title: Yasujirō Ozu

texts:
was a Japanese film director and screenwriter. He began his career during the era of silent films, and his last films were made in colour in the early 1960s. Ozu first made a number of short comedies, before turning to more serious themes in the 1930s. The most prominent themes of Ozu's work are marriage and family, especially the relationships between generations. His most widely beloved films include Late Spring (1949), Tokyo Story (1953), and An Autumn Afternoon (1962). Widely regarded as one of the world's greatest and most influential filmmakers, Ozu's work has continued to receive acclaim since his death. In the 2012 Sight & Sound poll, Ozu's Tokyo Story was voted the third-greatest film of all time by critics world-wide.In the same poll, Tokyo Story was voted the greatest film of all time by  358 directors and film-makers world-wide. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in the Fukagawa district of Tokyo, the second son of five brothers and sisters. His father sold fertilizer. Ozu attended Meiji nursery school and primary school. In March 1913, at the age of nine, he and his siblings were sent by his father to live in his father's home town of Matsusaka in Mie Prefecture, where he remained until 1924. In March 1916, at the age of 12, he entered what is now Ujiyamada High School. He was a boarder at the school and did judo.He frequently skipped classes to watch films such as Quo Vadis or The Last Days of Pompeii. In 1917, he saw the film Civilization and decided that he wanted to be a film director. In 1920, at the age of 17, he was thrown out of the dormitory after being accused of writing a love letter to a good-looking


title: Yasujirō Ozu

type: original

texts: Kogo Noda, who would become his co-writer for the rest of his career. On September 25, he was called up for service in the military reserves until November, which meant that the film had to be partly finished by another director. In 1928, Shiro Kido, the head of the Shochiku studio, decided that the company would concentrate on making short comedy films without star actors. Ozu made many of these films.The film Body Beautiful, released on 1 December 1928, was the first <mask> film to use a low camera position, which would become his trademark. After a series of the "no star" pictures, in September 1929, <mask>'s first film with stars, I graduated But..., starring Minoru Takada and Kinuyo Tanaka, was released. In January 1930, he was entrusted with Shochiku's top star, Sumiko Kurishima, in her new year film, An Introduction to Marriage. His subsequent films of 1930 impressed Shiro Kido enough to invite Ozu on a trip to a hot spring. In his early works, <mask> used the pseudonym "James Maki" for his screenwriting credit. His film Young Miss, with an all-star cast, was the first time he used the pen name James Maki, and was also his first film to appear in film magazine Kinema Jumpo's "Best Ten" at third position. In 1932, his I Was Born, But..., a comedy about childhood with serious overtones, was received by movie critics as the first notable work of social criticism in Japanese cinema, winning Ozu wide acclaim.In 1935 <mask> made a short documentary with soundtrack: Kagami Jishi, in which Kikugoro VI performed a Kabuki dance of the same title. This was made by request of the Ministry of Education. Like the rest of Japan's cinema

masks: Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu


title: Yasujirō Ozu

texts:
 industry, <mask> was slow to switch to the production of talkies: his first film with a dialogue sound-track was The Only Son in 1936, five years after Japan's first talking film, Heinosuke Gosho's The Neighbor's Wife and Mine. War-time
On 9 September 1937, at a time when Shochiku was unhappy about <mask>'s lack of box-office success, despite the praise he received from critics, the thirty-four-year-old <mask> was conscripted into the Imperial Japanese Army. He spent two years in China in the Second Sino-Japanese War. He arrived in Shanghai on 27 September 1937 as part of an infantry regiment which handled chemical weapons. He started as a corporal but was promoted to sergeant on 1 June 1938.From January until September 1938 he was stationed in Nanjing, where he met Sadao Yamanaka, who was stationed nearby. In September, Yamanaka died of illness. In 1939, <mask> was dispatched to Hankou, where he fought in the Battle of Nanchang and the Battle of Xiushui River. In June, he was ordered back to Japan, arriving in Kobe in July, and his conscription ended on 16 July 1939. Some of <mask>’s published diaries cover his wartime experiences between December 20, 1938 to June 5, 1939. Another diary from his wartime years (陣中日記), he expressly forbade from publication. In the published diaries, reference to his group’s participation in chemical warfare (in violation of the Geneva Protocol, though Japan had withdrawn from the League of Nations in 1933) can be found, for example, in various entries from March, 1939.In other entries, he describes Chinese soldiers in disparaging terms, likening them in one passage to insects. Although operating

masks: Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu


title: Yasujirō Ozu

texts: as a military squad leader, Ozu retains his directorial perspective, once commenting that the initial shock and subsequent agony of a man as he is hacked to death is very much like its depiction in period films. <mask>’s writings also offers a glimpse into the Japanese military’s use of comfort women. In a letter sent to friends in Japan on April 11, 1938 from Dingyuan County in China’s Anhui Province, Ozu writes about the comfort station protocol in lightly coded terms. In a January 13, 1939 diary entry, Ozu writes more openly about his group’s upcoming turn for use of a comfort station near Yingcheng. He mentions that two tickets, ointment, and prophylatics are provided and that three Korean and 12 Chinese women were being held at the comfort station for their use. Comfort station rates and schedules are also given by Ozu.In 1939, he wrote the first draft of the script for The Flavor of Green Tea over Rice but shelved it due to extensive changes insisted on by military censors. The first film <mask> made on his return was the critically and commercially successful Brothers and Sisters of the Toda Family, released in 1941. He followed this with Chichi Ariki (There Was a Father, 1942), which explored the strong bonds of affection between a father and son despite years of separation. In 1943, <mask> was again drafted into the army for the purpose of making a propaganda film in Burma. However, he was sent to Singapore instead, to make a documentary Derii e, Derii e ("To Delhi, to Delhi") about Chandra Bose. During his time in Singapore, having little inclination to work, he spent an entire year reading, playing tennis, and watching

masks: Ozu Ozu Ozu


title: Yasujirō Ozu

texts:
 American films provided by the Army information corps. He was particularly impressed with Orson Welles's Citizen Kane.He occupied a fifth-floor room facing the sea in the Cathay Building where he entertained guests, drew pictures, and collected rugs. At the end of the Second World War in August 1945, Ozu destroyed the script, and all footage, of the film. He was detained as a civilian, and worked in a rubber plantation. Of his film team of 32 people, there was only space for 28 on the first repatriation boat to Japan. Ozu won a lottery giving him a place, but gave it to someone else who was anxious to return. Postwar
Ozu returned to Japan in February 1946, and moved back in with his mother, who had been staying with his sister in Noda in Chiba prefecture. He reported for work at the Ofuna studios on 18 February 1946.His first film released after the war was Record of a Tenement Gentleman in 1947. Around this time, the Chigasakikan Ryokan became <mask>'s favoured location for scriptwriting. Tokyo Story was the last script that Ozu wrote at Chigasakikan. In later years, <mask> and Noda used a small house in the mountains at Tateshina in Nagano Prefecture called Unkosō to write scripts, with <mask> staying in a nearby house called Mugeisō. <mask>'s films from the late 1940s onward were favourably received, and the entries in the so-called "Noriko trilogy" (starring Setsuko Hara) of Late Spring (1949), Early Summer (1951), and Tokyo Story (1953) are among his most acclaimed works, with Tokyo Story widely considered his masterpiece. Late Spring, the first of these films, was the beginning of <mask>'s commercial success and the


title: Yasujirō Ozu

texts:
 development of his cinematography and storytelling style. These three films were followed by his first colour film, Equinox Flower, in 1958, Floating Weeds in 1959, and Late Autumn in 1960.In addition to Noda, other regular collaborators included cinematographer Yuharu Atsuta, along with the actors Chishū Ryū, Setsuko Hara, and Haruko Sugimura. His work was only rarely shown overseas before the 1960s. <mask>'s last film was An Autumn Afternoon, which was released in 1962. He served as president of the Directors Guild of Japan from 1955 to his death in 1963. Ozu was known for his drinking. He and Noda measured the progression of their scripts by how many bottles of sake they had drunk. Ozu remained single throughout his life.He lived with his mother until she died, less than two years before his own death. Ozu died of throat cancer in 1963, on his sixtieth birthday. The grave he shares with his mother at Engaku-ji in Kamakura bears no name—just the character mu ("nothingness"). Legacy and style

Ozu is probably as well known for the technical style and innovation of his films as for the narrative content. The style of his films is most striking in his later films, a style he had not fully developed until his post-war sound films. He did not conform to Hollywood conventions. Rather than using the typical over-the-shoulder shots in his dialogue scenes, the camera gazes on the actors directly, which has the effect of placing the viewer in the middle of the scene.Ozu did not use typical transitions between scenes, either. In between scenes he would show shots of certain static objects as transitions, or use direct cuts, rather than


title: Yasujirō Ozu

texts: fades or dissolves. Most often the static objects would be buildings, where the next indoor scene would take place. It was during these transitions that he would use music, which might begin at the end of one scene, progress through the static transition, and fade into the new scene. He rarely used non-diegetic music in any scenes other than in the transitions. Ozu moved the camera less and less as his career progressed, and ceased using tracking shots altogether in his colour films. However, David Bordwell argues that Ozu is one of the few directors to "create a systematic alternative to Hollywood continuity cinema, but he does so by changing only a few premises."Ozu invented the "tatami shot", in which the camera is placed at a low height, supposedly at the eye level of a person kneeling on a tatami mat. Actually, <mask>'s camera is often even lower than that, only one or two feet off the ground, which necessitated the use of special tripods and raised sets. He used this low height even when there were no sitting scenes, such as when his characters walked in hallways. Ozu eschewed the traditional rules of movie storytelling, most notably eyelines. In his review of Floating Weeds, film critic Roger Ebert recounts:[<mask>] once had a young assistant who suggested that perhaps he should shoot conversations so that it seemed to the audience that the characters were looking at one another. Ozu agreed to a test. They shot a scene both ways, and compared them."You see?" Ozu said. "No difference!" <mask> was also an innovator in Japanese narrative structure through his use of ellipses, or the decision not to depict major events in the


title: Yasujirō Ozu

texts:
 story. In An Autumn Afternoon (1962), for example, a wedding is merely mentioned in one scene, and the next sequence references this wedding (which has already occurred); the wedding itself is never shown. This is typical of <mask>'s films, which eschew melodrama by eliding moments that would often be used in Hollywood in attempts to stir an excessive emotional reaction from audiences. Ozu became recognized internationally when his films were shown abroad.Influential monographs by Donald Richie, Paul Schrader, and David Bordwell have ensured a wide appreciation of Ozu's style, aesthetics, and themes by the Anglophonic audience. Tributes and documentaries
Five, also known as Five Dedicated to Ozu, is an Iranian documentary film directed by Abbas Kiarostami. The film consists of five long takes set by the ocean. Five sequences: 1) A piece of driftwood on the seashore, carried about by the waves 2) People walking on the seashore. The oldest ones stop by, look at the sea, then go away 3) Blurry shapes on a winter beach. A herd of dogs. A love story 4) A group of loud ducks cross the image, in one direction then the other 5) A pond, at night.Frogs improvising a concert. A storm, then the sunrise. In 2003, the centenary of <mask>'s birth was commemorated at various film festivals around the world. Shochiku produced the film Café Lumière (珈琲時光), directed by Taiwanese film-maker Hou Hsiao-hsien as homage to Ozu, with direct reference to the late master's Tokyo Story (1953), to premiere on Ozu's birthday. Ozu was voted the tenth greatest director of all time in the 2002 British Film Institute's Sight & Sound poll of critics' top 10

masks: Ozu Ozu


title: Yasujirō Ozu

texts:
 directors. <mask>'s Tokyo Story has appeared several times in the Sight & Sound poll of best films selected by critics and directors. In 2012, it topped the poll of film directors' choices of "greatest film of all time".Ozu was one of film critic Roger Ebert's favourite film-makers. In 2013, director Yoji Yamada of the Otoko wa Tsurai yo film series remade Tokyo Story in a modern setting as Tokyo Family. In the Wim Wenders documentary film Tokyo-Ga, the director travels to Japan to explore the world of Ozu, interviewing both Chishū Ryū and Yuharu Atsuta. Filmography

Notes

References

Sources

 Torres Hortelano, Lorenzo J., Primavera tardía de Yasujiro Ozu : cine clásico y poética zen, Caja España (León), Obra Social y Cultural,

Further reading

 Andreas Becker: Action Cut: Screenplay Analysis of <mask> <mask>'s Equinox Flower (Higanbana). Remarks on the Screenplay and the Aesthetics of Montage in a Transcultural Comparison, in: Marcos P. Centeno-Martin and Norimasa Morita. 2020. Japan beyond Its Borders: Transnational Approaches to Film and Media.Chiba: Seibunsha, : 147–157. External links

 OzuYasujirō.com (archived)
 Digital Ozu – notes from an exhibition at Tokyo University. Directions for finding Yasujiro <mask>'s grave at Engaku-ji
 The quiet master at The Guardian
 Ozu's Angry Women by Shigehiko Hasumi

1903 births
1963 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Japan
Japanese film directors
Imperial Japanese Army personnel of World War II
Japanese screenwriters
People from Tokyo
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
Imperial Japanese Army soldiers
Japanese prisoners of war
World War II civilian

masks: Ozu Yasujirō Ozu Ozu


title: Genki Horiguchi

texts:
is a Japanese professional wrestler, better known by the ring name . He is currently a full-time wrestler for Dragon Gate. He has also competed in Wrestling Society X and Ring of Honor. When <mask>'s hairline began receding, the fans began to chant H-A-G-E ( being Japanese for "baldness") at him. He managed to use this to gain a sort of cult popularity, and his catchphrase, "Who has called me hage? ", is one of the best known in Japan. <mask>, a wrestler currently working for Toryumon Mexico, was thought for some time to be <mask>'s brother, but the relationship was only a gimmick.Career

Toryumon
<mask> debuted in Toryumon as a face wrestler with a surfer gimmick. In 2001, he began to lose his hair, and in November he turned heel, cast away his surfer gimmick, and he joined the original M2K as a replacement for Chocoflake K-ICHI. He was the last wrestler to be added to the group. During his days in the M2K stable, he held the NWA World Welterweight Title twice, defeating Ryo Saito to win it, vacating the title after a no-contest match with Dragon Kid, defeating Ricky Marvin to win it again, and finally losing it to M2K stablemate Darkness Dragon. As part of Do FIXER, he won the UWA World Trios Titles with Susumu Yokosuka and Ryo Saito. He was responsible for bringing in Magnum TOKYO to lead the remnants of M2K after the name was sealed. In 2002, he would team with Magnum TOKYO and Darkness Dragon in a three-way trios tag team match against Ryo Saito, Masaaki Mochizuki & Dragon Kid

masks:
Horiguchi
Hiromi Horiguchi
Genki
Horiguchi


title: Genki Horiguchi

texts: parts of 2008, <mask> remained firmly on the heel side of Muscle Outlaw'z, and followed them to Real Hazard.He acted as secretary to the Brave Gate belt commissioner Yoshito Sugamoto, which was actually the Brave Gate champion (and his fellow MO'z stablemate) Gamma himself, enforcing the outrageous rules randomly put in place by him that allowed Gamma to win title matches or retain his title if he lost the match. On July 27, 2008, <mask> defeated m.c.KZ to win the vacant Open the Brave Gate title for a second time. Despite the title win, his push was not increased, as he did not score any wins over any wrestler in higher standing than he had been previously. He defended it twice before losing it to Masato Yoshino on October 12, and then went right back to taking the falls in most multi-person matches for the remainder of 2008 and into 2009. When Ryo Saito turned heel in February 2009 and joined Real Hazard, he and <mask> began teaming again. On May 5, they won the Open the Twin Gate Championship from Susumu Yokosuka & Gamma in a Three-Way Match, which included fellow Real Hazard stablemates Kenichiro Arai & Yasushi Kanda. They would hold them until September 17, when they lost them to Shingo Takagi & YAMATO.Afterwards, <mask> was relatively quiet again. He unsuccessfully challenged Naoki Tanizaki in the fall of 2009 for the Open the Brave Gate Championship. On January 10, 2010, <mask> put out a blog where he stated that Real Hazard would win more matches via teamwork instead of

masks: Horiguchi Horiguchi Horiguchi Horiguchi Horiguchi


title: Genki Horiguchi

texts: illegal tactics and weapons play in 2010. He would prove to be a man of his word that day when he stopped Yasushi Kanda from using a blue box in a tag team match they had. Though they still won, his actions caused him and Kanda to begin bickering. The bickering intensified the following day, when Kanda made him lose a tag team match by accidentally hitting him. Five days later, <mask> would be backed up by Susumu Yokosuka and K-ness in his quest for clean matches, after they all refused help from Kanda in a six-man tag match they were involved in.However, the new clean fight trio suddenly found themselves winless in every match they were in, with Horiguchi taking the fall every time. Also, their mission caused a divide to slowly form in Real Hazard, with them on one side and Kanda, Kzy, and Takuya Sugawara on the other. (Kenichiro Arai and KAGETORA remained neutral). Tensions finally boiled over on February 10, after KAGETORA accidentally cost Sugawara a shot at becoming the next challenger for the Open the Dream Gate Title. <mask> left Real Hazard, along with Susumu and K-ness, and was put in a match against Sugawara, scheduled for March 3. However, K-neSuka and <mask> decided to not team together anymore, since they all did not like how he was losing constantly, and they all agreed that this was preventing K-neSuka from getting to the top of the tag team division. <mask> remained a lone wolf up until the 27th, when Dragon Kid suggested him to CIMA and Gamma as a new member of the

masks: Horiguchi Horiguchi Horiguchi Genki


title: Genki Horiguchi

texts: WARRIORS stable, and he was welcomed into the fold.On May 13, 2010, <mask>, CIMA and Gamma defeated Don Fujii, Masaaki Mochizuki and Akebono to win the Open the Triangle Gate Championship. On October 25, 2010, <mask>, CIMA and Gamma lost the Open the Triangle Gate Championship to Naoki Tanizaki, Yasushi Kanda and Takuya Sugawara. <mask> turned heel on January 14, 2011, along with the rest of WARRIORS, when they attacked Masato Yoshino and WORLD-1, and joined forces with Naruki Doi's unnamed group. On January 18 the new group was named Blood Warriors. On February 6, 2011, <mask> and his Blood WARRIORS stablemate Ryo Saito defeated Don Fujii and Masaaki Mochizuki to win the Open the Twin Gate Championship. They would lose the title to rival group Junction Three representatives, Dragon Kid and PAC, on June 19, 2011. On February 9, 2012, new Blood Warriors leader Akira Tozawa kicked <mask> and Saito out of the group.On March 3, after <mask> teamed with Yasushi Kanda and Ryo Saito to win the vacant Open the Triangle Gate Championship, he renamed himself <mask> Horiguchi H.A.Gee.Mee!! and formed the Jimmyz stable with Jimmy KAGETORA, Jimmy Kanda, Ryo "Jimmy" Saito and Jimmy Susumu. The Jimmyz lost the Open the Triangle Gate Championship to World-1 International (Masato Yoshino, Naruki Doi and Pac) on May 6. On May 19, <mask> defeated Akira Tozawa in the finals to win the 2012 King of Gate tournament. On September 29, 2013, <mask> defeated Kzy in the finals of a tournament to win the Open

masks: Horiguchi Horiguchi Horiguchi Horiguchi Horiguchi Horiguchi Genki Horiguchi Horiguchi


title: George Wallace

texts: <mask>. (August 25, 1919 – September 13, 1998), was an American politician who served as the 45th governor of Alabama for four terms. A member of the Democratic Party, he is best remembered for his staunch segregationist and populist views. During his tenure, he promoted "industrial development, low taxes, and trade schools." <mask> sought the United States presidency as a Democrat three times, and once as an American Independent Party candidate, unsuccessfully each time. <mask> opposed desegregation and supported the policies of "Jim Crow" during the Civil Rights Movement, declaring in his 1963 inaugural address that he stood for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever". Born in Clio, Alabama, <mask> attended the University of Alabama School of Law, and served in United States Army Air Corps during World War II. After the war, he won election to the Alabama House of Representatives, and served as a state judge.<mask> first sought the Democratic nomination in the 1958 Alabama gubernatorial election. Initially a moderate on racial issues, <mask> adopted a hard-line segregationist stance after losing the 1958 nomination. <mask> ran for governor again in 1962, and won the race. Seeking to stop the racial integration of the University of Alabama, <mask> earned national notoriety by standing in front of the entrance of the University of Alabama, blocking the path of black students. <mask> left office after one term due to term limits, but his wife, Lurleen <mask>, won the next election and succeeded him, though he was the de facto governor. <mask> challenged sitting president Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1964 Democratic presidential primaries, but Johnson prevailed in the race. In the 1968 presidential election, <mask>

masks:
George Corley Wallace Jr
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace


title: George Wallace

texts:
 ran a third-party campaign in an attempt to force a contingent election in the United States House of Representatives, thereby enhancing the political clout of segregationist Southern leaders.<mask> won five Southern states but failed to force a contingent election. he remains the most recent third-party candidate to receive pledged electoral college votes from any state. <mask> won election to Governor of Alabama in 1970, and ran in the 1972 Democratic presidential primaries, once again campaigning for segregation. His campaign effectively ended when he was shot in Maryland by Arthur Bremer, and <mask> remained paralyzed below the waist for the rest of his life. Bremer was sentenced to 63 years in prison for the shooting, which was later reduced to 53 years, following an appeal; he served 35 years of the reduced sentence, and was paroled in 2007. <mask> won re-election as governor in 1974, and he once again unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination in the 1976 Democratic presidential primaries. In the late 1970s, <mask> announced that he became a born-again Christian, and moderated his views on race, renouncing his past support for segregation.<mask> left office in 1979, but re-entered politics and won election to a fourth, and final, term as governor in 1982. <mask> is the fourth longest-serving governor in US history, having served 5,848 days in office. Early life
<mask>, the first of four children, was born in Clio in Barbour County in southeastern Alabama, to <mask> <mask> and his wife, Mozelle (Smith). He was the third of five generations to bear the name "<mask>". Since his parents disliked the designation "Junior", he was called "<mask>.", to distinguish him from his father, <mask>, and his grandfather,

masks:
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
George Corley
Wallace
George Wallace
George C
George


title: George Wallace

texts: a physician. <mask>'s father left college to pursue a life of farming when food prices were high during World War I. When his father died in 1937, his mother had to sell their farmland to pay existing mortgages.<mask> was raised a Methodist by his parents. From age ten, <mask> was fascinated with politics. In 1935, he won a contest to serve as a page in the Alabama Senate, and confidently predicted that he would one day be governor. <mask> became a regionally successful boxer in high school, then went directly to law school in 1937 at the University of Alabama School of Law in Tuscaloosa. He was a member of the Delta Chi fraternity. It was at the University of Alabama that he crossed paths with Frank M. Johnson Jr., who was a much more liberal politician in relation to social issues and issues of race. <mask> also knew Chauncey Sparks, who became a conservative governor.These men had an effect on his personal politics reflecting ideologies of both leaders later during his time in office. He received a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1942. Early in 1943, <mask> was accepted for pilot training by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Soon afterwards <mask> contracted life-threatening spinal meningitis, but prompt medical attention with sulfa drugs saved his life. Left with partial hearing loss and permanent nerve damage, he was instead trained as a flight engineer. During 1945, as a member of a B-29 crew with 468th Bombardment Group, stationed in the Mariana Islands as part of the Twentieth Air Force, <mask> took part in air raids on Japan and reached the rank of staff sergeant. In mid-1945, <mask> received an early discharge on medical grounds, due to "severe anxiety", and a 10% disability pension for "psychoneurosis".(The

masks:
Wallace
George Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace


title: George Wallace

texts:
 Twentieth Air Force was commanded by General Curtis LeMay, who was his running mate in the 1968 presidential race). Racial attitude
Sources are mixed on <mask>'s attitudes towards race, particularly African-Americans. For instance, one source on <mask>'s career as a judge reports: "every black attorney who argued a case in <mask>'s ... courtroom was struck by his fairness .... But no one who knew <mask> well ever took seriously his earnest profession – uttered a thousand times after 1963 – that he was a segregationist, not a racist." A reporter covering state politics in 1961 observed that, while other Alabama politicians conversed primarily about women and Alabama football, for <mask> "it was race – race, race, race – and every time that I was closeted alone with him, that's all we talked about." <mask>'s preoccupation with race was based on his belief that black Americans comprised a separate and inferior race. In a 1963 letter to a social studies teacher, <mask> stated they were inclined to criminality – especially "atrocious acts ... such as rape, assault and murder" – because of a high incidence of venereal disease.Desegregation, he wrote, would lead to "intermarriage ... and eventually our race will be deteriated (sic) to that of the mongrel complexity." Early career
In 1938, at age 19, <mask> contributed to his grandfather's successful campaign for probate judge. Late in 1945, he was appointed as one of the assistant attorneys general of Alabama, and in May 1946, he won his first election as a member to the Alabama House of Representatives. At the time, he was considered a moderate on racial issues. As a delegate to the 1948 Democratic National Convention, he did not join the Dixiecrat walkout at the convention, despite

masks: Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace


title: George Wallace

texts:
 his opposition to U.S. President Harry S. Truman's proposed civil rights program. <mask> considered it an infringement on states' rights. The Dixiecrats carried Alabama in the 1948 general election, having rallied behind Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina.In his 1963 inaugural speech as governor, <mask> excused his failure to walk out of the 1948 convention on political grounds. In 1952, he became the Circuit Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit in Alabama. Here he became known as "the fighting little judge", a nod to his past boxing association. He gained a reputation for fairness regardless of the race of the plaintiff. It was common practice at the time for judges in the area to refer to black lawyers by their first names, while their white colleagues were addressed formally as "Mister"; Black lawyer J. L. Chestnut later said that "Judge <mask> was the most liberal judge that I had ever practiced law in front of. He was the first judge in Alabama to call me 'Mister' in a courtroom." On the other hand, <mask> issued injunctions to prevent the removal of segregation signs in rail terminals, becoming the first Southern judge to do so.Similarly, during efforts by civil rights organizations to expand voter registration of blacks, <mask> blocked federal efforts to review Barbour County voting lists. He was cited for criminal contempt of court in 1959. As judge, <mask> granted probation to some blacks, which may have cost him the 1958 gubernatorial election. Failed run for governor
In 1958, <mask> ran in the Democratic primary for governor. Since the 1901 constitution's effective disfranchisement of the state's blacks, and most poor whites as well, the Democratic Party had been virtually the only party in Alabama. For all

masks:
Wallace
Wallace
George Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace


title: George Wallace

texts:
 intents and purposes, the Democratic primary was the real contest at the state level. This was a political crossroads for <mask>.State Representative <mask>. Hawkins of Gadsden ran, but <mask>'s main opponent was state attorney general John Malcolm Patterson, who ran with the support of the Ku Klux Klan, an organization <mask> had spoken against. <mask> was endorsed by the NAACP. <mask> lost the nomination by over 34,400 votes. After the election, aide Seymore Trammell recalled <mask> saying, "Seymore, you know why I lost that governor's race? ... I was outniggered by John Patterson. And I'll tell you here and now, I will never be outniggered again."In the wake of his defeat, <mask> adopted a hard-line segregationist stance and used this stand to court the white vote in the next gubernatorial election in 1962. When a supporter asked why he started using racist messages, <mask> replied, "You know, I tried to talk about good roads and good schools and all these things that have been part of my career, and nobody listened. And then I began talking about niggers, and they stomped the floor." Governor of Alabama

Segregation

In the 1962 Democratic primary, <mask> finished first, ahead of State Senator Ryan DeGraffenried Sr., and taking 35 percent of the vote. In the runoff, <mask> won the nomination with 55 percent of the vote. As no Republican filed to run, this all but assured <mask> of becoming the next governor. He won a crushing victory in the November general election, taking 96 percent of the vote.As noted above, Democratic dominance had been achieved by disenfranchising most blacks and many poor whites in the state for decades, which lasted until years after federal civil rights legislation was passed in 1964 and 1965. <mask>

masks:
Wallace
George C
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace


title: George Wallace

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 took the oath of office on January 14, 1963, standing on the gold star marking the spot where, nearly 102 years earlier, Jefferson Davis was sworn in as provisional president of the Confederate States of America. In his inaugural speech, <mask> said:

This sentence had been written by <mask>'s new speechwriter, Ku Klux Klan leader Asa Earl Carter. In 1963, President John F. Kennedy's administration ordered the U.S. Army's 2nd Infantry Division from Fort Benning, Georgia to be prepared to enforce the racial integration of the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. In a vain attempt to halt the enrollment of black students Vivian Malone and James Hood, Governor <mask> stood in front of Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama on June 11, 1963. This became known as the "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door". In September 1963, <mask> attempted to stop four black students from enrolling in four separate elementary schools in Huntsville.After intervention by a federal court in Birmingham, the four children were allowed to enter on September 9, becoming the first to integrate a primary or secondary school in Alabama. <mask> desperately wanted to preserve segregation. In his own words: "The President [John F. Kennedy] wants us to surrender this state to Martin Luther King and his group of pro-communists who have instituted these demonstrations." <mask> predicted, during a Milwaukee, Wisconsin speech on September 17, 1964, that the office-holding supporters of a civil rights bill would politically "bite the dust" by 1966 and 1968. The Encyclopædia Britannica characterized him not so much as a segregationist but more as a "populist" who pandered to the white majority of Alabama voters. It notes that his failed attempt at presidential politics

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 created lessons that later influenced the populist candidacies of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. Jack Newfield wrote in 1971 that <mask> "recently has been sounding like William Jennings Bryan as he attacked concentrated wealth in his speeches".Economics and education

The principal achievement of <mask>'s first term was an innovation in Alabama industrial development that several other states later copied: he was the first Southern governor to travel to corporate headquarters in northern states to offer tax abatements and other incentives to companies willing to locate plants in Alabama. He also initiated a community college system that has now spread throughout the state, preparing many students to complete four-year degrees at Auburn University, UAB, or the University of Alabama. Wallace Community College (Dothan), is named for his father. Wallace Community College Selma (Selma), and Wallace State Community College (Hanceville) are named for him. Lurleen B. <mask> Community College in Andalusia is named for <mask>'s first wife, Lurleen <mask>. The University of South Alabama, a new state university in Mobile, was chartered in 1963 during <mask>'s first year in office as governor. 1964 Democratic presidential primaries
On November 15–20, 1963, in Dallas, <mask> announced his intention to oppose the incumbent president, John F. Kennedy, for the 1964 Democratic presidential nomination.Days later, also in Dallas, Kennedy was assassinated, and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded him as president. Building upon his notoriety after the University of Alabama controversy, <mask> entered the Democratic primaries in 1964 on the advice of a public relations expert from Wisconsin. <mask> campaigned strongly by expressing his

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 opposition to integration and a tough approach on crime. In Democratic primaries in Wisconsin, Indiana, and Maryland, <mask> garnered at least a third of the vote running against three Johnson-designated surrogates. <mask> was known for stirring crowds with his oratory. The Huntsville Times interviewed Bill Jones, <mask>'s first press secretary, who recounted "a particularly fiery speech in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1964 that scared even <mask>, [where he] angrily shouted to a crowd of 1,000 people that 'little pinkos' were 'running around outside' protesting his visit, and continued, after thunderous applause, saying, 'When you and I start marching and demonstrating and carrying signs, we will close every highway in the country.' The audience leaped to its feet and headed for the exit", Jones said, "It shook <mask>.He quickly moved to calm them down." At graduation exercises in the spring of 1964 at Bob Jones University in Greenville, South Carolina, <mask> received an honorary doctorate. At the commencement, Bob Jones Jr., read the following citation as a tribute to <mask>:

1964 unpledged elector slate
In 1964, Alabama Republicans stood to benefit from the unintended consequences of two developments: (1) Governor <mask> vacating the race for the Democratic presidential nomination against President Johnson, and (2) the designation of unpledged Democratic electors in Alabama, in effect removing President Johnson from the general election ballot. Prior to the 1964 Republican National Convention in San Francisco, <mask> and his aides Bill Jones and Seymore Trammell met in the Jefferson Davis Hotel in Montgomery with Alabama Republican leader James D. Martin, who had narrowly lost the U.S. Senate election in 1962 to J. Lister Hill. <mask>

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texts: and his aides sought to determine if Barry M. Goldwater, the forthcoming Republican presidential nominee who as a senator from Arizona had voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on libertarian and constitutional grounds, would advocate repeal of the law, particularly the public accommodations and equal employment sections. Bill Jones indicated that <mask> agreed with Goldwater's anti-communist stance but opposed the Republican's proposal to make Social Security a voluntary program. Jones stressed that <mask> had sacrificed his own presidential aspirations that year to allow a direct Republican challenge to President Johnson.It was later disclosed that <mask> proposed at the meeting with Martin to switch parties if he could be named as Goldwater's running-mate, a designation later given to U.S. Representative  William E. Miller of New York. Goldwater reportedly rejected the overture because he considered <mask> to be a racist. The unpledged electors in Alabama included the future U.S. senator, James Allen, then the lieutenant governor, and the subsequent Governor Albert Brewer, then the state House Speaker. National Democrats balked over Johnson's exclusion from the ballot, but most supported the unpledged slate, which competed directly with the Republican electors. As The Tuscaloosa News explained, loyalist electors would have offered a clearer choice to voters than did the unpledged slate. The 1964 Republican electors were the first since Reconstruction to prevail in Alabama. The Goldwater-Miller slate received 479,085 votes (69.5 percent) to the unpledged electors' 209,848 (30.5 percent).The Republican tide also brought to victory five Republican members of the United States House of Representatives, including William Louis

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 Dickinson, who held the Montgomery-based district seat until 1993, and James D. Martin, the Gadsden oil products dealer who defeated then State Senator <mask>. Hawkins for the U.S. House seat formerly held by Carl Elliott. Hardly yet sworn into the U.S. House, Martin already had his eyes on <mask>'s own position as governor. First Gentleman of Alabama
Term limits in the Alabama Constitution prevented <mask> from seeking a second term in 1966. Therefore, <mask> offered his wife, Lurleen <mask>, as a surrogate candidate for governor. In the Democratic primary, she defeated two former governors, Jim Folsom and John M. Patterson, Attorney General Richmond Flowers Sr., and former U.S. Representative Carl Elliott. Largely through the work of <mask>'s supporters, the Alabama restriction on gubernatorial succession was later modified to allow two consecutive terms. <mask> defended his wife's proxy candidacy.He felt somewhat vindicated when Republicans in Idaho denied renomination in 1966 to Governor Robert E. Smylie, author of the article entitled "Why I Feel Sorry for Lurleen <mask>". In his memoirs, <mask> recounts his wife's ability to "charm crowds" and cast off invective: "I was immensely proud of her, and it didn't hurt a bit to take a back seat to her in vote-getting ability." <mask> rebuffed critics who claimed that he had "dragooned" his wife into the race. "She loved every minute of being governor the same way ... that Mrs. (Margaret) Smith loves being senator." During the 1966 campaign, <mask> signed state legislation to nullify desegregation guidelines between Alabama cities and counties and the former United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. <mask> claimed that the law would thwart the national government

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 from intervening in schools. Critics denounced <mask>'s "political trickery" and expressed alarm at the potential forfeiture of federal funds.Republican gubernatorial candidate James D. Martin accused the Democrats of "playing politics with your children" and "neglecting academic excellence". Martin also opposed the desegregation guidelines and had sponsored a U.S. House amendment to forbid the placement of students and teachers on the basis of racial quotas. He predicted that <mask>'s legislation would propel the issuance of a court order compelling immediate and total desegregation in all public schools. He also compared the new Alabama law to "another two-and-a-half minute stand in the schoolhouse door". Lurleen <mask> defeated Martin in the general election on November 8, 1966. She was inaugurated in January 1967, but on May 7, 1968, she died in office of cancer at the age of 41, amid her husband's ongoing second presidential campaign. On her death, she was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Albert Brewer, who had run without Republican opposition amid the <mask> race.<mask>'s influence in state government thus subsided until his next bid for election in his own right in 1970. He was "first gentleman" for less than a year and a half. 1968 third-party presidential run

Planning for Wallace's 1968 presidential campaign began with a strategy session on the evening of the March 1967 inauguration of Lurleen <mask>. The meeting featured prominent white supremacists and anti-Semites, including: Asa Carter; William Simmons of the White Citizens' Council; Dallas County Sheriff Jim Clark; former Mississippi Gov. Ross Barnett; Leander Perez, a fervent Louisiana segregationist and anti-Semite; Kent Courtney, a John Bircher; and "a

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texts: representative sent by Willis Carto, head of the Liberty Lobby and publisher of the anti-Semitic magazine American Mercury." <mask> ran for president in the 1968 election as the American Independent Party candidate, with Curtis LeMay as his candidate for vice president. <mask> hoped to force the House of Representatives to decide the election with one vote per state if he could obtain sufficient electoral votes to make him a power broker.<mask> hoped that southern states could use their clout to end federal efforts at desegregation. His platform contained generous increases for beneficiaries of Social Security and Medicare. <mask>'s foreign policy positions set him apart from the other candidates in the field. "If the Vietnam War was not winnable within 90 days of his taking office, <mask> pledged an immediate withdrawal of U.S. troops ... <mask> described foreign aid as money 'poured down a rat hole' and demanded that European and Asian allies pay more for their defense." Richard Nixon feared that <mask> might split the conservative vote and allow the Democratic nominee, Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, to prevail. Some Democrats feared <mask>'s appeal to organized blue-collar workers would damage Humphrey in northern states such as Ohio, New Jersey, and Michigan. <mask> ran a "law and order" campaign similar to Nixon's, further worrying Republicans.In <mask>'s 1998 obituary, The Huntsville Times political editor John Anderson summarized the impact from the 1968 campaign: "His startling appeal to millions of alienated white voters was not lost on Richard Nixon and other Republican strategists. First Nixon, then Ronald Reagan, and finally <mask> Walker Bush successfully adopted toned-down versions of <mask>'s anti-busing,

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texts: anti-federal government platform to pry low- and middle-income whites from the Democratic New Deal coalition." Dan Carter, a professor of history at Emory University in Atlanta, added: "<mask> laid the foundation for the dominance of the Republican Party in American society through the manipulation of racial and social issues in the 1960s and 1970s. He was the master teacher, and Richard Nixon and the Republican leadership that followed were his students." <mask> considered Happy Chandler, the former baseball commissioner, two-term former governor of Kentucky and former Senator from Kentucky, as his running mate in his 1968 campaign as a third-party candidate; as one of <mask>'s aides put it, "We have all the nuts in the country; we could get some decent people–-you working one side of the street and he working the other side." <mask> invited Chandler, but when the press published the prospect, <mask>'s supporters objected: Chandler had supported the hiring of Jackie Robinson by the Brooklyn Dodgers. <mask> retracted the invitation, and (after considering Kentucky Fried Chicken founder Colonel Harland Sanders) chose former Air Force General Curtis LeMay of California.LeMay was considered instrumental in the establishment in 1947 of the United States Air Force and an expert in military affairs. His four-star military rank, experience at Strategic Air Command and presence advising President Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis were considered foreign-policy assets to the <mask> campaign. By 1968, LeMay had retired and was serving as chairman of the board of an electronics company, but the company threatened to dismiss him if he took a leave of absence to run for vice president. To keep LeMay on the ticket, <mask> backer and Texas

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texts: oil tycoon H. L. Hunt set up a million-dollar fund to reimburse LeMay for any income lost in the campaign. Campaign aides tried to persuade LeMay to avoid questions relating to nuclear weapons, but when asked if he thought their use was necessary to win the Vietnam War, he first said that America could win in Vietnam without them. However, he alarmed the audience by further commenting, "we [Americans] have a phobia about nuclear weapons. I think there may be times when it would be most efficient to use nuclear weapons."The "politically tone-deaf" LeMay became a drag on <mask>'s candidacy for the remainder of the campaign. In 1968, <mask> pledged that "If some anarchist lies down in front of my automobile, it will be the last automobile he will ever lie down in front of" and asserted that the only four letter words which hippies did not know were "w-o-r-k" and "s-o-a-p."  Responding to criticism of the former comment, <mask> later elaborated that he meant such a protester would be punished under the law, not run over. This type of rhetoric became famous. He accused Humphrey and Nixon of wanting to radically desegregate the South. <mask> said, "There's not a dime's worth of difference between the Republicans and Democrats", a campaign slogan that he had first perfected when Lurleen <mask> defeated James D. Martin. Major media outlets observed the support <mask> received from extremist groups such as White Citizens' Councils. It has been noted that members of such groups had permeated the <mask> campaign by 1968 and, while <mask> did not openly seek their support, nor did he refuse it.Indeed, at least one case has been documented of the pro-Nazi and white supremacist Liberty Lobby distributing a pro-<mask> pamphlet entitled "Stand up

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 for America" despite the campaign's denial of such a connection. Unlike Strom Thurmond in 1948, <mask> generally avoided race-related discussions. He mostly criticized hippies and "pointy-headed intellectuals". He denied he was racist, saying once, "I've never made a racist speech in my life." While <mask> carried five Southern states, won almost ten million popular votes and 46 electoral votes, Nixon received 301 electoral votes, more than required to win the election. <mask> remains the last non-Democratic, non-Republican candidate to win any pledged electoral votes. <mask> also received the vote of one North Carolina elector who had been pledged to Nixon.Many found <mask> an entertaining campaigner. To "hippies" who called him a fascist, he replied, "I was killing fascists when you punks were in diapers." Another notable quip: "They're building a bridge over the Potomac for all the white liberals fleeing to Virginia." <mask> decried the United States Supreme Court's binding opinion in Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, which ordered immediate desegregation of Southern schools – he said the new Burger court was "no better than the Warren court" and called the justices "limousine hypocrites". Second term as governor
In 1970, <mask> sought the Democratic nomination against incumbent Governor Albert Brewer, who was the first gubernatorial candidate since Reconstruction to seek African-American voter support. Although in the 1966 gubernatorial election then state Attorney General Richmond Flowers championed civil rights for all and with the support of most of Alabama Black voters finished second in the Democratic primary. Brewer unveiled a progressive platform and worked to build an alliance between blacks and the white

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 working class.Of <mask>'s out-of-state trips, Brewer said, "Alabama needs a full-time governor!" In the primary, Brewer received the most votes but failed to win a majority, which triggered a runoff election. In what later U.S. President Jimmy Carter called "one of the most racist campaigns in modern southern political history", <mask> aired television advertising with slogans such as "Do you want the black bloc electing your governor?" and circulated an ad showing a white girl surrounded by seven black boys, with the slogan "Wake Up Alabama! Blacks vow to take over Alabama." <mask> slurred Brewer, whom he called "Sissy Britches", and his family. In the runoff, <mask> narrowly won the Democratic nomination and won the general election in a landslide.Though <mask> had promised not to run for president a third time, the day after the election, he flew to Wisconsin to campaign for the upcoming 1972 United States presidential election. <mask>, whose presidential ambitions would have been destroyed by a defeat for governor, has been said to have run "one of the nastiest campaigns in state history", using racist rhetoric while proposing few new ideas. 1972 Democratic presidential primaries and assassination attempt

On January 13, 1972, <mask> declared himself a Democratic candidate. The field included Senator <mask>n, 1968 nominee and former U.S. vice president Hubert Humphrey, and nine other Democratic opponents, including John V. Lindsay, the liberal mayor of New York City, who had switched from Republican affiliation to enter the Democratic presidential primaries. <mask> announced that he no longer supported segregation and had always been a "moderate" on racial matters. This position was an echo of Nixon, who in 1969 had

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texts: instituted the first affirmative action program, the Philadelphia Plan that established goals and timetables. However, <mask> (similarly to Nixon) expressed continued opposition to desegregation busing.For the next four months, <mask>'s campaign proceeded well. In Florida's primary, <mask> carried every county to win 42 percent of the vote. On May 15, 1972, he was shot five times by Arthur Bremer while campaigning at the Laurel Shopping Center in Laurel, Maryland, at a time when he was receiving high ratings in national opinion polls. Bremer was seen at a <mask> rally in Wheaton, Maryland, earlier that day and two days earlier at a rally in Kalamazoo, Michigan. <mask> was hit in the abdomen and chest, and one of the bullets lodged in <mask>'s spinal column, leaving him paralyzed from the waist down for the rest of his life. A five-hour operation was needed that evening, and <mask> had to receive several units of blood in order to survive. Three others who were wounded in the shooting also survived.The shooting and <mask>'s subsequent injuries put an effective end to his bid for the Democratic Presidential nomination. The assassination attempt was caught on film. Bremer's diary, An Assassin's Diary, published after his arrest, shows he was motivated in the assassination attempt by a desire for fame, not by political ideology. He had considered President Nixon an earlier target. He was convicted at trial. On August 4, 1972, Bremer was sentenced to 63 years in prison, later reduced to 53 years. Bremer served 35 years and was released on parole on November 9, 2007.CBS News correspondent David Dick won an Emmy Award for his coverage of the attempt on <mask>'s life. Following the assassination attempt, <mask> was visited at the hospital


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 by Democratic Congresswoman and presidential primary rival Shirley Chisholm, a representative from Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. At the time, she was the nation's only African-American female member of Congress. Despite their ideological differences and the opposition of Chisholm's constituents, Chisholm felt visiting <mask> was the humane thing to do. Other people to visit <mask> in hospital were President Nixon, Vice President Spiro Agnew, and presidential primary rivals Hubert Humphrey, <mask>n, and Ted Kennedy. He also received telegrams from former President Lyndon Johnson, California governor Ronald Reagan and Pope Paul VI. After the shooting, <mask> won primaries in Maryland and Michigan, but his near assassination effectively ended his campaign.From his wheelchair, <mask> spoke on July 11, 1972, at the Democratic National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida. Since <mask> was out of Alabama for more than 20 days while he was recovering in Holy Cross Hospital in Silver Spring, Maryland, the state constitution required Lieutenant Governor Jere Beasley to serve as acting governor from June 5 until <mask>'s return to Alabama on July 7. <mask> resumed his gubernatorial duties and easily won the 1974 primary and general election, when he defeated Republican State Senator Elvin McCary, a real estate developer from Anniston, who received less than 15 percent of the ballots cast. In 1992, when asked to comment on the 20th anniversary of his attempted assassination, <mask> replied, "I've had 20 years of pain." 1976 Democratic presidential primaries

In November 1975, <mask> announced his fourth bid for the presidency, again participating in the Democratic presidential primaries. <mask>'s campaign was plagued by voter concern about his

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 health as well as the media use of images that portrayed him as nearly helpless. His supporters complained that such coverage was motivated by bias, citing the discretion used in coverage of Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralysis, before television became commercially available.In the southern primaries and caucuses, <mask> carried only Mississippi, South Carolina and his home state of Alabama. If the popular vote in all primaries and caucuses were combined, <mask> would have placed third behind former Georgia governor Jimmy Carter and California governor Jerry Brown. After the primaries were completed, and he had lost several Southern primaries to Carter, <mask> left the race in June 1976. He eventually endorsed Carter, who defeated Republican incumbent Gerald Ford. <mask> later said that he had facilitated a fellow southerner's nomination. No position advocated by <mask> was included in the 1976 Democratic platform. Final term as governor

In the late 1970s, <mask> announced that he was a born-again Christian and apologized to black civil rights leaders for his past actions as a segregationist.He said that while he had once sought power and glory, he realized he needed to seek love and forgiveness. In 1979, <mask> said of his stand in the schoolhouse door: "I was wrong. Those days are over, and they ought to be over." He publicly asked for forgiveness from black Americans. In the 1982 Alabama gubernatorial Democratic primary, <mask>'s main opponents were Lieutenant Governor <mask> and Alabama House Speaker Joe McCorquodale. In the primary, McCorquodale was eliminated, and the vote went to a runoff, with <mask> holding a slight edge over McMillan. <mask> won the Democratic nomination by a margin of 51 to 49 percent.In the general

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 election, his opponent was Montgomery Republican Mayor Emory Folmar. Polling experts at first thought the 1982 election was the best chance since Reconstruction for a Republican to be elected as governor of Alabama. Ultimately, though, it was <mask>, not Folmar, who claimed victory. During <mask>'s final term as governor (1983–1987) he appointed a record number of Black Americans to state positions, including, for the first time, two as members in the same cabinet. On April 2, 1986, <mask> announced at a press conference in Montgomery that he would not run for a fifth term as Governor of Alabama, and would retire from public life after leaving the governor's mansion in January 1987. <mask> achieved four gubernatorial terms across three decades, totaling 16 years in office. Marriages and children
<mask> married Lurleen Brigham Burns on May 22, 1943.The couple had four children together: Bobbi Jo (1944) Parsons, Peggy Sue (1950) Kennedy, <mask>, known as <mask> (1951), and Janie Lee (1961) Dye, who was named after Robert E. Lee. Lurleen <mask> was the first woman to be elected governor of Alabama, which she did as a stand-in for her husband, who was barred from serving another term. In 1961, in keeping with the practice of many at the time to shield patients from discussion of cancer, which was greatly feared, <mask> had withheld information from her that a uterine biopsy had found possibly precancerous cells. After Lurleen's death in 1968, the couple's younger children, aged 18, 16, and 6, were sent to live with family members and friends for care (their eldest daughter had already married and left home). Their son, commonly called <mask> Jr., is a Democrat-turned-Republican formerly active in Alabama politics. He was twice elected

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 state treasurer as a Democrat, and twice elected to the Alabama Public Service Commission. He lost a race in 2006 for the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor.In 2010, <mask>. failed by a wide margin to win the Republican nod to regain his former position as state treasurer. On January 4, 1971, <mask> wed the former Cornelia Ellis Snively (1939–2009), a niece of former Alabama governor Jim Folsom, known as "Big Jim". "C'nelia" had been a performer and was nicknamed "the Jackie Kennedy of the rednecks." The couple had a bitter divorce in 1978. A few months after that divorce, Cornelia told Parade magazine, "I don't believe <mask> needs a family. He just needs an audience. The family as audience wasn't enough for his ego."Snively died at the age of 69 on January 8, 2009. On September 9, 1981, <mask> married Lisa Taylor, a country music singer; they divorced in 1987. Peggy was twelve years old when her father ran successfully for governor. She has shared that she was not treated nicely out in public due to her father's segregationist views. Some people would not shake her hand because of her last name. She would go to school wanting to befriend the black students, but she assumed they would not like her because of what her father had done. Final years and death
In a 1995 interview, <mask> said that he planned to vote for Republican Bob Dole in the 1996 presidential election, commenting, "He's a good man.His wife is a born-again Christian woman and I believe he is, too." He also revealed that he had voted for <mask>. W. Bush, another Republican, in 1992. His son, <mask> Jr., officially switched from Democrat to Republican that same year. <mask> himself declined to identify as either a Republican or a Democrat. But he added,

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 "The state is slowly going Republican because of Clinton being so liberal." In his later years, <mask> suffered from deafness and Parkinson's disease. At a restaurant a few blocks from the State Capitol, <mask> became something of a fixture.In constant pain, he was surrounded by an entourage of old friends and visiting well-wishers and continued this ritual until a few weeks before his death. <mask> died of septic shock from a bacterial infection in Jackson Hospital in Montgomery on September 13, 1998. He suffered from respiratory problems in addition to complications from his gunshot spinal injury. His grave is located at Greenwood Cemetery, in Montgomery. Legacy and honors

With four failed runs for president, <mask> was unsuccessful in national politics. However, his impact on American politics was enormous and earned him the appellation "the most influential loser" in 20th century American politics, according to biographers Dan T. Carter and Stephan Lesher. The <mask> Tunnel on Interstate 10 is named in his honor.<mask> was the subject of a documentary, <mask>: Settin' the Woods on Fire (2000), shown by PBS on The American Experience. It was funded in part by the National Endowment for the Humanities. Over 50 songs have been released about or making reference to <mask>. The TNT cable network produced a movie, <mask> (1997), directed by John Frankenheimer and starring Gary Sinise. Sinise received an Emmy Award for his performance during a ceremony held the day <mask> died. In the 2014 film Selma, which was set during the Civil Rights Movement, which then-Governor <mask> publicly opposed, <mask> was portrayed by actor Tim Roth. Three community colleges in Alabama are named for <mask>: Wallace Community College, Wallace Community

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 College Selma, and Wallace State Community College.Lurleen B. <mask> Community College is named for his wife. In 2020, amidst a change in public opinion, many Alabama universities were pushed to rename campus buildings that were originally named after <mask>. This included, but was not limited to, the University of Montevallo and Auburn University. The University of Montevallo has been unsuccessful in renaming the George C. Wallace Speech and Hearing Center because the building was named via Act 110 by the Alabama Legislature in 1975. See also

 Electoral history of <mask>
 Southern Democrats

Footnotes

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

 Frady, Marshall. <mask>. In series, Meridian Books.New York: World Publishing Co., 1970, cop. 1968. External links

 Governor <mask>'s Schoolhouse Door speech archived at The University of Alabama
 <mask> article at the Encyclopedia of Alabama
 <mask> – Daily Telegraph obituary
 Oral History Interview with <mask> from Oral Histories of the American South
 Caught on Tape: The White House Reaction to the Shooting of Alabama Governor and Democratic Presidential Candidate <mask> from History's News Network: http://hnn.us/articles/45104.html
 <mask>: Settin' the Woods on Fire PBS American Experience documentary, including complete transcript, teacher tools and links
 1963 gubernatorial inauguration address
 Cornelia <mask>'s Obituary on Decatur Daily
 Political Graveyard

 "<mask>, Presidential Contender" from C-SPAN's The Contenders
 Speech by <mask> given on March 16, 1970. Audio recording from The University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues
 Footage of campaign speech given by <mask> on May 1, 1964 at Ball State Teachers College in Muncie, Indiana
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 Needs "The Little Judge" – 1960/1961 Pro-Segregation Comic Book commissioned directly by <mask> during his campaign for Governor of Alabama. Meeting Elvis Presley with his family backstage before Elvis' concert at the Garrett Coliseum in Montgomery, AL on March 6, 1974. http://www.elvis-collectors.com/candid-central/wallace74.html
 Testimony from Hosea Williams, John Lewis, and Amelia Boynton et al. v. Honorable <mask><mask>, Governor of Alabama et al. from the National Archives and Records Administration

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was a Japanese educator and poet of the Meiji and Taishō period. Born in present-day Ena, Gifu, she was the founder many educational organizations, including what is today Jissen Women's University. She had international influence, and was one of the most influential women in Asia. Biography

<mask> was born into a samurai family as Seki Hirao, in Iwakara, in Gifu Prefecture. For the first 6–7 years of her life she was an only child, and studied the Confucian classics; she is said to have read all the Chinese and Japanese books her parents had. Her father and grandfather were Confucian scholars. In the run up to the Meiji Restoration, the Hirao family were firmly on the side of the Emperor, and when the Shogunate fell, <mask>'s father was given a prominent position in Tokyo, where the family moved in 1870, when <mask> was about 16.She worked as lady-in-waiting to Empress Shōken from 1871-1879. Seki was well-educated and recognised as an excellent poet, so much so that the empress changed her name to <mask> (poem child). As a result, she rose through the ranks. At court, she attended lessons and lectures, including learning French. In 1875, she began working on the empress's educational works. She formed connections to political leaders including Itō Hirobumi, Yamagata Aritomo, and Inoue Kaoru. In November 1879, she resigned from court to marry the swordsman Takeo <mask>, at her family's request.He suffered from alcoholism and a serious stomach ailment, and she spent much of her time caring for him. Motivated by the urgings of her connections at court, who requested a school for their daughters, and by

masks:
Utako Shimoda
Utako
Utako Shimoda
Utako
Shimoda


title: Utako Shimoda

texts: financial need, in 1881 Utako was opened her house as a private school for girls over 10 years old. She taught poetry and Chinese classics to the wives of a number of ex-samurai officials. She would interrupt a lecture to tend to her husband when he called her. In 1883 the empress decided to found a school for educating girls of the nobility, the  (later merged with the Gakushūin). <mask> initially did not participate on grounds of her huband's health. Takeo died in 1884 and <mask> threw herself into her work as a full-time educator, becoming a teacher and assistant principal at the Girl Peers' School, where she taught ethics and home economics.She also wrote textbooks, starting with a Japanese language textbook published in 1885. In 1893 and 1894 she went abroad to study noblewomen's education. Her interest in women's education took her to Europe (where she enjoyed an audience with Queen Victoria) and America for two years, returning to Japan in 1895 with fluent English and a raft of new ideas to overhaul Japanese education for women. From 1896, she tutored two daughters of imperial concubine Sachiko Sono: Tsunemiya (Princess Masako Takeda) and Kanemiya (Fusako Kitashirakawa). In 1899 she established , later Jissen Women's University, for Japanese middle-class women and female Chinese exchange students, and the  (Women's vocational craft school) for the lower classes. In 1901 she founded the , or Patriotic Women's Association, and in 1907 she withdrew from working with the upper classes to concentrate on educating middle- and lower-class women. <mask> <mask> gave public speeches, which were often printed in

masks: Utako Utako Utako Shimoda


title: Utako Shimoda

texts: women's magazines.She also wrote many women's biographies, believing them important for women's moral education. These included the biographies of Japanese women such as Empress Jingū and Ōbako, Eastern women such as the mother of Mencius, and  Western women such as Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, Catherine Gladstone, Hannah Duston, Dolley Madison, Eleanor of Toledo, Mary Ball Washington, and Charlotte Corday. She also helped Asaoka Hajime translate Renaissance educator François Fénelon's work on women's education. Her  was one of the first Japanese women's schools to take Chinese students, at first all the daughters of expatriates, but from 1903 onwards students also came from China to be educated there. She helped found the  (Society for Renewal) in Shanghai, and her works were published in Mandarin translation in its journal  (). In 1907, the Heimin Shinbun (Common People's Newspaper) published (over 42 days) an article series called . It attacked corrupt right-wing politicians by alleging that <mask> Utako was sexually involved with  Itō Hirobumi (a former prime minister), Yamagata Aritomo (another former prime minister, and a military leader), and Inoue Kaoru (a cabinet minister).The issues containing the article series were banned by the government. There were also rumours connecting her to the emperor and Kichisaburō Iino (a politically-powerful Shinto mystic). <mask> <mask>'s powerful supporters did not publicly defend her, and in 1906 she had to step down as head of the Gakushūin Women's Academy, giving leadership to the headmaster of the male division, Marusuke Nogi. In 1990, <mask> Shimoda

masks: Shimoda Utako Shimoda Utako


title: Utako Shimoda

texts:
 was the subject of the biographical novel centering on this scandal, , by Naoki Prize-winning popular author Mariko Hayashi (ja). <mask> Shimoda's vision and work did much to modernise and improve women's education in Japan (she is even responsible for the navy-style girls' school uniform), not just in the realm of improving the mind, but in physical education as well. She was an early student of Jigoro Kano, the founder of modern Judo. She founded three women's schools and wrote over 80 books.She died from pneumonia in 1936, aged 82. The Shimoda Utako Research Institute for Women is named after her. Teachings and politics
Politically, Shimoda <mask> was royalist and nationalist; she supported an expansionist colonial foreign policy, feeling that it was Japan's divine destiny to lead East Asia to a higher level of civilization and wealth, already attained in the West. She warned about and opposed Western imperialism. While she favoured a nationalistic education that instilled patriotism, she judged that the patriotism taught in the west was excessive, and too vengeful, belligerent, and prideful. She considered Chinese and Korean women to be dōhō 同胞 (of the same womb) as Japanese women, though not of the same race, and inferior in education, opportunities, and "superstitious" culture, not intelligence or abilities. Her views have also been described as supporting eugenics.She considered herself a moderate reformer, a , and felt that aspects of Western culture should be selectively adopted to strengthen Japan. Shimoda Utako opposed the subjugation of women, and their absolute obedience to men; she encouraged

masks: Utako Utako


title: Utako Shimoda

texts: wives to scold their husbands if they behaved unjustly or unvirtuously, and to develop self-respect and dignity. She also said that daughters had a right to express an opinion on an arranged marriage. She judged that Eastern cultures demeaned women and valued men, while Western ones did the reverse. She was surprised by how kind Western men were to their wives, and as she attributed many of the differences in marriage dynamics to the practice of monogamy in the West, she hoped that its introduction in Japan would improve the status of women. She argued that women and men had separate spheres and abilities. She thought women's ideal sphere was domestic; they should be wives, mothers, and lords of their households.She advocated that they should control their family finances, and engage in charitable social work, but acknowledged that financial necessity or the good of the country might require that women work outside the home, in which case daycares were valuable. She also supported women taking professional roles, such as physician, journalist, or nurse (she was an admirer of epidemiologist Florence Nightingale). She considered devoting oneself to religion, public service, or an art in which one was very talented, was an acceptable alternative to marriage and a reason for women to remain single. <mask> Utako thought that women should study world affairs, geography, and history, but should not be involved in politics; she opposed women's suffrage. She encouraged bilingualism and had her students learn English and Japanese. She considered that the historically high status of women in Japan had been brought low


title: Utako Shimoda

texts: by the rise of militarism after the Heian period, and religious teachings on the inferiority of women. She cited Amaterasu, the female ancestor of the imperial lineage, and other early Japanese stories, as evidence for the high status of Japanese women in the past.She criticized the period of warrior rule (which she saw as lasting seven centuries, from the late Heian Period, in the 12th century, until the Meiji Era, 1868 to 1912). She characterized it as a time when physical strength became of paramount importance, and thus women's status sank to the point that they became "men's slaves or material possessions". She saw it as her role to restore the historically high status of Japanese women, and thus raise Japanese civilization. Shimoda <mask> pointed out the low regard in which the warrior-led society had held economic skills and virtues, attributing the greater wealth of Western nations to the cultural unwillingness of the Japanese to work hard and manage money well. On the other hand, she criticized Westerners as greedy. She lectured on the advantage of the western custom of pocket-money, and taught that household economics were the foundation of a nation's wealth. She wrote two biographies of Queen Victoria; she considered the success of the British Empire to have been caused by Victoria's virtues.Shimoda <mask> praised her as a wise wife, mother, and monarch, describing her philanthropic work and her insistence that her children learn manual skill, the value of labour, and sympathy and understanding for the poor. She criticized traditional Japanese Buddhist teachings that women were too sinful to be


title: Utako Shimoda

texts:
 saved. She criticized the Confucian teachings that women should obey their fathers, husbands, and sons, while men could or should divorce their wives under some conditions. Shimoda Utako viewed Christianity as moderating the cruel and arrogant natures of Westerners, and churchgoing as inculcating morality; for the Japanese she advocated adherence to a religion, any religion that did not conflict with national polity () or loyalty to the emperor of Japan, and using Sundays to cultivate virtue (for instance, by visiting graves or a shrine, or attending moral lectures). Shimoda Utako placed a high value on physical education, writing: "Since the laws of biology dictate that inferior health is accompanied by inferior moral qualities and inferior intellect, I should not have to argue once again that we need to have a great reform in this aspect for the sake of our Japanese citizens' future." She also considered physical health to be necessary to a colonial empire. While she considered both men and women in Japan to be less healthy than in the West, she judged that women were much worse off, being confined by custom to their homes and restrictive garments.She successfully advocated reform dress. She also opposed Chinese footbinding, requiring that Chinese students attending her school unbind their feet. Schools and organizations
Shimoda <mask> was involved in leadership roles in numerous schools:
Kazoku Jogakkō 華族女學校 (later part of the Gakushūin 學習院)
Jissen Jogakkō 實踐女學校 (as founder)
Joshi Kōgei Gakkō 女子工藝學校 (as founder)
Junshin Jogakkō 順心女學校
Ōmi Joshi Jitsumu Gakkō 淡海女子實務學校
Meitoku Jogakkō 明徳女學校
Aikoku Yakan


title: Utako Shimoda

texts:
 Jogakkō 愛國夜間女學校

She was also involved with civil society groups:
Aikoku Fujinkai 愛國婦人會 (as founder)
Zhouxin She 作新社, Shanghai, 1901 (helped found)
Women's Christian Temperance Union

Selected publications
 (1901)
 (1902)
 (1912)

Selected students
Qiu Jin (), revolutionary
Yànān Chén ()

References

 The Way of Judo: A Portrait of Jigoro Kano & His Students by John Stevens (Shambhala, 2013)

Further reading

Japan's National Diet Library has many of <mask> Shimoda's works in its digital collections. Shimoda Utako chosakushū shiryōhen [The Collected Works of Shimoda Utako], Itagaki Hiroko ed. (contains most of her magazine contributions)

1854 births
1936 deaths
People from Gifu Prefecture
Writers from Gifu Prefecture
Japanese ladies-in-waiting
19th-century Japanese women
University and college founders
Women


title: Rob Dougan

texts:
<mask> () is an Australian composer, known for his genre-blending music. Mixing elements of orchestral music, trip hop, and bluesy vocals, his work is tangentially relatable to electronic music. He is known primarily for his breakthrough 1995 single "Clubbed to Death (Kurayamino Variation)", further popularised by 1999's The Matrix soundtrack. "Clubbed to Death" was re-released on his debut album Furious Angels in 2002, seven years after its initial release, as well as providing several variations of the song, most notably the Kurayamino variation; he has also provided a variation of the Moby song "Porcelain". In 1995, he teamed up with Rollo to remix the U2 song "Numb"; the remix was titled "Numb (Gimme Some More Dignity Mix)". Early life and education
<mask> was born in Melbourne, Australia in 1969 and raised in Sydney. He attended Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview, and then the National Institute of Dramatic Art, where he studied acting.In 1990, he traveled to London, and began to work in music with his friend Rollo, both of whom had worked together and released material in Australia. Career
From 1991 to 1995, <mask> was a producer and remix artist. In 1994, his remixes started charting in the United Kingdom. He also released his first single, "Hard Times". In 1995, his hit single "Clubbed to Death" gave him a recognised name in the UK dance club scene. He produced half a dozen remixes of it, including the "Kurayamino Variation". His label Mo' Wax Records was pleased and commissioned the follow-up, "Clubbed to Death 2" (later the bonus track on the album).CTD2 was never released as a single, but appeared on the James Lavelle disc of the 1996 DJ mix compilation album, Cream Live 2. "Furious Angels" was not released on Mo' Wax, but <mask> eventually released it as a single in 1998 on Rollo's label Cheeky Records. Dougan worked for the following six years, doing remixes and licensing his tracks, in order to self-produce the album, which was backed by a full orchestra and a full choir. "Furious

masks:
Robert Don Hunter Dougan
Dougan
Dougan
Dougan


title: Rob Dougan

texts: Angels" also featured as the musical score accompanying the introduction sequence for the 2000 racing simulation game Grand Prix 3. In 1999, his exposure increased dramatically when his "Clubbed to Death (Kurayamino Variation)" was featured on the soundtrack of The Matrix. He contributed two more tracks to the soundtrack of 2003's Matrix sequel The Matrix Reloaded, "Château" and "Kung Fu" (a shortened version of "Furious Angels" made for The Matrix Reloaded). "I'm Not Driving Anymore (instrumental)" was also used for the trailer of the film and as background music for the DVD menu.In 2002 in the UK, and 2003 in the rest of the world, <mask> released his debut album Furious Angels, which was met with "Generally favorable" reviews from critics. Later in 2003, a two-disc re-release of Furious Angels featured all-instrumental versions on the second disc. In 2006, Dougan was reportedly writing "a couple of songs" for Sugababes (for whom he produced the single "Too Lost in You"), and working on two albums of his own — one original, one classical. A short film made for jewelry designer Solange Azagury-Partridge, The Letter, directed by Laurence Dunmore and starring Thandie Newton and Jason Isaacs features new music by <mask>; the short film, however, does not mention the title of the song. In May 2015, Dougan released The 22nd Sunday in Ordinary Time Sessions on his official site. The EP, recorded at London's Air Lyndhurst Studios with a 75-piece orchestra and 40-piece choir, consists of five instrumental songs and a 20-minute film of the sessions. In October 2016, Dougan released Misc.Sessions EP on his official site. The EP, recorded at Abbey Road Studios with a 10-piece and 50-piece string section, consists of five tracks, with orchestra and instrumental mixes and an 18-minute film. In 2018 <mask> compiled and released Films: Past and Future his first solely instrumental release, comprising 21 tracks available for the first time on vinyl, CD and digital download. The album was released via direct-to-fan

masks:
Dougan
Rob Dougan
Dougan


title: Rob Dougan

texts:
 company PledgeMusic just at the time that the organisation announced it was experiencing issues and had failed to pay many artistes the monies that had been pledged to them. In a personal project update posted on 18 February, <mask> confirmed that he had been affected by the issues but, having already released the album digitally, had met the costs of physical releases himself, with the CD, vinyl and accompanying book due for release on 4 March 2019. In February 2019, Dougan released The Life of the World to Come, a brand new four track EP which includes "The Life of the World to Come", "Beautiful Things", "Quasimodo's Dream" and "And Then I Think of You". Each song was released with an accompanying instrumental version and two of the tracks were cover versions - "Beautiful Things" written by Leslie Bricusse and "Quasimodo's Dream" by The Reels.The EP is published by Engard Ltd and was released by <mask> himself via Gumroad. Non-musical activities
In 2004, <mask> founded a vineyard called La Pèira in the Terrasses du Larzac region of France. Discography

Albums

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Extended plays

Singles

Notes

A  Furious Angels was not released in the United States until May 2003, where it was released on the record labels Warner Bros. Records and Reprise Records. B  "Clubbed to Death" only charted in the UK and Ireland after being re-released in 2002. See also
 The Matrix (franchise)
 The Matrix
 The Matrix Reloaded
 The Matrix Revolutions

References

External links
 robdougan.com — <mask> official site
 robdougan.com/blog — <mask>an official site blog
 www.robdougan.org — <mask>an fan site
 IGN's 2003 interview — All about his involvement with The Matrix franchise's soundtracks. 1969 births
Australian electronic musicians
Australian expatriates in England
Australian male composers
Australian male singers
Australian songwriters
Living people
Musicians from Melbourne
People educated at Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview
Reprise Records artists
Trip hop musicians
Warner Records

masks:
Rob
Dougan
Dougan
Rob Dougan
Rob Doug
Rob Doug


title: Kij Johnson

texts:
<mask> (; born <mask> January 20, 1960 in Harlan, Iowa) is an American writer of fantasy. She is a faculty member at the University of Kansas. Life and career
<mask> was born in Harlan, Iowa. She received her BA from St. Olaf College in 1982, studied creative writing and literature at the University of Minnesota, at University of Kansas, and at Goddard College, then earned an MFA in Creative Writing from North Carolina State University in 2012. She joined the University of Kansas English Department as Assistant Professor of Fiction Writing in Fall 2012, where she is associate director of The Center for the Study of Science Fiction. In 2017, she was promoted to Associate Professor. <mask> has worked extensively in publishing: managing editor for Tor Books and TSR (later Wizards of the Coast), collections editor for Dark Horse Comics, and content manager working on the Microsoft Reader.In her time at Wizards of the Coast, she was also continuity manager for Magic: The Gathering and creative director for AD&D settings Greyhawk and Forgotten Realms. <mask> serves as a final judge for the Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award. <mask> is the author of three novels and more than 50 short works of fiction. She is the winner of the 1994 Theodore Sturgeon Award for "Fox Magic", the 2001 Crawford Award from the International

masks:
Kij Johnson
Katherine Irenae Johnson
Kij Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


title: Kij Johnson

texts:
 Association for the Fantastic in the Arts for best new fantasist, the 2008 World Fantasy Award for "26 Monkeys, Also the Abyss", the 2009 Nebula Award for "Spar", the 2010 Nebula (tied) for "Ponies", and the 2012 Nebula Award and Hugo Award for best novella for "The Man Who Bridged the Mist". She was a finalist for the 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 Hugo Awards; the 2008, 2010 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2016 Nebula Awards; and the 2004, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2019 World Fantasy Awards. In January 2013, <mask> gave the inaugural Tolkien Lecture at Pembroke College, Oxford, speaking on the topic of fantasy literature. Selected awards and nominations

Hugo Award

 Winner, Novella (2012).“The Man Who Bridged the Mist.”
 Finalist, Novella (2017). The Dream-Quest of Vellitt Boe. Finalist, Short Story (2013). “Mantis Wives.”
 Finalist, Short Story (2011). “Ponies (short story).”
 Finalist, Short Story (2010). “Spar (short story).”
 Finalist, Short Story (2009). “26 Monkeys, Also the Abyss."Nebula Award

 Winner, Novella (2012). “The Man Who Bridged the Mist.”
 Winner, Short Story (2011). “Ponies.”
 Winner, Short Story (2010). “Spar.”
 Finalist, Novella (2017). The Dream-Quest of Vellitt Boe. Finalist, Short Story (2009). “26 Monkeys, Also the Abyss.”
 Finalist, Novelette (2008).“The Evolution of Trickster Stories


title: Kij Johnson

texts:
 “Why I Don't Brush My Teeth Anymore.” (Boldprint: Bugs. Ed. Eddie George Ing. Oakville: Rubicon Publishing, 2012. Print)
 “bitter and dark.” (The Haiku Foundation. Jul 2014. Web.)(The Haiku Foundation. Jul 2014. iPhone app.) “cardboard boxes in rain.” (Waldorf Literary Review. May 2015. Print)

Other published works

 Essay: “Deciding to Live.” (This I Believe. 30 Aug 2008. Radio broadcast)
 (thisibelieve.org.31 Aug 2008. Web.) (This I Believe: Life Lessons. New York: John Wiley, 2011. Print.) Essay: “The Care and Feeding of Authors.” (The New York Review of Science Fiction. Dec 2010.Print)
 Essay: “The Blazing World by Margaret Cavendish.” (Cascadia Subduction Zone 2.1. Jan 2012. Web)
 Essay: “Feel Things Out.” (Now Write! Speculative Fiction: Writing Exercises from Today's Best Sci-fi, Fantasy & Horror Writers. Ed. Laurie Lamson. New York: Tarcher/Penguin, 2013.Print)
 Review essay: “The Vorrh by B. Catling: A Forest in Which to Grow Fancies.” (Slate, 5 Jun 2015. Web.) Editorial. (West Branch Wired. Fall 2015. Web.) Podcast: “<mask> <mask> on Scale and Complexity.” (Odyssey Podcast 93.Mar 2016. Podcast. Edited from lectures given at 2015 Odyssey Workshop, Manchester NH, 6–10 Jul 2015.) Podcast: “<mask> <mask> on Choosing and Prioritizing Descriptive Detail.” (Odyssey Podcast 94. Mar 2016. Podcast. Edited

masks: Kij Johnson Kij Johnson


title: Kij Johnson

texts:
 from lectures given at 2015 Odyssey Workshop, Manchester NH, 6–10 Jul 2015.)Podcast: “<mask> <mask> on Description.” (Odyssey Podcast 95. May 2016. Podcast. Edited from lectures given at 2015 Odyssey Workshop, Manchester NH, 6–10 Jul 2015.) Essay: “Writing Women into The Wind in the Willows Revitalises the Canon.” (The Guardian, 11 Oct 2017. Web)

Edited
 Nebula Awards Showcase 2014, 2014

References

External links

2012 interview at Locus. On writing: "The idea I have had requires a metric fuckton of research...."
Interview at Clarkesworld Magazine, March 2010
<mask> <mask> profile at Lawrence Journal-World, January 25, 2016

1960 births
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
American fantasy writers
American women novelists
Dungeons & Dragons game designers
Hugo Award-winning writers
Living people
Nebula Award winners
Novelists from Iowa
People from Harlan, Iowa
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
World Fantasy Award-winning


title: Edwin Smith (rower)

texts:
<mask> (also known as <mask>) was a New Zealand rower from Auckland. Youth
As a youngster he went to Rose Road Primary School in Grey Lynn and later Richmond Road School. He entered into a four and a half year Contract of Apprenticeship on 20 April 1938 as an Apprentice Fitter and Turner with Hubert Samual Tanner, New North Road, Auckland, Trailer Manufacture. In his youth he sailed Huia a mullet boat with the Thomson brothers as far north as the Bay of Islands, prior to and after the war he sailed with Ken Brown on Ghost a Bermudian sloop-rigged 28 foot yacht designed and built by Woollacott. Ted later sailed with D'Arcy Whiting. Military service
Sergeant <mask> (No 632850) served with the New Zealand 24th Battalion in Italy and Egypt. On 28 November 1938 at the age of 16 years 2 months, he attested for service in New Zealand in the Territorials and was given regimental number 4905.He had previously spent one year with the S.M.T.C Cadets. He was posted to the A Company, 1st Auckland Battalion on 7 February 1939 as a private. He attested for service again on 14 June 1940 and entered training camp on 1 July. He attested for temporary service again on 8 August 1941, was given regimental number 5/1/1612 and posted to Instructor Area 3 – Whangarei. He was promoted to Sergeant 16 January 1942 and served in New Zealand until 10 May 1943 when he was given indefinite leave without pay. He attested for service in Time of War, Within and Beyond New Zealand in December 1943 and was given Army Service Number 632852. By this stage, he had spent five years in the Territorials, mainly serving at Narrow Neck Training Camp, Auckland.He was called

masks:
Edwin Smith
Ted Smith
Edwin Smith


title: Edwin Smith (rower)

texts:
 Mangawhai Surf Life Saving Club. He later sold the batch at Mangawhai and acquired "Tijuana" a 32-foot yacht (Catharine Anne – Woollacott design) which he berthed at Westhaven Marina. In his 50s Ted crewed on the "Red Feather" in a yacht race to Suva, Fiji and on the "Shenandoah" to New Caledonia. In his retirement he grew orchards and made copper-work goods for friends and family. <mask>Ted<mask> died in the North Shore Public Hospital in Takapuna on 15 January 1997 at an age of 74. The Voyager New Zealand Maritime Museum located on the Auckland waterfront has an exhibition called "The Immigrants".This exhibition re-lives the stories of immigrants to New Zealand from the 1950s through to the 1960s, as they leave their homes, families, and possession for a life on the other side of the world. In this exhibition there are feature walls and artefact display cases showing the life of <mask>'s father <mask> <mask> – Jeweller. References

External links
 <mask> (rower) Google/Picassa web site
Voyager New Zealand Maritime Museum

1922 births
1997 deaths
New Zealand male rowers
Rowers at the 1950 British Empire Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for New Zealand
New Zealand people of World War II
Commonwealth Games medallists in

masks:
Edwin (
) Smith
Ted Smith
Edwin Henry
Mason Smith
Edwin Smith


title: Matt Besser

texts:
<mask> (born September 22, 1967) is an American actor, comedian, director, producer, and writer, best known as one of the four founding members of the Upright Citizens Brigade sketch comedy troupe, who had their own show on Comedy Central from 1998 to 2000. He currently hosts the improvisation-based podcast Improv4humans on the Earwolf podcasting network. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Little Rock, Arkansas, to parents Diane and <mask>. His father was Jewish, whereas his mother was Christian. <mask> is an atheist. He is a quarter German and a quarter French from his mother's side. <mask>'s grandfather's cousin was <mask> of The Three Stooges.He was recruited to play soccer after starting on his high school team, but instead attended Amherst College with a major in American Studies. There, he started doing stand-up comedy and competed in a contest at UMass that was judged by Judd Apatow. After graduating, he briefly moved to Denver in an attempt to pursue stand-up, but quickly moved to Chicago. He worked various odd jobs, including stints as a substitute teacher, a host at Carnegie Deli and as a host at Dick's Last Resort. Career
After seeing an improvisational comedy show at iO Theater featuring Dave Koechner, Tim Meadows and Chris Farley, <mask> began taking classes there. His improv group Victim's Family (alongside Rick Roman, Adam McKay, Miles Stroth, and Ian Roberts), later renamed The Family (minus Roman, plus Neil Flynn, and Ali Farahnakian), was directed by Del Close, the first long-form group Del focused on. <mask> is a founding member of Upright Citizens Brigade, which began as a sketch comedy group in Chicago in 1990.Original members included Ian Roberts, Ali Farahnakian, Adam McKay, Rick Roman, and Horatio

masks:
Matthew Gregory Besser
Besser
Sandy Besser
Besser
Besser
Joe Besser
Besser
Besser


title: Matt Besser

texts: Sanz. In 1993, UCB were regular guests on stage at the New Variety produced and hosted by R. O'Donnell at the Chicago Improv comedy club. While performing at the New Variety, <mask> was cast and directed by O’Donnell in the New Year's Eve special Twisted, which aired on WFLD Fox 32 TV, Chicago. Twisted also featured <mask> (and comedian Michelle Garb) in a series of improvised commercials directed by O’Donnell for McDonald's, Toyota, and Ameritech. In 1996, the UCB relocated to New York City. Their sketch-comedy series Upright Citizens Brigade aired for three seasons on Comedy Central from 1998 to 2000. The cast consisted of <mask>, Amy Poehler, Ian Roberts, and <mask>.It originally included a voice-over by Del Close. After its cancellation, Comedy Central released all three seasons on DVD. <mask> and the UCB moved on to other projects and opened comedy theaters in New York City and Los Angeles. <mask> went on to be the creator and co-star of the Redman & Method Man MTV hidden camera prank show Stung. In 2004, he created and starred in his second Comedy Central show, Crossballs, which mocked news debate shows by pitting fake experts (played by <mask> and other comedians) against real people. <mask> has appeared in films such as Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Martin & Orloff, Year One, Undead or Alive, Drillbit Taylor, and Junebug, in addition to a number of sitcoms including How I Met Your Mother, New Girl and alongside his wife Danielle Schneider in Community. In 2003, the UCB filmed their first full-length improvised movie, Wild Girls Gone.In early 2010 the film was screened at several indie theaters in the Los Angeles area and is now sold for digital download on iTunes and on DVD at the official UCB Theater website. The

masks:
Besser
Besser
Besser
Matt Walsh
Besser
Besser
Besser
Besser