title: Freddie Lee Peterkin

texts: <mask>, also known as <mask>, is a published author, singer–songwriter, actor and ordained interdenominational Minister, born in Pahokee, Florida. He is known for his gritty power soul vocals reminiscent of Bobby Womack. He has become an artist of public note through his 2008 independent release of the Soul and Gospel album Beyond Comprehension under the recording name of <mask>. He made his prime time acting debut as "DJ <mask>" on Channel 4's T4 Stars & Strikes and as a character in BBC2's Grumpy Guide to Work in 2011. He was also the voice for Bewiser Owl in the Bewiser Insurance TV commercial in 2012 and 2013. He established himself in the live entertainment industry with his choreographed costume Soul Tribute stage productions for theatres and resorts in 1991. These critically acclaimed shows include The Sounds of the Four Tops, The Sounds of the Drifters and The Sounds of the Temptations.<mask> <mask> is also a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, Delta Psi chapter..  <mask> was responsible for composing many Delta Psi Chapter fraternity anthems such as 'I Know I've Been Changed' written in 1985 while he was pledging. He was also a dancer and choreographer of the Delta Psi Chapter's 'Step Shows'. Stepping (African-American) or step-dancing is a form of percussive dance in which the participant's entire body is used as an instrument to produce complex rhythms and sounds through a mixture of footsteps, spoken word, and hand claps and a strong part of Black Greek Letter Fraternities. <mask> is the son of migrant workers originally from Georgia who came to Florida to pick crops for a living. He is of African and Seminole Indian heritage. His stepfather, James Elijah Jr., was the lead vocalist of the 1960s and 1970s gospel group, The Royal Lights. His sister Breyona Elijah is part of the gospel group James Smith & Nu Birth and they are both cousins of Gospel group Damali.His mother Bernice Bell is also a singer and

masks:
Freddie Lee Peterkin
Freddie Lee
Freddie Lee
Freddie Murphy
Freddie Lee
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin


title: Freddie Lee Peterkin

type: original

texts:
 as a child won a competition to write a song for Joe Tex, for which she was awarded concert tickets and a chance to meet her idol. Joe Tex went on to have a major hit with the song but Bernice remained uncredited. Bernice Bell has been more recently recognized for her charity work and ran youth programs in Pahokee's Padgett Island Community Center for 17 years and donating hot meals to Pahokee's underprivileged children. The community center was recently renamed "The Bernice Bell Community Center". Early life
<mask> grew up in Padgett Island one of a number of housing projects in Pahokee, Florida, US. As a child he began working alongside his family picking beans and oranges to support the family income. Like most children in the area he also attended Pahokee Elementary and Pahokee High School.Whilst in school <mask> became part of the Pahokee marching band OD Express and also part of the New Hope Missionary Baptist Church Choir. He also formed a High School band called High Society featuring James Smith, Ronald 'Buttermilk' Banks and twins Barlow and Peewee Bouie. <mask> was an exceptional high school student and gained a scholarship to attend Florida Memorial University, a historical black college based in Miami, Florida. He graduated with a double degree in Airway Science, Business Management and minors in Sociology, Psychology and Education. Whilst attending Florida Memorial University, he pledged to his fraternity Alpha Phi Alpha. He also formed the Florida Memorial Gospel Choir with Benjamin Carroll. During this time <mask> was part of the Soul and Gospel group 'Message' and he opened up for artists such as Howard Hewett, Betty Wright, Vanessa Bell Armstrong and Shirley Caesar.He also worked with Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine, providing backing vocals on their studio recordings. From 1985 to 1991, he served as the assistant Pastor at Greater New Hope Missionary Baptist Church, Pahokee, FL. He was

masks: Peterkin Freddie Freddie Freddie


title: Freddie Lee Peterkin

texts:
 certified for ministering by Reverend W. Bouyer and Church Secretary Ms Mary Jackson and served under Rev. Bouyer and his successor Dr. Rev. Bass holding Sunday service every fourth Sunday. From 1987 to 1991 he also studied Expository Preaching and Exegetical Preaching under his mentor Elder Rev. Kenneth Duke at New Jerusalem Primitive Baptist Church, Miami Florida.Upon graduating, <mask> was a qualified counselor working at the Miami Psychological Evaluation Center and a school teacher for the County. A career change came with a contract to produce a soul show in Spain. He and his colleagues in his singing group Message left the United States  for Europe. At this time <mask> also left his ministerial career in the church. Early career
After an initial audition in 1989, in which <mask> and the other members of 'Message' had to perform several choreographed soul tribute performances, <mask> delayed leaving the United States. He left for Spain in 1991 and began a new life as an entertainer and show producer. He created one of the earliest known soul tribute shows in Europe.In 1993, <mask> renamed the group from 'Message' to 'Aces' and he was responsible for costumes and show production as well as sharing lead vocals in the show. He was based initially in Madrid and then in Gran Canaria, touring all the live music venues. Aces featured on television, billboards and buses. They also toured England, Germany, France, Italy and the rest of Spain. Aces relocated permanently to London, England in 1998 and were the first American Soul Tribute show to be seen in the UK. They began touring and working 300 shows a year in theatre, clubs, resorts and festivals. They appeared several times on Capital Gold Radio Roadshows.<mask> was responsible for both costume and choreography for the national theatre show "Reach Out" produced by Pete Tobit. Homeless
It was in 2002 when <mask> found that one of his colleagues who had been

masks: Freddie Peterkin Peterkin Freddie Freddie Freddie Freddie


title: Freddie Lee Peterkin

texts:
 appointed the group's business administrator has been stealing from their company account for a number of years. High tensions ensued, <mask> and the other group members were outraged enough to close down the group and they went their separate ways. The effects of this persons theft and the termination of their work contracts caused <mask> and his other two colleagues to lose their homes. It was during this time that out of pride and refusal to ask others for help, that he took to sleeping in his car in roadside service stations whilst restarting both his life and career over again. He has stated in interviews that the one or two friends he confided in about his situation who had previously enjoyed his five star live style, turned their backs on him. He also could not face returning home to his family in the US having lost everything he had worked for.It was during this time that his inspiration for writing much of the album Beyond Comprehension took place. Restarting his career
In early 2003, <mask> was signed up under management of Jessie Tsang who gave him some contracts to work as a solo artist. He showcased as a solo artist for The Stage newspaper and won rave reviews for his performance in Showcall 2003. By 2004, <mask> was back on his feet again and the show named the Sounds of The Four Tops, made its debut at the national Showcall Showcase 2004. During this time <mask> found fame in the live industry of the UK through producing in Soul Tribute Production shows and was frequently reviewed by The Stage in the UK for his production shows the Sounds of The Four Tops and The Sounds of the Drifters and later the 2009 Sounds of the Temptations show. These production show began touring 200 dates per year in the UK and Europe. Plagiarism of <mask>'s dramatic works
In 2009, <mask> discovered that the colleague who had stolen from him and the other group members had taken his original stage production and

masks: Freddie Peterkin Peterkin Peterkin Peterkin Peterkin Peterkin


title: Freddie Lee Peterkin

texts:
 misappropriated the works as his own and contracted <mask>'s original dramatic works to "The Magic of Motown Theatre Show".Three former employees falsely claimed in the Herald newspaper that they had choreographed <mask>'s stage production in "How Sweet It Is" another British theatre show. His former employees were aged between 12–14 years old when <mask> then aged 23 – 27 years old first created and performed the works to the public between 1989-1994. <mask> has since taken legal action against both the show producer of "The Magic of Motown", his former colleague from his group 'Aces' and his former employees in "How Sweet It Is" via Leonard Lowy and Co Solicitors, former in house solicitor for Island Records. Both shows gave notice that they would desist from using <mask>'s works but did not do so until 2010. <mask> stated in interviews that he intends to still take the matter to the High Court to be acknowledged for his works and to seek compensation for the illegal use of his works. Unaffected by the plagiarism, <mask>'s production shows "The Sounds of The Four Tops" and "The Sounds of The Drifters" renowned for their dazzling signature choreography and costumes, continue to be the most heavily booked Soul Tribute Production Shows in the UK. These production shows enabled <mask> to independently finance the production and pressing of his first album Beyond Comprehension.The album went into production in early 2007 and was completed by the December of the same year. Beyond Comprehension
The Beyond Comprehension album was <mask>'s first critically acclaimed solo recording that established him as a recording artist and songwriter on radio and in the music press. In August 2008 <mask> flew a copy of Beyond Comprehension to be debut in the US by Radio DJ Dawn Brady on WSWN Sugar 900 Radio. <mask> chose Sugar 900 Radio because he grew up working in the surrounding sugar cane fields and orange groves. This made Dawn

masks: Peterkin Peterkin Peterkin Peterkin Peterkin Peterkin Freddie Freddie Peterkin Peterkin Peterkin


title: Freddie Lee Peterkin

texts: Brady the first DJ on radio in the US to play material from <mask>'s debut album. Stellar Award winning radio station WMBM Radio became the next station to support the album, with DJs MJ Smith and Jerry 'the disciple' Sawyer, interviewing <mask> on four occasions. Other radio stations such as WHQT, Hot 105FM have since followed suit.Chief Jimmie Brown interviewed <mask> for the first time alongside Walter Clyde Orange of the Commodores on Hot 105FM in September 2008. The first Radio station in the UK to play the song 'Brighter Days' from the album 'Beyond Comprehension' was Mike Rimmer on BBC Radio West Midlands in August 2008. The album Beyond Comprehension was produced by music heavyweights Tony Bean and Colin Bassett at 5am Productions for 5am Records, Birmingham, UK. 5am have been noted for their work with UK soul star Lemar, and US stars Kelly Rowland, Usher, Tyrese and Justin Timberlake. The PR behind the album was Michael Grant, formerly a child reggae star in the group Musical Youth, and Jessie Tsang. Beyond Comprehension was initially distributed independently through CD Baby and iTunes and has gained popularity through British soul clubs and specialist soul music radio stations such as Solar Radio, Starpoint Radio and 209 Radio. Most recently he was interviewed on mainstream FM stations by Tony Roots on New Style Radio 98.7FM and by Joe Aldred on BBC WM 95.6FM.On 16 June 2009, <mask> gave his first British television interview on the chat show Bright Talk on BEN Television, Sky TV channel 184. Following radio and club support by the UK's premier soul DJ's on November 23, 2009, the album was made available in independent UK music shops and hit the No.12 spot Solar Radio's album charts on December 14, 2009. Music from his album "Beyond Comprehension" has featured heavily on the Phil Driver Soul Unsigned radio show and the Gary Spence Soulchoonz radio show, giving <mask> airplay in the UK, US, Spain, Sweden

masks: Peterkin Peterkin Peterkin Peterkin Peterkin


title: Freddie Lee Peterkin

texts:
 and the Netherlands. Following this success <mask> is featured in the January 2010 edition of Blues & Soul, speaking to noted UK R&B writer Pete Lewis. <mask> also appears in a 3-page feature in the February edition of Soul Survivors magazine in an interview with journalist and DJ Fitzroy Facey. Towards the end of 2010 <mask> was featured in a small role in the feature film 'How Not To Be a Loser' with Richard E. Grant. He also made a guest appearance in the BBC 2 comedy series 'Grumpy Guide to...' screened in 2011.<mask> also released his first music video for "The Great I Am" from the album "Beyond Comprehension" in January 2011. The video was directed by Gratian Dimech and James Heath of Razor Edge Productions. He is also currently writing and producing with 5am Productions, his first artist - Clifton End. In February 2011 <mask> played the role of a comedy character creation on T4 (Channel 4). This was followed by small roles in various feature films from 2011 to 2012. Music
Three years after the release of his first album, <mask> released his new single "Searching" on May 1, 2011. This single is the first release from his forthcoming second album, My Soul Intentions, distributed via iTunes, Amazon and Nokia Music.On October 24, 2011 he released the single "Book of Love". As of July 2012, he released the single "Lover is Forever" with a B side "Brighter Days" (remixed). Over the course of 2013 <mask> wrote several compositions with <mask> Andrews. One of these compositions originally titled "If We Just Keep Holding On To Love" is performed by <mask> Andrews. The track has since been renamed "Hold On To Love". The method of collaboration was done via Andrews sending instrumental and vocal ideas via e-mail and <mask> returning verses, choruses and hooks via video and mp3 demos. The final production of "Hold On" was completed by Tony Bean and Colin Basset of 5am Productions who had produced Beyond

masks:
Peterkin
Peterkin
Freddie
Freddie
Freddie
Peterkin
Peterkin
David Lee
David Lee
Peterkin


title: Freddie Lee Peterkin

texts:
 Comprehension.Released in June 2014 was the single "So Far Away" performed by Dutch Caribbean star Clifton End, written by <mask>, Tony Bean and Ronald Banks. Once again the track is produced by Tony Bean and Colin Bassett of 5am Productions. <mask> had written and recorded the original version song "So Far Away" over 20 years ago but had been looking for the right artist to convey the emotion of the song. "So Far Away"  reached No. 2 on the Official UK Soul Chart as of August 2014. <mask> <mask> has been under the management of Jessie Tsang since 2003. Jessie Tsang became the CEO of Solar Records and Soul Train Records in 2018 according to Soul Survivors magazine.After a hiatus from the music scene, <mask> <mask> is set to return to the music scene with the single 'Freedom' written by Dana Meyers, and the late Kevin Johnson of the group Slave and Peterkin. Dana Meyers is famed for writing smash hits for the Gladys Knight, The Whispers, Shalamar, Glenn Jones and Janet Jackson. Return to the church
In 2012, <mask> re-dedicated his life to Christ and returned to the Church ministry as a member of the clergy. In early 2014 he embarked upon a ministerial tour of churches across the state of Florida, preaching his first sermons in eight years and visiting other churches. He became ordained in December 2014. He is once again known as Minister <mask> <mask>. His online ministry currently reaches an audience of up to 20,000 people each month offering psychological counsel, and spiritual guidance.He is a certified minister, originally licensed by Reverend W. Bouyer and Church Secretary Ms Mary Jackson in 1985 and ordained in December 2014. <mask>'s style of ministering is described as Expository Preaching and Exegetical Preaching which he had studied in 1997 to 1991, under his mentor Elder Rev. Kenneth Duke at New Jerusalem Primitive Baptist Church, Miami Florida. He is also a certified teacher and psychological counselor

masks:
Peterkin
Peterkin
Freddie Lee
Peterkin
Freddie Lee
Peterkin
Peterkin
Freddie Lee
Peterkin
Peterkin


title: Alice Guy-Blaché

texts:
<mask> (née Guy;  ; 1 July 1873 – 24 March 1968) was a French pioneer filmmaker. She was one of the first filmmakers to make a narrative fiction film, as well as the first woman to direct a film. From 1896 to 1906, she was probably the only female filmmaker in the world. She experimented with Gaumont's Chronophone sync-sound system, and with color-tinting, interracial casting, and special effects. She was artistic director and a co-founder of Solax Studios in Flushing, New York. In 1912, Solax invested $100,000 for a new studio in Fort Lee, New Jersey, the center of American filmmaking prior to the establishment of Hollywood. That year, she made the film A Fool and His Money, probably the first to have an all-African-American cast.The film is now preserved at the National Center for Film and Video Preservation at the American Film Institute for its historical and aesthetic significance. Early life and education
In 1865, <mask>'s father, Emile Guy, an owner of a bookstore and publishing company in Santiago, Chile and Valparaíso, Chile, married Marie Clotilde Franceline Aubert. The couple returned to Santiago after the wedding in Paris. In early 1873, Marie and Emile lived in Santiago, with <mask>'s four siblings. There was a devastating smallpox epidemic in Chile in 1872 and 1873. Emile and Marie Guy brought all four of their children back to Paris, where <mask> was born. In her autobiography, <mask> refers to this as her mother's attempt to make sure "her fifth child should be truly French".Her father returned to Chile soon after her birth, and her mother followed a few months later. <mask> was

masks:
Alice Ida Antoinette Guy Bché
Alice
Alice
Alice
Alice
Alice


title: Alice Guy-Blaché

texts:
 entrusted to her grandmother in Carouge, Switzerland. At the age of three or four, <mask>'s mother returned from Chile and took <mask> back to South America. At the age of six, <mask> was taken back to France by her father to attend school at Veyrier known as the Faithful Companions of Jesus on the French side of the Swiss border in Veyrier, France. <mask> and her sister Louise were moved to a convent in Ferney a few years later and then brought back to Paris. <mask>'s father died on 5 January 1891 of unknown causes. Following his death, <mask>'s mother got a job with Mutualité Maternelle which was founded on 20 May 1891  <mask>'s mother was unable to keep that job and thereafter <mask> trained as a typist and stenographer, a new field at the time, to support herself and her mother.She landed her first stenography-typist job at a varnish factory. In March 1894, she began working at the 'Comptoir général de la photographie' owned by Felix-Max Richard. Léon Gaumont later took over and headed the company. Career

Gaumont, France
In 1894, Guy-Blaché was hired by Felix-Max Richard to work for a camera manufacturing and photography supply company as a secretary. The company changed hands in 1895 due to a court decision against Felix-Max Richard who sold the company to four men: Gustave Eiffel, Joseph Vallot, Alfred Besnier, and Léon Gaumont. Gustave Eiffel was president of the company, and Léon Gaumont, thirty years Eiffel's junior, was the manager. The company was named after Gaumont because Eiffel was the subject of a national scandal regarding the Panama Canal.L. Gaumont et Cie became a major

masks: Alice Alice Alice Alice Alice Alice Alice Alice


title: Alice Guy-Blaché

texts: force in the fledgling motion-picture industry in France. <mask> continued to work at Gaumont et Cie, a decision that led to a pioneering career in filmmaking that spanned more than 25 years and involved her directing, producing, writing and/or overseeing more than 700 films. Although she initially began working for Léon Gaumont as his secretary, she began to become familiar with myriad clients, relevant marketing strategies, and the company's stock of cameras. She also met a handful of pioneering film engineers such as Georges Demenÿ and Auguste and Louis Lumière. Guy-Blaché and Gaumont attended the "surprise" Lumière event on March 22, 1895. It was the first demonstration of film projection, an obstacle that Gaumont, the Lumières, and Edison were all racing to solve. They screened one of their early films Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory, which consisted of a simple scene of workmen leaving the Lumière plant in Lyon.Bored with the idea of captured film only being used for the scientific and/or promotional purpose of selling cameras in the form of "demonstration films", she was confident that she could incorporate fictional story-telling elements into film. She asked Gaumont for permission to make her own film, and he granted it. <mask>-Blaché made her first film in 1896. Its original title may have been La Fée aux Choux (The Fairy of the Cabbages), or The Birth of Children, or it may have had no title at first. The scene <mask> described as her debut effort does not match either the 1900 version of La Fée aux Choux or the 1902 version, retitled Sage-Femme de première classe, both of which

masks:
Alice
Alice Guy
Alice


title: Alice Guy-Blaché

texts: have been found in film archives. By comparing <mask>'s descriptions of her debut effort with the two films that are available for us to view, we discover differences that indicate there was a third film that came first. The 1896 film seems to be lost,[21]  however multiple points of confirmation indicate that there were three different La Fée aux Choux.< A 30 July 1896 newspaper describes a "chaste fiction of children born under the cabbages in a wonderfully framed chromo landscape," and provides other details that confirm <mask>'s description of her first film.[18][19][20] "Before very long," <mask> reported in 1912, "every moving picture house in the country was turning out stories instead of spectacles and plots instead of panoramas." From 1896 to 1906, Guy-Blaché was Gaumont's head of production and is generally considered to be the first filmmaker to systematically develop narrative filmmaking. She was probably the only female director from 1896 to 1906. Her earlier films share many characteristics and themes with her contemporary competitors, such as the Lumières and Méliès. She explored dance and travel films, often combining the two, such as Le Bolero performed by Miss Saharet (1905) and Tango (1905). Many of Guy-Blaché's early dance films were popular in music-hall attractions such as the serpentine dance films – also a staple of the Lumières and Thomas Edison film catalogs. In 1906, she made The Life of Christ, a big-budget production for the time, which included 300 extras.She used the illustrated James Tissot New Testament as reference material for the film, which featured 25

masks: Alice Alice Alice


title: Alice Guy-Blaché

texts:
 episodes and was her largest production at Gaumont to date. In addition to this, she was one of the pioneers in the use of audio recordings in conjunction with the images on screen in Gaumont's "Chronophone" system, which used a vertical-cut disc synchronized to the film. She employed some of the first special effects, including using double exposure, masking techniques, and running a film backwards. During her tenure at Gaumont, Guy-Blaché hired and trained Louis Feuillade and Étienne Arnaud as writers and directors, and hired set designer Henri Ménessier and art director Ben Carré. Solax

In 1907, <mask> married Herbert Blaché, who was soon appointed the production manager for Gaumont's operations in the United States. After working with her husband for Gaumont in the U.S., the two struck out on their own in 1910, partnering with George A. Magie in the formation of The Solax Company, the largest pre-Hollywood studio in America. With production facilities for their new company in Flushing, New York, her husband served as production manager as well as cinematographer, and Guy-Blaché worked as the artistic director and directed many of its releases.Within two years, they had become so successful that they invested more than $100,000 into new and technologically advanced production facilities in Fort Lee, New Jersey. Many early film studios were based in Fort Lee at the beginning of the 20th century. It was mentioned in publications of the era that Guy-Blaché placed a large sign in her studio that read: 'Be Natural'. In 1913, Guy-Blaché directed The Thief, the first script sold by future Wonder


title: Alice Guy-Blaché

texts:
 Woman creator William Moulton Marston. Guy-Blaché and her husband divorced several years later, and with the rise of the more hospitable and cost-effective climate in Hollywood, their film partnership also ended. Legacy

In the late 1940s, Guy-Blaché wrote an autobiography; it was published, in French, in 1976, and was translated into English a decade later with the help of her daughter Simone, daughter-in-law Roberta Blaché, and the film writer Anthony Slide. Guy-Blaché was tremendously concerned with her unexplained absence from the historical record of the film industry.She was in constant communication with colleagues and film historians correcting previously made and supposedly factual statements about her life. She crafted lengthy lists of her films as she remembered them, with the hope of being able to assume creative ownership and get legitimate credit for them. She was the subject of a National Film Board of Canada documentary The Lost Garden: The Life and Cinema of <mask>-Blaché by director Marquise Lepage, which received Quebec's Gemeaux Award for Best Documentary. In 2002, film scholar Alison McMahan published Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema. Guy-Blaché is considered by some to have been the first female filmmaker, and from 1896 to 1920, she directed over 1,000 films, some 150 of which survive, and 22 of which are feature-length. She was one of the early women, along with Lois Weber, to manage and own her own studio: The Solax Company. Few of her films survive in an easily viewable format.In December 2018 Kino Lorber released a six-disc box, Pioneers: First Women


title: Alice Guy-Blaché

texts:
 Filmmakers, made in cooperation with the Library of Congress, the British Film Institute and others. The first disc of the set is devoted to the films of <mask>-Blaché and includes Matrimony's Speed Limit (1913) which was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2003. The 2018 documentary film Be Natural: The Untold Story of <mask>-Blaché, directed by Pamela B. Green and narrated by Jodie Foster, which opened at the Cannes Film Festival (Cannes Classics), deals with Guy-Blaché's life, career, and legacy. Because of Be Natural: The Untold Story of <mask>-Blaché, many of Guy-Blaché's films were restored and preserved, and a pillar in her name will be featured at the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures. In September 2019, Guy-Blaché was included in The New York Times series "Overlooked No More". As reported by Deadline in 2021, Pamela B.Green is developing a feature biopic about <mask>-Blaché. Guy-Blaché was an early influence on both Alfred Hitchcock and Sergei Eisenstein. Hitchcock remarked, "I'd be over the moon with the Frenchman George Méliès, I was thrilled by the movies of D.W. Griffith, and the early French director <mask>." In his Memoirs, Eisenstein described an unnamed film he had seen as a child that continued to be very important for him. This film was identified as <mask>-Blaché's The Consequences of Feminism (1906) during the making of the documentary Be Natural: The Untold Story of <mask>-Blaché. Personal life

Guy-Blaché's marriage meant that she had to resign from her position working with Gaumont. The couple was sent by the Gaumont

masks:
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy


title: Alice Guy-Blaché

texts:
 company to Cleveland to facilitate the franchise of Gaumont equipment.Early in 1908, the couple went to New York City where Guy-Blaché gave birth to her daughter, Simone in September 1908. Two years later, Guy-Blaché became the first woman to run her own studio when she created Solax in Gaumont's Flushing studio. In 1912, when she was pregnant with her second child, she built a studio in Fort Lee, New Jersey, and continued to complete one to three films a week. On 27 June 1912, Reginald, her son was born. To focus on writing and directing, Guy-Blaché took her husband into Solax in 1913 "for feature production and executive direction". Shortly after taking the position, Herbert Blaché started a film company named Blaché Features, Inc. For the next few years, the couple maintained a personal and business partnership, working together on many projects. In 1918, Herbert Blaché left his wife and children to pursue a career in Hollywood.Guy-Blaché almost died from the Spanish flu pandemic in October 1918 while filming her final film Tarnished Reputations. Following her illness, she joined Herbert in Hollywood in 1919 but they lived separately. She worked as Herbert's directing assistant on his two films starring Alla Nazimova. Guy-Blaché directed her last film in 1919. In 1921, she was forced to auction her film studio and other possessions in bankruptcy. <mask> and Herbert were officially divorced in 1922. She returned to France in 1922 and never made another film.Death
Guy-Blaché never remarried, and in 1964 she returned to the United States to live in Wayne, New Jersey, with her older child, her


title: Alice Guy-Blaché

texts:
 daughter, Simone. On 24 March 1968, at the age of 94, Guy-Blaché died in a nursing homein New Jersey. She is interred at Maryrest Cemetery. Accolades and tributes
On December 12th 1958, Guy-Blaché was awarded the Légion d'honneur, the highest non-military award France offers. On 16 March 1957, she was honored in a Cinématheque Française ceremony that went unnoticed by the press. In 2002, Circle X Theatre in Los Angeles produced Laura Comstock's Bag-punching Dog, a musical about the invention of cinema, and Guy-Blaché was a lead character. The musical was written by Jillian Armenante, <mask>, and Chris Jeffries.In 2011, an off-Broadway production of Flight premiered at the Connelly Theatre, featuring a fictionalized portrayal of Guy-Blaché as a 1913 documentary filmmaker. In 2004, a historic marker dedicated to Guy-Blaché was unveiled at the location of Solax Studio by the Fort Lee Film Commission. In 2012, for the centennial of the founding and building of the studio, the Commission raised funds to replace her grave marker in Maryrest Cemetery in Mahwah, New Jersey. The new marker includes the Solax logo and notes Guy-Blaché's role as a cinema pioneer. In 2010, the Academy Film Archive preserved Guy-Blaché's short film The Girl in the Arm-Chair. In 2011, the Fort Lee Film Commission successfully lobbied the Directors Guild of America to accept <mask>-Blaché as a member. She was subsequently awarded a posthumous "Special Directorial Award for Lifetime Achievement" at the 2011 DGA Honors.In 2013, Guy-Blaché was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. A square in the 14th arrondissement of

masks:
Alice Dodd
Alice Guy


title: Alice Guy-Blaché

texts:
 Paris is named the  in her honor. In 2019, The re-edited and expanded version of Eisenstein's memoirs, Yo. Memoirs by Sergei Eisenstein mention <mask>'s The Consequences of Feminism and its influence on Eisenstein. In 2021, Yale University unveiled its new state-of-the-art screening room, named the Alice Cinema, after <mask>-Blaché. In 2022, Rowman & Littlefield published a new edition of The Memoirs of <mask> Guy Blache, edited by Anthony Slide and translated by Simone Blache and Roberta Blache. This memoir contains a new introduction by Slide.The Golden Door Film Festival gives an award named in her honor. Selected filmography
These films were produced by Gaumont (1896–1907), Solax (1910–1913), or others (1914–1920). (1916)
The Adventurer (1917)
 The Empress (1917)
The Great Adventure (1918)
Tarnished Reputations (1920)

See also
Women's cinema

Notes

References

Sources
 Contains one chapter about <mask> Blaché. Contains one chapter about <mask> Blaché. Updated as:

 See also:

Further reading
 This contains many passages and words not translated into the English editions. External links

Excerpt from Ephemeral Podcast about three different La Fée aux Choux https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnYopp6VuzQ
Ephemeral Podcast - <mask> https://www.ephemeral.show/episode/alice-guy
<mask> Blaché, Lost Visionary of the Cinema

Literature on <mask>-Blaché

The films of <mask>-Blaché, Hell Is For Hyphenates, January 31, 2014
<mask>; at kinotv(kinotv)

1873 births
1968 deaths
French cinema pioneers
French emigrants to the United States
French women film directors
People from Saint-Mandé
Silent film

masks:
Alice
Alice Guy
Alice
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy


title: Queen Jeongsun

texts:
Queen <mask> (정순왕후 김씨; 2 December 1745 – 11 February 1805), of the Gyeongju Kim clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and second queen consort of Yi Geum, King Yeongjo, the 21st Joseon monarch. She was Queen consort of Joseon from 1759 until her husband's death in 1776, after which she was honoured as Queen Dowager Yesun (예순왕대비) during the reign of her step-grandson Yi San, King Jeongjo and as Grand Queen Dowager Yesun (예순대왕대비) during the reign of her step great-grandson Yi Gong, King Sunjo. Biography
On 2 February 1745, Queen <mask> was born to Kim Han-gu and Lady Wonpung of the Wonju Won clan. She was a scion of the Gyeongju Kim clan. Her hometown was Yeoju, Gyeonggi Province. She was born in the wealthy sector of Seosan, South Chungcheong Province during the reign of King Yeongjo, her future husband. She had one older brother and a younger brother.Queen
After the death of Queen Jeongseong in 1757, King Yeongjo held bridal selections to choose his second queen. His father had banned former concubines from becoming queen, so King Yeongjo could not elevate one of his concubines to queenship, as many former kings had done. On 9 June 1759, Queen <mask> was chosen as queen. During the bridal selections, Yeongjo allegedly asked the candidates what the deepest thing in the world was. Some cited the mountains or the sea, but she cited the human heart,

masks: Jeongsun Jeongsun Jeongsun


title: Queen Jeongsun

texts: capturing his attention. When asked about the most beautiful flower, she answered, "The cotton flower is the most beautiful flower, although it does not exude fashion and scent, but it is the most beautiful flower that warms the people by weaving thread." On 22 June 1759, Queen <mask> formally married King Yeongjo at Changgyeong Palace.This marriage was considered the oldest marriage in Joseon Dynasty history as Yeongjo was 66 years old, and the Queen was 15 years old at the time of the marriage. She was also 10 years younger than her husband's son and heir, Crown Prince Sado, and his daughter-in-law, Lady Hyegyeong. Queen <mask>'s father was given the royal title of "Internal Prince Oheung" (Hangul: 오흥부원군, Hanja: 鰲興府院君), and her mother was given the royal title "Internal Princess Consort Wonpung of the Wonju Won Clan" (Hangul: 원풍부부인 원주 원씨, Hanja: 原豊府夫人 原州 元氏). The Queen was known to be a little assertive towards her husband. When it had come to get measured for clothing, the palace maid had politely asked the King to turn his back. Yet, she also asked her husband in a decisive tone saying, "Can you turn around?". She and her husband shared a deep love for one another, but despite that, they had produced no princes or princesses.There was no record of the young queen bearing children, or having a miscarriage. Crown Prince Sado died in 1762 and his sister, Yi

masks: Jeongsun Jeongsun


title: Queen Jeongsun

texts:
 exerted the power until she voluntarily gave it up in 1803.She departed from the policy of the late King, enforcing the Catholic Persecution of 1801 and favoring the Noron Byeokpa faction. Yesun had purged a large number of conflicting Soron sects, executed Jeongjo's half-brother and maternal uncle, Prince Euneon and Hong Nak-im, abolished Jang Yong-young established by Jeongjo, and massively defeated the Catholic Church that Jeongjo had tolerated. It was repressed and expelled other people and the Soron faction. She also hired a large number of Noron Bukpa officials, such as Kim Gwan-ju and Kim Yong-ju, whom she had struck by Jeongjo. In 1802, in accordance with Jeongjo's law, she had Kim Jo-sun's daughter, the future Queen Sunwon, became the queen consort of Sunjo, and Kim Jo-sun was sealed to Internal Prince Yeongan (永安府院君) and was resigned from her rule. On 9 February 1804, after reaping the convergence and cleansing, when Sunjo's family was declared, most of the bureaucrats were purged by Kim Jo-sun, the father of Queen Sunwon, and the power of King Jeongjo. Her influence was weakened, and she had a futile last year of reign, and a year later, on 11 February 1805, she died in Gyeongbokjeon at Changdeokgung Palace.She was posthumous honoured as Queen <mask>. Death
Queen <mask> is buried with her husband King Yeongjo and his first wife, Queen Jeongseong, in


title: Giovanni Legrenzi

texts: <mask> (baptized August 12, 1626 – May 27, 1690) was an Italian composer of opera, vocal and instrumental music, and organist, of the Baroque era. He was one of the most prominent composers in Venice in the late 17th century, and extremely influential in the development of late Baroque idioms across northern Italy. <mask>  was born at Clusone, near Bergamo, then part of the Republic of Venice. His father, <mask>, was a professional violinist and, to some extent, a composer. We know Legrenzi had two brothers and two sisters, though one of the brothers, Marco, apparently a talented musician who performed with his father and brother in the 1660s, is not mentioned in Legrenzi's will: it is presumed that he died young. His remaining brother and sisters are both mentioned in his will. Legrenzi was probably taught largely at home, and his performance skills developed at the local church, and it can also be assumed there was music-making in the house.<mask> received his first appointment in Bergamo, as Organist at Santa Maria Maggiore, a magnificent church with a celebrated musical history. Following ordination as a priest in 1651, he was appointed as a resident chaplain at the church, though he continued to be actively involved in the music, and was given the title of First Organist in 1653, at about the time Maurizio Cazzati was appointed maestro di

masks:
Giovanni Legrenzi
Life Legrenzi
Giovanni Maria Legrenzi
Legrenzi


title: Giovanni Legrenzi

texts: cappella. <mask>'s first publication, music for Mass and Vespers, appeared in 1654. His appointment as organist was not reconfirmed at the end of the year owing to his apparent involvement in a minor gambling scandal, though he was reinstated by mid-February 1655. Legrenzi resigned from his position at Bergamo towards the end of 1655, and in 1656 became maestro di cappella at the Academy of the Holy Spirit in Ferrara. The Academy was not a learned society, but a fraternity of laymen which presented predominantly liturgical services with music. It had a small but very good musical establishment with an impressive tradition, and effectively addressed the needs of the whole aristocratic community of Ferrara, with whom Legrenzi cemented relationships that, like those he had already established in Bergamo, would serve him well throughout his life.The position at the Academy of the Holy Spirit would have left <mask> with ample time for other pursuits. By the early 1660s he had already published eight volumes, and had broken into the elite world of opera, gaining his first performances in Venice in 1664. We know little of certainty about <mask>'s activities between approximately 1665 and 1670, a situation considerably exacerbated by the destruction of local records during World War II. He ended his association with the Academy of the Holy Spirit at some

masks: Legrenzi Legrenzi Legrenzi


title: Giovanni Legrenzi

texts: point, and does not appear to have had a permanent position of any sort for several years, though it is unlikely that he was in financial difficulty. He had land at Clusone and the proceeds from his publications, several of which had already gone into second editions, as well as performance fees. He also published his largest volume, the huge collection for double choir, during this period. <mask> seems to have been well settled in Venice by 1670.He took a position as a music teacher at Santa Maria dei Derelitti (commonly called the Ospedaletto), remaining until 1676, and was busy with further publications, musical commissions, especially oratorios, occasional performances, and more. In 1676 he was a finalist for appointment as maestro at San Marco in succession to Francesco Cavalli, losing by a single vote to Natale Monferrato. Later in the year he became maestro di coro of the Ospedale dei Mendicanti, where he remained until 1682 when he succeeded Antonio Sartorio as vice-maestro at San Marco. He was by this time (along with Carlo Pallavicino) the leading opera composer of his day, with ten commissions in the five years to 1685. Legrenzi succeeded Monferrato as maestro di cappella at San Marco in April 1685. He was by this time probably in failing health, and the last few years of his life were clouded by sickness. He took little part in the


title: Giovanni Legrenzi

texts:
 services at San Marco from the later part of 1687, where performances were increasingly in the hands of his vice-maestro, Gian Domenico Partenio.Legrenzi's death on 27 May 1690 from the "mal di petra" (a colic-related illness, probably kidney stones) was accompanied by excruciating pain. <mask>'s legacy lived on for some years after his death. His great-nephew <mask> inherited his music and books, and produced four posthumous publications. Music
Legrenzi was active in most of the genres current in northern Italy in the late 17th century, including sacred vocal music, opera, oratorio, and varieties of instrumental music. Though best known as a composer of instrumental sonatas, he was predominantly a composer of liturgical music with a distinctly dramatic character. The bulk of his instrumental music may also be included in this category, since it would have been used primarily as a substitute for liturgical items at Mass or Vespers. Legrenzi composed nineteen operas from 1662–1685, of which the most successful were Achille in Sciro (1664), La divisione del mondo, I due cesari (1683), Il Giustino (1683), and Publio Elio Pertinace (1684).His operas were immensely popular (and extravagantly presented) in their day, though, like his oratorios, few have survived. His later dance music was certainly connected with the operatic repertoire, though the

masks:
Legrenzi
Giovanni Varischino


title: Giovanni Legrenzi

texts:
 function of an early collection (Op. 4, which is musicologically famous for its inclusion of six pieces designated sonate da camera) is less clear. <mask>'s music is steadily gaining interest as scores and transcriptions become more widely available. Early music groups are increasingly including the instrumental sonatas and selections of the devotional and liturgical music in concerts. There have been significant revivals of some of the surviving operas. Editions of La divisione del mondo and Il Giustino by the German conductor Thomas Hengelbrock have had performances at the Schwetzingen Festival, the Innsbruck Festival of Early Music and the Echternach Music Festival, and there was a major revival of La divisione del mondo in a co-production between the Opéra national du Rhin and Opéra national de Lorraine in February/March 2019.Published works
 Concerti Musicali per uso di Chiesa. Op. 1 (Venice, Alessandro Vincenti, 1654)
 Sonata a due, e tre. Op. 2 (Venice, Francesco Magni, 1655)
 Harmonia d'affetti Devoti a due, tre, e quatro, voci. Op. 3 (Venice, Alessandro Vincenti, 1655)
 Sonate dà Chiesa, e dà Camera, Correnti, Balletti, Alemane, Sarabande a tre, doi violini, e violone.Libro Secondo. Op. 4 (Venice, Francesco Magni, 1656)
 Salmi a cinque, tre voci, e due violini. Op. 5 (Venice, Francesco Magni, 1657)
 Sentimenti Devoti Espressi con le


title: Giovanni Legrenzi

texts:
 Handel, who drew on <mask>'s motet in the chorus 'To thy dark servant' in the oratorio Samson. Credidi propter quod locutus sum, a psalm setting for solo alto, strings and continuo, which appears likely to be a unique example of Legrenzi's own hand, as there is evidence that it is an autograph. Laudate pueri, a psalm setting for five voices, strings and continuo and, unusually, a trumpet. Spirate aure serenae, a motet for solo soprano, strings and continuo which provides for a theorbo to double or replace the violone. There are in addition a few more liturgical pieces, a number of cantatas and the unusual 'serenata' Notte, madri d’horrori. Operas
 Nino, il giusto (1662)
 Achille in Sciro (1663)
 Zenobia e Radamisto † (1665)
 Tiridate (1668)
 Eteocle e Polinice † (1674)
 La divisione del mondo † (1675)
 Adone in Cipro ‡ (1676)
 Germanico sul Reno † (1676)
 Totila † (1677)
 Antioco il grande ‡ (1681)
 Creso ‡ (1681)
 Pausania (1681)
 Lisimaco riamato da Alessandro ‡ (1682)
 Ottaviano Cesare Agusto (1682)
 I due cesari ‡ (1683)
 Il Giustino † (1683)
 L'anarchia dell'imperio ‡ (1683)
 Publio Elio Pertinace ‡ (1684)
 Ifianassa e Melampo (1685)

† Surviving scores.‡ Arias from these operas survive in one or more sources.Oratorios
 Oratorio del giuditio (1665)
 Lamenti Profetici nella Passione di Cristo (1671)
 Sedecia † (1671)
 Il creation del mondo


title: Giovanni Legrenzi

texts:
 (1672)
 Sisara (1672)
 Moisè (1672)
 La vendita del cuor humano † (or Il prezzo del cuor humano) ‡ (1673)
 La morte del cor penitente † (1673)
 <mask> Battista (1673)
 Adamo et Eva (1674)
 Gli sponsali d’Ester (1675)
 Decollatione di S. Giovanni (1678)
 Erodiade (lib. Neri) (1687)
 Erodiade (lib. Piccioli) (1687)

† Surviving scores.‡ Whether or not La vendita del cuor humano is in fact a Legrenzi work or Pietro Andrea Ziani's Il cuore humano all'incanto remains to be demonstrated. References
 Stephen Bonta: The Church Sonatas of <mask>zi. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1964. Stephen Bonta: "<mask>grenzi", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed June 27, 2005), (subscription access)
 Stephen Bonta: Studies in Italian Sacred and Instrumental Music in the 17th Century.Burlington, Ashgate Publishing Co, 2003. Rudolf Bossard: <mask>zi – Il Giustino: Eine Monograph; Studie. Ph.D. Dissertation, Basel, 1987. Published as Il Giustino; eine mongraphische Studie. Baden-Baden, Koerner, 1988. Collection d'études musicologiques ; 79. Tiziana Brugnoni: <mask>, Germanico sul Reno: Studio introduttivo ed edizione critica.M.A. Dissertation, Università di Pavia, 1991. L. Glenn Cockerham: The chamber sonatas and dances of <mask>zi. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kansas, 1988. Luigi Collarile: Sacri Concerti. Studi sul mottetto a Venezia nel secondo

masks:
San Giovanni
Giovanni Legren
Giovanni Le
Giovanni Legren
Giovanni Legrenzi
Giovanni Legren


title: Giovanni Legrenzi

texts:
 Siecento. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Freiburg, 2010.Julia Davids: Music for Vespers of the B.V.M. by <mask>: A modern performing edition. D.Mus. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 2006. Reinmar Emans: Die einstimmigen Kantaten, Canzonetten und Serenaden Giovanni Legrenzis. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bonn, 1984
 Piero Fogaccia: <mask>. Bergamo, Edizioni Orobiche, 1954.John Alexander MacDonald: The sacred vocal music of <mask>. 2 vols. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 1964. Paola Palermo and Giulia Pecis Cavagna: La cappella musicale di Santa Maria Maggiore a Bergamo dal 1637 al 1810. (Studi Sulla Storia Della Musica in Lombardia, v). Turnhout, Brepols, 2007. .
 Francesco Passadore and Franco Rossi: La sottigliezza dell’intendimento. Catalogo tematico di <mask>.Venice: Edizioni Fondazione Levi, 2002. Francesco Passadore and Franco Rossi (eds. ): <mask> e la Cappella ducale di San Marco : atti dei convegni internazionali di studi, Venezia, 24–26 maggio 1990, Clusone, 14–16 settembre 1990. Florence : Olschki, 1994. Gale Richard Price: "II sedecia" A seventeenth-century oratorio by <mask>. D.M.A. Dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1981
 John H. Roberts (ed.): La lotta d’Hercole con Acheloo / Agostino Steffani. Miscellaneous manuscript sources. Handel sources: materials for the study of Handel's borrowing ; 9. New York:

masks:
Giovanni Legrenzi
Giovanni Legrenzi
Giovanni Legrenzi
Giovanni Legrenzi
Giovanni Legrenzi
Giovanni Legrenzi


title: Giovanni Legrenzi

texts:
 Garland, 1986. (motet Intret in conspectu)
 Eleanor Selfridge-Field: A New Chronology of Venetian Opera and Related Genres, 1660–1760. Palo Alto, Stanford University Press, 2007. Eleanor Selfridge-Field: Pallade veneta : writings on music in Venetian society, 1650–1750.Venezia : Fondazione Levi, 1985. Eleanor Selfridge-Field: Venetian Instrumental Music, from Gabrieli to Vivaldi. New York, Dover Publications, Third Rev. Ed. 1994. (See also Venetian instrumental ensemble music in the seventeenth century. D.Phil.Dissertation, University of Oxford, 1969.) Umberto Scarpetta: Ritratto di un musicista barocco: <mask>zi. Ph.D. Dissertation, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 1976. Hendrik Schulze: Die Figur des Odysseus in der venezianischen Oper des 17. Jahrhunderts. Ph.D. Dissertation, Heidelberg, 2002. Published as Odysseus in Venedig: Sujetwahl und Rollenkonzeption in der venezianischen Oper des 17.Jahrhunderts. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2004. .
 J. David Swale: A thematic catalogue of the music of <mask>zi (with an introduction and commentaries). 3 vols. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Adelaide, 1984. Karin Anna Swanson: The secular vocal chamber music of <mask>zi: M.Mus. Dissertation, University of Illinois, 1964. Facsimiles
 Acclamationi divote a voce sola.Bibliotheca musica Bononiensis. Sezione IV 207 : Bologna, Forni 1980. Cantatas by

masks:
Giovanni Legren
Giovanni Legren
Giovanni Legren


title: Giovanni Legrenzi

texts:
 Antonio Cesti and <mask>zi ; selected and introduced by David Burrows and Stephen Bonta. The Italian cantata in the seventeenth century ; vol.6. New York : Garland, 1986. . (Nos.1 – 12 from Opus 14, and three manuscript works.) Echi di riverenza : di cantate e canzoni. Archivum musicum.Cantata barocca ; 7. Firenze : Studio per edizioni scelte, 1980. .
 Il Giustino : melodramma in tre atti. Collezione settecentesca Bettarini ; no. 12. Milano : Casa editrice Nazionalmusic, c. 1980. La Cetra. Monumenta Lombarda, Libri Antiqui Fototypice Expressi, 2.Bologna, 1970. King's Music (now distributed through The Early Music Company) produces good quality photocopies of the complete collections Sonate a due, tre, cinque, a sei stromenti (Op. 8, 1663), Idee Armoniche Estese (Op. 13, 1678) and Balletti e Correnti (Op. 16, 1691). Editions
 Alessandro Bares, Pietro Zazzetta (ed. ), La Cetra.Musedita, Albese con Cassano, 2000. (The whole of La Cetra, Opus 11(10).) Alessandro Bares (ed. ), Sonate a due, e tre. Musedita, Albese con Cassano, 2006. (The whole of Opus 2.) Alessandro Bares (ed.), Sonate a due, trè, cinque, e sei Stromenti. Musedita, Albese con Cassano, 2004. (The whole of Opus 8.) Stephen Bonta (ed. ): The instrumental music of <mask>zi : sonate a due e tre, opus 2, 1655. Harvard Publications in Music, 14. Harvard University Press, 1984. .
 Stephen

masks:
Giovanni Legren
Giovanni Legren


title: Giovanni Legrenzi

texts:
 Bonta (ed.): La Cetra : sonate a due, tre e quattro stromenti, libro quattro, opus 10, 1673. Harvard Publications in Music, 17. Harvard University Press, 1992. .
 Howard Mayer Brown: Italian opera librettos : 1640–1770. Italian opera, 1640–1770 v. 60. New York : Garland, 1979. .
 Howard Mayer Brown: Totila. Italian opera, 1640–1770 v. 9. New York : Garland, 1978. .
 Julia de Clerck: Prosa pro mortuis (Dies irae), Musicologica neolovaniensia ; musica sacra 1.Louvain-la-Neuve : Institut supérieur d’archéologie et d’histoire de l’art, 1981. Stefano Faglia, Franca Saini (ed. ): Eteocle e Polinice. Opera in 3 Atti. Venezia 1675. Monza, Accademia Musicale IAMR, 2003. Parma, L'oca del Cairo Edizioni Musicali, 2003.Stefano Faglia, Franca Saini (ed. ): Il Giustino. Opera in 3 atti. Venezia 1683. Monza, Accademia Musicale IAMR, 2006. Parma, L'oca del Cairo Edizioni Musicali, 2006. Stefano Faglia, Franca Saini (ed.): Zenobia e Radamisto. Opera in 3 atti. Ferrara 1665. Monza, Accademia Musicale IAMR, 2013. Lucca, Libreria Musicale Italiana (LIM), 2013. Joyce Johnson (ed. ): <mask>zi 1629–1690 II Sedecia / Bernardo Pasquini 1637–1710 Sant'Agnese.The Italian oratorio, 1650–1800 ; 8. New York, Garland, 1986. .
 Jeffrey Kurtzman (ed. ): Vesper and Compline Music for Three Principal Voices. Seventeenth-Century Italian Sacred Music ; 13. New York, Garland, 1998. .


title: Giovanni Legrenzi

texts:
 (Confitebor tibi from Opus 1)
 Jeffrey Kurtzman (ed. ): Vesper and Compline Music for Four Principal Voices. Seventeenth-Century Italian Sacred Music ; 14.New York: Garland, 1998. . (Dixit Dominus from Opus 1)
 Jeffrey Kurtzman (ed. ): Vesper and Compline Music for Five Principal Voices, Parts I-II. Seventeenth-Century Italian Sacred Music ; 15–16. New York: Garland, 1999–2000. (I)  (II). (Laudate Dominum from Opus 1, in Volume 16)
 Jeffrey Kurtzman (ed. ): Vesper and Compline Music for Eight Principal Voices, Part One-Two.Seventeenth-Century Italian Sacred Music ; 18–19. New York: Garland, c.2001–2002. (I)  (II). (In exitu Israel from Opus 9, in Volume 19)
 Anne Schnoebelen (ed. ): Masses by Maurizio Cazzati, <mask> Grossi, <mask>. Seventeenth-Century Italian Sacred Music; 7. New York : Garland, 1997. . (The Mass from Opus 9)
 Albert Seay (ed.): Cantatas and Canzonets for Solo voice, Part I: Music for alto and bass voices ; Part II: Music for soprano or tenor voice. Recent Researches in the music of the Baroque era, 14, 15 : Madison, A-R Editions, 1972. (The whole of Opus 12.) Albert Seay (ed. ): Sonate da camera : opus 4, for two violins and basso continuo, Musica da camera, 55. Oxford University Press, c.1979. (Nos.7–30 from Opus 4) . Albert Seay (ed. ): Sonate da chiesa, opus 4 [and] opus 8 (1656–1663). Le Pupitre, collection of ancient music

masks:
Giovanni Antonio
Giovanni Legrenzi


title: Giovanni Legrenzi

texts:
 Op. 8/9, La Cremona Op.8/10, La Marinona Op. 8/12; La Cetra Op. 11: Sonata prima Op. 11/1; Harmonia d’Affetti Devoti, Op. 3: Hodie colletantur Op. 3/1, Humili voce Op. 3/6, Motetti Sacri, Op.17: O dilectissime Jesu Op. 17/1, O vos qui inter Op. 17/2, Non susurrate Op. 17/9, Omnes gentes Op. 17/4.] Testamentum. Missa Laurentana quinque vocibus.Oficina Musicum; . Dynamic CDS710. [The unpublished Missa quinque vocibus; Op. 2: Sonatas La Spilimberga Op. 2/2, La Querina Op. 2/14; Op. 3: Hodie Collaetantur Op.3/1; Opus 7: Alma Redemptoris Mater Op. 7/14; Opus 10: Congratulamini Filiae Syon Op. 10/2]
 Trio Sonatas 1655. Parnassi Musici. cpo 777 030-2. 2004. [The whole of Opus 2]
 Venice Before Vivaldi – A Portrait of <mask>zi.El Mundo; Richard Savino. Koch International KIC 7446. [Opus 2: Sonatas La Foscari Op. 2/8, La Zabarella Op. 2/10, La Donata Op. 2/7 La Cornara Op.2/1, La Spilimberga Op. 2/2; Opus 4: La Benaglia Op.4/3 La Forni Op. 4/11; La Cetra Op. 11: Op. 11/2, Op. 11/6, Op. 11/7; Motetti Sacri, Op. 17: O dilectissime Jesu Op.17/1, O mirandum mysterium Op. 17/7]
 Vesperae, Op. 1. Cori Spezzati, dir. Olivier Opdebeeck. Pierre Verany. [The whole of the Vespers music from Op.1; Op. 4 Sonatas: La Pezzoli Op. 4/6; Op. 3 Motets: Obstupescite Op. 3/13.] Oratorio Il Sedecia , Oficina Musicum, direttore Riccardo Favero  Oratorio in 2 Parti, Dynamic,


title: Jillian Schwartz

texts:
<mask> (born September 19, 1979) is an American-born female former pole vaulter who competed internationally for Israel. She represented the United States at the 2004 Summer Olympics and competed at five consecutive World Championships in Athletics from 2003 to 2011. Her best placing in international competition was fourth at the 2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships. She competed at the NCAA Championships while at Duke University and gained All-America honours on three occasions. Although she never won at a USATF Championships event, she took the runner-up spot on three occasions at both the USA Outdoor and USA Indoor Championships. Her personal best mark is 4.72 m, set indoors in Jonesboro, Arkansas in 2008. After gaining Israeli citizenship in 2010, she set Israeli records of 4.60 m in the pole vault both outdoors and indoors and competed for Israel at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics and 2012 Summer Olympics.Career

Early life and college
Born in Evanston, Illinois, and Jewish, she was raised in Lake Forest. She wanted to take up pole vaulting at Lake Forest High School, but was not allowed as the girl's pole vault was not permitted in Illinois until 1997. She moved to Arkansas in order to train in the discipline. <mask> attended Duke University and became the first woman to win an Eastern College Athletic Conference title for the Duke Blue Devils in 1999. The following year she won the Atlantic Coast Conference pole vault title and came third at the NCAA Outdoor Track and Field Championship. She attended the United States Olympic Trials for the first time in 2000, but failed to register a height. In her final year at Duke, in 2001, she set university records of 4.10 m indoors and 4.32 m outdoors, as well as winning the ACC outdoor and indoor titles.She claimed second place at the NCAA Outdoors and signed

masks:
Jillian Schwartz
Schwartz


title: Jillian Schwartz

texts:
 with Nike that summer, deciding to turn professional. Olympic and World Championship competition
She was the runner-up at the 2002 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships behind Mary Sauer and improved her outdoor best to 4.50 m. However, she only managed tenth place at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships that year. She placed sixth at the 2003 USA Indoors but rebounded with a second-place finish at the outdoor nationals. This gained her a place on the team for the 2003 World Championships in Athletics and she came eighth in the qualifying round of the vault. The 2004 season proved to be her breakthrough year as she was runner-up to Stacy Dragila at the USA Indoor Championships and then placed fourth at the 2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships, vaulting a personal best mark of 4.60 m. She achieved the same mark outdoors to take second at the Prefontaine Classic and was runner-up to Dragila at the 2004 Olympic Trials, securing her first Olympic berth. She cleared 4.30 m in the qualifying rounds of the 2004 Athens Olympics, but this was not enough to make the final. <mask> did not compete indoors in 2005 but managed to finish in the top three at the USA Outdoors.One of three Americans in the women's pole vault at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics (along with Dragila and Tracy O'Hara), she finished second in the qualifying but could not repeat her form in the final round, ending up in eleventh place. She became the Voluntary Assistant Coach for the Columbia University track and field team in 2008. She was the runner-up at both the national outdoor and indoor championships in 2006 and improved her best by a centimeter to 4.61 m in Jonesboro, Arkansas. She competed at the 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships, but did not make it into the final on this occasion. She also made appearances on the 2006 IAAF


title: Jillian Schwartz

texts:
 Golden League circuit

Her progress stagnated in 2007 as she failed to clear higher than 4.50 m. Still, she took third place at the USA Outdoors and competed at the 2007 World Championships, where she achieved her season's best of 4.50 m in qualifying. She started 2008 with a big personal best indoors in Jonesboro, improving 12 cm with a clearance of 4.72 m. She was again the runner-up at the USA Indoors, this time behind Jennifer Stuczynski. At the 2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Valencia, Spain, she was eliminated once again at the qualifying stage.She set her sights on making the team for the 2008 Beijing Olympics and had podium finishes at the Reebok Grand Prix and the Adidas Track Classic. However, she came fourth at the 2008 United States Olympic Trials, being beaten by the less-established April Steiner Bennett and Erica Bartolina. She came fourth at the 2009 USA Outdoor Championships, but was gifted a place at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics as the reigning US Champion Stuczynski withdrew due to injury. <mask> vaulted 4.50 m at the championships in Berlin, just missing the qualifying mark by 5 cm. Move to Israel

She competed at the Maccabiah Games in Israel that year and won the pole vault gold medal for the United States. Officials approached her about a possible move to compete for Israel and she agreed, seeing it as a better chance to participate at the 2012 London Olympics given the strong competition for a place in the United States. She gained Israeli citizenship and switched nationality in preparation for the 2010 season.She set an Israeli record mark of 4.60 m indoors in Jonesboro in May 2010 and then set an outdoor record of 4.60 m to win at the Adidas Grand Prix Diamond League meet. She won her first national title at the Israeli Athletics Championships in June. Other performances


title: Bessie Head

texts:
<mask> (6 July 1937 – 17 April 1986), was a South African writer who, though born in South Africa, is usually considered Botswana's most influential writer. She wrote novels, short fiction and autobiographical works that are infused with spiritual questioning and reflection. Biography
<mask> was born in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, the child of a "white" woman and a "non-white" man at a time when interracial relationships were illegal in South Africa. <mask>'s mother, <mask>, from the wealthy South African Birch family had been hospitalised for several years in mental hospitals following the death of her first child, a boy. She was in the huge mental hospital in Pietermaritzburg when she gave birth to <mask>. Although she was not allowed to keep the child, she did give the daughter her own name. Infant <mask> was first placed with white foster parents on the assumption that she was white.A few weeks later these parents realised that she was brown and returned her to the authorities. She was then placed with a mixed-race or "coloured" family, the Heathcotes, in a poor non-white area of Pietermaritzburg. Here, she grew up with a strict foster mother, Nelly Heathcote, and attended the local Catholic Church and primary school. She never quite realised that she was not a Heathcote. She enjoyed a near-normal childhood of her time and place, with the exception that her foster mother resented her love of books. When Bessie was twelve, after she had completed four years of primary school, the authorities moved

masks:
Bessie Amelia Emery Head
Bessie Amelia Emery
Bessie
Bessie Amelia Emery
Bessie
Bessie


title: Bessie Head

texts: her to St. Monica's Home for Coloured Girls, an Anglican boarding-school in Durban. At first <mask> tried to run away and go home.Later she began to appreciate the wealth of books and knowledge that the school offered. At the end of her second year she endured the first great trauma of her life. The authorities abruptly told her that she was the daughter of a white woman, not Nelly Heathcote, and that she would not be allowed to return to her former home for the Christmas holidays. The young teenager was devastated and withdrew into herself. Two years later, at the end of 1953, <mask> passed her Junior Certificate examination. She went on to do a two-year Teacher Training Certificate at a nearby college while living at St. Monica's. Finally, at the beginning of 1956, the court declared her an adult; she was awarded a provisional teaching certificate; and she accepted a job as a teacher in a coloured primary school in Durban.During this time she developed close friendships with several of the white staff of St. Monica's, as well as several members of the "Indian" community, and her interest in non-Christian religions flourished, especially Hinduism. On the other hand, she had only a passing contact with the "black" African majority in Natal, who were overwhelmingly Zulu. In mid-1958, tired of her daily routines and dreaming of bigger things, <mask> resigned her job. She had a 21st birthday party with old friends, then took a train for Cape Town, where she intended to become a journalist. Cape Town and

masks: Bessie Bessie Head


title: Bessie Head

texts:
 Johannesburg

The young <mask> arrived in Cape Town at a moment when South Africa's urbanised non-whites were beginning to stir under the ever-more-restrictive laws of apartheid. Several mass-market newspapers and magazines already catered to their tastes, of which the weekly Drum was the most famous. <mask> sought employment instead with Drum's sister publication, the weekly Golden City Post.She worked there for almost a year, filing courtroom stories and other small tasks given to rookies in the newsroom. She wrote under her real name, <mask> Amelia Emery. Although Cape Town was then of a similar size to Durban, it was vastly more diverse and sophisticated, with a much longer history. It was and is the country's political capital, being the home to its Parliament. In Pietermaritzburg and Durban, <mask> had been a member of a small minority group, English-speaking Coloureds (mixed-race). In Cape Town she was suddenly a member of the largest local racial group — Coloured — but one that spoke Afrikaans in its daily life. Although she never became comfortable in this language derived from Cape Town's early Dutch settlers, she was soon able to get by.What she found more difficult to accept were the divisions in this community by skin tone and economic status. She was too dark to join the elite, so she preferred to associate with the workers and underclass in District Six, the large Coloured community that lived on the west side of Table Mountain, not far from the centre. Between her work and her lodgings in

masks: Head Head Bessie Bessie


title: Bessie Head

texts: District Six, the young provincial newcomer quickly adopted to the style and pace of the big city. She also became more acutely aware of South Africa's many internal conflicts. In 1959 <mask> moved to Johannesburg to work on Home Post, another of Drum's sister publications; she was given her own column and a steady salary. Here she met such noted writers as Lewis Nkosi, Can Themba, and Dennis Brutus and experimented with her own independent writing. But her life-changing experiences at this time were coming into contact with black nationalist political writings, especially those of the Pan-Africanists George Padmore and Robert Sobukwe.One of Padmore's books "gave me a new skin and a new life that was totally unacceptable to conditions down there," she later wrote. She met Sobukwe and found him an overwhelming personal presence. She also came into contact with jazz and jazz musicians, developing an instant crush on the young Abdullah Ibrahim, aka Dollar Brand, who led the country's foremost jazz ensemble. The personal and political exploded in early 1960. <mask> joined Sobukwe's Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) a few weeks before that party led a fateful mass protest in Soweto, Sharpeville, and other black townships. The Sharpeville massacre ensued, triggering decisive political and social changes in South Africa. Black political parties were banned and thousands of activists were arrested.<mask> worked briefly to support PAC prisoners before being arrested herself in an ugly incident of mutual betrayal among

masks: Head Head Head


title: Bessie Head

texts:
 PAC sympathisers. Although the charges against her were eventually dismissed, she soon spiralled down into a deep depression and attempted suicide. After a brief hospitalization, she returned to Cape Town, temporarily broken in spirit and disillusioned with politics. Around 1969, <mask> also began to suffer symptoms of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

After a year of lying low, <mask> reappeared in Cape Town's intellectual and political circles, associating with the multiracial intellectuals of the Liberal Party as well as with the agitators of the PAC. She began to smoke and drink. In July 1961 she met <mask>, a well-spoken young Coloured man from Pretoria who had many of the same intellectual interests as herself. Six weeks later they were married, and on May 15, 1962 their only child, Howard Rex <mask> was born.The infant was marked by a slight, then-unrecognised foetal alcohol disorder, one that was to affect him throughout his life. Both Harold and <mask> wrote articles at this time, most often for The New African, an upstart monthly published in Cape Town. <mask> also wrote a dramatic novella, The Cardinals, that went unpublished for thirty years. But mostly the Heads were poor and their marriage was deteriorating. Howard proved to be an unsmiling baby. In great frustration <mask> left Cape Town at the end of 1963 to live with her mother-in-law near Pretoria, taking Howard with her. When that relationship also broke down, <mask> had had enough.She applied for a teaching job in the neighbouring

masks:
Head
Head
Harold Head
Head
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Head


title: Bessie Head

texts:
 Bechuanaland Protectorate (now Botswana) and was accepted. Although she could not obtain a passport, a friend helped her to obtain a one-way exit permit. Toward the end of March 1964 she and her son boarded a train for the north. <mask> never saw South Africa again. Botswana

In 1964, abandoning her life in South Africa, she moved with her young son to Botswana (then still the Bechuanaland Protectorate) seeking asylum, having been peripherally involved with Pan-African politics. It would take 15 years for <mask> to obtain Botswana citizenship. <mask> settled in Serowe, the largest of Botswana's "villages" (i.e., traditional settlements as opposed to settler towns).Serowe was famous both for its historical importance, as capital of the Bamangwato people, and for the experimental Swaneng school of Patrick van Rensburg. The deposed chief of the Bamangwato, Seretse Khama, was soon to become the first president of independent Botswana. Her early death in Serowe in 1986 (aged 48) from hepatitis came just at the point where she was starting to achieve recognition as a writer and was no longer so desperately poor. Writing
Most of <mask> <mask>'s important works are set in Serowe. The three novels When Rain Clouds Gather (1968), Maru (1971), and A Question of Power (1973) all have this setting. The three are also autobiographical; When Rain Clouds Gather is based on her experience living on a development farm, Maru incorporates her experience of being considered racially inferior, and A Question of Power draws on

masks: Head Head Head Bessie Head


title: Bessie Head

texts:
 her understanding of what it was like to experience acute psychological distress. <mask> also published a number of short stories, including the collection The Collector of Treasures (1977).She published a book on the history of Serowe, the village she settled in, called Serowe: Village of the Rainwind. Her last novel, A Bewitched Crossroad (1984), is historical, set in 19th-century Botswana. She had also written a story of two prophets, one wealthy and one who lived poorly called "Jacob: The Faith-Healing Priest". <mask>'s work focused on the everyday life of ordinary people and their role in larger African political struggles. Religious ideas feature prominently at times, as in the work A Question of Power. <mask> was initially brought up as a Christian; however, she was later influenced by Hinduism (to which she was exposed through South Africa's Indian community). Most of her writing took place while she was in exile in Botswana.An exception is the novel The Cardinals (published posthumously), set in South Africa. In some ways <mask> <mask> remained an outsider in her adopted country, and some discern she had something of a love-hate relationship with it. She struggled with mental illness and suffered a major psychotic episode in 1969, which led to a period of hospitalisation in Lobatse Mental Hospital. A Question of Power, which <mask> <mask> considered as "almost autobiographical" was written after this episode. Influences

Much of <mask>'s work was heavily influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, saying that

masks: Head Head Head Bessie Head Bessie Head Head


title: Bessie Head

texts:
 she had “never read anything that aroused my feelings like Gandhi’s political statements”. <mask> was strongly inspired by Gandhi and the way he clearly described present political issues. Reading his papers, <mask> was amazed by the work and came to the conclusion that Gandhi must be “God as a man”.Honours and awards
In 1977, <mask> attended the University of Iowa's International Writing Program, a very prestigious program that only a select number of writers from all over the world are invited to attend. In 2003 she was posthumously awarded the South African Order of Ikhamanga in Gold for her "exceptional contribution to literature and the struggle for social change, freedom and peace." Legacy
In 2007 the Bessie Head Heritage Trust was established, along with the Bessie Head Literature Awards. On 12 July 2007 the library in Pietermaritzburg was renamed the Bessie Head Library in her honour. The Bessie Head Papers are stored in the Khama III Memorial Museum in Serowe. Bibliography
 When Rain Clouds Gather – London: Gollancz, 1968. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969.Heinemann, 1987. Macmillan Education, 2006. Maru – London: Gollancz, 1971. New York: McCall, 1971. Heinemann African Writers Series (101), 1972; 1987. A Question of Power – London: Davis-Poynter, 1973. New York: Pantheon, 1974.Heinemann (AWS 149), 1974, 1986. Penguin Modern Classics, with an introduction by Margaret Busby, 2002; Penguin African Writers, 2012. The Collector of Treasures and Other Botswana Village Tales – London: Heinemann, 1977.


title: Bessie Head

texts:
 Cape Town: David Philip, 1977. Serowe: Village of the Rain Wind – London: Heinemann, 1981. Cape Town: David Philip, 1981. A Bewitched Crossroad: An African Saga – Johannesburg: Ad Donker, 1984.Tales of Tenderness and Power, ed. Gillian Stead Eilersen – Johannesburg: Ad Donker, 1989. Oxford: Heinemann, 1990. A Woman Alone: Autobiographical Writings, ed. Craig MacKenzie – Oxford: Heinemann, 1990. A Gesture of Belonging: Letters from <mask> <mask>, 1965-1979, ed. Randolph Vigne – London: South Africa Writers.Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann, 1990. Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 1991. The Cardinals. With Meditations and Short Stories, ed. Margaret J. Daymond – Cape Town: David Philip, 1993. Heinemann, 1996. Imaginative Trespasser: Letters between <mask> <mask>, Patrick and Wendy Cullinan 1963-1977, compiled by Patrick Cullinan, with a personal memoir – Johannesburg: Wits University Press; Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 2005.When Rain Clouds Gather and Maru, introduced by Helen Oyeyemi – London: Virago, 2010. The Lovers (Heinemann, 2011). Expanded and updated collection of short stories using Tales of Tenderness and Power as a basis. References

Further reading
 Brown, Coreen, The Creative Vision of Bessie <mask>. Rosemont Publishing & Printing Corp., Massachusetts; Associated University Presses, New Jersey, London & Ontario. 2003. Curry, Ginette."Toubab La! ": Literary Representations of Mixed-race Characters in the African Diaspora.Cambridge Scholars Pub., Newcastle, England.2007 .

masks: Bessie Head Bessie Head Head


title: Bessie Head

texts:
 Giffuni, C. "Bessie <mask>: A Bibliography," A Current Bibliography on African Affairs, Vol. 19(3), 1986–87. Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, 1993–97
 Ibrahim, Huma. Bessie <mask>: Subversive Identities in Exile (1996), Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. Eilersen, Gillian Stead.Bessie <mask>: Thunder Behind Her Ears - Her Life and Writings (Studies in African Literature) (1995), Cape Town: James Currey, ; (1996) London: Heinemann

External links

Bessie Head Heritage website
"Looking for Rain God" - A short story
Elinettie Kwanjana Chabwera, "Bessie <mask>: Race and Displacement in When Rain Clouds Gather, Maru and A Question of Power", Leeds African Studies Bulletin 66 (2004), pp. 58–62. Elinettie Kwanjana Chabwera, "Madness and Spirituality in <mask> <mask>’s A Question of Power", Leeds African Studies Bulletin, 71 (2009/10), pp. 59–70. Natasha Lloyd-Owen, "Pleasure, Autonomy and the Myth of the Untouchable Body in <mask> <mask>’s Maru", Leeds African Studies Bulletin, 73 (2011), pp. 46–52. Gillian Stead Eilersen, "Endpiece: A skin of her own", New Internationalist, Issue 247, September 1993.1937 births
1986 deaths
People from Pietermaritzburg
Coloured South African people
Botswana women writers
South African journalists
20th-century novelists
Recipients of the Order of Ikhamanga
Deaths from hepatitis
International Writing Program alumni
Botswana novelists
20th-century short story writers
20th-century women writers
South African women novelists
Botswana women short story

masks: Head Head Head Head Bessie Head Bessie Head


title: Charlie Puth

texts:
<mask>. (; born December 2, 1991) is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. His initial exposure came through the viral success of his song videos uploaded to YouTube. After initially signing with eleveneleven after performing on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Puth began contributing to songs and albums for other artists, as well as creating lite solo material and covers of popular songs. With primary intent on a solo career, Atlantic Records and Artist Partner Group eventually sought the artist and released his debut single, "Marvin Gaye" (featuring Meghan Trainor), in 2015. His next single and first feature, "See You Again", which he co-wrote, co-produced, and performed with Atlantic label-mate Wiz Khalifa for the Furious 7 soundtrack as a tribute to actor Paul Walker. It peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 for 12 non-consecutive weeks. After the success of "See You Again", he gained worldwide recognition for multiple subsequent releases, including his next single, "One Call Away".The single reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100. Puth's debut studio album, Nine Track Mind, was released in January 2016 to moderate commercial success. The album was preceded by the singles "One Call Away" and "We Don't Talk Anymore" (featuring Selena Gomez), which peaked at number 12 and number 9 respectively on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2017, he released two songs, "Attention" and "How Long", with the former peaking at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100. Both were included on his second studio album, Voicenotes (2018), with ameliorated critical reception and a peak of number 4 on the Billboard 200. In 2019, Puth released the singles "I Warned Myself", "Mother" and "Cheating on You". The following year, Puth released singles "Girlfriend" and "Hard on Yourself."Early life
Charles


title: Charlie Puth

texts:
 Otto <mask> Jr. was born December 2, 1991, in Rumson, New Jersey, to Debra, a music teacher who also wrote commercials for HBO, and Charles Otto <mask> Sr., a builder and real estate agent. His father is Catholic and his mother is Jewish. He has two younger siblings, twins Stephen and Mikaela. As a two-year-old, <mask>'s right eyebrow was permanently scarred in a nearly fatal dog-bite incident. <mask>'s mother introduced him to classical music and began teaching him the piano at age 4. He started studying jazz at age 10 and participated in a summer youth jazz ensemble at Count Basie Theatre's Cool School in Red Bank, New Jersey at 12. He was hired by The Count Basie Theatre to play in a <mask> Brown production.In grade six, he went door to door selling a Christmas album called Have a Very Charlie Christmas that he had recorded and produced, making $600 in sales. He attended the Holy Cross School, Rumson, and Forrestdale Middle School, before graduating from the Rumson-Fair Haven Regional High School in 2010. During his seventh grade to senior years, he attended Manhattan School of Music Pre-College as a jazz piano major and a classical studies minor. Puth graduated in 2013 from the Berklee College of Music, where he majored in music production and engineering. Career

2009–2014: Career beginnings
In September 2009, he started his own YouTube channel, entitled Charlies Vlogs, posting comedy videos and acoustic covers. In 2010, Puth released the music video of his first song, "These Are My Sexy Shades". In December 2010, he released his debut extended play, The Otto Tunes, an independent release.In 2011, he won an online video competition sponsored by Perez Hilton, Can You Sing?, with a version of Adele's "Someone like You" which he performed with Emily Luther. In the same year Ellen

masks: Puth Puth Puth Puth Charlie


title: Charlie Puth

texts:
 DeGeneres announced that she had signed Puth and Luther to her label, eleveneleven, after seeing their performance of Adele's "Someone like You". Puth and Luther had performed the song on the show. In December 2012 he released a promotional single, "Break Again", with additional vocals by Emily Luther. The music video was released days later. On January 25, 2012, Puth and Luther performed the song and Lady Antebellum's "Need You Now" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show. Puth also performed at an event supporting DKMS Delete Blood Cancer, the world's largest bone marrow donor center, in October 2012.<mask> left eleveneleven in late 2012. On October 23, 2013, he released his second independent extended play, Ego, to streaming online. Puth was credited with the production and writing of songs and jingles for fellow YouTube personalities. He wrote the theme song for Shane Dawson's Shane and Friends podcast and skits, the intro jingle for the videos of the Vlogger family the SHAYTARDS, the original theme song for Charles Trippy's vlog Internet Killed Television, and a song for the tour and movie of YouTube group Our 2nd Life, as well as several singles for Our 2nd Life member Ricky Dillon. In 2014 he released the promotional single "L.U.V." The music video was directed by Andrew Vallentine In the same year, he co-wrote the song "Celebrate" on Pitbull's eighth studio album Globalization. 2015–2016: "See You Again" and Nine Track Mind

In early 2015, <mask> signed with APG/Atlantic and his previous records were removed from iTunes.In February 2015, <mask> released his debut single "Marvin Gaye", which features American singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor. The single has been certified 2× Platinum in Australia, topped the charts in New Zealand, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, and peaked at number 21 on

masks: Puth Puth Puth


title: Charlie Puth

texts: the US Billboard Hot 100. Puth wrote, co-produced, and was featured on a song with Wiz Khalifa, "See You Again", a tribute to the late Paul Walker, included in the Furious 7 soundtrack. While Khalifa wrote the rap lyrics, the rest of the song has been credited to Puth. The song peaked at number one on the Hot 100 chart for 12 non-consecutive weeks. "See You Again" was nominated for three Grammy Awards: Song of the Year, Best Pop Duo/Group Performance and Best Song Written for Visual Media. It was also shortlisted for the Song of the Year for the BBC Music Awards and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards.He produced the song "Slow Motion" for Trey Songz and has arranged sessions with Jason Derulo and Lil Wayne. Puth starred as Meghan Trainor's love interest in the music video for her song "Dear Future Husband," released in March 2015. In the video, she meets <mask> on an online dating service and he comes to Trainor's home with a carryout pizza, which succeeds in impressing her. On May 1, 2015, Puth released a five-song extended play, Some Type of Love. In June 2015, he released the promotional single "Nothing but Trouble" with Lil Wayne, from the soundtrack to the documentary 808: The Movie. During 2015, <mask> worked on several albums of other artists. He co-wrote and produced the "Broke" and "Pull Up" for Jason Derulo's album Everything Is 4, co-wrote "Bombastic" with Bonnie McKee from the album of the same title, and produced "Working Class Heroes (Work)" on CeeLo Green's album Heart Blanche.Pre-orders for Puth's debut studio album Nine Track Mind began on August 20, 2015, along with the second single "One Call Away". The song peaked at number 12 in the United States, 26 in the United Kingdom and 4 in Australia. , the song

masks: Puth Puth


title: Charlie Puth

texts:
 has sold 513,700 copies domestically. Puth released a remix for the song, entitled "One Call Away (Coast to Coast Mix)", featuring American rappers Tyga and Ty Dolla Sign, country recording artist Brett Eldredge and Mexican singer Sofia Reyes. His debut album, Nine Track Mind, was released on January 29, 2016. The album debuted at number three in the United Kingdom. The album itself peaked at number 6 on the Billboard 200, receiving a score of 37 out of 100 on Metacritic, becoming the 15th worst reviewed album on the site.<mask> embarked his debut live concert, Nine Track Mind Tour, in March 2016. In 2016, <mask> was the first musician to sign a deal with Deutsch Music, a subsidiary of Deutsch Inc.

2017–2018: Voicenotes

On April 21, 2017, <mask> released the lead single, "Attention", from his second studio album, Voicenotes. The song peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 becoming his highest charting single on the chart as of June 2020. By the start of 2021, the YouTube video of the song had amassed over 1.2 billion views. The second single from Voicenotes, "How Long", was released on October 5, 2017 & peaked at No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100.Puth also collaborated with One Direction's Liam Payne on the single "Bedroom Floor", which he co-produced and provided background vocals for. In 2018, he was featured on G-Eazy's single "Sober". On January 4, 2018, Puth released the first promotional single of off Voicenotes "If You Leave Me Now" featuring Boyz II Men. Puth also stated in a tweet that he would be pushing the release date to May 11, 2018, from its original release date of January 19, 2018. On March 15, 2018, "Done for Me" was released as the third single from Voicenotes. The song features singer Kehlani. The song also peaked at No.53 on the Billboard Hot 100. On March 25,


title: Charlie Puth

texts:
 2018, Puth released the fourth single "Change" featuring James Taylor. A day earlier, Puth sang the song at the March for Our Lives event in Los Angeles. The album also features the songs "The Way I Am" the fifth single off the album. Voicenotes was released on May 11, 2018, to generally positive reviews from critics; it debuted and peaked at number four on the US Billboard 200 with 58,000 album-equivalent units, of which 39,000 were pure album sales. Puth embarked on the Voicenotes Tour in 2018, with Hailee Steinfeld as a special guest. 2019–present: New music and Charlie
On August 13, 2019, a remix version of the 5 Seconds of Summer song "Easier" with Puth (who also co-wrote and produced the original version) was released.On August 21 of the same year, Puth released a single called "I Warned Myself"; another single, "Mother", was released on September 12. A third single, "Cheating on You", was released on October 1, 2019. Puth would later reveal in an interview with Zane Lowe that he "didn't really like any of the music" he released in 2019. "I felt like I was kind of pretending to be a cool guy," he said of the singles. On April 17, 2020, Puth appeared on a remix of Gabby Barrett's "I Hope" and performed the song live alongside her at the 54th Annual Country Music Association Awards. The following day, he performed a song titled "Sick", which was made during the COVID-19 pandemic. In November 2020, Puth appeared in a remix version of Sasha Sloan's "Is It Just Me?".On September 22, 2021, <mask> released a song with Elton John titled "After All" as part of John's album The Lockdown Sessions. On January 20, 2022, Puth released "Light Switch", the first single of his third studio album Charlie, due out later in 2022. Personal life
Growing up, Puth was bullied at school. He has said,


title: Charlie Puth

texts:
 "They would team up against me so bad and they would kick me in a place that wouldn't feel fantastic and I would need to throw up and they would then say I was pretending to throw up." On On Air with Ryan Seacrest he said he had suffered a nervous breakdown from "just being overworked—and I'm in my head a lot and that, in combination with jetlag and, you know, the self-realization that I am getting more famous and my privacy goes out the window pretty much every day—it's just not what I'm used to, and I don't think I'm ever going to be used to it, and my therapy is to just put melody to it and sing it." Puth has collaborated with clothing brand Hollister Co. since 2017. Puth has said that Justin Bieber's "viral leap into superstardom as a result of YouTube" influenced him to attempt the same.Discography

 Nine Track Mind (2016)
 Voicenotes (2018)
  <mask>  (2022)

Filmography

Awards and nominations

Concert tours
Headlining
 Nine Track Mind Tour (2016)
 Don't Talk Tour (2016)
 Voicenotes Tour (2018)

Co-headlining
 Jingle Ball Tour 2015  (2015)
 Jingle Ball Tour 2016  (2016)
 Summertime Ball Tour 2017  (2017)
 Jingle Ball Tour 2017  (2017)
Jingle Ball Tour 2019  (2019)
Supporting
 Illuminate World Tour  (2017)

See also
 List of artists who reached number one in the United States

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
21st-century American singers
Berklee College of Music alumni
American male singer-songwriters
Record producers from New Jersey
Singer-songwriters from New Jersey
Atlantic Records artists
Jewish American songwriters
Jewish singers
People from Rumson, New Jersey
Rumson-Fair Haven Regional High School alumni
American contemporary R&B singers
American male pop singers
American pop rock singers
21st-century American male singers
21st-century


title: David Ochterlony

texts:
Major-general <mask>, 1st Baronet of Pitforthy, 1st Baronet of Ochterlony GCB (12 February 175815 July 1825) was a Massachusetts born military officer of the East India Company in British India. He held the powerful post of British Resident to the Mughal court at Delhi. Biography

Background
<mask> was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the eldest son of Captain <mask> (also Ochterloney) and his wife, Katherine Tyler. His father was born into an ancient family in Forfarshire, Scotland, and his mother was born in Boston to settlers of English and Welsh descent. His mother was the niece of Sir William Pepperrell. He had two younger brothers, Gilbert and Alexander, and a sister, Catherine. Captain <mask> died in the Saint Vincent, West Indies, in 1765, after which his widow moved to England and his mother remarried to Sir Isaac Heard, Garter King-of-Arms.He attended the Boston Latin School and Dummer Charity School (now known as The Governor's Academy) in nearby Byfield, Massachusetts. Career in India
In 1777, at age 18, Ochterlony went as a cadet to India. In February 1778 he was commissioned into the Bengal Native Infantry as an ensign and that same September was advanced to lieutenant. In June 1782 whilst serving in the Second Anglo-Mysore War he was wounded and taken prisoner. He remained in captivity for the duration of the war, and was only released when peace resumed in 1784. He thereafter returned to Calcutta, and in recognition of his eminent service during the war was conferred with the appointment of Judge Advocate-General for one of the divisions in the army. In 1796 he was promoted to Captain and in 1800 to

masks:
Sir David Ochterlony
David Ochterlony
David Ochterlony
Ochterlony


title: David Ochterlony

texts:
 Rajputana column and made a separate agreement with Amir Khan.He detached him from the Pindaris, and then, interposing his own force between the two main divisions of the enemy, brought the war to an end without an engagement. He was afterwards made Resident and Political Agent of Malwa, thus having the entire superintendency of the affairs of central India. During this period he encountered and engaged in an ongoing personal feud with James Tod, which was based most likely on the power politics within the hierarchy of the East India Company. Death
When Durjan Sal revolted in 1825 against Balwant Singh, the infant Raja of the Princely state of Bharatpur, Ochterlony acting on his own accord supported the young Raja by proclamation and ordered out a force to support him. However, the Governor-General of India, Lord Amherst, repudiated these proceedings and ordered the army to return. Ochterlony, who was bitterly chagrined by this rebuff, resigned his office, and retired to Delhi. He was to be replaced by his good friend Sir Charles Metcalfe.The feeling that the confidence which his length of service merited had not been given him by the governor-general is said to have accelerated his death, and he died at Meerut in July 1825. He is interred in St. John's Church in Meerut. The Ochterlony column at Calcutta commemorated his name, though it has since been rededicated. Private life

As the official British Resident at Delhi, <mask>y adopted and thoroughly embraced Indo-Persian culture of Mughals. He was reputed to have thirteen Indian concubines (as seen by the British) or wives (as seen by others). Every evening, he


title: David Ochterlony

texts:
 used to take all thirteen of his wives on a promenade around the walls of the Red Fort, each on the back of her own elephant. Mubarak Begum
The most prominent among Ochterlony's women was Bebee Mahruttun Mubarak ul Nissa Begum, Nicknamed "Generallee Begum", she was Ochterlony's favorite and the mother of his youngest children.As such, she took clear precedence over the rest of the household. She was considered to be a devout Muslim, having once applied for leave to make the hajj to Mecca. Although much younger than Ochterlony, Mubarak was seen as the dominant personality in the relationship. This led one observer to remark that "making Sir <mask> Begum". Another observer remarked that "Ochterlony's mistress is the mistress now of everyone within the walls. As a result of her influence, Ochterlony considered raising his children as Muslims, and when his two daughters by Mubarak Begum had grown up, he adopted a child from the family of the Nawabs of Loharu, one of the leading Muslim families of Delhi. Raised by Mubarak, the girl went on to marry her cousin, a nephew of the famous Urdu poet Mirza Ghalib.Mubarak even seems to have set herself up as a power in her own right, and even formed her own independent foreign policy. At one point, it was reported that "Mubarak Begum, alias Generalee Begum, fills the [Delhi] papers with accounts of the Nizars and Khiluts [gifts and dresses of honor] given and taken by her in her transactions with the Vacquils [ambassadors of the different Indian powers] - an extraordinary liberty, if true." However, in spite of all her power and high status, Mubarak Begum was widely unpopular


title: David Ochterlony

texts:
 among the British and the Mughals alike. She offended the British by calling herself "Lady Ochterlony" and on the other hand, also offended the Mughals by awarding herself the title "Qudsia Begum", a title previously reserved for the Emperor's mother. After Ochterlony's death, she inherited Mubarak Bagh, an Anglo-Mughal garden tomb Ochterlony had built in the north of Old Delhi, but her intense unpopularity combined with her background as a dancing girl ensured that no Mughal gentleman would use her structure. To this date, the tomb is still referred to by the local inhabitants of the old city as the "Rundi ki Masjid" (the Whore's Mosque). Descendants

Ochterlony had at least six natural (illegitimate) children, by two or more of his concubines:
 Roderick Peregrine <mask>, of Delhi (1785-d by 1823), his only son; he married 1808 Sarah Nelly, the daughter of Lt. Col. John Nelly of the Bengal Engineers, at Allahabad, India.Roderick and <mask> had three children. A daughter, <mask>, died in 1835 (death mentioned in The Gentleman's Magazine). Sir Charles Metcalfe <mask>, 2nd Baronet (1817–1891), who succeeded his grandfather by special remainder in 1825. He married in 1844 a Miss Sarah Tribe of Liverpool, and had as descendants three sons and two daughters. This creation became extinct on the death of the fifth Baronet in 1964. <mask> (d. 1835)
 [by Mubarak Begum] a daughter
 [by Mubarak Begum] a daughter

References

1758 births
1825 deaths
British East India Company Army generals
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
People from Massachusetts
American emigrants to the United Kingdom
The Governor's Academy

masks:
Ochterlony
Sarah Ochterlony
Charlotte Ochterlony
Ochterlony
Charlotte Ochterlony


title: Randal Grichuk

texts:
<mask> (born August 13, 1991) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB). The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim drafted him in the first round of the 2009 MLB draft from Lamar Consolidated High School in Rosenberg, Texas. He played five seasons in the Angels' minor leagues system, losing time to injury but also developing home-run hitting ability throughout. The Angels traded him to the St. Louis Cardinals in November 2013, and he made his major league debut on April 28, 2014. Grichuk can hit for power, and provides speed and strong defense. He plays all three outfield positions, possessing a strong arm and patrolling mainly right field in the minor leagues. Originally projected to be a first baseman before the draft, he improved his outfield defense and won the Gold Glove Award for all minor league right fielders in 2013.Early life and amateur career
In 2003 and 2004, <mask> participated in the Little League World Series for Lamar National of Richmond, Texas. He was featured in Sports Illustrateds "Faces in the Crowd" section in July 2005. <mask> attended Lamar Consolidated High School in Rosenberg, Texas. In 2008, as a Lamar Consolidated Baseball player, he was a First Team All-State OF and the All-Houston Area Most Valuable Player (MVP). That season, Grichuk batted .435 with 18 home runs and 45 RBI, leading the Mustangs to a school record 29 wins and a Regional Final appearance. In 2009, he was the 24-4A District MVP, Fort Bend Area MVP, 2009 1st Team All State OF, and 2009 1st Team All-American (EA Sports and Baseball America). In 28 games he hit .613 with 21 home runs, 46 hits, 46 RBI and 47 runs before Lamar was defeated in the third round of the playoffs.On his 28th birthday, <mask> revealed that

masks:
Randal Alexander Grichuk
Grichuk
Grichuk
Grichuk