title: Pat Fitzgerald

texts: a game tying drive, taking the ball in himself from seven yards out for a touchdown. In overtime, the Wildcats got the ball first and faced a fourth and goal at the one yard line. Coach <mask> decided to forego a field goal, the safe play, and kept his offense on the field.Thorson plunged in for his second touchdown of the game and gave the 'Cats a 31–24 lead. On Nebraska's possession, Samduke Miller crushed the Husker quarterback with a sack forcing a fourth and long throw that was broken up by Kyle Queiro who had already had two picks on the day. Prior to 2017 and since the NCAA instituted overtime for regular season FBS games in 1995, no team had ever won three consecutive overtime games; the Northwestern Wildcats now own that piece of football history as the winner of three straight overtime games. Northwestern was ranked in the Top 25 in the College Football Playoff rankings, the AP and the Coaches polls. The 'Cats were rolling, and dominated their next three opponents – Purdue, Minnesota and Illinois – winning their last two games by a combined score of 81–7 to finish 9–3 on the regular season and 7–2 in the Big Ten. Senior running back Justin Jackson became only the second back in Big Ten history to run for over 1,000 yards in four consecutive season. With 144 yards rushing against Illinois, Jackson ranks #4 on the all-time Big Ten career rushing leaders list with 5,283 yards.Jackson scored a touchdown against Illinois to give him 39 career touchdowns which was the all-time most in Northwestern history. Clayton Thorson became the all-time winningest quarterback at Northwestern with a


title: Pat Fitzgerald

type: original

texts:
 record of 26–13; Thorson also is tied with Brett Basenez as NU's all-time career touchdown pass leader with 44 scoring throws. In the 2017 Music City Bowl, it was Wildcats vs. Wildcats as Northwestern faced Kentucky. The Wildcats faced an early test when quarterback Clayton Thorson went down early with an ACL tear after catching a halfback pass that would ultimately lead the Wildcats first touchdown. But backup quarterback Matt Alviti was ready and played inspired football. The 'Cats took a 17–7 lead into the half but couldn't put Kentucky away in the second half. Midway through the fourth quarter, a questionable Northwestern offensive play call on a fourth-and-goal from the Kentucky two yard line was stuffed and Kentucky took over trailing by three and with all the momentum.But two plays later, defensive star Kyle Queiro made an interception and amazingly stayed in bounds to return the ball 26 yards for a touchdown. Kentucky was not going away and with :37 left scored a touchdown to make the score 24–23. Kentucky decided to go for the two point conversion and the lead but the Northwestern defense stood tough, knocking the pass away and preserving a 24–23 win. The win was Northwestern's tenth on the season, was the third ten-win season in <mask>'s career and was the second in three seasons. Northwestern's win in the 2016 Pinstripe Bowl and the 2017 Music City bowl marked the first time in program history that Northwestern had won back-to-back bowl games and is the only time that has been accomplished in consecutive seasons. 2018

The 2018 season began with uncertainty and challenge. Senior


title: Pat Fitzgerald

texts: quarterback Clayton Thorson was returning from off-season ACL surgery and it was unclear how much he would play in the 'Cats early season games.Additionally, the 'Cats opened on the road against a tough Purdue team that had won a bowl game the year before. Thorson got the start for Northwestern but was on a 'pitch-count' to reduce the stress on his still-healing knee. Back-up quarterback T.J. Green, son of former NFL Pro Bowl quarterback Trent Green was effective in relief of Thorson and scored a critical rushing touchdown. The Wildcats prevailed 31–27 over the Boilermakers. However the next three weeks were challenging for the Wildcats. After dropping a 21–7 loss to Duke (who would win 8 games on the season and their bowl game), the Cats built a 21–3 halftime lead against Akron at home the following week in a game that saw Clayton Thorson become NU's all-time leader in passing touchdowns. But chaos reigned as the Zips created three turnovers and scored defensive touchdowns on each of them.The Wildcats gamely fought back but lost 39–34 to the Zips. To make matters more challenging, star running back Jeremy Larkin told his teammates that he had to medically retire from football due to cervical stenosis. Despite the bad news, Northwestern fought valiantly against the #14 Michigan Wolverines jumping out to a 17–0 lead before falling 20–17. With a 1–3 record, the season was at a crossroads. With Thorson still fighting back from his injury, Larkin out with his medical retirement and the Cats record it would have been easy for the team to give up. And yet, Coach <mask> and his players stayed the


title: Pat Fitzgerald

texts: Ryan Field for the first time since 1976. The Irish were ranked #3 and went out to a 24–7 lead in the fourth quarter before Northwestern rallied furiously behind a Thorson touchdown pass and a blocked punt that cut the score 24–21.A late Ian Book touchdown run on third down sealed the Irish win. The following week brought uncharted territory for the Wildcats. In a frigid Iowa City, the Wildcats faced the Iowa Hawkeyes. Northwestern trailed 10–7 before Bennett Skrownek made a spectacular diving touchdown catch that gave the Wildcats a 14–10 lead. Paddy Fisher the forced a late Iowa fumble that sealed the win. Northwestern's win coupled with losses by Purdue and Wisconsin that day gave the Wildcats their first Big Ten West Division Championship. While Northwestern was locked into the Big Ten Championship Game they still had two games left on the schedule.Despite some questioning whether or not the Wildcats would show up to play – having already clinched a post-season berth – Coach <mask> got his team prepared to play and win like champions. The Wildcats traveled to Minneapolis where they dispatched Minnesota by ten points and then returned to Ryan Field and beat Illinois for the fourth straight time and the sixth time in the last seven meetings. In the 2018 Big Ten Football Championship Game the Wildcats faced the heavily favored Ohio State Buckeyes and their Heisman Trophy-candidate quarterback Dwayne Haskins. Ohio State jumped out to a 24–7 halftime lead but the Wildcats clawed back in the second half first behind an 18-yard touchdown run by Thorson and then with Thorson throwing a two-yard


title: Pat Fitzgerald

texts: After another Utah turnover, wide receiver Riley Lees scored a touchdown from the 'Wildcat' formation that proved to be the door slammer as Northwestern scored a Holiday Bowl record 28 third quarter points to go with a Holiday Bowl record six forced turnovers (2 interceptions and 4 fumbles) in a 31–20 win over Utah. Perhaps the most important part of the game came in the post-game celebration, however. For the days leading up to the game, there were rumors in the sports world that the Green Bay Packers were interested in interviewing <mask> for their vacant head coaching position. At the trophy presentation after the game, Fox broadcaster Joel Klatt asked <mask> about the rumors. To the delight of the Wildcat faithful, Coach <mask> put the rumors to bed saying: "Hashtag Go Cats man, I'm not going anywhere.I'm here forever." <mask>'s 106 overall wins and 63 Big Ten Conference wins are both school records. In thirteen seasons, <mask> has coached nine winning teams and one team that finished the season at .500. Coach <mask> has led the Wildcats to ten bowl games in thirteen seasons; before he became head coach the 'Cats had only been in six bowl games in 123 football seasons. From 2016 to 2018, Coach <mask> has led the Wildcats to three consecutive bowl wins (2016 Pinstripe, 2017 Music City, 2018 Holiday). From 2008 to 2012, he led the Wildcats to five consecutive bowl appearances, including three of their six all-time New Year's Day bowl appearances. He is one of only two coaches in school history to lead Northwestern to a bowl game victory, is the only NU coach to win back-to-back bowl games

masks:
Coach Fitzgerald
Coach Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Legacy Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald


title: Pat Fitzgerald

texts: and has the most bowl game victories in school history.<mask> is only the second head coach to lead Northwestern to four consecutive winning seasons (2015–2018) and the first since Dick Hanley coached the Wildcats to winning years from 1928–1931. <mask>'s .567 winning percentage at NU is the highest since Dick Hanley who coached the Wildcats from 1927 to 1934. The 2014–2017 Wildcats seasons are the best – in terms of wins – since the Wildcats teams of 1903–1905. <mask> is one of six coaches in the NCAA who has been at his school the longest and joins Kirk Ferentz of Iowa as the longest tenured active coaches in the Big Ten. Coach <mask> is a huge supporter of Northwestern athletics other than football. As the 2016–17 Northwestern Wildcats men's basketball team made their run to Northwestern's first ever NCAA Tournament berth, <mask> often cheered on the team. When the Wildcats traveled to Salt Lake City to face Vanderbilt in the first round, <mask> was seen sitting with Wildcat fans and leading the cheers during the game.After the Wildcats beat the Commodores for their first ever tourney win, <mask> went to the locker room where he excitedly celebrated with the players. Before the Wildcats' second-round game against Gonzaga, <mask> led the 'Cats faithful at a pep rally in Salt Lake City. <mask> does not shy away from Northwestern's status as a world class university often using it to recruit smart and talented athletes rather than using it as a reason for why the school cannot be competitive in football. One of the NU football program's mantras is: "Football is not an excuse for academics and

masks: Fitzgerald Fitzgerald Fitzgerald Fitzgerald Fitzgerald Fitzgerald Fitzgerald Fitzgerald Fitzgerald


title: Pat Fitzgerald

texts:
 academics is not an excuse for football." Personal life
<mask> is from Orland Park, Illinois, and resides in Northfield, Illinois with his wife, Stacy, and three sons, Jack, Ryan, and Brendan. He purchased a $2.3 million newly constructed home in January 2010. A born and bred Chicagoan, <mask> is a huge fan of the area pro sports teams often using his Twitter feed to support the Bears, Blackhawks and White Sox.While <mask> has led the Wrigley Field crowd in the iconic "Take Me Out to the Ballgame" song during the seventh inning stretch of a Cubs game, as a South Sider he is a die-hard White Sox fan. In April 2017, <mask> signed a ten-year contract extension with Northwestern. While Northwestern is a private university and is not obligated to release compensation data, some publicly available tax forms indicate that <mask> is among the highest paid coaches in the Big Ten. In further support of <mask> and the football team, Northwestern has built a $260 million football facility on the lakeshore section of campus that opened in 2018. Head coaching record

References

External links
 Northwestern profile

Living people
1974 births
American football linebackers
Colorado Buffaloes football coaches
Idaho Vandals football coaches
Maryland Terrapins football coaches
Northwestern Wildcats football coaches
Northwestern Wildcats football players
Northwestern University School of Education and Social Policy alumni
All-American college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
People from Northfield, Illinois
People from Orland Park, Illinois
Players of American football from

masks: Fitzgerald Fitzgerald Fitzgerald Fitzgerald Fitzgerald Fitzgerald


title: Pierre Cahuc

texts:
<mask> (born January 18, 1962) is a French economist who currently works as Professor of Economics at Sciences Po. He is Program Director for the IZA Institute of Labor Economics's programme "Labour Markets" and research fellow at CEPR. His research focuses mainly on labour economics and its relationship with macroeconomics. In 2001, he was awarded the Prize of the Best Young Economist of France for his contributions to economic research. He belongs to the most highly cited economists in France and Europe's leading labour economists. Biography

<mask> earned master's degrees in public law, political science, and economics from the Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne in 1984, followed by a DEA in macroeconomics in 1985, a D.E.A. in political sociology in 1986, and a PhD in economics in 1989.In 1990, Cahuc obtained his agrégation in economic science. After his graduation, he accepted a position as professor of economics at the Université des Antilles et de la Guyane but returned to Metropolitan France in 1992, where he became professor of economics at the Université Paris I (1992–2003). Having been an associate professor of economics at the École Polytechnique from 1998 to 2007, he was promoted to full professor in 2007 and, in addition, also became professor of economics at the École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique (ENSAE) in 2011 as well as Director of the Macroeconomic Laboratory of the ENSAE's Center for Research in Economics and Statistics (CREST). and director of Economic research at CREST (2015). He joined Sciences Po in 2018. Moreover, he holds the chair of the "securization of professional trajectories". In addition to his academic positions, Cahuc maintains professional affiliations with the IZA Institute of Labor Economics, where he directs the programme area on labour markets, and the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR).Furthermore, he has been a member of the Council of Economic Analysis from 2006 to 2010 and from 2012 to 2016, the expert group on the minimum wage in France (2012-2016), the National Economic

masks:
Pierre Cahuc
Pierre Cahuc


title: Pierre Cahuc

texts:
 Commission (an advisory council of the French Minister of Economics and Finance), and of the Council on Employment, Income and Social Cohesion. Finally, he performs editorial duties for the academic reviews Labour Economics, Journal of Economics, European Economic Review, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, IZA World of Labor, and IZA Journal of Labor Economics. Research

<mask>'s research focuses mainly on labour economics. He has written books on the economics of salary negotiations, the reduction of working time, unemployment in France, social security, job flows, minimum wages, unemployment insurance, vocational education, economic debate, and social trust; his book on this last topic, The Society of Defiance ("La Société de Défiance") written with Yann Algan, documents how distrust between French citizens among each other as well as with regard to the market economy and government has been growing since the 1990s, eroding civic behaviour, and argues that this growing distrust is both due and in turn fuels French corporatism, wherein the government regulates large aspects of citizens' lives. Together with André Zylberberg and Stéphane Carcillo, he has written several textbooks on labour economics aimed at graduate students. According to IDEAS/RePEc, Cahuc ranks among the top 2% of research economists worldwide. In his research, he has frequently collaborated with Yann Algan, Stéphane Carcillo, André Zylberberg and Fabien Postel-Visnay.Key findings of his research include the following:

 Differences in inherited trust explain a substantial share of the differences in per capita incomes between countries (with Algan); the strength of that result was later questioned by Müller, Torgler, and Uslaner (2012). Government regulation is strongly negatively correlated with measures of trust, suggesting that distrust creates public demand for regulation and regulation in turn discourages the formation of trust (with Algan, Philippe Aghion, and Andrei Shleifer). The combination of temporary jobs and (tenure-based) employment protection policies, while


title: Pierre Cahuc

texts:
 beneficial to a majority of employees if company ownership is sufficiently concentrate, likely increases unemployment by raising firms' job turnover, as employers face incentives to reduce firing costs by limiting employees' tenure (with Postel-Visnay). The relative lack of competition between French employers for low-skilled and medium-skilled workers explains these groups' lack of wage bargaining power (with Postel-Visnay and Jean-Marc Robin). Civic attitudes and the design of unemployment benefits and employment protection in the OECD over the 1980s and 1990s are strongly correlated, suggesting that differences in civic virtue drive differences in labour market institutions (with Algan). Individuals with strong family ties are less geographically mobile, have lower wages and are more likely to be unemployed, and support more stringent labour market regulations (with Algan, Alberto Alesina, and Paola Giuliano). Spain could have kept its unemployment rate below 15% (instead of 23%) during the Great Recession if it had adopted French employment protection legislation and thereby restricted the use of temporary contracts, thus avoiding the amplification of the effect of the gap between the firing costs of permanent and temporary contracts (with Samuel Bentolila, Juan Dolado, and Thomas Le Barbanchon).In an overlapping generations model with endogenous growth, minimum wage legislation can increase growth by inducing workers to accumulate human capital by reducing the demand for low-skilled labour (with Philippe Michel). If job search intensity and wages are endogenous and the tax rate constant, then a more degressive time sequence of unemployment benefits may increase wage pressure and, by extension, increase unemployment (with Etienne Lehmann). Public employment in the OECD is found to crowd out private sector employment, depresses labour force participation and increases unemployment (with Algan and Zylberberg). References

External links

 Homepage of <mask>c

1962 births
French economists
Labor economists
Living people
University of Paris alumni
École


title: Vaughan Grylls

texts:
<mask> is a British artist, photographer, and author. Known for his fine art photography and sculptures, <mask> first received recognition for his 1960s pun-sculptures and, later, for his 1980s photography and panoramic photo collages. <mask> was the director of Kent Institute of Art & Design before co-founding the University College for the Creative Arts at Canterbury, Epsom, Farnham, Maidstone & Rochester. He has work in various public collections including the National Library of Wales and University College London. Initially trained as a sculptor, Grylls began creating photo collages in 1977. Some of his notable panoramic works include The Wailing Wall, Jerusalem (1979), Site of the Assassination of JFK (1980), and Britain Through the Looking Glass (1984). Additionally, <mask> has authored seven books in the Then and Now series - Oxford Then and Now (2009), Cambridge Then and Now (2011), Singapore Then and Now (2016) Hong Kong Then and Now (2016) Shanghai Then and Now (2017), The Old West Then and Now (2019), London Then and Now (2020) and was photographer for Hollywood Then and Now (2013).Early life and education
<mask> was born 10 December 1943 in Newark-on-Trent. He attended six different schools, including Southwell Minster School where he was a chorister and where he failed the 11+, Skegness Secondary Modern and Newark Magnus School,(now Magnus Church of England Academy). From 1963 onwards, Grylls attended art schools at Nottingham, Wolverhampton, Goldsmiths, and the Slade School of Fine Art. Career

Pun-sculptures
At Goldsmiths College in 1968, Grylls produced an exhibition of his first photographically based pun-sculptures, each made from cardboard and called collectively 'Ludwig Wittgenstein's Palace of Pun.' He took this with him to the Slade School of Fine Art and continued to make more pun-sculptures. His work was noticed at his final show at the Slade in 1970 by Jasia Reichardt, art

masks:
Vaughan Grylls
Grylls
Grylls
Grylls
Vaughan Grylls


title: Vaughan Grylls

texts:
 critic and assistant director of the ICA. His first London exhibition was held at the ICA in October 1970 as one room in an exhibition entitled 'Ten Sitting Rooms.'Grylls' pun-sculpture work was also shown at an alternative exhibition space called The Gallery. The Gallery was opened in Lisson St, London in 1972 by fellow Slade graduate Nicholas Wegner. Wegner invited Grylls to show at The Gallery. The work Grylls exhibited in 1973 entitled 'An Indo-Chinese Punsculpture' was a large photo-mural commenting on the signing of the so-called Paris Peace Treaty. Wegner and <mask> then collaborated in an artistic partnership, inspired in part by Andy Warhol, from 1973 to 1975. Wegner closed The Gallery in 1978. Photography
<mask>' father died in 1977, and Grylls' style and focus changed thereafter.His style developed into works largely inspired by international news and political events. He used photographic montage techniques to create a collection of images pinned together to produce one large image. In 1977 he travelled to Istanbul and used a telephoto lens to produce his first panoramic photo-collage, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul. It was exhibited in 1978 at the Whitechapel Art Gallery in London. His next photo-collage exhibition was in 1979 called The Wailing (Western) Wall, Jerusalem and in Flanders Fields. Grylls said that his overtly political art tried, in the case of The Wailing (Western) Wall, Jerusalem, to "examine a cultural and religious icon that has had a far-reaching influence on political events today." In 1980, Grylls created panoramic collages of the sites where President John F. Kennedy on Elm Street and Lord Mountbatten in Donegal Bay were murdered.William Feaver of The Observer referred to <mask>' work as "mixed-media surveys, combining epic scale and humdrum particulars." In 1984, Grylls' 'Britain Through the Looking Glass', a twenty-eight by eight-foot work of colour Xerox photographs

masks: Grylls Grylls Grylls


title: Vaughan Grylls

texts:
 that were taken at the British Museum in London in the "Egyptian Mummy room" was exhibited at the Atlantis Gallery in London. Also, in the same exhibition, were two equally large panoramas, one based on the Greenwich Meridian, the other on Wembley Stadium. Education
In 1984, <mask> was appointed professor of photography and video at Williams College, Massachusetts. In 1989 <mask> returned to England to become Head of Art & Design at Wolverhampton Polytechnic (later known as the University of Wolverhampton) and in 1996 he became director of the Kent Institute of Art & Design. In 2003, <mask> proposed creating a new university of 6000+ students studying art, design, and architecture by merging the Kent Institute with the Surrey Institute of Art & Design to prevent these free-standing art colleges becoming absorbed into their local universities. The merged institution was called the University College for the Creative Arts at Canterbury, Epsom, Farnham, Maidstone & Rochester (since 2009 the University for the Creative Arts).<mask> as founding Chief Executive of the merged institution resigned soon afterwards, announcing that he intended to return full-time to his own work. In 2014, Grylls published his art school autobiography entitled "I Brought This in Case: The 1960s, Four Art Schools and Me" with a foreword by Sir Christopher Frayling, the popular culture critic and former Rector of the Royal College of Art. In 2018, Bitter Lemon Press published <mask>' second autobiographical book, "Have You Come Far? A Life in Interviews"

Exhibitions

 February 2009:  Mother, Sadler's Wells
 May 2011:  Grandmother, Piper Gallery, London
 June–August 2012, with Edward Allington. Then and Now, The Piper Gallery, London
 November/December 2014: Retrospective 1967–2014, GX Gallery, London
 May 2018: 'Herman's Sermons and American Mail', A-side B-side Gallery, London

Notes

Further reading

 <mask> 'A Case in

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Grylls
Grylls
Grylls
Grylls
Grylls
Vaughan Grylls


title: Vaughan Grylls

texts:
 Point', The Sunday Times London 28 March 1971
 This is not an advertisement', Studio International London, Vol 182 no 935 July/August 1971
 <mask>, 'Benefitting from a Holiday', The Sunday Times London 29 August 1971
 John A Walker, 'Contemporary Art, Flash Art Milan, nos 48/49 October/November 1974
 'Time, Words and the Camera' Exhibition catalogue edited by Jasia Reichardt and published by Neue Galerie am Landesmuseum Joanneum Graz, Austria 1976
 <mask>, 'Artists Thoughts on the 70's in Words and Pictures'. Edited by Jasia Reichardt. Studio International, London, vol 195 no 991, 1981
 Brandon Taylor, Introductory essay to 'The Panoramic Image'.Exhibition catalogue published by John Hansard Gallery, University of Southampton 1981
 '<mask>. Through the Looking Glass'. Exhibition catalogue with notes by the artist and an introductory essay by John Carlin. Published by the University of Wisconsin, Elvehjem Museum of Art, Madison, Wisconsin, November 1985
 '<mask>ls. Wolverhampton Return'. Exhibition catalogue with notes by the artist and an introductory essay by Christopher Bailey. Published by Wolverhampton Art Gallery and Wolverhampton Polytechnic, September 1989
 '<mask>ls.'White Man's Tales'. Exhibition catalogue with notes by the artist and an introductory essay by Professor Ann H Murray. Published by Wheaton College, Massachusetts, November 1994
 Sacha Craddock. Essay accompanying 'Mother', Sadlers Wells Theatre, London, February 2009
 James Putnam. Introductory essay to 'Then and Now'. Exhibition catalogue published by The Piper Gallery 2012
 Megan Piper. Introductory essay to '<mask>' Retrospective exhibition catalogue published by GX Gallery 2014.External links
 <mask>

1943 births
Living people
English artists
British conceptual artists
Academics of the University of Wolverhampton
Alumni of the University of Wolverhampton
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
Alumni of University

masks:
Vaughan Grylls
Vaughan Grylls
Vaughan Grylls
Vaughan Gryl
Vaughan Gryl
Vaughan Grylls
Vaughan Grylls


title: Andrée Marquet

texts:
<mask>, born in 1934, is a French chemist specializing in organic chemistry and chemical biology, professor emeritus at the Pierre and Marie Curie University and correspondent at the French Academy of sciences since 1993. Biography

<mask> studied engineering at the École nationale supérieure de chimie de Paris, then defended a thesis prepared at the Collège de France under the direction of Jean Jacques (1961), followed by a post-doctoral internship at the ETH in Zurich with Professor Duilio Arigoni. After a career at the CNRS, she was appointed professor at the Pierre-et-Marie-Curie University (1978) and founded the organic biological chemistry laboratory there. She contributed, with a few others, to the development of this interface sub-discipline at the national level, which was still in its infancy, and created at UPMC adapted teaching courses where chemists and biochemists could meet. In addition to her work as a teacher-researcher, she has held various positions of general interest. Between 1984 and 1986, she chaired the organic chemistry division of the Société chimique de France, and from 1987 to 1991, the Société Franco-japonaise de chimie fine et thérapeutique. She chaired section 20 of the CNRS National Committee (1991-1995) and was a member of the CNRS Scientific Council from 1992 to 1997.In 1998, she became Scientific Director of the Chemistry Department at the Research Department of the MENRT. Between 1999 and 2003, she was a member of the Board of Directors of the Palais de la Découverte, and between 2007 and 2008,

masks:
Andrée Marquet
Andrée Marquet


title: Andrée Marquet

texts:
 she was a member of the Board of Directors of the MENRT. 2011, member of the Ethics Committee of the CNRS. In 2002, she founded the "Chemistry and Society" Commission, within the Fondation de la Maison de la Chimie, of which she remains president until 2011. This commission seeks to analyse the origin of the misunderstanding that has developed between chemistry and society, and to contribute to the search for solutions by organising actions resolutely directed towards the general public. Research
<mask> <mask> and her collaborators have been interested in reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry, in particular those involving carbanions (enolates, alpha anions of sulfoxides), and have used the results of these studies in synthesis, for example for total synthesis of biotin. She then turned to mechanistic enzymology, applying the approach used in organic chemistry to the functioning of enzymes.The main areas covered are :

    steroid biochemistry: inhibition of the biosynthesis of aldosterone (among the various compounds synthesized and tested, 18-vinyl progesterone proved to be an excellent inhibitor of Cytochrome P450 involved in the last stage of this biosynthesis, making this molecule a potential hypotensor. the mechanism of action of vitamin K, an essential cofactor in the cascade of blood coagulation reactions. the biotin biosynthesis pathway: the mechanism of several of the enzymes involved has been deciphered and various inhibitors have been designed and synthesized. A particularly difficult problem to which <mask> <mask>

masks: Andrée Marquet Andrée Marquet


title: Andrée Marquet

texts:
 and her team have made a decisive contribution is that of the mechanism of biotin synthase, which catalyses the final step. They have shown that it belongs to the newly discovered family of proteins (Fe-S) dependent on S-Adenosylmethionine, catalysing radical reactions. This is a family that opens a new chapter in enzymology. Another field of activity of the laboratory, the result of a collaboration with the neurobiology laboratory of the Collège de France (Prof. Jacques Glovinski) concerns the activity of a family of peptide neurotransmitters, the tachykinins.Main publications

 A. <mask>, De l’arme chimique à l’agent thérapeutique. L’Actualité Chimique, 2014 ,N°391, XIII-XVIII. A.  <mask> et Y. Jacquot. Faut-il avoir peur du Bisphenol  A ? L’Actualité Chimique, 2013, N°378-379,11-19. A. <mask> et B.Sillion, coordinateurs. Chimie et Société : Quel dialogue ?L’Actualité Chimique, 2011, N°355. A. <mask>, B. Tse Sum Bui, AG. Smith, MJ. Warren. Iron-sulfur proteins as initiators of  radical chemistry. Nat. Prod.Rep., 2007 ; 24 : 1027-1040. M. Lotierzo, B. Tse Sum Bui, D. Florentin, F. Escalettes, A<mask>. Biotin synthase mechanism: An overview. Biochemical Society Transactions, 2005, 33, 820 – 823. B. Rüdiger, B. Tse Sum Bui, V. Schünemann, D. Florentin, A<mask>, A..S. Trautwein. Iron-sulfur clusters of biotin synthase in vivo: a Mössbauer study. Biochemistry, 2002, 41, 15000-15006.E. Davioud, A. Piffeteau, C. Delorme, S. Coustal, A<mask>.18-Vinyldeoxycorticosterone: a potent inhibitor of the bovine cytochrome P-45011b. Bioorganic

masks:
Marquet
Marquet
Marquet
Marquet
. Marquet
. Marquet
. Marquet


title: Andrée Marquet

texts:
 and Medicinal Chemistry, 1998, 6, 1781-1788. A. Vidal-Cros, M. Gaudry, A<mask>. Vitamin K dependent carboxylation. Mechanistic studies with 3-fluoroglutamate containing substrates. Biochemical Journal, 1990, 266, 749-755. G. Chassaing and A<mask>.A  13 C NMR study of the structure of sulfur-stabilized carbanions. Tetrahedron, 1978, 34, 1399. S. Lavielle, S. Bory, B. Moreau, M.J. Luche and A<mask>. A total synthesis of biotin based on the stereoselective alkylation of sulfoxides. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1978, 100, 1558.Honours and awards
   1961: Eugène Schuëller Prize (ENSCP)

   1971: prize of the Organic Chemistry Division of the French Chemical Society

   1986: La Caze Prize of the French Academy of sciences and Berthelot Medal of the French Academy of sciences

   1988: CNRS silver medal

   1993: Corresponding member of the French Academy of sciences. 1994: Achille-Le-Bel Grand Prize of the Chemical Society of France. 2000: Officier of the Ordre National du Mérite

   2012: Officier of the Ordre national de la Légion d'Honneur

   2018: Commandeur in the Ordre des Palmes Académiques

References

1934 births
20th-century French chemists
French women chemists
Organic chemists
French biochemists
CNRS scientists
Pierre and Marie Curie University faculty
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Living people
Officers of the National Order of Merit (France)
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
20th-century French women scientists
21st-century French chemists
21st-century French women

masks:
. Marquet
. Marquet
. Marquet


title: Terrence Williams

texts:
<mask> (born June 28, 1987) is an American former professional basketball player. <mask> was drafted 11th overall in the 2009 NBA draft by the New Jersey Nets. He was the senior co-captain for Rick Pitino's 2008–09 University of Louisville Cardinals. Early career

At Rainier Beach High School, <mask> was a four-year starter on the basketball team. He helped the team to a state title in 2003. He averaged 21.7 points his senior year. He was also a starting wide receiver and free safety on the football team.He considered attending Indiana and Kansas before deciding to play for Pitino. Afterwards, he attended Louisville. In the 2007–08 season, <mask> achieved the third and fourth triple-doubles in Louisville basketball history (the first two by Samaki Walker and Ellis Myles). He racked up 14 points, 13 assists and 12 rebounds in the Cardinals' season-opening 104-69 win over Hartford and had 10 points, 10 rebounds, and 10 assists in a January 19, 2008 loss to Seton Hall. <mask> appeared on three straight Sports Illustrated covers  and is one of few athletes to do so. He was also a finalist in the Lowe's Senior Class Award and was named to the Lowe's Senior Class All-Senior All-America first team. <mask> has extraordinary overall athletic abilities as recognized by coach Rick Pitino."He's a freakish athlete", Pitino said. He is known for his slam dunking abilities and won the dunk contest at the 2005 Kentucky Derby Basketball Classic. Professional career

New Jersey Nets (2009–2010)

<mask> was drafted by the New Jersey Nets with the 11th overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft and was signed to a four-year contract. In the teams' now annual summer workouts, he dazzled his teammates and coaches with his

masks:
Terrence Deshon Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams


title: Terrence Williams

texts:
 athleticism, defense, and passing. He recorded his first career triple-double April 9, 2010, with 27 points, 13 rebounds, and 10 assists in the Nets double overtime win over the Chicago Bulls 127–116. On November 26, 2010, the Nets sent <mask> to the Springfield Armor of the NBA D-League. <mask> was recalled on December 7, 2010.Houston Rockets (2010–2012)
On December 15, 2010, <mask> was traded to the Houston Rockets in a three-team trade involving the Nets and Los Angeles Lakers. On March 16, 2012, <mask> was waived by the Rockets. Sacramento Kings (2012)
After being waived by the Rockets, <mask> signed a 10-day contract with the Sacramento Kings on March 21, 2012. He was signed for the remainder of the season on March 31, 2012. Guangdong Southern Tigers (2012–2013)
In October 2012, <mask> joined the Detroit Pistons for their training camp. On October 22, 2012, <mask> was waived by the Detroit Pistons. In November 2012, he joined the Guangdong Southern Tigers of China.He left the Tigers in February 2013. Boston Celtics (2013)
On February 20, 2013, <mask> signed a 10-day contract with the Boston Celtics. On March 3, 2013, <mask> re-signed to a multi-year contract with the Celtics. On June 30, 2013, he was waived by the Celtics. Türk Telekom (2013)
In October 2013, <mask> signed with Türk Telekom. He parted ways with them on November 14, after playing only two games in Turkish Basketball League. Los Angeles D-Fenders (2013–2014)
On December 31, 2013, <mask> was acquired by the Los Angeles D-Fenders.He set the D-Fenders franchise single-game scoring record with 50 points on January 31, 2014 against the Idaho Stampede, surpassing 49 earlier that season by Manny Harris. Brujos de Guayama (2014)

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams


title: Terrence Williams

texts:
In April 2014, <mask> signed with Brujos de Guayama of Puerto Rico. He was waived on May 1, 2014. Meralco Bolts (2014)
On May 18, 2014, <mask> signed with Meralco Bolts, but left seven days later after just three games. Soles de Santo Domingo (2014)
<mask> joined Soles de Santo Domingo of the Dominican Republic in 2014. Reales de La Vega (2014)
<mask> joined Reales de La Vega of the Dominican Republic in 2014. Fuerza Regia (2014–2015)
On December 26, 2014, WIlliams signed with Fuerza Regia of Mexico.In his first game, he scored 19 points in the game that Fuerza Regia won 101-85 against Gigantes Estado de Mexico. <mask> also grabbed 2 rebounds and has 6 assists. Vaqueros de Bayamón (2015)
On January 17, 2015, <mask>iqueríes de Margarita (2015)
In April 2015, <mask> signed with Guaiqueríes de Margarita of Venezuela for the rest of the 2015 LPB season.On October 6, 2015, <mask> signed with the upcoming AmeriLeague to play on the following season. However, the league folded after it was discovered the founder was a con artist. His nickname is "T-Will". His son, Jaraye <mask>, is considered a 4-star football prospect in the class of 2021, according to various recruiting outlets. Jaraye is considered a legacy recruit, as he's committed to Louisville. On Thursday, October 7, 2021, the US Attorney for the Southern District of New York, Audrey Strauss, arrested <mask> and 15 others in connection with an alleged scheme to defraud the NBA's health plan, in which nearly $4 million in fraudulent claims appear to have been made. Strauss referred to <mask> as the leader of the conspiracy.The charges allege that <mask> obtained fraudulent medical and dental invoices, sent them to his co-conspirators -

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williamsua Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams


title: Don Rosa

texts:
<mask> (), known simply as <mask> (born June 29, 1951), is an American comic book writer and illustrator known for his Disney comics stories about Scrooge McDuck, <mask>, and other characters which Carl Barks created for Disney-licensed comic books, first published in America by Dell Comics. Many of his stories are built on characters and locations created by Carl Barks; among these was his first Duck story, "The Son of the Sun" (1987), which was nominated for a Harvey Award in the "Best Story of the Year" category. <mask>uck won the Eisner Award for "Best Serialized Story". Early life
<mask>'s grandfather, <mask>, lived in Maniago, a town at the foot of the Alps in Northern Italy, in the province of Pordenone. He immigrated to Kentucky, the United States around 1900, established a successful tile and terrazzo company, then returned to Italy to marry and start a family. In 1915 just after the birth of his son <mask>, Gioachino returned to Kentucky with his wife, two daughters and two sons.Ugo <mask> grew up and was later married in Kentucky. His wife was born to a German American father and a mother with both Scottish and Irish ancestry. <mask> was born Keno <mask> <mask> on June 29, 1951 in Louisville, Kentucky. He was named after both his father and grandfather. Gioachino was called "Keno" for short. <mask>'s father was named Ugo <mask> but used the name "<mask>" <mask> in America. <mask> was exposed to comics at a very early age, as his only sibling, an 11-year-older sister, Deanna, was a comics hoarder and had a large number of comics, which made it possible for <mask> to discover comics literally from birth as a storytelling medium by just "reading the pictures" and later also actually

masks:
Keno Don Hugo Rosa
Don Rosa
Donald Duck
RosaD
Don Rosa
Gioachino Rosa
Ugo Rosa
Rosa
Don Rosa
Don Hugo
Rosa
Don
Dante Rosa
Hugo Don
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa


title: Don Rosa

texts: read.<mask> also began drawing comics before being able to write. The characters he would typically draw were a large cast of stick figures which he usually featured in comedy/adventures of a Barksian style, since the Carl Barks' stories were the ones <mask> was most fond of. <mask> stuck to drawing simple stick figures for these stories since these were mere illustrations as a means of getting the story told. The story was the pinnacle to him, not the actual drawings. <mask> kept drawing the stick figure stories until he attended High school at St. Xavier High School (Louisville), Kentucky. <mask>'s favorite comic books while growing up were Uncle Scrooge and Little Lulu comics from Dell Comics, as well as his sister's collection of MAD magazines. When <mask> became 12 years old he also discovered and started to enjoy the Superman titles of DC Comics especially from the editor Mort Weisinger's period, drawn mostly by his favorite Superman artists Curt Swan and Kurt Schaffenberger.Shortly after <mask> started to collect Superman comics he also began to trade in the comics he had inherited from his older sister for old Superman comics. The reason behind this action was that a comic book shop in his living area offered to trade two used old comics for one new, a sound deal for the young <mask>. By the 1970s <mask>'s comic trading had ended up with him only having two Barks duck comics issues left from the collection his sister originally passed on to him. One of them being Dell Comics' Four Color Comics #386 (also known as Dell Comics' One shot's) issue titled: "Uncle Scrooge in Only a Poor Old Man", which was unknown to him to be the first issue of the new Carl Barks Uncle Scrooge Title. The

masks: Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa


title: Don Rosa

texts:
 second issue is his other favorite Barks Comic from his youth, Dell's <mask> in "The Golden Helmet". Later when <mask> became a serious collector of all comics of the post-war years, he particularly enjoyed and collected the classic E.C. Comics of the horror and science fiction genres published in the early 1950s, Will Eisner's The Spirit, Walt Kelly's Pogo, and virtually all other comics from 1945 and onward.<mask> entered the University of Kentucky in 1969. He graduated in 1973 with a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering. Career
In 1969 while still in college, <mask> won an award as "best political cartoonist in the nation in a college paper". "I'm not really an editorial cartoonist. I'd much rather be doing comedy adventure. But I must have done something right, for at one point The Journal of Higher Education named me one of the five or six best college newspaper cartoonists in the nation." <mask>'s first published comic (besides the spot illustrations in his grade school and high school newspapers) was a comic strip featuring his own character, Lancelot Pertwillaby, titled The Pertwillaby Papers.He created the strip in 1971 for The Kentucky Kernel, a college newspaper of the University of Kentucky, which wanted the strip to focus on political satire. <mask> later switched the strip to comedy-adventure, his favorite style of comics, and drew the story Lost in (an alternative section of) the Andes. (The title is a reference to Lost in the Andes!, a <mask> story by Carl Barks, first published in April, 1949.) The so-called Pertwillaby Papers included 127 published episodes by the time <mask> graduated in 1973. Meanwhile, <mask> participated in contributing art and articles to

masks:
Donald Duck
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa
Donald Duck
Rosa
Rosa


title: Don Rosa

texts: comic collector fanzines. One contribution was An Index of Uncle Scrooge Comics. According to his introduction: "Scrooge being my favorite character in comic history and Barks my favorite pure cartoonist, I'll try not to get carried away too much."After attaining his bachelor's degree, <mask> continued to draw comics purely as a hobby, his only income came from working in the Keno Rosa Tile and Terrazzo Company, a company founded by his paternal grandfather. <mask> authored and illustrated the monthly Information Center column in the fanzine Rocket's Blast Comicollector from 1974 to 1979. This was a question-and-answer feature dealing with readers' queries on all forms of pop entertainment of which <mask> was a student, including comics, TV and movies. He also revived the Pertwillaby Papers in this "RBCC" fanzine as a comic book style story rather than a newspaper comic strip from 1976 to 1978. By now having become a locally known comics collector and cartoonist, <mask> accepted an offer from the editor of the local newspaper to create a weekly comic strip. This led to his creation of the comic strip character Captain Kentucky for the Saturday edition of the local newspaper Louisville Times. Captain Kentucky was the superhero alter ego of Lancelot Pertwillaby.The pay was $25/week and not worth the 12+ hours each week's strip entailed, but <mask> did it as part of his hobby. Publication started on October 6, 1979. The comic strip ended on August 15, 1982 after the publication of 150 episodes. After three years with Captain Kentucky, <mask> decided that it was not worth the effort. He retired from cartooning and did not draw a single line for the next four years. Years later, as his fame grew,

masks: Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Don


title: Don Rosa

texts:
 his non-Disney work was published by the Norwegian publisher Gazette Bok in 2001, in the two hard-cover "Don Rosa Archives" volumes, The Pertwillaby Papers and The Adventures of Captain Kentucky. Gladstone
In 1986, <mask> discovered a Gladstone Comics comic book.This was the first American comic book that contained Disney characters since Western Publishing's discontinuation of their Whitman Comics in the 1970s. Since early childhood <mask> had been fascinated by Carl Barks' stories about <mask> and Scrooge McDuck. He immediately called the editor, Byron Erickson, and told him that he was the only American who was born to write and draw one Scrooge McDuck adventure. Erickson agreed to let him send a story, and <mask> started drawing his first Duck story, "The Son of the Sun," the very next day. "The Son of the Sun" was a success and <mask>'s very first professional comic story was nominated for a Harvey Award "Best Story of the Year". The plot of the story was the same as his earlier story, Lost in (an alternative section of) the Andes. As <mask> explained it, he was just "(...) turning that old Pertwillaby Papers adventure back into the story it originally was in my head, starring Scrooge, <mask>, the nephews, and Flintheart Glomgold."<mask> created a few more comics for Gladstone until 1989. He then stopped working for them, because the policies of their licensor, Disney, did not allow for the return of original art for a story to its creators. This was unacceptable to <mask>, since a part of his income came from selling the originals, and the original art is the property of the freelance artists, unless otherwise agreed upon. Without that extra money, he could not make a living drawing

masks:
Rosa
Don Rosa
Donald Duck
Don Rosa
Rosa
Don Rosa
Donald
Rosa
Don Rosa


title: Don Rosa

texts:
 comic books. After making some stories for the Dutch publisher Oberon, the publishers of an American Disney children's magazine called DuckTales (based on the animated series of the same name) offered <mask> employment. They even offered him a much higher salary than the one he received at Gladstone. <mask> made just one script (Back in Time for a Dime).The publishers never asked him to make more, and due to problems with receiving the payment, he did not care. Egmont

After working with the DuckTales magazine, <mask> found out that the Denmark-based International publisher Egmont (at that time called Gutenberghus) was publishing reprints of his stories and wanted more. <mask> joined Egmont in 1990. Two years later, at <mask>'s suggestion, Byron Erickson, the former editor at Gladstone also went to work for Egmont and has been working there ever since as an editor and later as a freelancer. In 1991 <mask> McDuck, a 12 chapter story about his favorite character. The series was a success, and in 1995 he won an Eisner Award for best continuing series. After the end of the original series, <mask> sometimes produced additional "missing" chapters.Some of the extra chapters were turned down by Egmont, because they were not interested in any more episodes. Fortunately, the French magazine Picsou was eager to publish the stories. From 1999, <mask> started working freelance for Picsou magazine as well. All of these chapters were compiled as The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck Companion. On strike
During early summer 2002, <mask> suddenly laid down work. As an artist he could not live under the conditions Egmont was offering him, but he did not want to give up making Scrooge McDuck comics either. So,

masks: Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosage Rosa Rosa Rosa


title: Don Rosa

texts:
 his only choice was to go on hiatus and try to come to an agreement with Egmont.His main issues were that he had no control over his works. <mask> had discovered too often that his stories were printed with incorrect pages of art, improper colors, poor lettering, or pixelated computer conversions of the illustrations. Another matter was that his name was used in promotion of these flawed books and collections of stories without his agreement. <mask> has never, nor has any other artist working on Disney-licensed characters, received royalties for the use or multi-national reprinting of any of his stories worldwide. <mask> came to an agreement with Egmont in December of the same year, which gave him more control over the stories and the manner in which they were publicized. Quitting
<mask>'s eyesight had been very poor since his childhood. In 2006 and 2007 he began having new difficulties, which made drawing a very slow and tedious process for him, even more so than normally.In March 2008, <mask> suffered a severe retinal detachment and underwent emergency eye surgery that proved to be only partially successful. Further surgery in both eyes made drawing even more difficult. On June 2, 2008, during an interview at the Danish Komiks.dk fair, <mask> stated that he would not do any more comics, citing eye troubles, low pay, and the constant use of his stories in special hardback or album editions by international Disney licensees without any payment of royalties or requests for permission for the use of his name. In 2012, <mask>mont's 9-volume Don Rosa Collection, which was to be published in Finland, Norway, Germany and Sweden. <mask>mont agreed to publish the essay, but Disney refused to allow

masks: Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosag Rosag


title: Don Rosa

texts:
 them to print it under their license. <mask> arranged with Egmont to post the essay on his own website, and publish a link to the essay in the collection. The essay, posted at career-end.donrosa.de, cites the above reasons, with special emphasis on the "Disney comics system" for paying writers and artists a flat per-page rate, and then allowing publishers around the world to print the stories without payment to the creators.<mask> is more popular with readers in Europe than in his native United States. According to him, even his next-door neighbors do not know his profession. Personal life
In 1980, <mask> married Ann Payne. Payne is a retired social studies middle school teacher. Character
<mask> describes himself as an introvert due to being socially isolated as a child. Also, he thinks of himself as a workaholic. <mask> suffered from depression during the years before he quit.He believes that it was caused by working hard while taking little time for leisure, a result of his self-imposed work regimen due to his enthusiasm for Barks' characters. Hobbies
<mask> is an avid collector of many things, including comic books, TV Guide, National Geographic,  and movie magazines, fanzines, books,  White Castle memorabilia, pinball machines and movies and more. <mask> also grows exotic chili plants and tends nearly 30 acres of a private nature preserve with wildflower fields and numerous forest trails. That and taking semi-annual European signing tours to visit his fellow BarksDucks fans, takes up all of his time. He is also working to complete his collections of All American comic books published between 1945 and 1970. Work

In Europe, <mask> is recognized as one of the best Disney comics creators.

masks:
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa
Don Rosa
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa


title: Don Rosa

texts:
 Carl Barks and <mask> are among the few artists who have their name written on the covers of Disney magazines when their stories are published.<mask> enjoys including subtle references to his movies and comic as well as his own previous work. He normally uses about 12 panels per page, instead of the more common eight. He needs to use the extra panels, because his plot ideas usually are too long to be published if he does not condense them. <mask> has an especially large following in Finland, and in 1999, he created a special 32-page adventure featuring Scrooge McDuck for his Finnish fans called; Sammon Salaisuus (translates to The secret of the Sampo, but it is officially named The Quest for Kalevala in English), based on the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala. The publication of this story created a national sensation in Finland where <mask> and the Kalevala are important aspects of culture. It was published in many other countries as well. The cover for the comic book was a spoof of a famous painting by Akseli Gallen-Kallela.The latest work that <mask> has worked on is a cover for the album Music Inspired by the Life and Times of Scrooge by Tuomas Holopainen from Nightwish who is a fan of <mask>'s comics. Drawing style
With a bachelor of arts degree in civil engineering as his only real drawing education, <mask> has some unusual drawing methods, as he writes: "I suspect nothing I do is done the way anyone else does it." Because of being self-taught in making comics, <mask> relies mostly on the skills he learned in engineering school, which means using technical pens and templates extensively. He applies templates and other engineering tools to draw what other artists draw freehand. He

masks:
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa
Donald Duck
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa


title: Don Rosa

texts:
 usually drew just under a page per day, but that depended on the amount of detail he puts in the picture. <mask>'s drawing style is considered much more detailed and "dirtier" than that of most Disney artists, living or dead, and often likened to that of underground artists, and he is frequently compared to Robert Crumb. When <mask> was first told of this similarity, he said that he "drew that bad" long before he discovered underground comics during college.He went on to explain these similarities to underground artists with a similar background of making comics as a hobby:

"I think that both my style and that of Robert Crumb are similar only because we both grew up making comics for our personal enjoyment, without ever taking drawing seriously, and without ever trying to attain a style that would please the average comics publisher. We drew comics for fun!" Carl Barks
"I want to take everything Barks wrote and forge it into a workable timeline. My original dream was to become the new Carl Barks. I wanted to write, draw, and letter all my own stories. People tell me that my pencils look just like Barks, but my inks are pure <mask>, and I can't letter properly! So I'll have to settle for being <mask>."– <mask> in 1987

"<mask> has often been called the heir of Carl Barks, especially for the way in which he has carried on the Ducks' Family Saga. But I don't think so: in my opinion <mask> [...] is an author who has used Barks' characters to make stories that are completely new, 'Donrosian' rather than 'Barksian', just like Barks can't be considered the heir of Al Taliaferro only because he has worked on the Ducks after him." – Carlo Chendi, Italian Disney comics writer

<mask>'s idol when it

masks:
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa
Don Rosa
Don Rosa
Don Rosa
Don Rosa
Rosa


title: Don Rosa

texts: comes to comics is Carl Barks. <mask> builds almost all his stories on characters and locations that Barks invented. Many of <mask>'s stories contain references to some fact pointed out in a Barks story. At the request of publishers in response to reader demands, <mask> has even created sequels of old Barks stories. For example, his Return to Plain Awful is a sequel to Lost in the Andes!, where the Ducks return to the same hidden country.To add more to his admiration and consistency to Barks and Barks' stories, <mask> makes all his ducks' stories set in the 1950s. This is because Barks writes most of the stories about Scrooge, <mask> and all people of Duckburg in the 1950s (it also conveniently resolves potential continuity problems, such as Scrooge's age). As explained in text pages in the Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck and its companion volume, <mask> does intense research of time periods to ensure not only that he gets the physical details right, but also to ensure that all characters could have been present. Barks either created most of the characters used by <mask> or is credited for greatly developing their personalities. <mask> thus feels obliged to make his stories factually consistent. He has spent a lot of time in making lists of facts and anecdotes pointed out in different stories by his mentor. Especially The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck was based mostly on the earlier works of Barks.<mask> admitted however that a scene of the first chapter was inspired by a story by Tony Strobl. As most of the characters <mask> uses were created by Barks, and because <mask> considers Scrooge rather than <mask> to be the main character of the Duck universe, he does not regard himself as a

masks: Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Donald Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Donald


title: Don Rosa

texts:
 pure Disney artist, nor the characters really as Disney's. "<mask> prefers to say that the characters he uses are Barks's, Barks having reshaped <mask>'s personality and creating everything else we know of Duckburg while working as a freelancer in 1942–1967 for an independent licensed publisher (Dell/Western Comics). Barks even claimed to have also created Huey, Dewey and Louie while working as a writer on <mask> animated cartoons in 1937." Because of his idolization of Barks, he repeatedly discourages his fans to use an absolutist way of saying his clearly different drawing style would be better than Barks's, and he found that notion confirmed when Barks himself spoke about <mask>'s style in a critical tone though it is uncertain whether those comments were Barks's or those of his temporary "business managers" who filtered his communications. "I usually don't like my stories. I mean I try really hard, but I know I don't draw that well.I know people like it because it's got lots of extra details, but art directors know good artwork, and they know mine is not good artwork. Now, people always say, 'You're being too modest, you're being too modest', and I say, 'What?' They just have to ask me the right question. I know it's not good artwork and I don't know if it's well-drawn, but I know it's entertaining." – <mask>, Torino Comics Festival, April 2011

"<mask> has a style that is a little bit different from the Disney style. I know that there is a great deal of people that like that style, which is extremely detailed. So there is room in the business for artists like <mask> and for others like Van Horn.They have a different style. But if they have a good story and tell it properly, then people

masks:
Rosa
Donald Duck
Donald Duck
Rosa
Don Rosa
Don Rosa
Don Rosa


title: Don Rosa

texts:
 are going to like it." – Carl Barks, interview given at Disneyland Paris, July 7, 1994

Beside <mask>'s constant effort to remain faithful to the universe Barks created, there is also a number of notable differences between the two artists. The most obvious of these is <mask>'s much more detailed drawing style, often with many background gags, which has been credited as being a result of <mask>'s love of the Will Elder stories of MAD comics and magazines. While Barks himself discouraged the use of extreme grimacing and gesturing in any other panel for comical or dramatic effect, <mask>'s stories are rich with colourful and bizarre facial renditions and physical slapstick. Barks had over 600 Duck stories to his name while <mask> only created 85 until his eye trouble set in, but whereas Barks made many short one and two-pagers centred around a subtle, compact gag, <mask>'s oeuvre consists almost exclusively of long adventure stories. Andrea "Bramo" Bramini identifies the following four differences between Barks's and <mask>'s way of storytelling:
 <mask> follows a very strict continuity, while Barks paid very little attention to continuity between stories.<mask>'s characterization of Scrooge is that of a much more sentimental person for often relishing his memories of past adventures. Barks situated his stories in the present day of when he was creating them, and had a penchant for satire. <mask> strictly writes stories taking place in an era at least half a century prior to their creation, and mostly abstains from any political or social commentary. With his engineering degree, <mask> often goes to great lengths to give scientifically plausible explanations within his stories, whereas Barks

masks: Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa


title: Don Rosa

texts:
 never cared much for any detailed scientific rationalizations to his stories. D.U.C.K. Most of <mask>'s stories have the letters D.U.C.K. hidden within either the first panel or, if <mask> has created the cover art, within the cover art itself.D.U.C.K. is an acronym for "Dedicated to Unca Carl from Keno" (Carl being Carl Barks and Keno being <mask>'s given first name). Due to Disney's refusal to allow artists to sign their work, early <mask> dedications to Barks were deleted as they seemed to be a form of a signature. Later <mask> began hiding the dedication acronym from his editors in various and unlikely places within his drawings. <mask> has drawn covers for reprints of Carl Barks stories and has included his D.U.C.K. dedication within them as well. Mickeys
Another curiosity is his Hidden Mickeys.<mask> is only interested in creating stories featuring the Duck family, but he often hides small Mickey Mouse heads or figures in the pictures, sometimes in a humiliating or unwanted situation. An example of this is in the story The Terror of the Transvaal where a flat Mickey can be seen under an elephant's foot. This is mostly a gag done for the fun of it. <mask> has admitted to neither liking nor disliking Mickey Mouse, but being indifferent to him. In the story Attack of the Hideous Space-Varmints, the asteroid with Uncle Scrooge's money bin on it crashes into the Moon along with two missiles, creating a large Mickey Mouse head on the surface. When Huey, Dewey and Louie tell <mask> that the missiles hit the "dark" (far) side of the Moon, <mask> is thankful no one is going to see it  — "For a minute there, I thought we were going to have some legal problems." In the second <mask> story

masks: Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Donald Donald Rosa


title: Don Rosa

texts:
 featuring The Three Caballeros, <mask> is shocked by the sight of a capybara standing on its hind legs, with shrubs, leaves and fruit in front of its body, coincidentally making it look like Mickey Mouse.José Carioca and Panchito Pistoles, never having seen Mickey Mouse, ask <mask> what is wrong, but <mask> replies he is just tired. Later in the same story, the Caballeros free several animals from a poacher. One panel shows the animals fleeing; Mickey can be seen among them. In The Quest for Kalevala this running gag can be seen on the original, Akseli Gallen-Kallela-inspired cover art. In the original work, Louhi is depicted as bare-chested, but the Disneyfied version has been drawn a top, of fabric patterned with Mickey Mouse heads. Awards

His work has won <mask> a good deal of recognition in the industry, including nominations for the Comics' Buyer's Guide Award for Favorite Writer in 1997, 1998, and 1999. <mask> of Comics Buyer's Guide also mentioned <mask>'s 1994 story Guardians of the Lost Library as "possibly the greatest comic book story of all time".In 1995 <mask> was awarded the Eisner Award for "Best Serialized Story" for The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck. In 1997 he won an Eisner for "Best Artist/Writer – Humor Category". <mask>'s story The Black Knight GLORPS Again! was nominated for the 2007 Eisner Award in the category Best Short Story. While The Prisoner of White Agony Creek, <mask>'s latest Duck story to-date, was published in 2006, he was also nominated for the 2007 Harvey Awards in five categories (more than any other creator was that year) for his Uncle Scrooge comics: "Best Writer", "Best Artist", "Best Cartoonist", "Best Cover Artist", and "Special Award for Humor

masks:
Donald Duck
Donald
Donald
Rosa
Heidi MacDonald
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa


title: Don Rosa

texts:
 in Comics." In 2013 <mask> received the Bill Finger Award which recognizes excellence in comic book writing for writers who have not received their rightful reward and/or recognition. International "Best Cartoonist of the Year" awards include:
Germany: International Grand Prize 2005 (Frankfurt Book Fair).Denmark: ORLA Award (DR Television Network). Sweden:
Svenska Serieakademins (Swedish Comics Academy). Seriefrämjandets Unghunden (Swedish Comics Association). Norway: Sproing Award (Norsk Tegneserieforum / Norwegian Comics Forum). Italy:
Yambo Award (Lucca Comics Festival). Premio U Giancu Award (U Giancu & Rapallo Comics Festival). Spain: Haxtur Award (Gijon Comics Festival).Biographical works

In 1997 the Italian publishing house Editrice ComicArt published a lavish volume about <mask>'s biography and work related to the Disney characters. It was titled <mask> Rosa e il Rinascimento Disneyano ("<mask> Rosa and the Disneyean Renaissance") and written by famous Disney and <mask> scholars, Alberto Becattini, Leonardo Gori and Francesco Stajano. This work not only discusses all of <mask>'s creative life up to 1997, but it also gives a comprehensive biography, lists up to that date his Disney work and presents an extensive interview with <mask>. In 2009, Danish director Sebastian S. Cordes shot a 75-minute documentary called The Life and Times of <mask>, consisting of exclusive interviews with <mask> himself on his farm near Louisville, Kentucky. According to the project's Facebook group, the English-language DVD was released in Denmark on April 16, 2011. In 2011, Italian Disney fan forum papersera.net published <mask>: A Little Something Special (edited by Italian <mask> fan Paolo Castagno), a

masks:
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Rosa
Don
Don
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa
Don Rosa
Rosa
Don Rosa
Rosa


title: Don Rosa

texts:
 large folio format, bilingual (Italian and English) book about <mask>'s life and work, containing interviews with <mask> and articles by many Italian and European Disney artists, Disney scholars, and established art critics commenting on <mask>'s work and career, also including many exclusive, rare <mask> drawings and illustrations. The book was originally made as a gift by papersera.net for <mask> himself upon the occasion of <mask>'s April 2011 visit to Turin, Italy.In 2017 the book, I Still Get Chills!, featuring text by German journalist Alex Jakubowski and photographs by Lois Lammerhuber, was published by Edition Lammerhuber in honour of <mask>'s 66th birthday and the 70th anniversary of the first appearance of Scrooge McDuck. A feature documentary about <mask> and Scrooge McDuck by French director Morgann Gicquel titled The Scrooge Mystery was released in  December 2017 and was released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2018. Comic collections

United States
The Don Rosa Classics — The Pertwillaby Papers
The Don Rosa Classics — The Adventures of Captain Kentucky
The Don Rosa Classics — The Early (So-Called) Art of <mask> Rosa
The Don Rosa Library of Uncle Scrooge Adventures in Color Vols. 1–8
 The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck
 The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck Companion
 The Barks/Rosa Collection Vols. 1–3
 Walt Disney Treasury: Donald Duck Vols. 1–2
 Uncle Scrooge and Donald Duck: The Don Rosa Library Vols. 1–10
 <mask>'s The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck: Artist's Edition Vols.1–2
 The Complete Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck Vols. 1–2

Other countries
Apart from the <mask> Collection in Germany and <mask>/Samlede Verk and <mask>n kootut in the Nordic nations, the following

masks:
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa
Don Rosa
Don
Don Rosa
Don Rosa
Don Rosalade
Don Rosa


title: Don Rosa

texts:
 collections only contain <mask>'s work for Disney. See also
 List of Disney comics by <mask>
 List of people from the Louisville metropolitan area

References

External links

 <mask> at the Lambiek Comiclopedia
 The D.U.C.K.man
 Duckhunt
 DuckMaster
 Different information by <mask>
 Documentary with and about <mask>
 <mask>'s official Facebook page

1951 births
Living people
20th-century American artists
21st-century American artists
20th-century American writers
21st-century American writers
American comics artists
American comics writers
American people of German descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Italian descent
American people of Scottish descent
Artists from Louisville, Kentucky
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
University of Kentucky alumni
Disney comics writers
Disney comics artists
Eisner Award winners for Best Writer/Artist
Bill Finger Award

masks:
Rosa
Don Rosa
Don Rosa
Don Rosa
Don Rosa
Don Rosa


title: Anna Renzi

texts:
<mask> ( – after 1661) was an Italian soprano renowned for her acting ability as well as her voice, who has been described as the first diva in the history of opera. Career
Born in Rome, <mask> made her debut in 1640 at the Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi of the French ambassador, in the presence of Cardinal Richelieu, as Lucinda in Il favorito del principe (music lost) by :it:Ottaviano Castelli and the young composer Filiberto Laurenzi who continued to function as her teacher and/or accompanist in later years. In 1641 she made her sensational Venetian debut as Deidamia, the title role of La finta pazza (The Feigned Madwoman) by Giulio Strozzi and Francesco Sacrati, which inaugurated the Teatro Novissimo, the sets designed by the celebrated stage designer Giacomo Torelli. In 1642 she created Archimene (probably doubling as Venere) in Il Bellerofonte (music lost) by Vincenzo Nolfi and Sacrati at the Novissimo, and in the same year Orazio Tarditi dedicated a collection of two- and three-part canzonette to her, which bears witness to her fame. In 1643 she created two roles at the Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo: Aretusa, the title role of La finta savia (The Feigned Wise-Woman; music survives in excerpts) by Strozzi and Laurenzi, and Ottavia in L'incoronazione di Poppea by Giovanni Francesco Busenello and Claudio Monteverdi, in which opera she is also likely to have created the parts of La Virtù and Drusilla. In 1644 she returned to the Novissimo, creating the title role of La Deidamia (music lost) by Scipione

masks:
Anna Renzi
Anna Renzi


title: Anna Renzi

texts: Herrico and an unknown composer (possibly Laurenzi). In the same year she was the subject of Le glorie della signora <mask>zi romana, a collection of encomiums edited by Strozzi, which gives a vivid impression of her characteristics as a performer and of her effect on audiences.In 1645 she sang in Ercole in Lidia (music lost) by Maiolino Bisaccioni and Giovanni Rovetta at the same theatre, probably the roles of Giunone and Fillide. In the same year a marriage contract between Renzi and the Roman violinist Roberto Sabbatini was drawn up, but there is no evidence that the nuptials ever took place. After the closing of the Novissimo, Renzi, who was by now the most celebrated and highest-paid singer of the age, turned to the Santi Giovanni e Paolo. In 1646 she probably sang in a revival of Poppea there, in 1648 she created the title role (probably doubling as a Villanella) in La Torilda (music lost) by Pietro Paolo Bissari and an unknown composer (possibly Francesco Cavalli), and in 1649 she apparently created the title role in Argiope (music lost) by Giovanni Battista Fusconi and Alessandro Leardini. In 1650 she sang in La Deidamia in Florence, and in 1652 she may have created the role of Cleopatra (probably doubling as Venere in the prologue) in Il Cesare amante (music lost) by Dario Varotari the Younger and Antonio Cesti at the Santi Giovanni e Paolo. In 1653 she seems to have sung in La Torilda and Il Cesare amante in Genoa, and in 1654 she sang in a revival of the latter opera (retitled La Cleopatra,


title: Anna Renzi

texts:
 Rodope e Damira a scheming princess or queen disguises herself as an ingenuous shepherdess), or other forms of deceit, such as feigned simplicity (Il favorito del principe and Il Bellerofonte), feigned madness (La finta pazza, L'Eupatra and Le fortune di Rodope e Damira), feigned piety (La finta savia) or feigned amorousness (L'Argia). Schneider argues that Renzi could hardly have been satisfied to sing only the role of Ottavia in Poppea, which is half the size of any other role written for her, lacks any hint of comedy, is dramatically and emotionally uniform, is set purely with recitative, and primarily explored the lower range of her voice, and hence he suggests that Ottavia and Drusilla may have been written for her as a virtuoso quick-change part. Strozzi described her art as follows in 1644:
The action that gives soul, spirit, and existence to things must be governed by the movements of the body, by gestures, by the face and by the voice, now raising it, now lowering it, becoming enraged and immediately becoming calm again; at times speaking hurriedly, at others slowly, moving the body now in one, now in another direction, drawing in the arms, and extending them, laughing and crying, now with little, now with much agitation of the hands.Our Signora <mask> is endowed with such lifelike expression that her responses and speeches seem not memorized but born at the very moment. In sum, she transforms herself completely into the person she represents, and seems now a Thalia full of comic gaiety, now a


title: Anna Renzi

texts:
 Melpomene rich in tragic majesty. References

Sources
Belgrano, Elisabeth: ″Lasciatemi Morire″ o farò ″La Finta Pazza″. Embodying vocal NOTHINGNESS on stage in Italian and French 17th century operatic LAMENTS and MAD SCENES, ArtMonitor, diss. Gothenburg, 2011
Glixon, Beth L.: "Private Lives of Public Women: Prima Donnas in Mid-Seventeenth-Century Venice". Music & Letters, Vol. 76, No.4 (November 1995), pp. 509–31. Glixon, Beth L. & Glixon, Jonathan E.: Inventing the Business of Opera: The Impresario and His World in Seventeenth-Century Venice, Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York 2006. Murata, Margaret: "Why the First Opera Given in Paris Wasn't Roman". Cambridge Opera Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Jul., 1995), pp.87–105. Wolfgang Osthoff: "Neue Beobachtungen zu Quellen und Geschichte von Monteverdis Incoronazione di Poppea". Die Musikforschung, 1958, No. 11, . Rosand, Ellen: Opera in Seventeenth-Century Venice: The Creation of a Genre, University of California Press, Berkeley 1991. Sartori, C.: "La prima diva della lirica italiana: <mask>zi",  (NRMI), ii (1968), 430–52
Schneider, Magnus Tessing: "Seeing the Empress Again: On Doubling in L'incoronazione di Poppea". Cambridge Opera Journal, Vol.24, No. 3 (Nov., 2012), pp. 249–91. Whenham, John: "Perspectives on the Chronology of the First Decade of Public Opera at Venice". Il saggiatore musicale, 2004, No. 11, pp. 253–302.1620s births
1660s deaths
Italian operatic sopranos
17th-century Italian actresses
Italian stage actresses
17th-century Italian women


title: Jane Addams

texts: <mask> (September 6, 1860 May 21, 1935) was an American settlement activist, reformer, social worker, sociologist, public administrator and author. She was an important leader in the history of social work and women's suffrage in the United States and advocated for world peace. She co-founded Chicago's Hull House, one of America's most famous settlement houses. In 1910, Addams was awarded an honorary master of arts degree from Yale University, becoming the first woman to receive an honorary degree from the school. In 1920, she was a co-founder of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). In 1931, she became the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and is recognized as the founder of the social work profession in the United States. She was a radical pragmatist and the first woman "public philosopher" in the United States.When Addams died in 1935, she was the best-known female public figure in the United States. In the Progressive Era, when presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson identified themselves as reformers and social activists, Addams was one of the most prominent reformers. She helped America address and focus on issues that were of concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, local public health, and world peace. In her essay "Utilization of Women in City Government", Addams noted the connection between the workings of government and the household, stating that many departments of government, such as sanitation and the schooling of children, could be traced back to traditional women's roles in the private sphere. Thus, these were matters of which women would have more knowledge than men, so women needed the vote to


title: Jane Addams

texts:
 best voice their opinions. She said that if women were to be responsible for cleaning up their communities and making them better places to live, they needed to be able to vote to do so effectively. Addams became a role model for middle-class women who volunteered to uplift their communities.Early life

Born in Cedarville, Illinois, <mask>s was the youngest of eight children born into a prosperous northern Illinois family of English-American descent which traced back to colonial Pennsylvania. By the time Addams was eight, four of her siblings had died: three in infancy and one at age 16. In 1863, when Addams was two years old, her mother, <mask> (née Weber), died while pregnant with her ninth child. Thereafter Addams was cared for mostly by her older sisters. Addams spent her childhood playing outdoors, reading indoors, and attending Sunday school. When she was four she contracted tuberculosis of the spine, known as Potts's disease, which caused a curvature in her spine and lifelong health problems. This made it complicated as a child to function with the other children, considering she had a limp and could not run as well.As a child, she thought she was ugly and later remembered wanting not to embarrass her father, when he was dressed in his Sunday best, by walking down the street with him. <mask>s adored her father, John H<mask>, when she was a child, as she made clear in the stories in her memoir, Twenty Years at Hull House (1910). He was a founding member of the Illinois Republican Party, served as an Illinois State Senator (1855–70), and supported his friend Abraham Lincoln in his candidacies for senator (1854) and the presidency (1860). He kept a letter from

masks:
Jane Addam
Sarah Addams
Jane Addam
. Addams


title: Jane Addams

texts: Lincoln in his desk, and Addams loved to look at it as a child. Her father was an agricultural businessman with large timber, cattle, and agricultural holdings; flour and timber mills and a wool factory. He was the president of The Second National Bank of Freeport. He remarried in 1868 when Addams was eight years old.His second wife was Anna Hosteler Haldeman, the widow of a miller in Freeport. During her childhood, Addams had big dreams of doing something useful in the world. As a voracious reader, she became interested in the poor from her reading of Charles Dickens. Inspired by his works and by her own mother's kindness to the Cedarville poor, Addams decided to become a doctor so that she could live and work among the poor. Addams's father encouraged her to pursue higher education but close to home. She was eager to attend the new college for women, Smith College in Massachusetts; but her father required her to attend nearby Rockford Female Seminary (now Rockford University), in Rockford, Illinois. After graduating from Rockford in 1881, with a collegiate certificate and membership in Phi Beta Kappa, she still hoped to attend Smith to earn a proper B.A.That summer, her father died unexpectedly from a sudden case of appendicitis. Each child inherited roughly $50,000 (equivalent to $ in 2016). That fall, Addams, her sister Alice, Alice's husband Harry, and their stepmother, Anna Haldeman <mask>, moved to Philadelphia so that the three young people could pursue medical educations. Harry was already trained in medicine and did further studies at the University of Pennsylvania. <mask> and Alice completed their first year of medical school at the Woman's Medical College

masks: Addams Jane


title: Jane Addams

texts:
 of Pennsylvania, but <mask>'s health problems, a spinal operation and a nervous breakdown prevented her from completing the degree. She was filled with sadness at her failure. Her stepmother Anna was also ill, so the entire family canceled their plans to stay two years and returned to Cedarville.The following fall her brother-in-law Harry performed surgery on her back, to straighten it. He then advised that she not pursue studies but, instead, travel. In August 1883, she set off for a two-year tour of Europe with her stepmother, traveling some of the time with friends and family who joined them. Addams decided that she did not have to become a doctor to be able to help the poor. Upon her return home in June 1887, she lived with her stepmother in Cedarville and spent winters with her in Baltimore. Addams, still filled with vague ambition, sank into depression, unsure of her future and feeling useless leading the conventional life expected of a well-to-do young woman. She wrote long letters to her friend from Rockford Seminary, Ellen Gates Starr, mostly about Christianity and books but sometimes about her despair.Her nephew was James Weber Linn (1876–1939) who taught English at the University of Chicago and served in the Illinois General Assembly. Linn also wrote books and newspaper articles. Settlement house
Meanwhile, Addams gathered inspiration from what she read. Fascinated by the early Christians and Tolstoy's book My Religion, she was baptized a Christian in the Cedarville Presbyterian Church, in the summer of 1886. Reading Giuseppe Mazzini's Duties of Man, she began to be inspired by the idea of democracy as a social ideal. Yet she felt confused about her role


title: Jane Addams

texts: height, Hull House was visited each week by some 2,000 people. Hull House was a center for research, empirical analysis, study, and debate, as well as a pragmatic center for living in and establishing good relations with the neighborhood. Among the aims of Hull House was to give privileged, educated young people contact with the real life of the majority of the population. Residents of Hull House conducted investigations on housing, midwifery, fatigue, tuberculosis, typhoid, garbage collection, cocaine, and truancy.The core Hull House residents were well-educated women bound together by their commitment to labour unions, the National Consumers League and the suffrage movement. Dr. Harriett Alleyne Rice joined Hull House to provide medical treatment for poor families. Its facilities included a night school for adults, clubs for older children, a public kitchen, an art gallery, a gym, a girls' club, a bathhouse, a book bindery, a music school, a drama group and a theater, apartments, a library, meeting rooms for discussion, clubs, an employment bureau, and a lunchroom. Her adult night school was a forerunner of the continuing education classes offered by many universities today. In addition to making available social services and cultural events for the largely immigrant population of the neighborhood, Hull House afforded an opportunity for young social workers to acquire training. Eventually, Hull House became a 13-building settlement complex, which included a playground and a summer camp (known as Bowen Country Club). One aspect of the Hull House that was very important to <mask>s was the Art Program.The art program at Hull House allowed Addams to challenge the


title: Jane Addams

texts:
 was pragmatic rather than ideological." Emphasis on children

Hull House stressed the importance of the role of children in the Americanization process of new immigrants. This philosophy also fostered the play movement and the research and service fields of leisure, youth, and human services.Addams argued in The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (1909) that play and recreation programs are needed because cities are destroying the spirit of youth. Hull House featured multiple programs in art and drama, kindergarten classes, boys' and girls' clubs, language classes, reading groups, college extension courses, along with public baths, a gymnasium, a labor museum and playground, all within a free-speech atmosphere. They were all designed to foster democratic cooperation, collective action and downplay individualism. She helped pass the first model tenement code and the first factory laws. Along with her colleagues from Hull House, in 1901 <mask>s founded what would become the Juvenile Protective Association. JPA provided the first probation officers for the first Juvenile Court in the United States until this became a government function. From 1907 until the 1940s, JPA engaged in many studies examining such subjects as racism, child labor and exploitation, drug abuse and prostitution in Chicago and their effects on child development.Through the years, their mission has now become improving the social and emotional well being and functioning of vulnerable children so they can reach their fullest potential at home, in school, and in their communities. Documenting social illnesses
Addams and her colleagues documented the communal geography of typhoid fever and reported


title: Jane Addams

texts:
 House, and with whom she shared a house. Historian Lilian Faderman wrote that <mask> was in love and she addressed Mary as "My Ever Dear", "Darling" and "Dearest One", and concluded that they shared the intimacy of a married couple. They remained together until 1934, when Mary died of pneumonia, after 40 years together. It was said that, "Mary Smith became and always remained the highest and clearest note in the music that was <mask>s' personal life". Together they owned a summer house in Bar Harbor, Maine. When apart, they would write to each other at least once a day – sometimes twice.Addams would write to Smith, "I miss you dreadfully and am yours 'til death". The letters also show that the women saw themselves as a married couple: "There is reason in the habit of married folks keeping together", Addams wrote to Smith. Religion and religious motives
Addams's religious beliefs were shaped by her wide reading and life experience. She saw her settlement work as part of the "social Christian" movement. Addams learned about social Christianity from the co-founders of Toynbee Hall, Samuel and Henrietta Barnett. The Barnetts held a great interest in converting others to Christianity, but they believed that Christians should be more engaged with the world and, in the words of one of the leaders of the social Christian movement in England, W. H. Fremantle, "imbue all human relations with the spirit of Christ's self-renouncing love". According to Christie and Gauvreau (2001), while the Christian settlement houses sought to Christianize, <mask>s "had come to epitomize the force of secular humanism."Her image was, however, "reinvented" by the Christian churches. According to

masks:
Jane
Jane Addam
Jane Addam


title: Jane Addams

texts:
 Hague (University of Illinois). In her journal, Balch recorded her impression of <mask>s (April 1915):

Miss Addams shines, so respectful of everyone's views, so eager to understand and sympathize, so patient of anarchy and even ego, yet always there, strong, wise and in the lead. No 'managing', no keeping dark and bringing things subtly to pass, just a radiating wisdom and power of judgement. Addams was elected president of the International Committee of Women for a Permanent Peace, established to continue the work of the Hague Congress, at a conference in 1919 in Zurich, Switzerland. The International Committee developed into the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). Addams continued as president, a position that entailed frequent travel to Europe and Asia. In 1917, she also became a member of the Fellowship of Reconciliation USA (American branch of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation founded in 1919) and was a member of the Fellowship Council until 1933.When the US joined the war in 1917, Addams started to be strongly criticized. She faced increasingly harsh rebukes and criticism as a pacifist. Her 1915 speech on pacifism at Carnegie Hall received negative coverage by newspapers such as The New York Times, which branded her as unpatriotic. Later, during her travels, she spent time meeting with a wide variety of diplomats and civic leaders and reiterating her Victorian belief in women's special mission to preserve peace. Recognition of these efforts came with the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Addams in 1931. As the first U.S. woman to win the prize, Addams was applauded for her "expression of an essentially American democracy."


title: Jane Addams

texts:
 She donated her share of the prize money to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.Pacifism
Addams was a major synthesizing figure in the domestic and international peace movements, serving as both a figurehead and leading theoretician; she was influenced especially by Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy and by the pragmatism of philosophers John Dewey and George Herbert Mead. She envisioned democracy, social justice and peace as mutually reinforcing; they all had to advance together to achieve any one. Addams became an anti-war activist from 1899, as part of the anti-imperialist movement that followed the Spanish–American War. Her book Newer Ideals of Peace (1907) reshaped the peace movement worldwide to include ideals of social justice. She recruited social justice reformers like Alice Hamilton, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley, and Emily Greene Balch to join her in the new international women's peace movement after 1914. Addams's work came to fruition after World War I, when major institutional bodies began to link peace with social justice and probe the underlying causes of war and conflict. In 1899 and 1907, world leaders sought peace by convening an innovative and influential peace conference at The Hague.These conferences produced Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. A 1914 conference was canceled due to World War I. The void was filled by an unofficial conference convened by Women at the Hague. At the time, both the US and The Netherlands were neutral. <mask>s chaired this pathbreaking International Congress of Women at the Hague, which included almost 1,200 participants from 12 warring and neutral countries. Their goal was to develop a framework to end


title: Jane Addams

texts: the violence of war. Both national and international political systems excluded women's voices.The women delegates argued that the exclusion of women from policy discourse and decisions around war and peace resulted in flawed policy. The delegates adopted a series of resolutions addressing these problems and called for extending the franchise and women's meaningful inclusion in formal international peace processes at war's end. Following the conference, Addams and a congressional delegation traveled throughout Europe meeting with leaders, citizen groups, and wounded soldiers from both sides. Her leadership during the conference and her travels to the capitals of the war-torn regions were cited in nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. Addams was opposed to U.S. interventionism and expansionism and ultimately was against those who sought American dominance abroad. In 1915, she gave a speech at Carnegie Hall and was booed offstage for opposing U.S. intervention into World War I. Addams damned war as a cataclysm that undermined human kindness, solidarity, and civic friendship, and caused families across the world to struggle. In turn, her views were denounced by patriotic groups and newspapers during World War I (1917–18).Oswald Garrison Villard came to her defense when she suggested that armies gave liquor to soldiers just before major ground attacks. "Take the case of <mask>s for one. With what abuse did not the [New York] Times cover her, one of the noblest of our women, because she told the simple truth that the Allied troops were often given liquor or drugs before charging across No Man's Land. Yet when the facts came out at the hands of Sir Philip Gibbs and others


title: Jane Addams

texts: not one word of apology was ever forthcoming." Even after the war, the WILPF's program of peace and disarmament was characterized by opponents as radical, Communist-influenced, unpatriotic, and unfeminine. Young veterans in the American Legion, supported by some members of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) and the League of Women Voters, were ill-prepared to confront the older, better-educated, more financially secure and nationally famous women of the WILPF. Nevertheless, the DAR could and did expel Addams from membership in their organization.The Legion's efforts to portray the WILPF members as dangerously naive females resonated with working class audiences, but President Calvin Coolidge and the middle classes supported Addams and her WILPF efforts in the 1920s to prohibit poison gas and outlaw war. After 1920, however, she was widely regarded as the greatest woman of the Progressive Era. In 1931, the award of the Nobel Peace prize earned her near-unanimous acclaim. <mask>s was also a philosopher of peace. Peace theorists often distinguish between negative and positive peace. Negative peace deals with the absence of violence or war. Positive peace is more complicated.It deals with the kind of society we aspire to, and can take into account concepts like justice, cooperation, the quality of relationships, freedom, order and harmony. <mask>s's philosophy of peace is a type of positive peace. Patricia Shields and Joseph Soeters (2017) have summarized her ideas of peace using the term Peaceweaving. They use weaving as a metaphor because it denotes connection. Fibers come together to form a cloth, which is both flexible and strong. Further, weaving is an

masks:
Jane Addam
Jane Addam


title: Jane Addams

texts:
 activity in which men and women have historically engaged. Addams's peaceweaving is a process which builds "the fabric of peace by emphasizing relationships.Peaceweaving builds these relationships by working on practical problems, engaging people widely with sympathetic understanding while recognizing that progress is measured by the welfare of the vulnerable"

Prohibition

While "no record is available of any speech she ever made on behalf of the eighteenth amendment", she nonetheless supported prohibition on the basis that alcohol "was of course a leading lure and a necessary element in houses of prostitution, both from a financial and a social standpoint." She repeated the claim that "professional houses of prostitution could not sustain themselves without the 'vehicle of alcohol.'" Legacy

<mask> is buried at Cedarville Cemetery, Cedarville, Illinois. Hull House and the Peace Movement are widely recognized as the key tangible pillars of Addams's legacy. While her life focused on the development of individuals, her ideas continue to influence social, political and economic reform in the United States, as well as internationally. Addams and Starr's creation of the settlement house, Hull House, impacted the community, immigrant residents, and social work. Willard Motley, a resident artist of Hull House, extracting from Addams' central theory on symbolic interactionism, used the neighborhood and its people to write his 1948 best seller, Knock on Any Door.His novel later became a well known court-room film in 1949. This book and film brought attention to how a resident lived an everyday life inside a settlement house and his relationship with <mask>s. Addams's role

masks:
Jane Addams
Jane Addam


title: Jane Addams

texts: as reformer enabled her to petition the establishment at and alter the social and physical geography of her Chicago neighborhood. Although contemporary academic sociologists defined her engagement as "social work", Addams's efforts differed significantly from activities typically labeled as "social work" during that time period. Before Addams's powerful influence on the profession, social work was largely informed by a "friendly visitor" model in which typically wealthy women of high public stature visited impoverished individuals and, through systematic assessment and intervention, aimed to improve the lives of the poor. Addams rejected the friendly visitor model in favor of a model of social reform/social theory-building, thereby introducing the now-central tenets of social justice and reform to the field of social work. Addams worked with other reform groups toward goals including the first juvenile court law, tenement-house regulation, an eight-hour working day for women, factory inspection, and workers' compensation.She advocated research aimed at determining the causes of poverty and crime, and she supported women's suffrage. She was a strong advocate of justice for immigrants, African Americans, and minority groups by becoming a chartered member of the NAACP. Among the projects that the members of Hull House opened were the Immigrants' Protective League, the Juvenile Protective Association, the first juvenile court in the United States, and a juvenile psychopathic clinic. Addams's influential writings and speeches, on behalf of the formation of the League of Nations and as a peace advocate, influenced the later shape of the United Nations. <mask>s also