title: Marco Feliciano

texts:
<mask> (born 12 October 1972) is a Brazilian politician as well as a pastor, writer, film producer, and theologian. He has spent his political career representing São Paulo, having served as federal deputy representative since 2011. A polarizing figure in Brazilian politics due to his outspoken conservative views, his election to president of the commission on human rights and minorities caused controversy and protest due to <mask>'s comments regarding Africans, LGBTQ individuals, women, Catholics, among others. Personal life
<mask> is the son of a single mother <mask>, and grew up in an impoverished environment. He is married to Edileusa de Castro Silva and has three children: Kamilly, Ketlin, and Karen. He is an alumnus of the International Seminary Hosanna and Bible School, located in Pompano Beach, Florida. He is a pastor of the Catedral do Avivamento (Revival Cathedral), a neo-charismatic church affiliated with the Assembleias de Deus.<mask> began preaching at the age of nineteen, but was not allowed to become pastor in the church of Assembly of God in Belém where he attended because he was too young. At the age of 26 he traveled to the United States and was ordained a pastor there under by the Gideões Missionários da Última Hora or GMUH, a sub-group of the Assembly of God in Brazil. Currently there are 14 churches under his leadership in Brazil. In addition to being a pastor and theologian, <mask> is also a writer with 18 published books, a performer of Christian music, and the producer of 2 evangelical documentaries. Political career
In the 2010 Brazilian general election <mask> was elected to the federal Chamber of Deputies from his home state of São Paulo with 212,000 votes. <mask> voted in favor of the impeachment of then-president Dilma Rousseff. <mask> voted in favor of 2015 tax reforms and the 2017 Brazilian labor reform, and would vote against a corruption investigation into Rousseff's successor Michel Temer.<mask> was one of only 10 deputies who opposed the expulsion of then-president of the chamber of deputies Eduardo Cunha for corruption. In July 2019 <mask> announced

masks:
Marco Antônio Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Lucia Maria Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano


title: Marco Feliciano

type: original

texts:
 that he would run as a vice-presidential candidate in the 2022 Brazilian general election. A long time member of the Social Christian party, in March 2018 <mask> joined the Podemos party. President of Commission on Human Rights and Minorities and controversy

Preceding comments
In March 2011 on his Twitter account, <mask> posted that "Africans are descendants from ancestors cursed by Noah." <mask> later defended his statement with several passages from the book of Genesis which he said backed up what he had said. Roberlei Panasiewicz, a theologian at the Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, called Feliciano's statement fundamentalist and wrong. In an interview with Danilo Gentili on the television show Agora É Tarde on the channel Rede Bandeirantes, <mask> defended himself against the accusations or racism saying "After being lynched, they are waking up.I am not racist, my mother is black and I did missionary work in Africa." In one of his published books, <mask> wrote on homosexuals "The rotten feelings of homosexuality leads to hatred, crime, and rejection. We love homosexuals, but we abhor their promiscuous practices." His statements were supported by then fellow federal deputy Jair Bolsonaro. <mask> was investigated for hate speech for that comment, but was eventually cleared of any wrongdoing. In the closing statements the court said that <mask>'s comments were clearly homophobic and reprehensible, but as no law existed at the time to prosecute homophobia in Brazil, <mask> could not be formally charged. In August 2013 there was controversy again as there were reports of LGBTQ activists being attacked after a campaign rally by <mask> claimed that giving women more rights would undermine relationships and marriage, as well as increasing the likelihood that their children would be gay. In a video posted on the website YouTube in April 2013, <mask> preaching on an unknown date states in a sermon that Catholics worshiped Satan, and that the customs Catholics have of hanging crucifixs was idol worship which prostituted Jesus and other biblical figures. Feliciano also claimed

masks: Feliciano Feliciano Feliciano Feliciano Feliciano Feliciano Feliciano Feliciano Felicianoliciano Feliciano


title: Marco Feliciano

texts:
 that Catholicism encouraged homosexuality, saying that "My Jesus was not meant to be a homosexual neckpiece." Nomination
In March 2013 <mask> was nominated by his party, the Social Christian Party of Brazil, to serve as the president of the commission on human rights and minorities. The parties leader and spokesperson Everaldo Pereira stated that Feliciano had always been committed to promoting and protecting family values, which extended to human rights according to Pereira. After <mask> was presented to the panel of federal deputies on 7 March 2013. After he was presented as the sole candidate for the ministry of human rights and minorities, several members including Domingos Dutra, Erika Kokay, Jean Wyllys, Luiz Couto, and Luiza Erundina boycotted the meeting in protest to his nomination.The meeting continued and <mask> was elected by the remaining 12 members, 11 members voted in favor and one abstained. Reactions and protests
Speaker of the house Henrique Eduardo Alves commented that "the situation of the Commission on Human Rights and Minorities has become unsustainable" and that the decision to appoint <mask> was the wrong choice. Attorney general and chief prosecutor Roberto Gurgel also stated that <mask> "is not suitable" to take the position due to his views and past comments. His nomination was also criticized by Britain-based human rights organization Amnesty International. Reactions to <mask>'s appointment by right-wing politicians was mostly positive, pastor Silas Malafaia and then-federal deputy Jair Bolsonaro reacted enthusiastically to his appointment, and several pastors and elders of the Assembleias de Deus also voiced their support. Not all the reactions were favorable though, congresswoman Antonia Lúcia, herself an evangelical and member of the Social Christian Party, said she would resign from her post as vice chair of the commission due to <mask>'s comments. Response by the Brazil's National Bishops' Conference, the main spokespiece for Brazil's Catholic bishops, was mixed.The conference described <mask>'s appointment as a setback for human rights in Brazil,

masks:
Marco Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano


title: Marco Feliciano

texts:
 however it also added that they agreed with <mask>'s views regarding abortion and same-sex-marriage. Responding to the uproar and controversy resulting from his appointment, <mask> claimed "This manifestation is all because, for the first time in the history of Brazil, a pastor filled with the holy spirit has conquered the space that until yesterday was dominated by Satan." Other controversies

Rape allegations
In 2016 <mask> was charged with attempted rape and assault by 22-year-old Patricia Lelis, a PSC activist who attended the same church as the pastor. The deputy chief of staff, Talma Bauer, was arrested for initially being suspected of kidnapping the young woman and forcing her to record videos defending the deputy in order to dismiss the initial complaint. After a police inquiry, Bauer was released and the São Paulo Civil Police concluded that there was no kidnapping or aggression, and requested the arrest of Patrícia Lélis for the crimes of slanderous denunciation and extortion against Bauer. Spending on dental treatment
Brazilian newspaper Estadão reported on August 3, 2019 that The Brazilian Chamber of Deputies reimbursed Deputy Pastor <mask> the quantity of 157 thousand Reals ($40,000) referring to a dental treatment. He argued that he needed to correct a jaw joint problem and reconstruct the smile with crowns and implants in his mouth.<mask> said he suffered from chronic pain related to bruxism. "I don't wish for anyone," he said. “I am a politician and a preacher. My mouth is my tool." Brazilians have taken to social media to protest what they are calling the golden teeth of <mask>, and abuse of public money. References

|-

1972 births
Living people
People from Orlândia
Brazilian Assemblies of God pastors
Social Christian Party (Brazil) politicians
Podemos (Brazil) politicians
Republicans (Brazil) politicians
Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006) politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil) from São Paulo
Brazilian businesspeople
Brazilian non-fiction writers
Brazilian Christian theologians
Brazilian gospel singers
Critics of the Catholic Church
Anti-same-sex-marriage

masks:
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Marco Feliciano
Feliciano
Marco Feliciano


title: Emory Folmar

texts: <mask> (June 3, 1930 – November 11, 2011) was an American politician who served as the mayor of Montgomery, Alabama, from 1977 to 1999. Although the mayor's office is nonpartisan, <mask> was known to be a Republican. <mask> was born in Pike County near Montgomery. He attended school in Pike County and then Montgomery. He was a United States Army ranger and a veteran of the Korean War. He thereafter graduated from The University of Alabama with a degree in business. He entered politics in 1975 by winning election to the Montgomery City Council.He soon became the council president. He then ascended to the mayor's office after a scandal forced the resignations of the sitting mayor and public safety director and the subsequent resignations or terminations of a number of police officers and supervisors. He remained in office from 1977 to 1999. Although the city's elected positions are nonpartisan, <mask> was unabashedly a conservative Republican. He served as the chairman of the Alabama Republican Party and received several, primarily honorary, political appointments from Republican U.S. Presidents Ronald W. Reagan and George H.W. Bush. He was named "Civilian Aide" to the United States Secretary of the Army.The appointment carries the protocol weight of a four-star general, and Folmar took the position seriously. He even had a set of combat fatigues personalized with his name and the words "Civilian Aide" embroidered on the collar where a soldier's rank was displayed at the time. He was defeated in 1999 by political newcomer, attorney Bobby Bright, in an election that stunned many in the community who thought Folmar's re-election likely. Bright later served one term in the United States House of Representatives from 2009 to 2011. After leaving the city limelight, <mask> went into a mobile document shredding venture before being appointed in 2003 by Governor Bob Riley to run the state Alcoholic Beverage Control Board, where he served a relatively

masks:
Emory McCord Folmar
Folmar
Background Folmar
Folmar
Folmar


title: Emory Folmar

texts:
 entertainment groups, Folmar said the glorified block party should grow or cease and challenged leaders to take the festival to the next level. As a result, the free "block party" was changed to a paid-admission event with multiple stages with national headline acts. The Montgomery Zoo was another area where Folmar put resources and passion to grow the small five-acre zoo to the sprawling 40-acre facility it is today. In 1989, the zoo was expanded to its current size, enhanced with natural habitat enclosures for the animals and has regularly added new and exciting additions to the exhibits and collections.In addition to the Alabama Shakespeare Festival, <mask> and his wife Anita P<mask> were great private and public supporters of many of the cultural activities in the city, notably the Montgomery Symphony Orchestra, the Montgomery Ballet, the Alabama Dance Theater. The Art Council of Montgomery named its Children's Art Gallery in Anita's honor and established the Anita P<mask> Distinguished Volunteer in the Arts Award. <mask> was criticized by some of the city's residents that he didn't do enough to attract minor league baseball back to the city nor secure the location of a Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail facility in the city. One of the premier golf trails in the nation, the RTJ course in the area was finally located in Prattville, a nearby bedroom community. However, Folmar supporters say that this was a shrewd decision that risked no capital outlay, but allowed the city to reap the benefits of filling its abundant hotel rooms with golfers traveling to play the Trail. At the time, Montgomery's Lagoon Park Golf Course was one of America's top 50 municipal golf courses. After the Montgomery Rebels departed in 1980, leaving the 7,000 seat Paterson Field in poor upkeep, Folmar decreed the facility and nearby Cramton Bowl would remain dedicated to amateur sports.City administration and political philosophy
His 22 years in office marked the longest

masks:
Folmar
. Folmar
. Folmar
Folmar


title: Emory Folmar

texts: consecutive period of any mayor in the city's history although his tenure began in the wake of a racially divisive scandal. The controversy took down his predecessor, the city's public safety director and many subordinate leaders of Montgomery's Police Department. While pursuing suspects after a robbery, a police officer mistook Bernard Whitehurst for the robbery suspect when he failed to heed officer's commands to halt, and they fatally shot him in the back as he was fleeing. Then an officer at the scene planted a weapon near Whitehurst that was later determined to have been confiscated by the police in another case and filed a report saying he was shot in the front of his body. <mask>, then the president of the City Council, assumed the mayor job. In the special election that followed, <mask> beat out 40 challengers without a runoff. A fiscal conservative, Folmar was known for the tight fist with which he held onto the city's coffers, an effective steward of the taxpayer dollars with which the city was entrusted.He was criticized for not taking as many chances for growing some areas of the community's development of entertainment and sporting venues. Although <mask> prided himself in keeping roads paved, potholes filled, water flowing and garbage collected, he was criticized at some points for not being sufficiently proactive in repairing infrastructure in poor, minority sections on the periphery of the city limits. His leadership style was unyielding and even sometimes bordered on bullying, but he was unapologetic about his leadership style, saying that his tactics were in support and furtherance of a quality life for the citizens who paid the salaries of the public servants, although he never accepted a salary while mayor. He was financially supported by family real estate and other holdings. He often verbally tangled with vocal critics on the city council, particularly former councilman Joe Reed, a black leader who represented a decidedly

masks: Folmar Folmar Folmar


title: Emory Folmar

texts:
 minority district in the city. But Folmar also took great pleasure in jousting with former city councilman Richard Moncus, who represented a primarily white constituency in a heavily middle class section of Montgomery. Moncus became a pariah on the council, but he also had constant disagreements with another white councilman, Dr. Rick McBride.So, in 1991 <mask> put together what he called "Montgomery's Team," basically a group of hand-picked city council candidates he could entrust to help him push his policy agenda. At the polls that year, he received the solid supporting city council he wanted. <mask> was also successful in helping to direct the city's economic development successes during his time in office, although the city's most celebrated economic development prize - Hyundai Motor Manufacturing - followed a few years after his leaving office. <mask> often addressed the senior civic classes of area high schools during his time as mayor. On such occasions he often drew criticism for the Civic Center raid that city youth blamed on effectively killing the concert business in the city. Once Folmar answered that criticism by saying "You can stay at home and get as high as a Georgia Pine and I won't care. But when you bring it out on my streets, it becomes my business."He often characterized himself politically as "so conservative if it were up to me, I would take down all the traffic lights and let the strongest, fastest car get through the intersection first." Racial issues and bigoted remarks
<mask>'s controversial stances were cast at the outset of his political career in the 1970s in highly controversial city council votes along racial lines. Among them were the championing of a vote to spend a large portion of federal grant money on a public golf course and softball fields on the predominantly white east side of the city rather than using all of the grant money to end urban blight by providing necessary city utility infrastructure on the

masks: Folmar Folmar Folmar Folmar


title: Emory Folmar

texts:
 predominantly-black west side. Many western areas of the city are without utility infrastructure over 25 years later. A number of incidents involving his hard-line stances include long-time racial tensions between the police and black citizens which zeroed in on <mask>'s leadership as the precursor; as mayor, he was known to be the true, de facto leader of the city's police force and he routinely furthered that image by getting proactive in on-the-scene police investigations and was known to carry a pistol. He instructed police on night-watch 3rd shift to start wearing SWAT-team, military-style black uniforms and baseball-style black caps. A notorious incident happened on Todd Rd.in 1983 when 2 white police detectives, Ed Spivey and Les Brown, allegedly barged into a home where black mourners had gathered after the funeral of a grandmother. The detectives were following up on a missing person case and observed a suspicious subject outside the residence. The detectives were held hostage and beaten by the black occupants and held until other police arrived, who subsequently arrested the mourners under allegations of assault & torture of the officers, with resulting claims by local black leaders of police abuse during questioning of the suspects. <mask> was quoted in 1997 using the word "queer" publicly in a derogatory fashion noting his disapproval of the lifestyles of gay and lesbian individuals. During <mask>'s re-election bid in 1999, Samuel J. Caraway, a 19-year-old, openly gay resident of Montgomery, was beaten and jailed by two members of the Montgomery Police Department while attempting to erect a sign mocking Folmar's election slogan, "Folmar - Still The One." Caraway's sign said, "Folmar, Still A Bigot." Caraway would later cite Folmar's derogatory use of the word "queer" as an inspiration for his sign.His suit against the city resulted in a $20,000 settlement, negotiated by local attorney Julian L. McPhillips, Jr.

Public


title: Emory Folmar

texts:
 transportation
The Montgomery City Bus Transit System had a long historical past of serving the city and stepped to the forefront with the arrest of Rosa Parks in 1955 and the subsequent year-long Montgomery bus boycott thereafter, which still didn't destroy the transit system. It took a political decision by Folmar to selectively ban certain ads on buses, namely an anti-death penalty ad, to dismantle the bus system. When <mask> was told that he couldn't ban the ad as discriminatory, he banned all ads, which saw advertising revenue plummet, a large portion of the transit system's income. Within a couple of years, the traditional system of large buses and fixed routes and the historical Montgomery buses were abolished in favor of a demand system equal to a public taxi shuttle, which many citizens found unfair and troublesome for impromptu use, requiring 24-hour advance booking. Race for governor and bad timing
<mask> ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1982 winning just over 40% of the vote. <mask> lost to George Wallace, who was seeking an unprecedented fourth term. The election was noted as being the first truly competitive two-party campaign in Alabama history due to strong Republican political gains on the national, state and local levels after a long history of state Democratic domination in Alabama.However, Alabama remained largely Democratic at the state level, dooming <mask>'s campaign. Afterward, he served as chairman of the Alabama Republican Party from 1985 to 1989. With his high position in the party and with Ronald Reagan enjoying widespread popularity, <mask> could have sought the Republican gubernatorial nomination again in 1986, which instead went to Guy Hunt who was thought to be the Republicans' "sacrificial lamb". The Democratic side featured two strong candidates, Bill Baxley and Charles Graddick. Graddick won the primary, but the Alabama Democratic Party argued that many Republicans had crossed over and "illegally" voted for

masks: Folmar Folmar Folmar Folmar Folmar


title: Emory Folmar

texts:
 Graddick in the Democratic primary. However, Alabama had no party registration laws to restrict participation in either party primary by voters. Democratic party leaders successfully managed to have Graddick's win nullified in favor of Baxley.The resulting negative press led to a voter backlash against Democrats and Guy Hunt was subsequently elected the first Republican Alabama Governor since the post-Civil War Reconstruction period. <mask> later became state chairman for George H. W. Bush's 1988 and 1992 US presidential campaigns. He is largely credited for helping guide the Republican Party back to legitimate status in the state. Since his unsuccessful bid against Wallace and subsequent state party leadership, of the four elected governors, three have been Republicans. A second Democrat was governor during the period. Lieutenant Governor Jim Folsom, Jr. served out the remainder of Hunt's term after he was convicted of misappropriating campaign contributions. Folsom was then defeated by former governor Fob James, a Democrat turned Republican.References

External links
 <mask> <mask> short bio at Alabama State Archives
 Archived article from Southern Changes circa 1983 about <mask>'s tenure
 Article about the fall of the famous Montgomery Bus Transit System under Folmar
 Article quoting anti-gay remarks by Folmar
 Video of C-SPAN Interview and Call-In Show with <mask> <mask> about the Republican Party in Alabama, 1985
 Details of 1986 Governor's race involving <mask>'s decision not to run
 Details of 1986 & all other Alabama governor's races
 Vanderbilt Television News Archive ABC Story about the 1983 Todd Rd incident

|-

1930 births
2011 deaths
Mayors of Montgomery, Alabama
People from Pike County, Alabama
Montgomery, Alabama City Council members
Alabama Republicans
Businesspeople from Alabama
Sidney Lanier High School alumni
University of Alabama alumni
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
20th-century

masks: Folmar Emory Folmar Folmar Emory Folmar Folmar


title: Martti Pihkala

texts:
<mask> (until 1906 Gummerus , 18 January 1882 - 10 June 1966) was a National Coalition Party MP who became known as a Jäger activist, Ostrobothnia White Guard founder, in the 1920s and 1930s, leader of the strikebreaking organisation Export Peace, also known as "Pihkala's Guard" and an influencer of the Lapua movement and the Patriotic People’s Movement. Life
<mask> was born into the Gummerus family, known as the clergy family. His parents were provost Aleksanteri Gummerus and Alma Maria Nordlund. <mask>'s brothers were Bishop Jaakko Gummerus of Tampere and Professors Lauri “Tahko” <mask> and <mask>. <mask>'s son was Professor of Agricultural Sciences KU Pihkala. He is also the grandfather of Bishop <mask>. The founder of the Gummerus publishing house, Kaarle Jaakko Gummerus, was the uncle of <mask>.After graduating from high school, Pihkala graduated as a primary school teacher from the Jyväskylä Seminary in 1903. He then worked as a teacher at Jyväskylä's deaf-mute school in 1904–1920. Jäger Movement, the White Guard and the Civil War

<mask> was involved in Jäger recruitment. In 1917, he toured with his brother Lauri <mask> in Central Finland and Southern Ostrobothnia to talk about the importance of establishing white guards. Together with Sakari Kuusi, he was the most significant influence on the establishment of the white guards of Central Finland. Pihkala took part in the Finnish Civil War on the White side in the 1st Battalion of the Northern Häme Regiment, led by the Estonian Hans Kalm, which later became known for its violence and war crimes. He was in the White guard headquarters organizing detachments which played a key role in the white terror that took place during the Civil War.It has been

masks:
Martti Aleksander Pihkala
Martti Pihkala
Martti Pihkala
Pihkala
Rurik Pihkala
Pihkala
Juha Pihkala
Martti Pihkala
Pihkala
Pihkala


title: Martti Pihkala

texts:
 suggested that Pihkala also participated in the executions in the prison camps. In April 1918, Pihkala published the book "What kind of Finland should we create?" In his book, he considered the supreme enemy of culture to be the of lust in life rather than the goal of the continuation of the family. He advocated forced sterilization and the isolation of those who had "wicked" lives from society as a means of breeding a superior Finnish race. Pihkala placed harmony between social classes as a counterbalance to moral decay and socialism. Strikebreaking organisation Export Peace
After the Civil War, increased leftist activity was particularly evident on construction sites. The number of strikes increased and several of them became politicized.The interests of the Communists and the Soviet Union were seen as the reason for the strikes. In 1920, employers' organizations decided to set up a special organization focused on breaking strikes. <mask> <mask> came to lead this organization called Export Peace. Export Peace, known as the 'Pihkala Guard', had a maximum of 34,000 men, from which strike breakers could be assembled if necessary. Especially in Southern Ostrobothnia, <mask>'s organization was strong. Vihtori Kosola, the future frontman of the Lapua movement was an agent for the Export Peace. The best known of the strikes broken by the organization was the year-long harbor strike that began in 1928.In Export Peace, Pihkala offered an opportunity for “white leaders ... who took part in an activist movement or in the preparations for the struggle for freedom ... the most active voluntary way to fight Bolshevism.“ Export Peace was a significant successor to the so-called white Finnish ideology and the way to

masks: Martti Pihkala Pihkala


title: Martti Pihkala

texts:
 maintain the activist network. Breaking the strikes also led to bloody clashes. Export Peace came to an end in 1940 with the January negotiations between employers 'and workers' organizations during the Winter War called the Betrothal of January. Lapua Movement and the path to membership of parliament
The Lapua movement, which sought to completely ban communism and socialism, was born in part as a continuation of the work of the strike breaker organization. One of the key demands of the Lapua movement from the beginning was to secure peace at work for “patriotic workers”. The nationwide network for Vientirauha played a key role in organizing the meetings leading to the birth of the Lapua movement. <mask> was one of the key influencers of the Lapua movement and negotiated with Prime Minister Kyösti Kallio and President Lauri Kristian Relander in the role of liaison.His role in the negotiations and events leading to the formation of the Svinhufvud government was central. Before the most heated phase of the Lapua movement in June 1930, Pihkala asked about the willingness of Prime Minister Kyösti Kallio to become the leader of the Lapua movement and, in practice, the dictator of Finland. <mask> was elected a National Coalition Party MP in the autumn of 1930 by votes of supporters of the Lapua movement. Patriotic People's Movement
After the Lapua Movement ended after the 1932 Mäntsälä Rebellion, <mask> joined the successor movement Patriotic People's Movement (IKL). Later on Pihkala took a distance to IKL after it approached the working class and created its own union according to the ideology of Volksgemeinschaft. Svinhufvud Testament
Pihkala's last attempt to influence Finnish politics took place in the autumn

masks: Pihkala Pihkala Pihkala


title: Martti Pihkala

texts:
 of 1944, when, without the permission of the authorities, he distributed a book he co-authored with former President PE Svinhufvud: "Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: A Will to My People". The book called for Finland to remain at war with Germany until the end and condemned all attempts at separate peace.When Finland severed its relations with Germany in September 1944, Pihkala was one of the ten Finns considered to be the most dangerous, and who were detained. The detainees were prominent Finnish National Socialists, fascists and pro-German people. The distribution of the Svinhufvud book was considered to be detrimental to Finland's peace-making. <mask> was placed under house arrest for three years on a farm owned by the Helsinki countryside in Rekola . Pihkala spent his last years away from politics, cultivating his farm. Sources
Siltala, Juha: Lapuan liike ja kyyditykset 1930. Helsinki: Otava, 1985. . (suomeksi)
Silvennoinen, Oula & Tikka, Marko & Roselius, Aapo: Suomalaiset fasistit : mustan sarastuksen airuet.Helsinki: WSOY, 2016. . (suomeksi)
Uola, Mikko: ”<mask>, <mask> (1882–1966)”, Suomen kansallisbiografia, osa 7: Negri-Pöysti. ISSN 1799-4349 (Verkkojulkaisu). Helsinki: *Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2006. . Artikkelin maksullinen verkkoversio (suomeksi)
Vasara, Erkki: Valkoisen Suomen urheilevat soturit Klik!-arkisto. 23.10.1997. Helsinki: Helsingin Sanomat. <mask> Pihkala. (Suomen kansanedustajat.)Eduskunta. References

1882 births
1966 deaths
People from Pihtipudas
People from Vaasa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Patriotic People's Movement (Finland) politicians
National Coalition Party politicians
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1930–33)
Finnish eugenicists
People of the Finnish Civil War

masks: Pihkala Pihkala Martti Martti


title: Herbert Rowse Armstrong

texts:
<mask> MA (13 May 1869 – 31 May 1922) was an English solicitor and convicted murderer, the only solicitor in the history of the United Kingdom to have been hanged for murder. He was living in Cusop Dingle, Herefordshire, England, and practising in Hay-on-Wye, on the border of England and Wales, from 1906 until his arrest on 31 December 1921 for the attempted murder of a professional rival by arsenic poisoning. He was later also charged with, and convicted of, the murder of his wife, the crime for which he was executed. Early life and career
<mask> was born at 23 Princes Square, Plymouth, Devon, on 13 May 1869 to a family of modest means. The family later moved to Edge Hill, Liverpool. He studied at St Catharine's College, Cambridge, gaining a degree in law, and qualified as a solicitor in February 1895. He later gained an MA from St Catharine's in 1901.Initially practising in Liverpool, later Newton Abbot, he successfully applied for a vacancy in Hay-on-Wye, Breconshire, in 1906. The following year, he married Katharine Mary Friend of West Teignmouth; the couple had two girls, Eleanor and Margaret, and a boy, Pierson. Margaret was the youngest child. The <mask>s moved into an imposing family home called Mayfield in the village of Cusop Dingle not far from Hay where <mask> ran his law firm of Cheese & Armstrong. <mask> was a hard-working man and rose in the social community of the town. He was a leading member of the Freemasons and was appointed clerk to the justices. He joined the Volunteer Force and rose to the rank of captain.In 1914 he was called up in the First World War, where he eventually gained the rank of major in the Royal Engineers Territorial Force, and served in France, May to October 1918. The award of the Territorial Decoration for long service was published in the London Gazette, 4 November 1919. After the war, he was usually referred to as "<mask>". Death of Mrs

masks:
Herbert Rowse Armstrong TD
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Major Armstrong


title: Herbert Rowse Armstrong

texts:
 <mask>
In May 1919, <mask>'s health first began to weaken, with certain symptoms which the local physician, Dr Thomas Hincks, diagnosed as a case of brachial neuritis. From this she appeared to recover, and did not need to consult Dr Hincks for over a year. But in August 1920, Mrs <mask>'s health, both physical and mental, deteriorated again. <mask> kept in close contact with Hincks, and showed great concern for his wife, consulting relatives and friends as well.Hincks found that Mrs <mask> was showing signs of mental collapse and came to the conclusion that it was connected to her illness. At the end of August, Mrs <mask> was admitted to Barnwood, a private mental asylum near Gloucester. On admission she had pyrexia, vomiting, heart murmurs, and albumen in the urine. There was also partial paralysis in the hands and feet and loss of muscle tone. Mrs <mask> was also delusional. Mrs <mask>'s condition began to improve at Barnwood, and she was discharged home on 22 January 1921. Shortly after her return home her condition mysteriously deteriorated again and she died exactly a month after her return on 22 February 1921.Hincks was puzzled by Mrs <mask>'s symptoms, but nevertheless stated on the death certificate that she had died of gastritis, aggravated by heart disease and nephritis. Outwardly, <mask> had shown nothing but forbearing concern for his wife, sitting at her bedside reading to her in the evenings, and leaving the office early whenever possible to be with her. If <mask> did kill his wife, but for a later act of folly he might well have escaped detection. It would seem that there had been at least problems in the marriage. Though authors who have studied the case have assumed that the <mask>s' marriage was a failure due to the domineering attitude of Mrs <mask> to her husband, the precise nature of the <mask>s' relationship is far from clear. It was generally held that Mrs

masks:
Armstrong
Kitty Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong


title: Herbert Rowse Armstrong

texts:
 <mask> was a singularly unpleasant woman who regularly abused and humiliated her husband in public, and it was not unnoticed that, though the local newspaper described Mrs <mask> as a 'popular Hay lady,' few people attended her funeral. On the other hand, Mrs <mask>, whenever separated from her husband due either to her stays in hospitals or to his service in the War, is reported to have expressed her desire for the family to be reunited at the earliest opportunity.Whatever the truth, service in the First World War had opened up new experiences for the Major and he had had several affairs. He also went to dances in Hay and made passes at local girls. On the day of Mrs <mask>'s death, the servants closed all the curtains as a mark of respect. The first thing that <mask> did on returning home from the office was to open them again. Attempted murder of Oswald Martin

Oswald Martin was <mask>'s only rival solicitor in Hay. They were representing opposing parties in a property sale, the Velinewydd estate, which could have ended with <mask>'s client losing and <mask> having to pay a large sum to Martin's client. The details of the whole transaction remain unclear; Martin subsequently said there was a question about the titles.Perhaps <mask>'s reluctance to pay Martin was due to his having speculated with his client's money and then losing it. If this was the case, the only thing <mask> could do was gain time by quietening Martin somehow at least for a while until he could raise the necessary funds by some other means. It would certainly appear that the money entrusted to <mask> as a deposit on the sale was gone. Martin kept mentioning the matter of completion to <mask>, but the latter repeatedly delayed and it remained uncompleted by the time of <mask>'s trial. <mask> eventually invited Martin to a meeting at his home on 26 October 1921. Martin found tea laid out with cakes and buttered

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title: Herbert Rowse Armstrong

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 scones. Martin probably thought that <mask> wanted to discuss completion of the property sale, but the two men merely discussed everyday things and office organisation, although Martin could have raised the matter himself.<mask> spoke of being lonely after the death of his wife. During the meeting over tea, <mask> picked up a scone, said, "excuse fingers" and handed it to Martin, who ate it. Having returned home, Martin became violently ill.

Martin's father-in-law, John Davies, the chemist (pharmacist) in Hay, had made several sales of arsenic to <mask> supposedly to kill dandelions despite the fact that it was the autumn and there were only twenty dandelions in the garden of Mayfield, the <mask>s' home. The chemist was now suspicious of Martin's sudden illness, and when Martin told him he had been to tea at Mayfield, Davies became suspicious. Meanwhile, Hincks became struck by how similar Martin's symptoms were to those of Katharine <mask>. Hincks, Martin, and Davies discussed the situation and Davies warned the Martins against receiving gifts. It was subsequently discovered that a few weeks before the tea party, a box of chocolates had been anonymously sent to the Martins.Mrs Martin's sister-in-law had eaten some and become violently ill. Fortunately, some chocolates remained and when examined some were found to have a small nozzle-like hole in the base. Dr Hincks contacted the Home Office and explained his suspicions about what had happened to Martin, and later voicing suspicions about Mrs <mask>'s death. Samples of the chocolates and Martin's urine were examined and found to contain arsenic, and the Home Office now passed the case to Scotland Yard. Meanwhile, <mask> began to bombard Martin with further invitations to tea, for which Martin found it increasingly difficult to find excuses to avoid. Scotland Yard had to move slowly so as not to warn <mask> of their suspicions. They

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title: Herbert Rowse Armstrong

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 eventually arrested him on 31 December 1921, and he was charged with the attempted murder of Oswald Martin. He maintained he was innocent.When he was arrested, the police found a packet of arsenic in his pocket and many more in his house. Mrs <mask>'s body was exhumed and examined by the eminent Home Office pathologist Dr Bernard Spilsbury. Her body was riddled with arsenic ten months after death, and on 19 January 1922, <mask> was charged with the wilful murder of his wife. "I repeat what I said before. I am absolutely innocent," said <mask>. Trial
<mask>'s trial for the murder of his wife began at Hereford before Mr Justice Darling on 3 April 1922. <mask> was defended by Sir Henry Curtis-Bennett, one of the leading criminal trial barristers of the day.Public and media interest was enormous. A year earlier there had been a trial at Carmarthen Assizes of another solicitor, Harold Greenwood, for the murder of his wife by poison, supposedly disguised as an illness. Greenwood had been acquitted. Also, the fact that the three men who brought the charges to the police included <mask>'s business rival and the latter's father-in-law looked suspicious to some people. It was believed by some that <mask> was being framed. But despite the widespread belief that he would be acquitted, the prosecution case was a strong one. <mask>'s body was riddled with arsenic and at the time of her death the ingested quantity must have been far higher, and <mask> had made huge purchases of arsenic.The defence had somehow to make the jury believe that Mrs <mask> had committed suicide by getting out of bed, going downstairs and helping herself to arsenic without anyone seeing or hearing her; or that massive doses of arsenic had somehow got into her system some accidental way. All witnesses confirmed that towards the end she was almost paralysed. Dr Bernard Spilsbury insisted that the fatal dose must have been

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 taken within twenty-four hours of death, and Hincks affirmed that for Mrs <mask> to have taken it herself was "absolutely impossible". Arsenic poisoning
Then <mask> had to explain his habits concerning arsenic or the white powder, arsenic trioxide. He claimed that it was his practice to put small portions of arsenic into individual pouches, which he squirted into the ground near spots where dandelions tended to grow. One small pouch was found on his person following his arrest, and there was no reasonable explanation offered for his carrying it around, particularly as the arrest was in December. <mask> did not come off well under questioning by Mr Justice Darling concerning this point.Much later, after the trial, two possible motives emerged for Katharine <mask>'s poisoning. Firstly, <mask> had decided he wanted a different, more congenial wife. Secondly, Katharine had written a will in 1917 leaving the bulk of her estate not to her husband, but to their children. <mask> produced a new will following his wife's death, giving him control of her estate, but studies suggest that it was probably forged. For some time before the Velinewydd estate affair, <mask>'s business had been in financial difficulties. The difficulties in relation to the sale of the Velinewydd estate made things even worse for him. However, the evidence against <mask>, though considerable, was nonetheless purely circumstantial.No one had actually seen the Major administering poison, and . Mrs <mask> had occasionally spoken of suicide, some medicines contained arsenic, and there were plenty of other people coming into contact with her at Mayfield. The prosecution failed to show how it was <mask> and only <mask> who administered poison, and no one else. As for the Martin poisoning, . In short, other than gaining a little time, the death of Martin would not in any way have relieved the Major's business problems. <mask>

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title: Herbert Rowse Armstrong

texts:
 made no confession and adamantly maintained his total innocence to the bitter end. On 13 April 1922 at Hereford Shire Hall, he was found guilty of the murder of his wife.Execution
Mr Justice Darling stated that he concurred with the jury's view and that it was absurd and unsupported by any evidence that Mrs <mask> had committed suicide. He then sentenced <mask> to death. On 16 May 1922, the Court of Criminal Appeal dismissed his appeal and <mask> was hanged by John Ellis at Gloucester Prison on 31 May 1922. Ellis claimed that before the trap was opened on the gallows <mask> called out, "Kitty I'm coomin to ye!" although this is unconfirmed. The News of the World reported that when asked by the prison governor on the morning of the execution if he had anything to say, <mask>'s last words were "I am innocent of the crime for which I have been condemned to die." In popular culture
The then-recent <mask> case was discussed in Dorothy L. Sayers's 1927 mystery novel Unnatural Death.In addition, the murderer in Sayers's 1930 novel Strong Poison is caught with packets of arsenic, resembling <mask>'s case. In Detection Unlimited, a 1953 mystery novel written by Georgette Heyer, a character is compared to <mask>. The <mask> case was dramatised on the BBC radio series The Black Museum in 1952 under the title of The Champagne Glass. <mask> was also the subject of a 1994 TV mini-series called Dandelion Dead, which starred Michael Kitchen as <mask>, Sarah Miles as <mask>, David Thewlis as Oswald Martin and Lesley Sharp as Martin's wife, Constance. It was directed by Mike Hodges and won a BAFTA in 1995. As well as telling the main story of <mask>'s crimes, the series develops the courtship of Martin and his wife and shows the effects of events on <mask>'s children. Deadly Advice, a black comedy released in 1994, was set in Hay-on-Wye and had Jane Horrocks becoming a serial killer under the ghostly

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title: Herbert Rowse Armstrong

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 influence of <mask> (played by Edward Woodward) and others like Dr Crippen (Hywel Bennett) and Jack the Ripper (John Mills).The Hay Poisoner
Armstrong's home in Cusop was subsequently owned by Martin Beales, a solicitor working in <mask>'s former office in Hay. Beales believed that <mask> was innocent and published a book arguing his case. References

Bibliography

Rose, Andrew; 'Lethal Witness', Sutton Publishing 2007, Kent State University Press 2009; Chapter Nine ('Excuse Fingers'). Discusses Spilsbury's major role as prosecution witness. Beales, Martin; Dead not Buried. 1995 (later retitled The Hay Poisoner). The author sets out the case for <mask>'s being framed.Written with the co-operation of Margaret, the <mask>s' surviving daughter, who was incensed at the portrayal of her father in the 1994 film Dandelion Dead. Browne, D. and Tullett, E.V. ; Bernard Spilsbury: His Life and Cases 1951. Jones, Frank; Beyond Suspicion: True Stories of Unexpected Killers. pp. 53–85: "A Tale of Two Lawyers": The author compares the cases against Greenwood and <mask>. He also points out a counter theory that <mask> may have been innocent but framed by Martin, Davies, and Hincks.Odell, Robin; Exhumation of a Murder: The Life and Trial of Major <mask>. London: Harrap, 1975. . Regarding <mask>'s guilt, the author concludes that while the evidence remains circumstantial, taken together with what is known of <mask>'s personality "all doubts are dispelled." 1869 births
1920s murders in the United Kingdom
1921 crimes
1922 deaths
People from Newton Abbot
People from Herefordshire
Volunteer Force officers
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Engineers officers
English solicitors
Poisoners
People executed for murder
20th-century executions by England and Wales
Executed people from Devon
English people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by England and Wales
Alumni of St Catharine's College,

masks: Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong


title: John Nance Garner

texts:
<mask> (November 22, 1868 – November 7, 1967), known among his contemporaries as "Cactus Jack", was an American Democratic politician and lawyer from Texas. He was the 32nd vice president, serving under Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1933 to 1941. He was also the 39th speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1931 to 1933. <mask> and Schuyler Colfax are the only politicians to serve as presiding officer of both houses of Congress. <mask> began his political career as the county judge of Uvalde County, Texas. He served in the Texas House of Representatives from 1898 to 1902 and won election to represent Texas in the United States House of Representatives in 1902. He represented Texas's 15th congressional district from 1903 to 1933.<mask> served as House Minority Leader from 1929 to 1931, and was elevated to Speaker of the House when Democrats won control of the House following the 1930 elections. <mask> sought the Democratic presidential nomination in the 1932 presidential election, but he agreed to serve as Franklin D. Roosevelt's running mate at the 1932 Democratic National Convention. Roosevelt and <mask> won the 1932 election and were re-elected in 1936. A conservative Southerner, <mask> opposed the sit-down strikes of the labor unions and the New Deal's deficit spending. He broke with Roosevelt in early 1937 over the issue of enlarging the Supreme Court, and helped defeat it on the grounds that it centralized too much power in the president's hands. <mask> again sought the presidency in the 1940 presidential election, but Roosevelt won the party's presidential nomination at the 1940 Democratic National Convention. Roosevelt then chose Henry A. Wallace as his running mate.Biography

Early life and family

<mask> was born on November 22, 1868, in a log cabin in Red River County, Texas to <mask> <mask> and his wife, Sarah Guest <mask>. That mud-chinked log cabin no longer exists, but the large, white, two-story house where he was raised survives and is located at 260 South Main Street in Detroit, Texas. <mask> attended Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, for

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title: John Nance Garner

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 only one semester before dropping out and returning home. He studied law at the firm of Sims and Wright in Clarksville, Texas, was admitted to the bar in 1890, and began practice in Uvalde, Uvalde County, Texas. In 1893, <mask> entered politics, running for county judge of Uvalde County, the county's chief administrative officer. <mask> was opposed in the primary by a woman—Mariette "Ettie" Rheiner, a rancher's daughter. <mask> won, and with the Democratic nomination seen as tantamount to election in the post-Civil War Solid South, <mask> was elected county judge and served until 1896.<mask> and Rheiner began dating after the primary. They married in Sabinal, Texas on November 25, 1895. Their  son, Tully <mask> (1896–1968), became a banker and businessman. Mariette <mask> served as her husband's secretary throughout his Congressional career, and Second Lady of the United States during her husband's tenure as vice president. Texas politics

<mask> was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1898, and re-elected in 1900. During his service, the legislature selected a state flower for Texas. <mask> fervently supported the prickly pear cactus for the honor, and thus earned the nickname "Cactus Jack".(The Bluebonnet was chosen.) In 1901 <mask> voted for the poll tax, a measure passed by the Democratic-dominated legislature to make voter registration more difficult and reduce the number of black, minority, and poor white voters on the voting rolls. This disfranchised most minority voters until the 1960s, and ended challenges to Democratic power; Texas became in effect a one-party state. <mask> traveled parts of southern Texas controlled by the patrón system, currying political favor with the land bosses who exercised near-complete control of the local people and local elections. His patrón allies created a gerrymandered district for him, the 15th congressional district, a narrow strip reaching south to include tens of thousands of square miles of rural areas. <mask> was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1902. He was elected from the district 14

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title: John Nance Garner

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 subsequent times, serving until 1933.His wife was paid and worked as his private secretary during this period. Throughout his career he maintained allegiance to the white landowners who controlled the voting booths in South Texas. He regarded his Mexican voting base as "inferior and undesirable as U.S. citizens." <mask> was chosen to serve as minority floor leader for the Democrats in 1929, and in 1931 as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, when the Democrats became the majority. <mask> supported passage of the federal income tax but opposed most tariffs except for those on wool and mohair, which were important to his Texas base. He also believed in rural investment, bringing taxpayer dollars to farmers of the Brush Country region of South Texas.<mask> was popular with his fellow House members in both parties. He held what he called his "board of education" during the era of Prohibition, a gathering spot for lawmakers to drink alcohol, or as <mask> called it, "strike a blow for liberty." (The "board of education" was continued by future Speaker Sam Rayburn after Prohibition had ended and <mask> had left the House.) Vice presidency (1933–1941)

In 1932, <mask> ran for the Democratic presidential nomination. It had become evident that Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Governor of New York, was the strongest of several candidates, but although he had a solid majority of convention delegates, he was 87.25 votes short of the two-thirds required for nomination. After <mask> cut a deal with Roosevelt, thus allowing Roosevelt to win the nomination, <mask> became his vice-presidential candidate. <mask> was re-elected to the 73rd Congress on November 8, 1932, and on the same day was elected Vice President of the United States.On February 8, 1933, then-Vice President Charles Curtis announced the election of his successor, House Speaker <mask>, while <mask> was seated next to him on the House dais. He was the second man, Schuyler Colfax being the first, to serve as both Speaker of the House and President of the Senate. <mask> was re-elected Vice President with Roosevelt in 1936,

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title: John Nance Garner

texts:
 serving in that office in total from March 4, 1933, to January 20, 1941. Like most vice presidents in this era, <mask> had little to do and little influence on the president's policies. He famously described the vice presidency as being "not worth a bucket of warm piss" (for many years, this quote was bowdlerized as "warm spit".) During Roosevelt's second term, <mask>'s previously warm relationship with the president quickly soured, as <mask> disagreed sharply with him on a wide range of important issues. <mask> supported federal intervention to break up the Flint sit-down strike, supported a balanced federal budget, opposed the Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 to "pack" the Supreme Court with additional judges, and opposed executive interference with the internal business of the Congress.During 1938 and 1939, numerous Democratic party leaders urged <mask> to run for president in 1940. <mask> identified as the champion of the traditional Democratic Party establishment, which often clashed with supporters of Roosevelt's New Deal. The Gallup poll showed that <mask> was the favorite among Democratic voters, based on the assumption that Roosevelt would defer to the longstanding two-term tradition and not run for a third term. Time characterized him on April 15, 1940:

Some other Democrats did not find him appealing. In Congressional testimony, union leader <mask>. Lewis described him using tetrameter as "a labor-baiting, poker-playing, whiskey-drinking, evil old man". <mask> declared his candidacy. Roosevelt refused to say whether he would run again.If he did, it was highly unlikely that <mask> could win the nomination, but <mask> stayed in the race anyway. He opposed some of Roosevelt's New Deal policies, most notably those related to wooing labor, and on principle, opposed presidents serving third terms. However, <mask> was also credited with steering a number of important bills through Congress in the crisis atmosphere of Roosevelt's first one hundred days in office and his relationship with the President would not become strained until Roosevelt's second term, when the Vice

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title: John Nance Garner

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 President's hopes of balancing the budget and paring New Deal programs faded. He was also active in Roosevelt's Cabinet meetings on national policy and legislative strategy, which also resulted in the effective transformation of the previously ceremonial office of the U.S. Vice President. However, the president's "court-packing" plan of 1937 widened the rift with <mask>, and the final blow in their relationship came when the president attempted to purge opposition Democratic members of Congress in the 1938 elections. At the Democratic National Convention, Roosevelt engineered a "spontaneous" call for his renomination, and won on the first ballot. <mask> received only 61 votes out of 1,093.Roosevelt chose Henry A. Wallace to be his vice-presidential running mate. Final years and legacy

<mask> left office on January 20, 1941, ending a 46-year career in public life. He retired to his home in Uvalde for the last 26 years of his life, where he managed his extensive real estate holdings, spent time with his great-grandchildren, and fished. Throughout his retirement, he was consulted by active Democratic politicians and was especially close to Roosevelt's successor, Harry S. Truman. On the morning of <mask>'s 95th birthday, November 22, 1963, President <mask>. Kennedy called to wish him a happy birthday. This was just hours before  Kennedy's assassination. Dan Rather states that he visited the <mask> ranch that morning to film an interview with <mask>, where Miss Texas Wool was in attendance, and that he then flew back to Dallas from Uvalde to deposit the film at then-CBS affiliate KRLD-TV (now Fox owned-and-operated KDFW-TV).<mask> died on November 7, 1967, at the age of 98 years and 350 days. He is interred in Uvalde Cemetery. <mask> is the longest-lived Vice President in U.S. history, a distinction which was previously held by Levi P. Morton (Benjamin Harrison's Vice President, who died in 1920 on his 96th birthday). <mask> and Schuyler Colfax, vice president under Ulysses S. Grant, are the only two Vice Presidents to have been Speaker of the House of Representatives prior to becoming

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title: John Nance Garner

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 Vice President. As the Vice President is also the President of the Senate, <mask> and Colfax are the only people to have served as the presiding officer of both houses of Congress. The popular Garner State Park, located  north of Uvalde, bears his name, as does Garner Field just east of Uvalde. The women's dormitory at Southwest Texas Junior College in Uvalde bears his wife's name.<mask> Middle School, located in San Antonio's North East Independent School District, is also named after him. Footnotes

Further reading
 Anders, Evan. Boss Rule in South Texas. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1982. Champagne, Anthony. "<mask> <mask>", in Raymond W Smock and Susan W Hammond, eds. Masters of the House: Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries (1998) pp 144–80

 Timmons, Bascom N. <mask> of Texas: A Personal History.1948. Will, George. "In Cactus Jack's Footsteps". Jewish World Review Jan 6, 2000. External links

 Let's get goin'!, Bill Sykes Editorial Cartoon depicting <mask>'s 1940 presidential candidacy, December 19, 1939
 Conspicuous among the casualties, Bill Sykes Editorial Cartoon depicting Vandenberg and <mask> in 1940 presidential primaries, April 4, 1940

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1868 births
1967 deaths
20th-century vice presidents of the United States
1932 United States vice-presidential candidates
1936 United States vice-presidential candidates
American Methodists
Burials in Texas
Candidates in the 1932 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1940 United States presidential election
County judges in Texas
Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas
Minority leaders of the United States House of Representatives
Old Right (United States)
People from Red River County, Texas
People from Uvalde, Texas
Speakers of the United States House of Representatives
Texas Democrats
Texas lawyers
Vice presidents of the

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title: Francisco Kraus Trujillo

texts:
<mask> (21 October 1926 – 27 February 2016) was a Spanish baritone. He was born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Canary Islands), Spain, on 21 October 1926. His father, <mask>, was born in Austria and <mask> was the first born of the Kraus-Trujillo family; soon would follow Alfredo, Enriqueta Lola and Carmen. Vocal technique

He and his brother Alfredo began their training with María Suárez Fiol, (born in Madrid, 1897 –  died in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 1987). The first songs in front of an audience were in the house of his teacher, where Mrs Fiol organized benefit concerts. He started  singing in the Choir of the School of the Heart of Maria, and made an audition for Soloists in the Philharmonic  Society of Las Palmas. After coming back from Barcelona, <mask> married his fiancé  <mask>.He studied Voice technique in Milan with famous teacher and Soprano Mercedes Llopart. Mrs Llopart's legacy of exquisite technique and knowledge of voice production was passed on to her students, <mask>, Renata Scotto, Anna Moffo, Fiorenza Cossotto, Ivo Vinco, Greek soprano Elena Suliotis, Venezuelan coloratura soprano Cecilia Nuñez Albanese, and <mask>. <mask>'s baritone voice has a wide vocal range, up to a high B with powerful bright, dark, rich notes, placed high in the mask. His career

In December 1960, <mask> made his Debut in the “Teatro Comunale Giuseppe Verdi” in Trieste with the Moussorgsky opera Khovanshchina in the role of  Shaklovity and using the stage name Franco di Marco. Later he

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title: Francisco Kraus Trujillo

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 Jose Seoane, performing all over Spain and the Spanish Islands.Career in Venezuela

At the end of 1978 <mask> returned to Venezuela for a series of concerts and performances in Radio and Television. He performed in Teatro Municipal de Caracas with Opera Metropolitana de Caracas OMAC the opera Marina, with <mask>, soprano Cecilia Núñez Albanese and Cayito Aponte, with the Orquesta Filármonica de Caracas conducted by Dominican Maestro Carlos Piantini. He had a series of concerts in Hogar Canario de Caracas and Teatro Nacional. His brother Alfredo was very often performing in Caracas, Teatro Municipal, with OMAC (Caracas Metropolitan Opera Company). This time the stay would last nine years since, aside from his performances <mask> was offered the position as professor of vocal technique in the Superior School of Music of Caracas, Escuela Superior de Musica J.A. Lamas and also in the Escuela de Música Prudencio Esaá. He was very active as a teacher and some of his students were: Fanny Arjona soprano, Amelia Salazar, Natacha Valladares, Marisol Gil, Alfredo Olarte, Rosaura Longa, and Biella Da Costa.In 1987, he returned to Spain to teach voice technique in the Conservatory of the “Gran Teatre del Liceu” in Barcelona, where he taught until his retirement. Retirement

His last public performance took place in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1996, where he was awarded the Gold medal of the City. In July 2000 <mask> and his wife Enedina decided to be based permanently in the city where he was

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 born. In November 2000, <mask> received the tribute of the Canary Island “Friends of the Zarzuela”, who gave him a Plaque in recognition of his long career. Complete recordings

La tempestad (1958),
Marina (1963). Ed. : Carillón
Video.Marina 1974 Teatro Municipal de Caracas. Omac. “Selección de Zarzuelas”:

El Cantar del Arriero,
La Calesera,
El Caserío,
El Huésped del Sevillano,
La Parranda,
La Canción del olvido,
Molinos de viento,
Los Gavilanes,
La del Soto del Parral. Ed. : Belter (1973). TV film, German TV ZDF Reiselust. “Gran Canaria”.References
http://www.promocionlaspalmas.com/prensa.php?fot_seccion=2&id=675 María Suarez Fiol (Spanish) Las Palmas city Hall
Ayuntamiento de Las Palmas. Tribute to Opera singers. https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/mcvr1234/krausf.htm&date=2009-10-26+02:27:05

Antología de la Opera en Caracas, Photographer Gilberto Noguera. Caracas, Venezuela. Escuela de Música Prudencio Esaa. Founded in 1970 Maestro Innocente Carreño
Address:: Calle 1, Quinta Caniza
Urb. : Montalbán Caracas, Venezuela

Escuela Superior de Música J.A.Lamas
Av. Urdaneta, Caracas, Dtto. Federal, Venezuela

Zarzuela History. Spanish Operetta

https://web.archive.org/web/20070920202442/http://biblia.com/radio/zarzuela.htm#Reseña%20Histórica%20de%20la%20Zarzuela:Zarzuela in Spain Composers titles, history. 1926 births
2016 deaths
People from Las Palmas
Spanish people of Austrian descent
Spanish operatic baritones
20th-century Spanish  male opera


title: Jean-François Lyotard

texts:
Jean-<mask> (; ; ; 10 August 1924 – 21 April 1998) was a French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist. His interdisciplinary discourse spans such topics as epistemology and communication, the human body, modern art and postmodern art, literature and critical theory, music, film, time and memory, space, the city and landscape, the sublime, and the relation between aesthetics and politics. He is best known for his articulation of postmodernism after the late 1970s and the analysis of the impact of postmodernity on the human condition. Lyotard was a key personality in contemporary Continental philosophy and author of 26 books and many articles. He was a director of the International College of Philosophy founded by Jacques Derrida, François Châtelet, Jean-Pierre Faye, and Dominique Lecourt. Biography

Early life, educational background, and family

<mask> was born on August 10, 1924, in Vincennes, France, to <mask>, a sales representative, and Madeleine Cavalli. He went to school at the Lycée Buffon (1935–42) and Louis-le-Grand, Paris.As a child, Lyotard had many aspirations: to be an artist, a historian, a Dominican friar, and a writer. He later gave up the dream of becoming a writer when he finished writing an unsuccessful fictional novel at the age of 15. Ultimately, Lyotard described the realization that he would not become any of these occupations as "fate" in his intellectual biography called Peregrinations, published in 1988. Lyotard served as a medic during the liberation of Paris in the Second World War, and soon after began

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Jean Pierre Lyotard


title: Jean-François Lyotard

texts: famously, in La Condition postmoderne: Rapport sur le savoir (The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge) (1979), he proposes what he calls an extreme simplification of the "postmodern" as an 'incredulity towards meta-narratives'. These meta-narratives—sometimes 'grand narratives'—are grand, large-scale theories and philosophies of the world, such as the progress of history, the knowability of everything by science, and the possibility of absolute freedom. Lyotard argues that we have ceased to believe that narratives of this kind are adequate to represent and contain us all. He points out that no one seemed to agree on what, if anything, was real and everyone had their own perspective and story. We have become alert to difference, diversity, the incompatibility of our aspirations, beliefs, and desires, and for that reason postmodernity is characterized by an abundance of micronarratives. For this concept, Lyotard draws from the notion of "language-games" found in the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein.Lyotard notes that it is based on the mapping of society according to the concept of the language games. In <mask>'s works, the term "language games", sometimes also called "phrase regimens", denotes the multiplicity of communities of meaning, the innumerable and incommensurable separate systems in which meanings are produced and rules for their circulation are created. This involves, for example, an incredulity towards the metanarrative of human emancipation. That is, the story of how the human race has set itself free that brings together the


title: Jean-François Lyotard

texts: <mask> found particularly interesting the explanation of the sublime offered by Immanuel Kant in his Critique of Judgment (Kritik der Urtheilskraft, more exactly Critique of the Power of Judgment). In this book, Kant explains this mixture of anxiety and pleasure in the following terms: there are two kinds of "sublime" experience. In the "mathematically" sublime, an object strikes the mind in such a way that we find ourselves unable to take it in as a whole. More precisely, we experience a clash between our reason (which tells us that all objects are finite) and the imagination (the aspect of the mind that organizes what we see, and which sees an object incalculably larger than ourselves, and feels infinite). In the "dynamically" sublime, the mind recoils at an object so immeasurably more powerful than we, whose weight, force, scale could crush us without the remotest hope of our being able to resist it. (Kant stresses that if we are in actual danger, our feeling of anxiety is very different from that of a sublime feeling.The sublime is an aesthetic experience, not a practical feeling of personal danger.) This explains the feeling of anxiety. What is deeply unsettling about the mathematically sublime is that the mental faculties that present visual perceptions to the mind are inadequate to the concept corresponding to it; in other words, what we are able to make ourselves see cannot fully match up to what we know is there. We know it is a mountain but we cannot take the whole thing into our perception. Our sensibility is incapable of coping with


title: Jean-François Lyotard

texts:
 that "We are born from others but also to others, given over defenseless to them. Subject to their mancipium." Later life and death

Some of the latest works that Lyotard had been working on were both writings about a French writer, activist, and politician, André Malraux. One of them being a biography, Signed, Malraux.Lyotard was interested in the aesthetic views of society that Malraux shared. Lyotard's other book was named The Confession of Augustine and was a study in the phenomenology of time. This work-in-progress was published posthumously in the same year of Lyotard's death. Two of his latest essays on art were on the artwork of artist Bracha L. Ettinger: Anima Minima (Diffracted Traces), 1995, and Anamnesis (L'anamnese), 1997. Lyotard repeatedly returned to the notion of the Postmodern in essays gathered in English as The Postmodern Explained to Children, Toward the Postmodern, and Postmodern Fables. In 1998, while preparing for a conference on postmodernism and media theory, he died unexpectedly from a case of leukemia that had advanced rapidly. He is buried in Division 6 of Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.Criticism

There are three major criticisms of <mask>'s work. Each coincides with a school of thought. Jacques Derrida and Jean-Luc Nancy have written deconstructions of <mask>'s work (Derrida 1992; Nancy 1985). They focus on Lyotard's postmodern work and on The Differend in particular. A differend depends upon a distinction drawn between groups that itself depends upon the heterogeneity of language games and genres of discourse.

masks: Lyotard Lyotard


title: Jean-François Lyotard

texts:
 failing to see that Lyotard wants to go beyond the monopoly of the cognitive, argumentative genre, in order to give other genres a right to exist as well. From a Nietzschean and Deleuzian point of view (James Williams 2000), Lyotard's postmodern philosophy took a turn toward a destructive modern nihilism that his early work avoids. The different and the sublime are negative terms that introduce a severe pessimism at the core of Lyotard's philosophy. Both terms draw lines that cannot be crossed and yet they mark the threshold of that which is most valuable for the philosophy, that which is to be testified to and its proper concern. It is not possible repetitively to lend an ear to the sublime without falling into despair due to its fleeting nature. Whenever we try to understand or even memorize: the activity of testimony through the sublime, it can only be as something that has now dissipated and that we cannot capture.Charles J. Stivale reviewed Lyotard's The Differend (in English translation) in 1990, stating:

Influence
The collective tribute to Lyotard following his death was organized by the Collège International de Philosophie, and chaired by <mask> and Jean-Claude Milner, the College's director at that time. The proceedings were published by PUF in 2001 under the general title Jean-François Lyotard, l'exercice du différend. Lyotard's work continues to be important in politics, philosophy, sociology, literature, art, and cultural studies. To mark the tenth anniversary of Lyotard's death, an international symposium about Jean-François


title: Jean-François Lyotard

texts:
 Lyotard organized by the Collège International de Philosophie (under the direction of <mask>, Jean-Claude Milner and Gerald Sfez) was held in Paris from January 25–27 in 2007. Miscellaneous

 In Pierre Gripari's novel Pierrot la lune, he writes about a Lyotard, who is given the name "Jef" in the novel, saying that he was the only person with whom he could open up about his homosexuality: "I do not understand Jef, but I need him." In a 1984 interview with Georges Van Den Abbeele, Lyotard discusses how he views all the work he's published as rough drafts, noting that, "Even Le différend (1984), which I spent nine years elaborating and writing, remains a sketch, whose master I have not been. And in this sense, I can without lying plead limited responsibility.That is to say: a reader cannot incorrectly locate in a piece of writing an aspect which, according to me, is not at all there." Lyotard was quoted as having privately said, in a conversation with David Hawkes, that "capital is the enemy". Selected publications
Phenomenology. Trans. Brian Beakley. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991 [La Phénoménologie. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1954], .Discourse, Figure. Trans. Antony Hudek and Mary Lydon. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011 [Discours, figure. Paris: Klincksieck, 1971], . Libidinal Economy. Trans.Iain Hamilton Grant. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993 [Économie libidinale. Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1974], . Duchamp's TRANS/formers. Trans. Ian McLeod. California: Lapis Press, 1990 [Les


title: Jean-François Lyotard

texts:
 1998. The Confession of Augustine. Trans. Richard Beardsworth. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000 [La Confession d’Augustin.Paris: Galilée, 1998]. Soundproof Room: Malraux’s Anti-Aesthetics. Trans. Robert Harvey. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001 [Chambre sourde: L’Antiesthétique de Malraux. Paris: Galilée, 1998]. Jean-François Lyotard : Writings on Contemporary Art and Artists, Six volumes.Ed. Herman Parret, Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2010–2013. Jean-François Lyotard: The Interviews and Debates. Ed. Kiff Bamford. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. See also
Continental philosophy
Post-structuralism
Aestheticism

References
Notes

Further reading
Bamford, Kiff.Jean-François Lyotard: Critical Lives. London: Reaktion Books, 2017. Bamford, Kiff. Lyotard and the "figural" in Performance, Art and Writing. London: Bloomsbury, 2012. Callinicos, Alex. Social theory: a historical introduction.New York: New York University Press, 1999. Elliott, Anthony, and Larry J. Ray. "Jean Francois Lyotard." Key contemporary social theorists. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2003. Ford Derek R. Inhuman Educations: Jean-Francois <mask>, Pedagogy, Thought. Leiden: Brill.2021. Grebowicz, Margret. Gender After Lyotard. SUNY Press, 2007. Lemert, Charles C.. "After Modern." Social theory: the multicultural and classic readings. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993.Lewis, Jeff. Cultural Studies. London: Sage, 2008. <mask>, Dolorès, et al. Jean-François Lyotard. L'Exercice du Différend (with essays by Alain Badiou, Jean-Luc Nancy,


title: Charles F. Shoemaker

texts:
<mask> (27 March 184111 July 1913) was a captain in the United States Revenue Cutter Service and was appointed in 1895 by Secretary of the Treasury John G. Carlisle to be Chief of the Revenue Marine Division of the Department of the Treasury. <mask> was noted for his leadership in gaining improvements in the retirement system for officers in the Revenue Cutter Service and for leading the service at a time when there were many engineering improvements made in the construction of vessels used by the service. During his tenure he worked successfully with three different Secretaries of the Treasury as an appointee to improve the personnel standards and the vessels used by the service. Although he was never formally known as Commandant, he is recognized today as the second Commandant of the Coast Guard. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Iowa Territory on 27 March 1841. His father, William R<mask> was an officer in the ordnance department of the U.S. Army and moved his family from one post to another many times during his army career. As a child, <mask> was educated at home by members of his family and he became adept at mathematics.At 17, <mask> received an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy from Miguel Otero, the congressional delegate from New Mexico Territory. At the end of three years, he resigned from the academy and was commissioned as a third lieutenant in the Revenue Cutter Service on 20 November 1860. Career

His first assignment was aboard the USRC Lewis Cass stationed at Mobile, Alabama. In the days leading up to the Civil War his commanding officer, Captain James J. Morrison, resigned his commission, turned the cutter over to Alabama state authorities and left <mask> to lead his officers and men back to

masks:
Charles Frederick Shoemaker
Shoemaker
Shoemaker
. Shoemaker
Charles Shoemaker
Shoemaker
Shoemaker


title: Charles F. Shoemaker

texts: Union territory. He served on several revenue cutters guarding the Port Of New York until 4 April 1864 when he resigned his commission to go into private business. <mask> was re-commissioned a third lieutenant on 25 June 1868 and promoted to a second lieutenant on 12 March 1872 serving at various stations on the Atlantic coast.In 1875, he was serving on , homeported at New Bedford, Massachusetts until he was assigned the duties of assistant inspector of the U.S. Life-Saving Service at New York City. In 1876 he was appointed assistant inspector of the Third Life Saving District of the U.S. Life-Saving Service and while serving in that billet was promoted to first lieutenant on 25 March 1878. In 1878, <mask> was transferred to the office of Sumner I. Kimball, then the Chief of the Revenue Marine Bureau and was assigned investigating duties and heard complaints against keepers at all Life-Saving Service stations. In 1880, he was assigned to investigate the sinking of the British barque M & S Henderson near the Pea Island Life-Saving Station. After taking statements from the station crew and survivors of the shipwreck, <mask> concluded that the surfman on watch had been negligent as a lookout and that the station's keeper had lied under oath. Both were dismissed and Shoemaker appointed Richard Etheridge, a black surfman as the new keeper. Etheridge was the first black keeper of a life saving station and was permitted to have an all black crew on the recommendation of <mask>; a situation that lasted until 1947 when the station was disestablished.<mask> was assigned as executive officer on the USRC Seward in 1882 which at the time patrolled the Gulf Coast and was homeported at Bay Saint Louis, Mississippi. In 1885 he was once

masks: Shoemaker Shoemaker Shoemaker Shoemaker Shoemaker


title: Charles F. Shoemaker

texts:
 again detailed to the USLSS, first as an assistant inspector of the Third District and later as inspector of all districts except the Twelfth district on the Pacific coast. During this assignment, he located and obtained sites for stations, conducted 300 investigations and brought serious charges against four assistant superintendents of the service. In April 1891 he was assigned as commanding officer of USRC Washington at the Port of New York. After shifting Washington to Philadelphia in 1893, he assumed command of the newly commissioned USRC Hudson in Philadelphia and returned to New York for harbor patrol duty. Chief of Revenue Cutter Service

On 19 March 1895, Secretary of the Treasury, John Griffin Carlisle appointed <mask> to replace Leonard G. Shepard as Chief of the Revenue Cutter Division and promoted him to senior captain. Improvements in service retirement
As a result of Secretary Carlisle's and predecessor Shepard's efforts, legislation passed during March 1895 allowed <mask> to place 39 disabled officers that had been on active duty since the Civil War on a retired list, thus giving younger officers a chance at promotion.Since retirement practices of the period were non-existent, so many long serving officers were kept on active duty status well beyond their ability to actually serve effectively because of age and health related issues. Because the number of officers in the RCS was limited by Congressional legislation, this caused senior officers to serve in multiple billets and junior officers oftentimes had to serve in billets that required a senior officer, but they couldn't be promoted or paid the senior officer's pay. The legislation of March 1895 allowed the Chief of the Revenue Cutter Division to take

masks: Shoemaker Shoemaker


title: Charles F. Shoemaker

texts:
 opening up opportunities for promotion for the lower ranks. New cutter construction
Building on the foundation laid by Shepard, <mask> oversaw the acquisition of new steel-hulled cutters and increased the number of cutters in service including five cutters over 200 feet in length. Older cutters dating back to before the Civil War were retired and newer cutters replaced them, all were designed with steam propulsion. Changes in the RCS School of Instruction
Shoemaker was responsible as the new Chief of the Revenue Cutter Service in enlarging the school's training cutter, USRC Salmon P. Chase so that it could accommodate more cadets. The training cutter had no specific homeport and put into various ports to only to re-provision and get mail.During his tenure, <mask> acquired the land for Chase to use as a homeport and for repairs at Arundel Cove in Curtis Bay, Maryland. A small two-story building was built for the school as well as a 400-foot pier for the Chase. This site eventually became the service's vessel construction and overhaul facility and today is known as the United States Coast Guard Yard. Retirement and death
Upon reaching the statutory retirement age of 64, <mask> was placed the Retired List on 27 March 1905. He was succeeded by Senior Captain Worth G. Ross. On 8 May 1908, <mask> was promoted to the rank of Captain-Commandant on the Revenue Cutter Service Retired List by Act of Congress. He died at his home in Woodstock, Virginia on 11 July 1913 and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery

See also

Notes
Footnotes

Citations

References cited

External links
Historian's Office  U.S. Coast Guard Official website

1841 births
1913 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Commandants of the United States

masks: Shoemaker Shoemaker Shoemaker Shoemaker


title: Aimé Bonpland

texts:
<mask> (August 1773 – May 1858) was a French explorer and botanist who traveled with Alexander von Humboldt in Latin America from 1799 to 1804. He co-authored volumes of the scientific results of their expedition. Biography
<mask> was born as <mask>ud in La Rochelle, France, on 22, 28, or 29 August 1773. His father was a physician and, around 1790, he joined his brother Michael in Paris, where they both studied medicine. From 1791, they attended courses given at Paris's Botanical Museum of Natural History. Their teachers included Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, and René Louiche Desfontaines; Aimé further studied under Jean-Nicolas Corvisart and may have attended classes given by Pierre-Joseph Desault at the Hôtel-Dieu. During this period, Aimé also befriended his fellow student, Xavier Bichat.Amid the turmoil of the French Revolution and Revolutionary Wars, <mask> served as a surgeon in the French army or navy. Having befriended Alexander von Humboldt at Corvisart's house, he joined him on a five-year journey to Tenerife and the Spanish colonial empire in the Americas,  traveling to what later became the independent states of Venezuela, Cuba, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Mexico, as well as the Orinoco and Amazon basins, with a last stop in the United States. During this trip, he collected and classified about 6,000 plants that were mostly unknown in Europe up to that time. His account of these findings was published as a series of volumes from 1808 to 1816 entitled Equatorial Plants (). Upon his return to Paris, Napoleon granted him a pension of 3000 francs per year in return for the many specimens he bestowed upon the Museum of Natural History. The Empress Josephine was very fond of him and installed him as superintendent over the gardens at Malmaison, where many seeds he had brought from the Americas were cultivated. In 1813, he published his Description of the Rare Plants Cultivated at Malmaison and in Navarre ().During this period, he

masks:
Aimé Jacques Alexandre Bonpland
Bonpland
Aimé Jacques Alexandre Gouja
Bonpland


title: Aimé Bonpland

texts: also became acquainted with Gay-Lussac, Arago, and other eminent scientists and, after the abdication of Fontainebleau, vainly pleaded with Napoleon to retire to Venezuela. He was present at Josephine's deathbed. In 1816, he took various European plants to Buenos Aires, where he was elected professor of natural history. He soon left his post, however, to explore the interior of South America. In 1821, he established a colony at Santa Ana near the Paraná for the specific object of harvesting and selling yerba mate. The colony was located in territory claimed by both Paraguay and Argentina; further, José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, dictator of Paraguay, "feared that Bonpland's success in cultivating mate would interfere with his own attempt to monopolize that business." The Paraguayans therefore destroyed the colony on December 8, 1821, and Bonpland was arrested as a spy and detained at Santa Maria, Paraguay until 1829.During his captivity, he married and had several children. He was given freedom of movement and acted as a physician for the local poor and the military garrison. At the same epoch, the Swiss naturalist Johann Rudolph Rengger also stayed in Paraguay: he was not allowed to cross the strictly guarded border, but was free to circulate pending the request of a special permit for each excursion. <mask> was freed in 1829 and in 1831 returned to Argentina, where he settled at San Borja in Corrientes. There, aged 58, he married  a local woman and made a living farming and trading in yerba mate. In 1853, he returned to Santa Ana, where he cultivated the orange trees he had introduced. He received a piastre estate from the Corrientes government in gratitude for his work in the province.The small town around it is now known as "Bonpland" in his honor. A different small town in Misiones province just south of Santa Ana (Misiones) is also named Bonpland. He died at age 84, at San Borja, Santa Ana, or Restauración on 4 or 11 May 1858, before his planned


title: Aimé Bonpland

texts:
 return to Paris. Legacy
His collection of plant specimens deposited in Paris at the National Museum of Natural History, France was curated by Alicia Lourteig. Bonpland's biography was written by Adolphe Brunel. A fictionalized account of his travels with Humboldt occurs in Daniel Kehlmann's Die Vermessung der Welt, translated by Carol Brown Janeway as Measuring the World: A Novel. Bonpland Street in the upscale Buenos Aires neighborhood of Palermo Hollywood lies among streets named after Charles Darwin, Robert FitzRoy, and Alexander von Humboldt.There is also a Bonpland Street in the city of Bahía Blanca, Argentina, in Caracas, Venezuela, and in Montevideo, Uruguay. Many animals and plants are also named in his honor, including the squid Grimalditeuthis bonplandi and the orchid Ornithocephalus bonplandi. The lunar crater Bonpland is named after him. Also Pico Bonpland in the Venezuelan Andes is named to his honor, although he never visited the Venezuelan Andes. A peak of over  in New Zealand also bears his name. The mountain is near the head of Lake Wakatipu in the South Island. Taxonomic descriptions
The following genera and species have been named or described by <mask> <mask>.Genera

Species

Works
1805: Essai sur la géographie des plantes. Written with Alexander von Humboldt. English translation from 2009. 1811: A collection of observations on zoology and comparative anatomy written with Alexander von Humboldt, Printing JH Stone, Paris. Digital version at the website Gallica. 1813: Description of rare plants grown at Malmaison and Navarre by <mask> <mask>. Printing P. The elder Didot, Paris.By <mask> <mask> dedicated to the Empress Joséphine. Digital version at the website Botanicus, and Digital version of the illustrations at the website of the Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de santé (Interuniversity Library of Health). 1815: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 1, Lutetiae Parisiorum,

masks: Aimé Bonpland Aimé Bonpland Aimé Bonpland


title: Aimé Bonpland

texts:
 Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus. 1816: Monograph Melastomacées including all plants of this order including Rhexies, Volume 1, Paris. 1817: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 2, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus.1818: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 3, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus. 1820: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 4, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus. 1821: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 5, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus. 1823: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 6, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris.Digital version at the website Botanicus. 1823: Monograph Melastomacées including all plants of this order including Rhexies, Volume 2, Paris. 1825: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 7, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus. See also
 Rengger, Johann Rudolph (1795-1832)
 von Humboldt, Alexander (1769-1859)
 :Category:Taxa named by <mask> Bonpland

References

Citations

Bibliography

 . External links

 View biographical information in Australian National Botanic Gardens
 View biographical information on and digitized titles by Aimė <mask> in Botanicus.org

19th-century explorers
19th-century French botanists
19th-century French physicians
1773 births
1858 deaths
Alexander von Humboldt
Botanists active in North America
Botanists active in South America
French emigrants to Argentina
French explorers
French phycologists
People from La

masks: Aimé Bonpland


title: Andrew B. Steinberg

texts:
<mask> (October 12, 1958 – May 20, 2012) was a leading aviation regulatory lawyer, who held several key posts in the public and private sectors in the United States. He served until 2008 as the Assistant Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs within the United States Department of Transportation, after being confirmed to the position by the U.S. Senate on September 29, 2006, following appointment by President George W<mask>. Prior to that post, he had been appointed by the President in May 2003, as the Chief Counsel of the Federal Aviation Administration, where he served as the top legal advisor to FAA Administrator Marion C<mask>. <mask> was a partner in the Washington D.C. office of the international law firm of Jones Day, where he led the firm's aviation regulatory practice, a post once held by aviation pioneer L. Welch Pogue. Education and career

From 2000 to 2002, <mask> was Executive Vice President of Administration, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary for Travelocity.com, Inc., the online travel site, following its acquisition of Preview Travel, Inc.

From 1996 to 2000, he was Senior Vice President and then Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Sabre, Inc., a leading provider of computerized reservation systems and information technology to the travel industry. From 1990 to 1996, he held a number of senior positions within the legal department of American Airlines, Inc., serving as Associate General Counsel in charge of the airline's employment and environmental legal practice, and Senior Attorney responsible for antitrust matters. From 1986 to 1990, he was associated with the Los Angeles-based law firm of Gibson, Dunn and Crutcher, where he practiced antitrust law and commercial litigation.Immediately prior to joining the Department of Transportation, <mask> was Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Church & Dwight Co., Inc., a diversified consumer packaged goods and industrial products company with $1.5 billion in sales. <mask> earned his

masks:
Andrew Bart Steinberg
. Bush
. Blakey
Steinberg
Steinberg
Steinberg
Steinberg


title: Andrew B. Steinberg

texts:
 bachelor's degree in politics magna cum laude from Princeton University and graduated cum laude from Harvard Law School. After law school he served as a judicial law clerk to the Honorable Richard A. Gadbois, Jr. in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. Assistant Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs

As Assistant Secretary, <mask> handled several heavily contested and controversial matters. He granted economic authority to Virgin America to begin flights in the U.S., over the heavy opposition of U.S. airlines and labor unions, finding that the airline was not under the control of Virgin Group’s <mask>. He tried unsuccessfully to end federally subsidized flights to 65 smaller communities, saying the Essential Air Service program did not work and needed reform. About a possible merger in 2007, between US Airways and Delta Air Lines, <mask> said in congressional testimony that while any merger immediately reduces the number of competitors, ultimately market forces would play out to benefit consumers.On the international front, under Secretary Mary Peters, he led DOT’s efforts in 2007, to secure an “Open Skies” agreement with the European Union. <mask> helped negotiate an agreement with the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) that doubled air routes to the U.S., and then signed an order giving United Airlines and Delta Air Lines access to coveted new routes to China (from San Francisco to Guangzhou and from Atlanta to Shanghai respectively). He opposed the inclusion of aviation in Europe's Emissions Trading Scheme, claiming it "would violate international law and undercut international efforts to better manage the impact of aviation emissions," a position disputed by EU authorities. He also promoted the use of  satellite-based air traffic systems as part of efforts to modernize legacy air traffic control systems in the U.S. and elsewhere. FAA Chief Counsel

At the FAA, <mask> oversaw a staff of 290 individuals, including approximately 200

masks:
Steinberg
Richard Branson
Steinberg
Steinberg
Steinberg


title: Andrew B. Steinberg

texts:
 aviation lawyers, located in Washington and in the agency's 11 regional offices and technical centers. In 2006, he issued a cease and desist order against a jet management company that the FAA claimed was involved in illegal operations as an air carrier and was linked to a crash at Teterboro Airport. He also defended the agency’s decision, after an impasse with the National Air Traffic Controllers Association, to impose a new contract on NATCA.Private law practice

At Jones Day, <mask> has represented large airline clients opposed to FAA efforts to increase safety regulation, including new limits on pilot work hours. He also defended a commuter airline, Gulfstream International Airlines, against FAA safety allegations over alleged maintenance and work rule violations after the airline’s training academy came under scrutiny in the Colgan Flight 3407 crash. He has been critical of the slow pace of modernization of the air traffic control system under the FAA “NextGen” program. He claimed that President <mask>'s National Mediation Board would take various procedural steps to benefit airline labor unions, which later occurred. Earlier in his career, <mask> represented American Airlines in defeating claims of predatory pricing and attempted monopolization by Continental Airlines and Northwest Airlines, who were represented by prominent plaintiff’s attorneys <mask> and Joe Jamail. Awards

In 2008, <mask> won the Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award (now known as the Montreal Protocol Award) from the Environmental Protection Agency for his work representing the United States at the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), on preservation of the ozone layer. In 2013, <mask> was awarded (posthumously) the L. Welch Pogue Award for Lifetime Achievement in Aviation.References

United States Department of Transportation officials
California lawyers
1958 births
Princeton University alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
2012 deaths
Antitrust lawyers
People associated with Gibson Dunn
20th-century American

masks:
Steinberg
Barack Obama
Steinberg
David Boies
Steinberg
Steinberg