0-6 on aggregate). Lokeren
Then came Belgian side Lokeren between May and December 2005. Lokomotiv
In December 2005, Muslin was appointed as coach of Lokomotiv Moscow.With star forward Dmitri Sychev as the team's undisputed leader on the pitch, Lokomotiv started the Russian League 2006 season in great fashion, jumping ahead early to the top of the table and going on an 18-match unbeaten streak at one point. Closely pursued by CSKA Moscow, Lokomotiv kept holding on to the top league spot until mid-October when a string of indifferent results saw them surrender it. <mask> was already under the gun following his team's elimination in UEFA Cup's first round to Belgian side S.V. Zulte Waregem, and after giving up the league leading position, he was promptly fired in October 2006. Lokeren, again
On 26 November 2006, <mask>'s return to Lokeren bench was announced. He arrived at the club in the middle of a bad run of results that prompted previous coach Ariël Jacobs' departure with Lokeren in 13th league spot. However, Muslin failed to raise the team's form and Lokeren barely avoided relegation, finishing the Belgian Jupiler League 2006/07 campaign in 16th spot (out of 18 teams).During the summer 2007, <mask> was replaced with Georges Leekens. Khimki
On 7 September 2007, <mask> was announced as the new coach

masks: Muslin Muslin Muslin Muslin Muslin


title: Slavoljub Muslin

texts:
 of FC Khimki. At the time of his arrival following matchday 23 of the 2007 season, the team was occupying 11th league spot, only three points out of the relegation zone. Under his guidance, Khimki finished the season in 9th spot, five points out of the relegation zone. In the 2008 season after matchday 5 Khimki occupied the 16th spot out of 16 after 0–4 defeat from Rubin Kazan. On 14 April 2008, <mask> was fired. Minsk
On 17 September 2008, he was named as the new head coach of Dinamo Minsk.But just ten months later on 27 July 2009 was fired again from the Belarusian club. Anorthosis Famagusta
On 7 August 2009, he signed a contract with the Cypriot club Anorthosis Famagusta, a year after the team's appearance in the group stages of the UEFA Champions League 2008–2009. The Serbian replaced German coach Ernst Middendorp. He was released in 2010, due to the elimination of team in the quarterfinals of the cup, although the team was second in the Championship. Amkar Perm
On 17 June 2014, <mask> was announced as a new head coach of FC Amkar Perm in Russian Football Premier League. But after the end of the first part of 2014-15 season, he was sacked for unsatisfactory results. Standard Liège
Muslin was announced as a new head coach of Standard Liège on 5 June 2015.His departure was announced on 28 August 2015. Serbia
Muslin became Serbia manager in 2016. During his time their Serbia finished top of their 2018 World Cup qualifying group ahead of the Republic of Ireland, thus qualified Serbia to a major competitive tournament after eight years. Despite this his time in charge of Serbia was ended in October 2017. Managerial statistics

References

External links
 Website from


title: James Parnell

texts:
<mask> or Parnell (baptised 1636 – 1656) was an English Quaker preacher and author. As a teenager he became a nonconformist, visited George Fox in prison in 1653, and joined the Society of Friends. He is known as "The Boy Martyr". Personal life
Parnell was born in East Retford, Nottinghamshire, the son of Thomas and <mask>, and was apprenticed to his father. His parents were well off and he was sent to the town's grammar school, King Edward VI Grammar School, (which was fee paying). Religious life
According to the Reverend WP McFerran of Retford, writing in the The Retford Times in 1947, at the age of 15 Parnell became concerned about his soul. He found "no satisfaction" amongst the priests of Retford so left home to travel.In Balby he came across a group that “waited together in silence to become instruments in the hand of the Lord”. This group were forerunners of the Society of Friends or Quakers. When he was 16, Parnell walked 150 miles from Retford to Carlisle to meet George Fox, the founder of the Quaker movement, who was imprisoned in Carlisle jail. Parnell left a committed Quaker. After this he began preaching to all who would listen, but this was seen as a challenge to the established church and he clashed several times with the authorities. In 1655 at the age of 18 he preached in St Nicholas Church, Colchester and then spent a week in discussion and argument. He converted many people there The eminent Quaker Stephen Crisp (who was aged 27) was converted by Parnell at that time.He subsequently wrote of him: 'He was of a poor appearance, a mere youth, coming against giants; yet the wisdom of man was made to bow before the Spirit by which he spoke'. Arrest and death
Parnell  was arrested on Sunday 4 July 1655 as he walked through Colchester after

masks:
James Parnel
Sarah Parnell


title: James Parnell

texts:
 disrupting a church service in Great Coggeshall. He was charged with blasphemy and other offences and was taken to the county jail in Colchester Castle. During his trial he was acquitted of all charges by the jury, but the Magistrate fined him £40, which he either refused to pay or could not pay (he had been disinherited by his parents). He was returned to gaol where he was kept in terrible conditions and forced to climb a rope to reach his food. Local Quakers were prevented from helping him. By the spring he was so weak that he could not eat, dying on 10 April 1656.The authorities said that Parnell had died through fasting. But according to historian William Sewel, "So great was the malice and envy of his persecutors, that to cover their guilt and shame, they spread among the people, that by immoderate fasting, and afterwards with too greedy eating, he had shortened his days. But this was a wicked lie. "<ref>The Lamb's Defence against Lyes. And a true Testimony given concerning the Sufferings and Death of <mask>. And the ground thereof. By such hands as were eye-witnesses, and have subscribed their names thereto, London, Giles Calvert, 1656.</ref>

Joseph Besse wrote in Sufferings that the jailor’s wife beat Parnell and told her servant to beat him; sent his food to other prisoners; refused to let his friends bring him a bed; had him placed in a hole in the castle wall “not so wide as some baker’s ovens,” which could only be accessed by climbing a ladder and then a rope.Besse notes that Parnell fell and was “so wounded in his Head, and bruised in his Body, that he was taken up for dead.” He was placed in another airless hole lower down in the castle wall. Friends offered to take his place while he recovered but their requests were denied. Besse wrote that he


title: James Parnell

texts:
 "died a Youth...but approved himself a strong Man in Christ". Seen as a martyr, his death attracted more people to the Quaker cause. This meant the circumstances of his death were hotly debated at the time. It was also the subject of a ballad set to the tune of Summer Time which, amongst other things, accused Parnell of starving himself to death. The Quakers presented their version of events in The Lambs Defence Against Lyes (Giles Calvert, 1656)- 'A true testimony given concerning the sufferings and death of <mask>'.This tells how one William Talcott offered to pay a bond so that Parnell could recover at his house to be returned to gaol when he was fully recovered. It also included a letter by one Thomas Shortland who offered to take Parnell's place in gaol. In this pamphlet a letter from Parnell himself details the verbal and physical abuse he suffered. While another letter by Shortland disputes the official line that Parnell had abstained from food then eaten up 'a quart of milk thick crumb’d with white bred'. Shortland said he had brought the milk and bread, there was only a pint and a half, and that both he and Parnell had only eaten a small amount. The rest, he said, he took home with him. Parnell was buried in an unmarked grave in the grounds of Colchester Castle.A plaque commemorating his life has been placed in the cell where he died. Reputation
According to Charlotte Fell Smith, the number of Friends in Colchester in 1692 was 1,000 out of a total population of 6,852. Smith attributed this to the “seed sown by one earnest young minister aged only 18 years. When Parnell's collected works were published in 1675, there were personal testimonies by Steven Crisp, Samuel Cater and Thomas Bayles in the introduction. Parnell's story was subsequently told to


title: James Parnell

texts:
 children all over the world by members of the Society of Friends, and he became known as ‘the boy martyr’, the first person to die for the Quaker faith. He was not the first Quaker to die for the faith; more properly he was the first well-known figure to die. A street is named after him in Colchester.Works
Parnell wrote:A Trial of Faith, wherein is discovered the ground of the Faith of the Hypocrite, which perisheth, and the Faith of the Saints, which is founded upon the Everlasting Rock, London 1654. It was twice reprinted in 1655, and again in 1658. It was translated into Dutch in 1656, into French as L'Espreuve de la Foy, 1660, and into German, Amsterdam, 1681.The Fruits of a Fast, appointed by the Churches gathered against Christ and His Kingdom, London, Giles Calvert, 1655.The Trumpet of the Lord blowne, or a Blast against Pride and Oppression, London, Giles Calvert, 1655.A Shield of the Truth, or the Truth of God cleared from Scandalls and Reproaches, London, 1655.The Watcher … or a Discovery of the Ground and End of all Forms, Professions, Sects, and Opinions, London, 1655.Goliath's Head cut off with his own Sword; In a Combat betwixt Little David, the Young Stripling … and Great Goliath, the Proud Boaster, London, 1655. This was in answer to a paper issued against him by Thomas Drayton of Abbot's Ripon, Huntingdonshire. He also wrote from prison, shortly before his death, epistles and addresses, as well as A Warning to all People (translated into Dutch, 1670), all of which were printed in A Collection of the several Writings given forth from the Spirit of the Lord, through … <mask>rnel, &c. Published in the year 1675''. Notes

External links

Attribution

Year of birth unknown
1656 deaths
Quaker ministers
English Quakers
17th-century Quakers


title: Përparim Hetemaj

texts:
<mask> (born 12 December 1986) is a Finnish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Italian club Reggina. Born in modern-day Kosovo, <mask> arrived in Finland when he was 6 years old and played for HJK's youth teams; signing a professional contract in 2004 at age 17. He joined Greek side AEK Athens in 2006, and moved to Twente in 2009. Subsequently, in 2010, he was signed by Brescia and was transferred to Chievo in 2011. <mask> made his international debut for Finland in February 2009, at the age of 22, and made 50 appearances, including appearing in 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifications, before his retirement from international football in 2018. Early and personal life
Of Kosovo Albanian ethnicity, <mask> was born in Skenderaj, SAP Kosovo, which was part of SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia at the time, and moved to Finland in 1992. His family first arrived at Oulu but they moved to Helsinki due to his father Miftar suffering from asthma.He has a younger brother, the footballer Mehmet, and two sisters, Fatlume and Fatbardhe. In 2004, he acquired Finnish citizenship. Club career

HJK Helsinki
He started his career at the youth academy of HJK Helsinki, and in 2004 played for its second team, Klubi-04, in 26 Ykkönen—the second division of Finnish football—matches, in which he scored six goals. He played 26 matches and scored a goal in the 2005–06 season of Veikkausliiga—the premier division of Finnish football. After playing seven matches for HJK during the 2006–07, he was sold to AEK Athens for a fee of €450.000. AEK Athens
He made his AEK Athens debut on 26 September 2006 in a 1–1 draw against Anderlecht in the UEFA Champions League. After seven matches, <mask>'s 2006–07 season ended on 8 February 2007, when he suffered a fractured leg after a tackle by Kevin Thomson during a

masks:
Përparim Hetemaj
Hetemaj
Hetemaj
Hetemaj
Hetemaj


title: Përparim Hetemaj

texts:
 friendly match between the Finnish and Scottish national teams.He was again on playing condition in October 2007, but he did not play for AEK and in January 2008 he was loaned to Apollon Kalamarias until the end of the season to gain more playing experience. He scored his first goal in the Superleague Greece on 23 February 2008 against Asteras Tripoli. He played a total of eight matches for Apollon Kalamarias in the 2007–08, and for the following season <mask> played nine league matches with AEK. Unsatisfied, <mask> asks to be transferred,

Twente
On 31 August 2009, he signed a 1+1 year contract with Dutch club FC Twente as part of an exchange deal for Youssouf Hersi. <mask> started the season 2009–10 in the reserve team but was unable to break through to the first team that won the Eredivisie. Brescia
Even before having played a match for Twente, On 1 February 2010, <mask> was signed by Italian club Brescia on a free transfer. <mask> only played four matches in 2009–10 Serie B; Brescia was promoted to Serie A and he signed a three-year contract.He made his Serie A debut on 12 September 2010, playing the full minutes in a 3–2 home victory over Palermo. He scored his first Serie A goal on 22 September 2010 against Roma, becoming the first Finnish footballer to score in Serie A and arousing Roma's interest in him. <mask> went on to score again in a 3–1 victory against Bologna. Chievo
On 30 June 2011, he was signed Serie A side Chievo in a co-ownership deal for €1.4 million. As a result, he chose the number 56 shirt number at the club. He made his debut for Chievo on 11 September 2011 against Novara, when he provided an assist to Cyril Théréau score the second goal of Chievo in the drawn. At the end of the season and after 32 league matches, Chievo bought <mask>'s full rights on 18 June 2012 for

masks: Hetemaj Hetemaj Hetemaj Hetemaj Hetemaj Hetemaj Hetemaj


title: Përparim Hetemaj

texts:
 an additional €800,000.In the 2012–13 season and the 2013–2014, <mask> played 30 and 32 league matches respectively and did not score in any competition. <mask> marked his 100th appearance for Chievo on 22 August 2014 in a 1–0 defeat against Pescara in the Coppa Italia. After four years at Chievo and 130 Serie A matches, he scored his first goal for the club on 12 September 2015 in a 1–1 draw against Juventus. Benevento
On 2 September 2019, he signed a two-year contract with the Serie B club Benevento. Reggina
On 28 July 2021, he joined Serie B side Reggina on a one-year deal. International career

Youth
He was first drafted to play for Finland U19 on 7 September 2004 for a match against Sweden in Vihti. He made four appearances in the U19 team and scored two goals.<mask> made his debut for the U21 side on 13 April 2005 against Estonia. <mask>, along with his brother Mehmet, was called up to represent Finland at the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship and he played in all the three matches which Finland played. Senior
<mask> made his senior debut for Finland as an 84th-minute substitute against Japan on 4 February 2009 in a 5–1 loss. He gained his first UEFA European Championship qualifying game on 3 June 2011 when Mixu Paatelainen chose him to the starting line up against San Marino. On 26 May 2012, he scored his first national goal—a last-minute goal—against Turkey in a friendly match, which assured a 3−2 victory for Finland. <mask> <mask> was part of Finland squad in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. Thus, despite having a chance to switch to represent Kosovo, his Finland cap in the qualification effectively locked him to represent Finland only.His brother Mehmet played once for Kosovo before the Football Federation of Kosovo became a member of UEFA and FIFA. However, he also

masks: Hetemaj Hetemaj Hetemaj Hetemaj Hetemaj Përparim Hetemaj


title: Përparim Hetemaj

texts:
 lost the eligibility for Kosovo after played for Finland after Kosovo became a member. On 8 January 2018, <mask> announced that he would retire from international duty. Outside football

Charity work
As of 2015, <mask> occasionally helps football club of his birthplace, Drenica, and he usually helps with different monetary means as well as technical means. Career statistics

Club

International

International appearances
Statistics accurate as of matches played on 9 October 2017

International goals

Honours and achievements

Club
HJK Helsinki

- Finnish Cup: 2006

Benevento

- Serie B: 2019-20

International
Finland

- Baltic Cup runner-up: 2012; third place: 2014

References

External links

 Perparim <mask> at A.C. ChievoVerona
 Perparim Hetemaj – SPL competition record

1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Skenderaj
Kosovan emigrants to Finland
Naturalized citizens of Finland
Association football midfielders
Finnish footballers
Finland international footballers
Finland under-21 international footballers
Kosovan footballers
Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi players
Klubi 04 players
AEK Athens F.C. players
Apollon Pontou FC players
FC Twente players
Brescia Calcio players
A.C. ChievoVerona players
Benevento Calcio players
Reggina 1914 players
Veikkausliiga players
Super League Greece players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Finnish expatriate footballers
Kosovan expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Greece
Finnish expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
Finnish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Finnish expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Finnish people of Albanian

masks: Hetemaj Hetemaj Hetemaj


title: Harriet Redmond

texts:
<mask> (born circa 1862–June 27, 1952), also known as <mask>, was an African-American suffragist who lived and worked in Portland, Oregon. Born in St. Louis, Missouri, she moved to Oregon at a young age where she then became an active member of the suffragist movement. <mask> is best known for her efforts as secretary and then president of the Colored Women’s Equal Suffrage Association. After Oregonian women gained the right to vote in 1912, <mask> remained politically active by working on the campaigns of various Republicans. Family background
<mask> was the daughter of emancipated slaves, LaVinia Blue and Reuben Crawford. At the time of her birth, the couple lived in St. Louis, Missouri. The family moved from Missouri to Marysville, California in 1871, and then to Hood River, Oregon, permanently placing themselves in Portland in 1880.LaVinia, who went by Vina, had a brother who lived in California, and their intention as a family was to always remain on the West Coast. Reuben first worked as a rope maker and then as an expert ship caulker, and he was named "the best ship caulker on the west coast" by The Oregonian in 1918. LaVinia stayed at home and also worked partly as a domestic servant. Historical records do not definitively confirm how the family was able to finance the move from Missouri to California. However, the family may have relied on the Freedman's Bureau, which would have granted them railroad access since they were emancipated slaves leaving the south. Alternatively, Reuben's new job at a ship construction site may have paid for him to move. Reuben Crawford was an active member of the Republican Party and the Colored Immigrants Aids Society.The Crawford family became a socially well-known family in Portland's African American community, which consisted of hundreds of individuals.

masks:
Harriet Redmond
Hattie Redmond
Redmond
Redmond
Hattie Redmond


title: Harriet Redmond

texts:
 The Crawford family attended Mt. Olivet Baptist Church, the first established black Baptist church in Oregon, where in 1912, <mask> held educational conferences on women's suffrage. Early life
<mask> was born some time in 1862 in St. Louis. She was LaVinia and Reuben's first child, and she became the oldest of eight children. She was about 9 years old when the family moved to California and about 18 when the family settled in Portland. <mask> likely grew up in a boarding house, since African Americans could not own property, and there were few single family homes available in the area at the time.<mask> attended Portland's Colored School, a public school for African American children. Her introduction to the church was at age 12 when her father signed her up to recite a poem that she wrote for Mt. Olivet Baptist Church's winter social. The poem was entitled "I'm So Happy," and it received a positive reception. In November 1883, <mask> married waiter <mask> in her parents' home; he worked at Portland hotels, such as the Portland Hotel. However, it is reported that the marriage was unhappy, and her husband died at the Multnomah County Poor Farm on March 26, 1907. Hattie and <mask> did not have any children.Activism
<mask> was an active member of the Oregon Colored Women’s Council, an organization dedicated to helping black women in need. Later, she became secretary, then president, of the offshoot Colored Women’s Equal Suffrage Association formed in 1912. During this time, <mask> estimated that the low membership of the group, 14 out of 2,500 potentially eligible black women in Portland, stemmed from the lack of awareness for the benefits of suffrage as well as negative influence from husbands and families. As part of the Colored Women’s Equal Suffrage Association leadership, <mask> organized

masks:
Redmond
Redmond
Redmond
Redmond
Harriet Crawford
Emerson Redmond
Emerson Redmond
Redmond
Redmond
Redmond


title: Harriet Redmond

texts:
 meetings and lectures in churches around the city, particularly at Mt. Olivet Baptist Church. In 1912 she held educational conferences on women's suffrage there. She also served on the Central Campaign Committee which was a major director of the suffrage movement in Oregon.This committee united suffrage efforts from around the state and worked to foster cooperation between the different factions of the movement. Ultimately, the suffrage movement succeeded and Oregon voters ratified women's right to vote on November 5, 1912. <mask> registered to vote as a Republican during April 1913. <mask>'s work on campaigning for women's right to vote also laid a foundation for the civil rights activism which became prominent in early-20th century Oregon. During the 1914 election season, <mask> and other activists who helped gain Oregon women the right to vote worked on the campaigns of several Republican candidates. The women on a campaign committee voted <mask> to be their vice president. Later life and death
Although jobs were limited for African American women at the time, <mask> was able to find work in a variety of positions.Her 1913 voter's registration card lists her profession as a hairdresser. At other times, she worked as a department store cleaner, a domestic servant, and lastly, as a janitor for Oregon's U.S. District Court. She served as a janitor for twenty-nine years until her retirement in 1939. That year's March 17 edition of The Oregonian recognized her service with an article entitled “Janitress Lauded for Long Service.” Also, upon her retirement, she received an autographed picture and a letter from the postmaster general. On June 27, 1952, Hattie <mask> died of bronchial pneumonia at 90 years old. Legacy

<mask> is buried at the Lone Fir Pioneer Cemetery. On July 21, 2012, the Century of

masks: Redmond Redmond Redmond Redmond Redmond Redmond Redmond


title: Harriet Redmond

texts:
 Action Committee honored her and three other suffragists—Esther Pohl Lovejoy, Harry Lane, and Martha Cardwell Dalton—by installing new headstones for them at the cemetery.Before the replacements, they had become overgrown. <mask>'s new headstone is inscribed with the words "Black American Suffragist". The installation ceremony included costumed portrayals of the four suffragists and was attended by Barbara Roberts, a former Oregon governor. This event took place as part of the Century of Action Committee's year-long celebration of 100 years of suffrage for women in Oregon and as part of their efforts to call attention to remaining voting barriers for minorities. In July 2018, the president of Oregon State University, Ed Ray, announced that three campus buildings would be renamed due to their namesakes' racism. One of these buildings, formerly known as the Benton Annex, became the Hattie Redmond Women and Gender Center. The building was previously named for Thomas Hart Benton, an antebellum United States Senator from Missouri.The choice to rename it after <mask> was made to recognize her efforts as an Oregonian suffragist. Further reading
 "Colored Suffragists Act", Oregonian (September 17, 1912)
 Helen Silvis, "Century of Action Shines Light on Black Suffragist Hattie <mask>," The Skanner News (May 10, 2012)
 Helen Silvis, "Black Suffragist Will Be Celebrated July 21 at Lone Fir Cemetery," The Skanner News (July 12, 2012)

References

1952 deaths
Activists from Portland, Oregon
American suffragists
Year of birth uncertain
African-American people in Oregon politics
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Deaths from pneumonia in Oregon
Activists from St. Louis
Activists for African-American civil rights
African-American history in Portland, Oregon
African-American history of Oregon
Women civil rights

masks: Redmond Redmond Redmond


title: Yossi Shain

texts:
<mask> (born 21 September 1956) is currently a member of the Knesset for Yisrael Beiteinu. He is also the  Romulo Betancourt Professor of Political Science at Tel Aviv University where he also serves as Head of TAU's School of Political Science, Government and International Affairs, head of the Abba Eban Graduate Studies Program in Diplomacy and Director of the Frances Brody Institute for Applied Diplomacy. He is also a Full Professor of Comparative Government and Diaspora Politics at Georgetown University, and the Founding Director of the Program for Jewish Civilization (PJC) at Georgetown. In 2007, he also served (pro-bono) as President of Western Galilee College. Shain earned his B.A. (Philosophy-1981 cum laude) and M.A. (Political Science-1983) degrees from Tel Aviv University and received his Ph.D. in Political Science (with distinction) from Yale University in 1988.In July 2016 professor <mask> was appointed as a member of Council for Higher Education in Israel, and he is now heading the national committee in charge in rejuvenating liberal arts and the humanities. Academic positions
Since 1989, he has taught political science at Tel Aviv University, where he served as department chair from 1996 to 1999 and again from 2013. He was also head of the Hartog School of Government from 2003 to 2007 and co-director (with Peter Berkowitz) of the Israel Program on Constitutional Government 2003-2008. Shain also held many visiting appointments, including at Sciences Po in Paris, Yale University, Wesleyan

masks:
Yossi Shain
Shain


title: Yossi Shain

texts: Democracy (in Washington). <mask>’s latest book The Language of Corruption and Israel’s Moral Culture appeared in Hebrew in 2010 and received national acclaim (English edition forthcoming). He is also the author of The Frontier of Loyalty: Political Exiles in the Age of the Nation-State (first edition 1989; new edition University of Michigan Press, 2005); Between States: Interim Governments and Democratic Transitions (with Juan J. Linz) (Cambridge University Press 1995); Marketing the American Creed Abroad: Diasporas in the U.S. and Their Homelands (Cambridge University Press 1999), the book was awarded the 2000 Best Book of the Year Prize by the Israeli Political Science Association; and Kinship and Diasporas in International Affairs (University of Michigan Press 2007). He also edited Governments-in-Exile in Contemporary World Politics (Routledge, 1991), and co-edited Democracy: The Challenges Ahead (with Aharon Kleiman, St. Martin’s, 1997) and Power and the Past: Collective Memory in International Affairs (with Eric Langenbacher, Georgetown University Press, 2010). Shain is now working on a book manuscript (with Sarah Fainberg) entitled, The Israelization of Judaism to be accompanied by a documentary.<mask> has also published over 50 scholarly articles in academic journals and edited books. His articles have appeared in (among others) International Organization, Comparative Politics, Foreign Policy, International Affairs, Orbis, Political Science Q, The Journal of Democracy, The Journal of Political

masks: Shain Shain


title: Yossi Shain

texts:
 Science, Government and Opposition, and Nations and Nationalism. Public service, journalistic writing, and media
<mask> served as special adviser to Israel's Minister of Foreign Affairs. He is a regular contributor to the op-ed page of Israel's leading daily Yediot Achronot, and has contributed numerous essays to other newspapers and magazines (including The New York Times, The American Interest, The Foreign Service Journal, New Haven Register, Ha’aretz, and the Jerusalem Post). <mask> is also a nationally known commentator on Israeli television and radio. He has been a guest on many political news shows in Europe and the US, including the BBC, NBC, ABC, CNN, Fox News, CNBC, PBS, Al-Jazeera, and The News Hour. Ideas
According to Shain's recent book The Language of Corruption in Israel’s Moral Culture (in Hebrew), the Israeli judicial approach is counterproductive.It creates the impression that Israeli politics suffers from rampant corruption. This undermines the public’s trust in politics and politicians without addressing the real problem. Instead of a blanket prohibition against all political appointments, a more nuanced approach is in order, one that recognizes the realities of political life. In their Diasporas and International Relations Theory, <mask> <mask> and Aharon Barth incorporate the study of diasporas into international relations (IR) theory by focusing on diasporas as independent actors who actively influence their homeland (kin-state) foreign policies. Shain and Barth argue that

masks: Shain Shain Yossi Shain


title: Yossi Shain

texts:
 diasporic influences can best be understood by situating them in the 'theoretical space' shared by constructivism and liberalism; two approaches that acknowledge the impact of identity and domestic politics on international behavior. In his September 2014 article "The Two Faces of Qatar" in The American Interest, <mask> develops his concerns regarding Qatar. He observes that "For years Qatar has played a brilliant a double game between Islamism and the West, offering aid and comfort for the forces of the former while doing the bare minimum asked of it by the latter," yet Shain asks "whether this act beginning to wear thin?"<mask> observes, that "recent events, however, have not all been favorable to Qatar’s strategy. In particular, the fall of the Muslim Brotherhood and the rise of Al-Sisi in Egypt were shattering blows to Qatar’s view of the Middle East. With the Muslim Brothers being the bitter enemies of the Egyptian regime, Egypt has also turned on its prime backers, the Qataris. And in Egypt today, Al Jazeera has developed a reputation as traitor to the Arab cause, and the Emir of Qatar as an instigator of radicalism and terror. Reporting on the crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt last February, Gregg Carlstrom noted how Al Jazeera became the mouthpiece of radical Jihadi views—featuring guests openly calling for an assault on the Egyptian Coptic minority. None of this, of course, made it into Al Jazeera English." Books
 <mask>, Y, The Israeli Century: How the Zionist Revolution Changed

masks: Shain Shain Shain


title: Yossi Shain

texts:
 History and Reinvented Judaism, trans.Eylon Levy (Wicked Son: 2021)
Shain, Y. & Fainberg, S. The Israelization of Judaism (book and documentary film in progress)
	Shain, Y. (2010). Śefat ha-sheḥitut ṿe-tarbut ha-musar ha-Yiśreelit (Who Controls Morality in Democracies: The Language of Corruption and Its Consequences (in preparation an English amended version of the Hebrew book). Or Yehudah: Devir. שפת השחיתות ותרבות המוסר הישראלית (דביר: 2010)
 Shain, Y., & Langenbacher, E. (2010). Power and the Past: Collective Memory and International Relations.Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press (edited). <mask>, Y. (2007). Kinship & Diasporas in International Affairs. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <mask>, Y. (1999).Marketing the American Creed Abroad: Diasporas in the U.S. and Their Homelands. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Shain, Y., & Klieman, A. S. (1997). Democracy: The Challenges Ahead. New York: St. Martin's Press (edited). <mask>, Y., Linz, J. J., (1995). Between States: Interim Governments and Democratic Transitions.Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press. (Two volumes: Vol. 1: Theory. Vol. 2 is edited under the name Case Studies). Shain, Y. (1991).Governments-in-Exile in Contemporary World Politics. New York: Routledge (edited). <mask>, Y. (1989; 2005 new and revised edition). The Frontier of Loyalty: Political Exiles in the Age of the Nation-State. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Translated to Hebrew by Aha'aron Amir in 2006.See also
 Diaspora politics in the

masks: Shain Shain Shain Shain


title: Yossi Shain

texts:
 United States

References

External links
 <mask> <mask>'s Georgetown University homepage
 <mask> <mask>'s Tel Aviv University homepage

Living people
Israeli political scientists
American political scientists
Tel Aviv University alumni
Tel Aviv University faculty
Georgetown University faculty
People from Tel Aviv
International relations scholars
1956 births
Members of the 24th Knesset

masks: Yossi Shain Yossi Shain


title: Alexander Cunningham (lawyer)

texts:
<mask> was one of Robert Burns's closest friends from his time in Edinburgh. They stayed in contact, through at least 19 letters from the poet; and <mask> was the ardent admirer who encouraged and joined others such as John Syme to raise funds for the poet's family after his death. <mask> was one of the small group of associates whom Burns actively approached for constructive criticism of his work. Life and character

He was the eldest son of <mask> of Hyndhope near Ettrickbridge in the Borders, and the nephew of William Robertson the historian. He practised law in Edinburgh and was a member of the Crochallan Fencibles where he socialised with Burns having met him at Masonic meetings in Edinburgh. As a student he had lived at No.6, St James's Square in Edinburgh and his near neighbours were George Thomson the music publisher, John Beugo the engraver, Robert Ainslie the lawyer and <mask> the painter, all closely associated with Burns's career. In 1798 he became a Writer to the Signet, but later went into partnership with his uncle Patrick Robertson as a jeweller.<mask> courted Anne Stewart of East Craigs, however she married Dr Forrest Dewar in 1788 and the couple had a son and three daughters, having "prostituted her character" as Burns put it. Said to be devastated, he did however in 1792 marry Agnes Moir of Auchtertool, daughter of the Rev Henry Moir and the couple had two sons. Through his wife's dowry he inherited part of a valuable estate in South Carolina. <mask> died in 1812 and was buried in the Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh. The San Antonio

masks:
Alexander Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
James Cunningham
Alexander Nasmyth
Cunningham
Cunningham


title: Alexander Cunningham (lawyer)

texts:
 Museum of Art in Texas holds a portrait of <mask> by the famous artist Henry Raeburn. Association with Robert Burns
Burns probably first met <mask> at Masonic meetings in Edinburgh as stated. He is listed as a subscriber to one copy in Burns's Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (Edinburgh Edition).Dugald Stewart, the eminent Scottish philosopher and mathematician, commented that Burns was keeping 'not very select society' however it was a matter of degree, <mask>, Peter Hill, Ainslie, etc. being respectable, but not of the literati. Robert Ainslie, also training to be a lawyer, was a close friend of <mask> and Burns. Burns sent a version of "The Banks o'Doon" on 11 March 1791 inviting his 'strictures,' making him one of very few whose opinion he valued to that extent. He sent many other poems and songs to <mask>, such as in the autumn of 1794 when he sent him a copy of "A red red Rose." His enclosed works were usually accompanied by letters. In 1788 Burns said of Cuningham:

It was <mask> who on 10 April 1792 put Burns's name forward to the Royal Company of Archers for a diploma, probably in recognition of his role in capturing the 100-ton schooner, the Rosamund and her cargo of contraband goods, in the Solway Firth on 29 February 1792.In September 1792 George Thomson had finalised his plans for his "Select Collection of Scottish Airs" and it was <mask> to whom Thomson turned to enlist the services of Robert Burns and in due course a letter of introduction together with details of the proposed publication was winging its way to Burns with

masks:
Alexander Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham


title: Alexander Cunningham (lawyer)

texts:
 positive results. Robert Burns Junior wrote about life at the Mill Street house in Dumfries, recalling the arrival of the occasional barrel of oysters from Peter Hill the book seller or from <mask>. Burns had written to <mask> on 7 July 1796 saying that he intended that his soon to be born child, if a boy, would be named '<mask> Burns' however Jean Armour seems to have been unaware of this and named their son 'Maxwell Burns'. He was to die on 25 April 1799. Jean Armour Burns informed John Syme that Burns, on his death bed a day before he expired, was continually calling for him and <mask>. The James Armour punch bowl
Of the many surviving Robert Burns artefacts few have such distinguished provenance as the punch bowl that was a nuptial gift in 1788 from James Armour to his daughter Jean and her new husband Robert Burns. As a stone-mason James had carved the bowl himself (22cm x 14cm ) from dark green Inveraray marble and after residing at their various homes, Jean in 1801 presented it to her husband's great friend and Burns family benefactor whilst she was on a visit to Edinburgh and staying with George Thomson.<mask> had it mounted with a silver base and a rim, engraved upon which are “Ye whom social pleasure charms .. Come to my Bowl! Come to my arms, My FRIENDS, my BROTHERS!” taken from Burns's “The Epistle to J. Lapraik.”

<mask> died in 1812 and the bowl was then sold at auction in 1815 for the impressive price of 80 Guineas to a London publican who, falling upon hard times, sold it to Archibald Hastie Esq of London. A copy is held by the

masks:
Cunningham
Cunningham
Alexander Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
Alexander


title: Alexander Cunningham (lawyer)

texts:
 Robert Burns Birthplace Museum at Alloway, whilst the original is in the British Museum in London, presented to that institution by Archibald Hastie in 1858. Correspondence with Burns
Burns shared with <mask> many of his intimate thoughts and opinions on family life and his relationship with Jean, with comments such as informing <mask> of his marriage and saying "When I tell you that Mrs Burns was once, "My Jean," you will know the rest. Of four children she bore me, in seventeen months, my eldest boy only is living." <mask> in 1791 was involved in the onslaught of letters that Burns wrote to several of his friends and contacts in defence of his friend James Clarke, schoolmaster at Moffat. James was accused of using excessive corporal punishment and was eventually found innocent of the accusations.Burns sent several of his songs to <mask>, such as "Here's a Health to Ane I Lo'e Dear" posted a few days before his death. On July 27 1788 Burns wrote to <mask> regarding his first love :

In July 1796 Burns wrote to <mask> in an effort to use his friends influence, as a lawyer, to petition the Excise to pay him his full basic salary of £50 rather than his sick pay of £35. <mask> had thoughtfully written a flattering and comforting letter to Burns at the Brow Well for which he was deeply grateful. On 7 July 1796 Burns wrote from Brow Well saying "Alas! My friend. I fear the voice of the Bard will soon be heard among you no more! For these eight or ten months I have been ailing, sometimes bed-fast & sometimes not; but these last three months I have been

masks: Cunningham Cunningham Cunningham Cunningham Cunningham Cunningham Cunningham


title: Alexander Cunningham (lawyer)

texts:
 tortured with an excrutiating rheumatism which has reduced me to nearly the last stage.You actually would not know me if you saw me, pale, emaciated, & so feeble as occasionally to need help from my chair - my spirits fled!" He had made it clear that he was taking the cure at Brow on doctor's orders "The Medical folks tell me that my last and only chance is bathing & country quarters & riding." The song "Here's a Health to Ane I Lo'e Dear" was his last correspondence with his long term friend, written on 10 July together some thoughts on how he could get his full pay from the Excise. Burns died on 21 July however <mask> proved to be a friend to his memory and to the Burns family for many years after. Correspondence with John Syme
Some ninety letters passed between John Syme and <mask> between 1786 and 1811 and after 120 years they were uncovered in the <mask> family archives and gave many interesting insights into the life of the poet. In 1797 <mask> and Syme appealed for the loan of Burns's letters for a posthumous publication, only to receive a letter from Agnes Maclehose requiring the return of her letters and a visit from Robert Ainslie to force home the demand. The trustees did return them eventually following her pledge to release his letters with hers remaining unpublished.James Currie did not even mention the relationship of Sylvander and Clarinda in the biography of the poet. <mask>, John Syme and James Currie, through his biography, were central in raising the funds needed to build a suitable mausoleum to which Burns's body was moved in

masks: Cunningham Cunningham Cunningham Cunningham Cunningham


title: Alexander Cunningham (lawyer)

texts:
 September 1815. <mask> had helped secure James Currie's services as Burns's biographer. <mask> wrote to John Syme and expressed his sorrow and grave disappointment at the number of Burns's supposed friends and admirers who would not donate to the fund and instead gave him "cold civility and humiliating advice." See also

Robert Aiken
Jean Armour
John Ballantine
Lesley Baillie
Alison Begbie
Nelly Blair
Isabella Burns
May Cameron
Mary Campbell (Highland Mary)
Jenny Clow
Gavin Hamilton (lawyer)
Helen Hyslop
Nelly Kilpatrick
Jessie Lewars
Anne Rankine
Isabella Steven
Peggy Thompson

References
Notes

Further reading

 Brown, Hilton (1949). There was a Lad. London : Hamish Hamilton.Burns, Robert (1839). The Poetical Works of Robert Burns. The Aldine Edition of the British Poets. London : William Pickering. De Lancey Ferguson, J. (1931). The Letters of Robert Burns.Oxford : Clarendon Press. Douglas, William Scott (Edit.) 1938. The Kilmarnock Edition of the Poetical Works of Robert Burns. Glasgow : The Scottish Daily Express. Hecht, Hans (1936). Robert Burns.The Man and His Work. London : William Hodge. Mackay, James (2004). Burns. A Biography of Robert Burns. Darvel : Alloway Publishing. .
 McIntyre, Ian (2001). Robert Burns.A Life. New York : Welcome Rain Publishers. .
 McNaught, Duncan (1921). The Truth about Robert Burns. Glasgow : Maclehose, Jackson & Co.
 McQueen, Colin Hunter (2008). Hunter's Illustrated History of the Family, Friends and Contemporaries of Robert Burns. Messsrs Hunter McQueen & Hunter. Purdie, David, McCue & Carruthers, G

masks: Cunningham Cunningham


title: David Heath (fighter)

texts:
<mask> (born February 10, 1976) is an American former mixed martial artist who last competed in the Light Heavyweight division. A professional competitor since from 2003 until 2012, he fought for the UFC, MFC, and King of the Cage. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> began training in mixed martial arts in 2002 and made his professional debut in 2003. <mask> compiled a record of 7-0, which included a win over Sean Salmon, while mostly fighting in his home-state of Oklahoma before being signed by the UFC. UFC
<mask> made his debut for the organization at UFC 62 on August 26, 2006, against Cory Walmsley won the bout via rear-naked choke submission in the first round. <mask> next fought at UFC Fight Night 7 against Canadian Victor Valimiki and won via split decision. <mask> then fought against future UFC Light Heavyweight Champion against then-undefeated Lyoto Machida at UFC 70 in England.<mask> was a replacement for Machida's original opponent, Forrest Griffin, who withdrew from the bout due to a nagging staph infection. <mask> was handed his first professional loss via unanimous decision and the fight was pulled off the air, being replaced for more entertaining fights. <mask> apologized in post-fight interview for a "boring" and "frustrating" performance, and also said that Machida has an "ultra-boring

masks:
David Alan Heath
Heath
Heath
Heath
Heath
Heath
Heath
Heath
Heath


title: David Heath (fighter)

texts: style" of fighting. <mask> then fought longtime veteran Renato Sobral at UFC 74. Prior to the fight, <mask> taunted Sobral over his recent legal difficulties and then wore a shirt displaying Sobral's police mugshot to the Octagon. While angered by the display, Sobral defeated <mask> by anaconda choke in the second round after horrifically beating and bloodying his opponent to the point of grotesquerie. Sobral continued to hold the choke for four seconds after <mask> tapped out, which is illegal, and ignored the commands of referee Steve Mazzagatti, who tried to physically break the hold.Renato stated during the post-fight interview that "He (<mask>) has to learn respect. He deserved that. He called me 'motherfucker'." Sobral also disregarded the boos from the over 11,000 fans, saying "The crowd didn't like it? Who cares! At least they had a reaction." Sobral was released from the UFC for his actions.In a later interview, <mask> has stated that he does not hold a "grudge" against Sobral but is disappointed about the "black eye" that the sport of mixed martial arts suffered after the incident. In his next bout for the UFC a year later, <mask> fought Tim Boetsch at UFC 84 and was defeated in the first round after he was thrown against the cage and hit with numerous punches. <mask>, having lost three consecutive fights,

masks: Heath Heath Heath Heath Heath Heath Heath Heath


title: David Heath (fighter)

texts:
 was released by the UFC. Post-UFC
After a TKO win, <mask> was signed by the Canada-based MFC and lost his debut against current Bellator fighter, Emanuel Newton. <mask> then bounced back with a win over former MFC Light Heavyweight Champion, Roger Hollett. <mask> lost his next two fights for the organization before defeating Solomon Hutcherson at MFC 26: Retribution via knockout from a superman punch. <mask> lost his last appearance for the organization against Rodney Wallace before signing with King of the Cage.King of the Cage
<mask> signed with King of the Cage and won his first two fights for the organization in 2012. Mixed martial arts record

|-
| Win
| align=center| 18–7
| Chad Herrick
| Decision (split)
| KOTC: Unification
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 17–7
| Sidiah Parker
| TKO (punches)
| KOTC: Breakthrough
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:48
| Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 16–7
| Rodney Wallace
| Decision (unanimous)
| MFC 27
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
|Return to Light Heavyweight. |-
| Win
| align=center| 16–6
| Solomon Hutcherson
| KO (Superman punch)
| MFC 26: Retribution
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:46
| Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
|Middleweight

masks: Heath Heath Heath Heath Heath


title: James J. Hill

texts:
<mask> (September 16, 1838 – May 29, 1916) was a Canadian-American railroad director. He was the chief executive officer of a family of lines headed by the Great Northern Railway, which served a substantial area of the Upper Midwest, the northern Great Plains, and Pacific Northwest. Because of the size of this region and the economic dominance exerted by the Hill lines, <mask> became known during his lifetime as "The Empire Builder". Biography

Childhood and youth
<mask> was born 16 September 1838 in Eramosa Township, Upper Canada (now Ontario) to <mask>. and Ann Dunbar. A childhood accident with a bow and arrow blinded him in the right eye. He had nine years of formal schooling. He attended the Rockwood Academy for a short while, where the head gave him free tuition.He was forced to leave school in 1852 due to the death of his father. By the time he had finished, he was adept at algebra, geometry, land surveying, and English. His particular talents for English and mathematics would be critical later in his life. After working as a clerk in Kentucky (during which he learned bookkeeping), <mask> decided to permanently move to the United States and settled in St. Paul, Minnesota, at the age of 18. His first job in St. Paul was with a steamboat company, where he worked as a bookkeeper. By 1860, he was working for wholesale grocers, for whom he handled freight transfers, especially dealing with railroads and steamboats. Through this work, he learned all aspects of the freight and transportation business.During this period, <mask> began to work for himself for the first time. During the winter months when the Mississippi River was frozen and steamboats could

masks:
James Jerome Hill
Hill
Hill
James Hill Jr
Hill
Hill


title: James J. Hill

texts:
 not run, <mask> started bidding on other contracts and won several. Young businessman
Because of his previous experiences in shipping and fuel supply, <mask> was able to enter both the coal and steamboat businesses. In 1870, he and his partners started the Red River Transportation Company, which offered steam boat transportation between St. Paul and Winnipeg. By 1879 he had a local monopoly by merging with Norman Kittson. In 1867, <mask> entered the coal business, and by 1879 it had expanded five times over, giving <mask> a local monopoly in the anthracite coal business. During this same period, <mask> also entered into banking and quickly managed to become member of several major banks' boards of directors.He also bought out bankrupt businesses, built them up again, and then resold them—often gaining a substantial profit. <mask> noted that the secret to his success was "work, hard work, intelligent work, and then more work." Entry into Gilded Era railroading
During the Panic of 1873, a number of railroads, including the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (StP&P), had gone bankrupt. The StP&P in particular was caught in an almost hopeless legal muddle. For <mask> it was a golden opportunity. For three years, <mask> researched the StP&P and finally concluded that it would be possible to make a good deal of money off the StP&P, provided that the initial capital could be found. <mask> teamed up with Norman Kittson (the man he had merged steamboat businesses with), Donald Smith, George Stephen and <mask> Kennedy.Together they not only bought the railroad, they also vastly expanded it by bargaining for trackage rights with the Northern Pacific Railway. In May

masks:
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
James Hill
Hill
Hill
John Stewart


title: James J. Hill

texts:
 1879, the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railway Co. (StPM&M) formed—with <mask> J<mask> as general manager. His first goal was to expand and upgrade even more. <mask> was a hands-on, detail-obsessed manager. A Canadian himself of Scotch-Irish Protestant ancestry, he brought in many men with the same background into high management. He wanted people to settle along his rail lines, so he sold homesteads to immigrants while transporting them to their new homes using his rail lines. When he was looking for the best path for one of his tracks to take, he went on horseback and scouted it personally.Under his management, StPM&M prospered. In 1880, its net worth was $728,000 (equal to $ today); in 1885 it was $25,000,000, equal to $ today. One of his challenges at this point was the avoidance of federal action against railroads. If the federal government believed that the railroads were making too much profit, they might see this as an opportunity to force lowering of the railway tariff rates. <mask> avoided this by investing a large portion of the railroad's profit back into the railroad itself—and charged those investments to operating expense. It was at this point that <mask> went from general manager to the official president of StPM&M, and thereafter decided to expand the rail lines. "Empire Builder"
Between 1883 and 1889, <mask> built his railroads across Minnesota, into Wisconsin, and across North Dakota to Montana.When there was not enough industry in the areas <mask> was building, <mask> brought the industry in, often by buying out a company and placing plants along his railroad lines. By 1889, <mask> decided that his future lay in expanding into

masks:
James
. Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill


title: James J. Hill

texts: a transcontinental railroad. "What we want," <mask> is quoted as saying, "is the best possible line, shortest distance, lowest grades, and least curvature we can build. We do not care enough for Rocky Mountains scenery to spend a large sum of money developing it." <mask> got what he wanted, and in January 1893 his Great Northern Railway, running from St. Paul, Minnesota to Seattle, Washington — a distance of more than  — was completed. The Great Northern was the first transcontinental built without public money and just a few land grants, and was one of the few transcontinental railroads not to go bankrupt. <mask> chose to build his railroad north of the competing Northern Pacific line, which had reached the Pacific Northwest over much more difficult terrain with more bridges, steeper grades, and tunnelling.<mask> did much of the route planning himself, travelling over proposed routes on horseback. The key to the Great Northern line was <mask>'s use of the previously unmapped Marias Pass. The pass had initially been described by Lewis and Clark in 1805, but no one since had been able to find it so <mask> hired <mask> to search it out. <mask> discovered the pass 1889 and it shortened the Great Northern's route by almost one hundred miles. The pass had been discovered by <mask> Stevens, principal engineer of the Great Northern Railway, in December 1889, and offered an easier route across the Rockies than that taken by the Northern Pacific. The Great Northern reached Seattle on 7 January 1893. In 1898 Hill purchased control of large parts of the Mesabi Range iron mining district in Minnesota, along with its rail lines.The Great Northern began large-scale

masks:
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Santiago Jameson
Jameson
John Frank


title: James J. Hill

texts:
 shipment of ore to the steel mills of the Midwest. Settlements
The Great Northern energetically promoted settlement along its lines in North Dakota and Montana, especially by Germans and Scandinavians from Europe. The Great Northern bought its lands from the federal government—it received no land grants—and resold them to farmers at cheap prices. It operated agencies in Germany and Scandinavia that promoted its lands, and brought families over at low cost. <mask> also invested in founding schools and churches for these communities and promoted a variety of progressive techniques to ensure they prospered. This "Dakota Boom" peaked in 1882 as 42,000 immigrants, largely from northern Europe, poured into the Red River Valley running through the region. The rapidly increasing settlement in North Dakota's Red River Valley along the Minnesota border between 1871 and 1890 was a major example of large-scale "bonanza" farming.[8][9][10]

Hill Lines in the 1890s
Six months after the railroad reached Seattle came the deep nationwide depression called the Panic of 1893. <mask>'s leadership became a case study in the successful management of a capital-intensive business during the economic downturn. In order to ensure that he did not lose his patronage during the crisis, <mask> lowered rail tariff shipping rates for farmers and gave credit to many of the businesses he owned so they could continue paying their workers and starting a "10 dollar trip" (equal to $ today) for immigrants. He also took strong measures to economize—in just one year, <mask> cut the railway's expense of carrying a ton of freight by 13%. Because of these measures, <mask> not only stayed in

masks: Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill


title: James J. Hill

texts: business, but also increased the net worth of his railroad by nearly $10,000,000 (equal to $ today). Meanwhile, nearly every other transcontinental railroad went bankrupt. His ability to ride out the depression garnered him fame and admiration.<mask> saved money by repeatedly cutting wages, made possible by a time of deflation when prices were falling generally. In 1893, <mask> began the process of looking for a source of labor other than Chinese workers. For a brief period of time, he hired Italian and Greek laborers, but company officials were not satisfied with their performance. <mask> sent emissaries to the Pacific who found that Japan had the most potential in the market of "Oriental Trade," and he decided to capitalize on this opportunity. In this time he also began to focus his energies on securing trade with Asian countries. He offered Japanese Industrialists Southern cotton and would even ship it for free if they would compare it with the short staple cotton they were using with the promise of a refund if they were dissatisfied, which they were not. With these friendly relations established, <mask> managed to secure the industrializing Japanese order for 15,000 tons of rails against competition from England and Belgium.From 1886 to 1905, American exports to Japan leapt from $7.7 million a year (equal to $ today) to $51.7 million, equal to $ today. Leonard says that after 1900 <mask> exhibited poor business judgment regarding one Canadian subsidiary,  the Vancouver, Westminster and Yukon Railway Company (VW&Y). He ousted its president <mask>, thereby worsening the problems, prolonging the delays, and adding to the costs of taking over the VW&Y.

masks:
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
John Hendry


title: James J. Hill

texts:
 <mask>'s top aides were careless about details, bookkeeping, correspondence, and reports. The Northern Pacific and the "short squeeze" of 1901
With 1901 and the start of the new century, <mask> now had control of both the Great Northern Railway, and the Northern Pacific (which he had obtained with the help of his friend J. P. Morgan, when that railroad went bankrupt in the depression of the mid-1890s). <mask> also wanted control of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroad because of its Midwestern lines and access to Chicago. The Union Pacific Railroad was the biggest competitor of Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads.Although Great Northern and Northern Pacific were backed by J. P. Morgan and <mask><mask>, the Union Pacific was backed not only by its president, Edward H. Harriman, but by the extremely powerful William Rockefeller and <mask>. Quietly, Harriman began buying stock in Northern Pacific with the intention of gaining control of Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy. He was within 40,000 shares of control when <mask> learned of Harriman's activities and quickly contacted J. P. Morgan, who ordered his men to buy everything they could get their hands on. The result was chaos on Wall Street. Northern Pacific stock was forced up to $1,000 per share. Many speculators, who had sold Northern Pacific "short" in the anticipation of a drop in the railroad's price, faced ruin. The threat of a real economic panic loomed.Neither side could win a distinct advantage, and the parties soon realized that a truce would have to be called. The winners of that truce were Hill and Morgan, who immediately formed the Northern Securities Company with the aim of

masks:
Hill
James Hill
Hill
James J
. Hill
Jacob Schiff
Hill


title: James J. Hill

texts:
 tying together their three major rail lines. As the Hill-Morgan alliance formed the Northern Securities Company, Theodore Roosevelt became president and turned his energies against the great trusts that were monopolizing trade. The Hill Lines survive the trust-busting era
Roosevelt sent his Justice Department to sue the Northern Securities Company in 1902. The Supreme Court in 1904 ordered it to be dissolved as a monopoly. (Ironically, the Burlington Route, Northern Pacific, and Great Northern would later merge in 1970 to form the Burlington Northern Railroad.) This ended Hill's ability to maintain competitive rates in Asian countries and in the subsequent two years American trade with Japan and China dropped 40% (or $41 million).<mask> moved on without the benefit of a central company, and acquired the Colorado and Southern Railway lines into Texas. He also built the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway. By the time of his death in 1916, <mask><mask> was worth more than $53 million (equal to more than $ today). When his estate was divided his widow received over 16 million, and each of his children received almost 4 million; 1.5 million was paid in income and inheritance taxes. The Great Northern Railway and the Northern Pacific tried to merge four times, in 1896, 1901, 1927, and 1955. This last attempt lasted from 1955 until final Supreme Court approval and merger in March, 1970, which created the Burlington Northern Railroad. In 1995, Burlington Northern merged with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway to become the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway.Family life
In 1867, <mask><mask> married Mary Theresa Mehegan, born in 1846 in New York

masks:
Hill
James J
. Hill
James J
. Hill


title: James J. Hill

texts:
 City. They had ten children:

 Mary Francis <mask> (1869–1947), who married <mask> of Washington D.C. and Seattle. <mask> was an executive at the Great Northern Railway when he married <mask>. <mask> <mask> (1870–1932) of New York City. Louis Warren <mask> (1872–1948) of St. Paul, Minnesota, who was named president of the GN in 1907 and board chairman in 1912. Clara Anne <mask> (1873–1947), who married E. C Lindley of St. Paul, Minnesota, who was vice-president, counsel general, and a member of the board of directors of the Great Northern Railway. Katherine Theresa <mask> (1875–1876) (died in infancy)
 Charlotte Elizabeth <mask> (1877–1923), who married George T. Slade of New York City and St. Paul, Minnesota.George T. Slade was an executive at The Great Northern Railway and Yale classmate of Louis W<mask>. <mask> Beard (1879–1959), who married Anson McCook Beard of New York City. <mask> Boeckmann (1881–1967), who married Egil Boeckmann of St. Paul, Minnesota. <mask> Gavin (1883–1961), who married Michael Gavin of New York City. <mask> <mask> (1885–1944) of St. Paul, Minnesota. Walthill, Nebraska, was named for Walter. Death
By early 1916 <mask> began pouring more attention into philanthropy, donating thousands of dollars to various institutions as he privately struggled with a variety of increasingly painful ailments.His condition deteriorated quickly in mid-May, but even with the help of many respected doctors he was beyond saving. After falling into a coma, he died in his home in St. Paul, Minnesota, on May 29, 1916. [14] <mask> died in 1922 and was buried next to her husband by the shore of Pleasant Lake on their North Oaks farm. Because of vandals

masks:
Hill Hill
Samuel Hill
Samuel Hill
Mary Hill
James Norman
Hill
Hill
Hill Lindley
Hill
Hill Slade
. Hill
Ruth Hill
Rachel Hill
Gertrude Hill
Walter Jerome
Hill
Hill
Mary Hill


title: James J. Hill

texts:
 and curious admirers, both graves were later moved to Resurrection Cemetery in St. Paul for safer keeping. <mask>'s legacy

Politically, <mask> was a Bourbon Democrat. The Democratic Party's continued enchantment with the populist <mask> Bryan led <mask> to support Republican presidential candidates William McKinley (1896 and 1900), Theodore Roosevelt (1904), and William Howard Taft (1908 and 1912). <mask> was a supporter of free trade and was one of the few supporters of free trade with Canada.In St. Paul, the city's main library building and the adjoining Hill Business Library were funded by him. In addition, he donated to numerous schools, including the Saint Paul Seminary. <mask> was a member of the Jekyll Island Club (aka The Millionaires Club) on Jekyll Island, Georgia, along with J. P. Morgan and William Rockefeller. In 1891, after three years of building, construction was completed on <mask>'s new family home at 240 Summit Avenue in St. Paul. Over 400 workers labored on the project. Built at a cost of $930,000 and with , the <mask> J. <mask> House was among the city's largest. As with his business dealings, <mask> supervised the construction and design himself, hiring and firing several architects in the process.The house has many early electrical and mechanical systems that predate widespread adoption in modern domestic structures. Upon completion of the Summit Avenue residence, <mask> had the family's old house, which he had constructed in 1878, razed. After the death of <mask>'s wife in 1921, the house was donated to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. It was obtained by the Minnesota Historical Society in 1978 and

masks:
Hill
Hill
William Jennings
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
James
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill


title: James J. Hill

texts: today is operated as a museum and gallery. Though a Protestant, <mask> maintained a strong philanthropic relationship with the Catholic Church in St. Paul and throughout the northwest. <mask>'s historic home is located next to the cathedral, largely due to the special relationship <mask>'s wife, a practicing Catholic, had with the Diocese. The <mask> maintained close ties with Archbishop <mask>, and <mask> was a major contributor to the Saint Paul Seminary, Macalester College, Hamline University, the University of St. Thomas, Carleton College, and other educational, religious and charitable organizations.He was the first major donor to the Marquette University School of Medicine. In order to generate business for his railroad, <mask> encouraged European immigrants to settle along his line, often paying for Russian and Scandinavian settlers to travel from Europe. To promote settlement and revenue for his rail business, <mask> experimented with agriculture and worked to hybridize Russian wheat for Dakota soil and weather conditions. He also ran model experimental farms in Minnesota, such as North Oaks, to develop superior livestock and crop yields for the settlers locating near his railroads. An enthusiastic conservationist, <mask> was invited by President Theodore Roosevelt to a governors' conference on conservation of natural resources, and later appointed to a lands commission. Drawing on his experience in the development of Minnesota's Iron Range, <mask> was, during 1911–1912, in close contact with Gaspard Farrer of Baring Brothers & Company of London regarding the formation of the Brazilian Iron Ore Company to tap that nation's rich mineral deposits.

masks:
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hills
John Ireland
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill


title: James J. Hill

texts: Near the end of his life, <mask> played what a recent biographer, Albro Martin, called his "last and greatest role."After the first punishing year of World War I, the Allied Powers desperately needed financial support to continue the war effort. To that end, <mask> was a major figure in the effort launched by J.P. Morgan to float the Anglo-French Bond drive of 1915, which allowed the Allies to purchase much-needed foodstuffs and other supplies. In September 1915, the first public loan, the $500,000,000 Anglo-French loan, was floated after negotiations with the Anglo-French Financial Commission. Concomitantly, the resulting trade in munitions with England and France carried the United States from a depression in 1914 to boom years in 1915 and 1916. Hillsboro, North Dakota; Hill County, Montana; and Hillyard, Washington (now a neighborhood of Spokane), are named for him. <mask> Mountain near Stevens Pass in the Cascade Range is named after him, also. The introduced crop weed in Western US wheat-growing areas Sisymbrium altissimum also has a common name "<mask> Mustard", after the belief by farmers that it was spread from contaminated seed leaking out of railway stock along the railroads he controlled.In 1929, the Great Northern Railway inaugurated a long-distance passenger train extending from Chicago to Seattle, and named it the Empire Builder in his honor. The train served as Great Northern's flagship train, and is still operated today by Amtrak. using former Great Northern tracks west of St. Paul. The <mask> J. <mask> House in St. Paul, is a National Historic Landmark. In 1887, the Great Northern's first company headquarters building was constructed in

masks:
Hill
Hill
Jim Hill
Jim Hill
James
Hill


title: James J. Hill

texts: St. Paul. It was designed by <mask>, who also built the <mask> house on Summit Avenue. The 1887 building was converted between 2000 and 2004 to a 53 unit condo in the Historic Lowertown District of St. Paul.<mask> had seen the devastation done downtown by the Great Chicago Fire. As a result, one feature <mask> integrated into the construction of the 1887 company headquarters (the Great Northern General Office Building) was barrel-vaulted ceilings constructed of brick and railroad steel rails that held up a layer of sand several inches deep. The theory was that if a fire broke out and the ceiling caved in, the sand would drop and retard or suppress the fire. <mask> was intimately involved in the planning and construction (1914–1916) of a new company headquarters in St. Paul (to be known as the Great Northern Office Building), which was to house the corporate staffs of the Great Northern, the Northern Pacific and Hill's banking enterprises. The 14-story building cost $14 million to construct. <mask>'s heirs established the James J. Hill Reference Library in St. Paul, which is considered by the Small Business Administration the premier source for publicly accessible practical business information in the United States, and many SBA programs rely on the Hill Library's HillSearch service to provide business information resources to small businesses nationwide. The Hill Library has developed numerous online programs and now serves millions of small business owners worldwide.In The Great Gatsby, <mask> is the man whom Gatsby's father says Gatsby would have equalled if he had lived long enough. <mask> and his railway are mentioned in the Harry McClintock song

masks:
James Brodie
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill


title: James J. Hill

texts:
 "Hallelujah, I'm a Bum." In 1959, Hill High in St. Paul, Minnesota, was established as a school from the funds set aside from <mask>'s wife for education. The school, which was all-male, consolidated in 1971 with the all-female Archbishop Murray School to form Hill-Murray School in Maplewood, Minnesota. Hill Capital is a venture capital fund established in 2016 "aligned with <mask><mask>'s belief in the cooperation of the production, distribution and exchange of wealth as outlined in his writings". The Hill library owns 75 shares. As of September 2016, the fund is not yet closed.In 1958, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. A bust of <mask> is located on the University of Washington campus in Seattle, Washington. It is currently situated in front of More Hall, which is adjacent to the former on campus nuclear reactor building. See also

 Charles T. Hinde railroad executive, founder of the Hotel del Coronado, and long time friend of <mask><mask>. Pierce Butler (justice)
 List of railroad executives
 <mask><mask> Sapphire

Footnotes

Further reading

Primary Sources

 Great Northern Railway Company Records, Minnesota Historical Society. Northern Pacific Railway Corporate Records, Minnesota Historical Society. Secondary Sources

 Garraty, <mask>., The American Nation: A History of the United States, pp.469, 481, 587. Haeg, Larry, Harriman vs <mask>: Wall Street's Great Railroad War. University of Minnesota Press, 2013
 Malone, Michael P., <mask><mask>: Empire Builder of the Northwest. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996. Sherman, T. Gary, Conquest and Catastrophe: The Triumph

masks:
Hill
James J
. Hill
Hill
James J
. Hill
James J
. Hill
John A
Hill
James J
. Hill


title: James J. Hill

texts:
 and tragedy of the Great Northern Railway Through Stevens Pass, AuthorHouse, 2004. White, W. Thomas. "A Gilded Age Businessman in Politics: <mask><mask>, the Northwest, and the American Presidency, 1884-1912," Pacific Historical Review, vol.57, no. 4 (Nov. 1988), pp. 439–456. In JSTOR
 Zinn, Howard, A People's History of the United States, p. 343. Dutiful Son: Louis W<mask> Sr. Book, Book about Louis W<mask> Sr., son and successor of empire builder <mask><mask> at Ramsey County Historical Society. External links

 Mary Theresa Mehegan <mask> in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia
 <mask><mask> in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia
 <mask> J. <mask> Washington State History
 James J. Hill Reference Library
 <mask><mask> and the Building of His Railroad Empire
 The Destruction of a Wealth and Jobs Creator by Parasitical-Elites A criticism of government intervention in the business of Hill
 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 James J. <mask> Scrapbook, 1916 Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. The Truth About the "Robber Barons" A discussion of <mask>'s building of the transcontinental railroad by Thomas DiLorenzo

1838 births
1916 deaths
19th-century American railroad executives
People from Wellington County, Ontario
20th-century American railroad executives
Pre-Confederation Canadian businesspeople
Canadian people of Ulster-Scottish descent
Great Northern Railway (U.S.)
Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway
Northern Pacific Railway people
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad people
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Businesspeople from Saint Paul,

masks:
James J
. Hill
. Hill
. Hill
James J
. Hill
Hill
James J
. Hill
James
Hill
James J
. Hill
Hill
Hill


title: Juan Carlos Ramírez Abadía

texts: <mask> (Alias "Chupeta") (born February 16, 1963 in Palmira, Colombia) is a drug trafficker who, until his capture, was one of the leaders of the North Valley Cartel (Norte del Valle Cartel), who was wanted on drug smuggling, murder and RICO charges in the United States of America. In addition to the trafficking of cocaine, it is believed <mask> also participated in money laundering and trafficking of heroin. Through <mask>’ illegal enterprise, he has amassed a fortune estimated at $1.8 billion by the US Department of State. He has been cited as "... one of the most powerful and most elusive drug traffickers in Colombia" by Adam J. Szubin, Director of  the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). He served time in prison in Colombia from 1996 to 2002 after he had voluntarily surrendered to authorities. As a fugitive, he underwent several plastic surgeries to alter his appearance. On August 7, 2007 he was arrested in São Paulo, Brazil, in an exclusive area called Aldeia da Serra.He was sentenced to 30 years in prison in Brazil in April 2008. On March 13, 2008, the Supreme Federal Court of Brazil granted his extradition to the United States and he was extradited on August 22, 2008. He pleaded guilty to murder and drug charges in 2010 and, as part of a plea deal, agreed to become a witness for the US government in return for a 25 year sentence. He testified at the 2018 trial of Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, stating that he had been the main supplier of cocaine to El Chapo's Sinaloa cartel. When pressed by El Chapo's defense about his records of having paid for 150 murders-for-hire, he said he couldn't

masks:
Juan Carlos Ramírez Abadía
Ramírez
Ramírez


title: Juan Carlos Ramírez Abadía

texts:
 recall the exact number but admitted to several specific cases. Relations to Cali cartel
<mask> served in the Colombian navy and then studied at the University of Miami in the 1980s. He is believed to have entered into drug trafficking in 1986 under the Cali Cartel, named after the area they operated out of, Cali Colombia, where it is believed <mask> operated his drug trafficking empire.By the mid-1990s he was believed to have smuggled "multi-thousand kilograms of cocaine" yearly into San Antonio, Texas and Los Angeles, California through Mexico. <mask>' operation is believed to rely on shipping containers and go-fast boats primarily, making use of routes along the Pacific Coast. Once the drugs arrive in their destination in the United States, it is then believed they are transported to New York City, where distribution cells controlled by <mask> then sell the product. During the mid-1990s <mask> was believed to be the youngest leader of the Cali cartel. <mask> surrendered in March 1996 to Colombian officials and was sentenced to 24 years in prison. It is believed he surrendered due to a fear for his personal safety and to be eligible for a more lenient prison sentence. Prior to his arrest, it is estimated he had smuggled a total of twenty metric tons of cocaine.The United States Department of State believes <mask> continued his operation and control over smuggling throughout his time in prison, and continued upon his early release in 2002. In 2003, the US State Department believes <mask> expanded his operation and began smuggling heroin into the US through ships. It is also believed <mask> began to associate himself with the

masks: Ramírez Ramírez Ramírez Ramírez Ramírez Ramírez Ramírez Ramírez Ramírez


title: Juan Carlos Ramírez Abadía

texts:
 Norte del Valle cartel upon his release from prison. Law enforcement actions

In November 1994, <mask> was indicted in the District of Colorado, in 2004 in the Eastern District of New York and, again indicted in 2006 in Eastern District of New York. Between state indictments a federal jury in March, 2004 brought forth a federal indictment on RICO charges, for his leadership in the Norte del Valle cartel, and drug trafficking. Requests from the Department of State to Colombia for the extradition of <mask> were denied. A provisional arrest warrant was issued and sent to the U.S. Embassy in Bogotá, as well as a 5 million dollar bounty placed on Abadia for his arrest.In August 2000 the U.S. Department of Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) declared <mask> a "Specially Designated Narcotics Trafficker," allowing the seizure of funds connected to, or stemming from his illegal activities. The OFAC announced on August 29, 2006, the seizure of assets from two companies related to <mask>, a pharmaceutical distribution company, Disdrogas Ltda. and a Colombian holdings company, Ramirez Abadia y Cia. S.C.S. Disdrogas Ltda., originally named Ramirez y Cia. Ltda''', was operated by <mask>' parents <mask> Ponce and Carmen Alicia <mask> Bastidas, and his business associates Jorge Rodrigo Salinas Cuevas and Edgar Marino Otalora Restrepo. The now defunct Ramirez Abadia y Cia.S.C.S was believed to be used to hold real estate and other assets for <mask>. In January 2007, Colombian officials stepped up efforts to combat the drug cartels in a series of raids targeting their financial holdings. In a one-week period Colombian officials

masks:
Ramírez
Ramírez
Ramírez
Ramírez
Ramírez
Omar Ramírez
Abadía
Ramírez


title: Juan Carlos Ramírez Abadía

texts:
 discovered over $54 million in cash and gold ingots, hidden in buildings in the south-eastern portion of Cali. The stash of money and gold was located in vacuum sealed plastic bags inside locked steel chambers covered in concrete which was tiled over. The residents of the houses were arrested and taken into custody. The $54 million was only a small portion of the estimated $1.8 billion estimated fortune. On August 7, 2007, <mask> was arrested with his private pilot C.N.G.P/Caiado in Aldeia da Serra, a wealthy neighborhood of Barueri, state of São Paulo, by Brazilian Federal Police during a raid.An auction of his belongings following his arrest led to an enormous queue of Brazilians trying to get their hands on one of the drug lord's goods. Popular culture
 'Chupeta' is portrayed by the Colombian actor <mask> Raba in the TV series El Cartel as the character of John Mario Martinez 'Pirulito' and in the second season is portrayed by the Colombian actor Camilo Saenz playing a 'Pirulito' captured in Brasil after several plastic surgeries. In the film El Cartel de los Sapos, Raba reprised his role. In TV series Tres Caínes'' is portrayed by Luis Fernando Salas as the character of 'Chuleta'. See also
Cali Cartel
Cocaine
Cuba–United States relations
Narcotrafficking in Colombia
Norte del Valle Cartel
Medellín Cartel

References

1963 births
Cali Cartel traffickers
Colombian drug traffickers
Living people
Norte del Valle Cartel traffickers
Colombian people imprisoned abroad
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
People extradited from Brazil
People extradited to the United States
People from Palmira, Valle del

masks:
Ramírez
Juan Pablo


title: Camille Desmoulins

texts:
<mask> (; 2 March 17605 April 1794) was a French journalist and politician who played an important role in the French Revolution. Desmoulins was tried and executed alongside Georges Danton when the Committee of Public Safety reacted against Dantonist opposition. He was a schoolmate of Maximilien Robespierre and a close friend and political ally of Danton, who were influential figures in the French Revolution. Early life
Desmoulins was born at Guise, in the province of Picardy, northern France, to <mask>, a lieutenant-general of the bailliage of Guise, and Marie-Madeleine Godart, from Wiège-Faty. Through the efforts of a friend, his father obtained a scholarship for the fourteen-year-old <mask> to enter the Collège Louis-le-Grand in Paris. Desmoulins proved an exceptional student even among such notable contemporaries as Maximilien Robespierre and Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron. He excelled in the study of Classical literature and politics, and gained a particular affinity for Cicero, Tacitus and Livy.Desmoulins initially pursued a career in law, and succeeded in gaining acceptance as an advocate in the parliament of Paris in 1785; however, his stammer and ferocious temper proved severe obstacles to success in this arena. Thus stymied, he turned towards writing as an alternative outlet for his talents; his interest in public affairs led him to a career as a political journalist. In March 1789, Desmoulins was nominated as deputy to the Estates-General from the bailliage of Guise; however, due to illness, he failed to take his seat. <mask>,

masks: Lucie Simplice Camille Benoît Desmoulins


title: Camille Desmoulins

texts: Attorney"). In September 1789, Desmoulins issued the first number of a weekly publication, Histoire des Révolutions de France et de Brabant, which would run until the end of July 1791.This publication combined political reportage, revolutionary polemics, satire, and cultural commentary; "The universe and all its follies," Desmoulins had announced, "shall be included in the jurisdiction of this hypercritical journal." The Révolutions de France et de Brabant proved extremely popular from its first to its last number. Desmoulins became notorious, and was able to leave behind the poverty that had marked his previous life in Paris. The politics of the Révolutions de France et de Brabant were anti-royalist and pro-Revolutionary. The newspaper celebrated the Revolutionary zeal of "patriots" from the battlefields of Brabant to the Cordeliers district in Paris, home to the well-known and powerful revolutionary Club des Cordeliers, which Desmoulins joined in February 1790 and soon became a prominent member, and also criticized the excesses and inequities of, among a wide range of targets, the aristocratic regime. The savagery with which Desmoulins attacked those with whom he disagreed drew lawsuits, criticism, and reciprocal attacks. His previous friendships with powerful figures such as the Comte de Mirabeau and Baron Malouet, suffered.Both men, angered by what they perceived as libellous statements, declared that Desmoulins should be denounced and Malouet "went so far as to ask that <mask> be certified insane." The Actes des Apôtres, the equally


title: Camille Desmoulins

texts:
 group of fifteen who were guillotined together on 5 April 1794, including Marie Jean Hérault de Séchelles, Philippe Fabre d'Églantine and Pierre Philippeaux, Desmoulins died third, and Danton last. Family

On 29 December 1790 Desmoulins married Lucile Duplessis, whom he had known for many years, describing her as "small, graceful, coy, a real Greuze." Lucile's father long denied permission for the marriage, believing that the life of a journalist could not support any sort of family. Among the witnesses to the marriage were Robespierre, Brissot, and Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve. The wedding took place at the Saint-Sulpice Church in Paris. The Desmoulins' only child, <mask>, was born on 6 July 1792; his godfather was Robespierre. Lucile Desmoulins was arrested mere days after her husband and condemned to the guillotine on charges of conspiring to free her husband from prison and plotting the "ruin of the Republic."She was executed on 13 April 1794, the same day as the widow of Jacques Hébert. In a last note to her mother she wrote, "A tear falls from my eyes for you. I shall go to sleep in the calm of innocence. Lucile." <mask> Desmoulins was raised by Adèle and Annette Duplessis (the sister and mother of Lucile, respectively), who successfully petitioned the  in February 1795 for the suspension of the sale of his father's belongings. He married Zoë Villefranche and they had four children. He was later pensioned by the French government, and died in 1825 in Haiti.In popular culture
<mask>s is among the central characters in the following works

masks:
Horace Camille
Horace Camille
Camille Desmoulin


title: Camille Desmoulins

texts:
 of fiction:
 A Place of Greater Safety (1992) by Hilary Mantel
 The Gods Are Thirsty (1996) by Tanith Lee
 Danton (film; 1982) dir. Andrzej Wajda
 The Danton Case (play; 1929) by Stanislawa Przybyszewska
 La Révolution française (film/miniseries; 1989)
 A Declaration of the Rights of Magicians (2020) by H.G. Parry

There is also a scene in Jefferson in Paris (film; 1995) where <mask>s makes his famous call to arms in the start of the French revolution. Vincent Cassel plays the part of Desmoulins. See also
 Félix Charpentier. Sculptor of bronze statue of <mask>ulins in the place d'Armes in Guise

Notes

References

 Andress, David. The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France.New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2004. Claretie, Jules. <mask>ulins and His Wife: Passages from the History of the Dantonists. London: Smith, Elder, & Co., 1876. Doyle, William. The Oxford History of the French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.Gilchrist, J.T., and Murray, W.J. The Press in the French Revolution: Selection of Documents taken from the Press of the Reovolution for the years 1789-1794. Melbourne: Cheshire, 1971. Hartcup, John. "<mask>ulins", History Today 25-4 (1975), p. 238-245. Hammersley, Rachel. "<mask>’s ‘Le Vieux Cordelier’.A Link Between English and French Republicanism" History of European Ideas 27 (2001). Linton, Marisa, Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Methley, Violet. <mask>s: A Biography. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.,

masks:
Camille Desmoulin
Camille Desmo
Camille Desmo
Camille Desmo
Camille Desmoulin
Camille Desmoulin


title: Camille Desmoulins

texts:
 1915.Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Vintage Books, 1990. Scurr, Ruth. Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. New York: Owl Books, 2006. Whaley, Leigh."Revolutionary Networking 1789-1791," p. 41-51 in Revolutionary Culture, Politics and Science. Belfast: Queen's University, 1996. McPhee, Peter.Robespierre: A Revolutionary Life. Yale University Press, 2012. This gives the following references:
 J. Claretie, Œuvres de <mask>ulins avec une étude biographique ... etc. (Paris, 1874), and <mask>, Lucile Desmoulins, étude sur les Dantonistes (Paris, 1875; Eng. trans., London, 1876)
 F. A. Aulard, Les Orateurs de la Législative et de la Convention (Paris, 1905, 2nd ed.)G. Lenôtre, "La Maison de Camille Desmoulins" (Le Temps'', March 25, 1899). External links

1760 births
1794 deaths
People from Aisne
Deputies to the French National Convention
18th-century French lawyers
18th-century French journalists
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
Newspaper editors of the French Revolution
French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution
Regicides of Louis XVI
Executed revolutionaries
French revolutionaries
French

masks:
Camille Desmo
Camille Desmoulins


title: Raymond Carr

texts:
<mask>  (11 April 1919 – 19 April 2015) was an English historian specialising in the history of Spain, Latin America, and Sweden. From 1968 to 1987, he was Warden of St Antony's College, Oxford. Early life
<mask> was born on 11 April 1919 in Bath, Somerset, to <mask> and his wife (Ethel Gertrude) Marion (née Graham). He was educated at Brockenhurst School, then a state secondary school in the New Forest, Hampshire. He then studied at Christ Church, Oxford, where he was elected Gladstone Research Exhibitioner in 1941.<ref name=ww>CARR, Sir (Albert<mask> (Maillard) at Who's Who online (accessed 11 January 2008)</ref>

Career
<mask> was briefly a lecturer at University College, London, in 1945–1946, before returning to Oxford as a Fellow of All Souls College, 1946–1953. He was next a Fellow of New College, 1953–1964, then Director of Oxford's Latin American Centre, 1964–1968 and the University's Professor of the History of Latin America, 1967–68. He became a Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford, in 1964, Sub-Warden of the college in 1966 and Warden in 1968, a position he held until his retirement in 1987.After his retirement from Oxford, he was King Juan Carlos Professor of Spanish History at New York University in 1992. <mask>'s successor as Warden of St Antony's, Ralf Dahrendorf, has described <mask>'s tenure of the post as the college's 'Fiesta days'. As a historian and Hispanist, <mask>'s main interest lay in the vicissitudes of 19th and 20th century Spain, and he was also a specialist in Latin American and Swedish history. In the words of Sir John Elliott, " his book on Spain between 1808 and 1939 is basic to a better understanding of the era, and the later generation of historians, both within Spain and abroad, have followed up the

masks:
Sir Albert Raymond Maillard Carr
Carr
Reginald Henry Maillard Carr
) Raymond
Carr
Carr
Carr
Carr


title: Raymond Carr

texts:
 leads that <mask> gives in his book to great benefit." His Modern Spain, 1875-1980 was called by the Times Literary Supplement "a turning point in Spanish historiography - nothing comparable in scope, profundity, or perceptiveness exists." At St Antony's, he established an Iberian Centre, of which he was co-director with Joaquin Romero Maura. Paul Preston wrote in 1984 of their collaboration "Between them, <mask> and Romero Maura instilled an intellectual rigour into modern Spanish historiography which had previously been conspicuously lacking."<mask> also wrote an extensive foreword to the 1993 edition of The Spanish Labyrinth by Gerald Brenan. A Fellow of the British Academy since 1978, in 1983 he was awarded the Order of Alfonso X el Sabio by King Juan Carlos of Spain and in 1999 the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences. He is considered, together with Angus Mackay and Sir John Huxtable Elliott, a major figure in developing Spanish historiography. <mask> wrote for The Spectator in 2007 - "I am old-fashioned and aged enough to believe that the best history is the work of the lone individual." His recreation was fox hunting, about which he has written two books, English Fox Hunting: A History (1976), a comprehensive history of fox-hunting from medieval times, and, with his wife <mask>, Fox-Hunting (1982). Other appointments
Member of the National Theatre Board, 1968–1977
Chairman of the Society for Latin American Studies, 1966–1968
Corresponding Member of the Spain's Royal Academy of History (Real Academia de la Historia), Madrid

Personal life and death
In 1950, <mask> married Sara Ann Mary Strickland, daughter of Algernon Walter Strickland and of Lady Mary Pamela Madeline Sibell Charteris. Sara Strickland's maternal

masks:
Carr
Carr
Carr
Carr
Sara Carr
Carr