title: Bernard Lagat

texts:
 medal for heavy favorite Hicham El Guerrouj. In a very close finish, Noah Ngeny took gold, El Guerrouj won silver, and <mask> captured bronze. <mask> finished the year being ranked #3 in the world at 1500 m.

The next summer, <mask> won the silver medal, behind El Guerrouj, at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics, and later that summer, at a meet in Brussels, <mask> set the Kenyan National Record and became the second fastest individual ever at 1500 m when he ran 3:26.34, finishing second in this race behind Hicham El Guerrouj (3:26.13), in an attempt to break El Guerrouj's world record of 3:26.00. <mask> finished the year ranked #2 in the world at 1500 m.

<mask> spent most of 2002 and 2003 chasing El Guerrouj. At the 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships, he earned the silver medal at 1500 m, this time behind Driss Maazouzi of France.<mask> withdrew from the 2003 world outdoor championships after a blood test showed traces of EPO in his system. His B sample test came back negative, clearing him of any charges. He was ranked 2nd and 4th in the world at 1500 m in 2002 and 2003 respectively. In the 3000 m at the 2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships <mask> won his first international gold medal. <mask> was clearly overjoyed at his comeback since 2003. Throughout the spring he competed fiercely and beat his rival El Guerrouj in Zurich with a world leading time at 1500 m of 3:27.40. At the 2004 Summer Olympics <mask> seemed poised to once again defeat El Guerrouj.The final saw <mask> and El Guerrouj battling down the final 100 m, swapping the lead multiple times. El Guerrouj prevailed, with <mask> close behind, earning the silver medal, running the final lap in under 52 seconds. He was, however, ranked #1 in the world at 1500 m for the year. Representing United States (2005–present)

Beginning of American career
In March 2005, <mask> announced that he had become a naturalized citizen of the United States on May 7, 2004. <mask> did compete for his homeland Kenya in the

masks: Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat


title: Bernard Lagat

type: original

texts:
 2004 Summer Olympics, winning silver in the 1500 m. Even though Kenya did not allow dual citizenship at the time, he was allowed to keep his medal. <mask> became a competitor for the United States but was temporarily banned from international championship events, missing the IAAF World Championships in Helsinki. The U.S. does allow dual citizenship and consequently races run by <mask> after May 7, 2004 could have been ratified as American records, since USATF rules only state that an athlete has to be a U.S. citizen competing in a sanctioned competition to be eligible to set a national record.However, at the 2005 USATF annual meeting, his 3:27.40 win in the 1500 meters, on August 6, 2004, in Zurich, was not ratified as an American record. Nevertheless, <mask> owns three American records from races he had run in 2005 that were ratified by USATF. His first American records came indoors, with a 3:49.89 mile at Fayetteville, Arkansas, on February 11, 2005, during which his 1500 meters split time of 3:33.34 also established another new U.S. record, en route to a win in the event. The performance replaced records by Steve Scott, who set the previous American indoor mile record of 3:51.8 in 1981, and the previous American 1500 meter indoor record held by Jeff Atkinson, who ran 3:38.12 in 1989. <mask>'s winning time of 3:29.40 at Rieti, Italy, on August 28, 2005, in the outdoor 1500 meters was ratified as his third new American record, improving upon the old record of 3:29.77, set by Sydney Maree in 1985. Double world champion
At the 2007 World Championships in Osaka, <mask> surpassed all his previous achievements by becoming the first athlete to become world champion in both the 1,500 m and 5,000 m at the same IAAF World Outdoor Championships. Similar feats were accomplished by Hicham El Guerrouj at the 2004 Olympics and Paavo Nurmi at the 1924 Olympics.2008 Olympics and 2009 Worlds

In 2008, <mask> won both 1500 m and 5000 m runs at the US Olympic Trials in Eugene, Oregon,

masks: Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat


title: Bernard Lagat

texts:
 qualifying himself to compete with Team USA at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. Hopes were high that his success in both these events would continue at the Olympics. However, <mask> failed to advance beyond the semi-finals in the 1500 m run. He was more successful in the 5000 m run, winning his semi-final heat to advance, but ultimately did not medal, running to ninth-place finish in the finals. <mask> had concealed the fact that he was running with an injured Achilles tendon, a problem which hampered his training and contributed to his poor showing at the Olympics. He stated that his placings at the 2008 Beijing Games were "the biggest disappointment in my athletics career". The following season, he began with high altitude training in Flagstaff, Arizona.After tying Eamonn Coghlan's record of seven wins in the Wanamaker Mile at the 2009 Millrose Games in New York, <mask> broke Coghlan's record with an 8th win at Millrose in 2010. As the reigning world champion in the 1500 and 5000 meters, he automatically received qualification in the events at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics and set his sights on retaining his titles. Despite being much older than some of his competitors, <mask>'s desire to win had not faded and he said "I am more motivated than ever to go to the podium in Berlin". <mask> ultimately won the bronze medal in the 1500 m and the silver medal in the 5000 m.

2010 to present
<mask> set a new American record in his debut of the indoor 5000 meters at the Reebok Boston Indoor Games on February 6, 2010, with a time of 13:11.50. This beat previous record holder Galen Rupp who had set the record at 13:18.12 in 2009. On June 4, 2010, <mask> broke the American Record for 5000 m with 12:54.12 on June 4, 2010 at the Bislett Games in Oslo. <mask> set another area record at the Rieti IAAF Grand Prix in August: chasing down Tariku Bekele in the 3000 m.  <mask> took second place with an American record of 7:29.00 – his first sub-7:30 minute

masks: Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat


title: Bernard Lagat

texts: time.<mask> broke his own 5000 m American record in July at the Monaco Diamond League meet by running 12:53.60 to finish a close second behind Mo Farah who set the British 5000 m record in this race in a time of 12:53.11. The 2011 World Championships in Athletics, the 5000 m final came down to a sprint finish and <mask> was beaten in the last straight by Mo Farah, leaving <mask> with his second consecutive silver medal at the world event. The 2012 Millrose Games, was held for the first time at the Armory Track & Field Center and <mask> ran an American indoor record over 5000 m with a time of 13:07.15 minutes. At the 2012 Olympics in London, <mask> finished fourth in the 5000 m race, crossing the line 1.33 seconds behind the leader, Mo Farah, after being tripped up when he was going into his kick by Isiah Kiplangat Koech. <mask> was runner-up behind Matthew Centrowitz Jr. at the Fifth Avenue Mile that year. <mask> earned his 4th USATF Indoor 3000 meters title on February 22, 2014  On June 27, <mask>, at age 39, won his seventh USA men's 5,000 title. He made his debut at the 10,000 m on 1 May 2016 and came in first.His winning time of 27:49 seconds made an improvement for the world record in the Masters A40 category by 51 seconds. On July 9, <mask> won the 5000 meters at the 2016 United States Olympic Trials, qualifying him for his fifth Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. He entered the last lap in sixth place more than two and a half seconds behind race leader Galen Rupp. At age 41, his final lap was 52.82, the fastest of the field and more than a second faster than any in the 1500 meter final. Joining <mask> on the team were Somali born Hassan Mead and Kenyan born Paul Chelimo, making for an entirely foreign born delegation. <mask> also became the oldest runner at the Summer Olympics to represent the United States. On August 20, 2016, <mask> initially claimed the 6th-place finish in the 5000 meters at the Olympics.He was moved to bronze after three runners were

masks: Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat


title: Bernard Lagat

texts:
 disqualified, but was moved back to 5th after 2 of the 3 were reinstated. He outsprinted Andrew Butchart of Great Britain, who is 17 years his junior, by more than a second. <mask> ran his final race as a professional on September 3, 2016, at the ISTAF meet in Berlin where he came in second place in the 3,000 meters. In May 2017 <mask> served as a pacer for Nike's Breaking2 attempt at achieving a sub-2-hour marathon time. <mask> also agreed to run as a pacer at a similar event, the Ineos 1:59 Challenge, in October 2019. On September 10, 2017, <mask> finished eighth in the 2017 Great North Run half marathon in 1:03:02. <mask> participated on his first marathon in New York City Marathon on 4 Nov, 2018 finishing 18th with a time of 2:17:20.He had a lead to the second-placed finisher in his age group of 11:15 minutes. On 29 February 2020, <mask> placed 18th with a time of 2:14:23 in the Atlanta Olympic Trials Marathon. In preparation he had a 30 km training run with the world record holder Eliud Kipchoge in Kenya. <mask> lives in Tucson, Arizona and Tübingen, Germany with his wife Gladys Tom (a Canadian of Chinese descent), whom he met while they both attended Washington State University, and their son Miika Kimutai (born in 2006) and daughter Gianna (born 2008). International competitions

1Representing Africa
2Representing the Americas

Statistics

Personal bests

Records

 All of <mask>'s American records are also North American Area Records. His time of 3:26.34 minutes for the 1500 metres, set in 2001, remains the Kenyan and Commonwealth record for the event as well as the third-fastest of all time. The 3000 and 5000 marks, set since <mask> turned 35 years of age are also Masters World records and American Masters records.<mask> also holds the currently recognized Masters World record in the 1500 at 3:32.51 set at Herculis in 2010. He set the Masters World record for Age 40 at 3000 m in 7:48.33 on February 7, 2015 in Boston, and rebroke his own record in 7:37.71 on

masks: Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat Lagat


title: Richard Scrope (bishop)

texts:
<mask> (c. 1350 – 8 June 1405) was an English cleric who served as Bishop of Lichfield and Archbishop of York and was executed in 1405 for his participation in the Northern Rising against King Henry IV. Family
<mask>, born about 1350, was the third son of <mask>, 1st Baron <mask> of Masham, and his wife, Joan, whose surname is unknown. He had four brothers and two sisters:
 Sir <mask> (c.1342–1362), who married Eleanor Neville, the daughter of Ralph de Neville, 2nd Baron Neville, by Alice, daughter of Hugh de Audley, and was slain at the siege of the Castle of Piskre in Lithuania in 1362, dying without issue. <mask> (c.1345 – 25 January 1406), 2nd Baron Scrope of Masham
 <mask> (1359 - 1425), 4th Lord FitzHugh, 3rd Baron of Ravensworth, who married Lady Elizabeth DeGrey (1365 - 1427)
 Sir John Scrope, who married Elizabeth Strathbogie
 Joan Scrope, who married Henry FitzHugh, 2nd Baron FitzHugh
 Isabel Scrope, who married Sir Robert Plumpton

Career
His father had had a distinguished career as a soldier and administrator, and according to McNiven,  <mask>'s Scrope's first preferments in the church probably owed a great deal to family influence. Scrope was rector of Ainderby Steeple near Northallerton in 1368, warden of the free chapel of Tickhill Castle, and in 1375 official to Thomas Arundel, Bishop of Ely. He was ordained deacon on 20 September 1376, and priest on 14 March 1377. During this time he studied arts at Oxford, and by 1375 became licentiate in civil law.By 1383 he had earned

masks:
Richard le Scrope
Richard Scrope
Henry Scrope
Scrope
Geoffrey Scrope
Stephen Scrope
Henry Scrope
Richard


title: Richard Scrope (bishop)

texts:
 doctorates of canon and civil law at Cambridge, and in 1378 was Chancellor of the University. From 1382 to 1386 Scrope was at Rome, serving as a papal chaplain and an auditor of the Curia. In 1382 he was instituted Dean of Chichester. Although his election as Bishop of Chichester in September 1385 was blocked by King <mask>, Scrope was made Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield on 18 August 1386, and consecrated by Pope Urban VI at Genoa on the following day. Scrope made a profession of obedience to the Archbishop of Canterbury on 27 March 1387, and was enthroned in his cathedral on 29 June 1387. Scrope combined his ecclesiastical duties with involvement in secular matters. In 1378 and 1392 he was sent on diplomatic missions to Scotland, and went to Rome in 1397 to further <mask>'s proposal for the canonisation of King Edward II.While in Rome he was translated to York between 27 February 1398 and 15 March 1398, and granted the temporalities on 23 June 1398. Although he did not participate in the factional strife which led up to King <mask>'s deposition, on 29 September 1399 <mask> and John Trefnant (d.1404), Bishop of Hereford, headed the commission which received the King's ‘voluntary’ abdication at the Tower. Scrope announced the abdication to a quasi-parliamentary assembly on the following day, and together with Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury, escorted Henry Bolingbroke to the vacant throne. Rebellion

As McNiven notes, the dominance of the Percys, Earls of Northumberland, in the north

masks:
Richard II
Richard II
Richard II
Scrope


title: Richard Scrope (bishop)

texts: of England, and the family's pivotal role in putting Henry IV on the throne, as well as family alliances (<mask>'s elder brother, John Scrope, had married the widow of the Earl of Northumberland's second son, Thomas Percy, and his sister, Isabel Scrope, had married Sir Robert Plumpton, a tenant of the Percys), meant that <mask>, as Archbishop of York, was bound to become involved with the Percys. However his loyalty was untested until the Percys revolted in the summer of 1403. Even then, although the chronicler John Hardyng, a Percy retainer, claimed that Scrope encouraged the Percys to rebel, there is no other evidence that he did so. The Percys suffered defeat at the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403, at which Northumberland's son and heir, Henry 'Hotspur' Percy, was slain.<mask> continued in his ecclesiastic duties as Archbishop of York. He, assisted by the Bishops of Durham and Carlisle Cathedrals, officiated at a solemn translation of Saint John of Bridlington, 11 March 1404, de mandato Domini Papae. In 1405 Northumberland, joined by Lord Bardolf, again took up arms against the King. The rising was doomed from the start because of Northumberland's failure to capture Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland. <mask>, together with Thomas de Mowbray, 4th Earl of Norfolk, and Scrope's nephew, Sir William Plumpton, had assembled a force of some 8000 men on Shipton Moor on 27 May, but instead of giving battle Scrope parleyed with Westmorland, and was tricked into believing that his demands would be

masks:
Richard Scrope
Richard Scrope
Richard Scrope
Scrope


title: Richard Scrope (bishop)

texts:
 accepted and his personal safety guaranteed. Once their army had disbanded on 29 May, <mask> and Mowbray were arrested and taken to Pontefract Castle to await the King, who arrived at York on 3 June. Trial and death
The King denied the rebel leaders trial by jury, and a commission headed by the Earl of Arundel and Sir Thomas Beaufort sat in judgment on the Archbishop, Mowbray and Plumpton in Scrope's own hall at his manor of Bishopthorpe , some three miles south of York.The Chief Justice, Sir William Gascoigne, refused to participate in such irregular proceedings and to pronounce judgment on a Prince of the Church, and it was thus left to the lawyer Sir William Fulthorpe to condemn Scrope to death for high treason. <mask>, Mowbray and Plumpton were taken to a field belonging to the nunnery of Clementhorpe which lay just under the walls of York, and before a great crowd were beheaded on 8 June 1405. Archbishop Scrope requesting the executioner to deal him five blows in remembrance of the Five Wounds of Christ, which was a popular devotion in Catholic England. After his execution, Archbishop <mask> was buried in York Minster. Legacy
Although Scrope's participation in the Percy rebellion of 1405 is usually attributed to his opposition to the King's proposal to temporarily confiscate the clergy's landed wealth, his motive for taking an active military role in the rising continues to puzzle historians. Pope Innocent VII excommunicated all those involved in Archbishop Scrope's "trial" and execution.

masks:
Scrope
Scrope
Richard Scrope


title: Richard Scrope (bishop)

texts:
 However, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Arundel, refused to publish the Pope's decree in England, and in 1407 King Henry IV was pardoned by Pope Gregory XII.Despite his having been executed for political reasons, Archbishop <mask> was viewed by many in England as a Saint and a martyr. According to historian Eamon Duffy, pictures of the Archbishop are often found in Pre-Reformation English prayerbooks. Shakespeare and <mask>
Scrope's parley with Westmorland at Shipton Moor, Westmorland's treachery, and Scrope's arrest after the dispersal of his army are depicted in Act IV of Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 2. In the play, the King's agents are shown persuading the Archbishop and the other rebel leaders to disband their army by promising that their demands will be met and then arresting them for high treason. Every member of their army is then executed without trial. According to historian John Julius Norwich, the actions of the King's agents continue to outrage audiences who watch the play being performed. References

Footnotes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

 Ian Mortimer, Henry IV: Self-made King
 John Julius Norwich, Shakespeare's Kings
 E.Wylie, Henry IV (London, 1938)

External links
 The Martyrdom of Archbishop <mask>e

1350 births
1405 deaths
14th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
15th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
Archbishops of York
Bishops of Lichfield
Burials at York Minster
Deans of Chichester
English rebels
Male Shakespearean characters
<mask> executed under

masks:
Scrope
Scrope
Richard Scrop
Richard People


title: Jeremy Bulloch

texts:
<mask> (16 February 1945 – 17 December 2020) was an English actor. In a career that spanned six decades, he gained recognition for originating the physical portrayal of Boba Fett in the Star Wars franchise, appearing as the character in the films The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983). <mask> returned to the franchise for a cameo as Captain Colton in 2005's Revenge of the Sith. Early life
<mask> was born in Market Harborough, Leicestershire, to Aziz "Diana" (née Meade) and <mask>, an aeronautical engineer. He was the middle of three siblings, with three older half-brothers from his mother's earlier marriage. He attended St Leonard's School, Blandford Forum, Dorset, and Dorset House, Littlehampton, West Sussex, before training at the Corona Academy theatre school, London. From the age of five, he enjoyed acting and singing after a school show.He began acting at the age of ten and "appeared in [several] Disney films, British sitcoms and plays". Career

Early work
At the age of twelve, <mask>'s first professional appearance was in a breakfast cereal commercial. After several uncredited screen appearances, <mask>'s first regular role was in the 1960 TV series Counter-Attack! and (the same year) The Chequered Flag. He went on to have a recurring role in Billy Bunter of Greyfriars School (1961) and a regular role in The Newcomers (1965–1967). At the age of seventeen, he portrayed Hamlet on stage. In 1962, he appeared with Cliff Richard in the musical film Summer Holiday.He had a part in The Devil's Agent, which also starred Christopher Lee who later portrayed Count Dooku in the Star Wars Prequel Trilogy. He also appeared in two Doctor Who stories, The Space Museum (1965) and The Time Warrior (1973). Coincidentally, David Prowse and John Hollis, who both would later appear alongside <mask> in The Empire Strikes Back, also

masks:
Jeremy Andrew Bulloch
Bulloch
Bulloch
McGregor Bulloch
Bulloch
Bulloch
Bulloch


title: Jeremy Bulloch

texts:
 appeared in a Jon Pertwee-era Doctor Who serial. In 1973, he appeared in the Malcolm McDowell comedy/musical O Lucky Man!. From 1979 to 1981, he was a regular in the ITV sitcom Agony, in which he played Rob Illingworth, one half of a gay couple. His later television roles included a recurring role in Robin of Sherwood (1984–86). He also had minor roles in three James Bond films, twice playing Smithers, an assistant to Q.Star Wars
In a career spanning over half a century, <mask> is best known for his role in Boba Fett's costume in the Star Wars films The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, despite the character's "minimal screen time." Toby Hadoke writes that "his precise body language and smouldering presence were ... integral to the character's appeal." The voice was provided by Jason Wingreen originally and in the updated versions by Temuera Morrison, to strengthen the connection with the Prequel Trilogy. <mask>'s half-brother, Robert Watts, who was working as an associate producer for Empire, was tasked with finding someone who "would fit in the costume of Boba Fett." So Watts called <mask> (who at the time was working on Agony) and encouraged him to see Tiny Nicholls, the wardrobe supervisor and <mask> had a costume fitting as Boba Fett, which "took 20 minutes to put on." Additionally, he played a minor role as an Imperial officer (later identified as Lieutenant Sheckil), who grabs Leia when she warns Luke Skywalker of Vader's trap in The Empire Strikes Back. <mask> was initially to do the scene as Fett when he fires at Skywalker on Cloud City, but with no one available to play the part, <mask> went to the wardrobe and got changed into the "Imperial Officer's outfit".This was his only non-masked appearance in the original Star Wars films. John Morton, who portrayed the rebel pilot Dak Ralter (during the Battle of Hoth), covered

masks: Bulloch Bulloch Bulloch Bulloch Bulloch Bulloch


title: Jeremy Bulloch

texts: <mask> as a body double for Fett when the character confronts Vader in the Bespin hallway during Han Solo's torture. <mask> returned as Boba Fett for the fan film mockumentary: Return of the Ewok chasing Wicket on the Death Star. He filmed his scenes for Jedi for four weeks. <mask> was unaware of Fett's apparent demise prior to filming and was disappointed, since he would have liked to do more with his character. <mask> said that portraying Fett was the most uncomfortable role he played and that putting on the jetpack "was very heavy." Fett's death in Return of the Jedi would later be retconned in the Disney+ series The Mandalorian, in which <mask> had no involvement.While portraying Fett, <mask> drew some inspiration from Clint Eastwood's the Man with No Name. Both Fett and Eastwood's character in A Fistful of Dollars wear similar capes, cradle their gun, ready to shoot and move in slow motion. In 2004, <mask> published a limited edition memoir, Flying Solo, which is a humorous account of his personal and professional life, interspersed with tales from the convention circuit. In 2005, for the first time in 22 years, he once again made an appearance in a Star Wars film, Revenge of the Sith. This time he portrayed Captain Jeremoch (a portmanteau of <mask>'s name) Colton piloting Kenobi, Bail Organa and Yoda to Coruscant in an Alderaan Cruiser (later identified as the Sundered Heart and similar to the first vessel to appear in Star Wars). Afterwards, <mask> played a small cameo role in Star Wars fan films Order of the Sith: Vengeance and its sequel Downfall – Order of the Sith, alongside David Prowse and Michael Sheard. These fan films were made in England in support of Save the Children.In an interview in 2013, he expressed an interest in being involved in a future Star Wars film in some way, saying, "The lovely thing is ... if I'm wearing a

masks: Bulloch Bulloch Bulloch Bulloch Bulloch Bulloch Bulloch Bulloch Bulloch


title: Jeremy Bulloch

texts:
 helmet, no one knows how old I am." He subsequently denied involvement in future projects. Although Boba Fett did not appear in Star Wars: The Force Awakens, <mask> hinted that a film focusing on the origins of Boba Fett would be made. The Book of Boba Fett, a Disney+ television series taking place after the events of Return of the Jedi, premiered in 2021. He was featured in the 2015 documentary Elstree 1976; a behind-the-scenes film, which focuses on the lives of some actors and extras who appeared in the Star Wars original trilogy. The documentary had a premiere at the BFI London Film Festival. He was also featured in the 2021 Disney+ documentary special, Under The Helmet: The Legacy of Boba Fett which celebrates the origins and legacy of the character.Other work
In 2004, <mask> had a cameo in Mark Hamill's Comic Book: The Movie which also featured some Star Wars alumni such as David Prowse and Peter Mayhew. In 2005, he played the role of "Chairman Skellon" in a stage production of The Trial of Davros. In 2006, <mask> provided the voice of Sir Logan the Prowler in the Night Traveler multimedia adventure series produced by Lunar Moth Entertainment. In 2008, Richard LeParmentier, known for his portrayal of Admiral Motti in Star Wars, worked on Motti Now, a spoof of Apocalypse Now, featuring <mask> and other Star Wars actors, including Kenneth Colley, Garrick Hagon and Jerome Blake. Personal life and death
<mask> was married to Maureen Walker; the couple had two sons and lived in London. He had another son from a previous marriage. His half-brother was Robert Watts, who was a producer on The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi and the Indiana Jones films.Watts also had a cameo as Lieutenant Watts in Return of the Jedi. His son Robbie portrayed Matthew of Wickham in four episodes of Robin of Sherwood. The character is the son of Edward of

masks: Bulloch Bulloch Bulloch Bulloch Bulloch


title: Jeremy Bulloch

texts:
 Wickham portrayed by <mask>. Another son is the translator <mask>. His sister <mask> was a child actress before becoming an executive manager of the Athenaeum Hotel. He once considered being a sportsman but ultimately chose to go into acting. Long before portraying Fett, <mask> trained with David Prowse at his gym in South London.In his spare time, he enjoyed playing cricket and travelling. <mask> said that he had been a fan of Star Trek ever since the original series. Following the release of the Star Wars Special Edition trilogy, prequel trilogy and new films, he was frequently invited to science fiction conventions throughout the world, and was inducted as an honorary member of the 501st Legion costuming organisation in May 2002. Later, in November 2009, he actually joined the 501st as a costume-wearing member making appearances with the group as Boba Fett. Beginning in 2000, he was a frequent guest at the Star Wars Weekends (held annually at Disney's Hollywood Studios). In August 2018, <mask> announced his retirement from attending conventions. <mask> died of complications from Parkinson's disease (which he had lived with for many years) at St. George's Hospital in Tooting, London, on 17 December 2020, at the age of 75.Filmography

Film

Television

References

Bibliography
 McFarlane, Brian. (2005). The Encyclopaedia of British Film. Methuen. 2nd edition
 Rinser, J. W. (2010). The Making of Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back. Windham, Ryder and Wallace, Daniel.(2011). Star Wars Year by Year Chronicle. Darling Kindersley

External links

 <mask> BFI

1945 births
2020 deaths
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Neurological disease deaths in England
English male film actors
English male television actors
English male voice actors
Male actors from Leicestershire
People from

masks:
Bulloch
Jamie Bulloch
Sally Bulloch
Bulloch
Bulloch
Bulloch
Bulloch
Jeremy Bulloch


title: M. Carey Thomas

texts:
<mask> (January 2, 1857 – December 2, 1935) was an American educator, suffragist, and linguist. She was the second president of Bryn Mawr College, a women's liberal arts college in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Biography

Early life
<mask>, as she preferred to be called later in life (she was known as <mask>nie to her family as a child), was born in Baltimore, Maryland on January 2, 1857. She was the daughter of <mask> and <mask>. She was conceived "in full daylight," because her father, a doctor, thought this would diminish the chance of his wife miscarrying. Her family included many prominent Quakers, including her uncle and aunt Robert Pearsall Smith and Hannah Whitall Smith, and her cousins Alys Pearsall Smith (first wife of Bertrand Russell) and <mask>e (who married Bernard Berenson). In 1864, when <mask> was just seven years old, she was severely burned while trying to help her cook, Eliza, prepare lunch.<mask>'s frock caught on fire and the young girl was engulfed in flames, which were shortly thereafter extinguished by her mother. Her recovery was long and arduous, a time during which her mother cared for her intently. Growing up, <mask> was strongly influenced by the staunch feminism of her mother and her mother's sister Hannah Whitall Smith, who became a prominent preacher. Her father was not entirely comfortable with feminist ideas, but his daughter was fiercely independent, and he supported her in these endeavors. Though both her parents were orthodox members of the Society of Friends, <mask>' education and European travel led her to question those beliefs and develop a love for music and theater, both of which were forbidden to Orthodox Quakers. This religious questioning led to friction with her mother. <mask> initially attended a Society of Friends school in Baltimore.<mask>nie had a strong childhood relationship with her cousin, Frank Smith, Hannah

masks:
Martha Carey Thomas
Carey Thomas
Min
James Carey Thomas
Mary Whitall Thomas
Mary Smith Beson Costello
Carey Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Min


title: M. Carey Thomas

texts: Smith's son. The two were almost inseparable until Frank's sudden death in 1872. <mask> became deeply depressed, moving her parents to send her, along with her cousin, Bessie, to the Howland Institute, a Quaker boarding school near Ithaca, New York, in October, 1872. While at Howland, <mask>nie decided to dress as a man in the school's opera, which made her mother very upset, for it was "repugnant to her taste." It was here that <mask>, a teacher at Howland, influenced <mask>nie to study education, rather than medicine. <mask> hoped to enter Cornell University to pursue further education, but met with her father's objections. After a great deal of pleading from both <mask> and her mother, her father relented.<mask> went to Sage College, the women's school at Cornell University, in September, 1875, where she formally changed her first name to <mask>. She graduated from Cornell University in 1877. Cornell offered her both the position of professor of literature and dean of Sage College, but she did not consider either. She did graduate work in Greek at Johns Hopkins University, but withdrew because she was not permitted to attend classes. She did further graduate work at the University of Leipzig, but that university did not grant degrees to women. She then went to the University of Zurich and earned a Ph.D. in linguistics, summa cum laude, in 1882 for her dissertation, which was a philological analysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. This dissertation continued to be highly regarded by specialists eighty years later.She was the first woman and the first foreigner to receive such a doctorate from the university. She then spent some time in Paris, where she attended lectures by Gaston Paris at the Sorbonne, and then returned to the United States. <mask> did not pursue her degree out of love for her academic work, but rather out of a desire to show Americans that

masks:
Minnie
Min
Miss Slocum
Min
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Carey
Thomas


title: M. Carey Thomas

texts:
 women had the same intellectual capacity as men. At Bryn Mawr
In 1882, <mask> wrote a letter to the trustees of Bryn Mawr College, requesting that she be made president of the university. She was not granted the position, however, as the trustees were concerned about her relative youth and lack of experience. Instead, <mask> entered in 1884 as the dean of the college and chair of English. Despite not receiving her desired role at Bryn Mawr, <mask> was active in the college's administration, working closely with then president James Rhoads.According to the biographical dictionary Notable American Women: 1607–1950, by 1892 she was "acting president in all but name". She hired Woodrow Wilson as professor of history and government, 1882-1885. At the end of April 1884 <mask> went with the encouragement of President Rhoads to tour other colleges in the area to become familiar with them in order to bring ideas back to Bryn Mawr. She started her tour at Vassar, then she went on to Smith College, Wellesley, and ended her tour at Radcliffe (or the Harvard Annex as it was called). In 1885, <mask>, together with <mask>, <mask> Gwinn (February 2, 1860 – November 11, 1940), Elizabeth King, and Julia Rogers, founded The Bryn Mawr School, a prep school in Baltimore, Maryland. The school would produce well-educated young women who met the very high entrance standards of Bryn Mawr College. In 1894, President Rhoads died, and <mask> was narrowly elected to succeed him on September 1, 1894.Out of respect for President Rhoads's recent death, <mask> was not given a ceremony. She was president until 1922 and remained as Dean until 1908. During her tenure as president, <mask>' primary concern was upholding the highest standards of admissions and academic rigor. The entrance examinations for the college were made as difficult as those at Harvard University, and pupils could not gain

masks:
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Mary Garrett
Mamie
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


title: M. Carey Thomas

texts: admission by certificate. For the academic curriculum, <mask> emulated the "group system" of Johns Hopkins, in which students were required to take parallel courses in a logical sequence. Students could not freely choose electives. There were also other requirements, including a foreign language requirement that culminated in a sight translation examination proctored by <mask> herself.Overall, the academic curriculum at Bryn Mawr under <mask> shunned liberal arts education, preferring more traditional topics such as Greek, Latin, and mathematics. <mask> was also instrumental in bringing several new buildings to the College, which introduced collegiate Gothic architecture to the United States. In 1908, she became the first president of the National College Women's Equal Suffrage League. She was also a leading member of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. After 1920 she advocated the policies of the National Woman's Party. She was one of the early promoters of an equal rights amendment to the U.S. Constitution. For many years <mask> maintained an intimate relationship with long-time friend, <mask> Gwinn.<mask> and Gwinn lived together at Bryn Mawr College in a small cottage that came to be known as "the Deanery". "As late as the first decade of the twentieth century, she wrote of her relationship with <mask>mie in language analogous to marriage. But by the 1920s she faced a different world. The love between women that had once been broadly accepted was now being portrayed in fiction and on the stage as lesbian and deviant." When Gwinn left <mask> in 1904 to marry (a love triangle fictionalized in Gertrude Stein's Fernhurst) Alfred Hodder, a fellow Professor of English at Bryn Mawr College, <mask> pursued a relationship with <mask> Garrett. <mask> shared her campus home, the Deanery, with Garrett and together they endeavored to grow Bryn Mawr's

masks:
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Mamie
Thomas
Ma
Thomas
Thomas
Mary Elizabeth
Thomas


title: M. Carey Thomas

texts:
 resources. Upon her death, Garrett, who had been prominent in suffrage work and a benefactor of Bryn Mawr, left to President <mask> "a sum which would, in 1994, be close to $15,000,000."to be disposed of as she saw fit. M<mask> <mask> had firm views on marriage, and in a letter to her mother she described it as a "Loss of freedom, poverty, and a personal subjection for which I see absolutely no compensation." Racism and antisemitism

Both during and before her tenure as college president, <mask> actively worked to bar Jews from entering Bryn Mawr, both as faculty members and as students, biographer Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz noted. <mask> blocked the hiring of Jewish teachers, and later worked to remove Jewish candidates from consideration for faculty positions, noting she preferred to have faculty made up of "our own good Anglo-Saxon stock." <mask> also tried to block the admission of Sadie Szold, a Jewish student, to the college. In a speech to the freshman class of 1916, <mask> said: "If the present intellectual supremacy of the white races is maintained, as I hope that it will be for centuries to come, I believe that it will be because they are the only races that have seriously begun to educate their women." While <mask> claimed that African American students did not apply to Bryn Mawr during her tenure as president, she diverted Jessie Redmon Fauset, an African American student who received a scholarship to attend Bryn Mawr in 1901, to Cornell University, and helped pay a portion of Fauset's tuition.In August 2017, Bryn Mawr President Kim Cassidy addressed <mask>' "racism and anti-Semitism' and demands by some that the school drop <mask>' name from several buildings. "While <mask> had a profound impact on opportunities for women in higher education," Cassidy wrote, "on the academic development and identity of Bryn Mawr, and on the physical plan of the campus,

masks:
Thomas
. Carey
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


title: M. Carey Thomas

texts:
 she also openly and vigorously advanced racism and anti-Semitism as part of her vision of the College. Some of you have suggested that the College rename Thomas Library and Thomas Great Hall because of this legacy, and others have suggested making that history explicit in other ways." Later life and death
<mask> retired in 1922, at age sixty-five. She left the college in the capable hands of <mask> Edwards Park, who had served as a dean at both Simmons and Radcliffe Colleges. The Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry, which was founded at <mask>'s behest in 1921, was a sort of "grand finale" bookending <mask>' legacy as an earlier shaper of the college. <mask> left a considerable fortune to <mask>, who spent the last two decades of her life traveling the world in luxury, including trips to India, the Sahara, and France.<mask> died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on December 2, 1935 of a coronary occlusion. She had returned to the city to address Bryn Mawr College on the fiftieth anniversary of its founding. Her ashes were scattered on the Bryn Mawr College campus in the cloisters of the Thomas Library. Gallery

See also
Hilda Worthington Smith
Louise Leonard McLaren
She-She-She Camps

References

External links

  Finding Aid to the M. <mask> Papers, Bryn Mawr College Library
 M. <mask> at www.brynmawr.edu
 The Very Best Woman's College There Is at www.brynmawr.edu

 Photographs of M. <mask> Bryn Mawr College Photo Archives

1857 births
1935 deaths
Cornell University alumni
People from Baltimore
Presidents of Bryn Mawr College
American suffragists
LGBT feminists
Linguists from the United States
Women linguists
LGBT scientists from the United States
American women scientists
Workers' education
Labor schools
History of labor relations in the United States
Bryn Mawr School people
Women heads of universities and colleges
College Equal Suffrage

masks:
Thomas
Marion
Carey
Thomas
Mary Garrett
Thomas
Thomas
Carey Thomas
Carey Thomas
Carey Thomas


title: Scott Langer

texts:
<mask> (born May 19, 1974) is the head coach of the Fargo Force, a Tier I junior hockey team in the United States Hockey League (USHL). He was formerly the head coach and general manager of the Topeka RoadRunners and Aberdeen Wings in the North American Hockey League (NAHL) for 17 seasons where he became one of the most successful junior hockey coaches in the United States. He has amassed an overall record of 637-244-82 (.704), the most wins in NAHL history. Langer off the ice has helped over 290 junior hockey players reach the college hockey ranks while with the RoadRunners and Wings organizations. Career
<mask> began his career in junior hockey as a defenseman for the Bismarck Bullets and Bismarck Express in the American Frontier Hockey League. At the height of his junior career, 1994–95, he was named to the AFHL All-Star team. After completing his junior hockey career in Bismarck, <mask> moved behind the bench coaching at the Bantam AA level.In 1997, he was hired as an assistant coach for the AFHL/AWHL's Bismarck Bobcats where he remained until 2002. For the 2002–03 season, he served as assistant coach for the United States Hockey League's Chicago Steel before accepting a position with the Lone Star Cavalry of the NAHL in 2003. He took over as head coach after the team's move to Santa Fe, New Mexico in 2004. In 2007, the team moved to Topeka, Kansas where he built the program into the most successful franchise in the cities history with a 284-90-38 record and a .736 winning percentage. He also served as general manager of the Topeka RoadRunners beginning with the 2007–08 season. Under his guidance the Topeka RoadRunners were named NAHL Organization of the Year in 2007–08. In 2009–10 he received the prestigious honor of being named the NAHL GM of the Year.While with the RoadRunners, his

masks:
Scott Langer
Scott Langer
Scott


title: Scott Langer

texts: teams earned the NAHL regular season title once, NAHL South Division regular season title three times, made it to the playoff Division Finals six times, and advanced to the Robertson Cup Tournament twice. On January 7, 2016, the RoadRunners fired Langer after 12 seasons. On April 13, 2016, the NAHL's Aberdeen Wings announced it had signed Langer to be the head coach on a three-year contract beginning with the 2016–17 season. In his first season with the Aberdeen Wings he led the team to a NAHL Central Division Playoff Championship and the organizations first Robertson Cup appearance. He was named 2016–17 Central Division Coach of the Year. In Langer's second season with the Wings he guided the organization to its first Regular Season Central Division Championship. In 2019, <mask> was promoted to Head Coach and General Manager of the Aberdeen Wings organization taking over the General Manager title from Pete Sauer and Greg Odde.During the 2018–19 season, Langer led the Wings to a record breaking season. The team set 22 records including a 19-game win streak. He guided the Wings to a multitude of accomplishments including Central Division Regular Season Champions, Central Division Playoff Champions, NAHL Central Division and League Goaltender of Year, and NAHL Central Division Coach of the Year. On May 14, 2019, <mask> and the Aberdeen Wings won the NAHL's Robertson Cup Championship. In August 2019, <mask> was selected as Head Coach of the North American Hockey Leagues Team NAHL. This selects team competed in international competition in Moscow and at the Junior Club World Cup in Sochi, Russia. He led the team to an international record of 3-2-0-0 (.600) finishing 5th.He remained the head coach of the Wings until he was hired by the Tier I Fargo Force of the United States Hockey League in July

masks: Scott Langer Scott


title: Laurie Daley

texts:
<mask> AM (born 20 October 1969), also known by the nicknames of "Lozza" and  "Loz", is an Australian professional rugby league football coach and a former player who played as a  and  in the 1980s and 1990s. He represented Australia on 26 occasions and has since been named as one of the nation's finest of the 20th century. Daley played for the Canberra Raiders during their most successful period in the 1990s. <mask> was born in Junee, New South Wales, Australia to a white father from the small village of Nangus, New South Wales and an Aboriginal mother of the former Aboriginal Mission Wantabadgery, Wantabadgery, New South Wales. <mask> is the third youngest of eight children. He is the only boy amongst seven sisters. Daley was playing representative rugby league before his 19th birthday in 1988 when he was selected to represent NSW Country in the annual City vs Country Origin game.He was the second highest try-scorer in the 1989 NSWRL season with sixteen tries, only one less than team mate Gary Belcher. He tasted premiership success with the Raiders 1989 in an extra-time game which saw Canberra defeat the Balmain Tigers 19-14, and in the ensuing celebrations the Winfield Cup was smashed, not by Daley dropping it as was reported by the press, but when it fell from the rear tray of Ford T bucket hot rod both were riding in when the hot rod hit a bump in the road. In the post season he travelled with the Raiders to England for the 1989 World Club Challenge, playing at centre in Canberra's 18-30 loss to Widnes at the Old Trafford stadium in Manchester. Daley played his first games for New South Wales in the 1989 State of Origin series. 1990s
Part way through the 1990 NSWRL Premiership season Daley made his first appearance for Australian at  against France in the NSW country town of Parkes, scoring a try on début. He would then play against New Zealand a month later in Wellington. At the end of the 1990 season where the Raiders won their second consecutive

masks:
Laurie William Daley
Background Daley
Laurie


title: Laurie Daley

texts: Grand Final, Daley won the Raiders' player of the year award and was then selected for the 1990 Kangaroo Tour.He missed Australia's opening loss to Great Britain at Wembley Stadium due to a broken hand suffered in a previous tour match against Leeds, but played centre for three tests on tour (two against Great Britain and one against France). The broken hand, and later a hamstring injury which saw him miss the second Test against France, restricted him to just 6 games on tour, 3 club games (against St Helens, Wigan and Leeds) and the 3 tests. During the 1990 season, Canberra coach Tim Sheens shifted Daley from centre to five-eighth at the Raiders and popular theory was that he was being groomed to eventually take over the Test five-eighth role from Wally Lewis who was coming to the end of his career. Daley helped the Raiders to back-to-back premierships when they defeated Penrith 18–14 in the Grand Final at the Sydney Football Stadium. Following the Kangaroo Tour, Daley suffered a number of niggling injuries during the early part of the 1991 season, though he played well enough to retain his place in the NSW side for the 1991 State of Origin series (won 2–1 by Queensland), and although overlooked for the opining Trans-Tasman series test against New Zealand in Melbourne, was recalled into the side in the centres for the final two tests in Sydney and at Lang Park in Brisbane. After losing in Melbourne, the Australians (with Daley one of their stars) won 44–0 in Sydney and 40–12 in Brisbane. Canberra then limped into the Finals in defence of their crown, but suddenly found form and won high scoring games over Manly-Warringah and North Sydney to again face Penrith in the Grand Final.However, with Ricky Stuart taking a groin injury into the game and <mask> doing the same with a dodgy hamstring, the Raiders were eventually no match for the Royce Simmons and Greg Alexander inspired Panthers who won the day 19–12. <mask>'s injury meant he was ruled out of the

masks: Daley Daley


title: Laurie Daley

texts: season ending Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea. During the 1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, he helped Australia retain The Ashes. Affected severely by a knee injury in 1992, which saw him unable to fulfill his contract at Wakefield Trinity, and miss Australia's World Cup Final win over Great Britain at Wembley following the 1992 NSWRL season, 1992 also saw <mask> take over the captaincy of the NSW Origin team and after being knocked out during the first game in Sydney, Daley recovered to lead the Blues to a 2–1 series win over Queensland now captained by Canberra team mate and Australian team captain Mal Meninga. Daley recovered from injury to captain Australia in the absence of suspended captain Meninga in the first Test against New Zealand in 1993, kicking the match-saving field goal and saving Australia from an embarrassing 14–13 loss (it was also his second field goal of the game). 1994 was again plagued by injury. For the third year running he captained NSW to an Origin series win over Queensland, before representing Australia in a mid season test against France at the Parramatta Stadium in Sydney.Following the test Daley underwent knee surgery, and recovered in time to help the Raiders easily win the Grand Final over Canterbury-Bankstown 36-12, scoring a 50-metre try in the first half and showing that he was back to 100% fitness. Following the Grand Final win, <mask> was selected, along with six of his Canberra team-mates (Kangaroo captain Meninga, Ricky Stuart, Steve Walters, Brett Mullins and David Furner), to the successful 1994 Kangaroo Tour. As the incumbent NSW captain, <mask> was selected as the vice-captain on the tour. His 1994 tour was a happier one than 1990 with Daley playing in 9 games including all 4 tests on the tour. In 1995, Ricky Stuart was preferred for the Canberra captaincy after Meninga's retirement , even though Daley had captained both New South Wales and Australia ahead of Stuart. Furthermore,

masks: Daley Daley Daley


title: Laurie Daley

texts: the outbreak of the Super League War and Daley's subsequent support for the rival organisation saw him barred from representative games in 1995, including the World Cup at the end of the season. This was despite Daley and other Super League aligned players successfully taking the Australian Rugby League to court in a bid to be eligible for selection.While the ARL was forced to consider SL players, they weren't forced to select them, thus players like Daley missed a full year of representative games. Nonetheless, Daley was awarded the Raiders' player of the year award in 1995, 1996 and 1997. In 1996, Super League players were once again allowed to compete in representative fixtures sanctioned by the ARL, allowing Daley to compete in State of Origin. Even though <mask> was the incumbent New South Wales captain from 1992-1994, Brad Fittler, who had also been appointed Australian captain in 1995, was retained as NSW captain. The following year, the Super League competition was launched, and Daley was appointed to captain the Super League representative teams of both New South Wales and Australia, winning their respective competitions. It was also this year Daley became a father, welcoming daughter Jaimee Frances Daley into the world on 27 May. In the opening match of the Super League Test series against Great Britain at the end of the 1997 season, The Australian side wore black armbands in memory of Daley's grandmother who'd died two days before.He captained the side and scored a hat-trick that match in The Kangaroos' emphatic victory. <mask> alo scored a try in Australia’s victory in the third and deciding match. In 1998, Super League and the Australian Rugby League agreed to combine to launch the National Rugby League competition. <mask> took over the Canberra captaincy on a full-time basis after Stuart signed with Canterbury in 1999 and was once again named the Raiders' player of the year. This was also the year <mask> married his wife Michelle and

masks: Daley Daley Daley Laurie


title: Laurie Daley

texts:
 welcomed their first daughter, Caitlin <mask>, on 17 December 1999. Although Daley continued to make representative appearances, injuries began to limit his opportunities; and he was forced into retirement in 2000. In September of that year, his book, <mask>: Always a Winner was published.Post-playing
From 2008-2012 he was the coach of the NSW Country Origin team. In September 2007, <mask> left his commentary position with Fox Sports and signed a contract with the Nine Network to co-present much of their rugby league coverage, from appearing on the weekly rugby league topic show The Footy Show, to commentating on Nine's weekend league coverage. In 2010, after New South Wales suffered their fifth consecutive series defeat and their first Origin whitewash (a series lost 0–3) , he was sacked as the state's team selector. However, on 21 August 2012 <mask> was appointed the NSW State of Origin coach from 2013, taking over from former Canberra team mate Ricky Stuart who, under NSW policy of their Origin coach not being a current NRL club coach, was ruled out after agreeing to coach the Parramatta Eels in 2013. Daley got the job in preference to other candidates including Trent Barrett, Brad Fittler and Daniel Anderson. Daley led the Blues to their first series win in 2014, finally breaking the QLD dynasty and delivering the Blues their first series win since 2005. In 2014, Daley became only the second man after Wayne Pearce to play, captain and coach a Blues side to a series win over Queensland.In 2015, <mask> coached New South Wales to a game 3 decider against Queensland after a spirited comeback in Game 2 but The Blues were defeated 52-6 in a record breaking Origin loss. In 2016, New South Wales were once again defeated by Queensland but the NSWRL board still backed Daley as the man to take the side forward. In 2017, NSW were widely tipped to win the series due to Queensland having suffered injuries to star players and won the first game with an emphatic

masks:
Rose Daley
Laurie
Daley
Daley
Daley


title: Laurie Daley

texts:
 28-4 victory in Brisbane. In game 2, New South Wales surrendered a 16-6 halftime lead to lose 18-16. In game 3, NSW lost the series to Queensland after being defeated 22-6 in Brisbane. On 25 August 2017, <mask> was terminated as New South Wales coach after only winning 6 out of 15 games and winning only 1 out of 5 series. His replacement was Brad Fittler who has since coached NSW to three out of four series victories over the Queensland Maroons (2018, 2019 & 2021)

Since February 2018, <mask> has co-hosted the Big Sports Breakfast on Sky Sports Radio in Sydney.In March 2018, <mask> returned to commentating with NRL Nation, a syndicated Rugby League Radio call owned and run by Crocmedia. Since July 2018, he joined CBS Sports as co-host of Sports Tonight on Network 10. Accolades
In February 2008, Daley was named in the list of Australia's 100 Greatest Players (1908–2007) which was commissioned by the NRL and ARL to celebrate the code's centenary year in Australia. In August 2008, Daley was named at five-eighth in the Indigenous Team of the Century. On 11 January 2013, the local football ground in his home town of Junee was renamed <mask>y Oval. References

Further reading

External links

<mask> at stateoforigin.com.au
<mask> at rl1908.com

1969 births
Living people
Australia national rugby league team captains
Australia national rugby league team players
Australian Aboriginal rugby league team coaches
Australian radio presenters
Australian rugby league coaches
Australian rugby league commentators
Australian rugby league players
Canberra Raiders captains
Canberra Raiders players
Country New South Wales Origin rugby league team players
Country New South Wales rugby league team coaches
Indigenous Australian rugby league players
New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin captains
New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin coaches
New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin players
Rugby league centres
Rugby league five-eighths
Rugby league players from

masks:
Daley
Daley
Daley
Laurie Dale
Laurie Daley
Laurie Daley


title: Ariel Agemian

texts:
Haroutin "<mask>" <mask> (, 1904–1963) was an Armenian artist who worked predominately in Italy, France,  New York City and Brooklyn. Life
Of Armenian descent, <mask> was originally from Bursa, Turkey, and graduated from the Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia with a Gold Medal Award from the Associazione Artistica in 1926. During the Armenian genocide, <mask> witnessed his father get killed. He was then separated from his family and sent to Venice for study. Up to 1931, he worked and taught in Italy and from 1931 to 1938 in Paris. <mask> was a representative of the school of academic realism and a skillful master of composition. He has painted national themes reflecting the ancient as well as the contemporary history of the Armenian people, frequently inspired by the distinct decorative-allegorical paintings of the Italian Renaissance.<mask> was also a portraitist and a landscapist. He has painted murals with spiritual as well as secular themes. They can be found in Armenian Catholic and Eastern Rite Catholic Churches in France, Italy, Turkey, and in America in New York City, Belmont, and Indian Orchard, Massachusetts. In addition to those works, there are paintings in the Mekhitarist College in Venice, the Monastery on the Island of San Lazzaro degli Armeni and also several homes of friends in the United States. Career in art
His artistic career started in France. During the period 1931 to 1938, his paintings were widely exhibited in Paris, Vienna, Venice, and Milan. He was primarily concerned with religious art and profane subjects.He began to paint prolifically after resigning as art professor at the College Moorat in Sèvres, France. Agemian's mural technique reflected the influence of Old Masters such as Titian. As time went on, he showed himself to be versatile, equally at home with small compositions as well as monumental murals. Subjects included portraits, still life, landscapes, nudes, figures and battle scenes. His portraits were of dignitaries from the political, religious, and entertainment world. They included Giovanni Martinelli, Akim

masks:
Ariel
Pascale Agemian
Agemian
Agemian
Agemian
Agemian


title: Ariel Agemian

texts: Tamiroff's wife, Louis Martin, Minister of the French Navy, Pope Pius XI, and Cardinal Grégoire-Pierre Agagianian. He is most well known for the "Face of Christ" painted in 1935 and based on the negative of the Shroud of Turin.<mask>, who was a religious man, was still nourishing the seed of a priestly vocation. He also wanted to spend some time in America and study the American people for a series of tableaux on democracy. Thus his decision to spend several months in the United States. This move in 1938 signaled the start of a new era for the young artist. An art exhibit in 1939 in New York was described as one of the most extraordinary assemblages to be seen on art gallery row in a long time. Critics proclaimed that “the artist reveals a diversifying talent with the ability to deal with formal organization; a nice color sense; and a generally romantic approach” and that he was "obviously trained in European traditions of sound craftsmanship". Shortly after <mask> arrived in America, he set up a studio in New York City where he taught art to now famous artists, Erik Schmidt and Richard Mantia while he continued to paint.He perfected the use of pastels on construction and working with the dark to light concept with the Chiaroscuro effect. On black construction he used white chalk and brought life from the black background. <mask> married Maria Roxas in June, 1939. They had a son, Stefan, and a daughter, Annig. In 1943 <mask> became an American citizen and began to work for Msgr. Joseph F. Stedman and then Msgr. Frey who were directors of the Confraternity of the Precious Blood, a publishing house for Catholic literature in Brooklyn, New York.<mask> painted over 500 illustrations. They are in the books, My Daily Psalms, Christ in the Gospel, The Imitation of Christ, My Meditation on the Gospel and My Mass. His reproduction of Christ, from the Shroud of Turin, is considered the most exact by experts in the scientific research field. After coming to America, the artist's technique and subject matter noticeably changed to purely religious. Only a few portraits

masks:
Agemian
Ariel Agemian
Ariel
Agemian
Agemian


title: Ariel Agemian

texts:
 of dear friends were painted during the next twenty years. He sketched daily, lived somewhat the life of a recluse and his works were not displayed publicly again after 1939. In 1958, <mask> was given the highest honor bestowed upon a layman by the Catholic Church.He was awarded a Gold Medal from Pope Pius XII and knighted into the Order of Saint Gregory the Great. On March 10, 2012, <mask> was posthumously awarded a distinguished alumni honor as an artist given by the Mekhatarian Alumni Association in Toronto, Canada. Legacy
His legacy lives on in his works. There have been several showings in the Grand Junction and Glenwood Springs area in Colorado. Some religious works have been donated to museums in New York City, Holy Cross Armenian Catholic Church in Belmont, MA; St. Mark's in Wynnewood, PA; St. Bernard's Church in New Broomfield, PA; Collegio Armeno in Rome; and Yerevan, Armenia. In 2011, the painting Christ in the Temple, dedicated to the "Son of God coming into the Temple" feast in the Armenian Apostolic Church and Eastern Catholic Church, was donated to Anna Maria College in Paxton, Massachusetts, also his daughter's alma mater. The majority of works done in America have been in the private collection of Annig <mask> Raley in Glenwood Springs, Colorado.The latest exhibition was in January, 2014 at the new Glenwood Springs Library in Glenwood Springs, Colorado. Just recently another of <mask>'s portraits have been located in Ruben Sevak Museum, an art museum located in Vagharshapat, Armenia. Opened on 10 September 2013. References

Further reading

External links
Ariel Agemian
Agemian Paintings

1904 births
1963 deaths
People from Bursa
People from Hüdavendigâr vilayet
Alumni of San Lazzaro degli Armeni
Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia alumni
20th-century Armenian painters
20th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Armenian portrait painters
Armenian miniature painters
Italian portrait painters
Christian artists
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Italy
Italian people of Armenian descent
Shroud of Turin
Date of birth missing
Date of

masks:
Ariel Agemian
Ariel Agemian
Agemian
Agemian


title: Michele Ferrari

texts:
<mask> (born 26 March 1953) is an Italian physician, cycling coach and author, who is mostly known for his role in supplying bicycle racers with performance-enhancing drugs, notably EPO. His most famous client was Lance Armstrong. Biography

<mask> was born in Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy, where he still lives. In 1978, he obtained his degree in Medicine and Surgery at the University of Ferrara. His doctoral thesis concerned the measurement of anaerobic threshold in the sport of running. <mask> was a consultant to the Italian Track and Field Federation (FIDAL) from 1977 to 1980. He became a specialist in sports medicine at the Sapienza University of Rome in 1981.He was co-author of more than 20 papers in journals of sports physiology. He studied parameters of athletes in a variety of sports, such as track and field, cycling, swimming, skiing, and speed-skating. Subsequently, until 1983, he was the sports physician of the National Italian Biathlon team (FISI). Eventually he settled on his lifelong interest: the development of training programmes for professional cyclists. One of Ferrari's earliest successes was coaching Francesco Moser to achieve the hour record in 1984, crushing Eddy Merckx's mark by more than a mile. Initially Ferrari worked with Professor Francesco Conconi at the University of Ferrara, who developed testing techniques for human performance, using methods such as monitoring the heart rate during exercise and recovery. Another controversial Italian doctor, Luigi Cecchini, is their common disciple.They have shared the care for some cyclists throughout their careers. From 1984 onwards, Ferrari achieved extraordinary improvements in the fitness of many cyclists. Ferrari popularised the use of VAM, a parameter now used in cycling as a measure of fitness

masks:
Michele Ferrari
Ferrari
Ferrari


title: Michele Ferrari

texts:
 and speed. Cycling team doctor and increasing prominence

In 1994, <mask> was the team doctor for Gewiss. The team had an excellent season, winning many races. In the Flèche Wallonne, the team realized a historic triple victory. Concerned by the domination of the Italian team, some observers pointed a finger of suspicion at the team doctor.Far from calming this controversy, Ferrari compared erythropoietin to orange juice. "EPO is not dangerous, it's the abuse that is. It's also dangerous to drink 10 liters of orange juice". This statement cost him his job as team physician. But his reputation was made, and his name thereafter was associated with use of EPO in particular. In 1995, Ferrari started his own private medical practice. Clientele

Professional bicycle racers who were clients, in some capacity, of Ferrari include: Lance Armstrong, Michael Rogers, Alexander Vinokourov, <mask>, Denis Menchov, Giovanni Visconti, Yaroslav Popovych, Alessandro Bertolini, Gianluca Bortolami, Gianni Bugno, Mario Cipollini, Claudio Chiappucci, Roman Kreuziger, Armand de Las Cuevas, Fernando Escartín, Gianni Faresin, Giorgio Furlan, Ivan Gotti, Andreas Kappes, Kevin Livingston, Eddy Mazzoleni, Axel Merckx, Thomas Dekker, Abraham Olano, Daniele Pontoni, Tony Rominger, Paolo Savoldelli, Filippo Simeoni, Pavel Tonkov, Enrico Zaina and Beat Zberg.Perhaps the most famous athlete to have been coached or advised by Ferrari is Lance Armstrong. Ferrari claims they were introduced to each other by Eddy Merckx in 1995. Earlier that year, Armstrong had begun doping. Ferrari was involved with the US Postal Service Cycling Team until October 2004, helping Armstrong train during several of his seven consecutive Tour de France victories. Tyler Hamilton, Armstrong's teammate who later confessed to

masks:
Ferrari
Michele Scarponi


title: Michele Ferrari

texts:
 doping, worked with Ferrari for one year, according to his own account in a television interview. Sporting fraud trial

In October 2004, Ferrari was sentenced to one-year prison (suspended) and a fine of 900 euros, for sporting fraud and abusive exercise of the profession of pharmacist. Ferrari's conviction in Italian court was based partly on testimony from Italian bicycle racer Filippo Simeoni.Admitting he had been doped since 1993, Simeoni told how he became affiliated with Ferrari in 1996. Simeoni testified that, in addition to a prescription of EPO hormone, "we spoke about Andriol (testosterone), which I was to use after hard training sessions, with the aim of increasing my muscular power. Dr. <mask> recommended I use Emagel the morning before controls, and another product to decrease my hematocrit." <mask> argued, in his defense: "Andriol is easily detectable for several days in a normal urine test, so, it is impossible that I suggested he take one Andriol 20 hours before another race." Lance Armstrong responded to Ferrari's guilty verdict for malpractice in the Italian Court case:

"I was disappointed to learn of the Italian court's judgment against Dr. <mask>. Dr. <mask> has been a longtime friend and trusted adviser to me and the USPS team, during which time he never suggested, prescribed or provided me with any performance-enhancing drugs... However, I have always said that I have zero tolerance for anyone convicted of using or facilitating the use of performance-enhancing drugs.As a result of today's developments, the USPS team and I have suspended our professional affiliation with Dr. <mask> as we await the release of the full verdict..."

Ferrari then announced his intention to appeal his sentence. Ferrari was acquitted of all charges against him on May

masks:
Ferrari
Ferrari
Michele Ferrari
Ferrari
Ferrari


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts: Alaud-Dīn Khaljī, also called <mask> or <mask> (), born Ali Gurshasp, was a Turco-Afghan emperor of the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent. Alauddin instituted a number of significant administrative changes, related to revenues, price controls, and society. <mask> was a nephew and a son-in-law of his predecessor Jalaluddin. When Jalaluddin became the Sultan of Delhi after deposing the Mamluks, <mask> was given the position of Amir-i-Tuzuk (equivalent to master of ceremonies). After suppressing a revolt against Jalaluddin, <mask> obtained the governorship of Kara in 1291, and the governorship of Awadh in 1296, after a profitable raid on Bhilsa. In 1296, <mask> raided Devagiri, and acquired loot to stage a successful revolt against Jalaluddin. After killing Jalaluddin, he consolidated his power in Delhi, and subjugated Jalaluddin's sons in Multan.Over the next few years, <mask> successfully fended off the Mongol invasions from the Chagatai Khanate, at Jaran-Manjur (1297–1298), Sivistan (1298), Kili (1299), Delhi (1303), and Amroha (1305). In 1306, his forces achieved a decisive victory against the Mongols near the Ravi riverbank, and later ransacked the Mongol territories in present-day Afghanistan. The military commanders that successfully led his army against the Mongols include Zafar Khan, Ulugh Khan, and his slave-general Malik Kafur. <mask> conquered the kingdoms of Gujarat (raided in 1299 and annexed in 1304), Ranthambore (1301), Chittor (1303), Malwa (1305), Siwana (1308), and Jalore (1311). These victories ended several Hindu

masks:
Alauddin Khilji
Alauddin Ghilji
Alauddin
Alauddin
Alauddin
Alauddin
Alauddin
Alauddin


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts:
 dynasties, including the Paramaras, the Vaghelas, the Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura and Jalore, the Rawal branch of the Guhilas, and possibly the Yajvapalas. His slave-general Malik Kafur led multiple campaigns to the south of the Vindhyas, obtaining a considerable amount of wealth from Devagiri (1308), Warangal (1310) and Dwarasamudra (1311). These victories forced the Yadava king Ramachandra, the Kakatiya king Prataparudra, and the Hoysala king Ballala III to become <mask>'s tributaries.Kafur also raided the Pandya kingdom (1311), obtaining much treasure and many elephants and horses. During the last years of his life, <mask> suffered from an illness, and relied on Malik Kafur to handle the administration. After his death in 1316, Malik Kafur appointed Shihabuddin, son of <mask> and his Hindu wife Jhatyapali, as a puppet monarch. However, his elder son Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah seized the power shortly after his death. Early life

Contemporary chroniclers did not write much about <mask>'s childhood. According to the 16th/17th-century chronicler Haji-ud-Dabir, <mask> was 34 years old when he started his march to Ranthambore (1300–1301). Assuming this is correct, <mask>'s birth can be dated to 1266–1267.His original name was Ali Gurshasp. He was the eldest son of Shihabuddin Mas'ud, who was the elder brother of the Khalji dynasty's founder Sultan Jalaluddin. He had three brothers: Almas Beg (later Ulugh Khan), Qutlugh Tigin and Muhammad. <mask> was brought up by Jalaluddin after Shihabuddin's death. Both <mask> and his younger brother Almas Beg married Jalaluddin's

masks: Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts:
 daughters. After Jalaluddin became the Sultan of Delhi, <mask> was appointed as Amir-i-Tuzuk (equivalent to Master of ceremonies), while Almas Beg was given the post of Akhur-beg (equivalent to Master of the Horse). Marriage to Jalaluddin's daughter

<mask> married Jalaluddin's daughter, Malika-i-Jahan, long before the Khalji revolution of 1290.The marriage, however, was not a happy one. Having suddenly become a princess after Jalaluddin's rise as a monarch, she was very arrogant and tried to dominate <mask>. According to Haji-ud-Dabir, <mask> married a second woman, named Mahru, who was the sister of Malik Sanjar alias Alp Khan. Malika-i-Jahan was greatly infuriated by the fact that her husband had taken a second wife. According to Dabir, this was the main cause of misunderstanding between <mask> and his first wife. Once, while <mask> and Mahru were together in a garden, Jalaluddin's daughter attacked Mahru out of jealousy. In response, <mask> assaulted her.The incident was reported to Jalaluddin, but the Sultan did not take any action against <mask>. <mask> was not on good terms with his mother-in-law either, who wielded great influence over the Sultan. According to the 16th-century historian Firishta, she warned Jalaluddin that <mask> was planning to set up an independent kingdom in a remote part of the country. She kept a very close watch on <mask>, and encouraged her daughter's arrogant behavior towards him. Governor of Kara

In 1291, <mask> played an important role in crushing a revolt by the governor of Kara Malik Chajju. As a result, Jalaluddin appointed him as

masks: Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts:
 the new governor of Kara in 1291. Malik Chajju's former Amirs (subordinate nobles) at Kara considered Jalaluddin as a weak and ineffective ruler, and instigated <mask> to usurp the throne of Delhi.This, combined with his unhappy domestic life, made <mask> determined to dethrone Jalaluddin. Conspiracy against Jalaluddin

While instigating <mask> to revolt against Jalaluddin, Malik Chajju's supporters emphasized that he needed a lot of money to raise a large army and stage a successful coup: Malik Chajju's revolt had failed for want of resources. To finance his plan to dethrone Jalaluddin, Alauddin decided to raid the neighbouring Hindu kingdoms. In 1293, he raided Bhilsa, a wealthy town in the Paramara kingdom of Malwa, which had been weakened by multiple invasions. At Bhilsa, he came to know about the immense wealth of the southern Yadava kingdom in the Deccan region, as well as about the routes leading to their capital Devagiri. Therefore, he shrewdly surrendered the loot from Bhilsa to Jalaluddin to win the Sultan's confidence, while withholding the information on the Yadava kingdom. A pleased Jalaluddin gave him the office of Ariz-i Mamalik (Minister of War), and also made him the governor of Awadh.In addition, the Sultan granted <mask>'s request to use the revenue surplus for hiring additional troops. After years of planning and preparation, <mask> successfully raided Devagiri in 1296. He left Devagiri with a huge amount of wealth, including precious metals, jewels, silk products, elephants, horses, and slaves. When the news of <mask>'s success reached Jalaluddin,

masks: Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts: the Sultan came to Gwalior, hoping that <mask> would present the loot to him there. However, <mask> marched directly to Kara with all the wealth. Jalaluddin's advisors such as Ahmad Chap recommended intercepting <mask> at Chanderi, but Jalaluddin had faith in his nephew. He returned to Delhi, believing that Alauddin would carry the wealth from Kara to Delhi.After reaching Kara, <mask> sent a letter of apology to the Sultan, and expressed concern that his enemies may have poisoned the Sultan's mind against him during his absence. He requested a letter of pardon signed by the Sultan, which the Sultan immediately despatched through messengers. At Kara, Jalaluddin's messengers learned of <mask>'s military strength and of his plans to dethrone the Sultan. However, Alauddin detained them, and prevented them from communicating with the Sultan. Meanwhile, <mask>'s younger brother Almas Beg (later Ulugh Khan), who was married to a daughter of Jalaluddin, assured the Sultan of <mask>'s loyalty. He convinced Jalaluddin to visit Kara and meet <mask>, saying that Alauddin would commit suicide out of guilt if the Sultan didn't pardon him personally. A gullible Jalaluddin set out for Kara with his army.After reaching close to Kara, he directed Ahmad Chap to take his main army to Kara by the land route, while he himself decided to cross the Ganges river with a smaller body of around 1,000 soldiers. On 20 July 1296, <mask> had Jalaluddin killed after pretending to greet the Sultan, and declared himself the new king. Jalaluddin's companions were also killed, while Ahmad Chap's army

masks: Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts:
 retreated to Delhi. Ascension and march to Delhi

<mask>, known as Ali Gurshasp until his ascension in July 1296, was formally proclaimed as the new king with the title Alauddunya wad Din Muhammad Shah-us Sultan at Kara. Meanwhile, the head of Jalaluddin was paraded on a spear in his camp before being sent to Awadh. Over the next two days, <mask> formed a provisional government at Kara. He promoted the existing Amirs to the rank of Maliks, and appointed his close friends as the new Amirs.At that time, there were heavy rains, and the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers were flooded. But <mask> made preparations for a march to Delhi, and ordered his officers to recruit as many soldiers as possible, without fitness tests or background checks. His objective was to cause a change in the general political opinion, by portraying himself as someone with huge public support. To portray himself as a generous king, he ordered 5 manns of gold pieces to be shot from a manjaniq (catapult) at a crowd in Kara. One section of his army, led by himself and Nusrat Khan, marched to Delhi via Badaun and Baran (modern Bulandshahr). The other section, led by Zafar Khan, marched to Delhi via Koil (modern Aligarh). As <mask> marched to Delhi, the news spread in towns and villages that he was recruiting soldiers while distributing gold.Many people, from both military and non-military backgrounds, joined him. By the time he reached Badaun, he had a 56,000-strong cavalry and a 60,000-strong infantry. At Baran, <mask> was joined by seven powerful Jalaluddin's nobles who had earlier opposed him. These

masks: Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts:
 nobles were Tajul Mulk Kuchi, Malik Abaji Akhur-bek, Malik Amir Ali Diwana, Malik Usman Amir-akhur, Malik Amir Khan, Malik Umar Surkha and Malik Hiranmar. Alauddin gave each of them 30 to 50 manns of gold, and each of their soldiers 300 silver tankas (hammered coins). <mask>'s march to Delhi was interrupted by the flooding of the Yamuna river. Meanwhile, in Delhi, Jalaluddin's widow Malka-i-Jahan appointed her youngest son Qadr Khan as the new king with the title Ruknuddin Ibrahim, without consulting the nobles.This irked Arkali Khan, her elder son and the governor of Multan. When Malika-i-Jahan heard that Jalaluddin's nobles had joined <mask>, she apologized to Arkali and offered him the throne, requesting him to march from Multan to Delhi. However, Arkali refused to come to her aid. <mask> resumed his march to Delhi in the second week of October 1296, when the Yamuna river subsided. When he reached Siri, Ruknuddin led an army against him. However, a section of Ruknuddin's army defected to <mask> at midnight. A dejected Ruknuddin then retreated and escaped to Multan with his mother and the loyal nobles.<mask> then entered the city, where a number of nobles and officials accepted his authority. On 21 October 1296, <mask> was formally proclaimed as the Sultan in Delhi. Consolidation of power

Initially, <mask> consolidated power by making generous grants and endowments, and appointing many people to the government positions. He balanced the power between the officers appointed by the Mamluks, the ones appointed by Jalaluddin and his own appointees. He also increased

masks: Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts: the strength of the Sultanate's army, and gifted every soldier the salary of a year and a half in cash. Of <mask>'s first year as the Sultan, chronicler Ziauddin Barani wrote that it was the happiest year that the people of Delhi had ever seen. At this time, <mask>'s could not exercise his authority over all of Jalaluddin's former territories.In the Punjab region, his authority was limited to the areas east of the Ravi river. The region beyond Lahore suffered from Mongol raids and Khokhar rebellions. Multan was controlled by Jalaluddin's son Arkali, who harboured the fugitives from Delhi. In November 1296, <mask> sent an army led by Ulugh Khan and Zafar Khan to conquer Multan. On his orders, Nusrat Khan arrested, blinded and/or killed the surviving members of Jalaluddin's family. Shortly after the conquest of Multan, <mask> appointed Nusrat Khan as his wazir (prime minister). Having strengthened his control over Delhi, the Sultan started eliminating the officers that were not his own appointees.In 1297, the aristocrats (maliks), who had deserted Jalaluddin's family to join <mask>, were arrested, blinded or killed. All their property, including the money earlier given to them by Alauddin, was confiscated. As a result of these confiscations, Nusrat Khan obtained a huge amount of cash for the royal treasury. Only three maliks from Jalaluddin's time were spared: Malik Qutbuddin Alavi, Malik Nasiruddin Rana, Malik Amir Jamal Khalji. The rest of the older aristocrats were replaced with the new nobles, who were extremely loyal to <mask>. Meanwhile, Ala-ul Mulk, who was


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts:
 Alauddin's governor at Kara, came to Delhi with all the officers, elephants and wealth that <mask> had left at Kara. <mask> appointed Ala-ul Mulk as the kotwal of Delhi and placed all the non-Turkic municipal employees under his charge.Since Ala-ul Mulk had become very obese, the governorship of Kara was entrusted to Nusrat Khan, who had become unpopular in Delhi because of the confiscations. Mongol invasions and northern conquests, 1297–1306

In the winter of 1297, the Mongols led by a noyan of the Chagatai Khanate raided Punjab, advancing as far as Kasur. <mask>'s forces, led by Ulugh Khan, defeated the Mongols on 6 February 1298. According to Amir Khusrow, 20,000 Mongols were killed in the battle, and many more were killed in Delhi after being brought there as prisoners. In 1298–99, another Mongol army (possibly Neguderi fugitives) invaded Sindh, and occupied the fort of Sivistan. This time, <mask>'s general Zafar Khan defeated the invaders, and recaptured the fort. In early 1299, <mask> sent Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan to invade Gujarat, where the Vaghela king Karna offered a weak resistance.<mask>'s army plundered several towns including Somnath, where it desecrated the famous Hindu temple. The Delhi army also captured several people, including the Vaghela queen Kamala Devi and  slave Malik Kafur, who later led <mask>'s southern campaigns. During the army's return journey to Delhi, some of its Mongol soldiers staged an unsuccessful mutiny near Jalore, after the generals forcibly tried to extract a share of loot (khums) from them. <mask>'s administration meted out


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts: brutal punishments to the mutineers' families in Delhi, including killings of children in front of their mothers. According to Ziauddin Barani, the practice of punishing wives and children for the crimes of men started with this incident in Delhi. In 1299, the Chagatai ruler Duwa sent a Mongol force led by Qutlugh Khwaja to conquer Delhi. In the ensuing Battle of Kili, <mask> personally led the Delhi forces, but his general Zafar Khan attacked the Mongols without waiting for his orders.Although Zafar Khan managed to inflict heavy casualties on the invaders, he and other soldiers in his unit were killed in the battle. Qutlugh Khwaja was also seriously wounded, forcing the Mongols to retreat. In 1301, <mask> ordered Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan to invade Ranthambore, whose king Hammiradeva had granted asylum to the leaders of the mutiny near Jalore. After Nusrat Khan was killed during the siege, <mask> personally took charge of the siege operations, and conquered the fort in July 1301. During the Ranthambore campaign, <mask> faced three unsuccessful rebellions. To suppress any future rebellions, he set up an intelligence and surveillance system, instituted a total prohibition in Delhi, established laws to prevent his nobles from networking with each other, and confiscated wealth from the general public. In the winter of 1302–1303, <mask>imha. <mask> captured Chittor after an eight-month long siege. According to his courtier Amir Khusrau, he ordered a massacre of 30,000 local Hindus after this conquest. Some later legends state that <mask> invaded Chittor to capture

masks: Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin Alauddinnas Alauddin Alauddin


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts: Ratnasimha's beautiful queen Padmini, but most modern historians have rejected the authenticity of these legends. While the imperial armies were busy in Chittor and Warangal campaigns, the Mongols launched another invasion of Delhi around August 1303. <mask> managed to reach Delhi before the invaders, but did not have enough time to prepare for a strong defence. Meanwhile, the Warangal campaign was unsuccessful (because of heavy rains according to Ziauddin Barani), and the army had lost several men and its baggage.Neither this army, nor the reinforcements sent by <mask>'s provincial governors could enter the city because of the blockades set up by the Mongols. Under these difficult circumstances, <mask> took shelter in a heavily guarded camp at the under-construction Siri Fort. The Mongols engaged his forces in some minor conflicts, but neither army achieved a decisive victory. The invaders ransacked Delhi and its neighbourhoods, but ultimately decided to retreat after being unable to breach Siri. The Mongol invasion of 1303 was one of the most serious invasions of India, and prompted <mask> to take several steps to prevent its repeat. He strengthened the forts and the military presence along the Mongol routes to India. He also implemented a series of economic reforms to ensure sufficient revenue inflows for maintaining a strong army.In 1304, <mask> appears to have ordered a second invasion of Gujarat, which resulted in the annexation of the Vaghela kingdom to the Delhi Sultanate. In 1305, he launched an invasion of Malwa in central India, which resulted in the defeat


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts:
 and death of the Paramara king Mahalakadeva. The Yajvapala dynasty, which ruled the region to the north-east of Malwa, also appears to have fallen to <mask>'s invasion. In December 1305, the Mongols invaded India again. Instead of attacking the heavily guarded city of Delhi, the invaders proceeded south-east to the Gangetic plains along the Himalayan foothills. <mask>'s 30,000-strong cavalry, led by Malik Nayak, defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Amroha. Many Mongols were taken captive and killed; the 16th-century historian Firishta claims that the heads (sir) of 8,000 Mongols were used to build the Siri Fort commissioned by <mask>.In 1306, another Mongol army sent by Duwa advanced up to the Ravi River, ransacking the territories along the way. <mask>'s forces, led by Malik Kafur, decisively defeated the Mongols. Duwa died next year, and after that the Mongols did not launch any further expeditions to India during <mask>'s reign. On the contrary, Alauddin's Dipalpur governor Malik Tughluq regularly raided the Mongol territories located in present-day Afghanistan. Marwar and southern campaigns, 1307–1313

Around 1308, <mask> sent Malik Kafur to invade Devagiri, whose king Ramachandra had discontinued the tribute payments promised in 1296, and had granted asylum to the Vaghela king Karna at Baglana. Kafur was supported by Alauddin's Gujarat governor Alp Khan, whose forces invaded Baglana, and captured Karna's daughter Devaladevi (later married to <mask>'s son Khizr Khan). At Devagiri, Kafur achieved an easy victory, and Ramachandra agreed to become a lifelong vassal


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts:
 of Alauddin.Meanwhile, a section of <mask>'s army had been besieging the fort of Siwana in Marwar region unsuccessfully for several years. In August–September 1308, <mask> personally took charge of the siege operations in Siwana. The Delhi army conquered the fort, and the defending ruler Sitaladeva was killed in November 1308. The plunder obtained from Devagiri prompted <mask> to plan an invasion of the other southern kingdoms, which had accumulated a huge amount of wealth, having been shielded from the foreign armies that had ransacked northern India. In late 1309, he sent Malik Kafur to ransack the Kakatiya capital Warangal. Helped by Ramachandra of Devagiri, Kafur entered the Kakatiya territory in January 1310, ransacking towns and villages on his way to Warangal. After a month-long siege of Warangal, the Kakatiya king Prataparudra agreed to become a tributary of <mask>, and surrendered a large amount of wealth (possibly including the Koh-i-Noor diamond) to the invaders.Meanwhile, after conquering Siwana, <mask> had ordered his generals to subjugate other parts of Marwar, before returning to Delhi. The raids of his generals in Marwar led to their
confrontations with Kanhadadeva, the Chahamana ruler of Jalore. In 1311, Alauddin's general Malik Kamaluddin Gurg captured the Jalore fort after defeating and killing Kanhadadeva. During the siege of Warangal, Malik Kafur had learned about the wealth of the Hoysala and Pandya kingdoms located further south. After returning to Delhi, he took <mask>'s permission to lead an expedition there. Kafur started his march from Delhi


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts: in November 1310, and crossed Deccan in early 1311, supported by <mask>'s tributaries Ramachandra and Prataparudra. At this time, the Pandya kingdom was reeling under a war of succession between the two brothers Vira and Sundara, and taking advantage of this, the Hoysala king Ballala had invaded the Pandyan territory.When Ballala learned about Kafur's march, he hurried back to his capital Dwarasamudra. However, he could not put up a strong resistance, and negotiated a truce after a short siege, agreeing to surrender his wealth and become a tributary of <mask>. From Dwarasamudra, Malik Kafur marched to the Pandya kingdom, where he raided several towns reaching as far as Madurai. Both Vira and Sundara fled their headquarters, and thus, Kafur was unable to make them <mask>'s tributaries. Nevertheless, the Delhi army looted many treasures, elephants and horses. The Delhi chronicler Ziauddin Barani described this seizure of wealth from Dwarasamudra and the Pandya kingdom as the greatest one since the Muslim capture of Delhi. During this campaign, the Mongol general Abachi had conspired to ally with the Pandyas, and as a result, <mask> ordered him to be executed in Delhi.This, combined with their general grievances against <mask>, led to resentment among Mongols who had settled in India after converting to Islam. A section of Mongol leaders plotted to kill <mask>, but the conspiracy was discovered by <mask>'s agents. <mask> then ordered a mass massacre of Mongols in his empire, which according to Barani, resulted in the death of 20,000 or 30,000 Mongols. Meanwhile, in


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts:
 Devagiri, after Ramachandra's death, his son tried to overthrow <mask>'s suzerainty. Malik Kafur invaded Devagiri again in 1313, defeated him, and became the governor of Devagiri. Administrative changes

<mask> was the most powerful ruler of his dynasty. Unlike the previous rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, who had largely relied on the pre-existing administrative set-up, <mask> undertook large-scale reforms.After facing the Mongol invasions and several rebellions, he implemented several reforms to be able to maintain a large army and to weaken those capable of organizing a revolt against him. Barani also attributes <mask>'s revenue reforms to the Sultan's desire to subjugate the Hindus by "depriving them of that wealth and property which fosters rebellion". According to historian Satish Chandra, <mask>'s reforms were based on his conception of fear and control as the basis of good government as well as his military ambitions: the bulk of the measures were designed to centralise power in his hands and to support a large military. Some of <mask>'s land reforms were continued by his successors, and formed a basis of the agrarian reforms introduced by the later rulers such as Sher Shah Suri and Akbar. However, his other regulations, including price control, were revoked by his son Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah a few months after his death. Revenue reforms

The countryside and agricultural production during <mask>'s time was controlled by the village headmen, the traditional Hindu authorities. He viewed their haughtiness and their direct and indirect resistance as the main


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts: difficulty affecting his reign.He also had to face talk of conspiracies at his court. After some initial conspiracies and Hindu revolts in rural areas during the early period of his reign, he struck the root of the problem by introducing reforms that also aimed at ensuring support of his army and food supply to his capital. He took away all landed properties of his courtiers and nobles and cancelled revenue assignments which were henceforth controlled by the central authorities. Henceforth, "everybody was busy earning with earning a living so that nobody could even think of rebellion". He also ordered "to supply some rules and regulations for grinding down the Hindus, and for depriving them of that wealth and property which fosters rebellion. The Hindu was to be reduced to be so reduced as to be unable to keep a horse to ride on, wear fine clothes, or to enjoy any luxuries of life." <mask> brought a large tract of fertile land under the directly governed crown territory, by eliminating iqta's, land grants and vassals in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab region.He imposed a 50% kharaj tax on the agricultural produce in a substantial part of northern India: this was the maximum amount allowed by the Hanafi school of Islam, which was dominant in Delhi at that time. <mask> also eliminated the intermediary Hindu rural chiefs, and started collecting the kharaj directly from the cultivators. He did not levy any additional taxes on agriculture, and abolished the cut that the intermediaries received for collecting revenue. <mask>'s demand for tax proportional to land area meant that the

masks: Alauddin Alauddin Alauddin


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts:
 rich and powerful villages with more land had to pay more taxes. He forced the rural chiefs to pay same taxes as the others, and banned them from imposing illegal taxes on the peasants. To prevent any rebellions, his administration deprived the rural chiefs of their wealth, horses and arms. By suppressing these chiefs, <mask> projected himself as the protector of the weaker section of the rural society.However, while the cultivators were free from the demands of the landowners, the high taxes imposed by the state meant a culviator had "barely enough for carrying on his cultivation and his food requirements." To enforce these land and agrarian reforms, <mask> set up a strong and efficient revenue administration system. His government recruited many accountants, collectors and agents. These officials were well-paid but were subject to severe punishment if found to be taking bribes. Account books were audited and even small discrepancies were punished. The effect was both large landowners and small-scale cultivators were fearful of missing out on paying their assessed taxes. <mask>'s government imposed the jizya tax on its non-Muslim subjects, and his Muslim subjects were obligated to contribute zakat.He also levied taxes on residences (ghari) and grazing (chara'i), which were not sanctioned by the Islamic law. In addition, Alauddin demanded four-fifths share of the spoils of war from his soldiers, instead of the traditional one-fifth share (khums). Market reforms

<mask> implemented price control measures for a wide variety of market goods. <mask>'s courtier Amir


title: Alauddin Khalji

texts:
 Khusrau and the 14th century writer Hamid Qalandar suggest that <mask> introduced these changes for public welfare. However, Barani states that Alauddin wanted to reduce the prices so that low salaries were acceptable to his soldiers, and thus, to maintain a large army. In addition, Barani suggests that the Hindu traders indulged in profiteering, and <mask>'s market reforms resulted from the Sultan's desire to punish the Hindus. To ensure that the goods were sold at regulated prices, <mask> appointed market supervisors and spies, and received independent reports from them.To prevent a black market, his administration prohibited peasants and traders from storing the grains, and established government-run granaries, where government's share of the grain was stored. The government also forced the transport workers to re-settle in villages at specific distances along the Yamuna river to enable rapid transport of grain to Delhi. Chroniclers such as Khusrau and Barani state that the prices were not allowed to increase during <mask>'s lifetime, even when the rainfall was scarce. The shopkeepers who violated the price control regulations or tried to circumvent them (such as, by using false weights) were given severe punishments. Military reforms

<mask> maintained a large standing army, which included 475,000 horsemen according to the 16th-century chronicler Firishta. He managed to raise such a large army by paying relatively low salaries to his soldiers, and introduced market price controls to ensure that the low salaries were acceptable to his soldiers. Although he was