title: Suzanne Lenglen

texts:
 Hard Court champion

Back on the Riviera in 1914, Lenglen focused on regular events. Her victory in singles against high-ranking British player Ruth Winch was regarded as a huge surprise by the tennis community. However, Lenglen still struggled at larger tournaments early in the year, losing to Ryan in the quarterfinals at Monte Carlo and six-time Wimbledon champion Dorothea Lambert Chambers in the semifinals at the South of France Championships. In May, Lenglen was invited to enter the French Championships, which was restricted to French players.The format gave the defending champion a bye until the final match, known as the challenge round. In that match, they faced the winner of the All Comers' competition, a standard tournament bracket for the remaining players. Lenglen won the All Comers' singles draw of six players to make it to the challenge round against Marguerite Broquedis. Despite winning the first set, she lost the match. This was the last time in Lenglen's career she lost a completed singles match, and the only time she lost a singles final other than by default. Although she also lost the doubles challenge round at the tournament to Blanche and <mask>, Lenglen won the mixed doubles title with Max Decugis as her partner. Lenglen's performance at the French Championships set the stage for her debut at the World Hard Court Championships, one of the major tournaments recognised by the International Lawn Tennis Federation at the time.She won the singles final against Germaine Golding for her first major title. The only set she lost during the event was to <mask> in the semifinals. Her volleying ability was instrumental in defeating Amblard, while her ability to outlast Golding in long rallies

masks:
Suzanne Amblard
Suzanne Amblard


title: Suzanne Lenglen

type: original

texts: employing Mallory's strategy of hitting well-placed winners from the baseline. The press built up the rivalry between Lenglen and Mallory. After Lenglen's retirement against Mallory at the U.S. National Championships, the vast majority of American newspapers criticised Lenglen for not finishing the match and accused her of retiring because she did not think she could win. They coined a phrase "cough and quit" that became popular at the time for describing someone who needed an excuse to avoid losing. After Lenglen's victory over Mallory at Wimbledon, the American press returned to supporting Lenglen. Both Lenglen and Mallory believed the newspapers exaggerated the personal nature of their rivalry. Mallory in particular said, "The newspapers are the dirtiest, filthiest things that ever happened.I don't want my name in the newspapers. I have a better chance on the courts than in the newspapers of my own country." Lenglen and <mask>'s usual doubles partner Elizabeth Ryan was also her most frequent opponent in singles. Born in the United States, Ryan travelled to England in 1912 to visit her sister before deciding to stay there permanently. Although she lost all four of her appearances in major finals, Ryan won 26 major titles between doubles and mixed doubles. The biggest strength of her game was volleying. Tennis writer Ted Tinling said, "volleying as a fundamental, aggressive technique was first injected into the women's game by Ryan."Lenglen and Ryan first partnered together at a handicap event in Monte Carlo in 1913 when they were 13 and 20 years old respectively. After losing the final at that tournament, the two of them never lost a regular doubles match, only once dropping a set in 1923 to Dorothea


title: Suzanne Lenglen

texts: Whether [Lenglen's] objective is the ball or merely changing sides, she reminded you of the movement of fire over prairie grass." He believed she was a powerful server and an aggressive volleyer, commenting, "She serves with all the male athlete's power. She smashes with the same loose and rapid action, the release of a spring of steel. Her volley is not a timid push, but an arrow from the bow. And an arrow from the bow is <mask> herself." Adopting a style of play drawn from men's players led Lenglen to become one of the leading volleyers in women's tennis at a time when the women's game was centred around playing from the baseline, even for the top players.Lenglen aimed to come to the net to finish points quickly whenever possible. Kathleen McKane specifically noted that "<mask> volleyed like a man" when describing her influence on women's tennis. While Lenglen did not model the majority of her game after any specific player, she modelled her forehand after that of Anthony Wilding. Like Wilding, she aimed to hit forehands flat and with little to no topspin. She used a continental grip and strived to hit balls early on the rise. Lenglen wrote in her book Lawn Tennis for Girls, "A favorite shot of mine is the backhand down the line". Lenglen was regarded as having a graceful style of play.Her movement was thought to resemble that of a dancer, a style that may have arisen from a course on classic Greek dance she had taken as a child. René Lacoste, a leading French men's tennis player from her era, said, "[Lenglen] played with marvelous ease the simplest strokes in the world. It was only after several games that I understood what harmony was concealed by her simplicity, what wonderful mental and physical

masks: Suzanne Suzanne


title: Suzanne Lenglen

texts:
 eight Grand Slam women's singles titles are tied for the tenth-most all-time, and tied for fourth in the amateur era behind only Maureen Connolly's nine, Court's thirteen, and Wills's nineteen. Aside from the 1919 Wimbledon Championships, Lenglen did not lose more than three games in a set in any of her other Grand Slam or World Hard Court Championship singles finals. Lenglen's six Wimbledon titles are tied for the sixth-most in history. Her former record of five consecutive Wimbledon titles has only since been matched by Martina Navratilova, who won her sixth in a row in 1987. Lenglen's title at the 1914 World Hard Court Championships made her the youngest major champion in tennis history at 15 years and 16 days old, nearly a year ahead of the next two youngest, Martina Hingis and Lottie Dod.Lenglen won a total of 17 titles at Wimbledon, 19 at the French Championships, and 10 at the World Hard Court Championships across all disciplines. Lenglen completed three Wimbledon triple crowns – winning the singles, doubles, and mixed doubles events at a tournament in the same year – in 1920, 1922, and 1925. She also won two triple crowns at the World Hard Court Championships in 1921 and 1922, and six at the French Championships, the first four of which came consecutively from 1920 through 1923 when the tournament was invitation-only to French nationals and the last two of which came in 1925 and 1926 when the tournament was open to internationals. Mythical persona
Following World War I, Lenglen became a symbol of national pride in France in a country looking to recover from the war. The French press referred to Lenglen as notre <mask> (our <mask>) to characterise her status as a national heroine; and more


title: Suzanne Lenglen

texts:
 replaced the bonnet with a bandeau, which became known as the "Lenglen bandeau" and was her signature piece of attire throughout the rest of her career.On the court, she routinely wore makeup and popularised having tanned skin instead of a pale complexion that other players had preferred before her time. Later in her career, she moved away from just wearing white in favour of brighter-coloured outfits. Overall, she pioneered the idea of players using the tennis court to showcase fashion instead of just competing. Off the court, Lenglen frequently wore an oversized and expensive fur coat. Honours
Lenglen is honoured in a variety of ways at the French Open. At Stade Roland Garros, the second show court that was built in 1994 with a capacity of about 10,000 was named Court Suzanne Lenglen in 1997. Outside the court, there is a bronze relief statue of Lenglen that was erected in 1994.The FFLT had originally planned to erect a statue of Lenglen immediately after her death, but this plan never materialised due to the start of World War II later that year. Additionally, one of the main entrances to the ground is Porte Suzanne Lenglen, which leads to Allée Suzanne Lenglen. Moreover, the women's singles championship trophy was named the Coupe Suzanne Lenglen in 1987. In spite of her success at the French Championships, Lenglen never competed at Stade Roland Garros as it did not become the site for the tournament until 1928 after her retirement from amateur tennis. Lenglen was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1978. Following her death, she was awarded the Cross of the Legion of Honour. Another road, the Avenue <mask>n, is named in her honour outside of the Nice Lawn Tennis Club.She has been


title: Paul M. Herzog

texts:
<mask><mask> (August 21, 1906 – November 23, 1986) was an American lawyer, educator, civil servant, and university administrator. He was chairman of the United States National Labor Relations Board from 1945 to 1953. Early life and career
<mask><mask> was born in New York City on August 21, 1906, to Mr. and Mrs. <mask>. His father was an attorney in Platzek, Stroock & Herzog, a large and notable New York City law firm. He obtained his high school diploma from the Lincoln School and his bachelor's degree from Harvard College in 1927. He took a job as an instructor in government and economics in 1928 at the University of Wisconsin and then at Harvard University. He graduated with a law degree from Columbia Law School in 1936.<mask> left Harvard in 1931. He became the assistant to the secretary of the federal National Labor Board in 1933, but left the agency in 1935. Governor Herbert H. Lehman appointed him to New York's State Labor Relations Board in 1937, and reappointed him in 1939. In 1942, Governor Lehman appointed <mask> to be the chairman of the State Labor Board. During his tenure on the State Labor Board, Herzog upheld the right of New York City school janitors to join labor unions. Herzog quit his post in February 1944 to accept a commission in the United States Navy Reserve. NLRB chairmanship
With World War II ending, President Harry S. Truman appointed <mask> to be chairman of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) on June 7, 1945.During his tenure on the NLRB, <mask> became known as one of the nation's foremost experts in labor law and was a swing vote between the board's pro-labor and pro-management members. He provided the critical final vote which gave foremen the right to organize unions, voted to make pensions a subject of mandatory bargaining, agreed that employees who struck for economic reasons were

masks:
Paul M
. Herzog
Paul M
. Herzog
Paul Herzog
Herzog
Herzog
Herzog
Herzog


title: Paul M. Herzog

texts:
 not entitled to vote in decertification elections so long as they remained on strike, and for the first time in NLRB history ruled on the issue of jurisdictional strikes. Herzog was accused by Congressional and business critics of suppressing corporate freedom of speech, a claim <mask> denied. In several rulings in 1947, he even agreed to expand management speech rights during union organizing campaigns. A number of controversies occurred during <mask>'s tenure on the NLRB, contributing to passage of the Taft–Hartley Act. Among these was a proposal by Secretary of Labor Lewis B. Schwellenbach and Rep. Fred A. Hartley Jr. (R-N.J.) to outlaw communist parties and require a non-communist oath from labor leaders. Another was a growing movement in 1946 and 1947 to amend the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) to correct what critics saw as a pro-labor tilt in federal law.<mask> publicly admitted the need for some change in the NLRA, but privately in a series of memoranda to President Truman strongly opposed the proposed Taft-Hartley amendments. He felt the communist oath provisions were unconstitutional, that the amendments would turn the NLRA into a management weapon, that creation of an independent general counsel would weaken the NLRB, and that the law's dismantling of the agency's economic analysis unit deprived the NLRB of essential expertise. Nonetheless, Congress overrode Truman's veto of the Taft-Hartley Act on June 23, 1947, and the bill became law. Implementing Taft-Hartley
Herzog's implementation of the Taft-Hartley Act proved problematic. Herzog and other NLRB staff had secretly worked with pro-labor members of Congress to draft critical analyses of the Taft-Hartley bill, draft speeches critical of the bill, and even draft legislation for liberal Republican members of Congress designed to water down the bill.

masks: Herzog Herzog Herzog


title: Paul M. Herzog

texts: When these actions were uncovered, conservative members of Congress tried to have Herzog removed from office. Herzog considered resigning (as many other NLRB staff did) and even consulted with Truman about it (who counseled him to stay on).Liberal Republican Senator Irving Ives talked to conservative Republican Senator Robert A. Taft about it, but to both Ives' and <mask>'s astonishment Taft said he believed <mask> should remain. The Taft-Hartley Act made the office of the NLRB general counsel independent from the chair; the question was who should become general counsel now that Gerhard Van Arkel (the previous counsel) had resigned in the wake of the Taft-Hartley Act's passage. NLRB Member James J. Reynolds suggested 62-year-old NLRB trial lawyer Robert N. Denham, a strong conservative who had exhibited near-racist views in some of his opinions. When he learned of Denham's nomination, Herzog exclaimed, "My god, that's appalling!" Once installed as general counsel, Denham announced that all American Federation of Labor (AFL) and Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) leaders and their affiliate unions would be denied the protection of the NLRA if a single officer at any level refused to sign a non-communist oath (which <mask> and most CIO union heads declined to do). In what was seen as a major test of how much authority the board retained vis-a-vis the general counsel, the NLRB held in Northern Virginia Broadcasters, Inc., 75 NLRB 11 (1947) that the anti-communist oath provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act applied only to local, national, and international leaders and not to officers of national trade union centers like the AFL or CIO. For two years, Herzog and Denham also struggled over whether the board or the general counsel had the authority to assert jurisdiction in unfair labor practice cases.In May 1949, in

masks:
Herzog
Herzog
Philip Murray


title: Paul M. Herzog

texts:
 A-1 Photo Service, 83 NLRB 564 (1949) and Pereira Studios, 83 NLRB 587 (1949), Herzog finally concluded that the board and board alone had that authority. Herzog's conflict with Denham worsened when, in November 1949, Denham issued an unfair labor practice against the AFL in Haleston Drug Stores, Inc., 86 NLRB 1166 (1949), and the board refused to hear the case by declining jurisdiction over the matter. When the employer appealed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Denham not only refused to represent the board but actively assisted the employer in seeking to overturn the board's action. Acting on recommendations generated by the Hoover Commission, Herzog prevailed upon President Truman to issue Reorganization Plan No. 12, which would abolish the office of general counsel and transfer its functions back to the board. But Senator Taft refused to let Truman oust Denham through subterfuge, and the reorganization plan failed to win Congressional approval. Herzog now resolved to have Denham removed:
Denham had survived the legislative battles, but he was out-matched when pitted against Herzog in bureaucratic in-fighting.As a special assistant in the White House put it, <mask> waged his battle with "extraordinary subtlety," "watching and waiting for bigger and better errors by Denham," using "restraint," "proper erudition," "protective camouflage," "the public handshake, the smile, and the knife so fast that you are never aware of it until the severed head rolls." Just before a May 22, 1950, meeting between Denham and the board, <mask> met with President Truman and was told to stand firm against any encroachment on the board's authority. The meeting between Denham and the board degenerated into bitter personal criticism. <mask> met with Truman, advising the president of his intention to leave. Truman asked Herzog to stay,


title: Paul M. Herzog

texts:
 and Herzog agreed—if Denham were fired. Truman agreed, and on July 24, 1950, <mask> was reappointed to another five-year term as NLRB chair. When Denham made changes to the NLRB's appellate brief in the Vulcan Forging case, the five board members asked President Truman to act to prevent further undermining of administration labor policy and additional embarrassment in the courts.Truman asked Denham to resign on September 15, 1950, and Denham did so. Post-Denham NLRB tenure
Between 1947 and 1953, <mask> led board majorities in concluding that NLRB-sponsored union organizing elections could not be held at workplaces controlled by a union shop contract if the state in question had banned the union shop, that unions found in violation of the Taft-Hartley Act could not file for elections or unfair labor practice complaints, ruled secondary boycotts a violation of the Taft-Hartley Act, held it an unfair labor practice for an employer to refuse to open its financial books if it claimed it could not afford a wage increase, and found that a lockout designed to coerce employees into agreeing to a collective bargaining agreement was illegal. Despite agreeing with other board members that the anti-communist oath provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act did not infringe on freedom of speech or association, Herzog nonetheless asked Congress to pass legislation providing for an alternative oath which would not impinge so heavily on freedom of speech and association. After Dwight D. Eisenhower won the presidency in November 1952, <mask> agreed to resign effective June 30, 1953, in order to allow the new president his own choice as NLRB chairman. Later career and death
<mask> rejoined Harvard University while still serving as chair of the NLRB. He was appointed associate dean of the Graduate School of Public Administration (the predecessor

masks:
Herzog
Herzog
Paul Herzog
Herzog


title: Paul M. Herzog

texts:
 of the John F. Kennedy School of Government) in 1945, and was acting dean from 1953 to 1957. <mask> became executive vice president of the American Arbitration Association after leaving the NLRB, and was elected president of the association in 1961.He was appointed president of the Salzburg Global Seminar (a non-profit organization which works to enhance European understanding of American culture, economics, and politics) in 1965, and retired from that position in 1971. <mask> suffered a stroke in 1985 from which he made only partial recovery. He died at his home in Manhattan on November 23, 1986. He was cremated. Personal life
<mask> was a Presbyterian. He was a member of the Century Club, the Harvard Club of New York, and the Metropolitan Club. He married <mask> (the granddaughter of Oscar S. Straus, a former Secretary of Commerce and Labor under President Theodore Roosevelt and the first Jewish cabinet secretary) in 1929.The couple had two children, John and Andrea. Their marriage ended in divorce. In 1959, Herzog married Julie Chamberlain d'Estournelles, the executive director of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation. She had two children from two previous marriages, Judy T. Cullen and Alexander Trowbridge (himself United States Secretary of Commerce from June 14, 1967 to March 1, 1968). <mask> died in May 1980. In 1981, Herzog married the former Elizabeth Peterson Andrews. She survived him upon his death, along with <mask>'s two children and two stepchildren.References

External links
"<mask>. Herzog Papers, 1931-1962." Harry S. Truman Library. National Archives. Salzburg Global Seminar

1906 births
1986 deaths
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
American Presbyterians
National Labor Relations Board officials
Harvard College alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
Truman administration personnel
Eisenhower administration

masks:
Herzog
Herzog
Paul Herzog
Madeleine Schafer
Julie Herzog
Herzog
Paul M


title: Mirza Aslam Beg

texts:
General <mask> (Urdu: مرزا اسلم بیگ; born 2 August 1931) , also known as M. A<mask>, is a retired four-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army, who served as its Chief of Army Staff from 1988 until his retirement in 1991. His appointment as chief of army staff came when his predecessor, President General Zia-ul-Haq, died in an air crash on 17 August 1988. <mask>'s tenure witnessed Benazir Bhutto as being elected Prime Minister in November 1988, and the restoration of democracy and the civilian control of the military in the country. Controversial accusations were leveled against him of financing the Islamic Democracy Alliance (IDA), the conservative and right-wing opposition alliance against left-wing PPP, and rigging subsequent general elections in 1990. As a result of general elections, Nawaz Sharif was elected Prime Minister in 1990, but fell out with <mask> when the latter recommended support for Iraq during the Gulf War. Beg was denied an extension from President Ghulam Ishaq Khan soon after in 1991, and replaced by General Asif Nawaz as chief of army staff. Apart from his military career, <mask> briefly tenured as professor of security studies at the National Defence University (NDU) and regularly writes columns in The Nation.<mask>'s post-retirement has been characterized by controversies: first, <mask> was accused of playing an internal role in the airplane crash that killed President Zia, and, second, he was summoned to the Supreme Court of Pakistan in 2012 for his alleged role in releasing the financial funding to the conservative politicians as opposed to the Pakistan Peoples Party's politicians during the general elections held in 1990. Biography

Early life in India and education

<mask>

masks:
Mirza Aslam Beg
. Beg
Beg
Beg
Beg
Beg
Beg
Mirza Aslam


title: Mirza Aslam Beg

texts:
 Baig was born in the small village, Muslimpatti, in Azamgarh district, Uttar Pradesh in British India, to the Urdu-speaking family that was well known for its Mughal nobility, on 2 August 1931. His father, <mask> Baig, was an advocate and practicing lawyer who had hold a well known prestige and respected name in the law circles of the Allahabad High Court. The Baig's family had traced a long ancestral roots of the Mughal Royal family who once were emperors of India from the early 15th century to the early 18th century. He was educated at the Azamgarh where he graduated from a local high school and enrolled at the Shibli National College for his undergraduate studies, in 1945. Subsequently, he earned Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in Liberal Arts from Shibli National College in 1949. During his college years, <mask> played collegiate field hockey and was vital member of his hockey team which consisted mainly Muslims.According to his memories, Beg sought revenge on a Hindu politician belonging to Congress Party after the politician had beaten up a member of his hockey team. Egged on by a mob of students, Beg used his hockey stick to beat up the politician at a public meeting. This incident came after his graduation from college in 1949, and <mask>'s family decided to move to Pakistan in 1949 after the Indian partition in 1947. Career in the military

The <mask> family set sailed for Karachi from Mumbai via Pakistan Navy ship in 1949. His elder brother was already a commissioned officer in the Pakistan Army and encouraged young Beg to follow his path to seek a career in the army. <mask> recalled his memoirs to his Indian interviewer and called Pakistan as "my dream country". In 1950, <mask> was accepted at the

masks:
Mirza Murtaza
Mirza
Beg
Beg
Beg
Beg


title: Mirza Aslam Beg

texts:
 Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) in Kakul, graduating from a class of 6th PMA Long Course in 1952.In 1952, he gained commissioned as 2Lt. in the 6 Baloch Regiment of Pakistan Army and initially assisting the command of an infantry platoon. From 1952–1958, he progressed well towards the military ranks, having been promoted to army lieutenant in 1956; and army captain in 1958. He received recommendations from his field commanding officer for the selection by the special branch to join the special forces, and departed to the United States in 1958 to complete the special forces training with the U.S. Army Special Forces in Fort Bragg, North Carolina. In 1960, Major Beg returned to Pakistan, and joined the elite Army Special Service Group (SSG), initially commanding a company that specialized in military infiltration. Major Beg was deployed in Western Pakistan, in areas adjacent to Afghanistan, where his first combat experience took place when he led his company in removing the Nawab of Dir in Chitral in North-West Frontier Province. In 1965, Major <mask> served well in the second war with India and led the Special Forces team against the Indian Army.Academia and professorship

In 1967, <mask> was promoted as Lieutenant-Colonel, eventually sent to attend the National Defence University (NDU) to continue his higher education, alongside then-Lieutenant-Colonel Zahid Ali Akbar, an engineering officer from the Corps of Engineers. After attending the Armed Forces War College and graduated with MSc in Strategic studies in 1971, Lt.Col. Beg was stationed in East-Pakistan to serve as a military adviser to the Eastern Command led by its GOC-in-C, Lieutenant-General A.A.K. Niazi. Upon arriving and observing the military

masks:
Beg
Major Beg


title: Mirza Aslam Beg

texts:
 deployments and actions, Lt.Col. <mask> became very critical of Gen. Niazi's strategy and eventually became involved in acrimonious argument with his Gen. Niazi's staff in Dacca, having been very critical of armed forces interference in the political events in East. His open mindedness and arguments with his senior officer eventually led his transfer back to Pakistan and was threatened with facing the court martial.In 1971, he commanded an infantry regiment in third war with India but was sent back to attend the National Defence University where he became even more involved with his studies. In 1971–72, he earned his MSc in War Studies, defending and publishing his thesis, entitled: "A journey of pain and fear" which provide critical analysis of state sponsored terrorism and its effects on geo-military positions of the countries. Lt. Col. Beg left the special forces, and accepted the professorship on war studies at the NDU in 1975. Brig. <mask> tenured as the professor on the war studies and remained Chief Instructor of Armed Forces War College at the then National Defence University until January 1978. About the 1971 war, <mask> maintained that Pakistan Armed Forces "learned a valuable strategic lesson", and that quoted that the government also learned that "there is no point in going to war unless you are absolutely certain you have the capability to win". From 1994–99, <mask> continued his teaching at NDU and published his two books on national security, nuclear weapons development, defence diplomacy and international relations.War and Command appointments

In 1978, Brig. <mask> left the professorship at the university and was promoted into the two-star command appointment in the army. Major-General

masks: Beg Beg Beg Beg Beg


title: Mirza Aslam Beg

texts: <mask> was appointed as the GOC of the 14th Army Division, stationed at the Okara Military District of Punjab Province in Pakistan. On March 1979, chief of army staff, General Zia-ul-Haq, directed the II Strike Corps' "to ascertain the likely reaction of the Pakistan Armed Forces officers if Bhutto was hanged", in accordance to the Supreme Court's verdict. During this meeting, Major-General <mask> objected to the hanging of Bhutto and maintained to his senior commanders that: "The hanging of Bhutto would be an unwise act, as it could cause very serious "political aberrations" that will be difficult to correct." In 1979, Major-General <mask> was moved at Army GHQ, taking over the staff appointment as an Adjutant-General, which he served until 1980. He was later elevated as the Chief of General Staff (CGS), remained in charge of operational planning of the counter-offensive to the Indian invasion of Siachen marking the beginnings of the ongoing Siachen conflict in 1984.In 1985, Major-General <mask> was elevated to three-star promotion and was appointed as Corp's Commander of the XI Corps, that stationed in Peshawar, which had role in the indirect war with Soviet Army in Afghanistan, since 1980. According to the military authors and Pakistani historians' accounts, Lieutenant-General <mask> was extremely distrusted by President Zia-ul-Haq, mainly due to his open-mindedness and his pro-democracy views, at one point, advising President Zia to "rendezvous with the nation's history and democratize the country." In 1987, Lieutenant-General <mask> was in the race for the promotion of four-star appointment, along with Lieutenant-General Zahid Ali Akbar, but was overlooked by President Zia who wanted to Lt.Gen. Akbar

masks: Beg Beg Beg Beg Beg Beg


title: Mirza Aslam Beg

texts:
 for the four-star appointment as chief of army staff. Prime Minister M.K. Junejo eventually used his pejorative to appointed Lieutenant-General <mask> <mask> as vice-army chief on merit, despite President Zia wanting Lieutenant-General Zahid Ali Akbar who was sent to DESTO. Chief of Army Staff

In March 1987, Prime Minister Mohammad Junejo announced in the news media of appointing Lieutenant-General <mask> as a Vice-Chief of Army Staff, promoting him as the four-star rank general in the army.Though, General <mask> did not supersede anyone and was the most senior, the promotion was notable due to the opposition shown by President Zia-ul-Haq who wanted Lieutenant-General Zahid Ali Akbar, an engineer, as vice army chief. Despite his four-star command assignment, General <mask> had to report his duties and decisions to President Zia who had been army chief since 1976. Eventually, General <mask> succeeded President Zia as the new army chief and the command of the army when the latter died in an accidental plane crash on 17 August 1988. American military authors regarded Beg as "mild but bookish general" keen to drive the country towards the tracks of democracy. The United States military regarded <mask> as "Unpredictable General" could not be counted on to continue close military cooperation with the United States as Zia did in the 1980s. The Pentagon had commented on Beg as "a professional soldier" with no political ambitions, but independent-minded and unpredictable. In 1988, one Pentagon military official added that "Beg is hard to figure out and difficult to read his mindset unlike other Pakistan army generals, he hasn't been particularly friendly with the US."Against the popular perception to take over,

masks:
Mirza Aslam
Beg
Beg
Beg
Beg
Beg
Beg


title: Mirza Aslam Beg

texts: Beg endorsed Ghulam Ishaq Khan as President and ultimately called for new general elections which resulted in a peaceful democratic transfer of government to the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) with Benazir Bhutto as the Prime minister. Beg did not consult any of his corps commanders or principal staff officers (PSOs) and called on the Chief of Naval Staff, Admiral Iftikhar Sirohey, and Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal Hakimullah, to discuss the matter briefly and within three hours of General Ziaul Haq's death, restored the Constitution and handed over power to Ghulam Ishaq Khan. It was an unprecedented decision in favour of democracy and the rule of law. <mask> <mask> was endorsed by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto who confirmed his four-star appointment as chief of army staff until 1991, when he was replaced by General Asif Nawaz. Unlike General Zia, Beg initiated a massive re-evaluation and education training program for the inter-services officers. In 1988, Beg's personal initiatives led to sending of hundreds of inter-services officers to Western universities for advanced degrees. By 1991, several of the inter-services officers had gained post-graduate degree in operational and technical training.In 1988, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto conferred Beg with specially designated civil award for <mask> <mask> for restoring the democracy, Tamgha-e-Jamhuriat (lit. Medal of Democracy). In fact, <mask> is the only in Pakistan, and yet the only four-star army general to have been decorated with such honor. Although Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was criticized for decorating a four-star general with a civilian award, she used to justify her decision, saying that Beg deserved this honour because he refrained from

masks:
Mirza Aslam
Beg
Mirza Aslam
Beg
Beg


title: Mirza Aslam Beg

texts:
 indulging in yet another military adventure like Zia and instead helped Pakistan to a peaceful transition of power through general elections. On 16 August 1991, General <mask> retired from his military serving, completing 41 years of service, and handing over the command to General Asif Nawaz. As an army chief, General <mask> is credited by an Australian Army expert for encouraging "wider thinking about tactics" within the Pakistan Army, particularly for establishing a much improved logistics chain and "contributed immensely to the army’s warfighting capabilities." Soviet withdrawal and Afghan war

As chief of army staff, Beg determinately remained military's control over the policies regarding the national security, and dictated Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's role in formulating the national security policies.<mask> testified that the "real causes behind the "Pressler amendment" was significant as long as Pakistan was considered an important entity of weakening Soviet Union's influence in South Asia." Various writers greatly questioned his idea of "Strategic depth", which aim to transfer of Pakistan's military science command in dense Afghanistan, against the war with India. <mask> endorsed the role of his deputy, Lieutenant-General Hamid Gul in Afghanistan war who masterminded the Jalalabad operation which failed brutally; Gul was deposed by Prime Minister Bhutto soon after this action. <mask>'s role remained vital during and after the Soviet Union's troop withdrawal from Afghanistan and showed no intention to coordinate joint efforts with the U.S. to end the war in the country. In late 1989, Pakistan and U.S. propagated the message of departing of communist government in order to bring the clerical


title: Mirza Aslam Beg

texts:
 government instead. Authors and media reporters maintained that <mask> controversially proposed an intelligence contingency plan between the agencies of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran that would grow into the "core of the Muslim world." Such idea was met with hostility in the government and Foreign Minister Yacob Khan and Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto were the ones who objected and opposed to this idea.Gulf war in Iraq

In 1989, Beg drafted a contingency plan and organized a massive military exercise, Exercise Zarb-e-Momin, to prove the military solidarity contentions. One of the notable events as a stint as a chief of army staff during the end of Cold war took place in 1990, when Iraq invaded Kuwait amidst political tensions between two Arab countries. Beg fully endorsed the United States-led military campaign against Iraq. In a briefing given to Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and President Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Beg maintained the assessment that once the ground battle with Iraqi Army was joined, the Iraqi Army would comprehensively defeat and repel the American Army. Ironically, Beg accused the Western countries for encouraging Iraq to invade Kuwait, though he kept his armed forces fighting against Iraq in support to Saudi Arabia. In 1990, he held state dinner for United States Central Command (SCENTCOM) commander General Norman Schwarzkopf where, together with Chairman Joint Chiefs Admiral Iftikhar Sirohey, brief the USCENTCOM on Pakistan Armed Forces battle preparations and military operational capabilities of Pakistan armed forces in Saudi contingent. The Iraq war with Kuwait was a polarizing political issue in Pakistan and Beg carefully commanded and deployed the Pakistan Armed Forces' contingent forces


title: Mirza Aslam Beg

texts:
 during the Operation Desert Storm in 1991.Beg calculated that the popular opinion would be in favor of Iraq, as the anti-American sentiment in the Middle East began to grow at that time. But, neither did <mask>'s strategic prediction come true nor did he get an extension. Soon after the end of Gulf war, <mask> proceeded towards his retirement on 18 August 1991. Post-military career
After failing to persuade the government for his extension, <mask>'s later political ambitions forced then-president Ghulam Ishaq Khan to nominate General Asif Nawaz as the designated chief of army staff three months prior to his retirement. After <mask>'s retirement he continued the professorship at National Defence University in Islamabad, and remained active in country's political and military affairs. Funding of conservative politicians

Soon after retiring from his military service in 1991, <mask> earned the public criticism when the Pakistan Peoples Party's politicians went on aired on several news channels of being charged on personally authorizing the intelligence funds to be released to the conservative politicians. A lawsuit was filed by Asghar Khan at the Supreme Court of Pakistan against him, the former Director ISI Asad Durrani, and Younis Habib, the accountant with the Ministry of Defence in 1992, and official court inquiries began when the local Pakistani newspaper, alleging that the conservatives had received as much as ₨.140 million to win over the "for-sale" leftists politicians. In 1994, the official government investigations pursued further when Interior minister Naseerullah Babar in Benazir administration disclosed this matter at the Parliament while maintaining that "it was the ISI that had disbursed funds


title: Mirza Aslam Beg

texts:
 to purchase the loyalty of conservative mass and nationalist public figures to manipulate the general elections held in 1990 and to bring the conservatives in race to compete with left-wing politicians in the country." It was reported that Gen. Beg had the Younis Habib released and deposited around ₨. 140 million in the Survey Section 202 account of Military Intelligence (MI), with ₨. 6 million were channeled to accounts of President Ghulam Ishaq Khan including the bureaucracts: Refaqat Hussain, Roedad Khan, and Ijlal Zaidi. In 2017, the second lawsuit filed against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif has connected him when Just. Gulzar, in his final verdict, reads:

"[Late] Ghulam Ishaq Khan, the then-President of Pakistan, General <mask> <mask> and General Asad Durrani acted in violation of the Constitution by facilitating a group of politicians and political parties, etc., to ensure their success against the rival candidates in the general election of 1990, for which they secured funds from Mr. Yunus Habib.Their acts have brought a bad name to Pakistan and professionality of the Armed Forces as well as intelligence agencies in the eyes of the nation, therefore, notwithstanding that they may have retired from service, the [Federal] Government shall take necessary steps under the Constitution and Law against them." Nuclear proliferation controversy
Internationally, <mask> was widely criticised for his alleged involvement with the nuclear program of Iran. A report in The Friday Times contends that after taking over as Chief of Army Staff, General <mask> <mask> began lobbying about "such cooperation with Iran" on nuclear technology as a part of his "strategy of defiance" of the United States. As chief of army

masks: Aslam Beg Beg Aslam Beg


title: Mirza Aslam Beg

texts:
 symbol. Musharraf on Beg
General Beg was one of many professor under whom Musharraf had studied at National Defence University. Musharraf had high regards for Beg as one of his "significant professor" in his university years, but after September 11, 2001, they became estranged.Beg was labelled as one of many professors at NDU who were called "pseudo-intellectuals", by Musharraf. Honors and awards

Literature

Books authored by Beg

Articles and works by Beg

Further reading

References

Bibliography
 Zahid Hussain. Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. External links
 Official profile at Pakistan Army website
Articles by <mask> <mask> at Outlook India

|-

1931 births
Living people
Mughal nobility
People from Azamgarh district
Muhajir people
Baloch Regiment officers
Pakistan Military Academy alumni
National Defence University, Pakistan alumni
Special Services Group officers
People of the Bangladesh Liberation War
National Defence University, Pakistan faculty
Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan
Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)
Pakistani democracy activists
Government of Benazir Bhutto staffers and personnel
Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz
Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz
Military leaders of the Gulf War
Foreign recipients of the Legion of

masks:
Mirza Aslam
Beg


title: Moshe Bar (neuroscientist)

texts:
<mask> is a neuroscientist, director of the Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center at Bar-Ilan University. He is the head of the Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory at the Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center. Prof. <mask> assumed the position of the Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center director following 17 years in the US, where he had served as an associate professor at Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital last, and had led the Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory at the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging. Prof. <mask> has made significant contributions to the field of cognition; ideas and findings that have challenged dominant paradigms in areas of exceptional diversity: from the flow of information in the cortex during visual recognition to the importance of mental simulations for planning and foresight in the brain, and from the effect of form on aesthetic preferences to a clinical theory on mood and depression. <mask> uses methods from cognitive psychology, psychophysics, human brain imaging, computational neuroscience, and psychiatry to explore predictions and contextual processing in the brain, and their role in facilitating visual recognition. Professional history

<mask> graduated from Ben-Gurion University in Israel in 1988 with a Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering. After graduating from University, <mask> spent the next six years as a member of Israeli Air Force, during which time he began his Masters work in Computer Science at the Weizmann Institute of Science.After completing his Masters education in 1994, he entered a PhD program in Cognitive Neuroscience at the

masks:
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title: Moshe Bar (neuroscientist)

texts:
 University of Southern California, where he was awarded the Psychology department’s ‘Outstanding Doctoral Thesis' Award. His dissertation investigated priming effects elicited by subliminal visual stimuli. <mask> subsequently completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard University before receiving his appointments at Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital. In 2011, he assumed directorship of the Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center at Bar-Ilan University. Research and scientific contributions

Using behavioral paradigms and neuroimaging technologies including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), <mask> investigates how the brain extracts and uses contextual information to generate predictions and guide cognition efficiently. His work has concentrated on questions spanning: predictive systems in the brain, the flow of information in the cortex during visual recognition, the cortical processes that underlie conscious perception (i.e., visual awareness), contextual associative processing of scene information, the cortical mechanisms mediating the formation of first impressions, visual elements that determine human preference and understanding the cognitive mechanisms underlying mood disorders. His research has influenced a diverse spectrum of domains.A partial list is provided below. 1. Visual recognition – Branching off of his solid graduate training (with Professors Ullman and Biederman), Prof. <mask> has been using behavioral and neuroimaging (fMRI and MEG) methods to reveal critical aspects of how the brain recognizes objects, scenes and context in the world around us. This

masks: Bar Bar Bar


title: Moshe Bar (neuroscientist)

texts: research simultaneously challenged two long-held views. First, together with others, he has argued and shown convincingly that the propagation of visual analysis in the cortex is not strictly “bottom-up,” as has been believed for decades, but rather that perception is a result of internally driven top-down processes as much as it is of incoming bottom-up sensory information. As such, his work shows that memory and the prefrontal cortex are active players in visual perception. Since Prof. <mask> first proposed this notion in a Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience article (2003), and then in a Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences paper (2006) that has been exceptionally influential, it has become the mainstream view of how the brain processes visual information.A second debate and new domain of research that was steered by Prof. <mask>’s ideas and studies involves the evasive distinction between spatial (e.g., locations, positions, navigation) and associative (i.e., what comes with what) processing. Part of the seminal contribution of his research was to characterize the cortical network that mediates processing of contextual associations (e.g., the associations between all the objects that one typically expects to find in a kitchen), introduced broadly in a Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2004) paper. This newly discovered network included a site in the medial temporal cortex that has traditionally been considered as a site that mediates the representation and processing of spatial information. His findings offer a challenging interpretation for those previous reports, suggesting that the role of this hippocampal region should more generally

masks: Bar Bar


title: Moshe Bar (neuroscientist)

texts: be described as mediating associative information rather than exclusively space-related information. 2. Predictions in brain – Following his research on the role of associations in cognition, Prof. <mask> has pioneered (together with a few other groups) a major new research wave indicating that the brain is a predictive and proactive organ. His theoretical and empirical work has set in motion a collection of hypotheses and studies about how, where and why the brain uses the past (memory) to generate a future (predictions).Having been one of the early leaders in this direction, Prof. <mask> also integrated the various views on predictions in a special issue of the Proceedings of the Royal Society (2009), and then expanded in a book by Oxford Press (2011), as well as organized a couple of the kick-off symposia on the topic. The work of Prof. <mask> provides foundations with which to understand planning and decision-making in the human mind. This work was covered by international media extensively (https://faculty.biu.ac.il/~barlab/media.html), which is not surprising given how much of our time, and of our cortex, is dedicated to our inner mental world and its service to our actions, perceptions and interactions. 3. Mental simulations and the function of mindwandering – Prof. <mask>’s research also explains the intensity and usefulness of humans’ proclivity for mental simulations and mindwandering. As the philosopher Karl Popper famously said, we let our hypotheses die in our stead. The work of Prof. <mask> supported and developed this assertion by showing that humans use their experience, as stored in memory, to simulate new, imagined,

masks: Bar Bar Bar Bar Bar


title: Moshe Bar (neuroscientist)

texts: experiences.These simulations are stored as ‘memories’ and later can be used as predictive scripts that guide our cognition, decisions and action. Using behavioral methods and cutting-edge human neuroimaging, Prof. <mask>’s laboratory has provided the first demonstrations for this overarching framework for the human brain. This research has since spun off several research directions in laboratories around the world, examining the role of the brain’s ‘default network’ in light of Prof. <mask>’s research. 4. Mood and depression – Several years ago, Prof. <mask>’s research evolved to include clinical questions, particularly pertaining to psychiatric disorders such as major depression, and this work made a rapid impact. He started with a theoretical paper (Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2009) that presented a novel synthesis of findings from psychiatry, neuroscience and cognitive psychology, which gave rise to an overarching hypothesis linking mood with thinking patterns and associative processing. The crux of his groundbreaking hypothesis is that a thinking pattern that involves a broad associative scope elicits positive mood, while a ruminative thinking pattern and inhibition trigger negative mood.Through extensive and fruitful collaborations first with the outstanding department of psychiatry at the Harvard medical school and the Massachusetts General Hospital, and since his return with multiple psychiatric institutions in Israel, this theory has been tested, supported and polished to a point where it is now being implemented in a therapeutic tool soon to become available to all. The theory connects the semantic scope of mental processes to


title: Moshe Bar (neuroscientist)

texts: neurogenesis in the hippocampus (which is admittedly a big leap but with promise), the regulation of inhibition from the prefrontal cortex, and mood. The behavioral and neuroimaging publications that stemmed from these ideas already attracted exceptional levels of attention with their global explanatory power and their potential for therapeutic alleviation of symptoms. Prof. <mask>’s approach, now being employed in healthy and clinical populations, is to train participants with broad associative thinking in a way that will restore their deficient medial-frontal cortical network and critically diminish ruminative thinking. Rumination is a hallmark of not only major depression but also of other debilitating disorders such as addiction, OCD, PTSD, eating disorders, and more. Therefore, this approach, which already shows significant positive outcomes in pilot participants with major depression, has the potential of helping multiple clinical populations. 5.Aesthetic preference – Through collaborations with artists, architects and public health professionals, Prof. <mask>’s influence is also visible in less expected domains. His research on the design of streets, for example, has led to criteria for streetscapes that promote increased physical activity. Prof. <mask>’s work on the effect of contour (e.g., smooth vs. sharp) on subjective preference and emotion, in particular, has had an influence on designers, advertisers and architects alike (from the famous architect Frank Gehry to the magazine Cosmopolitan). His collaboration with the school of architecture at the Technion, which started at and still includes also Harvard’s school of design (GSD),


title: Moshe Bar (neuroscientist)

texts:
 examines the influence of different spaces on affect and on human functionality. And in collaborations that include the HIT (Holon Institute of Technology) and independent architects he now examines the optimization of space-shape to function (e.g., waiting room in hospitals, schools, playgrounds), as well as what are the visual design elements that best stimulate curiosity. Representative publications

 <mask>or S., <mask>. (2016). Associative Activation and Its Relation to Exploration and Exploitation in the Brain.Psychological Science, epub ahead of print
 Axelrod V., Rees G., Lavidor M., <mask>. (2015). Increasing propensity to mind-wander with transcranial direct current stimulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(11):3314-9. Aminoff, E.M., Kveraga, K., and <mask>, M. (2013). The role of parahippocampal cortex in cognition. Trends in Cognitive Science, 17(8):379-90. <mask>, M.(Ed.) (2011). Predictions in the Brain: Using Our Past to Generate a Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <mask>, M.  (2009). A cognitive neuroscience hypothesis of mood and depression. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(11), 456-463.Kveraga, K.,  Boshyan, J.  and <mask>, M.  (2007). Magnocellular projections as the trigger of top-down facilitation in recognition. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 13232-13240. <mask>, M.  (2007). The Proactive Brain: Using analogies and associations to generate predictions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(7), 280-289. <mask>, M., Kassam, K., Ghuman, A., Boshyan, J., Dale, A., Hämäläinen, M., Marinkovic, K., Schacter, D.L., Rosen, B., and Halgren, E. (2006).Top-down facilitation of visual recognition. Proceedings of

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title: Moshe Bar (neuroscientist)

texts:
 the National Academy of Sciences, 103(2), 449-54. <mask>, M.  (2004). Visual objects in context. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 5, 617-629. <mask>, M.  (2003). A cortical mechanism for triggering top-down facilitation in visual object recognition.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 600-609. <mask>, M.  and Aminoff, E.  (2003). Cortical analysis of visual context. Neuron, 38, 347-358. Books and book chapters (selected)

 Kveraga, K. and <mask>, M., (Eds.) (2014). SCENE VISION Making Sense of What We See.Cambridge, Mass. : The MIT Press. <mask>, M. and Bubic, A. (2013). Top-down Effects in Visual Perception. In Ochsner K. and Kosslyn S., (Eds) The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Neuroscience (pp. 60–73).The Oxford Handbook Series, Oxford University Press. <mask>, M., (Ed.) (2011). Predictions in the Brain. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
 Bar, M. (2011). Predictions: A universal principle in the operation of the human brain (Introduction). In <mask>, M., (Ed.)Predictions in the Brain. (pp. v-vii). New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
 <mask>, M. (2011). The proactive brain. In <mask>, M., (Ed.) Predictions in the Brain.(pp. 13–26). New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
 <mask>, L.F., and <mask>, M. (2011). See it with feeling: Affective predictions during object perception. In <mask>, M., (Ed.) Predictions in the Brain. (pp.107–121). New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
 <mask>, M. (2005). Top-down facilitation of visual object recognition. In Itti, L., Rees, G., Tsotsos, J., (Eds.) Neurobiology of Attention (pp. 140–5). Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.Recent popular press coverage
Think Less, Think Better. The New York Times,

masks: Bar Bar Bar Bar Bar Bar Bar Bar Bar Barrett Bar Bar Bar


title: Rajaraja I

texts:
<mask> (947 CE – 1014 CE) born Arulmoli Varman often described as <mask> the Great was a Chola emperor who reigned from 985 CE to 1014 CE and was the most powerful king in south at his time chiefly remembered for reinstating the Chola power and ensuring its supremacy in South India and Indian Ocean. His extensive empire included the Pandya country (southern Tamil Nadu), the Chera country (central Kerala and western Tamil Nadu) and northern Sri Lanka. He also acquired the Lakshadweep and Thiladhunmadulu atoll or part of the northern most islands of Maldives in the Indian Ocean. Campaigns against the Western Gangas (southern Karnataka) and Chalukyas extended the Chola influence as far as the Tungabhadra River. On the eastern coast he battled with the Chalukyas for the possession of Vengi (the Godavari districts). Rajaraja, an able administrator, also built the great Brihadisvara Temple at the Chola capital Thanjavur. The temple is regarded as the foremost of all temples in the medieval south Indian architectural style.During his reign, the texts of the Tamil poets Appar, Sambandar and Sundarar were collected and edited into one compilation called Thirumurai. He initiated a massive project of land survey and assessment in 1000 CE which led to the reorganisation of the country into individual units known as valanadus. Rajaraja died in 1014 CE and was succeeded by his son Rajendra Chola I. Early life
According to the Thiruvalangadu copper-plate inscription, <mask>'s original name was Arulmoḷi (also

masks:
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Rajaraja
Rajaraja


title: Rajaraja I

texts:
 transliterated as Arulmozhi) Varman, literally "blessed tongued". He was born around 947 CE in the Aipassi month, on the day of Sadhayam star. He was a son of the Chola king Parantaka <mask> (alias Sundara) and queen Vanavan Mahadevi. He had an elder brother – Aditya II, and an elder sister – Kundavai.Rajaraja's ascension ended a period of rival claims to the throne, following the death of his grandfather Parantaka I. After Parantaka I, his son Gandaraditya ascended the throne. When Gandaraditya died, his son Uttama was a minor, so the throne passed on to Parantaka I's younger son Arinjaya. Arinjaya died soon, and was succeeded by his son Parantaka II. It was decided that the throne would pass on to Uttama after Parantaka II: this decision was most probably that of Parantaka II, although the Thiruvalangadu inscription of Rajaraja's son Rajendra I claims that it was made by Rajaraja. <mask>'s elder brother died before him, and after the death of Uttama, <mask> ascended the throne in June–July 985. Known as Arumoḷi Varman until this point, he adopted the name Rajaraja, which literally means "King among Kings".He also called himself Shivapada Shekhara (IAST: Śivapada Śekhara), literally, "the one who places his crown at the feet of Shiva". Military conquests

Rajaraja inherited a kingdom whose boundaries were limited to the traditional Chola territory centred around Thanjavur-Tiruchirappalli region. At the time of his ascension, the Chola kingdom was relatively small, and was still recovering from the

masks: II Rajaraja Rajaraja


title: Rajaraja I

texts:
 established a provincial capital at the military outpost of Polonnaruwa, naming it Jananatha Mangalam after a title of Rajaraja. The Chola official Tali Kumaran erected a Shiva temple called Rajarajeshvara ("Lord of Rajaraja") in the town of Mahatittha (modern Mantota), which was renamed Rajaraja-pura. Comparing Rajaraja's campaign to the invasion of Lanka by the legendary hero Rama, the Thiruvalangadu Plates states:

In 1017, Rajaraja's son Rajendra I completed the Chola conquest of Sri Lanka.The Cholas controlled Sri Lanka until 1070, when Vijayabahu I defeated and expelled them. Chalukyan conflict
In 998 CE, <mask> captured the regions of Gangapadi, Nolambapadi and Tadigaipadi (present day Karnataka). Raja Chola extinguished the Nolambas, who were the feudatories of Ganga while conquering and annexing Nolambapadi. The conquered provinces were originally feudatories of the Rashtrakutas. In 973 CE, the Rashtrakutas were defeated by the Western Chalukyas leading to direct conflict with Cholas. An inscription of <mask>anga Satyashraya from Dharwar describes him as a vassal of the Western Chalukyas and acknowledges the Chola onslaught. In the same inscription, he accuses Rajendra of having arrived with a force of 955,000 and of having gone on rampage in Donuwara thereby blurring the moralities of war as laid out in the Dharmasastras.Historians like James Heitzman and Wolfgang Schenkluhn conclude that this confrontation displayed the degree of animosity on a personal level between the rulers of the Chola and

masks: Rajaraja Ibed


title: Rajaraja I

texts:
 success of Rajaraja allowed his son Rajendra Chola to lead the Chola invasion of Srivijaya, carrying out naval raids in South-East Asia and briefly occupying Kadaram. Personal life

Rajaraja married a number of women, some of whom were Vanavan Madevi aka Thiripuvāna Mādēviyār, Dantisakti Vitanki aka Lokamadevi, Panchavan Madeviyar, Chola Mahadevi, Trailokya Mahadevi, Lata Mahadevi, Prithvi Mahadevi, Meenavan Mahadevi, Viranarayani and Villavan Mahadevi. He had at least three daughters. He had two sons, elder  one is Rajendra with Thiripuvāna Mādēviyār and younger one is Araiyan <mask> (Mother unknown).He had his first daughter Kundavai with Lokamadevi.Kundavai married Chalukya prince Vimaladithan. He had two other daughters named Mathevadigal and Ģangamādevi or Arumozhi Chandramalli. <mask> died in 1014 CE in the Tamil month of Maka and was succeeded by Rajendra Chola I. Administration

Before the reign of <mask> I, parts of the Chola territory were ruled by hereditary lords and princes who were in a loose alliance with the Chola rulers. Rajaraja initiated a project of land survey and assessment in 1000 CE which led to the reorganization of the empire into units known as valanadus. From the reign of <mask> I until the reign of Vikrama Chola in 1133 CE, the hereditary lords and local princes were either replaced or turned into dependent officials. This led to the king exercising a closer control over the different parts of the empire.Rajaraja strengthened the local self-government and installed a system of

masks: Rajarajan Rajaraja Rajaraja Rajaraja


title: Rajaraja I

texts:
 audit and control by which the village assemblies and other public bodies were held to account while retaining their autonomy. To promote trade, he sent the first Chola mission to China. His elder sister Kundavai assisted him in administration and management of temples. Officials
Rajendra Chola I was made a co-regent during the last years of Rajaraja's rule. He was the supreme commander of the northern and north-western dominions. During the reign of Raja Chola, there was an expansion of the administrative structure leading to the increase in the number of offices and officials in the Chola records than during earlier periods. Villavan Muvendavelan, one of the top officials of Rajaraja figures in many of his inscriptions.The other names of officials found in the inscriptions are the Bana prince Narasimhavarman, a general Senapathi Krishnan Raman, the Samanta chief Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan, the revenue official <mask> Pallavarayan and Kuruvan Ulagalandan, who organised the country-wide land surveys. Religious policy
<mask> was a follower of Shaivism but he was tolerant towards other faiths and had several temples for Vishnu constructed and encouraged the construction of the Buddhist Chudamani Vihara at the request of the Srivijaya king Sri Maravijayatungavarman. Rajaraja dedicated the proceeds of the revenue from the village of Anaimangalam towards the upkeep of this Vihara. Arts and architecture
Rajaraja embarked on a mission to recover the hymns after hearing short excerpts of Thevaram in his court. He

masks: Irayiravan Rajaraja


title: Rajaraja I

texts:
 ascension of Uttama Chola to the throne and <mask>'s naval expedition
<mask> Cholan by Kathal Ramanathan
Kandalur Vasantha Kumaran Kathai by Sujatha which deal with the situations leading Rajaraja to invade Kandalur
Rajakesari and Cherar Kottai by Gokul Seshadri deal with the Kandalur invasion and its after-effects
 Bharat Ek Khoj, a 1988 historical drama in its episodes 22 and 23 portrays Raj Raja Chola. Kaviri Mainthan, a 2007 novel by Anusha Venkatesh
Udayaar, a book by Tamil author Balakumaran which deals with RajaRaja's later years and Rajendra Chola I's ascension. See also
List of Tamil monarchs

References

Bibliography

External links

Chola kings
Chola dynasty
Indian Shaivites
Hindu monarchs
10th-century Indian monarchs
11th-century Indian monarchs
940s births
1014 deaths
Year of birth

masks: Rajaraja Rajaraja


title: Amy Elsie Horrocks

texts: <mask> (23 February 1867 – 1919) was an English music educator, composer and pianist. She was born to English parents (<mask> 8 July 1829 – 27 April 1913) and <mask> (née Allen 1833 – 22 April 1913) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and in 1882 studied piano and composition at the Royal Academy of Music with Adolf Schlösser and Francis William Davenport. She won the Potter Exhibition prize in 1888 and the Bennett Prize in 1889. After completing her studies, she performed as a pianist and taught music in London. There are claims that she was proposed to by Sir Henry Wood, whom she turned down. One of her compositions, Romaunt of the Page, had its premiere at one of the Promenade Concerts on 6 October 1899. She eventually married Nicholas Paramythioti (1871–1943) a businessman from Corfu, on 22 August 1903, one of many lodgers at the house in Hampstead (17 Goldhurst Terrace)  that the family used to let rooms to.Around this time she and Nicholas moved to France (where her two children were born, John in 1904 and Pamela in 1906) and she divided her time between France and Margate (where her parents had retired to and where they are both buried, having succumbed to the influenza epidemic, dying within a few days of each other in 1913).

masks:
Amy Elise Horrocks
Francis James Horrocks
Hannah Horrocks


title: Amy Elsie Horrocks

texts:
 – that strength which God gave you to bear your real troubles, to control your own nature, & to fight the battle of life.”

Daughter
Her daughter, Pamela described <mask> as a committed pacifist and the obituaries in The Stage and The Vote announcing her death both report that "shortly before her death a jury of musicians and literary men in Paris had awarded her the prize, open to the world, for a song in honour of the 'Drapeau Bleu' - the ensign of the League of Nations" (forerunner to the United Nations). The book, 'The Blind Horse of Corfu' a memoir of <mask>'s daughter, Pamela Morris (née Paramythioti) told to Anne Norrington, refers to <mask>'s composition "of a 'Song for Peace' which had apparently won an important prize." Works

Horrocks composed music for orchestra, chamber ensemble, choral and solo voice. Some of her works have been recorded and issued on CD, including:
Catherine Wilmers, Simon Marlow - A Cello Century Of British Women Composers Audio CD (22 August 2000) Quicksilva Records, ASIN: B00004U5FS
Copies of many of her compositions are held at the British Library. Selected works include (dates are dates of publication unless better dates are available):

Amoret.Song, the words by M. Byron, 1898

Another

masks: Amy Amy Amy


title: Hugo Corro

texts:
<mask> (November 5, 1953 – June 15, 2007), better known plainly as <mask>, was an Argentine former boxer who was a world middleweight champion. <mask> beat Rodrigo Valdez for the world middleweight title, and he would beat Valdez in a rematch. Valdez had succeeded Carlos Monzón as world champion. Since Monzon had beaten Valdez twice also during his period as champion, the comparisons between <mask> and Monzon became inevitable. The fact that <mask> went to Europe to defend his title was another common trait he shared with Monzon. <mask>'s championship reign would ultimately prove to be inferior to Monzon's however, as <mask> defended his title successfully only twice, and Monzon retained the crown for a then record of fourteen times. Professional career
<mask> began fighting as a professional on August 30, 1973, with a sixth round knockout victory against Gustavo Dieff in the Argentine city of Tunuyan.His first ten bouts as a professional were held in Tunuyan. He had a draw (tie) against Pedro Pablo Bazan during his second fight, held on September 15, 16 days after his debut. <mask> reeled off three consecutive knockout wins, then faced Bazan in a rematch, on December 7. On his last fight of 1973, <mask> was declared winner when Bazan was disqualified in the fourth round. <mask> won one more fight, and then, he fought ten rounds for the first time in his career, when he defeated Ramon Roberts by a ten-round decision on February 6, 1974. After another victory, he fought Juan Carlos Artaza on July 17. From a status standpoint, the fight had little significance, since Artaza only had two previous bouts, and he had lost both of them.But this was <mask>'s first fight outside Tunuyan. He beat Artaza by a ten-round decision in San Juan. After one more win, he faced <mask>, then a well established middleweight contender, on November 11. Saavedra gave <mask> his first defeat, when he knocked out the future champion in the eighth round. <mask> rebounded with a sixth-round

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Corro


title: Hugo Corro

texts: knockout win over <mask> on March 7, 1975. That marked the beginning of a thirteen fight winning streak, which included a rematch with Roberts, knocked out in six on July 4, two more fights with Obregon, both of which ended with <mask> winning ten-round decisions, a victory by decision in ten against Norberto Cabrera, and two more fights against Saavedra. His first rematch with Saavedra, on September 27, marked <mask>'s Buenos Aires debut.<mask> was able to avenge his first defeat when he outpointed Saavedra over ten rounds. Their third bout, held on March 5, 1976 at Córdoba, ended when Saavedra was disqualified in the tenth round. After a win against Roque Roldan, <mask> met Norberto Cabrera for a second time. On May 21, he lost to Cabrera by a ten-round decision, in Buenos Aires. <mask>, however, once again bounced back well, winning his next seven fights by knockout, including a rematch with Juan Carlos Artaza, who was beaten in round ten on September 10. On December 10, he got his first shot at a title, when he fought Julio Medina for the vacant Argentine middleweight title. <mask> won the national championship by knocking Medina out in round three of a fight that was scheduled for twelve rounds.After two victories over Rodolfo Rosales, <mask> had his first fight abroad, boxing against Marcelo Quinones on May 9, 1977, for the South American middleweight title, in Lima, Peru. He conquered the continental championship by decisioning Quinones over twelve rounds. The win also earned him a spot among the world's top ten middleweight challengers for the first time. <mask> followed that win with seven more victories, including title defenses of both his Argentine and his South American middleweight titles, before he got his first opportunity at becoming world champion: on April 22, 1978, <mask> became the undisputed world middleweight champion by beating Valdez by a fifteen-round decision in Italy. His first world title defense came against Ronnie Harris, on August 5,

masks:
Hugo Obregon
Corro
Corro
Corro
Corro
Corro
Corro
Corro
Corro
Corro


title: Hugo Corro

texts:
 back in Argentina. He outpointed Harris over fifteen rounds, and then, on November 11, he retained the title in his rematch with Valdez, by a fifteen-round decision at Buenos Aires. He traveled to Monte Carlo, where Monzon defended his title a few times, to face Vito Antuofermo for his third world title defense.<mask> lost the title on June 30 of 1979 in a fight that was actually held at Monaco's royal palace. <mask> in reality lost his title by only one point, as Antuofermo beat him by a split decision, and each judge had a one-point difference on their scorecard (scores of 146-145, 145-146 and 142-143). Asked about the fight during the press conference that proceeded it, <mask> answered "I only had one problem, his head". By saying this, he meant that he felt Antuofermo butted him many times during the contest. After winning one more fight and losing another one, <mask> decided to retire for the first time in 1981. Inspired by the relative success of his much younger brother Osvaldo, a contender during the late 1980s, however, <mask> attempted a comeback during 1988. He made some headlines after winning his first two bouts, but he lost three of his next four bouts, with one draw.On September 16 of '88 he lost to another famous Argentine boxer, Juan Roldán, by knockout in round one. After losing by knockout in four rounds to <mask> Corti on February 17 of 1989, <mask> retired from boxing for good. <mask> had one fight in Chile. He never boxed in the United States as a professional. <mask> had a record of 50 wins, 7 losses and 2 draws as a professional boxer, with 29 wins by way of knockout. On June 15, 2007, he died after suffering from an acute liver disease. Professional boxing record

See also
List of middleweight boxing champions
List of WBA world champions
List of WBC world champions

References

External links

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1953 births
2007 deaths
People from Mendoza Province
Middleweight boxers
World boxing champions
Deaths from liver disease
Argentine male

masks:
Corro
Corro
Corro
Corro
Hugo
Hugo Antonio
Corro
Corro
Corro


title: Cornelius Walford

texts: <mask> (1827–1885), was an English writer on insurance. <mask>, born in Curtain Road, London, on 2 April 1827, was the eldest of five sons of <mask> (d. 1883) of Park House Farm, near Coggeshall, Essex, who married Mary Amelia Osborn of Pentonville. He is said to have been for a short time at Felsted School. At the age of fifteen he became clerk to Mr. Pattisson, solicitor at Witham, where he acquired much experience in the tenure and rating of land. He was appointed assistant secretary of the Witham building society, and, having in early life acquired a knowledge of shorthand, he acted as local correspondent of the Essex Standard. About 1848 he settled at Witham as insurance inspector and agent. Walford was in 1857 elected an associate, and on a later date a fellow, of the Institute of Actuaries.About 1857 he joined the Statistical Society, and was for some time on its council. He published in parts, and anonymously, in 1857 his 'Insurance Guide and Handbook,' which was pirated and had a large sale in America (2nd edit. 1867, with his name on the title-page). In 1858 he was admitted a student of the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar in Michaelmas term 1860. It was his intention to practise at the parliamentary bar, and he joined Messrs. Chadwick and Adamson; but the connection was soon dissolved, though he continued to give legal opinions on insurance questions. About this time <mask> became connected with the Accidental Death Insurance Company. Of its successor, the Accident Insurance Company, he was a director from 1866 until his death, and for a year or two he

masks:
Cornelius Walford
Walford
Cornelius Wford
Walford


title: Cornelius Walford

texts: acted as manager.About 1862 he was a director of the East London Bank. In that year he was made manager of the Unity Fire and Life Office, but could not succeed in resuscitating it, and in 1863 the business was taken over by the Briton office, <mask> being appointed its liquidator. In 1861 he paid the first of many visits to the United States. He brought out in 1870 an 'Insurance Year Book.' In the latter year he was appointed manager of the New York Insurance Company for Europe. His great literary labour was his 'Insurance Cyclopædia,' a compilation of immense labour, expected to occupy ten large octavo volumes. The first volume is dated in 1871; the fifth, and last complete, volume came out in 1878, and each of them contained about six hundred pages (see Times, 2 January 1878).One further part only was issued, concluding with an essay on 'Hereditary Diseases;' but large materials were left for the remaining volumes. In 1875 <mask> became a fellow of the Historical Society; in 1881 he was elected a vice-president, and he was its vice-chairman during the quarrels that all but led to its disruption. From 1877 to 1881 he read papers before it—the most important of his contributions being an 'Outline History of the Hanseatic League,' reprinted from volume ix. in 1881 for private circulation. He continued his addresses to the Institute of Actuaries and the Statistical Society, two of his papers on 'The Famines of the World Past and Present,' which he read before the last society, being reprinted in 1879. The article on 'Famines' in the new edition of the 'Encyclopædia

masks: Walford Walford


title: Cornelius Walford

texts:
 Britannica' was also from his pen. He was a member of the executive council of international law, and read papers to the members at their meeting in London in 1879.<mask> had projected in 1877 'A New General Catalogue of English Literature,' and in that and succeeding years dangled the project before the Library Association. But the enterprise collapsed with the reprint of his paper on 'Some Practical Points in its Preparation.' An undertaking more feasible in scope was his proposed 'Cyclopædia of Periodical Literature of Great Britain and Ireland from the Earliest Period,' which he purposed compiling in conjunction with Dr. Westby-Gibson. In 1883 he issued an outline of the scheme. But no part of the collections was published. In 1879 <mask> issued a 'History of Gilds,' reprinted from volume v. of the 'Insurance Cyclopædia,' and in 1881 his paper before the Statistical Society on 'Deaths from Accident, Negligence, &c.' was published separately. He printed for private circulation in 1882 a treatise on 'Kings' Briefs: their Purposes and History,’ and began in the same year in the ‘Antiquarian Magazine’ an expansion of his treatise on ‘Gilds.’ These papers were not finished at the time of his death, but the complete volume, entitled ‘Gilds: their Origin, Constitution, Objects, and Later History,’ was published by his widow in 1888.In 1883 he brought out a book on ‘Fairs Past and Present,’ and in 1884 ‘A Statistical Chronology of Plagues and Pestilences.’

<mask>, who manifested a lifelong interest in shorthand, became, at the close of 1881, president of the newly founded

masks: Walford Walford Walford


title: Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918)

texts:
Princess <mask> of Hesse and by Rhine, later Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna of Russia (, Elizaveta Feodorovna Romanova; canonised as Holy Martyr Elizaveta Feodorovna; 1 November 1864 – 18 July 1918), was a German Hessian and Rhenish princess of the House of <mask>-Darmstadt, and the wife of Grand Duke <mask> of Russia, the fifth son of Emperor <mask> of Russia and Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine. She was also a maternal great-aunt of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, the consort of Queen Elizabeth II. A granddaughter of Queen Victoria and an older sister of <mask>, the last Russian Empress, Elizaveta became famous in Russian society for her beauty and charitable works among the poor. After the Socialist Revolutionary Party's Combat Organization assassinated her husband with a bomb in 1905, Elizaveta publicly forgave Sergei's murderer, Ivan Kalyayev, and campaigned without success for him to be pardoned. She then departed the Imperial Court and became a nun, founding the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent dedicated to helping the downtrodden of Moscow. In 1918 she was arrested and ultimately murdered by the Bolsheviks. In 1981 <mask> was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, and in 1992 by the Moscow Patriarchate.Princess of Hesse

<mask> was born on 1 November 1864 as the second child of Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, and Princess Alice, daughter of Queen Victoria. Though she came from one of the oldest and noblest houses in Germany, <mask> and her family lived a rather modest life by royal standards. The children swept the floors and cleaned their own rooms, while their mother sewed dresses

masks:
Elisabeth
Hesse
Sergei Alexandrovich
Alexander II
Alexandra
Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Elisabeth


texts:
 herself for the children. During the Austro-Prussian War, Princess Alice often took <mask> with her while visiting wounded soldiers in a nearby hospital. In this relatively happy and secure environment, <mask> grew up surrounded by English domestic habits, and English became her first language. Later in life, she would tell a friend that, within her family, she and her siblings spoke English to their mother and German to their father. In the autumn of 1878, diphtheria swept through the Hesse household, killing <mask>'s youngest sister, Marie, on 16 November, as well as her mother Alice on 14 December.<mask> had been sent away to her paternal grandmother's home at the beginning of the outbreak and she was the only member of her family to remain unaffected. When she was finally allowed to return home, she described the meeting as "terribly sad" and said that everything was "like a horrible dream". Admirers and suitors

Charming and with a very accommodating personality, <mask> was considered by many historians and contemporaries to be one of the most beautiful women in Europe at that time. Her cousin Princess Marie of Edinburgh wrote that "one could never take one's eyes off [Ella]" and that Ella's features were "exquisite beyond words, it almost brought tears to your eyes." Her older cousin Prince Wilhelm of Prussia called her "exceedingly beautiful, in fact she is the most beautiful girl I ever saw." Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden, her sister's lady-in-waiting, reflected that she was "a very pretty girl, tall and fair, with regular features." As a young woman, <mask>'s cousin, Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, fell in love

masks: Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth


texts:
 with her.In April 1875, the 16-year-old Wilhelm visited Darmstadt to celebrate Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine's 12th birthday and first expressed interest in the 11-year-old <mask>. He wrote in a letter to his mother that "if God grants that I may live till then I shall make her my bride once if you allow it." When he was a student at Bonn University, he often visited his Aunt Alice and his Hessian relatives on the weekends. During these frequent visits, he fell in love with <mask>, writing numerous love poems and regularly sending them to her. He proposed to <mask> in 1878, but she rejected him. Lord Charles Montagu, the second son of the 7th Duke of Manchester courted her unsuccessfully. Henry Wilson, later a distinguished soldier, vied unsuccessfully for <mask>'s hand.The future Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden, Wilhelm's first cousin, proposed to <mask>. Queen Victoria described him as "so good and steady", with "such a safe and happy position," that when <mask> declined to marry him the Queen "deeply regretted it". Frederick's grandmother, the Empress Augusta, was so furious at <mask>'s rejection of Frederick that it took some time for her to forgive <mask>. Other admirers included:

Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia (the poet KR), who wrote a poem about her first arrival in Russia and the general impression she made to all the people present at the time. Prince Felix Yusupov considered her a second mother, and stated in his memoirs that she helped him greatly during the most difficult moments of his life. As a young girl, Queen Marie of Romania was very fascinated with her cousin

masks: Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth


texts:
 Ella. In her memoirs, she wrote that "her beauty and sweetness was a thing of dreams."The French Ambassador to the Russian court, Maurice Paleologue, wrote in his memoirs how <mask> was capable of arousing what he described as "profane passions". Ultimately, it was a grand duke of Russia who would win <mask>'s heart; <mask>'s great-aunt, Empress <mask>na of Russia, was a frequent visitor to Hesse. During these visits, she was usually accompanied by her youngest sons, Sergei and Paul. <mask> had known them since they were children, and she initially viewed them as haughty and reserved. Sergei, especially, was a very serious young man, intensely religious, and he found himself attracted to <mask> after seeing her as a young woman for the first time in several years. At first, Sergei made little impression on <mask>. But after the death of both of his parents within a year of each other, <mask> sympathised with Sergei because she had felt this same grief after the death of her mother.Their other similarities (both were artistic and religious) drew them closer together. It was said that Sergei was especially attached to <mask> because she had the same character as his beloved mother. So when Sergei proposed to her for the second time, she accepted—much to the chagrin of her grandmother Queen Victoria. Grand Duchess of Russia

Sergei and <mask> married on 15 (3) June 1884, at the Chapel of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg; upon her conversion to Russian Orthodoxy, she took the name Elizaveta Feodorovna. It was at the wedding that Sergei's 16-year-old nephew, Tsarevich Nicholas, first met his future wife, <mask>'s

masks:
Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Maria Alexandrov
Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Elisabeth


texts: youngest surviving sister Alix. Elizaveta was not legally required to convert to Russian Orthodoxy from her native Lutheran religion, but she voluntarily chose to do so in 1891. Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, <mask>'s Lutheran sister-in-law who had not converted to Russian Orthodoxy, insisted that it was "a disgrace for a German Protestant princess to go over to the Orthodox faith."Kaiser Wilhelm II, who had once been in love with her, declared that she converted because of "an inordinate pursuit of popularity, a desire to improve her position at court, a great lack of intelligence, and also a want of true religiousness." The new Grand Duchess made a good first impression on her husband's family and the Russian people. "Everyone fell in love with her from the moment she came to Russia from her beloved Darmstadt", wrote one of Sergei's cousins. The couple settled in the Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace in St. Petersburg; after Sergei was appointed Governor-General of Moscow by his elder brother, Tsar <mask> III, in 1892, they resided in one of the Kremlin palaces. During the summer, they stayed at Ilyinskoe, an estate outside Moscow that Sergei had inherited from his mother. The couple never had children of their own, but their Ilyinskoe estate was usually filled with parties that <mask> organized especially for children. They eventually became the foster parents of Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich and Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, Sergei's niece and nephew.Elizaveta was somewhat instrumental in the marriage of her nephew-by-marriage, Tsar Nicholas II, to her youngest sister Alix. Much to the dismay of Queen

masks: Elisabeth Alexander Elisabeth


texts:
 Victoria, Elizaveta had been encouraging Nicholas, then tsarevich, in his pursuit of Alix. When Nicholas did propose to Alix in 1894, and Alix rejected him on the basis of her refusal to convert to Orthodoxy, it was Elizaveta who spoke with Alix and encouraged her to convert. When Nicholas proposed to her again, a few days later, Alix then accepted. On 17 February 1905, Sergei was assassinated in the Kremlin by the Socialist-Revolutionary Ivan Kalyayev. The event came as a terrible shock to Elizaveta, but she never lost her calm. It was as if her prophecy had come true that "God will punish us severely" which she made after the Grand Duke expelled 20,000 Jews from Moscow, by simply surrounding thousands of families' houses with soldiers and expelling the Jews without any notice overnight out of their homes and the city.Her niece Marie later recalled that her aunt's face was "pale and stricken rigid" and she would never forget her expression of infinite sadness. In her rooms, said Marie, <mask> "let herself fall weakly into an armchair...her eyes dry and with the same peculiar fixity of gaze, she looked straight into space, and said nothing." As visitors came and went, she looked without ever seeming to see them. Throughout the day of her husband's murder, Elizaveta refused to cry. But Marie recalled how her aunt slowly abandoned her rigid self-control, finally breaking down into sobs. Many of her family and friends feared that she would suffer a nervous breakdown, but she quickly recovered her equanimity. According to Edvard Radzinsky,

Elizaveta spent all the days before the burial in ceaseless prayer.On her


texts:
 husband's tombstone she wrote: 'Father, release them, they know not what they do.' She understood the words of the Gospels heart and soul, and on the eve of the funeral she demanded to be taken to the prison where Kalyayev was being held. Brought into his cell, she asked, 'Why did you kill my husband?' 'I killed <mask>ich because he was a weapon of tyranny. I was taking revenge for the people.' 'Do not listen to your pride. Repent... and I will beg the Sovereign to give you your life.I will ask him for you. I myself have already forgiven you.' On the eve of revolution, she had already found a way out; forgiveness! Forgive through the impossible pain and blood -- and thereby stop it then, at the beginning, this bloody wheel. By her example, poor Ella appealed to society, calling upon the people to live in Christian faith. 'No!" replied Kalyayev.'I do not repent. I must die for my deed and I will... My death will be more useful to my cause than <mask>'s death.' Kalyayev was sentenced to death. 'I am pleased with your sentence,' he told the judges. 'I hope that you will carry it out just as openly and publicly as I carried out the sentence of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. Learn to look the advancing revolution right in the face.' Kalyayev was hanged on 23 May 1905.In 1915 the All-Russian Zemstvo Union was organised under her auspices to provide support for sick and injured soldiers during the First World War. Religious life

After Sergei's death, Elizaveta wore mourning clothes and became a vegetarian. In 1909, she sold off her magnificent collection of jewels and other luxurious possessions; even her wedding

masks:
Sergei Alexandrov
Sergei Alexandrovich


texts:
 ring was not spared. With the proceeds she opened the Convent of Saints Martha and Mary and became its abbess. She soon opened a hospital, chapel, pharmacy and orphanage on its grounds. <mask> and her fellow nuns worked tirelessly among the poor and the sick of Moscow. She often visited Moscow's worst slums and did all she could to help alleviate the suffering of the poor.For many years, Elizaveta's institution helped the poor and the orphans in Moscow by fostering the prayer and charity of devout women. In 1916, Elizaveta had what was to be her final meeting with her sister <mask>, the tsarina, at Tsarskoye Selo. While the meeting took place in private, the tutor to the tsar's children apparently recalled that the discussion included Elizaveta expressing her concerns over the influence that Grigori Rasputin had over <mask> and the imperial court, and begging her to heed the warnings of both herself and other members of the imperial family. In 2010 a historian claimed that Elizaveta may have been aware that the murder of Rasputin was to take place and secondly, she knew who was going to commit it when she wrote a letter and sent it to the Tsar and two telegrams to Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich and her friend Zinaida Yusupova. The telegrams, which were written the night of the murder, reveal that the Grand Duchess was aware of who the murderers were before that information had been released to the public, and she stated that she felt that the killing was a "patriotic act." Death
In 1918, Vladimir Lenin ordered the Cheka to arrest Elizaveta. They then exiled her first to Perm, then to Yekaterinburg, where she spent a

masks: Elisabeth Alexandra Alexandra


texts:
 alight, upon which Ryabov posted a guard over the site and departed. Early on 18 July 1918, the leader of the Alapayevsk Cheka, Abramov, and the head of the Yekaterinburg Regional Soviet, Beloborodov, who had been involved in the murder of the Imperial Family, exchanged a number of telegrams in a pre-arranged plan saying that the school had been attacked by an "unidentified gang". A month later, Alapayevsk fell to the White Army of Admiral <mask>.Lenin welcomed Elizaveta's death, remarking that "virtue with the crown on it is a greater enemy to the world revolution than a hundred tyrant tsars". Legacy

Fate of the remains
On 8 October 1918, White Army soldiers discovered the remains of Elizaveta and her companions, still within the shaft where they had been murdered. Despite having lain there for almost three months, the bodies were in relatively good condition. Most were thought to have died slowly from injuries or starvation, rather than the subsequent fire. Elizaveta had died of wounds sustained in her fall into the mine, but before her death had still found strength to bandage the head of the dying Prince Ioann with her wimple. With the Red Army approaching, their remains were removed further east and buried in the cemetery of the Russian Orthodox Mission in Peking (now Beijing), China. In 1921, the bodies of <mask> and of Sister Barbara (Varvara Yakovleva), one of her nuns, were taken to Jerusalem, where they were laid to rest in the Church of Mary Magdalene at Gethsemane.The Russian Orthodox Mission in Beijing was demolished in 1957 and its cemetery paved over as a parking lot in 1986.

masks:
Alexander Kolk
Elisabeth


texts:
 Canonisation
Elizaveta was canonised by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in 1981, and in 1992 by the Moscow Patriarchate as Holy Martyr Elizaveta Feodorovna. Her principal shrines are the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent she founded in Moscow, and the Saint Mary Magdalene Convent on the Mount of Olives, which she and her husband helped build, and where her relics (along with those of Nun Barbara (Varvara Yakovleva, her former maid) are enshrined. Commemoration
She is one of the ten 20th-century martyrs from across the world who are depicted in statues above the Great West Door of Westminster Abbey, London, England, and she is also represented in the restored nave screen installed at St Albans Cathedral in April 2015. A statue of Elizaveta was erected in the garden of her convent in Moscow after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Its inscription reads: "To the Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna: With Repentance." Rehabilitation
On 8 June 2009, the Prosecutor General of Russia officially posthumously rehabilitated Elizaveta Feodorovna, along with other Romanovs: <mask>ich, Sergei Mikhailovich, Ioann Konstantinovich, Konstantin Konstantinovich and Igor Konstantinovich."All of these people were subjected to repression in the form of arrest, deportation and being held by the Cheka without charge," said a representative of the office. Honours
 : Dame of the Order of the Golden Lion, 1 January 1883
 : Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St. Catherine, 1884
 :
 Queen Victoria Golden Jubilee Medal, 1887
 Royal Order of Victoria and Albert, 2nd Class

Ancestry

See also
Canonization of the Romanovs

Notes

Further reading


title: Adam Driver

texts: <mask> (born November 19, 1983) is an American actor. He is the recipient of various accolades, including the Venice Film Festival Volpi Cup for Best Actor, in addition to nominations for a Tony Award, two Academy Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, four Primetime Emmy Awards, and four Screen Actors Guild Awards. Martin Scorsese has called <mask> "one of the finest, if not the finest" actors of his generation. <mask> made his Broadway debut in Mrs. Warren's Profession (2010) and subsequently appeared in Man and Boy (2011). He rose to prominence with a supporting role in the HBO comedy-drama series Girls (2012–2017), for which he received three consecutive Primetime Emmy nominations. <mask> began his film career in supporting roles in Steven Spielberg's Lincoln (2012), Noah Baumbach's Frances Ha (2012), and the Coen Brothers' Inside Llewyn Davis (2013). He won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor for his lead role in the drama Hungry Hearts (2014) and starred as a poet in Jim Jarmusch's Paterson (2016), the missionary in Scorsese's religious epic Silence (2016), and Steven Soderbergh's heist comedy Logan Lucky (2017).<mask> gained wider recognition for playing Ben Solo / Kylo Ren in the Star Wars sequel trilogy (2015–2019). In 2019, he returned to theater in the Broadway revival of Burn This, for which he was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play. He garnered consecutive Academy Award nominations; Best Supporting Actor for Spike Lee's BlacKkKlansman (2018), and Best Actor for Noah Baumbach's Marriage Story (2019). In 2021, he starred in the musical Annette and two films directed by Ridley Scott, the medieval drama The Last Duel and the crime drama House of Gucci. <mask> is a veteran of the U.S. Marine Corps. He is also the founder of Arts in the Armed Forces, a non-profit that provides free arts programming to American active-duty service members, veterans, military support staff, and

masks:
Adam Douglas Driver
Driver
Driver
Driver
Driver
Driver


title: Adam Driver

texts:
 their families worldwide. Early life

<mask> was born on November 19, 1983, in San Diego, California, the son of Nancy Wright (née Needham), a paralegal, and Joe Douglas <mask>.He has Dutch, English, German, Irish and Scottish ancestry. His father's family is from Arkansas and his mother's family is from Indiana. His stepfather, Rodney G. Wright, is a minister at a Baptist church. When <mask> was seven years old, he moved with his older sister and mother to his mother's hometown Mishawaka, Indiana, where he graduated from Mishawaka High School in 2001. <mask> was raised Baptist, and sang in the choir at church. <mask> has described his teenage self as a "misfit"; he told M Magazine that he climbed radio towers, set objects on fire, and co-founded a fight club with friends, inspired by the 1999 film Fight Club. After high school, he worked as a door-to-door salesman selling Kirby vacuum cleaners and as a telemarketer for a basement waterproofing company and Ben Franklin Construction.He applied to the Juilliard School for drama but was not accepted. Shortly after the September 11 attacks, <mask> enlisted in the United States Marine Corps. He was assigned to Weapons Company, 1st Battalion, 1st Marines as an 81mm mortar man. He served for two years and eight months before fracturing his sternum while mountain biking, just before his unit was shipped to Iraq. He was medically discharged with the rank of Lance Corporal. Subsequently, <mask> attended the University of Indianapolis for a year before auditioning again for Juilliard, this time succeeding. He got the news he was accepted while at work at the Target Distribution Center in Indianapolis.<mask> has said that his classmates saw him as an intimidating and volatile figure, and he struggled to fit into a lifestyle so different from the Marines. He was a member of the Drama Division's Group 38 from 2005 to 2009, where he met his future wife, Joanne Tucker. He graduated with a

masks: Driver Driver Driver Driver Driver Driver Driver Driver