title: Pontius Pilate

texts: versions appearing in the mid-twelfth century, followed by many vernacular translations. Howard Martin summarizes the general content of these legendary biographies as follows: a king who was skilled in astrology and named Atus lived in Mainz. The king reads in the stars that he will bear a son who will rule over many lands, so he has a miller's daughter named Pila brought to him whom he impregnates; <mask>'s name thus results from the combination of the names Pila with Atus.A few years later, <mask> is brought to his father's court where he kills his half-brother. As a result, he is sent as a hostage to Rome, where he kills another hostage. As punishment he is sent to the island of Pontius, whose inhabitants he subjugates, thus acquiring the name Pontius Pilate. King Herod hears of this accomplishment and asks him to come to Palestine to aid his rule there; <mask> comes but soon usurps Herod's power. The trial and judgment of Jesus then happens as in the gospels. The emperor in Rome is suffering from a terrible disease at this time, and hearing of Christ's healing powers, sends for him only to learn from Saint Veronica that Christ has been crucified, but she possesses a cloth with the image of his face. <mask> is taken as a prisoner with her to Rome to be judged, but every time the emperor sees Pilate to condemn him, his anger dissipates.This is revealed to be because <mask> is wearing Jesus's coat; when the coat is removed, the Emperor condemns him to death, but <mask> commits suicide first. The body is first thrown in the Tiber, but because it causes storms it is then moved to Vienne, and then

masks: Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate


title: Pontius Pilate

type: original

texts:
 thrown in a lake in the high Alps. One important version of the Pilate legend is found in the Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine (1263–1273), one of the most popular books of the later Middle Ages. In the Golden Legend, <mask> is portrayed as closely associated with Judas, first coveting the fruit in the orchard of Judas's father Ruben, then granting Judas Ruben's property after Judas has killed his own father. Western Europe
Several places in Western Europe have traditions associated with Pilate. The cities of Lyon and Vienne in modern France claim to be <mask>'s birthplace: Vienne has a Maison de Pilate, a Prétoire de Pilate and a Tour de Pilate. One tradition states that <mask> was banished to Vienne where a Roman ruin is associated with his tomb; according to another, <mask> took refuge in a mountain (now called Mount Pilatus) in modern Switzerland, before eventually committing suicide in a lake on its summit.This connection to Mount Pilatus is attested from 1273 onwards, while Lake Lucerne has been called "Pilatus-See" (Pilate Lake) beginning in the fourteenth century. A number of traditions also connected <mask> to Germany. In addition to Mainz, Bamberg, Hausen, Upper Franconia were also claimed to be his place of birth, while some traditions place his death in the Saarland. The town of Tarragona in modern Spain possesses a first-century Roman tower, which, since the eighteenth-century, has been called the "Torre del Pilatos," in which <mask> is claimed to have spent his last years. The tradition may go back to a misread Latin inscription on the tower. The cities of Huesca and Seville are


title: Pontius Pilate

texts:
 other cities in Spain associated with Pilate. Per a local legend, the village of Fortingall in Scotland claims to be Pilate's birthplace, but this is almost certainly a 19th-century invention—particularly as the Romans did not invade the British Isles until 43.Eastern Christianity
<mask> was also the subject of legends in Eastern Christianity. The Byzantine chronicler George Kedrenos (c. 1100) wrote that <mask> was condemned by Caligula to die by being left in the sun enclosed in the skin of a freshly slaughtered cow, together with a chicken, a snake, and a monkey. In a legend from medieval Rus', <mask> attempts to save Saint Stephen from being executed; <mask>, his wife and children have themselves baptized and bury Stephen in a gilded silver coffin. <mask> builds a church in the honor of Stephen, Gamaliel, and Nicodemus, who were martyred with Stephen. <mask> dies seven months later. In the medieval Slavonic Josephus, an Old Church Slavonic translation of Josephus, with legendary additions, <mask> kills many of Jesus's followers but finds Jesus innocent. After Jesus heals <mask>'s wife of a fatal illness, the Jews bribe Pilate with 30 talents to crucify Jesus.Art, literature, and film

Visual art

Late antique and early medieval art

<mask> is one of the most important figures in early Christian art; he is often given greater prominence than Jesus himself. He is, however, entirely absent from the earliest Christian art; all images postdate the emperor Constantine and can be classified as early Byzantine art. <mask> first appears in art on a Christian sarcophagus in 330; in the earliest depictions

masks: Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate


title: Pontius Pilate

texts: he is shown washing his hands without Jesus being present. In later images he is typically shown washing his hands of guilt in Jesus' presence. 44 depictions of <mask> predate the sixth century and are found on ivory, in mosaics, in manuscripts as well as on sarcophagi. <mask>'s iconography as a seated Roman judge derives from depictions of the Roman emperor, causing him to take on various attributes of an emperor or king, including the raised seat and clothing. The older Byzantine model of depicting <mask> washing his hands continues to appear on artwork into the tenth century; beginning in the seventh century, however, a new iconography of <mask> also emerges, which does not always show him washing his hands, includes him in additional scenes, and is based on contemporary medieval rather than Roman models.The majority of depictions from this time period come from France or Germany, belonging to Carolingian or later Ottonian art, and are mostly on ivory, with some in frescoes, but no longer on sculpture except in Ireland. New images of <mask> that appear in this period include depictions of the Ecce homo, <mask>'s presentation of the scourged Jesus to the crowd in John 19:5, as well as scenes deriving from the apocryphal Acts of <mask>. <mask> also comes to feature in scenes such as the Flagellation of Christ, where he is not mentioned in the Bible. The eleventh century sees <mask> iconography spread from France and Germany to Great Britain and further into the eastern Mediterranean. Images of <mask> are found on new materials such as metal, while he appeared less frequently on ivory, and


title: Pontius Pilate

texts:
 continues to be a frequent subject of gospel and psalter manuscript illuminations. Depictions continue to be greatly influenced by the Acts of Pilate, and the number of situations in which <mask> is depicted also increases. From the eleventh century onward, <mask> is frequently represented as a Jewish king, wearing a beard and a Jewish hat.In many depictions he is no longer depicted washing his hands, or is depicted washing his hands but not in the presence of Jesus, or else he is depicted in passion scenes in which the Bible does not mention him. Despite being venerated as a saint by the Coptic and Ethiopian Churches, very few images of <mask> exist in these traditions from any time period. High and late medieval and renaissance art

In the thirteenth century, depictions of the events of Christ's passion came to dominate all visual art forms—these depictions of the "Passion cycle" do not always include <mask>, but they often do so; when he is included, he is often given stereotyped Jewish features. One of the earliest examples of <mask> rendered as a Jew is from the eleventh century on the Hildesheim cathedral doors (see image, above right). This is the first known usage of the motif of <mask> being influenced and corrupted by the Devil in Medieval Art. While some believe that the Devil on the doors is rendered as the Jew in disguise, other scholars hold that the Devil's connection to the Jews here is a little less direct, as the motif of the Jew as the Devil was not well-established at that point. Rather, increased tensions between Christians and Jews initiated the association of Jews as friends


title: Pontius Pilate

texts: of the Devil, and the art alludes to this alliance.<mask> is typically represented in fourteen different scenes from his life; however, more than half of all thirteenth-century representations of <mask> show the trial of Jesus. <mask> also comes to be frequently depicted as present at the crucifixion, by the fifteenth century being a standard element of crucifixion artwork. While many images still draw from the Acts of Pilate, the Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine is the primary source for depictions of <mask> from the second half of the thirteenth century onward. <mask> now frequently appears in illuminations for books of hours, as well as in the richly illuminated Bibles moralisées, which include many biographical scenes adopted from the legendary material, although <mask>'s washing of hands remains the most frequently depicted scene. In the , <mask> is generally depicted as a Jew. In many other images, however, he is depicted as a king or with a mixture of attributes of a Jew and a king. The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries see fewer depictions of <mask>, although he generally appears in cycles of artwork on the passion.He is sometimes replaced by Herod, Annas, and Caiaphas in the trial scene. Depictions of <mask> in this period are mostly found in private devotional settings such as on ivory or in books; he is also a major subject in a number of panel-paintings, mostly German, and frescoes, mostly Scandinavian. The most frequent scene to include <mask> is his washing of his hands; <mask> is typically portrayed similarly to the high priests as an old, bearded man, often wearing a Jewish hat

masks: Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate


title: Pontius Pilate

texts:
 but sometimes a crown, and typically carrying a scepter. Images of <mask> were especially popular in Italy, where, however, he was almost always portrayed as a Roman, and often appears in the new medium of large-scale church paintings. <mask> continued to be represented in various manuscript picture bibles and devotional works as well, often with innovative iconography, sometimes depicting scenes from the Pilate legends. Many, mostly German, engravings and woodcuts of <mask> were created in the fifteenth century. Images of <mask> were printed in the Biblia pauperum ("Bibles of the Poor"), picture bibles focusing on the life of Christ, as well as the Speculum Humanae Salvationis ("Mirror of Human Salvation"), which continued to be printed into the sixteenth century.Post-medieval art

In the modern period, depictions of <mask> become less frequent, though occasional depictions are still made of his encounter with Jesus. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, <mask> was frequently dressed as an Arab, wearing a turban, long robes, and a long beard, given the same characteristics as the Jews. Notable paintings of this era include Tintoretto's Christ before <mask> (1566/67), in which <mask> is given the forehead of a philosopher, and Gerrit van Honthorst's 1617 Christ before <mask>, which was later recatalogued as Christ before the High Priest due to <mask>'s Jewish appearance. Following this longer period in which few depictions of <mask> were made, the increased religiosity of the mid-nineteenth century caused a slew of new depictions of <mask> <mask> to be created, now depicted as a Roman. In

masks: Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pontius Pilate


title: Pontius Pilate

texts: 1830, J. M. W. Turner painted Pilate Washing His Hands, in which the governor himself is not visible, but rather only the back of his chair, with lamenting women in the foreground. One famous nineteenth-century painting of Pilate is Christ before Pilate (1881) by Hungarian painter Mihály Munkácsy: the work brought Munkácsy great fame and celebrity in his lifetime, making his reputation and being popular in the United States in particular, where the painting was purchased. In 1896, Munkácsy painted a second painting featuring Christ and <mask>, Ecce homo, which however was never exhibited in the United States; both paintings portray Jesus's fate as in the hands of the crowd rather than <mask>.The "most famous of nineteenth-century pictures" of <mask> is What is truth? () by the Russian painter Nikolai Ge, which was completed in 1890; the painting was banned from exhibition in Russia in part because the figure of <mask> was identified as representing the tsarist authorities. In 1893, Ge painted another painting, Golgotha, in which <mask> is represented only by his commanding hand, sentencing Jesus to death. The Scala sancta, supposedly the staircase from <mask>'s praetorium, now located in Rome, is flanked by a life-sized sculpture of Christ and <mask> in the Ecce homo scene made in the nineteenth century by the Italian sculptor Ignazio Jacometti. The image of <mask> condemning Jesus to death is commonly encountered today as the first scene of the Stations of the Cross, first found in Franciscan Catholic churches in the seventeenth century and found in almost all Catholic churches since the

masks: Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate


title: Pontius Pilate

texts:
 nineteenth century. Medieval plays
<mask> plays a major role in the medieval passion play. He is frequently depicted as a more important character to the narrative than even Jesus, and became one of the most important figures of medieval drama in the fifteenth century.The three most popular scenes in the plays to include <mask> are his washing of hands, the warning of his wife Procula not to harm Jesus, and the writing of the titulus on Jesus' cross. <mask>'s characterization varies greatly from play to play, but later plays frequently portray <mask> somewhat ambiguously, though he is usually a negative character, and sometimes an evil villain. While in some plays <mask> is opposed to the Jews and condemns them, in others he describes himself as a Jew or supports their wish to kill Christ. In the passion plays from the continental Western Europe, <mask>'s characterization varies from good to evil, but he is mostly a benign figure. The earliest surviving passion play, the thirteenth-century  from Klosterneuburg, portrays <mask> as a weak administrator who succumbs to the whims of the Jews in having Christ crucified. <mask> goes on to play an important role in the increasingly long and elaborate passion plays performed in the German-speaking countries and in France. In Arnoul Gréban's fifteenth-century Passion, <mask> instructs the flagellators on how best to whip Jesus.The 1517  portrays <mask> as condemning Christ to death out of fear of losing Herod's friendship and to earn the Jews' good will, despite his long dialogues with the Jews in which he professes Christ's innocence. He eventually becomes


title: Pontius Pilate

texts: a Christian himself. In the 1493 , on the other hand, <mask> himself accuses Christ. The fifteenth-century German Benediktbeuern passion play depicts <mask> as a good friend of Herod's, kissing him in a reminiscence of the kiss of Judas. Colum Hourihane argues that all of these plays supported antisemitic tropes and were written at times when persecution of Jews on the continent were high. The fifteenth-century Roman  depicts <mask> as trying to save Jesus against the wishes of the Jews. In the Italian passion plays, <mask> never identifies himself as a Jew, condemning them in the fifteenth-century  and stressing the Jews' fear of the "new law" of Christ.Hourihane argues that in England, where the Jews had been expelled in 1290, <mask>'s characterization may have been used primarily to satyrize corrupt officials and judges rather than to stoke antisemitism. In several English plays, <mask> is portrayed speaking French or Latin, the languages of the ruling classes and the law. In the Wakefield plays, <mask> is portrayed as wickedly evil, describing himself as Satan's agent () while plotting Christ's torture so as to extract the most pain. He nonetheless washes his hands of guilt after the tortures have been administered. Yet many scholars believe the motif of the conniving devil and the Jews to be inextricably linked. By the thirteenth century, medieval arts and literature had a well-established tradition of the Jew as the Devil in disguise. Thus, some scholars believe that Anti-Judaism still lies near the heart of the matter.In the fifteenth-century English Townley Cycle, <mask> is portrayed as a


title: Pontius Pilate

texts: pompous lord and prince of the Jews, but also as forcing Christ's torturer to give him Christ's clothes at the foot of the cross. It is he alone who wishes to kill Christ rather than the high priests, conspiring together with Judas. In the fifteenth-century English York passion play, <mask> judges Jesus together with Annas and Caiaphas, becoming a central character of the passion narrative who converses with and instructs other characters. In this play, when Judas comes back to <mask> and the priests to tell them he no longer wishes to betray Jesus, <mask> browbeats Judas into going through with the plan. Not only does <mask> force Judas to betray Christ, he double-crosses him and refuses to take him on as a servant once Judas has done so. Moreover, <mask> also swindles his way into possession of the Potter's field, thus owning the land on which Judas commits suicide. In the York passion cycle, <mask> describes himself as a courtier, but in most English passion plays he proclaims his royal ancestry.The actor who portrayed <mask> in the English plays would typically speak loudly and authoritatively, a fact which was parodied in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. The fifteenth century also sees <mask> as a character in plays based on legendary material: one, , exists in two dramatic treatments focusing on the horrible fates that befell Christ's tormenters: it portrays <mask> being tied to a pillar, covered with oil and honey, and then slowly dismembered over 21 days; he is carefully tended to so that he does not die until the end. Another play focusing on <mask>'s death is Cornish and based on the


title: Pontius Pilate

texts:
 . The  by Jean Michel includes legendary scenes of <mask>'s life before the passion. Modern literature
<mask> <mask> appears as a character in a large number of literary works, typically as a character in the judgment of Christ. One of the earliest literary works in which he plays a large role is French writer Anatole France's 1892 short story  ("The Procurator of Judaea"), which portrays an elderly <mask> who has been banished to Sicily. There he lives happily as a farmer and is looked after by his daughter, but suffers from gout and obesity and broods over his time as governor of Judaea.Spending his time at the baths of Baiae, <mask> is unable to remember Jesus at all. John Masefield's play in verse, Good Friday was written in 1916. <mask> is the protagonist. <mask> makes a brief appearance in the preface to George Bernard Shaw's 1933 play On the Rocks where he argues against Jesus about the dangers of revolution and of new ideas. Shortly afterwards, French writer Roger Caillois wrote a novel Pontius <mask> (1936), in which <mask> acquits Jesus. <mask> features prominently in Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, which was written in the 1930s but only published in 1966, twenty six years after the author's death. Henry I. MacAdam describes it as "the 'cult classic' of Pilate-related fiction."The work features a novel within the novel about <mask> <mask> and his encounter with Jesus (Yeshu Ha-Notsri) by an author only called the Master. Because of this subject matter, the Master has been attacked for "Pilatism" by the Soviet literary establishment. Five chapters of the

masks: Pilate Pontius Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pontius Pilate


title: Pontius Pilate

texts: novel are featured as chapters of The Master and Margarita. In them, <mask> is portrayed as wishing to save Jesus, being affected by his charisma, but as too cowardly to do so. Russian critics in the 1960s interpreted this <mask> as "a model of the spineless provincial bureaucrats of Stalinist Russia." <mask> becomes obsessed with his guilt for having killed Jesus. Because he betrayed his desire to follow his morality and free Jesus, <mask> must suffer for eternity.<mask>'s burden of guilt is finally lifted by the Master when he encounters him at the end of Bulgakov's novel. The majority of literary texts about <mask> come from the time after the Second World War, a fact which Alexander Demandt suggests shows a cultural dissatisfaction with <mask> having washed his hands of guilt. One of Swiss writer Friedrich Dürrenmatt's earliest stories ("Pilatus," 1949) portrays <mask> as aware that he is torturing God in the trial of Jesus. Swiss playwright Max Frisch's comedy  portrays <mask> as a skeptical intellectual who refuses to take responsibility for the suffering he has caused. The German Catholic novelist Gertrud von Le Fort's  portrays <mask>'s wife as converting to Christianity after attempting to save Jesus and assuming <mask>'s guilt for herself; <mask> executes her as well. In 1986, Soviet-Kyrgiz writer Chingiz Aitmatov published a novel in Russian featuring <mask> titled  (The Place of the Skull). The novel centers on an extended dialogue between <mask> and Jesus witnessed in a vision by the narrator Avdii Kallistratov, a former seminarian.<mask> is presented as a materialist pessimist who

masks: Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate


title: Pontius Pilate

texts:
 believes mankind will soon destroy itself, whereas Jesus offers a message of hope. Among other topics, the two anachronistically discuss the meaning of the last judgment and the second coming; <mask> fails to comprehend Jesus's teachings and is complacent as he sends him to his death. Film
<mask> has been depicted in a number of films, being included in portrayals of Christ's passion already in some of the earliest films produced. In the 1927 silent film The King of Kings, <mask> is played by Hungarian-American actor Victor Varconi, who is introduced seated under an enormous 37 feet high Roman eagle, which Christopher McDonough argues symbolizes "not power that he possesses but power that possesses him". During the Ecce homo scene, the eagle stands in the background between Jesus and <mask>, with a wing above each figure; after hesitantly condemning Jesus, <mask> passes back to the eagle, which is now framed beside him, showing his isolation in his decision and, McDonough suggests, causing the audience to question how well he has served the emperor. The film The Last Days of Pompeii (1935) portrays <mask> as "a representative of the gross materialism of the Roman empire", with the actor Basil Rathbone giving him long fingers and a long nose. Following the Second World War, <mask> and the Romans often take on a villainous role in American film.The 1953 film The Robe portrays <mask> as completely covered with gold and rings as a sign of Roman decadence. The 1959 film Ben-Hur shows <mask> presiding over a chariot race, in a scene that Ann Wroe says "seemed closely modeled on the Hitler footage of the

masks: Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate


title: Pontius Pilate

texts: 1936 Olympics," with <mask> bored and sneering. Martin Winkler, however, argues that Ben-Hur provides a more nuanced and less condemnatory portrayal of <mask> and the Roman Empire than most American films of the period. Only one film has been made entirely in <mask>'s perspective, the 1962 French-Italian Ponzio Pilato, where <mask> was played by Jean Marais. In the 1973 film Jesus Christ Superstar, the trial of Jesus takes place in the ruins of a Roman theater, suggesting the collapse of Roman authority and "the collapse of all authority, political or otherwise". The Pilate in the film, played by Barry Dennen, expands on John 18:38 to question Jesus on the truth and appears, in McDonough's view, as "an anxious representative of [...] moral relativism". Speaking of Dennen's portrayal in the trial scene, McDonough describes him as a "cornered animal."Wroe argues that later Pilates took on a sort of effeminancy, illustrated by the Pilate in Monty Python's Life of Brian, where <mask> lisps and mispronounces his r's as w's. In Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), <mask> is played by David Bowie, who appears as "gaunt and eerily hermaphrodite." Bowie's <mask> speaks with a British accent, contrasting with the American accent of Jesus (Willem Dafoe). The trial takes place in <mask>'s private stables, implying that <mask> does not think the judgment of Jesus very important, and no attempt is made to take any responsibility from <mask> for Jesus's death, which he orders without any qualms. Mel Gibson's 2004 film The Passion of the Christ portrays <mask>, played by Hristo Shopov, as a


title: Pontius Pilate

texts:
 sympathetic, noble-minded character, fearful that the Jewish priest Caiaphas will start an uprising if he does not give in to his demands. He expresses disgust at the Jewish authorities' treatment of Jesus when Jesus is brought before him and offers Jesus a drink of water. McDonough argues that "Shopov gives us a very subtle Pilate, one who manages to appear alarmed though not panicked before the crowd, but who betrays far greater misgivings in private conversation with his wife."Legacy

<mask> <mask> is mentioned as having been involved in the crucifixion in both the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. The Apostles Creed states that Jesus "suffered under <mask> <mask>, was crucified, died, and was buried." The Nicene Creed states "For our sake [Jesus] was crucified under <mask> <mask>; he suffered death and was buried." These creeds are recited weekly by many Christians. <mask> is the only person besides Jesus and Mary mentioned by name in the creeds. The mention of <mask> in the creeds serves to mark the passion as a historical event. He is venerated as a saint by the Ethiopian Church with a feast day on 19 June, and was historically venerated by the Coptic Church, with a feast day of 25 June.<mask>'s washing his hands of responsibility for Jesus's death in Matthew 27:24 is a commonly encountered image in the popular imagination, and is the origin of the English phrase "to wash one's hands of (the matter)", meaning to refuse further involvement with or responsibility for something. Parts of the dialogue attributed to <mask> in the Gospel of John have become particularly famous sayings,

masks: Pontius Pilate Pontius Pilate Pontius Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate


title: Pontius Pilate

texts:
 especially quoted in the Latin version of the Vulgate. These include  ( "Am I a Jew? "), John 18:38 (; "What is truth? "), John 19:5 (, "Behold the man! "),  (, "Behold your king! "), and  (, "What I have written, I have written").The Gospels' deflection of responsibility for Jesus's crucifixion from <mask> to the Jews has been blamed for fomenting antisemitism from the Middle Ages through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Scholarly assessments
The main ancient sources on <mask> offer very different views on his governorship and personality. Philo is hostile, Josephus mostly neutral, and the Gospels "comparatively friendly." This, combined with the general lack of information on <mask>'s long time in office, has resulted in a wide range of assessments by modern scholars. On the basis of the many offenses that <mask> caused to the Judaean populace, some scholars find <mask> to have been a particularly bad governor. M. P. Charlesworth argues that <mask> was "a man whose character and capacity fell below those of the ordinary provincial official [...] in ten years he had piled blunder on blunder in his scorn for and misunderstanding of the people he was sent to rule." However, Paul Maier argues that <mask>'s long term as governor of Judaea indicates he must have been a reasonably competent administrator, while Henry MacAdam argues that "[a]mong the Judaean governors prior to the Jewish War, <mask> must be ranked as more capable than most."Other scholars have argued that <mask> was simply culturally insensitive in his interactions with the Jews and in this way a typical Roman official. Beginning


title: Pontius Pilate

texts:
 with E. Stauffer in 1948, some scholars have argued, on the basis of his possible appointment by Sejanus, that <mask>'s offenses against the Jews were directed by Sejanus out of hatred of the Jews and a desire to destroy their nation, a theory supported by the pagan imagery on <mask>'s coins. According to this theory, following Sejanus's execution in 31 and Tiberius's purges of his supporters, <mask>, fearful of being removed himself, became far more cautious, explaining his apparently weak and vacillating attitude at the trial of Jesus. Helen Bond argues that "[g]iven the history of pagan designs throughout Judaean coinage, particularly from Herod and Gratus, <mask>'s coins do not seem to be deliberately offensive," and that the coins offer little evidence of any connection between <mask> and Sejanus. Carter notes this theory arose in the context of the aftermath of the Holocaust, that the evidence that Sejanus was anti-Semitic depends entirely on Philo, and that "[m]ost scholars have not been convinced that it is an accurate or a fair picture of Pilate." See also
 List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

Notes

Citations

References

1st-century BC births
39 deaths
Year of birth unknown
1st-century Christian saints
1st-century Christianity
1st-century Roman governors of Judaea
1st-century Romans
Ancient Roman saints
Ancient Romans who committed suicide
Coptic Orthodox saints
Ethiopian saints
Jesus and history
Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire
People from the Province of

masks: Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate Pilate


title: Chinawut Indracusin

texts:
Chinawut-<mask> (; ), also known as Chin, is a Thai singer, actor, model, dancer and music composer. He was the presenter for Sony Skinny T Digital Camera in Malaysia and a singer of growing reputation in Malaysia as well. Indracusin also starred in a Taiwanese drama Love 18 as Joshua. During 2016-2018, Indracusin served the Royal Thai Army as an Armed Force member and the artist of Royal Thai Army. Early life and education
<mask> was born on August 13, 1989 in Bangkok to a Thai Chinese father and a French mother. He has one younger sister, Sophie Marguerite, who is an actress and dancer. His talents are beat box, dance and music composer.He went to  Bangkok Christian College and received a bachelor’s degree of Communication Arts in Broadcasting and Streaming Media Production from Sripatum University. Career
Indracusin started his career early on by signing up with the biggest record label in Thailand, GMM Grammy which selected him for the G-JUNIOR young artist development program. In 2003, <mask> and two other musicians in G-JUNIOR, Rittidet Rittichu and Guy Ellis came together to form a group named Big 3. The music they released at the time was labelled as hip hop but has since been re-categorized into pop and R&B. After the release of their album "We are Big 3", the boys decided to move on with their own careers. Indracusin and Ellis released a second album in 2006 with G-JUNIOR and 10th Club. In 2007, Indracusin was finally given the opportunity to release his own album,

masks:
Stéphane Indracusin
Indracusin
Indracusin


title: Boniface I, Marquis of Montferrat

texts:
<mask> I, usually known as <mask> of Montferrat (; , Vonifatios Momferratikos) (c. 1150 – 4 September 1207), was the ninth Marquis of Montferrat (from 1192), the leader of the Fourth Crusade (1201–04) and king of Thessalonica (from 1205). Early life
Boniface was the third son of William V of Montferrat and Judith of Babenberg, born after his father's return from the Second Crusade. He was a younger brother of William "Longsword", Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, and of Conrad I of Jerusalem. His youthful exploits in the late 1170s are recalled in the famous "epic letter", Valen marques, senher de Monferrat, by his good friend and court troubadour, Raimbaut de Vaqueiras. These included the rescue of the heiress Jacopina of Ventimiglia from her uncle Count Otto, who was intending to deprive her of her inheritance and send her to Sardinia. Boniface arranged a marriage for her. When Albert of Malaspina (husband of one of Boniface's sisters) abducted Saldina de Mar, a daughter of a prominent Genoese family, Boniface rescued her and restored her to her lover, Ponset d'Aguilar.Like the rest of the family, he also supported his cousin Frederick I Barbarossa in their wars against the independent city communes of the Lombard League. Boniface's eldest brother, William, had died in 1177, soon after marrying Sibylla, the heiress presumptive to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In 1179, the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos offered his daughter Maria Porphyrogenita as a bride to one of the sons of William V. Since Boniface, like his older brother Conrad, was already married, and Frederick was a priest, the youngest brother, Renier, married her instead, only to be murdered along with her during the usurpation of

masks: Boniface Boniface


title: Boniface I, Marquis of Montferrat

texts: Andronikos. In 1183, Boniface's nephew Baldwin V was crowned co-king of Jerusalem. William V went out to the kingdom to support his grandson, leaving Conrad and Boniface in charge of Montferrat. However, in 1187, Conrad also left for the East: Isaac II Angelos had offered his sister Theodora to Boniface as a wife, to renew the family's Byzantine alliance, but Boniface had just married for the second time, while Conrad was a recent widower. In 1189, Boniface joined the council of regency for Thomas I of Savoy, son of his cousin Humbert III, until the boy came of age about two years later.In 1191, after the new Emperor Henry VI granted him the county of Incisa, a fifteen-year war broke out against the neighbouring communes of Asti and Alessandria. Boniface joined the Cremona League, while the two cities joined the League of Milan. Boniface defeated the cities at Montiglio in June that year, but the war as a whole went badly for the dynasty's interests. At Quarto, he and Vaqueiras saved his brother-in-law Alberto of Malaspina when he was unhorsed. The first phase of the war ended with a truce in April 1193. By now, Boniface was Marquis of Montferrat, following the deaths of his father in 1191 and of Conrad, the newly elected king of Jerusalem, in 1192. No claim to Montferrat ever seems to have been made on behalf of Conrad's posthumous daughter, Maria of Montferrat.In June 1194, <mask> was appointed one of the leaders of Henry VI's expedition to Sicily. At Messina, amid the fighting between the Genoese and Pisan fleets, Vaqueiras protected his lord with his own shield – an act which helped the troubador win a knighthood from Boniface that year, after the campaign's successful conclusion:


title: Boniface I, Marquis of Montferrat

texts:
 Henry's coronation in Palermo. In October 1197, the truce with Asti ended. Boniface made an alliance with Acqui in June 1198. There were numerous skirmishes and raids, including at Ricaldone and Caranzano, but by 1199 it was clear the war was lost, and Boniface entered into negotiations. Throughout the 1180s and 1190s, despite the wars, Boniface had nevertheless presided over one of the most prestigious courts of chivalric culture and troubador song. In the 12th century, the Piedmontese language (which in the present day reflects more French and Italian influences) was virtually indistinguishable from the Occitan of Southern France and Catalonia.Besides Vaqueiras, visitors included Peire Vidal, Gaucelm Faidit, and Arnaut de Mareuil. Boniface's patronage was celebrated widely. To Gaucelm, he was Mon Thesaur (My Treasure). Curiously, Vaqueiras sometimes addressed him as N'Engles (Lord Englishman), but the in-joke is never explained. His sister Azalaïs, Marchioness of Saluzzo, also shared this interest and was mentioned by Vidal. Fourth Crusade
When the original leader of the Fourth Crusade, Count Theobald III of Champagne, died in 1201, Boniface was chosen as its new leader. He was an experienced soldier, and it was an opportunity to reassert his dynasty's reputation after defeat at home.<mask>'s family was well known in the east: his nephew Baldwin and brother Conrad had been kings of Jerusalem, and his niece Maria was the heir presumptive to the kingdom. <mask>'s cousin Philip of Swabia was married to Irene Angelina, a daughter of the deposed Byzantine emperor Isaac II Angelos and niece of Conrad's second wife Theodora. In the winter of 1201 Boniface spent Christmas with Phillip in


title: Boniface I, Marquis of Montferrat

texts: Hagenau, and while there also met with Alexios IV Angelos, Isaac II's son, who had escaped from the custody of his uncle Alexios III Angelos. At this time the three discussed the possibility of using the crusading army to restore Alexios' right to the throne. Both <mask> and Alexios travelled separately to Rome to ask for Pope Innocent III's blessing for the endeavour. Boniface was specifically told by Innocent not to attack any Christians, including the Byzantines. The Crusader army was in debt to Enrico Dandolo, the doge of Venice, who had provided their fleet.He instructed them to attack the rebellious cities of Trieste, Muggia, and Zara and beat them into submission before sailing for Cairo. The Pope was angered by these Christian cities being attacked by a Crusader army. Dandolo, was now the true war leader of this Crusade, with <mask> as only a figurehead. Alexios IV Angelus made many promises to the Crusaders and their principal financier, the doge of Venice, for riches and honors if they would help him reclaim his empire. Dandolo placated the Pope by having Alexius Angelus promise to submit the Orthodox Church to Rome when he was restored to his throne in Constantinople. This being done, the fleet set sail for Constantinople in 1203. After the conquest of Constantinople in 1204, <mask> was assumed to be the new emperor, both by the western knights and the conquered Byzantine citizens.However, the Venetians vetoed him, believing that he already had too many connections in the Empire and, likely, felt that they would not have as much influence in the empire if Boniface was in control. Instead, they chose Baldwin of Flanders. Boniface founded the Kingdom of Thessalonica and also held

masks: Boniface Boniface Boniface


title: Paul Carberry

texts:
<mask> is a retired Irish National Hunt jockey. Background

He was born on 9 February 1974. He hails from a racing family. He is the son of jockey <mask>, who was a famous National Hunt jockey in the 1960s and 1970s. His uncle is Arthur Moore, one of Ireland's leading National Hunt trainers. His younger siblings, Philip and Nina, were also successful Irish riders. Riding career

Apprenticing for Jim Bolger, <mask> earned his first win in August 1990 on Petronelli.He was also the jockey for racehorse owner Robert Ogden. <mask> learned his trade through hunting, show-jumping and point-to-pointing in Ireland and many view him as one of Ireland's leading jump jockeys along with Ruby Walsh, Barry Geraghty, Davy Russell and Andrew McNamara. In 1993, atop Rhythm Section, <mask> won the Champion Bumper – his first win at the Cheltenham Festival. Arguably the biggest win of his career was when he followed in his father's footsteps and won the Grand National at Aintree Racecourse aboard Bobbyjo in 1999. Of all the horses <mask> has been paired with, perhaps the most successful partnership has been with Harchibald. The two went on to win five Grade 1 races, with wins in the Fighting Fifth Hurdle (2004, 2007), Christmas Hurdle (2004, 2008) and the John James McManus Memorial Hurdle (2005). However, the pairing is most known for their battle with Hardy Eustace at the 2005 Champion Hurdle.In the race, Harchibald looked certain to win, only to be beat by Hardy Eustace at the finish line. <mask> has been associated with many great horses throughout his career, including Sausilito Bay, Nicanor, Florida Pearl, Beef or Salmon, Solerina, Harbour Pilot, Harchibald, Hairy Molly, Go Native and Bobbyjo. He has won 39 Grade 1 races in his career. In January 2013 <mask> returned to the big-race winners enclosure in

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Tommy Carberry
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title: Paul Carberry

texts:
 Britain when winning the Welsh National at Chepstow on Monbeg Dude, beating Tony McCoy close to the line after a classic Carberry hold-up-and-creep ride. <mask> was stable jockey to Noel Meade for many years up to his retirement. He has a brand of racewear selling a variety of racing equipment named after him. On 9 August 2016, <mask> announced his retirement from the saddle after failing to recover from a long-standing leg injury sustained in a fall at Listowel in September 2015.Controversies

Despite all of his success in National Hunt racing, <mask> has faced problems outside off the track. In 2005, he was arrested and charged over an alleged incident which took place on board an Aer Lingus flight from Málaga to Dublin. According to reports, <mask> supposedly set fire to a newspaper on the flight. He was sentenced to two months in jail as a result of the incident. In 2009, <mask> was suspended for 30 days by the Referrals Committee of the Turf Club after he failed an alcohol breath test at Naas on 31 October 2009. The suspension caused <mask> to miss the 2009 Fighting Fifth Hurdle and Christmas Hurdle. His replacement, Davy Condon, rode Go Native to wins in both races.After serving his suspension, <mask> and Go Native were paired together for the 2010 Champion Hurdle. A win in the race would have landed Go Native the Triple Crown of Hurdling and <mask> would have secured £150,000 as his share of the £1m bonus offered by WBX. However, Go Native was unable to capture the win, instead finishing in 10th place after being eased when beaten on the run from the final hurdle. Afterwards, <mask> said that Go Native dived after the second hurdle and was never the same moving forward. Following his suspension, <mask> vowed not to drink again until his career as a National Hunt jockey was

masks: Carberry Carberry Carberry Carberry Carberry Carberry Carberry Carberry Carberry Carberry


title: Hubertus von Amelunxen

texts:
<mask> (born 29 December 1958, Bad Hindelang, Allgäu) is a philosopher, art historian, editor, curator, photography critic, and professor for philosophy of photography and cultural studies. Amelunxen has authored and published several books focusing on the history and theory of photography and has curated several international exhibitions. He served as president and provost at the European Graduate School, based in Saas-Fee, Switzerland, and Valletta, Malta from October 2013 until June 2018. Academic career
<mask> studied Roman languages, German Studies, and Art History in Marburg and Paris. In Paris he visited the lectures by Michel Foucault at the Collège de France and by Jacques Derrida at the École Normale Supérieure. He obtained his Ph.D. in Roman Studies at the University of Mannheim with the thesis Allegory and Photography. Research on French Literature.<mask> started his academic career by lecturing in Basel on time and photography (1991). He became a Visiting Professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz (1991-1992), representing Victor Burgin. In 1995 he obtained a 5-year tenure at the Muthesius Hochschule for Art and Design in Kiel, where he founded the Center for Interdisciplinary Project Studies. Afterwards, in 2000, he taught at the University of Düsseldorf and at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp). In 2001 he became founding director at the International School of New Media in Lübeck, a position he held until 2005. From 2005 to 2009 he served as rector of the École

masks:
Hubertus von Amelunxen
Hubertus von Amelunxen
Amelunxen


title: Hubertus von Amelunxen

texts:
 Européenne Supérieure de l'Image (ÉESI) in Angoulême/Poitiers, France. From 2010 to 2013 he served as president of the Hochschule der Bildenden Künste in Braunschweig.The European Graduate School (EGS)
Since 2002 <mask> has been a faculty member of the European Graduate School, a private graduate school based in Saas-Fee, Switzerland, and Valletta, Malta, which specializes in philosophy, critical thinking and art therapy. In 2006 he obtained the Walter Benjamin Chair at the EGS, specialized in Media Philosophy and Cultural Studies. From October 2013 to July 2018, <mask> served as president and provost at the European Graduate School. Under his term, the EGS has expanded to Malta and its programs have gained full European accreditation. Curatorial work
Besides his academic endeavours, <mask> has been active as curator and member of artistic organisations. From 2001 until 2007 Amelunxen was a visiting curator at the Canadian Centre for Architecture (CCA) in Montréal. During this time, he was responsible for the Tangent series of exhibitions and accompanying publications, which brought "contemporary artists into dialogue with the CCA Collection and [resulted] in newly commissioned works."While at the CCA, he played a role in the acquisition of an important group of works by Gordon Matta-Clark. In 2003 Amelunxen was appointed member of the Fine Arts Section of the Akademie der Künste in Berlin. In 2014 he was appointed member of the first Artistic Advisory Board at the Public Art Experience, in

masks: Amelunxen Amelunxen Amelunxen


title: Hubertus von Amelunxen

texts:
 Luxembourg. Amelunxen has curated several international exhibitions, working shoulder to shoulder with well-known artists such as Cy Twombly, Iannis Xenakis, Dieter Appelt, Peter Weibel, Naoya Hatakeyama, among others. His exhibitions have been shown in different galleries and museums of North America and Europe. Editorial work
Amelunxen has been active as an editor. He first became member of the editorial board of the Mannheim series of papers Mana-Analytika (Média Medusa) in 1987, a position he occupied until 1992.In 1988 he became editor of the well-known German magazine on the history of photography Fotogeschichte, which is published in Marburg and Frankfurt am Main. Since 1996, he is a member of the German editorial board of the French series of papers Esthétique, Editions l’Harmattan, a publication based in Paris. Books
 Gustave Le Gray, Seascapes, Schirmer/Mosel, Munich (2015); contains an essay by <mask> <mask>unxen. Steve Sabella, Works 1997-2014, Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern (2014); edited by <mask> <mask>. Gordon Matta-Clark, Moment to Moment: Space, Verlag für Moderne Kunst, Nürnberg; co-edited with Angela Lammert and Philip Ursprung (2012). Elger Esser, Nocturnes à Giverny. Claude Monet's Garden, Schirmer/Mosel Verlag, Munich (2012); with an essay by <mask> <mask>.Iannis Xenakis, Kontrolle und Zufall, Akademie der Künste, Berlin (2011); co-edited with Angela Lammert. Cy Twombly, Photographs III. 1951-2010 (2011); with an essay by <mask> <mask>. Photography and Disaster. Collected Essays,

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Hubertus
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Hubertus
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title: Hubertus von Amelunxen

texts: University of Disaster Series, Atropos Press, New York/Dresden (2010). Paul Virilio, Grey Ecology, University of Disaster Series, Atropos Press, New York/Dresden (2009); edited by <mask> <mask>. Notation.Kalkül und Form in den Künsten, Akademie der Künste, Berlin (2008); co-edited with Dieter Appelt and Peter Weibel. Naoya Hatakeyama, Scales, Nazraeli Press, Portland (2007); with an essay by <mask> <mask>xen. Petra Wittmar, Medebach, Steidl & SK Stiftung Kultur, Cologne (2007); with an essay by <mask> <mask>. Victor Burgin, Voyage to Italy, HatjeCantz, Stuttgart (2006); co-edited with Thomas Zander. Dieter Appelt, Forth Bridge. Cinema. Metric Space, Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montréal (2005).Alain Paiement, Tangent e, Lars Müller Publishers & Canadian Centre for Architecture, Zürich/Montréal (2003). Jean-Philippe Reverdot, "Bilan provisoire. Photographies 1983-1999", Marval, Paris (2001). Gegenwartsbildung / Present Formations, Schriftenreihe der Muthesius-Hochschule "Gestalt und Diskurs", vol. 2, Kiel (2001); co-edited with Antje Krause-Wahl. Photo- und Konzeptkunst am Bau. Unter den Linden 50.Ein Projekt für den Deutschen Bundestag Berlin, AWF Verlag, Heidelberg (2000); co-edited with Hans-Werner Schmidt. Architecture of Zaha Hadid in Photographs by Hélène Binet, Lars Müller Publishers, Baden (2000); with an essay by <mask> <mask>elunxen. Theorie der Fotografie i-IV. 1980-1995, Schirmer/Mosel, Munich (2000); co-edited with Wolfgang Kemp. Tomorrow For Ever. Architektur/Zeit/Photographie,

masks:
Hubertus
von Amelunxen
Hubertus
von Amelun
Hubertus
von Amelunxen
Hubertus
von Am


title: Hubertus von Amelunxen

texts:
 DuMont, Cologne (1999); co-edited with Carl Aigner and Walter Smerling. Andreas Müller-Pohle, Interfaces.Foto + Video. 1977–1999, European Photography, Göttingen (1999); edited by <mask> <mask>xen. Artfiction. Junge Kunst aus Italien, Kiel Stadtgalerie im Kulturviertel/Sophienhof Kiel, Kiel (1998); co-edited with Knut Nievers and Edoardo DiMauro. Photography after Photography. Memory and Representation in the Digital Age, G+B Arts, New York  (1997); co-edited with Stefan Iglhaut and Florian Rötzer. Les lieux du non-lieu.L'état des choses dans la photographie française contemporaine, Verlag der Kunst, Dresden (1997); co-edited with Ulrich Pohlmann. Fotografie nach der Fotografie, Verlag der Kunst, Berlin (1995); co-edited with Stefan Iglhaut and Florian Rötzer. Allegorie und Photographie. Untersuchungen zur französischen Literatur des 19. Jahrhunderts, University of Mannheim (1992); doctoral dissertation. Zhang Hai'er, Fotografien aus China. 1986-1989, Edition Braus, Heidelberg (1990); co-edited with Barbara Kunzendorf-Hohenadl.Television/Revolution. Das Ultimatum des Bildes. Rumänien im Dezember 1989, Jonas, Marburg (1990); co-edited with Andrei Ujică. Die aufgehobene Zeit. Die Erfindung der Photographie durch William Henry Fox Talbot, Nishen, Berlin (1988). Exhibitions
 "Cy Twombly. Photographs 1951-2010" at BOZAR-PMSK (The Palace of Fine Arts), Brussels (2012); co-curated with Cy Twombly."Kontrolle und Zufall. Iannis Xenakis: Komponist, Architekt, Visionär" in the Akademie der Künste, Berlin (2011);

masks:
Hubertus
von Amelun


title: Hubertus von Amelunxen

texts:
 Domaine de Boisbuchet; together with Richard McGuire (2008). Co-responsible for the international congress config.art for Documenta 10, Kassel (1997).Personal life
<mask> <mask>unxen married Christine Marx in 1990; they divorced in 2012. They have two sons. Amelunxen lives and works between Berlin, Switzerland and Malta. External links
 <mask> <mask>elunxen Faculty Page at European Graduate School. <mask> <mask>unxen Die Epistemologie der Medienkunst. Conference Abstract. <mask> <mask>unxen Photography After Photography.The Terror of the Body in Digital Space. Audio recording of Naoya Hatakeyama and <mask> <mask>xen in Conversation at the Canadian Centre for Architecture

Notes

1958 births
Living people
European Graduate School faculty
German art historians
German

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von Amelun


title: Waris Dirie

texts:
<mask> () (born in 1965) is a Somali model, author, actress and human rights activist in the fight against Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). From 1997 to 2003, she was a UN special ambassador against female genital mutilation. In 2002 she founded her own organization in Vienna, the Desert Flower Foundation. Early life
<mask> was born as one of twelve children into a nomadic family in 1965 in the area of Galkayo. Her first name, <mask>, means desert flower. When she was five, she suffered circumcision in the form of infibulation. At the age of thirteen, she fled through the desert to Mogadishu in order to escape an arranged marriage to a 60-year-old man.She first stayed there with relatives, although her escape was not tolerated. One of her uncles, who was then Somali ambassador to the United Kingdom, was looking for a maid. With the help of her aunt, she convinced her uncle to hire her and take her to London, where she worked at her uncle's house for little pay. After her uncle's four-year term, Dirie left and lived in a number of unstable housing arrangements, later renting a room in a YMCA. She earned her living as a cleaner in a local McDonald's. She also began evening classes to learn English. Career
Aged 18, Dirie was by chance discovered by photographer Mike Goss, as she stood waiting for her charge outside of his daughter's school.Through getting the children to translate for them, Mike persuaded Waris to model for him. Afterwards, he helped her get a portfolio together and get her representation, although a lot of modelling agencies claimed there was 'no call for black models'. One of her first modelling jobs was for Terence Donovan, who photographed her in 1987 together with the then still unknown model Naomi Campbell for the title of the

masks:
Waris Dirie
Dirie
Waris


title: Waris Dirie

texts: Pirelli Calendar. From there, <mask>'s modeling career took off, she soon became successful model, appearing in advertisements for top brands such as Chanel, Levi's, L'Oréal and Revlon. In 1987, Dirie played a minor role in the James Bond film The Living Daylights. She also appeared on the runways of London, Milan, Paris and New York, and in fashion magazines such as Elle, Glamour and Vogue. This was followed in 1995 by a BBC documentary entitled A Nomad in New York about her modeling career.In 1997, at the height of her modeling career, <mask> spoke for the first time with Laura Ziv of the women's magazine Marie Claire about the female genital mutilation (FGM) that she had undergone as a child, at the age of five along with her two sisters. That same year, <mask> became a UN envoy for the abolition of FGM. She later paid her mother a visit in her native Somalia. In 1998, <mask> coauthored her first book along with nonfiction author Cathleen Miller: Desert Flower, an autobiography that went on to become an international bestseller. Over 11 million copies have been sold worldwide to date, 3 million in Germany alone. She later released other successful books including Desert Dawn, Letter to My Mother and Desert Children, the latter of which was launched in tandem with a European campaign against FGM. In 2002, <mask> founded the Desert Flower Foundation in Vienna.The foundation collects money to raise awareness about the worldwide problem of FGM and to help those affected. In the same year, she received the Corine Literature Prize. In 2004, she received the World Social Award by Mikhail Gorbachev at the Women's World Award Gala in Hamburg, Germany. <mask> opened the World Conference against FGM in Nairobi, delivered a much-noticed speech and

masks: Dirie Dirie Dirie Dirie Dirie Dirie


title: Waris Dirie

texts:
 published for the first time the Waris-Dirie Manifesto against FGM. The Austrian Federal President Heinz Fischer awarded her the Romero Prize on behalf of the Austrian Catholic Men's Movement. In 2006, she addressed the assembled ministers of all EU Member States in Brussels. The European Union then put the fight against female genital mutilation on its agenda, after which laws were tightened up and preventive measures initiated in many European countries.In 2007, the Arab channel Al Jazeera invited <mask> <mask> to the popular talk show by Riz Khan. She spoke for the first time on an Arab channel in front of over 100 million viewers about the taboo topic "Female Genital Mutilation". In 2009, Desert Flower, a feature-length film based on <mask>' book Desert Flower was released, with the Ethiopian supermodel Liya Kebede playing her. Directed by Sherry Hormann, the film was produced by Oscar winner Peter Herrmann. Benjamin Herrmann and <mask> <mask> were co-producers. The movie has so far been released in 20 countries including France, Spain, Israel, Greece, Poland and Brazil. In January 2010, it won the Bavarian Film Awards in Munich in the "Best Movie" category.It was also nominated for a Film Award in Gold in the "Outstanding Feature Film" category at the German Film Awards, and won the Audience Award in the "Best European Film" category at the San Sebastián International Film Festival. In 2010, <mask> was appointed Ambassador of Peace and Security in Africa by the African Union. Humanitarian work, campaigns, awards
2002–present: In 2002 <mask> founded the Desert Flower Foundation in Vienna, an organisation whose goal is to eradicate female genital mutilation worldwide. The Foundation's work is financed by donations. In January 2009 <mask>

masks: Waris Dirie Waris Waris Dirie Dirie Dirie Dirie


title: Waris Dirie

texts:
 became a founding member of the PPR Foundation for Women’s Dignity and Rights, an organization of French tycoon François-Henri Pinault (CEO of PPR) and his wife, Hollywood actress Salma Hayek. She has also started the Desert Dawn Foundation, which raises money for schools and clinics in her native Somalia, and supports the Zeitz Foundation, an organization focused on sustainable development and conservation. Dirie has campaigned extensively to draw attention to female genital mutilation.In 2010 with "Stop FGM Now" in collaboration with the Berlin agency Heymann Brandt de Gelmini. This initiative was awarded the prize for "Best NGO Social Media Campaign" by the German Federal Government. "Together for African Women" followed in 2011, a collaboration with the Hamburg agency Jung von Matt and the laundry label Mey. After the rescue of Desert Flower Safa from FGM in 2014, the sponsorship programme "Save A Little Desert Flower" was launched. In March 2019 came the much-acclaimed campaign "End FGM" with the British lingerie label Coco de Mer. <mask> posed for the company's collection (as the successor to Pamela Anderson) and was staged by photographer Rankin] Rankin also produced the campaign's short film. The initiative was awarded the if Social Impact Prize 2019 by the iF International Forum Design headquartered in Hanover and was supported with prize money.For <mask> the photo shoot with Rankin in London was a comeback as a model. Desert Flower Center:
On 11 September 2013, <mask> as patron opened the world's first holistic medical center for the treatment and care of FGM victims in Berlin together with the Waldfriede Hospital as a cooperation hospital of the Desert Flower Foundation. The Desert Flower Center was awarded the Louise Schroeder Medal

masks: Dirie Dirie Dirie


title: Waris Dirie

texts:
 by the State of Berlin in 2016. In 2014, the Desert Flower Surgical Training Center for surgeons, gynaecologists, urologists and nursing staff was established in Amsterdam together with the Desert Flower Foundation BENELUX. The Desert Flower Center Scandinavia was established in 2015 in cooperation with the Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm. In 2017 the Centre Fleur du Desert opened with the Fondation Fleur du Desert in the women's shelter at the Hôpital Delafontaine in Paris Saint-Denis. The Centre Fleur du Desert was visited by French President Emmanuel Macron in December 2017.Education projects in Sierra Leone:
In 2016 <mask> and the team of the Desert Flower Foundation decided to make the topic "Education in Africa" the focus of their work. Through the sponsorship project "Save A Little Desert Flower" 1,000 girls could be saved from FGM in Sierra Leone. The construction of the first three "Desert Flower schools" in Sierra Leone was announced in early 2019. Diries Desert Flower Foundation is also building a "Safe House", where FGM victims find refuge and protection. There is also a library and a computer centre. In addition, 10,000 copies of <mask> <mask>'s reading book "My Africa - The Journey" with Desert Flower educational boxes will be distributed to 34 schools in Sierra Leone. '<mask> has received many prizes and awards for her humanitarian work and books including:Woman of the Year Award (2000) by Glamour magazine.Corine Award (2002) of the umbrella association of the German bookselling trade.Women's World Award (2004) from former President of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev.Bishop Óscar Romero Award (2005) by the Catholic Church.Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur (2007) from former President of France, Nicolas Sarkozy.Prix des

masks: Dirie Waris Dirie Dirie


title: Waris Dirie

texts:
 Générations (2007) by the World Demographic Association.Martin Buber Gold Medal from the Euriade Foundation (2008), founded by Werner Janssen in 1981.Gold medal of the President of the Republic of Italy (2010) for her achievements as a human rights activist.Thomas Dehler Prize (2013) of the Thomas Dehler Foundation, presented by Sabine Leutheusser-SchnarrenbergerWoman Of The Year Campaigning Award (2013) in London presented by SaclaInternational Freedom Prize (2014) presented at the House of Lords in London by British Minister Lynne FeatherstoneWomen for Women Award (2017), awarded in Vienna by the magazine "look!Donna dell'Anno (2018) in ItalyMillion Chances Award (2018) donated by the Fritz Henkel FoundationSunhak Peace Prize (2019) for her commitment to women's rights, awarded in Seoul.Attack and disappearance
In March 2004, <mask> was attacked in her home in Vienna. A 26-year-old Portuguese man, was held in custody after having apparently stalked her 1,000 miles across Europe, eventually gaining access to her apartment by climbing through a neighbour's window. "She was so frightened and in shock that she let him in," a police spokesman said. Dirie apparently suffered minor injuries when her assailant threw her to the floor. The attacker then left in a taxi, only to return later to smash one of the building's ground-floor windows. He was arrested when neighbours called the police, and was later given a five-month suspended. It was reported that the suspect had met <mask> six months earlier when his brother was working at her previous residence in Wales.He later broke into that home and stole items of her clothing. In another incident, in early March 2008, <mask> went missing for three days while staying in Brussels. She was found by a


title: Waris Dirie

texts:
 Brussels policeman. Personal life
Contrary to popular belief, <mask> is not related to fellow Somali model Iman, the widow of David Bowie. In her book Desert Flower, <mask> states that Iman's mother was good friends with her aunt, a relative with whom she once lived during her time in London. Since 2009 <mask> lives in Gdańsk, Poland. Temporarily also in Vienna.She is mother of two sons (Aleeke, Leon). Since March 2005, <mask> has held Austrian citizenship. Filmography, books and a musical

FilmsThe Living Daylights (1987) - In the 15th James Bond film, <mask> plays <mask> Walsh in a supporting role.A Nomad in New York (1995) - BBC documentary about the career of <mask> <mask>.Desert Flower (2009) - drama is based on the autobiographical novel and bestseller. BooksDesert Flower (1998) with Cathleen Miller
The book that describes <mask>'s genital circumcision, her adventurous escape through the Somali desert and the rise to a world-famous supermodel, becomes an international bestseller and appears in over 50 licensed editions. Over 11 million copies have been sold worldwide to date, 3 million in Germany alone (number 1 on the Spiegel bestseller list from 11 to 17 January and from 25 January to 18 July 1999).Desert Dawn (2002) with Jeanne D’Haem
20 years after her escape, <mask> decides to visit her family in Somalia. A dangerous adventure, as Somalia has been plagued by civil war and famine for years. Her second book, which will also become an international bestseller (first place on the Spiegel bestseller list from 8 to 28 April and from 13 May to 23 June 2002), describes the trip to her home country.Desert Children (2005)
With her third book Dirie starts a Europe-wide campaign against FGM.Genital mutilation is not only practiced in Africa, but

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title: Waris Dirie

texts:
 also in the western world. It reports on encounters with victims and perpetrators, on their research, setbacks and successes.Letter to my mother (2007)
<mask> says about this book on the website of the Desert Flower Foundation: "This is my most personal book. There are simply wounds that don't want to heal. My longing was great to meet my mother again, to forgive my mother, but I had to realize that love and suffering are often inextricably linked. Working on this book was a painful but vital experience for me. "Schwarze Frau, weißes Land (2010)
In this book <mask> talks about her life in her new, white homeland - and about her longing for Africa and her deep desire to help her home continent free itself from poverty, outdated traditions and dependence.Saving Safa (2013)
Little Safa comes from a bitterly poor family in Djibouti. Raised in a slum, she is selected for the role of little <mask> <mask> in the biopic of the world bestseller Desert Flower.The dramatic scene, in which the little girl is violently circumcised, makes people cry in cinemas all over the world. In real life, Safa is still intact. <mask> is all the more horrified when she hears that Safa's genital mutilation is imminent. And she does everything in her power to save the girl from this cruel practice.My Africa - The Journey'' (2017)
Together with her Desert Flower Foundation team, <mask> publishes her first reading book for children at African schools. The book tells the story of the little "desert flower" <mask> and her brother Mo, who go on a journey together to discover their home continent Africa. On their adventures they get to know the flora and fauna of Africa. In addition to the story, the book also contains numerous writing exercises, which are intended to promote the

masks: Dirie Dirie Waris Dirie Dirie Dirie Waris


title: Waris Dirie

texts:
 reading and writing skills of children.Musical
On 7 March 2019, in the presence of <mask> <mask>, it was announced at a press conference at a theatre St. Gallen, Switzerland that her extraordinary life story would become a musical. Written and directed by the German theater and film director Gil Mehmert (converted Sönke Wortmann's film "Das Wunder von Bern" into a musical, 2014). The lyrics are by Frank Ramond, with the music by Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen (wrote the music for ":de:99 Luftballons" by Nena). On 22 February 2020 the musical was premiered at the theatre St. Gallen in the presence of <mask> <mask>. References

External links

Desert Flower Foundation

Reader's Digest version of Desert Flower

1965 births
Ethnic Somali people
Living people
People from Galkayo
Somalian emigrants to Austria
Austrian female models
Austrian women novelists
Somalian actresses
Austrian film actresses
Activists against female genital mutilation
Austrian women's rights activists
Naturalised citizens of Austria
Somalian female models
Somalian women novelists
Somalian women's rights activists
20th-century Austrian novelists
21st-century Austrian novelists
20th-century Somalian women writers
20th-century Somalian writers
21st-century Somalian women writers
21st-century Somalian writers
Somalian health activists
Violence against women in

masks: Waris Dirie Waris Dirie


title: Henry Marshall Furman

texts:
<mask> was the first Presiding Judge of the Oklahoma Criminal Court of Appeals, now the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, and served as Presiding Judge from 1909 to 1916. He died after a lengthy illness, from Bright's Disease, on April 10, 1916. Early life
Born June 20, 1850, in Society Hill, South Carolina, he was the son of Dr. <mask> [1816-1886] and his wife <mask> [1820-1892]. <mask> was educated in Greenville and Sumter, South Carolina, and worked on farms until age 21, when he set out to join his older brothers in Texas. <mask> took the boat from Charleston to New Orleans in 1871, and there studied law for a year in the office of a relative, Judge J. L. Whittaker. He made it to Texas the following year, finding work teaching school. He was later admitted to the bar at Brenham.In 1876, he was elected county attorney of Bell County. He resigned the office the following year and opened a law practice at Fort Worth. There he met and married Frances Hutcheson in 1879. The couple had two children, <mask>, Jr. and Florence. <mask> and his family moved to Denver, Colorado in 1890, and from there back to Fort Worth. Throughout his legal career, he tried criminal cases and prosecuted successful appeals on behalf of convicted defendants in the state and federal courts of Texas, Colorado, and the Oklahoma and Indian Territories. Territorial Lawyer
By his early 40s, <mask> had matured into a formidable criminal lawyer.In 1891 he served as defense counsel in the infamous Denver trial of Harvard-educated physician and lawyer Thomas Thatcher Graves. Graves was accused of poisoning his elderly benefactor, the heiress Ms. Josephine A. Barnaby, with

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Richard Furman
Mary Marshall McIver Furman
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Henry
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title: Henry Marshall Furman

texts: a solution of arsenic sent as a gift of whisky in the mail. The alleged motive for the murder was Mrs. Barnaby's dissatisfaction with the doctor's services as attorney and adviser. Prosecutors argued that Mrs. Barnaby was, at the time of her death, intent on removing the doctor from the terms of her will, from which he stood to receive a $25,000 bequest. Dr. Graves admitted at trial that he had sent a bottle of whiskey to Mrs. Barnaby just before her death. Whether it was in fact the death bottle, and whether it was poisoned by Graves or others, were the issues at trial. <mask>'s client was convicted and sentenced to hang, but won a reversal on appeal.Dr. Graves committed suicide before his second trial in 1893, but protested his innocence. The case made <mask> legitimately famous, as it was widely followed in the national newspapers of the day, and warranted an extensive 1921 article in American State Trials, almost thirty years after the verdict. <mask> brought his family to Indian Territory in 1895, first settling in  Ardmore, moving to Ada in 1904. In the Twin Territories, <mask> was among that group of luminary lawyers, including Moman Prueitt, Lee and A. C. Cruce, Robert L. Williams, Col. Stilwell H. Russell, and Temple Lea Houston, whose services were sought in high profile, often capital trials. In a system which still marginally allowed the use of private prosecutors, antagonists in one case were often co-counsel in the next. <mask> appears in a colorful account (written forty years later) of the 1896 murder trial of "Little Bud" Watkins, the first trial held in United States District Court for the Southern District of Indian

masks: Furman Furman Furman Furman Furman


title: Henry Marshall Furman

texts: Territory, then sitting at Ardmore, after Congress extended homicide jurisdiction to the federal courts in Indian Territory. <mask>, "the foremost criminal lawyer of Texas," sat with co-counsel at a defense table "piled high with law books."Inside the railing sat the defendant, just beyond his teens, part Chickasaw, part white. At the Government's table sat United States Attorney A.C. Cruce, brother of the future governor Lee Cruce, and his assistant. The case was a sharp contest. Little Bud had killed his former employer, a prominent Gainesville cattleman named Wyatt Williams, apparently over an old insult exchanged long before on the cattle trail. The two men exchanged unknown words in Little Bud's chili joint, and an instant later, reached for their guns. Little Bud's bullet found purchase in Williams' chest, and he dropped to the floor dead, his .45 revolver half-cocked and unfired in his hand. A.C. Cruce was a great civil lawyer with political connections, but he seemed no match for the counsel retained by Little Bud's family and friends.<mask> "filled the record with exceptions while Cruce, a great civil law authority, knew little of the twists, turns and shrewd practices of great criminal cases." But Cruce apparently eclipsed his adversaries with a powerful closing argument and the jury returned a guilty verdict. Little Bud was condemned to hang, but his lawyers battled on. <mask> had "packed the records full of errors," appealed the case, and it was reversed. A conviction and life sentence followed in the second trial, again reversed. In a third trial, following a change of venue to Paris, Texas, Little Bud was acquitted. After

masks:
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Furman


title: Henry Marshall Furman

texts: six years in federal custody, Bud returned to a farm outside of Ardmore.A. C. Cruce and <mask> would work as co-counsel in several later trials, including the infamous murder trial of Sam Ashton, who was acquitted. Judge Thomas Doyle said that <mask>'s civic work showed the "benevolence of his heart was in full accord with his master mind." As early as 1888, the Grand Masonic Lodge of Indian Territory had resolved to construct a charitable home for the care and education of orphans in Indian Territory. The aim remained unrealized when, in 1899, "the Grand Secretary again call[ed] the attention of the Craft to the importance of the Home." In 1900, however, "Brother <mask> is made Financial Agent for the Home's Fund," and "[t]he records of the Indian Territory Grand Lodge communications over the next several years show that he dedicated great amounts of time, personal sacrifice, and resources to the project. He seems to have single-handedly gotten the project off the ground." <mask> was thereafter recognized as the father of the Masonic Children's Home, built in Darlington, Oklahoma, with funds he had raised.<mask> was a well-known speaker in Indian Territory, discoursing on the issues of statehood and self-government. In the 1907 Democratic preferential primary race that preceded statehood, he received the second highest number of votes for nomination to one of the two new Oklahoma seats in the United States Senate. This outcome technically entitled him to the Democratic nomination. However, the State Democratic Committee had resolved in a gentlemen's agreement that Oklahoma's Democratic candidates for Senate would include one candidate

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title: Henry Marshall Furman

texts:
 from each of the former territories. Despite the urging of some of his friends to claim the nomination which was his by legal right, <mask> waived his right to the nomination in favor of a blind, brilliant lawyer from Lawton, Oklahoma, Thomas P. Gore. The First Legislature of the new State of Oklahoma passed H.B. 397, "[a]n act creating a Criminal Court of Appeals, and defining the jurisdiction of said court."Governor Charles N. Haskell signed the bill creating the Court on May 18, 1908, and on September 9, 1908, the Governor appointed <mask><mask> of Ada as the Court's first Judge. Three days later, H.G. Baker of Muskogee, and Thomas H. Doyle of Perry, received the Governor's appointments, and the Court had its first three Judges. The Court convened in session for the first time on September 16, 2008. "The Letter Killeth; 'Tis the Spirit that Giveth Life"
In seven years and seven months on the Criminal Court of Appeals, Judge <mask> surprised those who thought him too defense-oriented or partisan to make an appellate judge. He delivered thoughtful opinions in forceful and lively prose, often using Biblical allegories. A pragmatic, populist, and distinctly moral temperament emerged in his work.He strongly sensed the Court's important purpose in shaping a working, everyday legal system for the 46th State. The sooner the criminal jurisprudence of Oklahoma is placed upon a just, uniform, and harmonious basis, the better it will be for parties having cases in court, as well as for the entire people of the state. Courts are not established for the purpose of enabling lawyers to earn and collect fees. The supreme purpose of their creation is

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title: Henry Marshall Furman

texts: established for the entire people, and should not be conducted in the interests of lawyers, or of any class, to the injury of the entire people. The sole purpose of a trial court should be the discovery of the truth and the enforcement of justice, and all other considerations are and should be secondary to these. Therefore courts should not adopt or enforce any rule of practice which fails to include all classes, and which discriminates against the people in favor of any class. If it is not the sole business of the courts to enforce justice and thereby protect society, then they have no rightful mission on earth.Judge <mask> believed the new Court must play a leading role in establishing order in the anarchic and bloody  society forged from the Twin Territories, promising swift punishment to outlaws and gunmen and an end to lawlessness, but fair trials to persons of every station. It is the supreme purpose of this court to see that every person charged with crime shall receive, as near as possible, a fair trial. No trial which is not fair comes within the definition of "due process of law." When the record shows that a conviction has been fairly had, then this court will not consider technical errors which do not affect the substantial rights of the defendant. But we will not allow any judgment of conviction to stand when the record shows that unfair means were resorted to in order to obtain it. It is true that the defendant in this case is an ignorant Indian, who cannot speak or understand the English language. So much the greater reason why the trial court should have been vigilant in guarding his right to a fair trial .. . [T]rials


title: Henry Marshall Furman

texts:
 improved condition may be made permanent, juries must be careful, firm, and fearless in the discharge of their duties, and courts must uphold their verdicts when it appears from the record that they were rendered upon sufficient evidence and were fairly obtained, and that the defendant was not deprived of any of his substantial rights. These things are necessary for the well-being of society and the protection of the people in the peaceable enjoyment of life, liberty and the pursuits of happiness. And he missed no occasion to remind the bar of the solemn promise of equality and evenhanded justice under law:

It is true that appellant is only a poor washerwoman and is without friends, without influence and without money, and is dependent upon the charity of her attorneys for her defense; but she is a human being, and her rights are as sacred in the eyes of the law as though she were the wealthiest and most influential society favorite in Oklahoma.It is the duty of this court to see that the poor and friendless are fully protected in the enjoyment of the rights given them by the law . . . A fair trial, when charged with crime, is the birthright of every citizen of Oklahoma, it matters not how poor and humble the defendant may be or how numerous and influential those who are interested in the prosecution. <mask>'s penetrating discussions on the principles of evidence law, justifiable homicide, and other topics  drew favorable notices from President Theodore Roosevelt, lay writers, and Courts around the country. An elegant synthesis of the concepts of mens rea and actus reus to define the concept of res gestae is typical. Action, without


title: Henry Marshall Furman

texts:
 Concerning the proof of facts, Judge <mask> rejected the commonplace notion that circumstantial evidence was inferior to direct evidence:

There is a deep-rooted and widespread feeling, not only on the part of the public, but among many members of the legal profession and many courts, that circumstantial evidence is to be considered as a chain, of which each circumstance relied upon constitutes a separate and distinct link, and that each such circumstance or link must be proven by the same weight and force of evidence and must be as convincing in its conclusiveness of guilt as though it was the main issue in the case. The fallacy of this theory lies in the fact that it makes every such circumstance or link stand by itself and depend alone upon its own strength. It matters not how strong some links in a chain may be; the weaker links will not gain strength by being connected with the stronger links. It is manifest that no chain can be stronger than its weakest link.It is utterly impracticable to apply the chain theory to matters of belief. The man who would apply this theory to his private affairs would never accomplish anything. He would be everywhere looked upon as a self-confessed fool. Why should we apply a theory to the administration of justice in our courts which we repudiate in every other transaction of life? It is an accepted maxim that straws floating on the surface prove the way that the current is flowing. Every man's experience demonstrates that his beliefs are based upon a great number of circumstances, many of which standing by themselves are not fully proven and would amount to nothing, but which, when combined together,


title: Henry Marshall Furman

texts:
 and shed its precious stream with minds absolutely free from anger, resentment, terror, or some other disturbing passion. To the delight of progressives, labor reformers, and left-wing observers, <mask> also upheld anti-trust legislation as a legitimate protection of the working people of Oklahoma:

While labor and capital are both entitled to the protection of the law, it is not true that the abstract rights of capital are equal to those of labor, and that they both stand upon an equal footing before the law. Labor is natural; capital is artificial. Labor was made by God; capital is made by man. Labor is not only blood and bone, but it also has a mind and a soul, and is animated by sympathy, hope, and love; capital is inanimate, soulless matter.Labor is the creator; capital is the creature. If all of the capital in the world was destroyed, a great injury would thereby be inflicted upon the entire human race; but the bright minds, the brave hearts, and the strong arms of labor would in time create new capital, and thus the injury would be ultimately cured. If all of the labor on earth was destroyed, capital would lose its value and become absolutely worthless. The strength and glory of this country lies, not in its vast accumulations of capital, but it depends upon the arms that labor, the minds that think, and the hearts that feel. Labor is always a matter of necessity. Capital is largely a matter of luxury. Labor has been dignified by the example of God.The Savior of mankind was called the "carpenter's son." We are told in the Bible that "the love of money is the root of all evil." This statement is confirmed by the entire history of


title: Henry Marshall Furman

texts: the farmers of Oklahoma against such conspiracies as this, the law would be a miserable, contemptible farce, a snare, a mockery, a burden, and a delusion. We are glad to know that there is a growing disposition upon the part of the appellate courts of the United States to recognize the justice of and to sustain anti-trust legislation, and that common sense and substantial justice are taking the place of the obsolete and unjust distinctions and intricacies of the common law. The chivalrous Southern honor code handed down by his forebears animated his views of the law's protection of women from the depredations of men. In Ex parte Burris, a defendant jailed to answer a charge of adultery brought habeas corpus to the appellate court seeking a reduced bail. He found no sympathy for his predicament from the Baptist minister's son, Judge <mask>. This letter [presented as evidence to support the detention] is strongly suggestive of the fact that petitioner had debauched the wife of George V. Monroe.Men who are guilty of such conduct as this are most dangerous members of society. There is nothing in which society has a deeper concern than in the preservation of the integrity of the home and in the protection of the sanctity of the marital relations. A country is simply an aggregation of homes, and no country can rise superior to the sanctity and purity of its homes. Therefore, whenever a man invades the sanctity of a home and debauches the wife of another, he is guilty of treason against society and becomes an enemy to the human race. The sooner such men are sent to the penitentiary and the longer they are kept there the better it will be for


title: Henry Marshall Furman

texts:
 place in Oklahoma which were prompted by this motive alone, as is abundantly shown by the records of the courts. Another illustration of the heat of passion doctrine in a murder appeal almost poetically reveals Judge <mask>'s sense of Southern chivalry.By way of illustration: Suppose that A., upon returning to his home, finds his sister, mother, daughter, or wife murdered, or, worse, dishonored. He learns the details of the crime. This might throw him into a frenzy of passion. The trees, rocks, and all inanimate things would cry, "Shame! Shame! Shame!" The fires of perdition might blaze in his heart; reason might reel and stagger on its throne.If, in this state of mind, he should pursue and overtake the incarnate fiend, in human form, who had done this wrong or who had wrought this deed of infamy, and should slay him, who would say that under this condition of mind he was capable of having formed a premeditated design to unlawfully effect the death of the party slain, and would be guilty of murder? It may be said that this is an extreme illustration. This is granted. But, it must be remembered that it is the extreme case that tests the accuracy of a rule of law. We have presented this view for the purpose of preventing a misunderstanding as to what we believe to be the spirit of the law upon the subject of murder. The statute which states that we shall construe all penal laws liberally and in the furtherance of justice requires us to look more to the spirit than to the letter of the law. This is in harmony with the Divine law, which says, "The letter killeth; 'tis the spirit that giveth life.""Treason to Virtue"
Before the modern child


title: Henry Marshall Furman

texts: welfare agency and child support enforcement, prosecutions for seduction often set the stage for determinations of paternity and a father's responsibility to support illegitimate children. To <mask>'s southern sensibilities, seduction of the innocent woman and abandonment of her in shame (and frequently with child) were crimes so heinous that no modern punishment was truly fit to answer them. Affirming a conviction for rape of a previously chaste female (a type of statutory rape by seduction), and a six-year prison term, Judge <mask> saw the crime as one of Biblical proportions. Appellant took the witness stand in his own behalf and admitted that after he was arrested he did go to the father of the prosecuting witness and offer to marry her, and that his offer of marriage was declined. He denies that he seduced the prosecuting witness, but admits that he knew she was pregnant with child at the time he offered to marry her. It is inconceivable that an innocent and intelligent man would voluntarily offer to marry a woman, when he knew that she was pregnant with child by some unknown man, for the purpose of preventing a trial which would give him an opportunity to vindicate his innocence. An innocent man with the least spark of manhood and honor would have demanded, and not have sought to avoid, a trial .. . The offense of which the defendant has been convicted is the blackest in the catalogue of crimes. It is a much graver crime than that of rape by force. A rape fiend is generally carried away by the sudden irresistible impulse of the strongest passion to which man is heir. As soon as the crime is committed, he may deeply regret it. It is

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texts:
 not be so much impurity in our country.Which is worse, to kill the body and let the soul live, or to kill the soul and let the body live? One is physical death, the other spiritual assassination. The courts and juries of this state cannot be too vigilant in protecting the innocent girls of our country against the wiles and machinations of such incarnate fiends in human form. The virtue of our girls is the most sacred thing this side of Heaven. The man who boasts that he can take a thousand dollars and beat a prosecution for seduction as appellant did had better leave this state if he desires to preserve his liberty. Of course, no one should be convicted upon suspicion; but where a defendant has been found guilty of this infamous and detestable offense, after having had a fair and impartial trial, and the evidence clearly shows his guilt — as it does in this case — it would be a crime against society and treason to virtue to set the verdict aside. To Make Lawyers, And Not Quibblers

<mask> was as well versed in the arcane and technical rules of common law pleading and procedure as any lawyer of his day.He believed lawyers "should do everything in their power that is fair and legal to protect the substantial rights of their clients, and in so doing they should be upheld by the courts," but too many lawyers were plying their trade in liquor trials and appeals using antiquated technical irregularities of the common law rather than the merits of the case. "Their capital consists chiefly of their knowledge of obsolete technical rules. Therefore they desire this court to enforce these rules, and thereby perpetuate the chains which have bound


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texts:
 justice hand and foot for so long a time." He recognized, too, that common lawyers "have been educated in and are accustomed to an antiquated system of procedure, and have been taught to look with reverence upon old legal theories, and are thereby unduly biased against any change in legal procedure." The result is that, even when the Legislatures attempt to reform legal procedure, many courts and lawyers are disposed to construe such legislation in the light of their preconceived ideas. They often do this without being aware of it, and in this way the purpose intended to be accomplished by remedial legislation is defeated. From its earliest opinions, the Court expressed a determination to avoid formalism and decide cases according to the factual merits.In George v. State,, Judge Doyle had stated the policy of the Court:

When a defendant is clearly, proven to be guilty, this court will not reverse a conviction upon any technicality or exception which did not affect the substantial rights of the defendant. Under Judge <mask>'s leadership, the Court firmly established the doctrines of substantial justice and harmless error by interpreting a handful of early statutes to abrogate the strict common law rules of pleading and procedure. In the Laws of 1909, the Legislature had "repeal[ed] the common-law doctrine of a strict construction of penal statutes, and substitute[d] in its place the equitable doctrine of a liberal construction of such statutes." In <mask>'s view, the Oklahoma Statutes now mandated a construction of law "according to its spirit and reason, so as to enable it to reach and destroy the evil at which it was aimed, and thereby


title: Henry Marshall Furman

texts: resulted in a miscarriage of justice, or constitutes a substantial violation of a constitutional or statutory right. In section 6957, Judge <mask> saw the destruction of "that ancient heresy of the common law that error presumes injury, and by its terms absolutely binds this court to disregard any and all technical errors, defects, and exceptions, unless the party complaining thereof can show from the record that he has been deprived of some substantial right thereby to his injury." In the fall of 1912, <mask> mentioned in the Ostendorf opinion that the members of the Court "are worked to the limit of human endurance." Judge Doyle would later recall that it was in this same period, a little more than three years before his death, that Judge <mask>'s health began to fail and he suffered a stroke. His friends would later remark that Judge <mask> always approached his duties as lawyer, and then judge, with "absolute singleness of devotion." The night was neither too dark nor too cold, the distance was neither too far nor the perils of the journey too great, for him to go forth joyously and buoyantly in the discharge of that duty. He bore suffering with great fortitude, and while enduring the most excruciating pain he would meet his friends and family with buoyancy of spirit that was equal to that of the ordinary man in his most comfortable and successful hours.It was his "all pervading energy that knew not the measure of a day's work or the limit of a man's endurance, and whose unrestrained application broke his health and finally caused his death." To those who knew him, he "was in very truth a martyr to his high conception of his official

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texts:
 duty." We may infer that in mid-1915, his ailing kidneys at last brought him low and curtailed his judicial work for the final time. Judge D. A. Richardson described the <mask>rman's final days as pained, but peaceful:

Notwithstanding he was of a restless, active, and energetic temperament, naturally impatient under restraint or confinement, yet during the  period of his long illness, during many months of which he was confined to his bed, and which he could not but know was to terminate fatally, he uttered no murmur of complaint or word of petulance. All was cheerfulness and serenity with him. He knew that his life's work was done  A faithful Christian, he also knew the goodness and mercy of God, and with Whittier, he could truthfully say:

And so beside the Silent Sea
I wait the muffled oar;
No harm from Him can come to me
On ocean or on shore. I know not where His islands lift
Their fronded palms in air;
I only know I cannot drift
Beyond His love and care.And now he is gone. Having withstood the rigor of the winter, upon the coming of spring, with its sunshine and flowers, he succumbed. There is a vacant place in the home; a friend absent from the Orphanage, a voice never to be heard again in the Judges' conference room. But the character which he built in his children, the very existence of the Orphanage itself, and the ever-increasing citation of the opinions he wrote, all show that his influence still lives, and that verily, "His works do follow him." Notes

References

1850 births
1916 deaths
People from Society Hill, South Carolina
Oklahoma state court judges
Oklahoma lawyers
Deaths from kidney disease
19th-century American


title: Andrew Flintoff

texts:
<mask> "Freddie" <mask>  (born 6 December 1977) is an English television and radio presenter and former international cricketer. Flintoff played all forms of the game and was one of the sport's leading all-rounders, a fast bowler, middle-order batsman, and slip fielder. He was consistently rated by the ICC as being among the top international all-rounders in both ODI and Test cricket. Following his debut in 1998, he became an integral player for England, and was England's "Man of the Series" in the 2005 Ashes. He later served as both captain and vice-captain of the team. He retired from Test cricket at the end of the 2009 Ashes series, and from other forms of the game in 2010. He then had one professional boxing fight on 30 November 2012 in Manchester, beating American Richard Dawson on a points decision.In 2014, <mask> came out of retirement to play Twenty20 cricket for Lancashire, before being signed by Brisbane Heat to play in the Australian Big Bash League for the 2014–15 season. Since his retirement, <mask> has been involved with numerous projects, including designing his own fashion range and becoming the face of the brand Jacamo, winning the first series of the Australian version of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, and being part of Sky One's sports-based comedy panel show A League of Their Own. <mask> became a presenter of the BBC Two show Top Gear in 2019. Early life
<mask>'s father Colin was a plumber and factory maintenance worker and the captain of Dutton Forshaw second XI cricket team. <mask> attended Greenlands Community Primary School and Ribbleton Hall High School (subsequently renamed City of Preston High School). His first trip

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title: Andrew Flintoff

texts:
 abroad at age 14 was to Argentina. At City of Preston High School he passed nine GCSEs, but he did not want to stay in education and left school at 16.As a boy he played cricket for the Lancashire Schools under-11s and under-15s teams and he was also a keen chess player. He then played for two and a half years in the England under-19 cricket team. Professional career

Early years: criticism, injury and fitness troubles
<mask> was captain of the England Under-19 team for their "Test" match tour to Pakistan in 1996/7 and at home against Zimbabwe in 1997. He made his Test match debut for England in 1998 against South Africa at Trent Bridge, in a match remembered for its second-innings duel between Mike Atherton and Allan Donald; in a precursor to their subsequent rivalry, <mask> and Jacques Kallis exchanged wickets. Nonetheless, his struggle to make the grade at county level continued, he found form only intermittently, though often explosively when he did so. In 2000, he hit 135 not out in the quarterfinals of the Natwest Trophy against Surrey, which David Gower described as "the most awesome innings we are ever going to see on a cricket field". In the same year England's management made clear they were unhappy with his fitness and weight, <mask> responded to his critics with 42 not out in a one-day game against Zimbabwe on his home ground of Old Trafford, forming an explosive second-wicket stand with Graeme Hick; as he collected the Man of the Match award he remarked his performance was "not bad for a fat lad".Although he lost his England place during 2001, he remodelled his bowling action and gained a place on the 2001–02 tour to India. Though he hit

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