title: Charles "Hungry" Williams

texts: <mask>Hungry" <mask> on drums. Huey Smith recorded his hit Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu (#5 on Billboard's R&B chart and #52 on the pop chart) for Ace Records in June 1957. <mask> added his distinctive polyrhythmic drumming to that track as well as to Smith's 1958 hit recording Don't You Just Know It backed with High Blood Pressure (#4 on the R&B chart and #9 on the pop chart). In the late 1950s Huey "Piano" Smith and the Clowns toured the South including Florida with the Silas Green Minstrel Show.In an interview with writer and funk drumming historian Jim Payne, Clayton Fillyau said the most important rhythmic lesson of his life was taught to him by the drummer in Huey "Piano" Smith's band The Clowns. Fillyau, the drummer who originated the funk beat in James Brown's band, said he saw Smith's show in Jacksonville and caught up with the band's drummer in his hotel room afterward. "Back then musicians were always in everybody's room playing", Fillyau remembered. They started jamming, and the older man, probably <mask>Hungry" <mask>, showed him a little lesson in New Orleans drumming, taking him from standard stiff beat-keeping to secrets of the second line. Then he bore down, as if to say it all comes down to this, and told Fillyau, "Now use your imagination. Only thing you got to remember is, 'Where is one?' I don't care where you put it on those drums."Meaning you can hit it on the snare, bass, or cymbal. "Remember where the one is and you'll

masks:
Charles "
Williams
Williams
Charles "
Williams


title: Charles "Hungry" Williams

type: original

texts: never lose time." Fillyau acknowledged, "Now this (New Orleans) is where funk was really created! That's where funk originated." <mask> continued to record and perform with Huey Smith and The Clowns. He was also part of the Ace Records studio session personnel that included  Alvin "Red" Tyler on tenor and baritone sax, Lee Allen on tenor sax, Melvin Lastie on cornet, Allen Toussaint on piano, Frank Fields on bass, and Justin Adams on guitar, and <mask> on drums. Other artists recorded for Ace included Sugarboy Crawford, Benny Spellman, Chuck Carbo, Jimmy Clanton, Joe Tex, Bobby Marchan, James Booker, Lee Dorsey, Big Boy Myles, and Mac Rebennac.Between 1957 and 1959 <mask> was New Orleans' premier studio drummer. Using his "double clutch" style, his hard-driving rhythms punctuated and enhanced hundreds of records on various labels with artists like Fats Domino, Paul Gayten, Professor Longhair, Mickey and Sylvia, Smiley Lewis, Hank Ballard and the Midnighters's, Art Neville, Bobby Mitchell, Frankie Ford, Allen Toussaint, Earl King, <mask>, Chris Kenner, Roy Brown, Dave Bartholomew, Lee Allen, and dozens more. In the early 1960s <mask> lost his position as the first call studio drummer in New Orleans to John Boudreaux, and dropped out of the recording scene. He left for New York as the British Invasion eclipsed record sales and radio play in New Orleans. Said Earl King, "He was one of those who drifted off and got into this whirl and that was it. He was around New

masks:
Williams
Williams
Williams
Bobby Charles
Williams


title: Charles "Hungry" Williams

texts:
 York somewhere. <mask>, a hell of a drummer."New York City became <mask>' adopted home as it had for New Orleans expatriate drummers jazz and R&B stickman Idris Muhammad and <mask>Honeyman” Otis, who played drums with Professor Longhair. <mask>' last known recording session was for Albert King's New Orleans Heat, produced by Allen Toussaint for Tomato Records in New Orleans. Later Years
In his later years <mask> made few public appearances. His last was an impromptu jam session at New York City's Lone Star Cafe in April 1985. “I remember Dr. John was playing ‘Iko Iko’", said Barbara Becker, a close friend to <mask>, “and Charlie thought the drummer didn’t have the beat right. So he just jumped up on the stage and took the sticks out of his hands and began to play." <mask>Hungry” <mask> died May 10, 1986 in New York City after years of battling Paget's disease, a crippling bone marrow disorder.Discography
New Orleans, La., December 14, 1955

So Glad She's Mine -  Checker 831
Mary Don't You Weep, Mary Don't You Moan - Checker 831

New Orleans, La., March 1957

Darling -  Checker 866
So Worried - Checker 866

New Orleans, La., June 1958 (Released 1984 Europe)

Rhythmatic Rhythm - Chess: New Orleans R&B   -Chess- DET 205
I Cried All The Way Home - Chess: New Orleans R&B  -Chess- DET 205
What Can I Do - Chess: New Orleans R&B  -Chess- DET 205

References

1935 births
1986 deaths
Rhythm and blues musicians from New Orleans
20th-century American musicians
20th-century

masks:
Charles Williams
Williams
Charles “
Williams
Williams
Williams
Charles “
Williams


title: Michael Karlan

texts:
<mask> (born January 8, 1968) is an American attorney and social entrepreneur. He is best known as founder of Professionals in the City. Education
<mask> completed his bachelor's degree in business administration from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1989, where he was valedictorian of his graduating class.He received his J.D. degree in 1992 from Columbia University School of Law, where he was a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar. Continuing his studies at New York University School of Law, he finished his LL.M. in Taxation in 1993. Career

Early career

Karlan worked as an attorney, first with Covington & Burling and then with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).While at the IRS, Karlan was drafter of federal regulations relating to 401(k) plans. Karlan's published works as an attorney include "Differences in Treatment of Employees and Independent Contractors Under Selected State and Federal Statutes," 1998 American Bar Association Section of Taxation Mid-Year Meeting (with Kurt L.P. Lawson) and "Cash or Deferred Arrangements, Matching Contributions, and Employee Contributions," 1998 Annual American Law Institute-American Bar Association Conference (with Mary Oppenheimer). Professionals in the City

Karlan founded Professionals in the City to bring the local professional community together and to familiarize residents with the activities their cities have to offer. On December 31, 2006, when he was simultaneously hosting New Year's Eve Galas at both the French Embassy and the Washington Plaza Hotel, the Washington Post wrote a cover story about Karlan that characterized him as "an expert party guy." On December 31, 2007, Karlan hosted the farewell party for the historic Hotel Washington, Washington, D.C.'s oldest continuously operated hotel, the hotel located across the street from the

White House. With more than 3,000 attendees, this was the largest party in the history of the Hotel Washington. At the same time, Karlan hosted a second Gala at the Embassy of Italy.In March 2009, the Washington Post published a cover story about how more children of immigrants are seeking partners of the same

masks:
Michael Karlan
Karlan


title: Michael Karlan

texts: ethnicity, and how Professionals in the City is catering to this societal change by expanding "its repertoire of lectures and wine-tastings over the past year to include 'speed dating' nights for people of Asian, Latino or South Asian descent." This article quoted Karlan as saying that targeting ethnic groups makes sense in the Washington area, which has more than 1 million immigrants. In March 2009, in a feature that also included Oprah Winfrey and Suze Orman, ABC News filmed a Professionals in the City speed dating event where it quoted Karlan as saying that credit score dating websites are a double-edged sword because they enable singles to meet other singles who are preselected for certain financial criteria, but that these sites are unable to avoid the situation of singles still having to find a person to whom they are attracted in the first place." In July 2009, <mask> was featured in a Professionals in the City marketing video promoting its speed dating events, further emphasizing the group's increasing focus on singles. In August 2009, Nikkei Trendy in Japan featured <mask> and his Professionals in the City speed dating events as what is currently trendy in the United States. In October 2010, Washington, DC Mayor Adrian Fenty officially commended Karlan for Professionals in the City surpassing a membership of 200,000 in the Greater Washington, DC metropolitan area and for enhancing the quality of life of residents of Washington, DC. In February 2011, Karlan hosted the nation's first-ever speed dating at an auto show, at which Washington Post columnist Carolyn Hax provided advice on dating and then the speed daters went from car to car in the General Motors exhibit at the Washington Auto Show participating in a different date in each car.In March 2011, in a feature that also includes Donald Trump, The TODAY Show featured Karlan at a Professionals in the City speed dating event to show how body language affects one's success in dating. In December 2011, Voice of America aired in China an interview with Karlan about how Professionals in the City Speed Dating events are a popular way in America

masks: Karlan Karlan


title: Michael Karlan

texts:
 for singles to meet. In December 2011, the Washington Post published a story about Professionals in the City is helping build a Jewish social scene in the District of Columbia by hosting events like Professionals in the City's annual Christmas Eve Gefilte Fish Gala. The article quoted Karlan as saying that Jews "who move to D.C. now get involved in 30 seconds because of a Google search, instead of spending three months to find out about each other." In April 2012, National Public Radio featured Karlan at a Professionals in the City Speed Dating Event that consisted of 30 men and 30 women dating to show how one's use of pronouns in a conversation determines one's level of attraction to another person. In February 2014, The Washington Post featured Professionals in the City speed dating events as a key place for older singles to meet potential dates in Washington, DC, stating that Professionals in the City's "series of four- to eight-minute dates is an efficient way to decide who you're interested in." The article quoted Karlan discussing the various dating challenges people face at different ages.In February 2014, Voice of America aired in Pakistan an interview with Karlan discussing how Professionals in the City Speed Dating events are a great way to meet many singles and find a date for Valentine's Day. In November–December 2014, Arlington Magazine published an article quoting Karlan regarding the increase in older singles in the Northern Virginia area, and the resulting increase in options for older singles. On February 15, 2015, Andrews Gazette published an article quoting Karlan regarding the importance of face-to-face interaction for singles to develop a connection with each other. Washington, DC For Singles

<mask> is author of Washington, DC For Singles. References

External links

 <mask> website

 Professionals in the City website

 Washington, DC For Singles

Living people

1968 births

American lawyers

Columbia Law School alumni

New York University School of Law alumni

University of Colorado Boulder alumni

Place of birth missing (living people)

People associated with Covington &

masks:
Karlan
Michael Karlan


title: Philip V of France

texts: <mask> (c. 1293 – 3 January 1322), known as the Tall (), was the King of France and Navarre (as <mask>) from 1316 to 1322. As the second son of king <mask>, he was granted an appanage, the County of Poitiers, while his elder brother, Louis X, inherited the throne in 1314. When Louis died in 1316, he left a daughter and a pregnant wife, Clementia of Hungary. <mask> the Tall successfully claimed the regency. Queen Clementia gave birth to a boy, who was proclaimed king as John I, but the infant king lived only for five days. At the death of his nephew, <mask> immediately had himself crowned at Reims. However, his legitimacy was challenged by the party of Louis X's daughter Joan.<mask> successfully contested her claims for a number of reasons, including her youth, doubts regarding her paternity (her mother was involved in the Tour de Nesle Affair), and the Estates General's determination that women should be excluded from the line of succession to the French throne. The succession of <mask>, instead of Joan, set the precedent for the French royal succession that would be known as the Salic law. <mask> restored somewhat good relations with the County of Flanders, which had entered into open rebellion during his father's rule, but simultaneously his relations with Edward II of England worsened as the English king, who was also Duke of Guyenne, initially refused to pay him homage. A spontaneous popular crusade started in Normandy in 1320 aiming to liberate the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors. Instead the angry populace marched to the south attacking castles, royal officials,

masks:
Philip V
Philip II
Philip IV
Philip
Philip
Philip V
Philip
Philip V


title: Philip V of France

texts:
 priests, lepers, and Jews. <mask> engaged in a series of domestic reforms intended to improve the management of the kingdom. These reforms included the creation of an independent Court of Finances, the standardization of weights and measures, and the establishment of a single currency.<mask> died from dysentery in 1322 without a male heir and was succeeded by his younger brother <mask>. Personality and marriage

<mask> was born in Lyon, the second son of King <mask> of France and Queen Joan I of Navarre. His father granted to him the county of Poitiers in appanage. Modern historians have described <mask> as a man of "considerable intelligence and sensitivity", and the "wisest and politically most apt" of <mask>'s three sons. <mask> was influenced by the troubles and unrest that his father had encountered during 1314, as well as by the difficulties his older brother, Louis X, known as "the Quarreler", had faced during the intervening few years. At the heart of the problems for both <mask> and Louis X were taxes and the difficulty in raising them outside of crises. <mask> married Joan of Burgundy, the eldest daughter of Otto IV, Count of Burgundy and Mahaut, Countess of Artois, on 21 January 1307.The original plan had been for Louis X to marry Joan, but this was altered after Louis was engaged to Margaret of Burgundy. Modern scholars have found little evidence as to whether the marriage was a happy one, but the pair had a considerable number of children in a short space of time, and <mask> was exceptionally generous to Joan by the standards of the day. <mask> went to great

masks:
Philip V
Philip V
Charles IV
Philip
Philip IV
Philip V
Philip IV
Philip
Philip IV
Philip
Philip
Philip


title: Philip V of France

texts:
 lengths not only to endow Joan with lands and money but to try to ensure that these gifts were irrevocable in the event of his early death. Amongst the various gifts were a palace, villages, additional money for jewels, and her servants and the property of all the Jews in Burgundy, which he gave to Joan in 1318. Joan was implicated in Margaret's adultery case during 1314; Margaret was accused and convicted of adultery with two knights, upon the testimony of their sister-in-law, Isabella. Joan was suspected of having secretly known about the adultery; placed under house arrest at Dourdan as punishment, it was then implied that Joan was guilty of adultery herself. With <mask>'s support she continued to protest her innocence, and by 1315 her name had been cleared by the Paris Parlement, partially through <mask>'s influence, and she was allowed to return to court.It is unclear why <mask> stood by her in the way that he did. One theory has been that he was concerned that if he were to abandon Joan, he might also lose Burgundy; another theory suggests that his slightly "formulaic" love letters to his wife should be taken at face value, and that he was in fact very deeply in love. Accession and the Salic Law

<mask>'s older brother, Louis X, died in 1316 leaving the pregnant Clementia of Hungary as his widow. There were several potential candidates for the role of regent, including Charles of Valois and Duke Odo IV of Burgundy, but <mask> successfully outmanoeuvred them, being appointed regent himself. <mask> remained as regent for the remainder of the pregnancy and for a few days

masks: Philip Philip Philip Philip Philip Philip


title: Philip V of France

texts: after the birth of his nephew John I, who lived for only five days. What followed the death of John I was unprecedented in the history of the Capetian kings of France. For the first time, the king of France died without a son.The heir to the throne was now a subject of some dispute. Joan, the remaining daughter of Louis X by Margaret of Burgundy, was one obvious candidate, but suspicion still hung over her as a result of the scandal in 1314, including concerns over her actual parentage. With only his niece between himself and the throne, <mask> engaged in some rapid political negotiations and convinced Charles of Valois, who along with Odo IV was championing Joan's rights, to switch sides and support him instead. In exchange for marrying <mask>'s daughter, Odo IV abandoned his niece's cause, not only her claim to the French throne but also her claim to Navarre's. On 9 January 1317, with Charles's support, <mask> was hastily crowned at Rheims. The majority of the nobility, however, refused to attend. There were demonstrations in Champagne, Artois, and Burgundy, and <mask> called a rapid assembly of the nobility on 2 February in Paris.<mask> laid down the principle that Joan, as a woman, could not inherit the throne of France, played heavily upon the fact that he was now the anointed king, and consolidated what some authors have described as his effective "usurpation" of power. The exclusion of women, and later of their male descendants, was later popularized as the Salic law by the Valois monarchy. Joan, however, did accede in 1328 to the throne of Navarre, which did not hold

masks: Philip Philip Philip Philip Philip


title: Philip V of France

texts:
 to the Salic law. The next year, <mask> continued to strengthen his position. He married his eldest daughter Joan to the powerful Odo IV, bringing the Duke over to his own party. <mask> then built his reign around the notion of reform – "reclaiming rights, revenues and territories" that had been wrongly lost to the crown in recent years. Domestic reform

Domestically, <mask> proved a "strong and popular" king, despite inheriting an uncertain situation and an ongoing sequence of poor harvests.He followed in the steps of his father, <mask>, in trying to place the French crown on a solid fiscal footing and revoked many of the unpopular decisions of his predecessor and older brother, Louis X. He also instituted government reforms, reformed the currency and worked to standardise weights and measures. Amongst <mask>'s key appointments was the later cardinal Pierre Bertrand, who would play a key role in successive French royal governments in subsequent years. In 1317, <mask> reissued an act first passed by his father, in 1311, condemning the alienation and theft of royal resources and offices in the provinces. By 1318, his political situation strengthened, <mask> went further, setting out in a new act a distinction between the French royal domain – the core set of lands and titles that belonged permanently to the crown – and those lands and titles that had been forfeited to the crown for one reason or another. If the French crown was to bestow or grant new lands to nobles, <mask> declared, they would usually be given only from the second source: this was a double-edged announcement,

masks:
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip IV
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip


title: Philip V of France

texts:
 at once reinforcing the core, unalienable powers of the crown, whilst also reassuring nobles that their lands were sacrosanct unless they were forfeited to the crown in punishment for a crime or misdemeanour. <mask> was responsible for the creation of the cours des comptes in 1320, a court responsible for auditing the royal accounts to ensure proper payment; the courts still exist today.In practice, <mask> did not entirely keep to his self-declared principles on grants of royal lands and titles, but he was far more conservative in such matters than his immediate predecessors. Resolution of the Flanders conflict and England

<mask> was able to achieve a successful resolution of the ongoing Flanders problem. The Count of Flanders ruled an "immensely wealthy state", which largely led an autonomous existence on the edge of the French state. The French king was generally regarded as having suzerainty over Flanders, but in recent years the relationship had become strained. <mask> had been defeated at Courtrai in 1302 attempting to reassert French control, and despite the later French victory at the Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle the relationship remained tense. Robert III of Flanders had continued to resist France militarily, but by <mask>'s accession to the throne had found himself increasingly isolated politically in Flanders itself. Meanwhile, the French position had become strained by the need to maintain a wartime footing.Louis X had prohibited exports of grain and other material to Flanders in 1315, resulting in a profitable smuggling industry that in turn discouraged legal trade

masks:
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip IV
Philip


title: Philip V of France

texts: with the French crown along the border region; Louis was forced to directly requisition food for his forces, resulting in a string of complaints from local lords and the Church. <mask> began to reinstate a proper recompensation scheme in 1317, but the situation remained unstable. Both <mask> and Robert turned away from seeking a military solution in favour of a political compromise. Accordingly, Robert made an accommodation with <mask> in June 1320, under which Robert would confirm his young grandson, Louis, as his designated heir, in return for Louis being pledged in marriage to <mask>'s second daughter, Margaret. This would provide Robert, and then Louis, with strong French support within Flanders. Louis was, to a great extent, already under <mask>'s influence. Louis had been brought up in Nevers in central France, and at <mask>'s court.and was culturally effectively a French prince. This arrangement was a considerable success for <mask>'s policy, although over time Louis' clear French loyalties and lack of political links within Flanders itself would lead to political upheaval and peasant revolt. <mask> also faced difficulties with Edward II of England. Like the Count of Flanders, Edward in his role as the ruler of Gascony owed homage to the king of France, but as a king in his own right, and as the head of a largely autonomous Gascon province, was disinclined to do so. Edward had not given homage to Louis X, and initially declined to do so to <mask>, who had a reputation as being more favourable to the English than Louis X. In 1319 <mask> allowed Edward to give homage by

masks: Philip Philip Philip Philip Philip Philip Philip Philip Philip Philip


title: Philip V of France

texts:
 proxy, an honour by the standards of the day, but expected him to do so in person in 1320. Edward arrived in Amiens to do so, only to find that <mask> was now insisting that Edward also give an oath of personal fealty to him – an act going beyond that of normal feudal homage.Edward gave homage but refused to swear fealty; nonetheless, this marked a period of increased French pressure on England over Gascony. Crusades

<mask> was also to play a role in the ongoing crusade movement during the period. Pope John XXII, the second of the Avignon popes, had been elected at a conclave assembled in Lyons during 1316 by <mask> himself, and set out his renewed desire to see fresh crusades. <mask> had agreed to a joint plan for a new French-led crusade at the Council of Vienne in 1312, with his son <mask>, a "committed crusader," taking the cross himself in 1313. Once king himself, <mask> was obligated to carry out these plans and asked John for and received additional funds after 1316. Both <mask> and John agreed, however, that a French crusade was impossible whilst the military situation in Flanders remained unstable. Nonetheless, John continued to assure the Armenians that <mask> would shortly lead a crusade to relieve them.An attempt to send a naval vanguard from the south of France under Louis I of Clermont failed, however, with the forces being destroyed in a battle off Genoa in 1319. Over the winter of 1319–20 <mask> convened a number of meetings with French military leaders in preparation for a potential second expedition, that in turn informed Bishop William Durand's famous

masks:
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip IV
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip


title: Philip V of France

texts:
 treatise on crusading. By the end of <mask>'s reign, however, he and John had fallen out over the issue of new monies and commitments to how they were spent, and the attentions of both were focused on managing the challenge of the Shepherds' Crusade. The Shepherds' Crusade, or the Pastoreaux, emerged from Normandy in 1320. One argument for the timing of this event has been that the repeated calls for popular crusades by <mask> and his predecessors, combined with the absence of any actual large scale expeditions, ultimately boiled over into this popular, but uncontrolled, crusade. <mask>'s intent for a new crusade had certainly become widely known by the spring of 1320, and the emerging peace in Flanders and the north of France had left a large number of displaced peasants and soldiers. The result was a large and violent anti-Semitic movement threatening local Jews, royal castles, the wealthier clergy, and Paris itself.The movement was ultimately condemned by Pope John, who doubted whether the movement had any real intent to carry out a crusade. <mask> was forced to move against it, crushing the movement militarily and driving the remnants south across the Pyrenees into Aragon. Final year

"Leper scare"

In 1321 an alleged conspiracy – the "leper scare" – was discovered in France. The accusation, apparently unfounded, was that lepers had been poisoning the wells of various towns, and that this activity had been orchestrated by the Jewish minority, secretly commissioned by foreign Muslims. The scare took hold in the febrile atmosphere left by the Shepherds' crusade of the

masks: Philip Philip Philip Philip


title: Philip V of France

texts: previous year and the legacy of the poor harvests of the previous decade. The French Jews were, by 1321, closely connected to the French crown; <mask> had given orders that royal officials assist Jewish money lenders in recovering Christian debts, and some local officials were arguing that the crown was due to inherit the estates of dead Jewish merchants. Following the events of 1320, <mask> was involved in fining those who had attacked Jews during the Shepherds' Crusade, which in practice added further to the dislike of this minority in France.Rumours and allegations about lepers themselves had been circulated in 1320 as well, and some had been arrested during the Crusade. <mask> was in Poitiers in June, involved in a tour of the south aimed at reform of the southern fiscal system, when word arrived of the scare. <mask> issued an early edict demanding that any leper found guilty was to be burnt and their goods would be forfeit to the crown. The King's southern tour and reform plans, although administratively sound by modern standards, had created much local opposition, and modern historians have linked the King's role in Poitiers with the sudden outbreak of violence. This all put <mask> in a difficult position: He could not openly side with those claiming wrongdoing by the lepers, Jews, and Muslims without encouraging further unnecessary violence; on the other hand, if he did not ally himself to the cause, he encouraged further unsanctioned violence, weakening his royal position. Some Jews did leave France as a result of the leper scare, but <mask> had successfully resisted


title: Philip V of France

texts:
 signing any formal edict, which limited the impact to some degree. Death and succession
In August, <mask> was continuing to progress his reform plans when he fell ill from multiple illnesses.After a brief respite, he died at Longchamp, Paris. He was interred in Saint Denis Basilica, with his viscera buried at the church of the now-demolished Couvent des Jacobins in Paris. By the principle of male succession that <mask> had invoked in 1316, <mask> was succeeded by his younger brother, <mask>, since he left no sons. Charles was also to die without male issue, resulting ultimately in the claim to the French throne by Edward III of England and the subsequent Hundred Years War (1337–1453). Family
In January 1307 <mask> married Joan II, Countess of Burgundy (daughter and heiress of Otto IV, count of Burgundy), and they had five children:
 Joan (1/2 May 1308 – 10/15 August 1349), Countess of Burgundy and Artois in her own right and wife of Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy
 Margaret (1309 – 9 May 1382), wife of Louis I of Flanders. Countess of Burgundy and Artois in her own right. Isabelle (1310 – April 1348), wife of Guigues <mask> La Tour du Pin, Dauphin de Viennois.Blanche (1313 – 26 April 1358), a nun. <mask> (24 June 1316 – 24 February 1317). In fiction
<mask> is a character in Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings), a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon. In the novel, <mask> was depicted as the most shrewd among the three sons of <mask> IV. He was portrayed by Josep Maria Flotats in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series, and by Éric Ruf in the 2005

masks:
Philip
Philip
Philip
Charles IV
Philip V
VIII de
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip


title: Philip V of France

texts:
 adaptation. Ancestry

References

Bibliography

 Barber, Malcolm. (1981) "The Pastoureaux of 1320."Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 32 (1981): 143–166. Brown, Elizabeth, A. R. (2000) The King's Conundrum: Endowing Queens and Loyal Servants, Ensuring Salvation, and Protecting the Patrimony in Fourteenth-Century France, in Burrow and Wei (eds) 2000. Burrow, John Anthony and Ian P. Wei (eds). (2000) Medieval Futures: Attitudes to the Future in the Middle Ages. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. Drees, Clayton J.(2001) The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300–1500: a Biographical Dictionary. Westport: Greenwood Press. Duby, George. (1993) France in the Middle Ages 987–1460: from Hugh Capet to <mask> Arc. Oxford: Blackwell. Fryde, Natalie. (2003) The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II 1321–1326.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Holmes, George. (2000) Europe, Hierarchy and Revolt, 1320–1450, 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell. Housley, Norman. (1986) The Avignon papacy and the Crusades, 1305–1378. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Housley, Norman. (1992) The later Crusades, 1274–1580: from Lyons to Alcazar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jordan, William Chester. (1996) The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the early Fourteenth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Jordan, William Chester.(2005) Unceasing Strife, Unending Fear: Jacques de Therines and the Freedom of the Church in the Age of the Last Capetians. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Nirenberg, David. (1996) Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University


title: Philip V of France

texts:
 Press. Riley-Smith, Jonathan. (2005) The Crusades: a History.London: Continuum. Rose, Hugh James. (1857) A New General Biographical Dictionary, Volume 11. London: Fellows. TeBrake, William Henry. (1994) A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323–1328. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Wagner, John. A. (2006) Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Westport: Greenwood Press. External links

 The original wax seal of King <mask> V the Tall in the Estonian Historical Archives. |-

|-

1293 births
1322 deaths
14th-century kings of France
14th-century Navarrese monarchs
People from Lyon
France, <mask> of
Navarrese monarchs
House of Capet
Heirs presumptive to the French throne
13th-century French people
14th-century French people
Deaths from dysentery
14th-century peers of

masks:
Philip
Philip V


title: Randy Crouch

texts:
<mask> (born April 1, 1952) is an  Oklahoma-based multi-instrumentalist. In eastern Oklahoma, <mask> is best known as a fiddle player. Although he has been referred to as "the world's best rock fiddler," <mask> also plays guitar and pedal steel guitar among other instruments. Biography

<mask> was born <mask> to mother <mask> and father <mask> on April 1, 1952 in Dallas, Texas. At the time, his father was attending Southern Methodist Seminary School. He would later go on to be a Methodist preacher. <mask> is the oldest of three children.<mask> was followed by his sister, now Lisa Perry 18 months later, and by his youngest sibling, <mask>, 18 months after that. After his father’s graduation, the family moved away from Dallas in 1954 to his first posting in Garden City, Texas. As a preacher, <mask>’s father moved the family somewhat frequently. They left Garden City in 1956 to Clyde, Texas in 1956 and to Heat, Texas in 1959. <mask> began high school in Canadian, Texas where the family moved in 1962, but they then moved to Crosbyton, Texas where <mask> finished out his high school studies. His parents provided a diverse musical background including piano lessons and <mask> also started playing ukulele and guitar. His grandfather, who played fiddle, had a big influence on him.<mask> learned to play fiddle from a Mel Bay mandolin instruction manual. Since the two instruments are tuned the same – a fiddle lacks the frets that make mandolin playing a little easier to do in key – it all transferred to the fiddle. During his freshman year of high school <mask> started playing in

masks:
Randy Crouch
Crouch
Crouch
Randy Crouch
Randall Byron Crouch
Ruth Emma McMinn Crouch
Hurbert Lee Crouch
Randy
Randy
Dane Crouch
Randy
Randy
Randy
Crouch
Crouch
Crouch


title: Randy Crouch

texts: a band and has performed music ever since. Three of <mask>'s biggest musical influences were Jimi Hendrix, The Beatles, and The Rolling Stones. <mask> stated that he is still trying to learn guitar parts to Hendrix' music. <mask> refers to his songs as "Oklahoma Protest music" and has a long history of protesting against onslaughts against the environment. He lives in an electricity-free geodesic dome that he built on a former landfill site.In 1973, after the Public Service Company of Oklahoma announced that twin black nuclear power plants (named Black Fox 1 and Black Fox 2) would be built, <mask> along with many other Oklahomans took legal action against PSO and a protest movement ensued. As a result of his involvement in the protest, <mask> was blackballed for a time by music promoters in and around Tulsa, although he performed at least 50 "stop Black Fox" events around Oklahoma. <mask>'s music has been a foundation for Oklahoma's Red Dirt music, having been one of the earliest musicians of Red Dirt's epicenter - The Farm - located in Stillwater, Oklahoma. John Cooper, of the Red Dirt Rangers band, said that the camaraderie of the protests was central to the spirit that help form the Red Dirt movement. <mask> also represents a variation of The Tulsa Sound and has also been a primary influence on aspiring Oklahoma musicians performing bluegrass, folk, country music, and jam bands. In addition to performing as a solo artist, <mask> is a regular member of the Red Dirt Rangers band and is a member of the house band at the annual Woody Guthrie Folk Festival in Okemah,

masks: Crouch Crouch Crouch Crouch Crouch Crouch Crouch Crouch


title: Randy Crouch

texts:
 Oklahoma. <mask>'s live performances often include unusual techniques on a variety of instruments."I once saw him play where he's over a steel guitar and a piano while he's playing fiddle," said Jim Blair, co-owner of Max's Garage and one of <mask>'s musical compatriots. "In the middle of the song, he wants to tune up the fiddle, so he hits the A note on the piano with his fiddle bow and tunes the string and keeps on playing." <mask>'s songs "Big Shot Rich Man" and "Mexican Holiday" have been recorded by Jason Boland & the Stragglers. He played with Tulsa band South 40 when they recorded his song "Got Time to Party" for their 2006 release Home which also features guest spots by members of Asleep at the Wheel and George Strait's band. As a member of the Vince Herman Trio, <mask>ostik Hookah. <mask> has been nominated for over twenty Oklahoma State Music Awards and in 2005 was inducted into the Oklahoma Music Awards Red Dirt Hall of Fame. Discography
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Record Label/Comments
|-
|2017
|Turn Off Tune Out Drop In
|Random Choice Music - Album
|-
|2014
|No Good Reason
|Random Choice Music - Album
|-
|2012
|Me and You
|Random Choice Music - Album
|-
|2010
|It's a Crime
|Random Choice Music - Album
|-
|-
|2009
|Just a Few More Things
|-
|-
|2008
|Straight From the Tap
|with Badwater
|-
|2006
|Friends
|with Wanda Watson
|-
|2006
|Home
|with South 40
|-
|2004
|Kindred Spirits
|Binky Records (with Bob Childers)
|-
|2004
|Natural Selection
|
|-
|2004
|Somewhere in the Middle
|Smith Music Group (with Jason Boland & the Stragglers)
|-
|2003
|What's Goin'

masks: Crouch Crouch Crouch Crouchko Crouch


title: Cicely Tyson

texts: <mask> (December 19, 1924January 28, 2021) was an American actress. In a career which spanned more than seven decades, she became known for her portrayal of strong African-American women. <mask> received three Primetime Emmy Awards, four Black Reel Awards, one Screen Actors Guild Award, one Tony Award, an honorary Academy Award, and a Peabody Award. Having appeared in minor film and television roles early in her career, <mask> garnered widespread attention and critical acclaim for her performance as Rebecca Morgan in Sounder (1972); she was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Actress and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama for her work in the film. <mask>'s portrayal of the title role in the 1974 television film The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, based on the book by Ernest J. Gaines, won her further praise; among other accolades, the role won her two Emmy Awards and a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. <mask> continued to act on film and television in the 21st century. In 2011, she played the role of Constantine Jefferson in the award-winning film The Help.She also played the recurring role of Ophelia Harkness in the legal drama TV series How to Get Away With Murder since the show's inception in 2014, for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series five times. In addition to her screen career, <mask> appeared in various theater productions. She received a Vernon Rice Award in 1962 for her Off-Broadway performance in Moon on a Rainbow Shawl. <mask> also starred as Carrie Watts in the Broadway play The Trip to Bountiful, winning the Tony Award, the Outer

masks:
Cicely Louise Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson


title: Cicely Tyson

texts:
 Critics Award, and the Drama Desk Award for Best Actress in a Play in 2013. <mask> was named a Kennedy Center honoree in 2015. In November 2016, <mask> received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which is the highest civilian honor in the United States. In 2020, she was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame.Early life
<mask> was born in the Bronx, New York City, but soon relocated with her family to East Harlem. She was one of three children born to Fredericka (Huggins<mask>, a domestic worker, and William Augustine <mask>, who worked as a carpenter and painter. Her parents were immigrants from Nevis in the West Indies. Her father arrived in New York City at age 21 and was processed at Ellis Island on August 4, 1919. <mask> grew up in a religious atmosphere. She sang in the choir and attended prayer meetings at an Episcopal church in East Harlem. <mask>'s mother was opposed to her becoming an actress and would not speak to her for a time.She changed her mind when she saw <mask> appear on stage. Career

Early work

<mask> was discovered by a photographer for Ebony magazine and became a successful fashion model. Her first acting role was in the 1956 film Carib Gold and she first appeared onstage in Vinnette Carroll's production of Dark of the Moon at the Harlem YMCA in 1958. <mask> had small roles in the 1959 films Odds Against Tomorrow and The Last Angry Man, as well as the 1960 comedy, Who Was That Lady? 1n 1961, she made her television debut in the NBC series Frontiers of Faith. In the early 1960s, <mask> appeared in the original cast of French playwright Jean Genet's The Blacks. She played the role of Stephanie Virtue Secret-Rose Diop; other notable cast members included Maya

masks:
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
) Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Cicely
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson


title: Cicely Tyson

texts:
 Angelou, James Earl Jones, Godfrey Cambridge, Louis Gossett Jr., and Charles Gordone.The show was the longest running off-Broadway non-musical of the decade, running for 1,408 performances. She won the 1961-1962 Vernon Rice Award (later known as the Drama Desk Award) for her performance in another off-Broadway production, Moon on a Rainbow Shawl. <mask>, who once worked for a social services agency, was spotted by producer David Susskind in The Blacks and in Tiger, Tiger, Burning Bright, and was cast for a role in the CBS TV series East Side/West Side (1963–1964), playing the secretary of a social worker played by George C. Scott. She was at the time the only African American regular member of a TV cast, The show was noted for its treatment of social issues, and one of its episodes, on an African-American couple in Harlem (played by James Earl Jones and Diana Sands), was blacked out in Atlanta and Shreveport, Louisiana. In the mid-1960s she had a recurring role in the soap opera The Guiding Light. She appeared with Sammy Davis Jr. in the film A Man Called Adam (1966) and starred in the film version of The Comedians (1967) based on the Graham Greene novel. In 1968 <mask> had a featured role in The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter.Stardom
In 1972, <mask> played the role of Rebecca Morgan in the film Sounder. She was nominated for both the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her work in Sounder, and also won the NSFC Best Actress and NBR Best Actress Awards. In 1974, <mask> played the title role in the television film The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman. <mask>'s portrayal of a centenarian black woman's life from slavery until her death before the Civil rights movement won

masks: Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson


title: Cicely Tyson

texts:
 her a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie and an Emmy Award for Actress of the Year – Special. <mask> was also nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her work in this television film. <mask>'s television roles included: Binta in the 1977 miniseries Roots, for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress – Miniseries or a Movie; Coretta Scott King in the 1978 miniseries King, for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie; Marva Collins in the 1981 television film The Marva Collins Story, for which she received an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie; and Muriel in the 1986 television film Samaritan: The Mitch Snyder Story, for which she received an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special. Later career
In 1989, <mask> appeared in the television miniseries The Women of Brewster Place.In 1991, <mask> appeared in Fried Green Tomatoes as Sipsey. In the 1994–95 television series Sweet Justice, <mask> portrayed a civil rights activist and attorney named Carrie Grace Battle, a character she modeled after Washington, D.C. civil rights and criminal defense lawyer Dovey Johnson Roundtree. Her other notable film roles include the dramas Hoodlum (1997) and Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005), and the television films Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All (1994) (for which she received her third Emmy Award) and A Lesson


title: Cicely Tyson

texts:
 Before Dying (1999). In 2005, <mask> co-starred in Because of Winn-Dixie. In 2010, <mask> appeared in Why Did I Get Married Too? and narrated the Paul Robeson Award-winning documentary Up from the Bottoms: The Search for the American Dream. In 2011, <mask> appeared in her first music video in Willow Smith's 21st Century Girl.That same year, she played Constantine Jefferson, a maid in Jackson, Mississippi, in the critically acclaimed period drama The Help. Set in the backdrop of the Civil Rights Movement, the film won the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Acting Ensemble and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. At the 67th Tony Awards, on June 9, 2013, <mask> won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance as Miss Carrie Watts in The Trip to Bountiful. Upon winning, the 88-year-old actress became the oldest recipient of the Best Actress Tony Award. She also won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play and the Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play for the role. In 2013, <mask> played a supporting role in the horror film The Haunting in Connecticut 2: Ghosts of Georgia. Beginning in 2014, <mask> guest-starred on How to Get Away with Murder as Ophelia Harkness, the mother of main character Annalise Keating (Viola Davis); for this role, she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020.In 2020, she starred in the popular movie A Fall From Grace which was featured on Netflix. Personal life

<mask> had a daughter when she was 17 years old. At the age of 18, <mask> married Kenneth Franklin on

masks: Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson


title: Cicely Tyson

texts: December 27, 1942. According to her divorce decree, her husband abandoned her after less than eighteen months of marriage. The marriage was formally dissolved in 1956. <mask> began dating jazz trumpeter Miles Davis in the 1960s when he was in the process of divorcing dancer Frances Davis. Davis used a photo of <mask> for his 1967 album, Sorcerer.Davis told the press in 1967 that he intended to marry <mask> in March 1968 after his divorce was finalized, but he married singer Betty Davis that September. <mask> and Davis rekindled their relationship in 1978. They were married on November 26, 1981, in a ceremony conducted by Atlanta mayor Andrew Young at the home of actor Bill Cosby. Their marriage was tumultuous due to Davis' volatile temper and infidelity. Davis credited <mask> with saving his life and helping him overcome his cocaine addiction. They resided in Malibu, California, and New York City, until she filed for divorce in 1988. Their divorce was finalized in 1989, two years before Davis died in 1991.<mask> was godmother to the singer Lenny Kravitz, having been friends with his mother, actress Roxie Roker, as well as to Denzel Washington's daughter Katia and Tyler Perry's son Aman. <mask> was an honorary member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority. She was a member of the Abyssinian Baptist Church of New York. She was a vegetarian. She was also a first-cousin of Louis Farrakhan, a longtime leader of the Nation of Islam. <mask>'s memoir, Just as I Am, was published on January 26, 2021, and she promoted the book during the last weeks of her life. When she was asked how she wanted to be remembered in an interview with Gayle King, <mask> said, "I've done my best.That's all." <mask> died on

masks:
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Death Tyson


title: Cicely Tyson

texts:
 January 28, 2021, at the age of 96. Her funeral was held February 16 at the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem, and was attended by Tyler Perry, her godson Lenny Kravitz, and Bill and Hillary Clinton. Filmography

Selected credits:

The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1968)
Sounder (1972)
The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1974)
Roots (1977)
A Woman Called Moses (1978)
Fried Green Tomatoes (1991)
A Lesson Before Dying (1999)
Because of Winn-Dixie (2005)
Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005)
The Help (2011)
The Trip to Bountiful (2014)
How to Get Away with Murder (2015-2020)
House of Cards (2016)
Last Flag Flying (2017)

Awards and honours

<mask> <mask> is the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, three Emmy Awards, and a Tony Award. <mask> has won three Primetime Emmy Awards for her work in television winning for, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1974), and Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All (1994). She won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play her performance in The Trip to Bountiful in 2014. <mask> won her Honorary Academy Award in 2018 with the inscription reading, ""Whose unforgettable performances and personal integrity have inspired generations of filmmakers, actors and audiences."<mask> has also received various honours for her lifetime achievement as a groundbreaking artist. In 2015, she received a Kennedy Center Honor. In 2016 she was bestowed the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama. In 2020, she received a Career Achievement Peabody Award. That same year she was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame. In 1977, <mask> was inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame. In 1980, she received the Golden Plate Award

masks: Cicely Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson


title: Cicely Tyson

texts: of the American Academy of Achievement.In 1982, <mask> was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award. The award is given to outstanding women who, through their endurance and the excellence of their work, have helped to expand the role of women within the entertainment industry. In 1988, <mask> received a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women. In 1997, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2005, <mask> was honored at Oprah Winfrey's Legends Ball. She was also honored by the Congress of Racial Equality, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the National Council of Negro Women. <mask> was awarded the NAACP's 2010 Spingarn Medal for her contribution to the entertainment industry, her modeling career, and her support of civil rights.<mask> was a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors in 2015. She was awarded the United States' highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, by President Barack Obama in November 2016. In September 2018, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that <mask> would receive an Academy Honorary Award. On November 18, 2018, <mask> became the first African-American woman to receive an honorary Oscar. In 2018, <mask> was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. One of 12 soundstages was named after <mask> in her honor at Tyler Perry Studios. She was chosen to be inducted into the Television Academy's Hall of Fame in 2020.In 2022, she was posthumously inducted into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame in 2022. <mask>ly Tyson School of Performing and Fine Arts, a magnet school in East Orange, New Jersey, was named after her in 2009.

masks: Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson Tysonice


title: Cicely Tyson

texts:
 Notes

References

External links

Interview titled Ms. <mask> <mask>'s Fact-Finding Tour of Central Africa, 1985-11-05, In Black America, KUT Radio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH and the Library of Congress)
<mask> <mask> at Find a Grave

1924 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Academy Honorary Award recipients
Actresses from New York City
African-American actresses
African-American memoirists
American film actresses
American memoirists
American women memoirists
American people of Saint Kitts and Nevis descent
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
Delta Sigma Theta members
Kennedy Center honorees
Miles Davis
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from Harlem
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Spingarn Medal winners
Tony Award winners
American musical theatre actresses
African-American women singers
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American

masks: Cicely Tyson Cicely Tyson


title: George Forrest Browne

texts:
<mask> (4 December 1833 – 1 June 1930) was an English bishop, the first Anglican Bishop of Stepney from 1895 until 1897 when he was appointed Bishop of Bristol. Early life

<mask> was born in York 1833 and educated at St Peter's School, York and St Catharine's College, Cambridge. He became the 30th wrangler in 1856. In 1857 where he obtained 2nd class Honours degree in Theology and was ordained in 1858. Career

After a spell of school mastering in Scotland, he returned to his college in 1863 as a Fellow. He then held various appointments and spent some time as a parish priest. He became a distinguished archaeologist, and was Disney Professor of Archaeology at Cambridge 1887–92.After an Incumbency at Ashley, Cambridgeshire he rose steadily in the Church's hierarchy. From 1891 until 1895 he was Canon Residentiary at St Paul's Cathedral before elevation to the suffragan bishopric of the Diocese of London (from now on named Bishop of Stepney), a post he held until he attained diocesan bishop status with promotion to the See of Bristol. Taking retirement from his Professorship at the age of 62, <mask> went on to become Bishop of Stepney in 1895, and Bishop of Bristol in 1897. He remained at Bristol until 1914. After leaving Bristol, <mask> went on to publish no less than six more books in the final years of his retirement. He died at Bexhill-on-Sea in 1930. <mask> is commemorated in Bristol Cathedral by a fine bronze bust signed K Scott.It is to be found in the north choir aisle. Climbing

An enthusiast for climbing, <mask> was President of the Alpine Club early in the 20th century. The Rev <mask> is known

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George Forrest Browne
Browne
Browne
Browne
Browne
Browne
Browne


title: George Forrest Browne

texts: amongst speleobibliophiles for his book, Ice Caves in France and Switzerland. Published in 1865, it is one of the most delightful travel books ever written, because of the scientific accuracy and humour of the author. The <mask> family was evidently accustomed to spending their summer holidays abroad, and in the summer of 1861 <mask> was with some members of his family at Arzier in the Jura mountains near Geneva. The son of the house, an intelligent man spoke of a glacière not far distant. At first <mask> supposed this to be a glacier, but on visiting it with the son, he found it was a limestone cave containing permanent ice.<mask> was intrigued as to the reason for this phenomenon, and during the next several years spent part of his holidays visiting a number of these ice caves, mainly in the Jura. Altogether he examined 14 or 15 caves personally, heard accounts of several more which he was unable to visit, and studied any accounts he could find in literature. His book, Ice-caves of France and Switzerland was the result of his studies, and was published in 1865. After reviewing previous theories of the origin of subterranean ice, <mask> came to the conclusion that the explanation was simple: provided that the chambers of the cave were below the level of the entrance, cold air would sink into the cave in the winter and be unable to escape; water in the cave would freeze, and would remain as ice provided that the interior was not exposed to direct solar radiation. He reported that all the caves which he had examined fulfilled these necessary conditions. Although <mask> did not make detailed surveys, he

masks: Browne George Browne Browne Browne Browne


title: George Forrest Browne

texts: gave some measurements, or at least estimates, of size, and described the interiors of the caves in careful detail, despite the fact that his lighting was very primitive – sometimes a candle, often just an oil lantern which did not always function properly. He would resort to magnesium wire when large chambers had to be illuminated and he regularly provides sketches and plans or sections of some of these.<mask>'s descriptions of the caves, with the fantastic ice 'dripstone' formations to be found in some of them, are very vivid. The most entertaining parts of the book, however – and indeed the greater part of it – are devoted to his experiences reaching the caves themselves. Most of them are, or were in those days, far from a town of any size, and the privations endured were considerable. Although the recital of the difficulties of travel and of finding accommodation perhaps becomes a little repetitive, <mask> writes with a graphic turn of phrase and gives a spirited idea of the problems of travelling off the beaten track in the 1860s. Food was often a problem, as, for instance, in the small town of Die, in the Dauphiné, where the ravenous <mask>, after rejecting various other offerings, faced up to the cold mutton, not withstanding the footprints of mice in the cold gravy, only to find that it was so strongly flavoured with garlic that he could not eat it. It must not be thought that he was squeamish. He was evidently a well-seasoned traveller, and some of the hardships, such as wearing wet clothes for days on end, are mentioned almost as a matter of course.After his book had gone to press, <mask>

masks: Browne Browne Browne Browne


title: George Forrest Browne

texts:
 revisited three ice-caves near Annecy, on this occasion having as a companion T G Bonney, a geologist from the Department of Geology at University College London. Finally, he had determined to visit the caves again in the winter and did so in January 1866 when he managed to revisit two of the caves that he had previously studied. These researches resulted in two more articles (see list below). <mask> does not seem to have undertaken any more speleology after 1866, but he was also a keen mountaineer, a founder member of the Alpine Club, and a friend of Charles Hudson, who was killed on the way down from the first ascent of the Matterhorn, and of Edward Whymper, who survived the same expedition. He was President of the Alpine Club in its Jubilee year of 1905. Works

The Venerable Bede, 1879
The Ilam Crosses, 1889
Lessons from Early English Church History, 1893
The Christian Church in these Islands before the Coming of Augustine, 1894
History of St Catharine's College, 1902
The Continuity of the Holy Catholic Church in England. A Lecture Delivered at St. Columba's Church, Haggerston, in 1896., 1903
The Recollections of a Bishop, 1915
The Importance of Women in Anglo-Saxon Times, the Cultus of St. Peter and St. Paul, and other addresses, 1919

Notes

References

External links

1833 births
People educated at St Peter's School, York
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Bishops of Stepney
Bishops of Bristol
20th-century Church of England bishops
19th-century Church of England bishops
Fellows of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Presidents of the Alpine Club (UK)
1930 deaths
Honorary Fellows of the


title: Ninian Stephen

texts:
Sir <mask>  (15 June 1923 – 29 October 2017) was an Australian judge who served as the 20th Governor-General of Australia, in office from 1982 to 1989. He was previously a Justice of the High Court of Australia from 1972 to 1982. <mask> was born in England to Scottish parents. As a child he lived for periods in France, Germany, Scotland, and Switzerland, eventually arriving in Australia at the age of 16. <mask> served with the Australian Army during World War II, and after the war entered the legal profession. He became one of Australia's leading constitutional lawyers. <mask> was appointed to the Supreme Court of Victoria in 1970, and then to the High Court in 1972, aged 48.He was considered a member of the court's "moderate centre". In 1982, <mask> was appointed governor-general on the recommendation of Malcolm Fraser. He approved two double dissolutions during his time in office, the only governor-general to do so. After his term expired, <mask> remained active in public life as a conservationist and member of various international tribunals. He died at the age of 94, making him Australia's longest-lived governor-general. Early life
<mask> was born in Nettlebed, Oxfordshire, England, to Scottish parents, Barbara (née Cruickshank) and Frederick Brown <mask>. His father, a poultry farmer and ex-soldier, left the family shortly after his birth, emigrating to Canada and starting a new family; his son was told that he had died, and did not learn the truth until 2003.<mask>'s mother was a paid companion for Nina Mylne, the wealthy heiress of the Queensland pastoralist Graham Mylne; his given name was in her honour. During his early childhood, the three of them lived for periods in Switzerland (Geneva where he was christened and Montreaux), France (Paris, Cannes, and Saint-Cast-le-Guildo) and Germany (Wiesbaden), where Mylne took him to Nuremberg

masks:
Ninian Martin Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
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Stephen
Stephen


title: Ninian Stephen

texts:
 for the 1938 Reichsparteitag Grossdeutschland (5-12 September) which he photographed. They eventually moved to Edinburgh in 1929 so <mask> could begin his formal schooling. Mylne paid for <mask>'s education, which took place in Scotland (George Watson's College and Edinburgh Academy), London (St Paul's School), and Switzerland (Chillon College, Montreux). He and Mylne generally travelled together, while his mother remained in Scotland and ran a boardinghouse. In 1940, the three of them moved to Melbourne to avoid the war, booking first into the Oriental Hotel then taking a flat in Linden Hall opposite Scotch College which <mask> attended  for two terms, and was then accepted into the University of Melbourne to study law. Second World War
In December 1941, following the end of his first year at university, <mask> enlisted in the Citizens Military Force to serve part-time in the Melbourne University Regiment.Following Japan's entry into the Second World War, <mask> completed full-time military training from 8 December 1941 to 15 February 1942 and was then posted to the 10th Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, serving in Western Australia. He subsequently transferred to the Second Australian Imperial Force. In late 1943, <mask> transferred to the Royal Australian Engineers, serving in New Guinea from April to August 1944 with the 43rd Australian Water Transport Company. He then attended courses, culminating in a commissioning course in April 1945. As a lieutenant, he served in the 41st Australian Landing Craft Company in New Guinea and New Britain. In August 1945, he was posted to Labuan, Borneo, arriving after the war's end and serving there until January 1946. After returning to Australia, he was discharged on 5 February 1946.Legal career
<mask> completed his studies after the war's end, and was admitted to the Victorian Bar in 1949. By

masks: Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen


title: Ninian Stephen

texts:
 the 1960s, he had become one of Australia's leading constitutional and commercial lawyers. He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1966. Judicial career
On 30 June 1970, <mask> was appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria. He held this position until 29 February 1972, relinquishing it to take up his appointment as a Justice of the High Court of Australia. Sworn of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 1979 and sat as a member of its Judicial Committee. Although <mask> was appointed to the High Court by a Liberal government, he proved not to be a traditional conservative upholder of states' rights.He joined the "moderate centre" of the court, between the arch-conservatism of Sir Garfield Barwick and the radicalism of Lionel Murphy. In 1982 he was part of the majority that decided on a broad interpretation of the "external affairs power" of the Australian constitution in the Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen case. Governor-General
In March 1982, Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser announced that Queen Elizabeth II had approved his recommendation of <mask> <mask> to succeed Sir Zelman Cowen as Governor-General of Australia. His appointment was praised by both sides of politics. He was sworn in on 29 July 1982, the first former High Court justice to become governor-general since Sir Isaac Isaacs in 1931. When Fraser was defeated by the Labor Party under Bob Hawke in 1983, <mask> had no difficulty working with a Labor government. In 1987, his term was extended by 18 months as a mark of personal respect and also to allow Bill Hayden (to whom Hawke had promised the position) to leave politics at a time of his choosing.<mask> is the only governor-general to have approved two double dissolutions – in 1983 (for Fraser) and 1987 (for Hawke). Later work

In 1989, <mask> became Australia's first Ambassador for the Environment and, in his three-year term, was

masks: Stephen Stephen Ninian Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen


title: Ninian Stephen

texts:
 particularly energetic in working for a ban of mining in Antarctica. In 1991, he undertook a   difficult task when he was appointed chairman of the second strand of the Northern Ireland peace talks. From 1991 to 1995, he was a judge ad hoc of the International Court of Justice in the case East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995. From 1993 to 1997, he was a judge on the international tribunals investigating war crimes in Yugoslavia and Rwanda. He also served as chairman of the Australian Citizenship Council from 1998. In 1994, he acted as a special envoy of the UN Secretary General to resolve political conflicts in Bangladesh.<mask> later moved back into the legal field, becoming president of an arbitral tribunal constituted under Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), charged with the adjudication of an investment dispute between Mondev, a Canadian investor, and the United States. A detailed scholarly biography of <mask>, Fortunate Voyager by Philip Ayres, was released in September 2013. Drawing upon it, Ayres also summarised <mask>'s career for the Victorian Bar News. Honours

<mask> was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) on 20 April 1972 "for distinguished services to the Law", and sworn of the Privy Council in 1979. As governor-general he was made a Knight of the Order of Australia (AK), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) and Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO). In 1994 Queen Elizabeth II appointed him a Knight of the Order of the Garter (KG), being the most recent Australian to be granted a knighthood in the personal gift of the monarch of Australia. He therefore had the unusual distinction of holding five separate knighthoods and joined Lord Casey and Sir Paul Hasluck as one of the few Australian Knights of the Order of the

masks: Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen


title: Ninian Stephen

texts:
 Garter.In 1983 he was named a Commandeur of the French Légion d'honneur. <mask> delivered the first Sir <mask> <mask> Lecture at the University of Newcastle's law school in 1993, giving his name to this lecture series. Personal life and death
In June 1949, <mask> married Valery Mary Sinclair (4 July 1925 – 3 November 2019) and they had five daughters. <mask> and his wife were patrons of the Australian Inland Botanic Gardens. He died in Melbourne on 29 October 2017, aged 94. A state funeral for <mask> was held on 8 November at St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne. Arms

References

External links

 Supreme Court of Victoria Website
 The Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre website
 Obituary by Geoffrey Robertson, The Guardian
 Australian Senate condolences:

1923 births
2017 deaths
Australian Army officers
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian Queen's Counsel
British emigrants to Australia
Australian people of Scottish descent
Governors-General of Australia
Judges of the Supreme Court of Victoria
Justices of the High Court of Australia
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Australian Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Australian Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Australian Knights of the Garter
Australian diplomats
Knights of the Order of Australia
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Melbourne Law School alumni
Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne
People educated at St Paul's School, London
People from South Oxfordshire District
Queen's Counsel 1901–2000
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia judges
People educated at George Watson's College
People educated at Edinburgh Academy
Australian judges of United Nations courts and

masks: Stephen Ninian Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen


title: Mubarak Wakaso

texts:
<mask> (; born 25 July 1990) is a Ghanaian footballer who plays for Chinese club Shenzhen F.C. and the Ghana national team as a midfielder. He spent the better part of his career in Spain, starting out at Elche in 2008 and going on to also represent Villarreal, Espanyol, Las Palmas, Granada and Alavés. He also competed professionally in Russia, Scotland, Greece and China. <mask> appeared with the Ghana national team at the 2014 World Cup, as well as five Africa Cup of Nations tournaments. Club career

Early years and Spain
Born in Tamale, Northern Region, <mask> began his senior career in Ashanti Gold SC. In 2008, he moved abroad and signed with Elche CF in Spain on a five-year contract, but only joined the club nearly two months later, however, due to international duty.In late January 2011, after several bouts of indiscipline and internal codes violations, <mask> was released by the Valencians. Shortly after, he joined another side in the region and Segunda División, Villarreal CF's B team. On 27 February 2011, <mask> made his La Liga debut, coming on as a substitute for José Catalá in the last minutes of a 2–2 away draw against Racing de Santander. He only played six matches in his first full season, and the Yellow Submarine was also relegated after 12 years in the top flight. <mask> signed for RCD Espanyol on 11 July 2012, penning a four-year contract. He started in 23 of his league appearances for the Catalans in his first and only season. Rubin Kazan
In the last days of the 2013 summer transfer window, <mask> moved to the Russian Premier League with FC Rubin Kazan.On 28 August 2014, he joined Celtic on a season-long loan. <mask> scored on his competitive debut for Celtic, netting the first in a 2–2 away draw against FC Red Bull Salzburg in the UEFA Europa League group stage. On 30 August 2015, after appearing rarely, he was loaned to UD Las Palmas for one year. Panathinaikos
On 10 July 2016, <mask> signed a three-year contract with Super League Greece club

masks:
Mubarak Wakaso
Wakaso
Wakaso
Wakaso
Wakaso
Wakaso
Wakaso
Wakaso
Wakaso


title: Mubarak Wakaso

texts:
 Panathinaikos F.C. for an undisclosed fee. On 15 September, in the last minute of a Europa League group phase home fixture against AFC Ajax, he was sent off – as teammate Ivan Ivanov midway through the second half of the eventual 1–2 home loss– and UEFA subsequently suspended him a further two games after his initial ban was over. On 1 February 2017, <mask> was loaned to another Spanish top-flight side, Granada CF.He scored his first goal for them on 1 March, helping to a 2–1 home win over Deportivo Alavés. Alavés
On 17 July 2017, the day after mutually terminating his contract, <mask> signed a three-year deal with Alavés. He scored his only competitive goal for the Basques on 18 May 2019, in a 2–1 home defeat of Girona FC who were relegated as a result. China
<mask> transferred to Chinese Super League side Jiangsu Suning F.C. on 18 January 2020. On 12 April of the following year, he joined Shenzhen F.C. in the same country after the former were dissolved.International career
<mask> represented Ghana at the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Peru, playing two matches in an eventual group stage exit (three draws). He made his full international debut on 13 October 2012, in a 2013 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Malawi. On 14 November 2012, <mask> scored his first goal in a friendly with Cape Verde. He was picked for the squad that appeared at the 2013 CAN in South Africa, notably netting the game's only goal in a group stage fixture against Mali, through a penalty kick, then scoring both in the 2–0 quarter-final win over Cape Verde. <mask> was selected by manager James Kwesi Appiah for his 2014 FIFA World Cup squad. He made his debut in the tournament on 21 June, playing 22 minutes in a 2–2 draw with Germany. On 5 February 2015, <mask> netted the second goal in Ghana's 3–0 victory against Equatorial Guinea in the semi-finals of the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations to take them to the final.In the decisive match, against the Ivory Coast, he scored his penalty

masks: Wakaso Wakaso Wakaso Wakaso Wakaso Wakaso Wakaso


title: Mubarak Wakaso

texts:
 shootout attempt in an eventual 9–8 loss. Personal life
<mask>'s younger brother, Alhassan, is also a footballer and a midfielder. He spent most of his career in Portugal. <mask> is a practicing Muslim. In October 2018, while heading to Bilbao's Loiu airport to travel to Ghana, he was unhurt following a car accident. Career statistics

Club

International

 Ghana score listed first, score column indicates score after each <mask> goal. Honours

Club
Celtic
Scottish Premiership: 2014–15
Scottish League Cup: 2014–15

Jiangsu Suning
Chinese Super League: 2020

International
Ghana
Africa Cup of Nations runner-up: 2015

Individual
Africa Cup of Nations top scorer: 2013 (4 goals)
Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament: 2017

References

External links

Official website

1990 births
Living people
People from Northern Region (Ghana)
Dagomba people
Ghanaian Muslims
Ghanaian footballers
Association football midfielders
Ashanti Gold SC players
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Elche CF players
Villarreal CF B players
Villarreal CF players
RCD Espanyol footballers
UD Las Palmas players
Granada CF footballers
Deportivo Alavés players
Russian Premier League players
FC Rubin Kazan players
Scottish Professional Football League players
Celtic F.C.players
Super League Greece players
Panathinaikos F.C. players
Chinese Super League players
Jiangsu F.C. players
Shenzhen F.C. players
Ghana international footballers
2013 Africa Cup of Nations players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2015 Africa Cup of Nations players
2017 Africa Cup of Nations players
2019 Africa Cup of Nations players
2021 Africa Cup of Nations players
Ghanaian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Russia
Expatriate footballers in Scotland
Expatriate footballers in Greece
Expatriate footballers in China
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in

masks: Wakaso Wakaso Wakaso


title: S. J. Perelman

texts:
<mask> "S.J.<mask> (February 1, 1904 – October 17, 1979) was an American humorist and screenwriter. He is best known for his humorous short pieces written over many years for The New Yorker. He also wrote for several other magazines, including Judge, as well as books, scripts, and screenplays. Perelman received an Academy Award for screenwriting in 1956. Life and career
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York, the only son of <mask> and <mask>, who moved from one failed business to another until they found themselves raising chickens on a farm and running a dry-goods store in Providence, Rhode Island. He attended the Candace Street Grammar School and Classical High School in Providence, Rhode Island.He entered Brown University in 1921, where he became editor of the campus humor magazine The Brown Jug in 1924. Perelman dropped out of Brown and moved to Greenwich Village in New York. Perelman wrote many brief, humorous descriptions of his travels for various magazines, and of his travails on his Pennsylvania farm, all of which were collected into books. (A few were illustrated by caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, who accompanied Perelman on the round-the-world trip recounted in Westward Ha!.) <mask> is highly regarded for his humorous short pieces that he published in magazines in the 1930s and 1940s, most often in The New Yorker. For these, he is considered the first surrealist humor writer of the United States. In these numerous brief sketches he pioneered a new and unique style, using parody to "wring every drop of false feeling or slovenly thinking."They were infused with a sense of ridicule, irony, and wryness and frequently used his own misadventures as their theme. Perelman chose to describe these pieces as feuilletons — a French literary term meaning

masks:
Sidney Joseph
" Perelman
Perelman
Joseph
Sophie Perelman
Perelman


title: S. J. Perelman

texts: "literary or scientific articles; serial stories" (literally "little leaves") — and he defined himself as a feuilletoniste. <mask>'s only attempt at a conventional novel (Parlor, Bedlam and Bath, written in collaboration with Q.J. Reynolds) was unsuccessful, and throughout his life he was resentful that authors who wrote in the full-length form of novels received more literary respect (and financial success) than short-form authors like himself even as he openly admired British humorist P.G. Wodehouse. While many believe Dawn Ginsbergh's Revenge to be a novel, it is actually his first collection of humorous pieces, many written while he was a student at Brown. It is largely considered juvenilia , and its pieces were never included in future Perelman collections.The tone of Perelman's feuilletons was very different from those sketches of the inept "little man" struggling to cope with life that <mask> and other New Yorker writers of the era frequently produced. Yet his references to himself were typically wittily self-deprecatory—as for example, "before they made S.J. Perelman, they broke the mold." Sometimes he gleaned an apparently off-hand phrase from a newspaper article or magazine advertisement and then write a brief, satiric play or sketch inspired by that phrase. A typical example is his 1950s work "No Starch in the Dhoti, S'il Vous Plait." Beginning with an off-hand phrase in a New York Times Magazine article ("...the late Pandit Motilal Nehru—who sent his laundry to Paris—the young <mask>'s British nurse etc. etc....), Perelman composed a series of imaginary letters that might have been exchanged in 1903 between an angry Pandit Nehru in India and a sly Parisian laundryman about the condition of his laundered underwear. In other sketches, Perelman

masks:
Perelman
James Thurber
Jawaharlal


title: S. J. Perelman

texts: satirized popular magazines or story genres of his day. In "Somewhere a Roscoe," he pokes fun at the "purple prose" writing style of 1930s pulp magazines such as Spicy Detective. In "Swing Out, Sweet Chariot," he examines the silliness of the "jive language" found in The Jitterbug, a teen magazine with stories inspired by the 1930s Swing dance craze. Perelman voraciously read magazines to find new material for his sketches. (He often referred to the magazines as "Sauce for the gander.") Perelman also occasionally used a form of word play that was, apparently, unique to him.He would take a common word or phrase and change its meaning completely within the context of what he was writing, generally in the direction of the ridiculous. In Westward Ha!, for instance, he writes: "The homeward-bound Americans were as merry as grigs (the Southern Railway had considerately furnished a box of grigs for purposes of comparison)". Another classic Perelman pun is "I've got Bright's Disease and he's got mine". He also wrote a notable series of sketches called Cloudland Revisited in which he gives acid (and disillusioned) descriptions of recent viewings of movies (and recent re-readings of novels) that had enthralled him as a youth in Providence, Rhode Island, later as a student at Brown University, and then while a struggling comic artist in Greenwich Village. A number of his works were set in Hollywood and in various places around the world. He stated that as a young man he was heavily influenced by <mask> and Flann O'Brien, particularly his wordplay, obscure words and references, metaphors, irony, parody, paradox, symbols, free associations, clang associations, non-sequiturs, and sense of the ridiculous. All these elements infused Perelman's writings but his style was


title: S. J. Perelman

texts:
 precise, clear, and the very opposite of Joycean stream of consciousness.Perelman dryly admitted to having been such a Ring Lardner thief that he should have been arrested. Woody Allen has in turn admitted to being influenced by Perelman and recently has written tributes in very much the same style. The two once happened to have dinner at the same restaurant, and when the elder humorist sent his compliments, the younger comedian mistook it for a joke. Authors that admired Perelman's ingenious style included T.S. Eliot and W<mask> Maugham. Frank Muir, a British expert on comic writing, lauded Perelman as the best American comic author of all time in his Oxford Book of Humorous Prose. Humorist Garrison Keillor has declared his admiration for Perelman's writing.Keillor's "<mask>, Arts Administrator" is a parody of Perelman's classic "Farewell, My Lovely Appetizer", itself a parody of the Raymond Chandler school of tough, amorous 'private-eye' crime fiction. Irish comedian and actor Dylan Moran listed Perelman as a major influence in his December 13, 2012 interview on the WTF with Marc Maron podcast (episode 343). Broadway and film
Perelman wrote at least five original plays produced on Broadway from 1932 to 1963, two as collaborators with his wife Laura. The first was the musical revue Walk a Little Faster, which opened in December 1932. With Ogden Nash, he wrote the book for the musical One Touch of Venus (music by Kurt Weill, lyrics by Nash), which opened on Broadway in 1943 and ran for more than 500 performances. His final play The Beauty Part (1962), which starred Bert Lahr in multiple roles, fared less well, its short run attributed in part to the 114-day 1962 New York City newspaper strike. In cinema, Perelman is noted for co-writing scripts for the

masks:
. Somerset
Jack Schmidt


title: S. J. Perelman

texts:
 Marx Brothers films Monkey Business (1931) and Horse Feathers (1932), and for the Academy Award-winning screenplay Around the World in 80 Days (1956).Along with his explicit credits, <mask> and Laura West Perelman worked as contract screenwriters for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and made uncredited contributions for films such as Sweethearts (1938). His official credits include:

 Monkey Business (1931)
 Horse Feathers (1932)
 Hold 'Em Jail (1932)
 Sitting Pretty (1933)
 Paris Interlude (1934)
 Florida Special (1936)
 Early to Bed (1936)
 Ambush (1939)
 Boy Trouble (1939)
 The Golden Fleecing (1940)
 One Touch of Venus (1948)
 Larceny, Inc. (1942) based on the Perelmans' Broadway play The Night Before Christmas
 Around the World in 80 Days (1956)
 Aladdin (1958), produced for television and featuring the final score written by Cole Porter

Personal life
Perelman's personal life was difficult. In 1929 at the age of 25 he married the 18-year-old sister of his school friend Nathanael West, Laura West (née Lorraine Weinstein). The two worked as writing collaborators on the 1935 play All Good Americans, produced on Broadway, and both were signed by Irving Thalberg as contract screenwriters for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer the same year. They remained married until Laura's death in 1970. Perelman did not remarry. The marriage was strained from the start because of his innumerable affairs (notably with Leila Hadley).Perelman reportedly regarded children as a nuisance. His son Adam (born in 1936) committed several robberies in the mid-1950s, was accused of attempted rape, and ended up in a reformatory for wayward boys. The two things that brought Perelman happiness were his MG automobile and a mynah bird, both of which he pampered like babies. His Anglophilia turned rather sour


title: S. J. Perelman

texts:
 when late in his life he (temporarily) relocated to England. He returned to New York in 1972, having concluded that "English life, while very pleasant, is rather bland. I expected kindness and gentility and I found it, but there is such a thing as too much couth." Perelman had a problematic relationship with Groucho Marx, who once said of the writer, "I hated the son of a bitch, and he had a head as big as my desk."In the later years of Perelman's career, he bristled at being identified as a writer of Marx Brothers material, insisting that his publishers omit any mention of it in publicity material. Cultural influence
Perelman was indirectly responsible for the success of <mask>'s novel Catch-22. When first published, this novel received lukewarm reviews and indifferent sales. A few months later, Perelman was interviewed for a national publication. The interviewer asked Perelman if he had read anything funny lately. Perelman—a man not noted for generosity with his praise—went to considerable lengths to commend Catch-22. After the interview was published, sales of Heller's novel skyrocketed.Perelman picked up plenty of pungent expressions from Yiddish and liberally sprinkled his prose with these phrases, thus paving the way for the likes of Philip Roth. The phrase "crazy like a fox" gained popularity after Perelman used it as a book title in 1944. Bibliography

Books by <mask>. Perelman
Dawn Ginsbergh's Revenge (1929)
Parlor, Bedlam and Bath (with Quentin Reynolds) (1930)
Strictly from Hunger (1937)
Look Who's Talking! (1940)
The Dream Department (1943)
Crazy Like a Fox (1944)
Keep It Crisp (1946)
Acres and Pains (1947)
The Best of S.J. Perelman (1947)
Westward Ha! (1948)
Listen to the Mockingbird (1949)
The Swiss Family Perelman (1950)
A Child's Garden

masks:
Joseph Heller
S J


title: S. J. Perelman

texts:
 of Curses (UK) (1951)
The Ill-Tempered Clavichord (1952)
Hold that Christmas Tiger (UK) (1954)
Perelman's Home Companion (1955)
The Road to Miltown or Under the Spreading Atrophy (1957)
Bite on the Bullet (UK title for Road to Miltown)(1957)
The Most of S.J.Perelman (collection of re-printed pieces) (1958)
The Rising Gorge (1961)
The Beauty Part (1961)
Chicken Inspector No. 23 (1966)
Baby, It's Cold Inside (1970)
Vinegar Puss (1975)
Eastward Ha! (1977)
The Last Laugh (1981)
That Old Gang o' Mine (1984)
Don't Tread on Me: Selected Letters of <mask>. <mask> (1987)
Conversations with <mask><mask> (1995)
The World of S.J. Perelman (UK reprinted pieces) (2000)
Writings (Library of America)(2021)

Books about S.J. Perelman
 Fowler, Douglas.S.J. Perelman. Twayne Publishers, (1983). Gale, <mask>. <mask>. Perelman A Critical Study. Greenwood Press, (1987). Hermann, Dorothy.<mask><mask> – A Life. G. P. Putnam's Sons, (1986). Lister, Eric. Don't Mention the Marx Brothers: Reminiscences of <mask><mask> (UK)(1985)
 Wilk, Max. And Did You Once See <mask>?A Random Memoir of <mask><mask>. (1986)

Humor pieces

References

External links

 Some information about Perelman
 A vitriolic but amusing review of Perelman's career and alleged demise. "That Old Feeling: Perelmania" — A celebratory essay regarding Perelman
 Encyclopedia Brunoniana entry on Perelman

1904 births
1979 deaths
Jewish American screenwriters
American humorists
American satirists
Brown University alumni
Writers from Brooklyn
American male screenwriters
The New Yorker people
Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners
American male non-fiction writers
Screenwriters from New York (state)
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
Classical High School alumni
20th-century

masks:
S J
Perelman
S J
. Perelman
Steven H
S J
S J
. Perelman
S J
. Perelman
Sidney Plain
S J
. Perelman


title: George Hedges

texts:
<mask> (February 26, 1952 – March 10, 2009) was a lawyer with a list of celebrity clients including Mel Gibson and David Lynch who gained attention in the field of archaeology for what at the time was thought to be the discovery of the ancient city of Ubar. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Philadelphia on February 26, 1952, and attended the University of Pennsylvania there, where he earned bachelor's and master's degrees in the classics. After graduating in 1975, he went to Greece to attend the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, where he did a fellowship. Law career
Returning to the United States, he attended the University of Southern California Law School where he earned a degree in law in 1978. He clerked for a judge on the United States District Court for the Central District of California following graduation. Thereafter, he joined the firm of Kaplan, Livingston, Goodwin, Berkowitz & Selwin before going off on his own, establishing the firm of Hedges & Caldwell in 1988. He was hired to join the Quinn Emanuel (now Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan) law firm, as part of its effort to increase its Hollywood presence.An active Hollywood lawyer, <mask> listed one of his favorite cases as one that allowed super-agent Ed Limato, a partner and co-president at International Creative Management, to leave the firm and take clients including Richard Gere, Mel Gibson, Steve Martin and Denzel Washington, despite a non-compete clause that would have prevented him from staying in the business. He obtained a $6.5-million judgment for director David Lynch against CiBy 2000 for an unreleased film. <mask> worked for 20 years on a pro bono basis on behalf of Adam Miranda, who had been given the death sentence after being convicted of two murders. Arguing that a confession to one of the murders had been withheld by the prosecution, the California Supreme Court decided in May 2008 to overturn the death sentence and change it to life in prison. An editorial in the Los Angeles Times credited <mask> for

masks:
George Reynolds Hedges
Hedges
Hedges
Hedges
Hedges


title: George Hedges

texts:
 his persistence in finding the evidence that another man had confessed to the murder that had been used to justify the death penalty for Miranda, lamenting the fact that "Most of the 669 people on San Quentin's death row aren't nearly as lucky". Los Angeles named him a "California Super Lawyer" and The Hollywood Reporter selected him for its list of the Top 100 Power Lawyers. Search for Ubar
After a conversation with filmmaker Nicholas Clapp, <mask> learned about the lost city of Ubar, a major hub in the ancient trade of frankincense over 3,000 years ago.Clapp's training in the classics and knowledge of archaeology led him to become involved in the quest to find a place that many had unsuccessfully searched for before and that many thought didn't exist. The two worked together with Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists Ronald Blom and Charles Elachi, who were able to locate NASA photographs that showed traces of trade routes used by caravans in southern Oman. The locations where these routes intersected were identified as locations to be investigated as sites of Ubar. Together with archaeologist Juris Zarins of Southwest Missouri State University, they traveled to Oman and found a site near a present-day settlement of Shisr in the Rub' al Khali in early 1991. Excavating beneath an ancient fort, they found a limestone cavern into which the fort collapsed after an earthquake. Later in 1996 <mask>, along with Juris Zarins and Ronald Blom, founded The Archeology Fund which contains a large quantity of information about the Dhofar region, Trade Routes, and many other related subjects to their work at the Shisr Site. The website comes complete with reference materials from the members and a wealth of photos taken of the Dhofar Region.Zarins later concluded that Shisr did not represent a city called Ubar. In a 1996 interview on the subject of Ubar, he said:

In a more recent paper he suggested that modern Habarut may be the site of Ubar. By 2007, following further research and excavation, their findings could be

masks: Hedges Hedges


title: George Hedges

texts:
 summarised as follows:

 A long period of widespread trade through the area of Shisr was indicated by artefacts from Persia, Rome, and Greece being found on the site. More recent work in Oman and Yemen indicated that this fortress was the easternmost remains of a series of desert caravanserais that supported incense trade. As far as the legend of Ubar was concerned, there was no evidence that the city had perished in a sandstorm. Much of the fortress had collapsed into a sinkhole that hosted the well, perhaps undermined by ground water being taken to irrigate the surrounding oasis. Rather than being a city, interpretation of the evidence suggested that “Ubar” was more likely to have been a region—the “Land of the Iobaritae” identified by Ptolemy.The decline of the region was probably due to a reduction in the frankincense trade caused by the conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity, which did not require incense in the same quantities for its rituals. Also, it became difficult to find local labour to collect the resin. Climatic changes led to desiccation of the area, and sea transport became a more reliable way of transporting goods. The archaeological importance of the site was highlighted by satellite imagery that revealed a network of trails, some of which passed underneath sand dunes 100 m tall, which converged on Shisr. Image analysis showed no further evidence of major undocumented sites in this desert region, which might be considered as alternate locations for the Ubar of legend. Personal life
<mask> died at age 57 on March 10, 2009 due to melanoma, at his home in South Pasadena, California. He was survived by his wife, Christy Shonnard <mask>, and his two sons <mask> <mask> and Duncan Fox <mask>.References

1952 births
2009 deaths
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from melanoma
Lawyers from Los Angeles
Lawyers from Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania alumni
USC Gould School of Law alumni
20th-century American archaeologists
20th-century American lawyers
Historians from

masks:
Hedges
Hedges
George Shonnard
Hedges
Hedges


title: Antonia Pantoja

texts:
<mask> (September 13, 1922 – May 24, 2002), was a Puerto Rican educator, social worker, feminist, civil rights leader and the founder of ASPIRA, the Puerto Rican Forum, Boricua College and Producir. In 1996, she was the first Puerto Rican woman to receive the American Presidential Medal of Freedom. Early years
<mask> was born in Puerta de Tierra, in San Juan, Puerto Rico where she received her primary and secondary education. She was later able to study at the University of Puerto Rico with the financial help given to her by her wealthy neighbors. There she obtained a teacher's certificate in 1942. In 1944 she moved to New York City, where she found a job as a welder in a wartime factory. She subsequently won a scholarship to Hunter College in Manhattan, where she graduated with a bachelor's degree in sociology in 1952.She then studied at Columbia University School of Social Work, where she earned her master's degree in 1954. In 1973, she earned her Ph.D. from Union Graduate School (now Union Institute & University) in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1957, <mask> founded the Puerto Rican Forum (originally the Hispanic American Youth Association or HAYA), which served as an incubator for organizations and programs promoting economic self-sufficiency. This organization is now known as the National Puerto Rican Forum and its headquarters are in The Bronx. ASPIRA
In 1961, <mask> also founded ASPIRA (Spanish for "aspire"), a non-profit organization that promoted a positive self-image, commitment to community, and education as a value as part of the ASPIRA Process to Puerto Rican and other Latino youth in New York City. ASPIRA now has offices in six states, Puerto Rico and has its headquarters, the ASPIRA Association, in Washington, D.C.. It has provided approximately 50,000 Latino students with career and college counseling, financial aid

masks:
Antonia Pantoja
Pantoja
Pantoja
Pantoja


title: Antonia Pantoja

texts:
 and other assistance, and is today one of the largest nonprofit agencies in the Latino community.In 1963 Dr. <mask> directed a project of the Puerto Rican Forum that resulted in the establishment of the Puerto Rican Community Development Project (PRCDP), funded by the federal War on Poverty. Reformation of New York's educational system
In 1964, Dr. <mask> shifted her emphasis from self-help programs to the reformation of the educational system and in 1967 she served on a mayoral committee, convened by the then Mayor of New York City, John Lindsay, that recommended the decentralization of the school system. In 1970, she established the Universidad Boricua, which is now known as Boricua College (with three campuses in NYC) and the Puerto Rican Research and Resources Center in Washington, D.C. In 1973, she earned her Ph.D. from Union Graduate School in Ohio. She joined the faculty of the San Diego State University's School of Social Work in 1978, where she became the Director of the Undergraduate Program in Social Work. Later, she would become the  co-founder of  the Graduate School for Community Development, a private free-standing educational institution. This school taught community development, economic development and leadership skills to people in communities around the United States and Puerto Rico.In 1972, ASPIRA of New York, under the direction of Dr. Mario Anglada and with the support of Dr. <mask>, filed a civil rights lawsuit in the Federal court demanding that New York City provide classroom instruction in transitional Spanish for struggling Latino students. ASPIRA signed a consent decree with the NYC Board of Education in 1974, which is considered a major landmark in the history of bilingual education in the United States. Although Dr. <mask> is credited with bringing this landmark lawsuit, she was actually no

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