title: Chief Zimmer

texts: twice in one game. Sporting Life at the time reported: "Bennett and <mask> are the only League catchers who have managed to catch Hamilton at second. <mask> is also the only catcher who has nailed Hamilton twice in one game." Games at catcher. <mask> appeared in 125 games at catcher in 1890, a figure that stood until 1895 as the Major League record for most games played at the position in a single season. He also set a Major League record for consecutive games at catcher with 111 during the 1890 season, more than doubling the prior record. He led the National League in games caught for the second consecutive season in 1891 with 116 and ranked second in the league with 111 games at catcher in 1892.The Sporting News in 1949 called <mask> "baseball's original 'iron man'." Prior to <mask>, catchers were typically paired with specific pitchers and did not catch every day. <mask> became one of the Major Leagues' first every-day catchers. Assists. <mask>'s 188 assists as a catcher in 1890 stood as the Major League record until 1912, and he led the majors for a second consecutive season with 181 in 1891. Double plays. <mask>'s 16 doubles plays as a catcher in 1895 broke the Major League record, and in 1900 he also broke Charlie Bennett's Major League record for most career double plays as a catcher.Fielding percentage. By 1896, <mask> also had the highest career fielding percentage (.943) ever compiled by a Major League catcher. <mask> is also credited with being the first catcher, in 1887, to play from a squatting position directly behind the plate on every play. In prior years, catchers had played further behind the plate often

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 standing, particularly with runners on base. During <mask>'s time, catchers' gloves had not evolved and did not provide the protection of a modern catcher's mitt. Interviewed in 1949, <mask> indicated that the catcher's glove in the 1890s was similar to an outfielders glove, and he would occasionally pad it with a piece of beefsteak to further protect his hands from injury. In 1892, when asked how he kept his hands healthy so as to be able to catch in so many games, <mask> also said he received regular hand massages: "He replied that he made it a practice to visit a massage establishment whenever his hands gave him the slightest cause for trouble.He argues that by the systematic rubbing of the joints all swellings and soreness can be remedied instantly." Cleveland Blues/Spiders
After brief stints with the Detroit Wolverines (eight games in 1884) and New York Metropolitans (six games in 1886), <mask> joined the Cleveland Blues in 1887. He remained in Cleveland for 13 seasons from 1887 through 1899. From 1890 to 1898, <mask> was Cy Young's catcher during Young's formative and most dominant years as a pitcher, and the two remained close friends for 60 years. Young's biographer, Reed Browing, noted that Young always credited <mask> for his contributions:
As Young's career progressed, no Major League pitcher was more outspoken than he in expressing how much a fine catcher enhanced his performance on the mound. Young and <mask> quickly became the most famous battery of the 1890s. In 1890, Cleveland finished in seventh place with a 44–88 record; Young, in his rookie season, was 9–7.From the low point in 1890, <mask>, the club and

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texts: Young all improved remarkably. In 1891, <mask> had a career-high 69 RBIs with a 1.6 Wins Above Replacement (WAR) rating. He caught 116 games in 1891, but underwent knee surgery after the season was over. The following year, in 1892, <mask> compiled a career-high 3.2 WAR rating and led the 1892 Cleveland Spiders to a franchise best record of 93–56 (.624), good for second place in the National League. The 1892 season was also a breakout year for Young who compiled a 36–12 record with a 1.93 earned run average (ERA). After the 1892 season, Sporting Life described <mask> as "a temperate, faithful and conscientious player" who was "a great local favorite" and said this about his ability to deter stolen bases: "His throwing is a holy terror to would-be base stealers, and very few men steal second off him when anything but a slow pitcher is in the box." In 1893, the distance between the pitcher and home plate was extended by nine feet, resulting in a dramatic increase in batting averages.The rule change helped <mask> statistically, as he compiled a .308 batting average, the first of four .300 seasons. However, <mask> bemoaned the rule change's effect on pitchers: "They are making the pitcher a mere automaton. By and by they will make him stand on a cake of ice and pitch. Say what you will, the pitcher is the central figure in the game. People pay their money to see base ball, and the more scientific it is the better. When you put a pitcher out of sight and make a toy of him you are working squarely against the interests of the game, in my opinion." In July 1893, he suffered a broken shoulder bone and was able to play only 56 games

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 behind the plate.The injury was sustained in a collision with Tommy Tucker. Cleveland newspapers protested and claimed that Tucker was a player with a reputation as a habitual dirty player who had acted intentionally to injure <mask>. Despite the severity of the injury, the popular <mask> returned to the lineup in September 1893 after seven weeks' absence, prompting the Sporting Life to predict: "<mask> can play in Cleveland as long as he pleases." In 1894, <mask> became one of the first players to get six hits in a single game, doing so off Win Mercer. In 1895, <mask> had a career-high .340 batting average, as his batting and handling of Young (who compiled a 35–10 record) helped lead the 1895 Cleveland Spiders to the Temple Cup, a championship cup that was awarded to the winner of a best-of-seven, post-season championship series in the National League. <mask> was the batting hero of the 1895 Temple Cup, hitting a two-run home run to win the decisive game. His cup-winning home run was memorialized in a poem that included the following lines:
The score was tied, one man was out,Tebeau was safe on third;As <mask> grasped his mighty bat,Such cheering ne'er was heard.He swiftly swung his willow,The ball had met its fate;And a roar went up that reached the clouds,Tebeau had crossed the plate.In late March 1896, <mask> left the Spiders' spring training camp in a contract dispute, and one week later reportedly signed a contract providing for him to be paid the maximum salary of $2,400 plus an $800 signing bonus. The Sporting Life reported: "If there is one player whose services Mr. Robison(Cleveland owner Frank Robison) cannot


title: Chief Zimmer

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 afford to lose, it is <mask>. In spring, summer and fall or any old time at all chief is in condition." On September 24, 1896, two masked men armed with revolvers woke <mask> and his wife at their home at 43 Steinway Street in Cleveland. The intruders robbed <mask> of his $60 gold watch and $20 in cash. In 1897, at age 36, <mask> continued to impress. He compiled a .316 batting average and a 1.9 WAR rating while helping Young win 20 games for the seventh consecutive season.After the 1898 season, Young left the Spiders, and <mask>, at age 38, was released by the team in early June 1899, despite having compiled a .342 batting average in 20 games. Without Young or <mask>, the 1899 Cleveland Spiders compiled a 20-134 (.130) record—the worst record in Major League history. Louisville and Pittsburgh
In June 1899, <mask> was signed as a free agent by the Louisville Colonels. He appeared in 75 games for Louisville in 1899, compiling a .298 batting average. For the second time in his career, <mask> was responsible for mentoring a future Hall of Fame pitcher in his rookie season. At Louisville, the rookie pitcher was Rube Waddell. In December 1899, <mask> was part of a blockbuster trade with the Pittsburgh Pirates.In addition to <mask>, the Colonels sent three future Hall of Famers (Waddell, Honus Wagner and Fred Clarke) to the Pirates in exchange for Jack Chesbro, three other players, and $25,000. During the 1900 season, <mask> was the oldest player in the Major Leagues at age 39. However, he continued to play well. Aside from a .295 batting average, <mask> caught 82 games, led the National League with 318 putouts and totaled 89

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title: Chief Zimmer

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 runners caught stealing. Moreover, under <mask>'s tutelage, Rube Waddell in his first season as a regular starter, led the National League with a 2.37 ERA. The following year, <mask> remained the oldest player in the Major Leagues at age 40. He caught 69 games for the 1901 Pirates team that won the National League pennant with a 90–49 record.During the 1901 season, <mask> caught for his third Hall of Fame pitcher, Jack Chesbro. In 1902, at age 41, <mask> caught 41 games, compiled a .268 batting average, and maintained a respectable 1.1 WAR rating. The Pirates won the pennant for the second consecutive year with a 103–36 record. Philadelphia Phillies
In early 1903, the Philadelphia Phillies were sold, and the new owners, with the assistance of Pittsburgh owner Barney Dreyfuss, persuaded <mask> to become the Phillies' manager. <mask> agreed and also appeared in 35 games as the team's catcher. In May 1903, the Sporting Life newspaper wrote that <mask> was still a solid performer behind the plate: "The Phillies' pitchers do their best work and the team is strongest when the veteran <mask> is in the game. A wink should be as good as a kick, Chief."<mask> appeared in his final Major League game as a player at age 42 on September 27, 1903. In his role as manager, <mask> took over a team that had finished in seventh place in 1902. By the first of June 1903, the Phillies were struggling with an 11–26 record. <mask> at that time acknowledged that the "task of managing a team that does not stand so well up in the race is not the most pleasant one in the world", but he insisted that he was not discouraged and noted that the greater

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 satisfaction comes not from taking charge of a first-class team and keeping it going, but "to take hold of a team that is down in the race and bring it up to a high standard." The Phillies did improve late in the season, compiling a 16–13 record in their last 29 games. However, with a seventh-place finish, the 1903 season was <mask>'s only one as a Major League manager. In fairness to <mask>, the Phillies simply lacked the talent to compete with the best teams in the National League, had finished in seventh place in 1902 under Bill Shettsline, and dropped to eighth place in 1904 under Hugh Duffy.Table games, cigars and groceries
During his baseball career, <mask> was among the highest paid players in the game. He invested his money wisely and was alert for investment opportunities. By 1900, his business interests included "upward of $35,000 invested in the grocery business and real estate in Cleveland." He also owned a restaurant in Cleveland and used his wood-working skills to make furniture in the off-season. The business opportunity that drew the most attention was "<mask>'s Base Ball Game", a mechanical baseball table game developed by <mask> in 1891. In November 1891, The Sporting Life reported on <mask>'s innovation on its front page:
<mask> <mask>, the good-natured and gentlemanly catcher of the Cleveland Club has invented and patented an indoor game of base ball that ought to make him a little fortune. It promises to become one of the greatest toys of the age.A regular game can be played. The ball is pitched from an ingenious device and goes straight over the plate. If a hit isn't made or the ball struck at all the

masks: Zimmer Zimmer Zimmer Zimmer Zimmer Zimmer Zimmerley Zimmer


title: Chief Zimmer

texts: 'catcher' gets it. All the 'players' are in position, and there are regular catches in the outfield and pick-ups in the infield. The bat is a curious contrivance, and it takes good judgment to operate it. A fast or slow ball can be pitched, and the batter is liable to be 'fooled' by changes of pace. Nothing like it was ever seen before in toy games.The invention is to be shown in Hudson's window after Thanksgiving, and will surely attract great attention. The game featured a painted ball field with children peeking over the one-and-a-half inch outfield wall as well as lithographed images of <mask> and 18 other players, including 11 Hall of Famers. The game was played with "a pool cue-type spring loaded device" and "metal clasps located at the nine positions to catch the ball." In January 1892, <mask> was offered "a big amount of money" for his interest in the game, and it was estimated "by judicious business management" that 100,000 copies of the game could be sold. In October 1892, <mask> stated that he expected to sell "a great many of his parlor baseball inventions" over the winter and noted that one New York firm had purchased 600 from him. Two years later, he reported that he had a large number of orders for the game and that he had made over $4,000 from the game over the past three years. Unlike many baseball players of his era, <mask> used neither liquor nor tobacco.In 1890, the Sporting Life reported that there were likely no more than a half a dozen professional baseball players who could match <mask>'s claim: "He has never taken a drink of any kind of intoxicating liquor in his life, and has never used tobacco in


title: Chief Zimmer

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 any shape." <mask> later attributed his long playing career (and long life) to the fact that he never didn't smoke, didn't chew, and didn't drink. Despite his personal aversion to tobacco, <mask> in the 1890s was successful in operating a wholesale and retail cigar business in Cleveland. In 1898, as he traveled with the Cleveland team, he carried a valise with samples of the cigars that he sold. Commenting on <mask>'s business ingenuity in promoting his cigar business while traveling at the expense of the Cleveland club, the Sporting Life wrote: "With such an instinct for taking advantage of circumstances <mask> is certain to be prosperous." Players' Protective Association
During the summer of 1900, the Players' Protective Association, predecessor to the Major League Baseball Players Association, was formed to represent the interest of professional baseball players. <mask> was elected as the organization's first president with Hughie Jennings secretary.During <mask>'s tenure as president, the organization successfully negotiated for a new rule providing that a player could not be traded or sold without his consent. The Sporting Life later wrote that <mask> was the "only man who ever showed marked ability" as president of the Association. The consent rule that <mask> secured was later rescinded, and the Association's reputation declined. In August 1902, <mask>, having stepped down from the Association's leadership, commented on the reasons for the decline:
There is nothing solid left in the Players' Protective Association. There has been no activity on the part of the present officials, and there will be none. The organization

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 has been allowed to die because the members have seen nothing in it to interest them. Some are not pleased with the officers; others object to the paying of dues, while others still believe that they can do better by themselves than by acting in concert with all the other players; and so the Players' Protective Association gradually is being allowed to die out.One hears but little of it now, and in a year from now will hear less. It would have been a good thing for the players if they had been true to its principles and the officials had been active in carrying out all its aims and laws. However, there was failure on all sides, and the result is that the organization gradually is fading out of existence. Little Rock
During the 1904 and 1905 seasons, <mask> worked as an umpire in the National League. The following year, he staged a comeback as a player at age 45. In February 1906, he was hired as the player/manager for the Little Rock Travelers in the Southern Association. Even at age 45, <mask> still displayed superior arm strength.After a Little Rock victory in May 1906, the Sporting Life newspaper reported: "Little Rock showed wonderful improvement and defeated Birmingham in a well-played game. The feature was the throwing of <mask> to second." He appeared in 41 games as a player for Little Rock. His Little Rock team finished in last place with a 40–98 record. Family and later years
<mask> was married and had three daughters. During his playing career, he made furniture as a hobby during the off-season and filled his home in Cleveland with his handiwork. After retiring from baseball, <mask> lived in Cleveland for the


title: Carole Boyce Davies

texts: <mask> is a Caribbean-American professor of Africana Studies and English at Cornell University, the author of the prize-winning Left of Karl Marx: The Political Life of Claudia Jones (2008) and the classic Black Women, Writing and Identity: Migrations of the Subject (1994), as well as editor of several critical anthologies in African and Caribbean literature. She is currently the Frank H. T. Rhodes Professor of Humane Letters, an endowed chair named after the 9th president of Cornell University. Among several other awards, she was the recipient of two major awards, both in 2017: the Frantz Fanon Lifetime Achievement Award from the Caribbean Philosophical Association and the Distinguished Africanist Award from the New York State African Studies Association. <mask> has held distinguished professorships at a number of universities including the Herskovits Professor of African Studies at Northwestern University (2000) and was appointed to the Kwame Nkrumah Professor at the University of Ghana, Legon (2015). She is the author or editor of thirteen books, including the three-volume Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora and over a hundred journal articles and encyclopedia entries. She serves on the International Scientific Committee of UNESCO General History of Africa, Volume Nine, as the coordinator/editor of the epistemological forum on Global Blackness of the forthcoming volume on the African diaspora and is the Vice Chairperson of the African Humanities Forum (based in Mali). She has lectured on Black women's writings and experience, Black Left Feminism, and African Diaspora issues across North America, Africa, Europe, and the Caribbean, and in Brazil, Europe, Africa, the Caribbean, Australia, India, and China.She has held visiting professorships at several

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title: Carole Boyce Davies

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 universities, including Beijing Foreign Studies University, China and has been a Fulbright Professor at the University of Brasília, Brazil and the University of the West Indies at St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. As Director of African New World Studies at Florida International University, <mask> <mask> developed the Florida Africana Studies Consortium and served on the Florida Commissioner of Education's Task Force for Implementing the Florida Mandate for the Teaching of African American Experience. She has been president of major academic organizations such as the African Literature Association and the Caribbean Studies Association. Background
Born in Trinidad and Tobago, <mask> <mask> studied at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore (B.A. in English) and Howard University (M.A. in African Studies) and received her Ph.D. in African Literature at the University of Ibadan on Commonwealth Scholarship from the government of Trinidad and Tobago. From the mid-1980s and throughout the 1990s, she was a popular award-winning professor at the State University of New York, Binghamton.In 1997 she was recruited to build the African Diaspora Studies Program at Florida International University, serving three successful terms there until 2007, when she joined the Cornell University faculty. Scholarship

International Dimensions of Black Women's Writing

<mask> <mask> is a leading authority on Black women writing cross-culturally. Her book Black Women Writing and Identity: Migrations of the Subject (Routledge, 1994) is a study of Black women's writing, broadening the discourse surrounding the representation of and by Black women and women of color. It explores a complex set of interrelated issues, establishing the significance of such wide-ranging subjects as:

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 re-mapping, renaming and cultural crossings; gender, heritage and identity; African women's writing and resistance to domination; marginality, effacement and decentering; gender, language and the politics of location. She also edited the Volumes One and Two of Moving Beyond Boundaries: International Dimensions of Black Women's Writing (with Molara Ogundipe-Leslie) and Black Women’s Diasporas, a major contribution to our understanding of the issues, experiences, and concerns of Black women writing in different communities and in a wide range of geographic contexts. Covering writers from Africa, Brazil, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Europe, and such well-known authors as Zora Neale Hurston, Nadine Gordimer, and bell hooks, it contains both creative and critical writings, and by considering the area of critical writing as critical conversation, it allows writer and critic to speak with each other in the creation of the critical voice. Recovering Claudia Jones

Trinidad-born intellectual-activist Claudia Jones (1915–1964) had long remained outside of academic consideration before <mask> <mask> restored her to global, intellectual prominence.In Left of Karl Marx: The Political Life of Black Communist Claudia Jones (Duke University Press, 2008), <mask> <mask> assesses the activism, writing, and legacy of Claudia Jones, a pioneering Afro-Caribbean radical intellectual, dedicated communist, and feminist. Jones is buried in London’s Highgate Cemetery, to the left of Karl Marx — a location that <mask> <mask> finds fitting given how Jones expanded Marxism-Leninism to incorporate gender and race in her political critique and activism. In 2008 the book was awarded the Letitia Woods Brown Book Award, given annually by the Association of Black Women Historians.


title: Carole Boyce Davies

texts:
 <mask> <mask> is also the editor of Claudia Jones: Beyond Containment (Ayebia Clarke Publishing, 2011), which brings together for the first time the essays, poetry, and autobiographical and other writings of Claudia Jones. Caribbean women writers

<mask> <mask> has also established herself as a major scholar of Caribbean women writers. Along with Elaine Savory Fido, she coedited Out of the Kumbla: Caribbean Women and Literature, the first collection of critical essays on Caribbean women’s literature. The book not only created a field of literary criticism which engaged the absence of women writers from the Caribbean literary canon as it established the presence of these writers historically.But by expanding the narrow terms of Western feminist discourse, it also revitalized Caribbean literature and criticism. Using the metaphor of the "Kumbla" or "calabash" used to protect precious objects, first used by writer Erna Brodber, coming “Out of the Kumbla” then signified a movement from confinement to visibility, articulation, and activism, a process which allowed for a multiplicity of moves, exteriorized, no longer contained and protected or dominated. African Diaspora Studies/Decolonizing Discourses

<mask> <mask> is widely recognized as a trailblazer in African Diaspora Studies. She served as the general editor of Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture (three-volume set), the only single-source collection of the most current scholarship on all aspects of the African Diaspora. Five hundred years of relocation and dislocation, of assimilation and separation has produced a rich tapestry of history and culture into which are woven people, places, and events. This authoritative, accessible work reveals the strands of the


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 tapestry, telling the story of diverse peoples, separated by time and distance, but retaining a commonality of origin and experience. In collaboration with her former students Meredith Gadsby, Charles Peterson, and Henrietta Williams, she edited Decolonizing the Academy: African Diaspora Studies.It asserts that the academy is perhaps the most colonized space. In the 21st century, this has become even clearer now that the academy remains one of the primary sites for the production and re-production of ideas that serve the interests of colonizing powers and its disciplines have yet to be decolonized. This collection of essays argues that African diaspora theory has the possibility of interrupting the current colonizing process and re-engaging the decolonizing process at the level of the mind. In addition, it contends that this will be an ongoing project worthy of being undertaken in a variety of fields of study as we confront the challenges of the 21st century. This assertion has proven revelatory given the current prominence of decolonial discourses. Caribbean Spaces

Both a memoir and a scholarly study, her book Caribbean Spaces: Escapes from Twilight Zones (University of Illinois Press, 2013) explores the multivalent meanings of Caribbean space and community in a cross-cultural and transdisciplinary perspective. Throughout, <mask> <mask> demonstrates how Caribbean cultures circulate internationally and how a Caribbean perspective has linked her political vision to broader currents of the Black World including the Civil Rights Movement, the environmental catastrophes of Haiti, the failure of the New Orleans levies during Hurricane Katrina, and the use of modern technologies such as smartphones and global positioning systems within the

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 Caribbean.Ultimately, <mask> <mask> reestablishes the connections between theory and practice, intellectual work and activism, and personal and private space. Black Women and Political Leadership

Currently, <mask> <mask> is working on a new book project on "Black Women and Political Leadership in the African Diaspora". She has already published a number of essays in this area such as:
1. "First Ladies/First Wives, First Women Presidents: Sexuality, Leadership and Power in the African Diaspora", in Michelle Obama's Impact on African American Women and Girls, eds Paula Seniors, Michelle Duster, and Rose Thevenin (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018). 2. "Writing Black Women into Political Leadership: Reflections, Trends and Contradictions", in Black Women and International Law: Deliberate Interactions, Movements and Actions, ed. Jeremy Levitt (Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2015): 23–34.3. "'She Wants the Black Man’s Post': Sexuality and Race in the Construction of Women's Leadership in Diaspora", Agenda (South Africa) 25, no. 4 (2011): 121–133. 4. "Con-di-fi-cation: Black Women, Leadership and Political Power", Feminist Africa, March, 2007. [Reprinted as “Con-di-fi-cation: Black Women, Leadership, and Political Power,” in Still Brave: The Evolution of Black Women’s Studies, eds. Stanlie James, Frances Smith Foster, and Beverly Guy-Sheftall (New York: Feminist Press, 2009): 392–414.]International education

<mask> <mask> has decades of experience in international education. In the English Department at Binghamton University, SUNY, she served as the co-director of its London study abroad program. As a distinguished visiting professor, she taught Black women's Writing, transnationalism and diaspora, and academic writing at Beijing Jiaotong


title: Carole Boyce Davies

texts:
 University, Beijing Foreign Studies University, University of Brasília, and the University of West Indies at St. Augustine. She has also organized and directed Teachers Institutes in New York, Miami, Florida and in the Caribbean—Grenada and Haiti, the latter in conjunction with the Caribbean Studies Association Conference in Haiti (www.caribbeanstudiesassociation.org) and courtesy of a grant from the Kellogg Foundation. Awards

<mask> <mask> was the 2017 recipient of the Frantz Fanon Lifetime Achievement Award (Caribbean Philosophical Association) and the Distinguished Africanist Award (New York State African Studies Association). In 2011 she was given an ICABA award as one of South Florida's most accomplished executives, professionals and Academicians. In 2008 her book Left of Karl Marx: The Political Life of Black Communist Claudia Jones (Duke University Press, 2008) won the Letitia Woods Brown Memorial Prize for the best book on African American Women's History from the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH).Her research has been supported by grants and fellowships from the Kellogg Foundation, Greene Family Foundation, Smithsonian Institution, Ford Foundation, Florida International University, American Council of Learned Societies, and SUNY - Binghamton Foundation and Caribbean Airlines. Selected writings
 Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Africa World Press, 1986, . Out of the Kumbla: Caribbean Women and Literature. Africa World Press, 1990, . Black Women, Writing, and Identity: Migrations of the Subject. Routledge, 1994, .The African Diaspora: African Origins and New World Identities. Indiana University Press, 2001, . Decolonizing the Academy: African Diaspora Studies (as editor, with Meredith Gadsby,


title: Carole Boyce Davies

texts:
 Charles Peterson, and Henrietta Williams). Africa World Press, 2003, . Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora. ABC-CLIO, 2008, . Left of Karl Marx: The Political Life of Black Communist Claudia Jones.Duke University Press, 2008, . Claudia Jones: Beyond Containment. Ayebia Publishing Company, 2011, . Caribbean Spaces: Escape Routes from Twilight Zones. University of Illinois Press, 2013, . "Twelve Years a Slave Fails to Represent Black Resistance to Enslavement", The Guardian. January 10, 2014."She Didn't Just Play the Race card – She actually Lived it." (With Jeremy Levitt), Miami Herald, June 15, 2016. References

External links

 <mask> <mask>'s website
 <mask> <mask>. Cornell University. <mask> <mask>. Caribbean Studies Association. Living people
Trinidad and Tobago women writers
Trinidad and Tobago academics
Cornell University faculty
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Year of birth missing (living

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title: Claude Marie Dubuis

texts:
<mask> (March 10, 1817 – May 22, 1895) was a French-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Dubuis learned English, Alsatian, and Spanish in order to tend his diverse flock. He served as the second Bishop of Galveston from 1862 to 1892. Unable to obtain women religious from American communities to care for the many sick and orphaned, he founded the Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word. Early life
Dubuis was born 10 March 1817 to François and Antoinette (Dubost<mask>, in Coutouvre, Loire, where he was raised on his parents' farm. At the age of ten years old, he was sent to live with his maternal uncle, the abbé Dubost, a pastor in a nearby town, in the expectation that the abbé would sufficient train Dubuis for entrance to the seminary. He learned Latin, but in 1833, when Dubuis entered L'Argentière, a preparatory seminary, it became apparent that his education was lacking, particularly in a knowledge of Greek.After six months of frustration, he withdrew from the seminary, and returned to his home in Teche, where he worked as a day laborer for a time before deciding to become a missionary. At his mother's suggestion, he asked Dubost for help and was directed to a tutor in a nearby village named Fouilland. Fouilland taught Dubuis Latin, Greek, and French grammar for eight months. He entered St. Jodard, a minor seminary, where he passed all of his courses without difficulty. He then returned to L'Argentière, where in his second year he served as infirmarian. He was later graduated with honors. By 1840 he had entered the major seminary of St. Irenaeus at Lyons.On June 1, 1844, at the age of twenty-seven, Dubuis was ordained a priest at Lyon. His first assignment was at Lyons, where in 1846 he

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title: Claude Marie Dubuis

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 met Bishop <mask> Odin, apostolic vicar for Texas, who had returned to France to recruit religious to work in Texas. The Texas mission was supported by the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, but was generally short of both funds and missionaries. Dubuis, set sail from Le Havre in March of that year with a small group of fellow recruits. After arriving in New Orleans, they were sent first to the St. Mary's of the Barrens, a Vincentian Seminary in Perryville, Missouri, to learn English. Texas

Pastor
Father Dubuis  arrived in Texas during the winter of 1847, and was assigned as pastor of Castroville, where many of the residents were German or Alsatian immigrants. There he found a very small church and a crude hut that had been used by a former priest.He immediately set to work learning the Alsatian language. With the help of his assistant, Father Matthew Chazelle, they started building a new house. Dubuis opened a school, teaching some eighty youngsters within the first year. His energy and disposition soon won him the affection of the people. That year Father Chazelle died of typhus and Father Emmanuel Domenech was sent to help Father Dubuis. The parish included the villages of D'Hanis, Vandenburg, Quihi, New Braunfels, and Fredericksburg. Dubuis tended his parish on foot or on horseback.On one occasion, he spent a night in a tree above surging floodwaters. Dubuis often had to ride through hostile Comanche territory in order to carry out his duties and was captured four times by Indians. However, Castroville was not attacked; the Indians traded with the settlers, exchanging venison and turkey for sugar and other items. Sometimes they stopped by the church to hear the music. By 1850, the


title: Ricard O'Sullivan Burke

texts:
<mask>'<mask> (24 January 1838 – 11 May 1922) was an Irish nationalist, Fenian activist, Union American Civil War soldier, U.S. Republican Party campaigner, and a public-works engineer. Travelling extensively, he performed various jobs. He was involved in two prison escape attempts, in Manchester, where a policeman was shot dead, and in London, where twelve passers-by were blown up. Early life
<mask> was born on 24 January 1838 at Cloonareague, Kinneigh (Irish: Cluain Aimhréidh, Cinn Eich), in Co. Cork, Ireland. He was the youngest of twelve children born to Margaret (née O'Sullivan) and <mask>. The family was evicted from their farm by Lord Bandon possibly after <mask> supported the Chartist former member of parliament Feargus O'Connor. John Devoy wrote that <mask> was a civil engineer.The family moved to Dunmanway where <mask> attended the National School and Model School. At age 15, he enrolled in the Cork Militia and remained there for three years. One account reports him as a militia "sergeant" and another as "corporal". Some accounts say he deserted the army, either because an officer struck him or because he was disillusioned. He joined family members in London; after failing to find work, he left England for the US, possibly to avoid court-martial. Devoy said that <mask> was actually ashamed to go home as the Militia had dissolved in 1856 - it had effectively been a recruiting ground for the Crimean War (now ended, hence the dissolution) and was full of "corner-boys, tinkers and wastrels". He did odd jobs in New York, apparently including painting a portrait from a photo in Harlem.The client, a sea captain, gave him work as a deckhand or supercargo on his trading vessel. This fuelled tales of his romantic exploits: he allegedly gained "a mastery of

masks:
Ricard O
Sullivan Burke
Burke
Denis Burke
Denis Burke
Denis Burke
Burke
Burke


title: Ricard O'Sullivan Burke

texts:
 seamanship" and "a fluency in the Spanish language"; he stopped for a year in Paris for linguistics and art studies; he prospected for gold in California, leading a band of sailors north and debarking at Cabo San Lucas, Baja California. Later, he continued overland to South America, surviving poison-laced wine and eventually joining a mostly-Irish militia or cavalry in Chile fighting native Americans. In 1861, he returned to New York. Career
Accounts differ, but <mask> enlisted with 15th Regiment of the New York State Volunteers (N.Y.S.V.) on the 17 June 1861, and is in the roster titled 'Fifteenth engineers' among those published in 1893 and 1905. The 15th N.Y.S.V.received instruction in army engineering (they were known as "sappers") at Alexandria, Virginia and were associated with works like trenches, barriers, bridges etc. around various engagements including Yorktown, Gettysburg and Petersburg. He was never hurt: only 5 of the regiment died in action; 124 perished from disease etc. Devoy reported that he was demustered in Virginia on 13 June 1865, having been granted the rank of brevet colonel. John Joseph Corydon, a witness for the prosecution in his trial in London in 1868, said he knew <mask> as a sergeant in the Federal army in 1862 and that <mask> became a lieutenant, then a captain. This is confirmed in army records: one document held in public records in Chicago records him as a 2nd lieutenant (also held there is his citizenship document, dated 1865); the New York State Military Museum record indicates his sequence of ranks in different companies until - on 13 June - mustering out as captain at Fort Berry, Virginia. After mustering out, he offered his services to John O'Mahony (head of the Fenian Brotherhood in New York), biding his time working

masks: Burke Burke Burke


title: Ricard O'Sullivan Burke

texts:
 as a bookkeeper before being sent to Ireland some months later.Once there, Thomas Kelly (who ousted James Stephens as head of the Irish Republican Brotherhood) sent him to England to purchase arms, but funding was hampered by Fenian divisions in the U.S. He returned to New York in 1866, and was back in Ireland at the start of 1867 for the Fenian rising (in charge of Waterford), which was a failure. On 13 April, the Jacmel under Captain Cavanagh put to sea from New York loaded with thousands of guns and forty Fenians. Rebadged as Erin's Hope mid-Atlantic, it anchored off the Co. Sligo coast. Signals to shore from the vessel were ignored. It is not clear if <mask> boarded the ship or Cavanagh went ashore, but <mask> told Cavanagh the rising was a flop. Thirty men who went ashore in Waterford were arrested.The ship avoided capture and returned to the US, its cargo of weapons intact. Arrests and escape attempts
On 27 December 1867, <mask> was arrested by police related to an incident involving Joseph Theobald Casey in St Pancras, London. He gave the name 'George Berry'. After some inquiries, it was established who he was. In February 1868, he was indicted at Warwick Spring Assizes with Casey and a Harry Mullady, who had been on remand for a year under the alias 'Henry Shaw'. <mask> and Casey were accused - correctly in <mask>'s case - of organizing the escape of Thomas Kelly and Timothy Deasy, as they were being transferred to Belle Vue Gaol, Manchester. One of the armed Fenian group who attacked the prison carriage, Peter Rice, fired through the lock.The police sergeant inside, Charles Brett, took the bullet in the eye and was killed. <mask> had bought or ordered hundreds of guns and huge quantities of percussion caps in Birmingham in 1865. Witnesses said he

masks: Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke


title: Ricard O'Sullivan Burke

texts: joined Fenian meetings in Liverpool, Manchester and other cities, during which plans were made to raid the armoury at Chester Castle on 11 February 1867 (about 2000 rifles purchased by him had been stored in Liverpool). While he was on remand at Clerkenwell Prison, London, on 13 December 1867, Fenians used gunpowder to blow up the wall of the exercise yard for <mask>'s escape; this was their second attempt. The plan was executed by Jeremiah O'Sullivan, who was part of a London-based I.R.B. group set up by <mask>, and who had managed to exchange notes with him in gaol; the signal for the imminent detonation was a white rubber ball thrown over the wall. At the first signal, <mask> was seen to move away from the wall and inspect his shoe.The bomb's fuse failed; a prison warder picked up the ball for his children. Information from Ireland that had already been received by the police of an attempted rescue for <mask> was passed on, so police patrols were increased and the prison governor confined prisoners to cells. A second attempt the following day worked, but with an empty exercise yard. The huge blast destroyed an eighteen-metre section of the wall. Twelve local people were killed, up to one hundred and twenty injured and homes and shops on Corporation Row were devastated. Working-class sympathy in England for the Fenian cause was dealt a significant blow: London resident, Karl Marx, and political activist, Charles Bradlaugh, were scornful, with Marx writing that the atrocity was a gift to the British rulers against Irish emancipation. Of six people charged at the Old Bailey on 20 April 1868, only Michael Barrett was found guilty (on 27 April): he was a Fenian transported from Scotland whose name had been provided under interrogation by one of the accused and

masks: Burke Burke Burke Burke


title: Ricard O'Sullivan Burke

texts:
 whose identity was confirmed by a young boy.On 26 May, he became the last person publicly executed in England, having eloquently protested his innocence. <mask>, Casey, and Mullady were charged with treason-felony at the Old Bailey because of the escape of Kelly and testimony from arms merchants and informers about weapons purchases and reports of their involvement at Fenian meetings. <mask> was sentenced to fifteen years in prison and Mullady seven years; Casey was acquitted. Prison conditions were typically poor. While in prison, <mask> was spoken of in the House of Commons as effectively being on a slow-starvation diet which had driven him mad. In a self-diagnosis, <mask> said he was being poisoned with a compound of mercury administered by the prison doctor, Dr. Steele. He was removed from Chatham prison to Woking Prison (for invalided male convicts) and thence to the new Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum, from where he was released in 1871 due to illness.[Devoy, who was in Chatham prison with <mask>, claimed that the attempt at poisoning was true, saying a sample of <mask>'s stomach contents had been surreptitiously smuggled out for chemical analysis but that <mask> had feigned insanity.] A weakened <mask> went to his brother's home in Co.Cork to recuperate. Later life
In 1874, <mask> returned to the U.S. Public records in Chicago describe <mask> as a 'public official' during the 1880s and 1890s. From the mid 1870s, he was a clerk at the War Department in Washington D.C. He lectured on Irish nationalism when he could, and he campaigned for the Republicans, including at Fort Wayne, Indiana, where he stayed for some time in rooms. He was charged with associating with a prostitute in October 1880. The highly supportive Fort Wayne Daily Gazette described

masks: Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke


title: Ricard O'Sullivan Burke

texts: the charge as "preposterous" and engineered by Democrats.He was acquitted. He decided to settle in Fort Wayne, having met Nora Sheehy (a Democrat), a local woman and his wife-to-be. After campaigning, he returned to his job in Washington D.C. In 1881, he left his Washington job to work on railways in Mexico. He was joined by the new Mrs. <mask> in November that year and they settled in Monterrey. The Fort Wayne Weekly Sentinel, referred to <mask> over a few years as someone who "styles himself Colonel" and an "alleged Colonel", usually printing the rank in inverted commas (29 September 1880, 13 October 1880, 20 October 1880 and 3 November 1880). On 14 February 1883, in addition to a few compliments, <mask>'s life is described as a "racket" with the rank "colonel" gained from a Fenian attack on Canada and even the title "general" taken from his alleged activities in Chile.It described his hurried escape back to Fort Wayne from creditors in Mexico, having frittered local funding on a lavish new hotel in Monterrey, where he entertained Americans and Europeans with frequent parties and enjoyed an extravagant lifestyle. The Gazette, however, continued its praise, calling him a "brilliant Irishman" about to be interviewed by the Chicago Tribune. <mask> continued his support for the Fenian cause, even with the schisms on both sides of the Atlantic. In January 1888, <mask>'s friend, Dr. Patrick Cronin, disappeared and he suspected foul play at the hands of 'the triangle', a presumptuous cabal of Clan na Gael (the successor to the Fenian Brotherhood) in Chicago made up of Alexander Sullivan supported by Michael Boland and Denis Feely. Cronin - whose faction in Clan na Gael Burke supported, and who had accused Sullivan's triangle of stealing hardship money for Fenian

masks: Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke


title: Ricard O'Sullivan Burke

texts:
 activists - was found murdered in a sewer in May 1889. In the public outrage, Clan na Gael was permanently damaged. As late as 1911, he was still involved in purchasing large quantities of weaponry for distribution amongst Fenians in the U.S.In 1912, aged 74, he was recorded as an 'assistant engineer' in the rivers and harbour section of the Department of Public Works for Chicago. In September 1913, he suffered a stroke with a poor prognosis. At the same time, his son, <mask> Jr., had tuberculosis (to which he succumbed). A further stroke paralysed him and he was bedridden for five-and-a-half years. On 12 July 1919, the future Irish president, Éamon de Valera, visited <mask> briefly during his glad-handing tour of Chicago. Death
He died on 11 May 1922. He is buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery, Chicago.Accounts
Presentations of <mask>'s life are often contradictory with embroidered or untrue elements: in his lifetime, he was accused of authoring much of the embellishment. His friend and fellow Fenian, John Devoy, said the story of his life "reads more like a romance than a record of actual facts" and related his ability to charm his hosts. For example, various accounts refer to him reaching the rank of brevet colonel for the Union, and he used the title, even though he was demustered as a captain. It has been said he helped John Philip Holland build a submarine: Fenians provided funds but - after an internal financial dispute - stole the craft, which they were incapable of operating thereafter. He has also been described as a "burly six-footer" when his height is evident in a 1906 photograph in which he is well short of six-feet-four Robert R. McCormick. References

1838 births
1922 deaths
Irish republicanism
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood
Union

masks: Ricard Burke Burke


title: Taj ul-Alam

texts:
Sulṭāna <mask> (1612 – 23 October 1675; born Putri Sri Alam) was the fourteenth ruler of Aceh. She was the daughter of the sultan Iskandar Muda and the wife of his successor, Iskandar Thani. She became sulṭāna upon the death of her husband and ruled from 1641 to 1675, being the first of four women to hold the position in succession. Marriage and accession

The future sultana was originally named Putri Sri Alam Permisuri. In 1617, her father Iskandar Muda conquered Pahang on the Malay Peninsula. A son of the defeated sultan, the future Iskandar Thani was brought as a prisoner to Aceh where he was raised as the foster son of Iskandar Muda. In 1619, when he was 9 years old, he was married to Putri Sri Alam Permisuri.The couple was provided with a palace next to that  of the sultan, called Sri Warna. After the death of Iskandar Muda, Iskandar Thani succeeded to the throne but died after a short reign on 15 February 1641. The news of his demise created grave disturbances among the grandees of the kingdom and some people lost their lives. However, after three days it was agreed that the sultan's widow would be enthroned. Female rule in Aceh

Putri Sri Alam ascended the throne and took the title Sultana <mask> ul-Alam Safiatuddin Syah. <mask> ul-Alam Safiatuddin literally meaning "world crown, purity of the faith". She became first of four queens regnant or sultanas who sat on the throne in the period 1641-1699.Given the strongly Muslim profile of Aceh, this has evoked considerable debate among historians. The enthronement of <mask> ul-Alam has been seen as an effort of the Acehnese nobility to weaken royal power following Iskandar Muda's administrative reforms aimed

masks:
Taj ul Alam Safiatuddin Syah
Taj
Taj
Taj


title: Taj ul-Alam

texts:
 to undermine them. According to this view, these efforts were largely successful. From her reign on the sultanate became a weak symbolic institution, whose authority was limited to capital city itself. Meanwhile, real power was held by the hereditary rulers of outlying districts (the uleëbalang set up by Iskandar Muda) and the religious leaders (imam or ulama). However, it has also been suggested that old Southeast Asian tradition, which acknowledged inheritance on the female line, was more important here than orthodox Muslim principles. This would have been the reason for the enthronement of <mask> ul-Alam, rather than a conscious strategy by the grandees to weaken the power of the court.Closer analysis of the age of queens has furthermore pointed out that the period should not necessarily be seen as one of societal decline, that it was ruled by softer and more flexible hands than before 1641, and that Aceh after all was able to withstand Western pressure to the extent that it preserved its independence. In the rest of the East Indies, once-powerful indigenous states such as Mataram, Ternate, Banten and Makassar lost their autonomy or became heavily dependent on the VOC in the late seventeenth century. Dutch advances on Sumatra

The reign of <mask> ul-Alam saw a contraction of the sultanate's power outside the Acehnese heartland. On the Malay Peninsula, Johor's subordinated position vis-à-vis Aceh was abrogated. Pahang was also given up; however, Aceh retained the tin-producing Perak. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) coveted the tin. After some preliminary problems, a number of Dutch staying in Perak were murdered in 1651.The VOC ships blockaded Aceh for

masks: Taj Taj


title: Taj ul-Alam

texts:
 periods before a treaty was made in 1659. Half of the tin of Perak would go to the VOC which also obtained the monopoly of trade on Acehnese ports. Furthermore, a trading post was permitted in Padang on Sumatra's west coast. The monopoly clause was not fulfilled, however. Meanwhile, the towns on the west coast began to seek association with the VOC. After secret negotiations the Painan treaty was signed in 1663 between the Dutch and a number of dissatisfied chiefs. In the next year 1664, Jacob Couw appeared with an armada of 300 men and expelled the Acehnese from the coastal area, from Indrapura in the south to Tiku in the north.Meanwhile, Aceh had to endure more Dutch blockades and was forced to sign new treaties. The west coast Malays nevertheless often preferred the rule of Aceh before the VOC "protection", so that Acehnese influence endured for a long time. On the east coast, Deli fell away from Acehnese rule in 1669. Achievements

In spite of these political setbacks, <mask> ul-Alam was praised by both indigenous and European writers. The chronicle Bustanus Salatin characterized her as virtuous and pious, implying that her qualities made Aceh peaceful and prosperous. Likewise a Dutch witness asserted that she led a "good-natured but awe-inspiring" rule. She inherited a tradition of Islamic scholarship in the court.She was not as favorable to Nuruddin ar-Raniri as her predecessor, and he left the royal employ in 1644. The major writer in her reign was Abdurrauf of Singkil, who wrote on Shafi'i jurisprudence as well as mysticism. A proliferation of Islamic literature and learning took place under the reign of <mask> ul-Alam and the three queens who


title: Taj ul-Alam

texts:
 succeeded her. This cultural renaissance was, among other things, conditioned by an effective collaboration between the queens and the ulamas. Acehnese Muslims are known to have appeared in Siam in 1668 with the intention to spread the faith. <mask> ul-Alam died on 23 October 1675. She did not leave any children.With her death, the House of Meukuta Alam died out and was replaced by the other dynasty. Her successor was yet a queen, Sultan Nurul Alam Naqiatuddin Syah, whose relationship with Taj ul-Alam is uncertain. References

https://historynusantara.com/mengenal-sosok-ratu-aceh-tajul-alam-safiatuddin/

Literature

 Andaya, Leonard Y. (2004) 'A Very Good-Natured but Awe-Inspiring Government: The Reign of a Successful Queen in Seventeenth-Century Aceh' in Elsbeth Locher-Scholten and Peter Rietbergen (ed. ), Hof en handel. Leiden: KITLV Press, pp 59–84. Djajadiningrat, Raden Hoesein (1911) 'Critisch overzicht van de in Maleische werken vervatte gegevens over de geschiedenis van het soeltanaat van Atjeh', Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 65, pp.135–265. Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië (1917), Vol. 1. 's Grabenhage & Leiden: M. Nijhoff & Brill. Khan, Sher Banu (2010) 'The sultanahs of Aceh, 1641-99', in Arndt Graaf et al. (eds), Aceh: History, Politics and Culture. Singapore: ISEAS, pp.3–25. Lombard, Denys (1667) Le sultanat d'Atjéh sous les temps d'Iskandar Muda, 1607-1636. Paris: École francais d'Extrême-Orient. Ricklefs, Merle C. (1994) A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, 2nd ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 35–36, 51. Queens of Aceh
1612 births
1675 deaths
17th-century women rulers
Year of birth unknown
17th-century


title: Rahsaan Roland Kirk

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; August 7, 1935 – December 5, 1977), known earlier in his career simply as <mask>, was an American jazz multi-instrumentalist who played tenor saxophone, flute, and many other instruments. He was renowned for his onstage vitality, during which virtuoso improvisation was accompanied by comic banter, political ranting, and the ability to play several instruments simultaneously. Life
<mask> was born in Columbus, Ohio, where he lived in a neighborhood known as Flytown. He became blind at two years old, which he said was a result of improper medical treatment. As a teenager, <mask> studied at the Ohio State School for the Blind. By age fifteen he was on the road playing rhythm and blues on weekends with Boyd Moore's band. According to saxophonist Hank Crawford, "He would be like this 14-year-old blind kid playing two horns at once.They would bring him out and he would tear the joint up." Hank heard him during this period and said he was unbelievable. He remarked, "Now they had him doing all kinds of goofy stuff but he was playing the two horns and he was playing the shit out of them. He was an original from the beginning." <mask> felt compelled by a dream to transpose two letters in his first name to make '"<mask>". In 1970, <mask> added "<mask>" to his name after hearing it in a dream. <mask> was politically outspoken.During his concerts, between songs he often talked about topical issues, including African-American history and the Civil Rights Movement. His monologues were often laced with satire and absurdist humor. According to comedian Jay Leno,

masks:
Rahsaan Roland Kirk
Ronald Theodore Kirk
Roland Kirk
Ronald Theodore Kirk
Kirk
Kirk
Roland
Kirk
Rahsaan
Kirk


title: Rahsaan Roland Kirk

texts:
 when Leno toured with <mask> as <mask>'s opening act, <mask> would introduce him by saying: "I want to introduce a young brother who knows the black experience and knows all about the white devils.... Please welcome Jay Leno!" In 1975, <mask> suffered a major stroke which led to partial paralysis of one side of his body. He continued to perform and record, modifying his instruments to enable him to play with one arm. At a live performance at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London he even managed to play two instruments, and carried on to tour internationally and to appear on television.He died from a second stroke in 1977, aged 42, the morning after performing in the Frangipani Room of the Indiana University Student Union in Bloomington, Indiana. Instruments and techniques

<mask>'s musical career spans from 1955 until his death in 1977. He preferred to lead his own bands and rarely performed as a sideman, although he did record with arranger Quincy Jones, drummer Roy Haynes and worked with bassist Charles Mingus. One of his best-known recorded performances is the lead flute and solo on Jones' "Soul Bossa Nova", a 1964 hit song repopularized in the Austin Powers films. <mask>'s multi-instrumentality was credited as having a substantial musical conception. This inclusivity included blues music, a love of stride piano and early jazz, and an appreciation for pop tunes. But his vision was much wider than that of most of his contemporaries.According to producer Joel Dorn, he was also hugely knowledgeable about classical music. Pieces by Saint-Saens, Hindemith, Tchaikovsky,

masks: Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk


title: Rahsaan Roland Kirk

texts: Dvorak and Villa-Lobos would all feature on his albums over the years, alongside standards, pop songs and original compositions. <mask>'s influences went beyond jazz and consequentially, he preferred the term "Black Classical Music". His playing was generally rooted in soul jazz or hard bop, but <mask>'s knowledge of jazz history allowed him to draw from many elements of the music's past, from ragtime to swing and free jazz. <mask> also absorbed classical influences, and his artistry reflected elements of pop music by composers such as Smokey Robinson and Burt Bacharach, as well as Duke Ellington, John Coltrane and other jazz musicians. <mask> played and collected many musical instruments, mainly multiple saxophones, clarinets and flutes. His primary saxophones were a standard tenor saxophone, stritch (a straight alto sax lacking the instrument's conventional upturned bell), and a manzello (a modified saxello soprano sax, with a larger, upturned bell).A number of his instruments were exotic or homemade. <mask> modified instruments himself to accommodate his simultaneous playing technique. Critic Gary Giddins wrote that <mask>'s tenor playing alone was enough to bring him "renown". Usually, he appeared on stage with all three horns hanging around his neck, and at times he would play a number of these horns at once, harmonizing with himself, or sustain a note for lengthy durations by using circular breathing. He used the multiple horns to play true chords, essentially functioning as a one-man saxophone section. <mask> insisted that he was only trying to emulate the

masks: Rahsaan Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk


title: Rahsaan Roland Kirk

texts: sounds he heard in his head. Even while playing two or three saxophones at once, the music was intricate, powerful jazz with a strong feel for the blues.The live album Bright Moments (1973) is an example of one of his shows. <mask> was also an influential flute player, including recorders. According to Giddins, <mask> was the first major jazz innovator on flute after Eric Dolphy (who died in 1964). <mask> employed several techniques, including singing or humming into the flute at the same time as playing. Another was to play the standard transverse flute at the same time as a nose flute. He played a variety of other instruments, including whistles; often kept a gong within reach; the clarinet, harmonica, English horn, and was a competent trumpeter. He utilized unique approaches, such as playing a trumpet with a saxophone mouthpiece.He also made use of non-musical devices, such as alarm clocks, sirens, or a section of common garden hose (dubbed "the black mystery pipes"). From the early 1970s, his studio recordings used tape-manipulated musique concrète and primitive electronic sounds before such things became commonplace. The Case of the 3 Sided Dream in Audio Color was a unique album in the annals of recorded jazz and popular music. It was a two-LP set, with Side 4 apparently "blank", the label not indicating any content. However, once word of "the secret message" got around among <mask>'s fans, one would find that about 12 minutes into Side 4 appeared the first of two telephone answering machine messages recorded by <mask>, the second following soon thereafter

masks: Kirk Kirk Kirk Rahsaan Kirk


title: Rahsaan Roland Kirk

texts:
 (but separated by more blank grooves). The surprise impact of these segments appearing on "blank" Side 4 was lost on the CD reissue of this album. He gleaned information on what was happening in the world via radio and TV.His later recordings often incorporated his spoken commentaries on current events, including Richard Nixon's involvement in the Watergate scandal. The 3-Sided Dream album was a "concept album" which incorporated "found" or environmental sounds and tape loops, tapes being played backwards, etc. Snippets of Billie Holiday singing are also heard briefly. The album even confronts the rise of influence of computers in society, as <mask> threatens to pull the plug on the machine trying to tell him what to do. In the album Other Folks' Music the spoken words of Paul Robeson, another outspoken black artist, can be briefly heard. Legacy and influence
 Ian Anderson, leader and flautist of Jethro Tull recorded a version of <mask>'s "Serenade to a Cuckoo" on their first album This Was (1968). <mask> was the very reason Anderson thought he could bring a flute into rock music.Anderson learned <mask>'s vocalizing style on the flute and Anderson's flute playing became the signature element of Jethro Tull's sound. <mask> and Anderson took the flute's refined upper crust classical nature and commonized it. Anderson got to know <mask> at the 1969 Newport Jazz Festival where they both performed the same night. Anderson said of <mask> "There’s something about these colourful shamans. They can tease us, but we go along with it, because we know they’re touched by

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Rahsaan
Kirk
Roland Kirk
Kirk
Kirk
Kirk
Kirk


title: Rahsaan Roland Kirk

texts:
 genius, but at the same time there’s a little bit of the snake oil for sale.”
 Jeff Coffin, the saxophonist in Béla Fleck and the Flecktones was heavily influenced by <mask>'s music and says he learned through <mask> that it's OK to experiment with an instrument. He used <mask>'s multi-horn inventions with the Flecktones and on his solo album Mutopia. Guitarist Jimi Hendrix "idolized" <mask>, and even hoped to collaborate with him one day.Frank Zappa had been influenced by <mask>'s music to a considerable extent early in his career. In the liner notes to his 1966 debut album with The Mothers of Invention, Freak Out!, Zappa cites <mask> as one of many in a lengthy list of personal musical influences. <mask> and Zappa performed live together at least once, at the 1969 Boston Globe Jazz Festival. Derek Trucks, a huge <mask> fan, recorded <mask>'s composition “Volunteered Slavery” with his namesake group for the 2004 album Live at Georgia Theatre, the 2006 studio album Songlines, and the DVD Songlines Live. He said that hearing <mask>'s music "felt much the same way those Hendrix records felt, that he was blowing the rules wide open..."
 David Jackson, of Van der Graaf Generator, was also highly influenced by the style and technique of <mask>, and he plays multiple saxophones simultaneously since at least 1969. Guitarist Michael Angelo Batio said in a 2008 interview with Ultimate Guitar Archive that <mask>'s playing of two saxophones at once inspired him to create his "double guitar". T.J. Kirk was a band named after the three artists it tributed: Thelonious Monk,

masks: Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk


title: Rahsaan Roland Kirk

texts:
 James Brown, and <mask> <mask>.Formed by eight-string guitarist Charlie Hunter as a side group to his own self-titled band, the band's other members include Scott Amendola, Will Bernard, and John Schott. Paul Weller cited the Kirk album I Talk with the Spirits (1964) as one of his "Most Influential Albums" in an interview with The Times in 2009. Davey Payne's twin saxophone solo on "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick" (Ian Dury & the Blockheads, 1978) was inspired by <mask>. Terry Edwards' twin saxophone solo on "The Ministry of Defence" by PJ Harvey (2016) was inspired by <mask>. Eric Burdon and War's 1970 debut album Eric Burdon Declares War features the track "The Vision of Rassan", which is broken up into two pieces "Dedication" and "Roll on Kirk". The English post-punk group Rip Rig + Panic  were named after the album of the same name by <mask>. Discography

As leader
King Records
 1956: Triple Threat

Argo/Cadet/Chess Records
 1960: Introducing Roland Kirk

Prestige Records
 1961: <mask>'s Work

Mercury Records
 1961: We Free Kings
 1962: Domino
 1963: Reeds & Deeds
 1963: The Roland Kirk Quartet Meets the Benny Golson Orchestra
 1964: <mask> in Copenhagen
 1964: Gifts & Messages

Limelight Records
 1964: I Talk with the Spirits
 1965: Slightly Latin
 1965: Rip, Rig and Panic

Verve Records
 1967: Now Please Don't You Cry, Beautiful Edith

Atlantic Records
 1965: Here Comes the Whistleman
 1967: The Inflated Tear
 1968: Left & Right
 1969: Volunteered Slavery
 1970: <mask> <mask>
 1971: Natural Black Inventions: Root Strata
 1972: Blacknuss
 1972: A Meeting of

masks:
Rahsaan
Roland Kirk
Kirk
Kirk
Roland Kirk
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Rahsaan


title: Rahsaan Roland Kirk

texts:
 the Times
 1973: Prepare Thyself to Deal With a Miracle
 1973: Bright Moments
 1975: The Case of the 3 Sided Dream in Audio Color
 1976: Other Folks' Music

Warner Bros. Records
 1976: The Return of the 5000 Lb.Man
 1977: <mask>ron
 1977: Boogie-Woogie String Along for Real

Posthumous releases of new material
 I, Eye, Aye: Live at the Montreux Jazz Festival, 1972 (Rhino)
 The Man Who Cried Fire (Night)
 Dog Years in the Fourth Ring (32 Jazz)
 Compliments of the Mysterious Phantom (Hyena)
 Brotherman in the Fatherland: Recorded "Live" in Germany 1972 (Hyena)

Compilations
 Hip: <mask> Various Mercury Recordings (Fontana U.K. FJL 114)
 Rahsaan: The Complete Mercury Recordings Of <mask>
 Does Your House Have Lions: The Rahsaan Roland <mask> Anthology
 Simmer, Reduce, Garnish & Serve: compilation from his last three albums
 Talkin' Verve: Roots of Acid Jazz
 The Art of Rahsaan <mask>
 Third Dimension and Beyond combines Triple Threat and Introducing <mask>
 Left Hook, Right Cross combines Volunteered Slavery and Blacknuss
 Aces Back to Back combines Left & Right, <mask> <mask>, Prepare Thyself to Deal With a Miracle, and Other Folks' Music
 A Standing Eight combines The Return of the 5000 Lb. (1964). Big Band Bossa Nova [Phonograph]. Mercury. (Reissued on compact disc by Verve in 1998, 2005)
 Kruth, John: Bright Moments. The Life and Legacy of <mask> <mask>. Welcome Rain Publishers, New York 2000
 McLeod, Eric (Producer), & Roach, Jay (Director).(1997). Austin Powers: International man of mystery [DVD]. New Line Home Video
 Kahan, Adam (Filmmaker). (2014). <mask>

masks:
Kirkat
Roland Kirk
Roland Kirk
Kirk
Roland Kirk
Roland Kirk
Rahsaan
Rahsaan
Rahsaan
Roland Kirk
Rahsaan


title: Rahsaan Roland Kirk

texts:
 <mask>, The Case of the Three Sided Dream [DVD]. Documentary

References

External links

<mask> <mask> discography at Jazz Discography Project
<mask> <mask> <mask> <mask>: The Cases of the Three Sided Dream, a documentary by Adam Kahan
Rahsaan <mask> Sound? ?, film of <mask> with John Cage at UbuWeb
Rahsaan <mask> and The Vibration Society performing live (October 1972), video, thirteen.org
<mask> <mask> quintet.Three for Festival and Volunteered Slavery, live performance (1975), video, jazzonthetube.com

1935 births
1977 deaths
African-American saxophonists
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
American jazz flautists
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American multi-instrumentalists
Atlantic Records artists
Avant-garde jazz musicians
Blind musicians
Cor anglais players
Hard bop musicians
Musicians from Columbus, Ohio
Soul-jazz musicians
Chess Records artists
King Records artists
Mercury Records artists
Prestige Records artists
Verve Records artists
Warner Records artists
20th-century American composers
20th-century saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Ohio
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century jazz composers
20th-century African-American

masks:
Roland Kirk
Rahsaan
Roland Kirk
Rahsaan
Roland Kirk
Rahsaan
Roland Kirk
Roland Kirk
Kirk
Roland Kirk
Rahsaan
Roland Kirk


title: Aleksei Grishin

texts:
<mask> (; ; born 18 June 1979) is a Belarusian freestyle skier who competed at five consecutive Olympics from 1998 to 2014. He won Belarus' only medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics, a bronze in aerials. In 2010, he won the first ever Winter Olympics gold medal for his country, again in the aerials. He finished fourth in 2006 and eighth in 1998. He was the Olympic flag bearer for Belarus at the opening ceremony of the 2014 Games. Early career
<mask> began his freestyle skiing career at the age of eight after his mother saw a newspaper advertisement recruiting skiers for the sport. <mask> made his international competition debut at the European Cup at Raubichi, Belarus in December 1995, finishing 11th on the first day of competition and 21st on the second day.His first podium finish at an international competition, placing second, was at the International Youth Championship in Chatel, France in March 1996. He made his debut at the FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup in the following year, finishing fourth at the Piancavallo event in Italy in December 1997. This was followed by his Olympics debut at the 1998 Winter Olympics. He scored 217.84 points after two jumps, placing ninth in the competition, and qualified for the finals. In the finals, he moved up one spot and finished eighth behind fellow countryman Dmitry Dashchinsky, who won a bronze medal in this event. <mask> finished with a silver medal again in the World Cup circuit at Meiringen-Hasliberg in Switzerland in March 1998. His first competition in the FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships also took place at the Meiringen-Hasliberg ski resort; he finished 26th in the 1999 event.Career

1999–2000 season
<mask> reached first place at the first stop of the 1999–2000 circuit in Mount Buller,

masks:
Aleksei Gennadyevich Grishin
Aleksei Grishin
Grishin
Grishin
Grishin


title: Aleksei Grishin

texts:
 Victoria on 11 September 1999. The next day he finished in first place again. In the remaining events of the circuit that year, he finished in second place and third place once each, achieving second in aerials competition and third overall. 2000–2001 season
In the 2000–2001 World Cup circuit, he finished with one first place and one third place in seven races. In between the World Cup competitions, he won gold at the 2001 World Ski Championships in Whistler-Blackcomb. 2001–2002 season
He began the 2001–2002 World Cup ski season with an eighth-place finish at Mount Buller. He placed fourth and second at Mont Tremblant, Canada, followed by first and third place at Lake Placid in January 2002.He finished second in the standings after six World Cup events. At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, he finished first with 251.76 points in the qualification round and advanced to the finals. He placed third overall in the finals, earning him a bronze medal. His bronze medal was the only medal won by Belarus at that Olympics. He was chosen to be the flag bearer for Belarus at the closing ceremony of the 2002 Winter Olympics. 2002–2003 season
<mask> began the 2002–2003 World Cup competition with a second-place finish on the first day of competition at Mount Buller, and tenth place on the second day. He finished no higher than ninth place in the four subsequent races in January 2003.He attempted to defend his World Ski Championships title at the 2003 event in Deer Valley, falling just under two points behind Dimitri Arkhipov of Russia. Returning to the World Cup competition, he finished with a second, tenth, and fourth place, respectively, in the remaining three races. He finished fifth in the aerials standings after nine races. 2003–2004


title: Aleksei Grishin

texts:
 season
In the 2003–2004 World Cup, <mask> had a first-place finish at Mont Tremblant and second-place finish at Lake Placid in January 2004. He had one more podium finish, a first place in Harbin in February. After 12 races, he was third in the aerials standings. 2004–2005 season
In the 2004–2005 World Cup season, <mask> started four races, finishing no higher than eleventh place, including the fourth race where he finished at 28th place (out of 35 competitors) on the first day at Lake Placid in January.On the second day at Lake Placid, he improved and finished in sixth place. In the next four races, he had two third-place finishes. He finished in eighth place after 12 races. In other races, he won a gold medal at the European Cup in Arosa, Switzerland, in December 2004 and a bronze medal in the FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships 2005 in March at Ruka, Finland. 2005–2006 season
At the beginning of the 2005–2006 skiing season, <mask> had a third-place finish on the second day at Mount Buller, followed by an eighth and fifth-place finish at Changchun. He finished with a 27th, 20th, and 15th place in the three World Cup races leading up to the 2006 Winter Olympics. At this Olympics, he finished fourth in the qualifiers and advanced to the finals.After jump 1 in the finals, he was placed fifth. Jump 2 elevated his standing to fourth place overall, but behind his fellow countryman Dmitri Dashinski who finished with a silver medal. <mask> finished this skiing season with a second place at the event in Davos, Switzerland, but did not participate in the final event held two weeks later at Apex Mountain Resort, Canada. He finished 10th in the standings after 11 events. 2006–2007 season
<mask> had only one podium finish (third place) in the

masks: Grishin Grishin Grishin Grishin Grishin


title: Aleksei Grishin

texts:
 2006–2007 World Cup season, finishing 14th after six races. He finished 15th at the 2007 Freestyle World Ski Championships competition. 2007–2008 season
<mask> failed to reach the podium in any of the 2007–2008 World Cup races, including two DNS (did not start) in the first two races of the season at Lianhua Mountain in China.After eight World Cup races, he finished 19th in the aerials standings. 2008–2009 season
In the 2008–2009 circuit, <mask> started with a first-place finish at Adventure Mountain in Changchun, China, but failed to reach the podium in the remaining five races. His final standing, after six races, was fifth place. 2009–2010 season

He placed 16th place at the 2009 Freestyle World Ski Championships. <mask> reached the podium only once (in the Calgary race in January 2010) in the World Cup races leading up to the 2010 Winter Olympics. He participated at the Nor-Am Cup, finishing in tenth and third place. In the qualification round of the 2010 Winter Olympics, <mask> finished seventh with 234.27 points.In the first jump of the finals, he scored 120.58 points and placed second. <mask> scored 127.83 points in his second jump for a total score of 248.41 points. <mask> beat the runner-up by 1.2 points in the finals, becoming the first athlete to win a gold medal in the Winter Olympics for Belarus. 2012–2013 season
<mask> did not appear in the 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 World Cup races. He also did not appear in the World Ski Championships in 2011. He re-joined for the 2012–2013 World Cup but failed to finish higher than fifth place in seven races. He finished in 15th place in the aerials standing.In the following year's World Cup, he had two third-place finishes. After five races, he finished fourth in the discipline

masks: Grishin Grishin Grishin Grishin Grishin Grishin Grishin


title: Aleksei Grishin

texts:
 standings. He also competed in the 2013 World Ski Championships. He finished 13th and did not qualify for the finals. 2014 Winter Olympics and retirement
He was the flag bearer for Belarus for the opening ceremony of the 2014 Sochi Olympics. In the first qualification round, he finished 20th place (second last). Placing ninth in the second qualification round, he was unable to advance to the finals.He retired from the sport after this event. Sale of Olympic medals
In July 2019, <mask> decided to put his 2010 Winter Olympics gold medal up for auction to raise money for a close individual who required a serious medical surgery. The medal was sold for US$55,000. Previously, the medal was on temporary loan and displayed in the Museum of Contemporary Belarusian Statehood in Minsk. <mask> also sold his 2002 Winter Olympics bronze medal, which garnered US$22,778. Personal life
<mask> studied at Belarusian State University of Physical Training in Minsk. Awards and honours

<mask> was approved as a coach by the government in 1995.He was awarded with the International Champion title in 1998 after competing in the World Cup. In 2001, he was awarded with the honorary title of Honored Master of Sports of the Republic of Belarus. References

1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Minsk
Belarusian male freestyle skiers
Olympic bronze medalists for Belarus
Olympic gold medalists for Belarus
Freestyle skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic freestyle skiers of Belarus
Olympic medalists in freestyle skiing
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002

masks: Grishin Grishin Grishin Grishin


title: Simon Crean

texts: <mask> (born 26 February 1949) is an Australian politician and trade unionist. He was the Member of Parliament for Hotham from 1990 to 2013, representing the Labor Party, and served as a Cabinet Minister in the Hawke, Keating, Rudd and Gillard Governments. He was the Leader of the Labor Party and Leader of the Opposition from November 2001 to December 2003. Crean was born in Melbourne, Victoria. His father, <mask>, was Deputy Prime Minister of Australia under Gough Whitlam. After studying law and economics at Monash University, Crean joined the trade union movement, becoming General Secretary of the Storemen and Packers' Union in 1979. He became Vice President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) in 1981, and in 1985 was elected as ACTU President, succeeding Cliff Dolan.<mask> stood down from this role upon his election to the Australian Parliament at the 1990 election, and immediately entered the Government as Minister for Science and Technology. He served in various roles until Labor was defeated at the 1996 election. Following Labor's 1998 election defeat, <mask> was elected Deputy Leader of the Labor Party, replacing Gareth Evans. He was later elected unopposed to succeed Kim Beazley as Leader of the Labor Party following further defeat at the 2001 election, becoming Leader of the Opposition. Despite initial enthusiasm for his leadership, Crean quickly struggled in opinion polling, and in June 2003, Beazley challenged him for the leadership. Although Crean won comfortably, speculation about his leadership only intensified, and in November 2003 he announced that he would resign, making Crean the first Leader of the Labor Party never to face a federal election; he was replaced by his Shadow Treasurer, Mark Latham. Despite losing the leadership, Crean remained

masks:
Simon Findlay Crean
Frank Crean
Crean
Crean


title: Simon Crean

texts:
 a senior figure within the Labor Party, and returned to the Cabinet as Minister for Trade when the Labor won the 2007 election.Crean supported Julia Gillard in her leadership challenge to Kevin Rudd in June 2010, and remained in the Cabinet after she was successful. Although he continued to support Gillard through the leadership spill in February 2012, in March 2013 he announced that he was switching support to Rudd, sparking another leadership spill; Gillard sacked him from the Cabinet in response. When Rudd eventually did return as Prime Minister at the leadership spill in June 2013, Crean ran unsuccessful to return to the role of Deputy Leader; he subsequently announced his decision to retire from politics at the 2013 election. Early life and education
Crean was born in Melbourne, the son of <mask>, a federal Labor MP from 1951 to 1977, who was both Treasurer and Deputy Prime Minister in the Whitlam Government from 1972 to 1975. One of his two brothers, <mask>, was formerly a Member of the Tasmanian Parliament. His other brother, <mask>, died while skiing alone at Charlotte Pass, New South Wales in 1985, aged 38; his body was not found for two years. Crean was educated at Melbourne High School, before going on to Monash University where he graduated with a Bachelor of Economics and Bachelor of Laws.Trade unionist
Following his graduation from Monash University, Crean worked in several roles with various trade unions, before becoming an official within the Storeman and Packers Union (SPU). In 1977, his father, <mask>, retired from Federal politics. <mask> contested the Labor preselection for his father's comfortably safe seat of Melbourne Ports, but lost to former Victorian Labor Leader Clyde Holding, who went on to win the seat. In 1979, Crean was elected General

masks:
Frank Crean
David Crean
Stephen Crean
Frank Crean
Simon


title: Simon Crean

texts:
 his front-bench colleague as "venal" and "one of the most disloyal people I've ever worked with in my life". Following the replacement of Kim Beazley by Kevin Rudd as leader in December 2006, Rudd reappointed Crean as Shadow Minister for Trade. Rudd and Gillard Governments

After Labor's victory at the 2007 election, new Prime Minister Kevin Rudd appointed Crean to the Cabinet as Minister for Trade. In this role, Crean visited Singapore and Vietnam to pursue Australia's trade and economic interests at a range of ministerial and other high-level meetings. Crean also attended the APEC Meeting of Ministers Responsible for Trade and the OECD Roundtable on Sustainable Development on behalf of the Australian Government. Crean also co-chaired the 8th Joint Trade and Economic Cooperation Committee with the Vietnamese Minister of Planning and Investment Võ Hồng Phúc in Hanoi, leading to an improvement in the trading relationship between Australia and Vietnam.Following Julia Gillard's election unopposed as Prime Minister in June 2010, <mask> was appointed to replace Gillard in the role of Minister for Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, with Stephen Smith taking over as Minister for Trade. After the 2010 election, Gillard reshuffled the Cabinet and appointed Crean as Minister for the Arts and Minister for Regional Development and Local Government. On 21 March 2013, following significant leadership tensions arising from poor opinion polling, Crean called for Gillard to spill the leadership, with the aim of encouraging Rudd to challenge for the position of Prime Minister. This marked a change in Crean's position; he had long been a committed supporter of Gillard. Crean said he would challenge Wayne Swan for the role of Deputy Leader, if Rudd ran for the leadership.


title: Simon Crean

texts:
 However, Rudd declined to run for the leadership, leaving Gillard to retain the leadership unopposed. Gillard quickly sacked Crean from the Cabinet, expressing publicly her disappointment at his "disloyalty" to her.Before his sacking, Crean had been one of the few federal politicians to have never spent a day on the backbench. After Rudd did eventually replace Gillard as Prime Minister in June 2013, Crean ran for the position of Deputy Leader but was defeated by Anthony Albanese by 61 votes to 38. Crean subsequently announced he would retire from politics at the 2013 election. Crean retired as the first person to serve as a Cabinet Minister under four different Labor Prime Ministers (in <mask>'s case, Hawke, Keating, Rudd and Gillard) since Jack Beasley (who served under James Scullin, John Curtin, Frank Forde and Ben Chifley). Career after politics
In October 2014, Crean was elected chairman of the Australian Livestock Exporters Council. He was re-elected for a second term in 2016. See also
 Fourth Hawke Ministry
 First Keating Ministry
 Second Keating Ministry
 First Rudd Ministry
 First Gillard Ministry
 Second Gillard Ministry

References

Further reading
 Lyle Allan (2002), 'ALP Modernisation, Ethnic Branch Stacking, Factionalism and the Law,' in People and Place, Vol.10, No.4, pp.50–58
 Ross McMullin (1992), The Light on the Hill. The Australian Labor Party 1891–1991, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne (Victoria),

External links

  Australian Trade Union Archives biographical entry
 Crean resigns as shadow Treasurer
 Mark Latham steps in to save Crean

1949 births
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Labor Right politicians
Australian Leaders of the Opposition
Australian people of Irish descent
Gillard Government
Government


title: Tommy Herron

texts:
<mask> (1938 – 14 September 1973) was a loyalist from Northern Ireland, and a leading member of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) until his death in a fatal shooting. <mask> controlled the UDA in East Belfast, one of its two earliest strongholds. From 1972, he was the organisation's vice-chairman and most prominent spokesperson, and was the first person to receive a salary from the UDA. Early life
<mask> was born in 1938 in Newcastle, County Down to a Protestant father and a Roman Catholic mother. According to Martin Dillon, Herron was baptised in St Anthony's Catholic Church on Belfast's Woodstock Road.as a baby. Gusty Spence has suggested that Herron, like Shankill Butcher Lenny Murphy, took on the mantle of a "Super Prod", or individual who acts in an affectedly extreme Ulster Protestant loyalist way, to deflect any potential criticism of his Catholic roots. Herron was a member of the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster and regularly attended services at the Martyrs' Memorial Church, the group's headquarters on the Ravenhill Road in south-east Belfast.He worked as a car salesman in East Belfast and was married to Hilary Wilson, by whom he had five children. UDA leadership
<mask> was a leading member of the UDA, which was the largest loyalist paramilitary organisation in Northern Ireland, from its formation and emerged at the group's top man in East Belfast. A thirteen-member Security Council was established in January 1972 with Herron a charter member of this group, although control lay in the west of city with Charles Harding Smith emerging as chairman of the new body. Along with the likes of Billy Hull, has  <mask> was one of a handful of UDA leaders to be invited to meetings with Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw after the suspension of the Parliament of Northern Ireland in March 1972. By

masks:
Tommy Herron
Herron
Herron
Herron
Herron


title: Tommy Herron

texts:
 this time <mask> had come to see himself as the most powerful figure in the UDA and had begun to make statements on behalf of the movement unilaterally. In September 1972, the British Army intervened to defend a Catholic area of Larne against loyalists. British Army vehicles ran down two civilians in East Belfast, one of whom was believed to be a UDA member.Under the name of the Ulster Citizen Army, <mask> declared war on the British Army. He called this off after two days of gunfire due to a lack of support, two more loyalists having been killed. <mask>'s decision to go against the British Army, as brief as it was, as well as the looting and rioting that was taking place in Belfast under the direction of Herron and his close ally Jim Anderson as a reaction to the loyalists' deaths, saw both his stock and that of the Belfast UDA fall somewhat locally. Protestant clergymen petitioned the UDA to end the street violence whilst middle class Protestants, as well as politicians such as Roy Bradford, loudly condemned the attacks on the British Army, which traditionally enjoyed a high reputation amongst Northern Irish Protestants. On 20 October 1972 Herron sent word to Colonel Sandy Boswell, the army commander in Belfast, that the trouble would end and it was to the relief of many that Herron left Belfast the following month, in the company of Billy Hull, to launch a tour of Canada promoting loyalism. <mask> and Harding Smith
For much of 1972 <mask>'s main rival Charles Harding Smith, the leader of the West Belfast UDA, was absent from the scene after being arrested in England on gun-running charges. During his absence control on West Belfast went into the hands of Davy Fogel and his ally Ernie Elliott, both of whom had been influenced to varying degrees by left-wing rhetoric.Whilst Herron was not involved in initiatives by

masks: Herron Herron Herron Herron Herron


title: Tommy Herron

texts: both men that saw dialogue with the Catholic Ex-Servicemen's Association of Ardoyne or the Official IRA he did accompany them to a meeting with representatives of the British & Irish Communist Organisation which, unusually for communist groups, followed a staunchly unionist position with regards Northern Ireland. Herron also garnered a reputation for his involvement in racketeering, something that Harding Smith had strongly condemned. In early 1973 an east Belfast publican was interviewed anonymously by The Sunday Times and he claimed that Herron would regularly send one of his men to the pub to ask for a contribution to the "UDA prisoners' welfare fund". The publican stated that he knew if he refused to contribute his windows would be smashed or the pub shot at, making the fund simply a protection racket. Herron was apparently asking as much as £50 per week from each pub with shop owners expected to pay half that amount. After his return from England Harding Smith immediately clashed with Fogel but, somewhat surprisingly given their personal enmity, Herron sided with Harding Smith in the struggle. <mask> summoned Fogel to his east Belfast office on 13 January 1973; when Fogel arrived, he was placed under arrest and detained for several hours.<mask> told Fogel that he could only remain in charge of Woodvale if he agreed to accept Harding Smith's leadership in West Belfast as a whole. Fogel would leave Belfast altogether soon after this episode. In February, Herron called for a general strike against the British Government's decision to introduce internment for suspected loyalist parliamilitaries, mirroring the existing internment for suspected republican paramilitaries. This led to a day's fighting on the streets. Soon after the meeting with Fogel, and to many people's surprise, Herron called for "both sides" –

masks: Herron Herron


title: Tommy Herron

texts:
 loyalists and republicans – to stop assassinations, claiming that if they did not, they would face "the full wrath of the UDA". This temporarily halted killings in East Belfast. Herron's decision to stop the random killings, as well as his meeting with communists and rumours about his Catholic background, led to criticism within the UDA and he was criticised strongly in the pages of Ulster Militant, one of the UDA's publications at the time.<mask>'s position came under increasing pressure and, in an attempt to save face, he again threw his weight behind a new Harding Smith initiative. This time Harding Smith had decided to not only return to sectarian killings but to set up a group within the UDA, the Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF), to be dedicated solely to this aim. In the meantime Herron's leading hitman Albert Walker Baker had already been sent back on sectarian killing duty, launching a grenade attack on Catholic workers in East Belfast before shooting up a bus of Catholics in the Cherryvalley area. Fall from grace
In the summer of 1973 it was decided to choose a chairman of the UDA, after the resignation of joint chairman Jim Anderson, who shared his duties with Harding Smith but who had been in effect leader during the latter's absence, had left a power vacuum. Fears were raised that the issue might bring about the much feared Harding Smith and <mask> feud, but in the end a compromise candidate, Andy Tyrie, was chosen in an effort to avert the war. <mask> remained in an unsafe position. On 15 June 1973, masked gunmen broke into his Braniel home and shot and killed his brother-in-law, 18-year-old Michael Wilson.<mask> had been out of the house at the time. Michael Stone, a young UDA member who ran errands for Herron, had been near the house, and afterward asked Herron if he wanted him to kill a Provisional IRA

masks: Herron Herron Herron Herron


title: Tommy Herron

texts:
 (PIRA) member in retaliation. <mask> told Stone "wrong side, kid", indicating that he believed the murder had been perpetrated by the rival faction of the UDA. According to Martin Dillon, the attack had been directed against Herron and had been ordered by Harding Smith, who hoped that it would be blamed on the PIRA. Certainly Harding Smith had made it clear in the summer of 1973 that he wanted Herron and the rest of the criminal element out of the UDA. Although <mask> did not publicly speak about the killing, he placed information in the press that he believed it had been the work of rivals within the UDA, and also accused the UFF, and by extension Harding Smith, of being too close to the rival Ulster Volunteer Force in these same news stories. <mask> was arrested in August 1973 under the terms of the Emergency Powers Act.A considerable sum of money, reported to be between £2000 and £9000, was found in his coat. Herron was released soon afterwards, but the story of the money was widely circulated in the press and it increased the growing discontent with his leadership in East Belfast, where many felt that he was increasingly using his role in the UDA to personally enrich himself. Herron's personality and actions also fed into this animosity. He was known for swaggering around in the style of a mafia don, visibly carrying his legally held handgun, as well as for his short temper and sudden changes in mood. Politics
Despite narrowly missing death, Herron was also involved in a political campaign, as he was the candidate for the Vanguard Progressive Unionist Party (VPUP) candidate in East Belfast at the 1973 Northern Ireland Assembly election. One of the founding principles of the UDA had been that it should not be tied to a single political party, but Herron was an enthusiastic supporter of William Craig and when he

masks: Herron Herron Herron


title: Tommy Herron

texts:
 established the VPUP, Herron declared as UDA spokesman that "we will be supporting the new party 100% and using every means within our power to ensure its success". Herron had argued that those who had joined or supported the UDA should be able to vote for its members, although in the event Herron struggled to convert his reputation as a loyalist hard case into that of a political figure.Criticism came from Brian Faulkner and other moderate unionists, when on 10 June a UDA member exchanging gunfire with soldiers on the Beersbridge Road, East Belfast, shot and killed a Protestant bus driver. <mask>'s campaign was again hit in June, when his East Belfast UDA headquarters were raided by the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and two illegal guns and a quantity of ammunition were seized with two men arrested. He took 2,480 votes but was not elected. Death
<mask> was kidnapped in September 1973, and died by one gunshot to the head. His body was found in a ditch near Drumbo, County Antrim. His death has often been ascribed to other members of the UDA, either in protest at his involvement in racketeering or as part of the ongoing feud, while the UDA itself has claimed that the Special Air Service was responsible. Herron received a paramilitary funeral, presided over by Reverend Ian Paisley.It was attended by 25,000 mourners. He was buried at Roselawn Cemetery as a piper played "Amazing Grace". Sammy McCormick took over Herron's East Belfast Brigade and this much more low-key figure was tasked with returning a sense of discipline to the increasingly chaotic brigade. References

1938 births
1973 deaths
Assassinated politicians from Northern Ireland
Ulster Defence Association members
Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party politicians
Deaths by firearm in Northern Ireland
People killed during The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
People


title: Adalbert Stifter

texts:
<mask> (; 23 October 1805 – 28 January 1868) was an Austrian writer, poet, painter, and pedagogue. He was notable for the vivid natural landscapes depicted in his writing and has long been popular in the German-speaking world, while remaining almost entirely unknown to English readers. Life

Born in Oberplan in Bohemia (now Horní Planá in the Czech Republic), he was the eldest son of <mask>, a wealthy linen weaver, and his wife, Magdalena. Johann died in 1817 after being crushed by an overturned wagon. Stifter was educated at the  Benedictine Gymnasium at Kremsmünster, and went to the University of Vienna in 1826 to study law. In 1828 he fell in love with Fanny Greipl, but after a relationship lasting five years, her parents forbade further correspondence, a loss from which he never recovered. In 1835 he became engaged to Amalia Mohaupt, and they married in 1837, but the marriage was not a happy one.Stifter and his wife, unable to conceive, tried adopting three of Amalia's nieces at different times. One of them, Juliana, ran away several times and finally disappeared, only to be found drowned in the Danube four weeks later. As a man of strong liberal convictions who welcomed the 1848 revolutions and allowed his name to go forward as a candidate in the Frankfurt Parliament, even suspected by others of being a radical, the cornerstone of Stifter's philosophy was Bildung. Instead of becoming a state official, he became a tutor to the aristocrats of Vienna, and was highly regarded as such. His students included Princess Maria Anna von Schwarzenberg and Richard Metternich, son of Klemens Wenzel von Metternich. He also made some money from selling paintings, and published his first story, "Der Condor", in 1840. An

masks:
Adalbert Stifter
Johann Stifter