title: Alfred Bester

texts: his mind for Astounding. Bester says that he replied (in jest), "You sonofabitch.I won that Thrilling Wonder contest, and you beat me by twenty dollars." However, as Bester was the winner of the contest, Mort Weisinger also "introduced me to the informal luncheon gatherings of the working science fiction authors of the late thirties." He met Henry Kuttner, Edmond Hamilton, Otto Binder, Malcolm Jameson and Manly Wade Wellman there. During 1939 and 1940 Weisinger published three more of Bester's stories in Thrilling Wonder Stories and Startling Stories. For the next few years, Bester continued to publish short fiction, most notably in John W. Campbell's Astounding Science Fiction. In 1942, two of his science fiction editors got work at DC Comics, and invited <mask> to contribute to various DC titles. Consequently, <mask> left the field of short story writing and began working for DC Comics as a writer on Superman, and, under the editorship of Julius Schwartz, Green Lantern, among other titles.He created super-villain Solomon Grundy and the version of the Green Lantern Oath that begins "In brightest day, In blackest night". <mask> was also the writer for Lee Falk's comic strips The Phantom and Mandrake the Magician while their creator served in World War II. It is widely speculated how much influence Bester had on these comics. One theory claims that <mask> was responsible for giving the Phantom his surname, "Walker". After four years in the comics industry, in 1946 Bester turned his attention to radio scripts, after wife Rolly (a busy radio actress) told him that the show Nick Carter, Master Detective was looking for story

masks: Bester Bester Bester Bester


title: Alfred Bester

type: original

texts:
 world in which telepathy is relatively common. Bester creates a harshly capitalistic, hierarchical and competitive social world that exists without deceit: a society in which the right person with some skill (or money) and curiosity can access your memories, secrets, fears and past misdeeds more swiftly than even you. Originally published in three parts in Galaxy, beginning in January 1952, The Demolished Man appeared in book form in 1953. It was dedicated to Gold, who made a number of suggestions during its writing. Originally, Bester wanted the title to be Demolition!,  but Gold talked him out of it. Who He?(1953)
<mask>'s 1953 novel Who He? (also known as The Rat Race) concerns a TV variety show writer who wakes up after an alcoholic blackout and discovers that someone is out to destroy his life. According to Bester, the TV show elements were based on his experiences working on The Paul Winchell Show. A contemporary novel with no science fiction elements, it did not receive wide attention. It did, however, earn Bester a fair amount of money from the sale of the paperback reprint rights (the book appeared in paperback as The Rat Race). He also received a substantial sum of money from a movie studio for the film option to the book. Reportedly, Jackie Gleason was interested in starring as the variety show writer and licensed movie rights to the story; however no movie was ever made of Who He?Still, the payout from the film option was large enough that <mask> and Rolly <mask> decided they could afford to travel to Europe for the next few years. They lived mainly in Italy and England during this period. The Stars My Destination

masks: Bester Alfred Bester


title: Alfred Bester

texts:
 (1956)
Bester's next novel was outlined while he was living in Britain and then written mostly when he was living in Rome. The Stars My Destination (also known as Tiger! Tiger!) had its origins in a newspaper clipping that Bester found about Poon Lim, a shipwrecked World War II sailor on a raft, who had drifted unrescued in the Pacific for a world record 133 days because passing ships thought he was a lure to bring them within torpedo range of a hidden submarine. From that germ grew the story of Gully Foyle, seeking revenge for his abandonment and causing havoc all about him: a science fiction re-telling of Alexandre Dumas' The Count of Monte Cristo with teleportation added to the mix.It has been described as an ancestor of cyberpunk. First published in book form in the UK in June 1956 as Tiger! Tiger!, The Stars My Destination was subsequently serialized in Galaxy, where The Demolished Man had also appeared. It ran in four parts (October 1956 through January 1957) and the book was published in the USA later in 1957. Though repeatedly voted in polls the "Best Science Fiction Novel of All Time", The Stars My Destination would prove to be <mask>'s last novel for 19 years. A radio adaptation was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1991 and again in 1993. Film adaptations of The Stars My Destination have been frequently rumored.According to David Hughes' Greatest Sci-Fi Movies Never Made, Richard Gere owned the rights to this novel right after his success with Pretty Woman, and wanted to star in it. Later, NeverEnding Story producer Bernd Eichinger had the rights and hired Neal Adams to do concept art. Still later, Paul W. S. Anderson was set


title: Alfred Bester

texts:
 to direct it, but wound up doing Event Horizon instead. Since then, a number of scripts have been written, but nothing more has happened. Magazine fiction and non-fiction: 1959–1962
While on his European trip, Bester began selling non-fiction pieces about various European locations to the mainstream travel/lifestyle magazine Holiday. The Holiday editors, impressed with his work, invited Bester back to their headquarters in New York and began commissioning him to write travel articles about various far-flung locales, as well as doing interviews with such stars as Sophia Loren, Anthony Quinn, and Sir Edmund Hillary. As a result of steady work with Holiday, Bester's science fiction output dropped precipitously in the years following the publication of The Stars My Destination.Bester published three short stories each in 1958 and 1959, including 1958's "The Men Who Murdered Mohammed" and 1959's "The Pi Man", both of which were nominated for Hugo Awards. However, for a four-year period from October 1959 to October 1963, he published no fiction at all. Instead, he concentrated on his work at Holiday (where he was made a senior editor), reviewed books for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (from 1960 to 1962) and returned to television scripting. Television: 1959–1962
During the 1950s, <mask> contributed a satiric sketch, "I Remember Hiroshima", to The Paul Winchell Show. His later story "Hobson's Choice" was based on it. In 1959, <mask> adapted his 1954 story "Fondly Fahrenheit" to television as Murder and the Android. Telecast in color on October 18, 1959, the hour-long drama took place in the year 2359 amid futuristic sets

masks: Bester Bester


title: Alfred Bester

texts:
 designed by Ted Cooper.This NBC Sunday Showcase production, produced by Robert Alan Aurthur with a cast of Kevin McCarthy, Rip Torn, Suzanne Pleshette and Telly Savalas, was reviewed by syndicated radio-television critic John Crosby:

Murder and the Android was nominated for a 1960 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and was given a repeat on September 5, 1960, the Labor Day weekend in which that Hugo Award was presented (to The Twilight Zone) at the World Science Fiction Convention in Pittsburgh. Bester returned to Sunday Showcase March 5, 1960, with an original teleplay, Turn the Key Deftly. Telecast in color, that mystery, set in a traveling circus, starred Julie Harris, Maximilian Schell and Francis Lederer. For Alcoa Premiere, hosted by Fred Astaire, he wrote Mr. Lucifer, which aired November 1, 1962, with Astaire in the title role opposite Elizabeth Montgomery. A light comedy, the story concerned the modern day Lucifer—whose offices are now on Madison Avenue—working with his beautiful secretary to try to corrupt a clean-cut American husband and wife. Senior editor of Holiday: 1963–1971
After a four-year layoff, Bester published a handful of science fiction short stories in 1963 and 1964. However, writing science fiction was at this stage in Bester's life clearly more of a sideline than the focus of his career.As a result, from 1964 until the original version of Holiday folded in 1971, Bester published only one science fiction short story, a 700-word science fiction spoof in the upscale mainstream magazine Status. Still, as senior editor of Holiday, <mask> was able to introduce occasional science fiction elements into


title: Alfred Bester

texts:
 the non-fiction magazine. On one occasion, he commissioned and published an article by Arthur C. Clarke describing a tourist flight to the Moon. <mask> himself, though, never published any science fiction in Holiday, which was a mainstream travel/lifestyle magazine marketed to upscale readers during an era when science fiction was largely dismissed as juvenilia. Later career: 1972–1987
Holiday magazine ceased publication in 1971, although it was later revived and reformatted by other hands, without Bester's involvement. For the first time in nearly 15 years, Bester did not have full-time employment. After a long layoff from writing science fiction, Bester returned to the field in 1972.His 1974 short story "The Four-Hour Fugue" was nominated for a Hugo Award, and <mask> received Hugo and Nebula Award nominations for his 1975 novel The Computer Connection (titled The Indian Giver as a magazine serial and later reprinted as Extro). Despite these nominations, <mask>'s work of this era generally failed to receive the critical or commercial success of his earlier period. Bester's eyesight began failing in the mid-1970s, making writing increasingly difficult, and another layoff from published writing took place between early 1975 and early 1979. It is alleged during this period that the producer of the 1978 Superman movie sent his son off to search for a writer. The name <mask> came up, but Bester wanted to focus the story on Clark Kent as the real hero, while Superman was only "his gun." The producers instead hired Mario Puzo, author of The Godfather, to write the film. Carolyn Wendell wrote, "I shall always remember the time I saw

masks:
Bester
Bester
Bester
Alfred Bester


title: Alfred Bester

texts:
 Alfie Bester in larger-than-life action, at an academic conference in New York City ten years before he died":

Bester published two short stories in 1979 and rang in the 1980s with the publication of two new novels: Golem100 (1980), and The Deceivers (1981).In addition to his failing eyesight, other health issues began to affect him, and Bester produced no new published work after 1981. His wife Rolly died in 1984. In the following years, Bester dated Judith H. McQuown [pronounced "McQueen"]. In 1985, it was announced that <mask> would be a Guest of Honor at the 1987 Worldcon, to be held in Brighton, England. As the event neared, however, <mask> fell and broke his hip. With his worsening overall health, he was plainly too ill to attend. <mask> died less than a month after the convention from complications related to his broken hip.However, shortly before his death he learned that the Science Fiction Writers of America would honor him with their Grand Master Nebula award at their 1988 convention. Two works by Bester were published posthumously. The first, Tender Loving Rage (1991), was a mainstream (i.e., non–science fiction) novel that was probably written in the late 1950s or early 1960s. The second, Psychoshop (1998), was based on an incomplete 92-page story fragment. It was completed by Roger Zelazny and remained unpublished until three years after Zelazny's death. When published, it was credited as a collaborative work. Upon his death, Bester left his literary estate to his friend and bartender Joe Suder.Legacy and tributes
 StarShipSofa described <mask> as "the godfather of modern science fiction", and made a two-part show


title: Alfred Bester

texts:
 about him. In Babylon 5, Psi-Cop <mask> is named after him (and the treatment of telepathy in Babylon 5 is similar to that in Bester's works). The time-traveling pest named "Al Phee" in Spider Robinson's Callahan's Crosstime Saloon series is based on Bester. F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre wrote a series of stories—beginning with "Time Lines" (published in Analog, 1999)—about a time-traveling criminal named Smedley Faversham, who constantly runs afoul of a scientific principle called "Bester's Law" (explicitly named after the phenomena in <mask>'s 1958 story "The Men Who Murdered Mohammed"). Firefly: Many of the names of off-camera and minor characters are drawn from the ranks of science fiction writers; under the character name "Bester," actor Dax Griffin played the original mechanic of the ship Serenity. Notable short stories
"Adam and No Eve"
"5,271,009"
"Fondly Fahrenheit"
"The Men Who Murdered Mohammed"
"The Rollercoaster"
"Time is the Traitor"
"The Disappearance Act"
"Hell Is Forever"

Awards
The Science Fiction Writers of America made Bester its ninth SFWA Grand Master in 1988 (announced before his 1987 death) and the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted him in 2001, its sixth class of two deceased and two living writers. Beside winning the inaugural Hugo Award, he was one of the runners-up for several annual literary awards.Hugo Award:

 The Demolished Man – 1953 novel

Hugo nominations:

 "Star Light, Star Bright" – 1954 short story (retro Hugo)
 "The Men Who Murdered Mohammed" – 1959 short story
 "The Pi Man" – 1960 short story
 "The Four-Hour Fugue" – 1975 short story
 The Computer Connection – 1976 novel

In the

masks:
Alfred Bester
Bester


title: Alfred Bester

texts:
 Bottle", collected in The Light Fantastic (1976)

See also

Citations

General sources

External links

 <mask> Bester Bibliography
 Contento bibliography
 Science Fiction Studies on Bester by Fiona Kelleghan
 SFWA directory of literary estates
 Alfred Bester interviewed at the 34th World Science Fiction Convention (1976), on YouTube

1913 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American short story writers
American comics writers
American male novelists
American male short story writers
American science fiction writers
Columbia Law School alumni
Golden Age comics creators
Hugo Award-winning writers
Jewish American writers
Novelists from New York (state)
Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees
SFWA Grand Masters
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Writers from New York


title: Bernard II, Count of Besalú

texts:
<mask> (, ; died 1100) was the Count of Besalú and Ripoll in Catalonia, the brother, co-ruler (from 1052), and successor of William II, who was assassinated in 1066. The second son of William I of Besalú and his wife, Adelaide, <mask> married his first cousin Ermengarda, daughter of Ponç I of Empúries and Adelaide, sister of William I. He was suspected of involvement in the murder of his brother. He was also a strong proponent of the Gregorian reforms. Described as "piadós i versatil" (pious and versatile), he was the opposite of his brother, "iracund i violent de caràcter" (of an irascible and violent character). He almost certainly took the cross and joined the First Crusade. Coinage
During his co-reign with his brother, denarii and oboli were minted by the church bearing an effigy of Saint Raphael on the obverse, with the initials S-R, and an effigy of Saint Prim or perhaps Jesus Christ on the reverse.In 1075 <mask> recovered the right to mint coinage, which had been granted to the church of the Blessed Virgin Mary by his father. The coins he minted, weighing between 0.5 and 0.6 grams, were divided by a cross on the obverse, with the words SANC-TA CR-VX (sancta crux means holy cross) on the horizontal and vertical bars respectively, and with the letters BR-NR-DS-CO (<mask>us comes, meaning count <mask>) in the spaces remaining. The reverse bore the word BISIL-DVNO (Bisilduno, of Besalú). <mask> did grant to the church a tenth of the money minted in Besalú in perpetuity, whether of gold or of silver. Ecclesiastical politics
We beseech most carefully your lordships on behalf of the city or rather the church of Tarragona and we order

masks:
Bernard II
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard


title: Bernard II, Count of Besalú

texts:
 you to make a vigorous effort to restore it in every possible way for the remission of sins. For you know what a great defence it would be for Christ's people and what a terrible blow it would be to the Saracens if, by the goodness of God, the position of that famous city were restored. If the knights of other provinces have decided with one mind to go to the aid of the Asian Church and to liberate their brothers from the tyranny of the Saracens, so ought you with one mind and with our encouragement to work with greater endurance to help a church so near you resist the invasions of the Saracens.No one must doubt that if he dies on this expedition for the love of God and his brothers his sins will surely be forgiven and he will gain a share of eternal life through the most compassionate mercy of our God. So if any of you has made up his mind to go to Asia, it is here instead that he should try to fulfill his vow, because it is no virtue to rescue Christians from the Saracens in one place, only to expose them to the tyranny and oppression of the Saracens in another. May almighty God arouse in your hearts a love of your brothers and reward your bravery with victory over the enemy.—Letter of Pope Urban II to <mask> and the other Catalan counts preparing to go on the First Crusade

He presided over synods held at Girona in 1068, 1078, and 1097, and was forced to act against his simoniacal relative, Wifred, Archbishop of Narbonne. Around 1068 <mask>, Wifred, and the bishops Berengar of Girona and William of Vic had to expel by force the simoniacal abbot of Ripoll, Miro. In 1070 he subjected the monasteries of Santa Maria de Ripoll, Sant

masks: Bernard Bernard


title: Bernard II, Count of Besalú

texts:
 Pere de Besalú, and Sant Martí de Les to that of Saint-Victor de Marseille. It was probably at the instigation of his relative Hunald, abbot of Moissac, that <mask> ceded Ripoll to the jurisdiction of the abbot of Saint-Victor, <mask> Rodez, at a meeting of the two on 27 December 1070. On 2 February 1071 a Marseillaise abbot, <mask>, is already recorded acting in charge of Ripoll.<mask> had granted the monastery of Cuberes to the Cluniac foundation of Moissac by 1073. In 1078 he joined his three monasteries of Sant Pere de Camprodon, Sant Pau del Fenollet (Valloles), and Santa Maria d'Arles de Tec to Moissac.<ref>Josep Puig i Cadafalch (2003), "Un cas interessant d'influència francesa a Catalunya: Sant Joan de les Abadesses," in Escrits d'arquitectura, art i política, ed. Xavier Barral i Altet (Institut d'Estudis Catalans), 277; translated from "Un cas intéressant d'influence française en Catalogne: Sant Joan de les Abadesses," Revue de l'Art Chrétien, 1 (1914).</ref>

In December 1077 in a synod was held in Besalú by the papal legate Amatus, Bishop of Oloron. <mask>, acting upon the advice of the legate, deposed and replaced the simoniacal abbots of his realm. He then issued a charter wherein he listed the payments (census) due the Holy See from seven religious houses in his lands, he declared an irregularly or simoniacally elected abbot deposed by papal authority, and he promised that he and his successors would incur a personal census of 100 gold mancuses annually in order that he might be considered a "special knight of Saint Peter" (pecularis miles sancti Petri). Despite the promises, there is no actual evidence of payment

masks:
Bernard
Bernard de
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard


title: Bernard II, Count of Besalú

texts:
 during the pontificate of Gregory VII. It is sometimes said that <mask>—following the example of Sancho Ramírez, who had done the same with the Kingdom of Aragon in 1068—surrendered his county to the Papacy and received it back as a fief.Richard W. Southern (1953), The Making of the Middle Ages (New Haven: Yale University Press), 123.The abbot of Saint-Victor de Marseille and papal legate to the council, Ricard de Milhau, and the monks of Ripoll pressed <mask> to join the abbey of Sant Joan de les Abadesses to Saint-Victor, perhaps by promising to restore Benedictine rule there. The cession was finalised on 4 January 1083. There is no contemporary record of this, however. Rather the legend dates from the 1115 house chronicle of Sant Joan. <mask> held his county directly from God. By a charter dated 26 September 1084, <mask> donated the church of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Besalú to the Abbey of Saint Rufus in Valence. This charter refers to a son, but <mask> was succeeded on his death by <mask> III, whose precise relationship with the previous counts of Besalú has not been discovered.Having taken the cross to join the First Crusade after the Council of Clermont (1095), <mask> was nonetheless counselled by Pope Urban II to instead remain in Spain and fight the Reconquista''. In a letter that must be dated between January 1096 and July 1099, Urban wrote to <mask>, his brother Wifred, Hugh II of Empúries, Giselbert II of Roussillon, and their followers, urging the recovery of the city of Tarragona and its vacant archdiocese. Secular politics
In 1097 <mask> ceded the lordship of Olot to Ripoll. In 1099 Dalmau Berenguer, viscount of

masks: Bernard Bernard Bernard Bernard Bernard Bernard Bernard Bernard Bernard


title: Bernard II, Count of Besalú

texts:
 Rocabertí, ceded the allodial castle of Hortal to <mask>, who bestowed it on him as a fief. Donald Kagay translates an example of the "transfer of castle by a lord to the son of a deceased vassal" taken from the surviving charters of <mask>:
This is a pact in commemoration of an agreement which Count Bernat of Besalú made with Bernat Terron. The aforesaid Count gives to aforesaid Bernat the castle of Fenollet and commends to him all of his father's fief after his father’s death. And because of this, he is his vassal who shall be faithful to him for all time and post the sureties for him which he must just as his other liege vassals do and must do for him.And Bernat after the death of his father must grant freely, faithfully, and without diminution to lord God and San Paulo de Vallsol all the village of Mauri with all of its appurtenances so that he shall be a vassal for all these things to lord God and Saint Paul and the aforesaid Count and his son who will be the Count of Besalú and his inhabitants of San Paulo without any deceit to him or theirs. It is possible that the last independent count of Besalú, the <mask> who married Ximena, daughter of Raymond Berengar III, Count of Barcelona, with the acknowledgement that if he died without heirs his county would pass to Raymond, was <mask> II. The very existence of a third count <mask>, succeeding <mask> II, has been called into question. External links
Nobility of Catalonia: Chapter 3. Besalú, Section A. Comtes de Besalú (988–1111) at the Medieval Lands Project. Charles Crowley, proj. ed.Notes

11th-century births
1100 deaths
Counts of Besalú
Christians of the First

masks: Bernard Bernard Bernard Bernard Bernard Bernard


title: Katherine Harris

texts:
<mask> (born April 5, 1957) is an American former politician. A Republican, <mask> served in the Florida Senate from 1994 to 1998, as Secretary of State of Florida from 1999 to 2002, and as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida's 13th congressional district from 2003 to 2007. <mask> lost her campaign in 2006 for a United States Senate seat from Florida. In the 2000 presidential election, she received national attention for her role as the Florida's secretary of state during the state's election recount, certifying George W. Bush's narrow victory (537 votes) over Al Gore and awarding him the Florida electors, which gained him the national election. Background and personal life
<mask> was born in Key West, Florida, to one of the state's wealthiest and most politically influential families. She is the daughter of Harriett (Griffin) and George W<mask>., who owned Citrus and Chemical Bank in Lakeland, Florida. Her maternal grandfather was Ben Hill Griffin Jr., a successful businessman in the citrus and cattle industries and a powerful figure in the state legislature.Shortly before his death in 1990, he was ranked as the 261st richest American on the Forbes 400 list. Ben Hill Griffin Stadium at the University of Florida is named for him. <mask>' extended family has been active in Christian evangelism. Her grandfather was a Christian missionary in Africa, while her aunt and uncle were missionaries in India. They now head the Arab World Missions. <mask> studied under Dr. Francis Schaeffer at a L'Abri Fellowship International center. <mask> attended Greystone, an all-girls Christian camp at Asheville, North Carolina.She has said her faith is

masks:
Katherine Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
. Harris Jr
Harris
Harris
Harris


title: Katherine Harris

texts:
 "the most important thing in my life." <mask> has criticized the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) for being too liberal; she was reared in the more conservative Presbyterian Church in America. She attends Calvary Chapel, a non-denominational charismatic church in Sarasota, Florida. <mask> married Swedish businessman Sven Anders Axel Ebbeson in 1996 and has one stepdaughter, Louise. Sven Ebbeson committed suicide in November 2013 at their home in Sarasota; he had reportedly been suffering a serious illness. In 2017, after admitting she'd become "a near recluse" since Ebbeson's death, she married Texas banker Richard Ware. Education and career
<mask> graduated from Bartow High School in Bartow, Florida, in 1975.She attended the University of Madrid in 1978. <mask> received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Georgia, in 1979. She studied under Christian theologian Francis Schaeffer at the L'Abri community in Huemoz, Switzerland, near Lausanne. While in college she worked as an intern for U.S. Representative Andy Ireland. Before entering politics, <mask> worked as a marketing executive at IBM and a vice president of a commercial real estate firm. <mask> earned a M.P.A. from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government in 1996.Political career
<mask> ran for the Florida Senate as a Republican in 1994 in one of the most expensive state races in Florida history to that time. <mask>'s political career was guided by Dan Berger, Adam Goodman, and Benjamin McKay, along with her campaign manager, David Lapides. Florida Senate and Riscorp
<mask> played a prominent role in introducing William Griffin (with whom she had a close

masks: Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris


title: Katherine Harris

texts:
 personal relationship), the CEO of Riscorp, to various Florida legislators. In the 1994 state senate election, Sarasota-based Riscorp, Inc. made illegal contributions totaling $400,000 to dozens of political candidates and committees, including $20,600 to the <mask> campaign. Two years later, in 1996, <mask> sponsored a bill "to block Riscorp competitors from getting a greater share of Florida workers' compensation market, [and] also pushed a proposal that would hurt a particular competitor." This issue later emerged during her campaign for Florida Secretary of State in 1998. William Griffin eventually pleaded guilty to illegal campaign donations, among allegations of other serious wrongdoing at Riscorp, and served prison time in 1998.The election of Republican Jeb Bush as governor of Florida is considered to have been a major factor in stopping further state investigation into the Riscorp scandal. According to a Sun-Herald column from June 2005, "<mask> denied any knowledge of the scheme, was never charged with any crime and was cleared of wrongdoing by a state investigator." Secretary of State
<mask> was elected Florida Secretary of State in 1998. She defeated then-incumbent Sandra Mortham in the Republican primary and won the general election against Democratic candidate, Karen Gievers, an attorney from Miami. A state constitutional change passed in the same year making the Secretary of State an appointed office made <mask> the last person to be elected Secretary of State in Florida. <mask> abruptly resigned in August 2002 while campaigning for Congress when it was discovered that she had violated Florida's "resign to run", which stated "...No officer may

masks: Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris


title: Katherine Harris

texts:
 qualify as a candidate for another public office, whether state, district, county or municipal, if the terms or any part thereof run concurrently with each other, without resigning from the office he or she presently holds." Since the start of her Congressional term (January 3, 2003) would overlap with the end of her term as Secretary of State (January 7, 2003), she was required to submit a letter of recognition.The law allowed candidates to have the resignation be effective up until the term for the new office began. Since <mask> failed to do so, she was required to resign immediately. <mask> said the oversight was unintentional. She said that she thought because Florida voters had approved a constitutional amendment that made the position of Secretary of State an appointed office rather than an elected office, the law did not apply to her situation. International travel
During her first 22 months in office, <mask> spent more than $106,000 for travel, more than the governor or any other cabinet officer. She visited eight countries on ten foreign trips. In early 2001, Florida Senate leaders eliminated the $3.4 million that <mask> had budgeted for international relations for the year, assigning it instead to Enterprise Florida, the state's economic development agency.However, Florida House Leader Tom Feeney said that he disagreed with the Senate and believed that <mask> was an able advocate to foreign countries. After the House refused to agree with the proposed budget action, the Senate agreed to restore the money; however, it insisted on a review committee, appointed by Senate President John McKay, Feeney, and Governor Jeb Bush, to evaluate all of <mask>'


title: Katherine Harris

texts:
 expenditures on international affairs since July 1, 1999, and produce a report. 2000 U.S. presidential election

As Secretary of State for the State of Florida (and co-chair of George W. Bush's election efforts in Florida), <mask> was a central figure in the 2000 US presidential election in Florida. She was involved in purging many individuals from the voter rolls , and the election between Al Gore and George W. Bush was so close in Florida, separated by 537 votes, that a recount of the votes was called for. After several recounts were inconclusive , <mask> halted the recounting process, arguing that the laws governing recounts were unclear. The official vote totals showed the Republican candidate, Texas Governor George W. Bush, as the winner of the statewide popular vote in Florida, and so <mask> certified the Republican slate of electors. This victory in Florida would allow Bush to obtain a majority in the Electoral College and win the election.Her certification was upheld in the state circuit court, but subsequently overturned on appeal by the Florida Supreme Court. The Florida Supreme Court decision was reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore (2000). In a per curiam decision, by a 7–2 vote, the Court held that the Florida Supreme Court's method for recounting ballots was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Furthermore, it held, by a 5–4 vote, that no alternative method for a recount could be established within the time limits set by the State of Florida. This decision allowed <mask>' previous certification of Bush as the winner of Florida's electoral votes to stand. Florida's 25 electoral votes gave Bush, the

masks: Harris Harris Harris Harris


title: Katherine Harris

texts:
 Republican candidate, 271 electoral votes, thus defeating Gore, who ended up with 266 electoral votes (with one D.C. elector abstaining). <mask> later published Center of the Storm, her memoir of the 2000 election controversy.It was later revealed that, unimpressed with her performance in the media spotlight of the recount, the Bush Campaign had assigned a staff member to her, essentially as a handler. United States Congresswoman
In 2002, <mask> ran against Sarasota Attorney Jan Schneider for the congressional district vacated by retiring Republican Rep. Dan Miller, winning by 10 percentage points in this solidly Republican district, a victory helped with one of the biggest first term campaign fund raising efforts in the history of this district and substantial support from the Bush family. <mask> considered running for the seat of retiring Senator Bob Graham in 2004 but was reportedly dissuaded by the Bush White House to allow Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Mel Martinez to run instead. Martinez went on to narrowly beat challenger Betty Castor. <mask> ran for re-election to her House seat in 2004; she was re-elected with a margin almost identical to her first win. In a 2004 speech in Venice, Florida, <mask> claimed that a "Middle Eastern" man was arrested for attempting to blow up the power grid in Carmel, Indiana; Carmel Mayor James Brainard and a spokesman for Indiana Gov. Joe Kernan said they had no knowledge of such a plot.Brainard said he had never spoken to <mask>. During a 2004 campaign stop in Sarasota, a local resident, Barry Seltzer, "tr[ied] to 'intimidate' a group of <mask> supporters" by menacing <mask> and her supporters with his

masks: Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris


title: Katherine Harris

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 automobile. Witnesses described Seltzer as having swerved off the road and onto the sidewalk, directing it at <mask> and her supporters. Nobody was injured in the incident. Seltzer, who claimed he was "exercising [his] political expression," was eventually arrested and charged with assault with a deadly weapon. MZM incident
In 2005 and 2006, a major corporate campaign donor to <mask>, Mitchell Wade (founder of defense contractor MZM), was implicated in several bribery scandals. Wade had bundled together and donated to <mask>'s campaign $32,000 in contributions from his employees at MZM, Inc., then reimbursed those employees for the contributions.Regarding this issue, U.S. Attorney Kenneth Wainstein said that <mask> did not appear to know the donations were obtained illegally. <mask> has maintained she had no personal knowledge that her campaign was given illegal contributions. Wade acknowledged that the donations to the <mask> campaign were illegal and were part of an attempt to influence <mask> to MZM's benefit. Documents filed with Wade's plea say that he took <mask> to dinner in March 2005, a year after the illegal contributions, where they discussed the possibility of another fundraiser and the possibility of getting funding for a Navy counterintelligence program placed in <mask>'s district. <mask> sent a letter on April 26, 2005, to defense appropriations subcommittee Chairman C. W. Bill Young, in which <mask> sought $10 million for a Navy project backed by Wade. In the letter, <mask> emphasized the importance of the project, asking that it be added to her list of five priorities and identifying it as her new No. 3.<mask> later released the April 26, 2005,

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title: Katherine Harris

texts: letter for legal scrutiny, but neither she nor Young would turn over the request form (RFP) used for the proposal. CQPolitics noted "<mask>'s former political strategist, Ed Rollins, spoke on the record about the dinner and detailed a meal that cost $2,800, far in excess of the $50 limit on gifts that members of Congress are allowed to accept" at the Washington restaurant Citronelle. Wade and <mask> discussed MZM's desire for a $10 million appropriation, and Wade offered to host a fundraiser for <mask>'s 2006 Senate campaign. Regarding the MZM contributions, the Sentinel article goes on to say "The Justice Department has said Wade, who personally handed many of the checks to <mask>, did not tell <mask> the contributions were illegal". Regarding the expensive meal, the article quotes <mask> as saying that she personally had only a "beverage and appetizer" worth less than "$100". Rollins said that he had conducted a thorough internal investigation into <mask>'s ties to MZM in hopes of finding conclusive proof of her innocence; but when he could not, he and other advisers, including her lawyer, urged her to drop her candidacy rather than risk federal corruption charges. Although he did not believe <mask> intentionally broke any laws, "her story kept changing.Our great concern was that you get into trouble when you don't tell the same story twice ... Maybe you don't think you did anything wrong, but then maybe you start getting questioned about it and so forth, and you may perjure yourself. ... Unlike Cunningham, I don't think she set out to violate the law, but I think she was very careless. She heard whatever she wanted to hear, but we could find no evidence


title: Katherine Harris

texts: whatsoever that this was a project going into her district." Although Rollins recalled discussing the $2,800 meal with <mask>, <mask> told the Orlando Sentinel on April 19, 2006, that the cost of the meal was "news to me", and that her campaign had since "reimbursed" the restaurant for the cost of the meal. According to the reporter, when questioned as to why she would reimburse the restaurant for a meal that had been paid for by MZM, <mask> abruptly terminated the interview, and her spokesman later called and requested unsuccessfully that the story not be printed. The next day, <mask>'s campaign issued a statement that she had believed her campaign had reimbursed the restaurant, and that she had donated $100 "which will more than adequately compensate for the cost of my beverage and appetizer".<mask> also asserted that most of the cost of the meal was from Wade ordering several unopened bottles of wine to take home, although the management of the restaurant denies ever allowing anyone to take unopened bottles of wine off the premises, saying "Why would we jeopardize our liquor license for the sake of selling a couple bottles of wine?" In the weeks following the expensive meal, former senior <mask> staffers claimed that "they initially rejected a defense contractor's $10 million appropriation request last year but reversed course after being instructed by <mask> to approve it." In May 2006, <mask>'s campaign spokesman Christopher Ingram acknowledged that she had also had a previous dinner with Wade in the same restaurant in March 2004, when the $32,000 in illegal donations had been given to her campaign. Ingram told the press that he did not know how much that


title: Katherine Harris

texts:
 meal cost, but that a charitable donation of an unknown amount had been given to a charity whose name he did not know, equivalent to her share of the meal. "She takes responsibility for the oversight that there was no reimbursement," he said. Mona Tate Yost, an aide to <mask>, left to work for MZM during the time Wade was pressing <mask> to secure federal funding (April or May 2005). On July 17, 2006, Ed Rollins confirmed that Justice Department lawyers and FBI agents had recently questioned her about the $32,000 in donations.Rollins noted: "I assume more [interviews] will be coming, though. They were very serious." On September 7, 2006, Federal investigators questioned Jim Dornan, who quit as <mask>'s campaign manager the previous November. 2006 Senate race

Overview
On June 7, 2005, with support from her new campaign advisors of Ed Rollins and Jim Dornan, <mask> announced her candidacy for the 2006 Florida United States Senate election, challenging Democratic incumbent Bill Nelson. Both lackluster fundraising relative to Nelson and controversy over campaign contributions from MZM caused <mask> to fall far behind in all polls by May 2006. Late in the primary race, Republican contender Will McBride polled 31 points behind Nelson in a hypothetical election against him, while <mask> polled 33 points behind Nelson in the same poll. <mask> was still popular among Republican voters and won the September 5 primary over McBride and two other challengers with approximately 50% of the total vote.Despite <mask>'s support of many Republican causes and her previous statewide victories, some party leaders expressed doubt about her statewide appeal:

 In May 2006, Florida


title: Katherine Harris

texts: Governor Jeb Bush questioned <mask>'s ability to win the general election and encouraged others to challenge her in the primary. Karl Rove expressed doubts about her statewide appeal. National Republicans openly criticized her campaign and tried to convince other GOP candidates to challenge <mask> in the primary. Florida state House of Representatives Speaker Allan Bense declined the candidacy on May 11 despite public courting by many leaders including Governor Bush. Conservative pundit and former Republican Congressman Joe Scarborough was also unsuccessfully recruited to enter the race. Departing <mask> aides claim that <mask> called potential Scarborough supporters and raised the death of an aide in order to prevent his entry into the race. Scarborough later told Nelson that drawing <mask> as an opponent in the race made him "the luckiest man in Washington".By late July 2006, <mask> had gone through three campaign managers and her campaign was floundering. At that time, it was disclosed that state Republican Party leaders had told <mask> they would not support her because she could not win in the general election. Financial problems plagued <mask>' Senate campaign from the start. During the primary, it was clear that the incumbent Senator Nelson had a substantial financial advantage. On the March 15, 2006, edition of Fox News Channel's Hannity & Colmes, <mask> pledged to spend $10 million of her own money, which she said was all of her inheritance, on her campaign. She also stated that her run was dedicated to the memory of her father. Despite her promise, the $10 million never materialized.Reports surfaced that <mask> would not actually receive the inheritance

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 from her father, who instead left his entire estate to her mother. She donated $3 million to her campaign, but later took back $100,000, fueling speculation that she would be unable to donate the promised amount. In October, <mask> announced that she was trying to sell her house in Washington to raise money for her campaign, but the home was not publicly listed for sale and no sale was ever announced. Nelson defeated <mask> by more than one million votes. <mask> received less than 39% of the vote. Staff resignations
In late February 2006, in the midst of revelations surrounding Mitchell Wade's illegal contributions, <mask>'s campaign finance director and her campaign treasurer both resigned. On April 1, 2006, <mask>'s top campaign advisor, pollster and campaign manager all resigned with a half-dozen other staffers.Republican pollster and consultant David Johnson said, "I've never seen staffers go like this. It's just imploding." In early April 2006, <mask> told the Tampa Tribune that some of her ex-campaign staffers and the national Republican party were deliberately sabotaging her campaign by "putting knives in her back" and had warned her that if she did not back out of the campaign, she would get an "April surprise". Former campaign staffer Ed Rollins said "They were all good professionals ... There was no backstabbing. It's insulting that she would even say that. If she wants to know what went wrong with the campaign, maybe she needs to take a good look in the mirror."In June, the <mask> campaign received a legal bill for thousands of dollars that contained a reference to "DOJ subpoena". Later, an ex-aide told the Associated Press that <mask> had received a


title: Katherine Harris

texts: grand jury subpoena from federal investigators, but kept it from her top advisers, prompting several staff members to quit when they found out. On June 8, 2006, <mask>'s fourth chief of staff, Fred Asbell, left in order to pursue a "business opportunity". Asbell said he'd "greatly enjoyed" his time with the campaign and he would remain in a consultant position. On July 12, 2006, <mask>'s campaign spokesman Chris Christopher Ingram left the campaign. The next day, <mask> received resignations from Campaign Manager Glenn Hodas, Field Director Pat Thomas, Political Director Brian Brooks and Deputy Field Director John K. Byers, while Travel Aide Kyle Johnson and Field Director Mike Norris declined to leave, citing loyalty to <mask>. Hodas cited <mask>'s "tantrums" and "increasingly erratic behavior" as his reasons for leaving.An anonymous campaign worker described <mask> as "very difficult to work with. The more that we put her out there, the more she shot herself in the foot." In late August, <mask> lost another key staffer, Rhyan Metzler, in the wake of a disastrous political rally at Orlando Executive Airport. Only 40 people showed up for the event, and <mask> blamed the paltry turnout in part on a last-minute change in location. She claimed that a tree fell on the hangar that was originally scheduled to hold the rally, forcing her campaign to switch to another hangar. Airport officials, however, stated that not only had no trees fallen, but also that there are no trees as they get in the way of the airplanes; further adding that the event in fact took place in the hangar that <mask>'s campaign had originally booked. <mask>'s campaign blamed Metzler for the


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 comments <mask> made after the rally.On August 31, 2006, <mask> was interviewed on Hardball with Chris Matthews, where she responded to the criticisms from her former staffers with "We have their email traffic, we know what was behind all that, we know who's been paid and who isn't." Lack of Republican support
The Pensacola News Journal suggested that <mask> might withdraw from the Senate race after winning a primary victory, thereby allowing the Republicans to nominate another candidate, such as Tom Gallagher, to run against Bill Nelson. In August, <mask> touted political endorsements from fellow Republican lawmakers on her campaign web site. However, some of those cited claim that they never endorsed her. This conflict resulted in several Republican congressmen calling the <mask> campaign to complain after the St. Petersburg Times notified them of the endorsements listed on <mask>'s Web site. A short time later, their names were removed without comment from <mask>'s Web site. Of <mask>'s three primary opponents, only Will McBride endorsed her candidacy for the general election.In the first few days after the primary, a number of Republican nominees such as Charlie Crist and Tom Lee went on a statewide unity tour with Gov. Bush. <mask> was not invited; Republicans said the tour was only for nominees to statewide offices. <mask> claimed Bush would campaign with her sometime in the two months before the election, but the governor's office denied this. President Bush did not make public appearances or private meetings with <mask> before the primary. He did, however, appear with her at a fundraiser on September 21 in Tampa. When it came time for newspapers to make

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 their op-ed endorsements, all 22 of Florida's major daily newspapers supported Senator Nelson.The only endorsement <mask> received was from the Polk County Democrat, a newspaper in Bartow which publishes four days out of the week. Religious convictions
<mask> was a headline speaker at the Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church's "Reclaiming America for Christ" conference held in Ft. Lauderdale on March 17–18, 2006. The conference web site invited attendees to attend in order to "reclaim this nation for Christ." The stated mission of ReclaimAmerica.org is "To inform, equip, motivate, and support Christians; enabling them to defend and implement the Biblical principles on which our country was founded." As part of her speech, <mask> urged conferees to "win back America for God." Her appearance was noted in a Rolling Stone article covering the conference. In an interview with the Florida Baptist Witness on August 24, 2006, <mask> called for Christians to vote on religious lines.She said,

Rep. Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D-FL) said she was "disgusted" by the comments "and deeply disappointed in Representative <mask> personally," adding "clearly shows that she does not deserve to be a representative." Two of <mask>' primary opponents denounced her statements, Republican Will McBride (an attorney and son of a pastor) stated "I'm a Christian, and I'm a Republican, and I don't share her views. There are people of other faiths and backgrounds of outstanding integrity who know how to tell the truth." Real estate developer Peter Monroe, another GOP primary opponent, called on her to quit the race and resign from Congress. He called her suggestion that non-Christian voters are


title: Katherine Harris

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 ignorant of morality when voting as "contemptible, arrogant and wicked." On August 26, 2006, <mask>'s campaign released a "Statement of Clarification", that stated, "In the interview, <mask> was speaking to a Christian audience, addressing a common misperception that people of faith should not be actively involved in government. Addressing this Christian publication, <mask> provided a statement that explains her deep grounding in Judeo-Christian values."The press release went on to mention her past support of Israel and quoted her Jewish campaign manager Bryan G. Rudnick, who stated "As the grandson of Holocaust survivors, I know that she encourages people of all faiths to engage in government so that our country can continue to thrive on the principles set forth by our founding fathers, without malice towards anyone." At an appearance at an Orlando gun show that same day, she said "it breaks my heart" to think people understood her comments as bigoted. When asked if she thought the Founding Fathers intended the nation to have secular laws she replied,

On October 3, 2006, <mask> participated in a prayer service via phone call. In one instance, she called for the elimination of the separation of church and state when she said,

<mask> then went on and prayed for Jews to be converted to Christianity. Replacements in the 13th Congressional District
Vern Buchanan was the Republican nominee and Christine Jennings the Democratic nominee to replace <mask> in the 2006 election. The race had been ranked as "leaning Democratic" by CQ Politics, but Buchanan scored a very narrow victory, winning the election by a few hundred votes. Political positions and voting


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 record
<mask> is a conservative on most issues.She is anti-abortion and has voted against embryonic stem cell research. She opposes oil-drilling in Florida's coastal waters. <mask> supported reforming Social Security to include private accounts. She has voted in favor of granting legal status to fetuses via the Unborn Victims of Violence Act. She supports tax cuts and the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act, which restricts bankruptcy filings by consumers. <mask> is also in favor of welfare reform, school vouchers, the Patriot Act, the Flag Desecration Amendment, the Federal Marriage Amendment, and the 2003 invasion of Iraq. In a televised debate with Nelson on November 1, however, she repeatedly declined to say whether she would still support the Iraq War Resolution knowing that Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction.In an earlier debate with Nelson, <mask> was asked to comment on trade of arms with foreign nations and the potential threat of their acquisition by terrorist groups. <mask> responded that "we know we don't want to have arms going to the rogue nations like China." In popular culture
<mask> was the subject of some skits on Saturday Night Live, in which she was played by Ana Gasteyer; she was also portrayed by actress Laura Dern in the 2008 film Recount, for which Dern won a Golden Globe.She is mentioned in Family guy Season 5 Episode16 'No chris left behind'. <mask> is also referenced in one of filmmaker Kevin Smith's monologues for the DVD An Evening with Kevin Smith 2: Evening Harder. <mask> was also satirically portrayed by comedian Janeane Garofalo as "Senator <mask>" on the Internet talk radio and podcast show The

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title: Jack Marsh

texts: <mask> ( – 25 May 1916) was an Australian first-class cricketer of Australian Aboriginal descent who represented New South Wales in six matches from 1900–01 to 1902–03. A right-arm fast bowler of extreme pace, <mask> was blessed with high athletic qualities and was regarded as one of the outstanding talents of his era. His career was curtailed by continual controversy surrounding the legality of his bowling action; he was no-balled multiple times for throwing. As a result of the debate over the legitimacy of his action, <mask> never established himself at first-class level and was overlooked for national selection. In contemporary discourse, <mask>'s lack of opportunities has often been attributed to racial discrimination. Born into the Bundjalung people at Yulgilbar on the Clarence River in northern New South Wales, <mask> first made an impression as a professional runner, travelling to Sydney and then competing interstate, winning races as a sprinter and a hurdler. While in Sydney, <mask> began competing in the local club cricket competition and his action quickly came under scrutiny.He was first no-balled for throwing in 1897, but it was not until 1900 that he came to prominence in a trial match against the New South Wales state team. <mask> dismissed leading Test cricketers Victor Trumper and Monty Noble, but was called for throwing. <mask> vowed to prove the legitimacy of his action by bowling with his arm encased in splints, which prompted the umpire to resign in humiliation. Having topped the bowling averages in the local competition, <mask> was selected to make his debut in the Sheffield Shield. He made an immediate impression and led the first-class bowling

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title: Jack Marsh

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 averages for the season after three matches. He was no-balled in his second match by Bob Crockett, but things came to a head in his fourth match when the same umpire no-balled him seventeen times, leading to angry crowd demonstrations. The cricket community was divided on whether <mask>'s action was fair and various theories were propounded, which sought to show a motive for foul play against <mask>.The most popular of these theories was that <mask> was scapegoated in a campaign against throwing and was a soft target because of his race. <mask> only played in two more first-class matches, which came in the two seasons following his no-balling. In a later season, the touring England cricket team objected to his selection in an opposition team. There were calls for <mask> to be selected for Australia, but Noble, the New South Wales selector, refused to select him, citing his controversial action. In later years, <mask> turned to alcohol and was briefly jailed for assault. He was killed in a brawl outside a pub; two men were charged with manslaughter but were acquitted. Early years
<mask> was born into the Bundjalung people at Yulgilbar, which sits on the Clarence River in northern New South Wales.His surname is believed to have possibly derived from that of Francis Henry <mask>, whose property Camira was separated from Yulgilbar by the Richmond Range. Details of <mask>'s itinerant pre-cricket life are scarce, because Aboriginal Australians were not on the electoral roll and <mask> had no written correspondence with others because he was illiterate. <mask> made his first impression in the sporting arena as a professional runner, following his brother Larry to the Sydney

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title: Jack Marsh

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 athletics tracks in 1893. A sprinter and hurdler, <mask> had several wins in notable races. He was known for his rapid acceleration, which accounted for him being particularly strong over 75 yd. Aside from his victories in New South Wales, he travelled to race in Queensland and Victoria. As with some other Indigenous runners, <mask> was exploited by his trainer and was suspended for "running stiff" in Sydney in 1895.A more recent study by Max Bonnell has come to the conclusion that <mask> was a world-class sprinter. He found that The Referee, the leading sports publication in Australia at the time, reported that <mask> had covered 100 yd in 9.8 s, which was equal to the amateur world record set by American John Owen in 1890. <mask> had also posted a time of 9.9 s in the previous year. Eight years later a publication briefly noted that <mask>'s time was an Australian record. <mask> also gained prominence in the inner-southern Sydney suburb of La Perouse, which had a large Indigenous population, by demonstrating his boomerang skills. <mask>, while throwing boomerangs, was spotted by cricket officials and he was persuaded to take up the sport. Club cricket
<mask> began playing cricket in a competition based around Moore Park, near central Sydney, representing South Sydney.<mask>'s career was surrounded by controversy from the outset. In November 1897, he was no-balled for throwing by William Curran in a match against Paddington. Following its merger with South Sydney, <mask> played for Sydney Cricket Club. <mask>'s second no-ball incident at club level came when he played for a Colts XV against the New South Wales state team in a trial match in November 1900, before the

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title: Jack Marsh

texts: start of the 1900–01 Sheffield Shield season. Curran called him on the first day of the match. <mask> had an eventful day, bowling Test batsmen Victor Trumper, Frank Iredale and future Test player Bert Hopkins. Trumper was widely regarded as the finest batsman of his era, which was regarded as the "golden age" of cricket, and he was seen as one of the most stylish batsmen of all time.<mask> also collected the wickets of Test batsmen and future Australian captains Monty Noble and Syd Gregory. The calls of throwing so infuriated <mask> that at the end of the day's play, he announced that he would wear splints when he was bowling the next day. <mask> took this action to ensure that his elbow was kept straight and to demonstrate that he could bowl fast without throwing. <mask> had previously performed such an exhibition to ground members and the requisite splints and bandages were acquired from the nearby St. Vincent's Hospital, in order to bind his bowling arm. The hospital provided a medical certificate stating that <mask> could not move his elbow while encased in the splints. <mask> was proactive in attempting to defend the legitimacy of his bowling action. <mask>'s intentions were published in the Sydney Morning Herald and Curran was made aware that <mask> would seek to challenge him.<mask> and his club sought a speedy resolution to the problem because Sheffield Shield matches were due to begin in a matter of weeks. They perceived a danger that other umpires in the Sydney competition would follow Curran's lead and call <mask>, effectively outlawing him, resulting in the loss of the club's leading strike bowler. By wearing the splints, <mask> showed his belief that


title: Jack Marsh

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 Curran would call him on the second day. This never happened, because Curran withdrew from his position by the luncheon adjournment on the second day, believing that he had been humiliated. Curran's resignation was widely criticised by the media and he was reprimanded by the First Grade Committee for his action. Bowling "as fast as ever", <mask> went on to finish with 6/125 from 33 overs as New South Wales were bowled out for 320. First-class debut
<mask> made his first-class debut when he was selected for the New South Wales team to play South Australia at the Adelaide Oval in December 1900, just a month after he was no-balled for throwing.The selection indicated that the state selectors were prepared to overrule Curran's judgment. In a high scoring match, <mask> was the most successful of the New South Wales bowlers, taking five wickets for the loss of 181 runs (5/181). Clem Hill scored 365 not out, which remains the highest individual score compiled at the Adelaide Oval in a Sheffield Shield match. At the time, South Australia's total of 575 was the highest ever score against New South Wales in the competition. <mask> took two early wickets to have South Australia 2/43 before Hill amassed his triple-century. He returned to take three of the last four wickets, displaying an ability to break through the defences of batsmen—all of his wickets were bowled. A week later, <mask>'s action was again under scrutiny when he played his second shield match against Victoria in Melbourne.While Richard Callaway—the New South Wales umpire officiating the match—was satisfied with <mask>'s bowling action, his Victorian counterpart Bob Crockett was concerned with the twisting of the

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title: Jack Marsh

texts: bowler's wrist. Crockett no-balled <mask> three times in the match, but was reluctant to elucidate on the reasons for his call. <mask> took 3/39 and 3/51 respectively, dismissing Test batsmen Peter McAlister, Warwick Armstrong, <mask> and Frank Laver. <mask> bowled three of his victims. According to cricket historian Bernard Whimpress, the early signs of a conspiracy against <mask> were raised by a journalist from The Age of Melbourne by the name of Old Boy. The journalist set a possible agenda by raising a question about <mask> to Crockett on the day before the bowler was called, possibly predisposing the umpire to take action. If Old Boy could be relied on, then observers suspected that <mask>'s faster and slower ball were dubious.The reporter did not specify which ball he questioned, except to say that one ball per over was doubtful. The events in Australia occurred against a backdrop of a throwing frenzy in England. A fortnight earlier, the captains of the English county teams had drawn up a list of prohibited bowlers. In Australia, Jim Phillips had set the tone by no-balling Australian Test bowler Ernie Jones. The events in England were seen as a catalyst for a clean-up campaign against dubious bowling actions. Historians regarded <mask> as a prime target due to his Indigenous heritage and his supple wrist action. <mask>'s third Sheffield Shield match was the return fixture against South Australia in January 1901 at the Sydney Cricket Ground (SCG); New South Wales reversed the result of the corresponding match three weeks earlier.South Australia batted first and were bowled out for 157, with <mask> taking the leading figures of 5/34. These included the prize

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texts: wickets of Hill and George Giffen, Test players who went on to be inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame. New South Wales then piled on 918 before completing an innings victory by bowling the visitors out for 156 in the second innings. The margin of an innings and 605 runs set a new record for the largest victory in first-class history. <mask> took 5/59 and did the bulk of the damage, removing five of South Australia's top six specialist batsmen, at one stage reducing the visitors to 6/114. <mask> bowled six of his opponents and was not questioned by either umpire. At this point, <mask> led the first-class averages in bowling, with 21 wickets at a bowling average of 17.38 in three matches.The match was <mask>'s career high point; it was to be the only ten-wicket match of his brief career. The controversy over <mask>'s bowling action came to a head in the return match against Victoria at the SCG. The fixture had been slated for the Australia Day weekend but it was postponed by a week when Queen Victoria died. By the time the match was under way, public interest had started to wane. Some three decades later, J. C. Davis reflected on the match, noting that it stirred many memories, "some fragrant and some rather unpleasant". The unsavoury incident that he alluded to was Crockett's continual no-balling of <mask> for throwing. New South Wales batted first and were bowled out on the first afternoon for 170.When the Victorians began their response, Crockett called <mask> for throwing three times in his first over, provoking rowdy responses from the spectators. The Sydney Mail said the crowd reaction was "a lot of abuse and unfair criticism" of Crockett. He was

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 no-balled a further two times in his second over and five of Victoria's first nine runs were extras. Despite this, Victoria started poorly, losing five wickets by the time it reached 50 runs. Of the five wickets to fall, <mask> bowled future Test captain Armstrong and McAlister. The crowd showed its sympathy for <mask> when he rattled Armstrong's stumps; they cheered him loudly and verbally attacked Crockett. <mask> was called a total of 17 times during the innings, the most in a single first-class innings in Australia.The calls produced angry reactions from the spectators on the hill of the Sydney Cricket Ground, who jeered "Crock! Crock! Crock! ", regarding the umpire—not the bowler's arm—as being crooked. <mask> went on to take 2/68. At one point <mask> lost his temper and deliberately threw three consecutive balls. Despite the repeated calls, the captain Syd Gregory kept <mask> bowling from Crockett's end—who was suspected of being biased towards his own state—rather than allowing <mask> to be examined by Crockett's partner.Reaction to Crockett
Crockett's calls provoked a varied response from the media, which often ran counter to their state allegiances. The New South Wales journalist Davis felt that <mask>'s deliberate throws raised "uncertainty", while the Australasian's cricket writer Tom Horan—a Victorian who went by the pen name Felix—felt that <mask> was a soft target for Crockett, whom he regarded as a suspicious character. Curran's previous calling of <mask> in the Sydney competition had strengthened Crockett's position away from his parochial state base. The Victorian umpire was regarded as a tough-minded umpire, much like Jim Phillips, who had triggered

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texts: the current round of throwing calls in Australian cricket. Crockett was commended for his willingness to call <mask> in the face of public anger and for doing what others would not. When <mask> bowled from the other end in the second innings of the match, his action was deemed by Crockett's umpiring partner Sammy Jones to be fair. By this time, <mask>'s confidence was low.He took his worst ever first-class figures of 1/105 as New South Wales lost by one wicket. His only wicket was Test player Charlie McLeod, bowled for six. Whimpress tabled various hypotheses for Crockett's actions. At the time, Crockett was 37 years old and was ready to emerge from the shadow of Phillips, the eminent Australian umpire of the time. When Crockett called <mask>, it was his 29th match as a first-class umpire and the no-balling was seen in some quarters as a signal that he felt ready to officiate in Test matches. A cynical view of Crockett's calls held that if throwing was to be eradicated then the umpire was going to choose a soft target. This theory ruled out the calling of a fellow Victorian, his state of origin.The same line of reasoning concluded that a New South Welshman would be called, and likely not a high-profile Test player like Noble or <mask>. Those who adhered to this hypothesis believed that it would be easier for Crockett to target someone who had a previous stigma of throwing and that <mask>—an Aboriginal Australian who led the bowling averages with 21 wickets at 17.38—was an ideal target. At the time, the alteration to the no-ball law made by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1899 was yet to be implemented in Australian first-class cricket. This change allowed the

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 umpire to call a throw from either end, whereas the law previously barred the umpire at square leg from doing so. The non-implementation of the law diluted the power of Australian umpires, since the bowler could be switched to the other end and made immune from being called by the first umpire. As a result, Gregory's unwillingness to switch <mask> to the opposite end surprised cricket observers. Australian administrators had been under pressure from England to crack down on dubious bowling actions.English captain Archie MacLaren had asserted that "If Australia expects an English team next September they will have to play according to the new reading of the law at home". It was speculated that because Crockett was a lifelong employee of the Melbourne Cricket Club, which organised and sponsored English tours to Australia, he was under pressure to no-ball bowlers in order to curry favour with English administrators. Incidents against England
The controversy over <mask>'s bowling action again reared its head during the 1901–02 season, when MacLaren led his English tourists to Australia. The English played in a match at Bathurst where <mask> was selected, but MacLaren refused to play against him. Noble, who selected the New South Wales teams, used the complaints about <mask> to ignore growing calls to have the bowler selected for New South Wales and Australia. Without state backing, the remainder of Australia's selectors were happy to rely on Noble's state-level veto to ignore <mask>. <mask>'s only first-class match of the season was against Queensland in Brisbane.At the time, Queensland was not yet in the Sheffield Shield, so it was a one-off match. The match was the


title: Jack Marsh

texts: subject of much media attention because it was the first time that two Aboriginal Australians had played in opposing teams at first-class level. Queensland's Indigenous player was Alec Henry, another fast bowler who had been accused of throwing. The New South Wales team travelled north to the match by train, making a stop at Ipswich. As part of the media promotion of the match-up between the pair, Henry was taken to Ipswich station to meet <mask>. <mask> was reported in the media as having said "Say old man, toss me up a soft one so I can get a smack at you". <mask> took 2/64 and 3/67 in a drawn match, and bowled three of his victims, who were unable to cope with his pace.<mask> and Henry dismissed one another, each being bowled for nine to create a symmetry in the scorecard. <mask> was again overlooked for selection during the 1902–03 Sheffield Shield season. He played his only first-class match of the season against Queensland, in another one-off match. In the last first-class fixture of his career, <mask> scored his highest first-class score of nine not out as New South Wales were bowled out for 191. He then took 2/39 in the first innings as New South Wales took a 60-run first innings lead. He finished his career with 3/23 in the second innings, including a final burst of 3/0, to help his team to a victory. Later in the season, <mask> played in a match for New South Wales against Australia, which was not first-class.He took the wicket of Clem Hill as the match ended in a draw. <mask> was never selected again, although he continued to dominate grade cricket. He was the leading wicket-taker for three consecutive seasons from 1901–02 to 1903–04, taking a total of 158

masks: Marsh Marsh Marsh Marsh Marsh Marsh Marsh Marsh


title: Jack Marsh

texts: wickets at an average of 10.94. Two years later against Plum Warner's MCC team, there were further calls for <mask> to be selected for the Test team as Australia fell 1–2 behind in the Ashes. <mask> had taken 5/55 against the Englishmen in a match at Bathurst, delivering a mixture of fast bowling and off spin. His victims included George Hirst and Warner himself. No formal complaint about <mask>'s bowling was lodged by the English but his bowling did raise eyebrows.The general consensus among the English touring party was that <mask>'s bowling was unfair, with Warner describing him as a "shier", a 19th-century term for a thrower. Warner asserted that no English umpire would tolerate such a bowling action. Despite this, the English players described him as the best bowler that they had faced on the tour. Warner and Noble were confident that Crockett would no-ball <mask> out of the match if the Australian Test selectors picked the bowler. As a result, <mask> was effectively excluded from the Australian side and his first-class career was limited to just six matches in which he took 34 wickets at an average of 21.47. The Australian Test batsman and captain Warren Bardsley rated <mask> alongside Fred Spofforth and England's Sydney Barnes. The comparison to Barnes was praise indeed; Barnes was the only bowler in Test history with over 120 wickets to have a bowling average under 20, with 189 wickets at an average of just 16.43.Bardsley said that the only reason that <mask> was "kept ... out of big cricket was his color". <mask> said that <mask> "was clearly the best Australian bowler of his time but unfortunately that was a period when the White Australia policy prevailed.

masks:
Marsh
Marsh
Marsh
Marsh
Marsh
Marsh
Marsh
Marsh
Jack Pollard
Marsh


title: Jack Marsh

texts:
 <mask>'s name was scratched from the list of players ... by an official who was simply carrying out the racist customs of the day." Popular with teammates and known for his sportsmanship, <mask> was regarded as an average fielder and had minimal batting skill, with a batting average of 5.00. He played out his days in the Sydney competition and topped the bowling aggregates from 1901 to 1904. Les Poidevin described <mask> as "a well set-up, perfectly built ... man, with an ebony-black, smooth, clear shining skin and twinkling black eyes" who "is quite good looking". <mask> was short for a fast bowler standing 5 ft 7 ins (170 cm) tall.In later years, <mask> experimented with the googly. Photographs of <mask> often show him fashionably dressed in a suit and sporting a moustache. Later years
When <mask>'s cricket career ended in 1905, he resumed professional sprinting; in 1906, he ran against Arthur Postle at a meeting organised by John Wren in Melbourne. The race was organised to give Postle, then Australia's fastest man, a chance to break the 100-yard world record. In front of 12,000 spectators on a wet track, <mask> starting from a two-yard start maintained an early lead until Postle caught him on the line. Postle was declared the winner with a 10-second time, but some observers claimed that it was a dead heat. He retired from competitive sport after the race.<mask> joined Alexander's Hippodrome Company, travelling around Australia in a sideshow, where his cricketing fame brought much attention. His activities thereafter are unclear, but it is likely that he became an itinerant worker. In retirement, <mask> drank heavily and was jailed for 14 days for committing an


title: Jack Marsh

texts:
 assault in Melbourne in 1909, something he blamed on alcohol. <mask> died after an assault caused by an argument outside the pool room of the Royal Hotel in Orange, New South Wales. Two people were charged with manslaughter, but they were acquitted. <mask> was buried in an unmarked grave. The Bulletin wrote in <mask>'s obituary that he was "a darkly troubled man with manners which white brothers found impossible to put up with".Legacy
The <mask> History Lecture, held annually by the Sydney Cricket Ground Trust since 2015, is named in <mask>'s honour. In 2015 Gideon Haigh's subject was "How Victor Trumper Changed Cricket Forever". Greg de Moore in 2016 presented "Tom Wills: First Wild Man of Australian Sport", a subject he'd spent years researching. See also
 List of New South Wales representative cricketers
 List of cricketers called for throwing in top-class cricket matches in Australia

Notes

References

Further reading
  (Australian Cricket Society Literary Award Winner 2003-4)

External links

1874 births
1916 deaths
Australian cricketers
Australian male sprinters
Bundjalung people
Cricketers from New South Wales
Indigenous Australian cricketers
New South Wales cricketers
Australian murder victims
Male murder victims
People murdered in New South Wales
Australian people convicted of

masks:
Marsh
Marsh
Marsh
Jack Marsh
Marsh


title: Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark

texts:
Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark, Count of Monpezat,  (Frederik André Henrik Christian; born 26 May 1968) is the heir apparent to the Danish throne. He is the elder son of Queen Margrethe II and <mask>. Early life

Crown <mask>k was born at Rigshospitalet the Copenhagen University Hospital in Copenhagen, on 26 May 1968, to the then Princess Margrethe, oldest daughter of Frederik IX and heir presumptive to the Danish throne, and Prince Henrik. At the time of his birth, his maternal grandfather was on the throne of Denmark and his matrilineal great-grandfather was on the throne of Sweden. He was christened on 24 June 1968, at Holmen Church, in Copenhagen. He was named Frederik for his maternal grandfather, King Frederick IX, continuing the Danish royal tradition of the heir apparent being named either Frederick or Christian. His middle names honour his paternal grandfather, André de Laborde de Monpezat; his father, <mask>; and his maternal great-grandfather, Christian X. Frederik's godparents were his maternal aunt, the Queen of the Hellenes; his paternal uncle, Count Etienne de Laborde de Monpezat; his extended relatives, <mask> of Denmark and Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte of Luxembourg; and friends of his parents, Baron Christian de Watteville-Berckheim and Birgitta Juel Hillingsø.He became Crown Prince of Denmark when his mother ascended to the throne as Margrethe II on 14 January 1972. Crown prince Frederik's only sibling is the younger Prince Joachim of Denmark. Education and career
Frederik attended primary school at Krebs' Skole during the years 1974–1981, from 1974 to 1976 as a private pupil at Amalienborg Palace, and from the third form at Krebs' Skole. In the period 1982–1983, he was a boarder at École des Roches in Normandy, France. In 1986, Frederik graduated from the upper secondary school of Øregaard Gymnasium. In addition to Danish, he is fluent in French (his

masks:
Prince Henrik
Prince Frederi
Prince Henrik
Prince Georg


title: Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark

texts:
 School 2000
 Captain in the Reserve (Air Force) 2000. Command and General Staff Course, Royal Danish Defence College 2001–2002. Commander (Navy) and Major (Army, Air Force) 2002. Staff Officer, Defence Command Denmark 2002–2003.Senior lecturer with the Institute of Strategy at the Royal Danish Defence College, 2003–. Commander, senior grade (Navy), lieutenant colonel (Air force, Army) 2004. Captain (Navy), Colonel (Air Force, Army) 2010. Rear Admiral (Navy), Major General (Air Force, Army) 2015. Marriage and children

During a Council of State on 8 October 2003, Queen Margrethe gave her consent to the marriage of Crown <mask> to Mary Elizabeth Donaldson, an Australian marketing consultant whom the prince had met while attending the Sydney Olympics in 2000. Their wedding took place on 14 May 2004 at Copenhagen Cathedral, Copenhagen. The couple have four children: Christian (born 15 October 2005), Isabella (born 21 April 2007) and twins Vincent and Josephine (born 8 January 2011).Areas of interest

Scientific research, climate change and sustainability

Frederik has a special interest in scientific research, climate change and sustainability. He was interviewed by Financial Times and CNN International, in the Future Cities program, for their commitment to sustainability. He participated in expeditions, forums and events on climate. The prince has represented Denmark as a promoter of sustainable Danish energy. The prince was one of the authors of the Polartokt Kongelig (Polar Cruise Royal), about the challenges of climate, published in 2009 with a preface written by <mask> Annan. In 2010, wrote the book's foreword Naturen og klimaændringerne i Nordøstgrønland (The nature and climate change in Greenland). Supports scientific research projects, as a patron, as expeditionary, with regular attendance at events and through his foundation, Kronprins Frederiks Fond.Sports and health

The

masks:
Prince Frederik
Kofi


title: Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark

texts:
 running event across the five biggest cities in Denmark called "Royal Run" with more than 70.000 participants including Frederik and his own family. The event was generally deemed as "exceeding expectations" by the public. The event has since become annual and was continued in 2019 and 2021. The 2020 version was cancelled due to the COVID-19 situation in Denmark. Crown <mask>k's Foundation
The purpose of the foundation is to provide financial assistance to students of social policy and sciences, for one year's study at Harvard. and provide financial support for scientific expeditions, particularly to foreign parts of the world, including Greenland and the Faeroe Islands and sports purposes, including those with a particularly social aspect. Participation in expeditions
The Crown Prince participated in an expedition to Mongolia in 1986.In 2000, the Crown Prince participated in "Expedition Sirius 2000", which was a four-month and 2,795 km dog-sledge expedition in the northern part of Greenland. The expedition Sirius marked the 50-year anniversary of the Sirius Patrol. <mask> was part of the polar expedition as a film photographer, whose job was to ensure an optimal coverage of this event. International Olympic Committee

On 9 October 2009, Crown <mask> was elected a member of the International Olympic Committee, replacing former Danish member Kaj Holm, who had reached the age of retirement. The Crown Prince's candidature was met with some skepticism in Denmark, as it would mean that the Crown Prince would be on a semi-political committee along with several people who are suspected or even convicted of criminal acts. Another concern was whether or not the Crown Prince's loyalty would be towards his country and government, as the Danish constitution prescribes, or with the International Olympic Committee, as is sworn upon election to the committee. The Crown Prince was given special

masks:
Prince Frederi
Prince Frederik
Prince Frederik


title: Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark

texts:
 observer status in National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark, as a way to allow him to work, without having political power.Frederik announced that his point of focus and reason for joining the International Olympic Committee is to promote an active lifestyle among youth. He was elected for an eight-year term, and made it clear that he would terminate his membership upon ascending the Danish throne. In 2012, Frederick carried the Olympic flame through Notting Hill, a neighbourhood in West London. In 2016, Frederik faced criticism for voting against Danish Minister for Culture Bertel Haarder and a majority in the Danish Parliament's wishes on the subject of whether or not Russia should be allowed to compete at the 2016 Summer Olympics following allegations of state-sponsored doping. On 19 June 2017, the Crown Prince announced that he would continue another term of 8 years. However, in 2021, Frederik was announced that he would step down as an active member of the International Olympic Committee at the committee's annual session prior to the 2020 Summer Olympics, citing a wish to intensify his everyday work as the reason for stepping down in the middle of his term. Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
 24 June 1968 – 14 January 1972: His Royal Highness <mask> of Denmark
 14 January 1972 – 29 April 2008: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Denmark
 29 April 2008 – present: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Denmark, Count of Monpezat

His official title in Danish is Hans Kongelige Højhed Kronprins Frederik af Danmark, Greve af Monpezat (His Royal Highness Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark, Count of Monpezat).Honours

The Crown Prince has received a number of honours. National honours
 : Knight of the Order of the Elephant (R.E.) : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog (S.Kmd)
 : Recipient of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the


title: Claudia Lauper Bushman

texts:
<mask> (born June 11, 1934) is an American historian specializing in domestic women's history, especially as it relates to the history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). She helped found, and was the first editor of, the progressive LDS magazine Exponent II, has written American and LDS history books, and established a Mormon women oral history project at Claremont Graduate University. Early life and education
<mask> grew up in the Sunset District of San Francisco, where LDS church attendance was a regular part of her family life. She felt aware of gender issues from a young age, noticing that boys received more attention from their leaders in her ward than girls. Still, Bushman said that she felt like everyone in her ward was interested in what she was doing as a young person. <mask> attended Wellesley College for her undergraduate studies under a full scholarship and described herself as a "lazy student." She met fellow historian <mask> there while he was on his mission to the Cambridge area, and when he returned to Harvard to study, they renewed their friendship through study dates.They were married on August 19, 1955. <mask> noticed that while she had planned to live as a housewife, she longed to have a life outside of her home and family. She recalls that she learned to work hard from Richard. She attended classes at the Lowell Institute, and encouraged by her enjoyment of those classes, received an MA in American Literature from Brigham Young University while her husband worked there. She received her PhD in New England and American studies from Boston University after more than ten years of part-time study. Bushman attributed her admittance into the English PhD program to her husband's employment there, although she said that the chairman openly scorned her status as part-time student and housewife. She changed her focus to American Studies when she found out they wouldn't require more than one foreign language proficiency.<mask> is a

masks:
Claudia Marian Lauper Bushman
Bushman
Claudia
Richard Lyman Bushman
Claudia
Career Bushman


title: Claudia Lauper Bushman

texts:
 professor of American Studies emerita at Columbia University. In the summer of 2003, she was the director of the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History's Summer Scholars program. For the 2007–08 academic year, Bushman was an adjunct professor at Claremont Graduate University while her husband held the Howard W. Hunter chair at that institution. <mask> is the author of many books, most recently Contemporary Mormonism: Latter-day Saints in Modern America (Praeger Publishers, 2006). Her work focuses on the detailed lives of ordinary women. Boston and Exponent II
In the 1970s, Bushman was part of a group of LDS women in Boston who would get together and discuss women's issues, especially as they pertained to the LDS church. When Eugene England was visiting Boston, Bushman suggested that Dialogue should do a women's issue, and he agreed.By the time all the articles were written, England had given up the editorial position to Robert Rees, who believed that polygamy and the priesthood were more important issues for Mormon women than birth control and church service. The issue went forward anyway, and this first issue of Dialogue devoted to women's issues is often called the "pink" Dialogue. Inspired by Susan Kohler's discovery of the Woman's Exponent in the Harvard Widener library, <mask> and her friends wrote a series of institute courses on the topic of LDS women's history, which they taught to an audience of about fifty institute students. To celebrate their work on the institute course, <mask> and her group held an Exponent dinner, where Jill Mulvay (Derr) met Maureen, a worker in the church history department under Leonard Arrington. In 1974 <mask> was involved in the founding of Exponent II. The group of about twelve women pasted pages together in their homes, often with children underfoot. Using money Leonard Arrington gave the group for research purposes, they printed their first issue, which they gave out for free to solicit subscriptions.Bushman helped

masks: Bushman Bushman Bushman Bushman


title: Claudia Lauper Bushman

texts:
 edit the institute courses and published them in Mormon Sisters: Women in Early Utah, which originally <mask> and her friends self-published and sold to their friends and subscribers. Hoping to excite interest in others, they sent copies of the Exponent II to all the wives of general authorities, but found that some of the wives would prefer not to receive the magazine. They gained attention from some influential people in Salt Lake City, and the group of women wrote letters defending their involvement with the magazine, although at this point Bushman had decided to resign from working on Exponent II. When <mask> was publishing Exponent II, her husband Richard was a stake president in the LDS church and writing for Dialogue. According to Richard, the church was afraid that his position in church leadership would make Exponent II seem like an official church publication when it was not, and <mask> resigned as editor. When L. Tom Perry flew down to talk with Bushman and her friends, he said that while he found nothing objectionable in the magazine, he said it was not suitable for the wife of a stake president to help in the writing of a magazine with such "negative potential." <mask> saw this as a double standard, as Dialogue was not a church publication either, but no one had a problem with her husband writing for it.Delaware, New York City, and Claremont
In Newark, Delaware, Bushman started the Newark Historical Society with some of the students in her Newark history class at the University of Delaware. <mask> later was in charge of the Delaware historical commission for five years. In celebration of the anniversary of the Constitution and Delaware's statehood, she and her staff reenacted colonial balls, staged a parade, and released a million ladybugs, Delaware's state insect. The Women's studies program committee at the University of Delaware refused to cross-list her honors history course on women because she was a Mormon. Bushman has been heavily involved in cultural

masks:
Bushman
Claudia Bushman
Claudia
Claudia
Bushman


title: Claudia Lauper Bushman

texts:
 activities and public relations in New York City. She was the producer of the youth celebration that coincided with the dedication of the Manhattan New York Temple. From 2008-2011 Claremont University appointed <mask> to start a Mormon studies program, and <mask> taught classes as an adjunct professor.During her time at Claremont, <mask> established an oral history project to document the lives of Mormon women. The oral history project created more primary documents for students to study, and the book Mormon Women Have Their Say compiles some of the experiences gathered. The Mormon women oral history project is still ongoing. Attitude and faith
Bushman's feminism in 1971 was one of acceptance. She felt that a woman who chose to be a housewife shouldn't be demeaned: "If some women find themselves in prison at home, others consider it heaven on earth and make it that for their little angels." She found that her children constantly developed in interesting ways, while "a book just sits on a table, never improving by itself at all." Bushman found that when she was a part-time student, "school made housework a pleasure," and noted that "there is lots of space between being a devoted stay-at-home mom and being an executive in a Fortune 500 company."Bushman's attitude to teaching is to put students "in a position where they can learn things." Bushman fostered student enthusiasm by editing their writing, encouraging them to present and publish, and participating on exam committees. In giving advice to young women, Bushman advises them to choose something reasonable and make it the right thing, rather than zealously pursuing an impossible goal. She advocates a type of flexible ambitiousness and to always do "something," whether it be volunteering or writing a book proposal. Bushman is still a faithful member of the LDS church. In an interview with Yahoo! News, she said "They would have to kick me out [of the church]."At a Sunstone panel, she said that she loves having a church

masks:
Richard Bushman
Claudia
Claudia


title: Claudia Lauper Bushman

texts:
 community wherever she goes and that the church needs women who aren't afraid to speak out. Personal life
<mask> is married to historian Richard Lyman <mask>. The Bushmans are the parents of six children. <mask> was recognized as mother of the year for the state of New York in 2000. She is the sister of Bonnie Goodliffe, one of the organists for the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. Published work
 Mormon Sisters: Women in Early Utah (1997). Utah State University Press.Also published in 1976 by Emmeline Press. So Laudable an Undertaking: The Wilmington Library, 1788-1988 (1989) Delaware Heritage Press. America Discovers Columbus: How an Italian Explorer Became an American Hero (1992). University Press of New England. "A Good Poor Man's Wife": Being a Chronicle of Harriet Hanson Robinson and Her Family in Nineteenth-Century New England (1998). University Press of New England. Mormons in America (1999).Oxford University Press. Building the Kingdom: A History of Mormons in America (2001). Oxford University Press. In Old Virginia: Slavery, Farming and Society in the Journal of John Walker (2001). Johns Hopkins University Press. Mormon Women Have Their Say: Essays from the Claremont Oral History Collection, ed (2013). Greg Kofford Books.See also
 Mormon feminism

Notes

External links

 Richard L. and <mask>. Bushman papers, MSS 2052 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University. Access restricted until 2039. Mormon Women's Oral History Project at Claremont graduate university

1934 births
American Latter Day Saint writers
Brigham Young University alumni
Brigham Young University staff
Boston College alumni
Columbia University faculty
Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement
Living people
Wellesley College alumni
Mormon feminists
American women historians
Latter Day Saints from Massachusetts
Latter Day Saints from California
Latter Day Saints from New York (state)
Latter Day Saints from Delaware
Mormon studies scholars
Harold B. Lee library-related 20th century

masks:
Claudia Bushman
Bushman
Claudia
Claudia L


title: Fenella Fielding

texts:
<mask>, OBE (born <mask>; 17 November 1927 – 11 September 2018) was an English stage, film and television actress who rose to prominence in the 1950s and 1960s, and was often referred to as "England's first lady of the double entendre". She was known for her seductive image and distinctively husky voice. <mask> appeared in two Carry On films, Carry On Regardless (1961) and Carry On Screaming! (1966). Early life and education
<mask> was born on 17 November 1927 in Hackney, London, to a Romanian Jewish mother, Tilly ( Katz; 1902–1977), and a Lithuanian Jewish father, Philip Feldman. She was the younger sister of Basil, later Baron Feldman. She grew up in Lower Clapton and later Edgware where she attended North London Collegiate School.Her father at one time managed a cinema in Silvertown, east London. She later resided in Chiswick, west London. Her nephew is Nick Feldman, bassist in the band Wang Chung. Career
<mask> began her acting career in 1952, concentrating on stage productions. She was given her first break when she accompanied the then-unknown actor Ron Moody to an audition (they had met in an amateur production at the London School of Economics). Her performance in Sandy Wilson's musical version of Valmouth made her a star in 1958. By 1959 she was appearing with Kenneth Williams in the comedy revue Pieces of Eight, written by Harold Pinter and Peter Cook.<mask> also guested in the Hancock's Half Hour episode "The Poetry Society" broadcast in December 1959. <mask> starred in her own television programme Izeena (1966). She had occasional guest appearances in television

masks:
Fenella Fielding
Fenella Marion Feldman
Fielding
Fenella Marion Feldman
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding


title: Fenella Fielding

texts: programmes such as The Avengers (after being passed over as Patrick Macnee's regular partner in favour of Honor Blackman) and in Danger Man. She appeared in four episodes of Morecambe and Wise Show between 1969 and 1972. She was in two of the Carry On films, the second was her role as the vampish Valeria in Carry On Screaming ! (1966), and three of the Doctor films (including Doctor in Clover). She interspersed these with performances in plays by Ibsen, Shakespeare and Henry James, reputedly keeping an edition of Plato's writings by her bed.Other theatre credits around this time included Sheridan and Chekhov. In 1977 she appeared on BBC TV's long running show, The Good Old Days performing 'Only A Glass of Champagne' and 'How'd You Like to Spoon with Me?'. <mask> was the uncredited Village announcer in The Prisoner (1967–68), and co-starred with Tom Poston and Robert Morley in the remake of The Old Dark House (1963). In Dougal and the Blue Cat, based on The Magic Roundabout, she voiced the character of the Blue Voice, referred to as "Madam" by both Buxton (the blue cat of the title) and Dougal at various stages throughout the film. In the late 1960s, <mask> was approached by Federico Fellini to work on one of his films, but turned the work down because she was already booked to perform on stage at the Chichester Festival Theatre. <mask> also starred in the children's television series Uncle Jack from 1990-1993 as the notorious villainess, The Vixen. In 1999, <mask> starred in Rik Mayall and Adrian Edmondson's film Guest House Paradiso.She toured in a production of Lady

masks: Fielding Fielding Fielding Fielding