title: Arthur J. Finkelstein

texts:
 on issues. D'Amato remained a champion fundraiser and the committee found new legal ways to deliver assistance to Senate campaigns and local parties. The NRSC paid particular attention to blunting the wave of millionaire political unknowns (e.g., Tom Bruggere in Oregon, Elliott Close in South Carolina) recruited that year by the Democrats. It shored up many endangered incumbents, including Bob Smith (New Hampshire), <mask> (Virginia), 75-year-old <mask> (North Carolina) and 94-year-old Strom Thurmond (South Carolina). On Election Night, as Clinton defeated Dole by nearly 9 points and Gingrich's House Republicans lost a net 8 seats, Senate Republicans won open seats in Alabama, Arkansas and Nebraska, while losing South Dakota. In a poor GOP year, the D'Amato-Finkelstein NRSC had gained a net 2 seats (and narrowly missed another gain in the Max Cleland - Guy Millner race in Georgia).<mask> was not a consultant to the Dole Presidential campaign, despite his closeness to several of its top staffers. But, in the election's waning days, Time magazine reporter Erik Pooley detected the New Yorker's influence on strategy, writing:

For <mask>, this week might have been a vindication: Bob Dole finally started labeling Bill Clinton a "spend-and-tax liberal," using a crude but often effective strategy known as "Finkel-think" by some Dole advisers, because the secretive Republican strategist has been deploying it on behalf of his clients for 20 years ... These days, Finkelstein is exercising a kind of remote control. The Senator's latest brain trust is dominated by "Arthur's Boys" ... And Dole is rushing around the country

masks:
John Warner
Jesse Helms
Finkelstein
Arthur Finkelstein


title: Arthur J. Finkelstein

type: original

texts: chanting the Finkelstein mantra. "Liberal! Liberal! Liberal!"he cried in St. Louis, Missouri. His own statewide clients in 1996 showed a mixed record, with Senator Larry Pressler (South Dakota) and ex-Senator Rudy Boschwitz (Minnesota) both losing, albeit in close races. Bob Smith survived with a 49% plurality win. New Jersey Congressman Dick Zimmer was defeated in his Senate bid against Robert Torricelli.Earlier in 1996, he also helped Benjamin Netanyahu oust Shimon Peres as Prime Minister of Israel in a close upset. According to The Jerusalem Post, "<mask> was largely responsible for the strategy that brought Netanyahu victory in the 1996 general elections." According to the Times of Israel, "<mask> was behind the "Peres will divide Jerusalem" slogan that helped Netanyahu overcome Shimon Peres who had been forecast to sweep to power in the wake of the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin the previous November. That election was credited with changing the tone of Israeli campaigns, bringing more American-style, aggressive and negative campaigning to Israel."But his expertise helped in subtler ways as well; biographer Neill Lochery wrote in 2016 that Finkelstein was behind such ideas as dyeing Netanyahu's salt-and-pepper hair gray to give him a more statesmanlike appearance. <mask> of The Jerusalem Post, a harsh critic of Finkelstein and Netanyahu, called the strategist "the brains behind Netanyahu's first election victory in 1996. Netanyahu's campaign back then, from which he has never wavered, was that you're either for him or an enemy of the people. His campaign slogan at the time, 'Netanyahu is good for the Jews,'

masks:
Finkelstein
Finkelstein
Jeff Barak


title: Arthur J. Finkelstein

texts: encapsulated this. By implication, if you're not for Netanyahu then you're not good for the Jews, and therefore an enemy. And if Netanyahu is good for the Jews, then this also not-so-subtly hints that Netanyahu's bad for the Arabs, regardless of the fact that they are supposedly citizens of equal standing who comprise around 20% of the country's population." But <mask>'s greatest personal challenge that year came with the August issue of Boston magazine, which revealed his private life as a homosexual; the ostensible excuse for the outing was that several Finkelstein clients had voted against gay-rights measures in Congress, and his work to elect them was therefore inconsistent and/or hypocritical.In September, D'Amato said, "I don't think a person's sexual orientation, his private life — a person's private life should be brought up and I think the question is offensive, it's wrong. He's a wonderful, decent person and whatever his sexual orientation is, that's his business." <mask>'s next two years anchored him again in New York, for the simultaneous re-election campaigns of Senator D'Amato and Governor Pataki in 1998. The contests were as different as the candidates themselves, with the calm, earnest Pataki winning high approval ratings and discouraging stronger Democrats from challenging him. New Yorkers' approval of Republican executives was signaled with the landslide re-election of Giuliani as Mayor in November 1997. <mask> crafted a highly positive campaign for Pataki, focusing on fulfillment of promises from 1994 (e.g., tax cuts) and policy innovations (the STAR tax program for seniors) Raising $21 million,

masks: Finkelstein Finkelstein Finkelstein


title: Arthur J. Finkelstein

texts: Pataki defeated New York City Council President Peter Vallone by 21 percentage points, polling 54.3%, the largest share by a Republican for Governor since Nelson Rockefeller in 1958. D'Amato was another matter; since his narrow victory in 1992, his profile had grown more partisan Republican in this still-heavily Democratic state.Summoning First Lady Hillary Clinton to testify before his Senate committee in 1995, and aggressive campaigning for Dole in 1996, damaged D'Amato in a state where Bill Clinton crushed the Kansan by nearly 2-to-1 (59.5% to 30.6%), doubling his 1992 margin over Bush. D'Amato's decision to divorce his wife after a long separation and announce his engagement to a young socialite did not help his favorable ratings, while others recalled his mock-Japanese impression of O. J. Simpson case Judge Lance Ito in 1995 (for which he was forced to apologize on the Senate floor). D'Amato raised a record $26 million for the 1998 campaign, and <mask> went to work early shoring up his client's "Senator Pothole" image of close attention to local needs and the problems of individual New Yorkers (as he had done successfully in 1992). State polls showed a swing back to such issues as health care and social concerns, which needed to be addressed. The tagline of these ads: "Al D'Amato Cares, Al D'Amato Makes a Difference, Al D'Amato Gets Things Done." The Democratic primary was ultimately between Queens politician Geraldine Ferraro and U.S. Representative Charles Schumer of Brooklyn. <mask> prepared for both eventualities.When Schumer won by a surprisingly large margin, he immediately began ads that raised questions

masks: Finkelstein Finkelstein


title: Arthur J. Finkelstein

texts:
 about the candidate's work ethic. (As Congressman, Schumer had missed an inordinate number of committee meetings.) The unexpected line of attack stymied the Democrat in late September and early October, and despite his weaknesses D'Amato gamely held onto a lead. All this collapsed in late October, after a remarkable show of hubris and bad judgment at a closed-door meeting with Jewish supporters in Brooklyn. First, D'Amato did a waddling impression of then-obese Democratic U.S. Rep. <mask> Nadler. Later in the meeting, he referred to Schumer as a "putzhead" (a mangling of the Yiddish vulgarism "putz"). He later denied using this characterization, during questions from reporters (but was swiftly contradicted by his own supporters, present at the meeting, including Ed Koch).Film of the denial was turned into a Schumer TV ad within days. <mask>'s tracking survey the night of D'Amato's "putzhead" comment showed the senator leading Schumer by 10 points with two weeks to go. But the meltdown was quick and decisive, especially among Jewish voters, with Schumer's ads relentlessly driving the message of D'Amato's dishonesty and dislikeability. The Democrat's closing tagline was itself a homage to Finkelstein: "D'Amato: Too many lies for too long." Schumer won, 54.6% to 44.1%—a 20-point turnaround. In other races that year, Sen. Lauch Faircloth—who had earlier replaced <mask> for his 1998 reelection campaign in North Carolina — brought him back into the fold in the closing weeks of the race. (Faircloth ultimately lost a close contest to Democrat <mask>.)Later clients and campaigns, 1999–2017
International
In the 2000s,

masks:
Jerrold
Finkelstein
Finkelstein
John Edwards


title: Arthur J. Finkelstein

texts:
 Finkelstein spent more time working overseas than in previous decades, with clients in Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Kosovo, Ukraine and Azerbaijan (the last, in coordination with George Birnbaum.) He continued to consult in Israeli elections, working again for Benjamin Netanyahu   in 1999, Ariel Sharon (whom he helped become Prime Minister in 2001), and finally Avigdor Lieberman and his Yisrael Beytenu party. Florida
Having twice steered Connie Mack III to Senate victories in 1988 and 1994, <mask> was in demand for the 2000 Florida contest upon Mack's retirement. His candidate was 10-term Congressman Bill McCollum, and he helped clear the Republican field early in anticipation of a tough general election against Insurance Commissioner Bill Nelson. It was a nail-biter with many echoes of the 1988 Senate campaign, but with a different outcome. As enthusiasm among Republican voters faltered in the final days (after revelations of George W. Bush's 1976 DUI conviction), GOP coattails and McCollum's slim lead disappeared, and Nelson was elected, 51% to 46%. McCollum ran for the other Florida Senate seat on Democrat Bob Graham's retirement in 2004, but succumbed to eventual Senator Mel Martinez after low fundraising allowed the challenger to overcome his early lead.But McCollum was more successful in 2006, when he was the consensus GOP choice for Attorney General, and defeated Democrat Skip Campbell, 52.7% to 47.3%, polling well in a poor year for Republicans. In 2009 and 2010, <mask> helmed McCollum's campaign for Florida Governor, where he was the favorite of the state's GOP Establishment. These


title: Arthur J. Finkelstein

texts:
 plans were upended by the surprise candidacy of wealthy businessman Rick Scott, whose bottomless spending that year ($75 million from his personal coffers) led to a furious contest for the nomination. McCollum fought gamely, but lost the bid to Scott, 43.5% to 46.3%, who went on to win election to the Statehouse that November against Democrat Alex Sink. A 2004 open seat in Florida's 14th Congressional District allowed Finkelstein to help create a political dynasty, as he steered State Rep. Connie Mack IV to a narrow victory in a four-way primary, then general-election wins in 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010. Finkelstein served as strategist for Mack's Senate campaign in 2012; a late entrant in the primary, the Congressman won the GOP nomination with 58%, but was defeated by incumbent Bill Nelson by a million votes in the Obama re-election year. (Mack IV later became a lobbyist, whose clients included the government of Hungary, whose leader Viktor Orbán was a leading Finkelstein client in the 2010s.)New York
Pataki's third gubernatorial campaign, in 2002, provided some fresh challenges to Finkelstein, including a contest for the Conservative Party of New York State nomination, a still-shrinking Republican base, and a strong third-party challenge from millionaire B. Thomas Golisano, running again on the Independence Party line. <mask> positioned Pataki as an economic conservative but far more moderate on social and spending issues than in previous campaigns. This shift won the endorsement of influential union leaders such as Dennis Rivera and Randi Weingarten. Pataki enjoyed a 15-point victory, polling 48.3% to 32.7% for


title: Arthur J. Finkelstein

texts: state Comptroller H. Carl McCall, and 14% for Golisano. <mask> tried to make use of Pataki's likely coattails by helming the campaign of David Cornstein for the state Comptroller slot being vacated by McCall. Cornstein, a successful businessman and Giuliani's appointed chief of Off-Track Betting, brought personal resources and a strong finance team to the table. He was a longtime ally of both the Mayor and Governor, with a City/Long Island base and unusual appeal as a Jewish Republican running as a moderate-conservative.But party regulars instead fell in decisively behind former Upstate Assemblyman <mask>, a onetime legislative leader for the GOP minority, and Cornstein abandoned his run in 2001. (Faso further failed to expand his appeal beyond the limited Republican base, losing with 46.5% in November 2002; in his subsequent 2006 bid for Governor of New York, Eliot Spitzer crushed him, Faso polling just 29.2%.) In 2017, Cornstein was named U.S. Ambassador to Hungary. Back in New York, Finkelstein in April 2005, Finkelstein announced the organization of Stop Her Now, a 527 committee dedicated to defeating then-Senator Hillary Clinton in the 2006 New York U.S. Senate race. Clinton sailed to an easy re-election, and the PAC was not a factor in the contest. In the titanic struggle over new stadium construction on Manhattan's West Side, <mask> was hired to defeat the proposal by Cablevision, MSG and its allies; they ultimately prevailed, and the new Yankee Stadium was instead built in the Bronx, next to the old ballfield site, opening in 2009.It was the only time that the Finkelstein firm filed disclosure forms as a

masks:
Finkelstein
John Faso
Finkelstein


title: Arthur J. Finkelstein

texts:
 lobbyist (the filer was <mask>, not <mask>). Finkelstein advised former Congressman Rick Lazio during his campaign for the 2010 Republican nomination for New York Governor. : Lazio lost the GOP nomination contest to businessman Carl Paladino. North Carolina
<mask> continued to partner with Carter Wrenn on Tar Heel State races after the demise of the National Congressional Club. In 2000, former Charlotte mayor (and UNC basketball star) Richard Vinroot sought the Governorship, to succeed the term-limited Democrat <mask>. Vinroot won a contested fight for the GOP nomination, but the drop in Republican-voter enthusiasm in the closing days (noted above in Florida) hurt here as well, and Vinroot was defeated by Mike Easley, 44.2% to 52.4%. In one of <mask>'s last major races before his death, he worked with Wrenn in 2016 to win a spirited primary fight between two sitting Congressmen -- George Holding and Renee Ellmers.Wrenn had helped Ellmers pull one of the shocking House upsets of the 2010 election, but she abandoned the veteran consultant after her swearing-in and allied herself closely with House GOP leaders. In this primary, Wrenn backed Holding (a former US Attorney he'd guided to victory in 2012 and 2014), after a court-ordered redistricting combined the constituencies of the two suburban-Raleigh members. Aided by Wrenn's management and Finkelstein's polling and advice, Holding crushed Ellmers, 53.4% to 23.6%, and went on to a 56% re-election in November against Democrat <mask>. McNeil. Other States and Presidential
In Delaware, <mask> continued as pollster in 2000 to Senator Bill Roth, but the 30-year lawmaker fell

masks:
Ronald Finkelstein
Arthur
Finkelstein
Jim Hunt
Finkelstein
John P
Finkelstein


title: Arthur J. Finkelstein

texts: to a 56%-44% defeat that November to Thomas Carper. Texas businessman David Dewhurst first approached Finkelstein in 1993 about running for Governor; he advised Dewhurst against challenging George W. Bush, who stormed to victory a year later. In 1998, he shepherded the millionaire to victory for the post of state Land Commissioner, then to two successive wins in 2002 and 2006 for the job of Lieutenant Governor. In 2012, <mask> worked against Dewhurst in the U.S. Senate primary, polling for the campaign of former ESPN broadcaster <mask>.<mask> also served as pollster for the 2004 primary challenge by conservative Pennsylvania Congressman Pat Toomey against moderate incumbent Sen. Arlen Specter, pairing with strategist <mask>. Specter averted defeat narrowly only after massive assistance from the NRSC and Bush White House (and then switched parties after the 2008 election); Toomey was elected to Specter's seat in 2010 and 2016. In 2005, Finkelstein polled for the gubernatorial campaign of Doug Forrester in New Jersey; he was defeated by <mask>. Connie Mack IV's 2007 marriage to Congresswoman Mary Bono led to <mask>'s aiding her sharply contested (but successful) California campaign in November 2008, defeating Democrat <mask> in Obama's triumphant year. Bono finally lost in 2012, after her Riverside County seat was redistricted, falling to Raul Ruiz. <mask> returned to New Hampshire in 2009-10, taking on the insurgent campaign of Bill Binnie for the GOP Senate nomination. Binnie was defeated by former Attorney General Kelly Ayotte, who went on to election that November.In May 2011, Finkelstein told an audience in Prague

masks:
Finkelstein
Craig James
Finkelstein
Jon Lerner
Jon Corzine
Finkelstein
Julie Bornstein
Finkelstein


title: Arthur J. Finkelstein

texts:
 that three presidential candidates had asked him to serve as pollster on their campaign for the 2012 Republican nomination, and he had turned all three down. (He further noted that Ron Paul was not one of those three.) Campaign style and reviews
<mask> was known for his hard-edged political campaigns, which often focused on a single message with great repetition. He is credited with helping to make "liberal" a dirty word in the United States during the late 1980s and 1990s through the use of commercial messages such as this, intended to damage the image of <mask>:

While often successful (as with NCPAC's attacks on seemingly moderate Democrats, or the D'Amato and Pataki campaigns in New York), <mask>'s tactics sometimes backfired – in 1996, his repeated attacks against Minnesota U.S. Senator Paul Wellstone (calling him "Embarrassingly liberal. Decades out of touch.") may have helped galvanize Wellstone's liberal grass-roots base.Republican Sen. Rod Grams eventually condemned <mask>'s negative ads against Wellstone as excessive; however, his client (former Sen. Rudy Boschwitz) came closer that year than any GOP challenger to defeating a Democratic incumbent. <mask> refused the notion he engaged in negative campaigning, a phrase he said connotes false accusations: "It just means that you speak about the failings of your opponent as opposed to the virtues of your candidate"—a strategy he called "rejectionist voting"—a formula based on slogans that disparaged adversaries. Time magazine in October 1996 reported the Liberal-branding strategy was dubbed "Finkel-think" by leading Bob Dole advisers, and the presidential

masks:
Finkelstein
Jack Reed
Finkelstein
Finkelstein
Finkelstein


title: Arthur J. Finkelstein

texts:
 nominee was (belatedly) employing it against President Bill Clinton. Political scientist Darrell M. West, in 1996 said ". . .He uses a sledgehammer in every race ... I've detected five phrases he uses — ultraliberal, superliberal, embarrassingly liberal, foolishly liberal and unbelievably liberal." Philip Friedman, a Manhattan consultant who got his start working for Finkelstein's frequent Democratic rival David Garth, described the pollster as "the ultimate sort of Dr. Strangelove, who believes you can largely disregard what the politicians are going to say and do, what the newspapers are going to do, and create a simple and clear and often negative message, which, repeated often enough, can bring you to victory". Republican strategist Roger Ailes, who worked with Finkelstein on numerous races in the 1980s, described "Art" as "a polling guy with creative talents",

<mask>, chairman of Oppenheimer Funds, characterized him as "basically sort of a mad scientist".Finkelstein polled in Fossel's unsuccessful Republican Congressional campaign in Westchester County in 1982. "We had a knock-down, drag-out over whether busing was an issue in Westchester. His polls told him it was. I said, 'I don't think it is, but if it is, it isn't to me,' and we didn't use it." Carter Wrenn, who worked on Republican campaigns for 44 years with Finkelstein in North Carolina, called him "one of the most creative people I have ever worked with ... He is brilliant in terms of analyzing polls and numbers. He has a unique combination of an analytical and creative mind ...This guy's a workaholic. He must work 18 hours a day ... If you need him, he


title: Arthur J. Finkelstein

texts:
 comes." Tom Ellis, cofounder of the National Congressional Club said "Just knock on his head, and he'll give you an idea." In 1990, Randall Rothenberg of The New York Times documented the rise of political and other ads intended to create controversy (in and of themselves), as well as to persuade. While Roger Ailes was credited by some as pioneering the tactic, "other Washington political hands give credit to <mask>, another Republican consultant, who deployed numerous news-generating commercials in his 1982 work for the National Conservative Political Action Committee." Finkelstein's early style is described in an scholarly account of a Congressional primary race in Arizona, published in 1979 in the "Quarterly Journal of Speech".Finkelstein gave advice to political candidates or elected officials to perform the "dance of the honest man", a metaphor for responding to "questions about transparency, honesty, or integrity" by imagining oneself as a typical, honest voter. Britain's The Daily Telegraph credited Finkelstein with using polling data to pinpoint the division of Jerusalem as an issue over which Israelis would reject a deal with the Palestinians, during the 1996 election in Israel. The newspaper attributed Benjamin Netanyahu's victory in part to Finkelstein's "scare-mongering". Other businesses
Finkelstein's office shared a small building with Diversified Research, a separate but related firm that executes telephone surveys and packages their results for political and business consultants (including some media pollsters). The firm, long based in Irvington, New York, had formerly been located in nearby Mount


title: Arthur J. Finkelstein

texts:
 Kisco. Finkelstein also had interests in Murphy-Powers Media Inc. (whimsically named for two young campaign-manager proteges), and Multi-Media Services (a media-buying firm helmed for years by Tony Fabrizio). "Arthur's Kids"
Over four decades, Finkelstein was responsible for the early hiring and training of many successful Republican consultants, operatives and managers—collectively called "Arthur's Kids" or "Arthur's Boys"—including Tony Fabrizio, Alex Castellanos, <mask>, Craig Shirley, George Birnbaum, Beth Myers, Mitch Bainwol, Ari Fleischer, Carter Wrenn, Tim Kelly, Kieran Mahoney, Zenia Mucha, <mask>, Rick Reed, Patrick Hillmann, <mask>, the pollster brothers <mask> and <mask>, Rob Cole, and Adam Stoll.Others who worked with Finkelstein and have gone on to have successful independent careers include Frank Luntz, Larry Weitzner, Charles R. Black <mask>., Roger Stone, Chris Mottola,<mask>, Barney Keller, Gordon Hensley, and Gary Maloney. Personal life
In 1996, Boston Magazine'' outed <mask> as a homosexual in a feature story. In April 2005, Finkelstein acknowledged that in December 2004, he had married his partner of forty years in a civil ceremony at his home in Massachusetts. Finkelstein was a self-identified libertarian conservative. (He once did polling work for the Free Libertarian Party.) In his final years he increasingly distanced himself personally from social conservative elements within the Republican Party (while nevertheless still working for many conservative candidates). In a 1979 interview, he denied he was "a hard-core right-winger," but noted there was hardly "a serious conservative over the

masks:
James Hartman
Jon Lerner
Jim Murphy
John
Jim McLaughlin
Jr
John Heubusch
Finkelstein


title: Arthur J. Finkelstein

texts:
 last 10 years [i.e.1969-79] whom I haven't been involved with." Finkelstein died of lung cancer on August 18, 2017, aged 72, in Ipswich, Massachusetts. Survivors included his husband, Donald Curiale, of Ipswich and Fort Lauderdale; two daughters, <mask> of Danvers, Mass., <mask> of Alpharetta, Ga.; two brothers; and a granddaughter Maryn BairdKelly. Quotes
 "A crook always beats a fool." (frequent saying)
 VARIANT of above: "When you allow people to choose between the corrupt and the stupid, they will go for the corrupt." (Said in reference to a 2003 Israeli campaign)
 "The most overwhelming fact of politics is what people do not know." (frequent saying)
 "Stupid people say stupid things."(Hebrew language paper Maariv in 1999)
 "I have been criticized for 20 years for running ideologically arched campaigns. I plead guilty. I will continue to run ideologically arched campaigns as long as there are more conservatives than there are liberals, rather than more Democrats than there are Republicans." (Speech to Conservative Political Action Conference, 1991)
 Finkelstein insisted he never lied -- "I do not slander somebody without proof." "In politics, it's what you perceive to be true that's true, not truth. If I tell you one thing is true, you will believe the second thing is true. A good politician will tell you a few things that are true before he will tell you a few things that are untrue, because you will then believe all the things he has said, true and untrue."(2011 speech in Prague)
 "The political center has disappeared, and the Republican Party has become the party of the Christian right more so than in any

masks:
Jennifer Delgado
Molly Finkelstein


title: Arthur J. Finkelstein

texts:
 other period in modern history ... Bush's victory not only establishes the power of the American Christian Right in this candidacy, but in fact established its power to elect the next Republican president." "From now on, anyone who belongs to the Republican Party will automatically find himself in the same group as the opponents of abortion, and anyone who supports abortion will automatically be labeled a Democrat." "She will put off Democrats from the center. In terms of the Republicans, Hillary Clinton is a wonderful candidate for the presidency." (Maariv, 11/04)
 "I think I'm the playwright or the director, and not the actor. And the actors need to be onstage, not the director. And I think it's absurd that people who do what I do become as important, as celebrated, as the ones who are running."Speaking to GOP congressional hopefuls in 1978: "If any of you do get elected, and chances are 19-to-1 you won't ... don't run your own campaign; don't let your spouse do it; and don't listen to the nice lady who praises the brilliance of your speech—she probably was the only one in the audience who thought so." He said Proposition 13 (just passed in California) shouldn't be interpreted as "evidence people want services cut. They want taxes cut," and voters aren't sophisticated enough to understand that one leads to the other. He cited the 1965 New York mayoral campaign of <mask>, elected because "he promised to cut the budget in half and double the services. Four years later, when it was apparent that he had doubled the budget and cut services; Lindsay said, 'Yes, I made a mistake,' but he was re-elected when he promised to


title: Arthur J. Finkelstein

texts:
 help end the Vietnam War." Said in 1979 that there are three kinds of candidates' wives—the wife "who hates politics and refuses to come out of the house," the wife who is reluctant but "will do what she is asked," and the wife "who wants to be the candidate and loves politics more than her husband does." He put Rosalynn Carter and Arlene (Mrs. Phil) Crane in the last category.After being praised for his winning advice in a Nassau County election: "I'm a hero, but the first time a town clerk loses an election after my figures show him winning, I will be over the hill and a bum." Longtime associate George Birnbaum: "I would always say, '<mask>, do you realize how much we're changing history?' He would say, 'I don't know how much we're changing history; we're touching history." In 2011, in one of his last public speeches, he said: "I wanted to change the world. I did this. I made it worse." References

External links

 Romanian journalist Cristi Şuţu photo of Finkelstein
  (2011 Lecture in Prague by Finkelstein)
  (News report in Hungarian concerning Finkelstein and Viktor Orbán)

1945 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American Jews
American political consultants
American libertarians
Businesspeople from Brooklyn
Columbia University alumni
People from East New York, Brooklyn
LGBT businesspeople from the United States
LGBT Jews
LGBT people from New York (state)
LGBT people from Massachusetts
Massachusetts Republicans
Queens College, City University of New York alumni
New York (state) Republicans
Pollsters
People from Irvington, New York
People from Levittown, New York
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from cancer in


title: Kiki Camarena

texts:
Enrique "<mask><mask> (July 26, 1947 – February 9, 1985) was an American intelligence officer for the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). In February 1985 <mask> was kidnapped by drug traffickers hired by Mexican politicians in Guadalajara, Mexico. He was interrogated under torture and murdered. Three leaders of the Guadalajara drug cartel were eventually convicted in Mexico for Camarena's murder. The U.S. investigation into <mask>'s murder led to ten more trials in Los Angeles for other Mexican nationals involved in the crime. The case continues to trouble U.S.–Mexican relations, most recently when one of the three convicted traffickers, Rafael Caro Quintero, was released from a Mexican prison in 2013. Early life and career
<mask> was born on July 26, 1947, in the border city of Mexicali, Mexico.The family—three brothers and three sisters—immigrated to Calexico, California, when Camarena was a child. <mask>'s parents divorced when he was young and the family endured considerable poverty after their move. His oldest brother Eduardo joined the Marines and was killed while serving in Vietnam in 1965. His other brother Ernesto had a troubled police record, including drug problems. Despite the family's difficulties, <mask> graduated from Calexico High School in 1966. After graduating from high school, <mask> joined the Marines. Following his discharge in 1970, he returned to Calexico and joined the police department.From regular police work, he moved on to undercover narcotics work as a Special Agent on the Imperial County Narcotic Task Force (ICNTF). After the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) was established in 1973, it quickly instituted a hiring program for Spanish speaking agents. Both Camarena and his sister Myrna joined the new agency in 1974, Myrna as a secretary and Enrique as a special agent in the DEA's Calexico resident office. In 1977, Camarena transferred to the agency's Fresno field office, where he worked undercover on smuggling activities in the San Joaquin Valley.

masks:
Kiki
" Camarena Salazar
Camarena
Camarena
Enrique Camarena
Camarena
Camarena
Camarena


title: Kiki Camarena

texts:
 Author Elaine Shannon describes Camarena as "a natural in the theater of the street", able to "slip effortlessly into a Puerto Rican accent or toss off Mexican gutter slang—whatever the role demanded." Colleagues described him as driven, even by the standards of job-focused DEA agents. In 1980, a colleague and close friend who had moved from Fresno to the DEA resident office in Guadalajara suggested that Camarena also apply for an assignment at the office, where a position was open.Foreign assignments were important for job advancement in the DEA and the Guadalajara office was seeing a surge in work, foreshadowing the explosion in drug trafficking of the 1980s. By this time, <mask> was married and had three sons. Guadalajara's spring-like weather and the city's American school and favorable exchange rate convinced Camarena and his family that the move would be good for the family as well. Mexican background
American anti-narcotic efforts in Mexico long predate the Camarena case. Mexican heroin and marijuana production became a concern to U.S. drug enforcement by the 1960s, but the first major American joint actions with the Mexican government did not begin until the 1970s. Early anti-narcotic efforts in Mexico
When the French heroin connection was shut down in the early 1970s, Mexico took its place as an important source of American heroin. Mexican marijuana production boomed in the early 1970s as well, and was later a major component of the Guadalajara cartel's production and trafficking.At this point Mexico was not yet a major transshipment point for cocaine, which is produced primarily in the Andean countries of Peru and Bolivia. In response to strong American pressure, and to domestic law enforcement concerns, Mexico began eradication programs of opium and marijuana plantations, with large infusions of U.S. assistance. The first programs were on a smaller scale and used mostly manual eradication, such as "Operation Cooperation" in 1970. As plantation sizes grew, the eradication efforts also grew. In


title: Kiki Camarena

texts:
 foreigners to do so and local officials were free to arrest them for this. DEA agents accredited to the U.S. Embassy in Mexico City had full diplomatic status, but agents in the resident offices did not and could be arrested and imprisoned without any official protections. American law also restricts DEA activities abroad.As a practical result of host country restrictions, DEA policy prohibits agents from doing undercover work abroad. A law is known as the Mansfield amendment, introduced by Senator Mike Mansfield and passed by Congress in 1975, prohibited DEA personnel to even be present at the scene of an arrest outside the U.S. It also banned agents from using force, except where lives were threatened. This later complicated DEA efforts in the investigation of <mask>'s death. Camarena in Guadalajara
By the time <mask> took up his post in Guadalajara in the summer of 1980, drug trafficking in Mexico was on the rise. There were several reasons for this. Under Mexican President José López Portillo, the aerial spotting and eradication endorsed by President Echeverría were curtailed, and American participation in these activities ended in 1978.This made it easier for producers to build the large plantations discovered later in the 1980s and harder to verify that areas identified had actually been sprayed. In addition, during the late 1970s and early 1980s, cocaine trafficking, driven mostly by Colombian smugglers, grew rapidly in the United States and became a primary target of DEA, leaving Mexican enforcement a secondary concern. Finally, during Camarena's four-and-a-half years in Guadalajara, major traffickers arose to take the place of the figures arrested and killed in the 1970s. The best known of these were Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo and Rafael Caro Quintero. These three often coordinated their production and operations, and formed the core of what came to be called the Guadalajara Cartel. All three were eventually found guilty of having participated in Camarena's kidnap and

masks: Camarena Camarena


title: Kiki Camarena

texts:
 the main financier of the plantation was cartel member Juan José Esparragoza Moreno. Camarena and "Miguel" finally located the plantation in August 1982. Camarena arranged two surreptitious solo overflights to confirm that it was a major plantation. He then briefed Mexican authorities, who raided the plantation in September. Astonishingly, the plantation was over 200 acres, employing hundreds of growers. The Guadalajara DEA estimated over four thousand tons of sinsemilla marijuana were destroyed in the raid, making it the largest plantation discovered up to that time. Abduction and murder
In 1984, acting on information from the DEA, 450 Mexican soldiers backed by helicopters destroyed a  marijuana plantation in Allende (Chihuahua), known as "Rancho Búfalo", with an estimated annual production of $8 billion.<mask>, who was suspected of being the source of the information, was abducted in broad daylight on February 7, 1985, by corrupt Mexican officials working for the major drug traffickers in Mexico. <mask> was taken to a residence located at 881 Lope de Vega in the colonia of Jardines del Bosque, in the western section of the city of Guadalajara, owned by Rafael Caro Quintero, where he was tortured over a 30-hour period and then murdered. His skull was punctured by a metal object, and his ribs were broken. <mask>'s body was found wrapped in plastic in a rural area outside the small town of La Angostura, in the state of Michoacán, on March 5, 1985. Investigation
<mask>'s torture and murder prompted a swift reaction from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and launched Operation Leyenda (legend), the largest DEA homicide investigation ever undertaken. A special unit was dispatched to coordinate the investigation in Mexico, where government officials were implicated—including Manuel Ibarra Herrera, past director of Mexican Federal Judicial Police, and Miguel Aldana Ibarra, the former director of Interpol in Mexico. Investigators soon identified Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo and his two close

masks: Camarena Camarena Camarena Camarena


title: Kiki Camarena

texts:
 associates, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo and Rafael Caro Quintero, as the primary suspects in the kidnapping and that under pressure from the U.S. government, Mexican President Miguel de la Madrid quickly apprehended Carillo and Quintero, but Félix Gallardo still enjoyed political protection.The United States government pursued a lengthy investigation of <mask>'s murder. Due to the difficulty of extraditing Mexican citizens, the DEA went as far as to detain two suspects, Humberto Álvarez Machaín, the physician who allegedly prolonged Camarena's life so the torture could continue, and Javier Vásquez Velasco; both were taken by bounty hunters to the United States. Despite vigorous protests from the Mexican government, Álvarez was brought to trial in Los Angeles, in 1992. After the government presented its case, the judge ruled that there was insufficient evidence to support a guilty verdict and ordered Álvarez's release. Álvarez subsequently initiated a civil suit against the U.S. government, charging that his arrest had breached the U.S.–Mexico extradition treaty. The case eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that Álvarez was not entitled to relief. The four other defendants, Vásquez Velasco, Juan Ramón Matta-Ballesteros, Juan José Bernabé Ramírez, and Rubén Zuno Arce (a brother-in-law of former President Luis Echeverría), were tried and found guilty of Camarena's kidnapping.Zuno had known ties to corrupt Mexican officials, and Mexican officials were implicated in covering up the murder. Mexican police had destroyed evidence on Camarena's body. Legacy
In November 1988, Time magazine featured Camarena on the cover. <mask> received numerous awards while with the DEA, and he posthumously received the Administrator's Award of Honor, the highest award given by the organization. In Fresno, the California Narcotic Officers' Association (CNOA) hosts a yearly memorial golf tournament named after him and presents an annual scholarship to graduating high school seniors. A school, a library and a


title: Kiki Camarena

texts:
 street in his home town of Calexico, California, are named after him. <mask> Junior High School of the Calexico Unified School District opened in 2006.Additionally <mask> Elementary School in Mission, Texas, of the La Joya Independent School District, is named after him and had its dedication ceremony in 2006. The nationwide annual Red Ribbon Week, which teaches school children and youths to avoid drug use, was established in his memory. In 2004, the Enrique S. Camarena Foundation was established in Camarena's memory. <mask>'s wife Mika and son Enrique Jr. serve on the all-volunteer board of directors together with former DEA agents, law enforcement personnel, family and friends of Camarena's, and others who share their commitment to alcohol, tobacco and other drug and violence prevention. As part of their ongoing Drug Awareness program, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks awards an annual Enrique Camarena Award at local, state and national levels to a member of law enforcement who carries out anti-drugs work. In 2004, the Calexico Police Department erected a memorial dedicated to Camarena. The memorial is located in the halls of the department, where Camarena served.Several books have been written on the subject. Camarena is the subject of the book ¿O Plata o Plomo? The abduction and murder of DEA Agent <mask> (2005), by retired DEA resident agent in charge James H. Kuykendall. Roberto Saviano's non-fiction book Zero Zero Zero (2015) deals in part with Camarena's undercover work and his eventual fate. Personal life
<mask> and his wife Mika had three sons. Media depictions
Drug Wars: The Camarena Story (1990) is an American television miniseries about Camarena, starring Steven Bauer as Camarena. Heroes Under Fire: Righteous Vendetta (2005) is a History Channel documentary that chronicles the events associated with and features interviews with family members, DEA agents, and others involved in the investigation.In the Netflix drama Narcos, Camarena's death and its aftermath are recapped in news

masks:
Enrique Camarena
Enrique Camarena
Camarena
Enrique Camarena
Camarena


title: Kiki Camarena

texts:
 footage in the first-season episode "The Men of Always". The first season of the spin-off series Narcos: Mexico is dedicated entirely to the Camarena story from his arrival to Mexico through his career there and the eventual murder. He is played by American actor Michael Peña. Miss Bala (2011) is a Mexican film that portrays a fictionalized version of Camarena's murder. The Last Narc, released in 2020 on Amazon Prime Video, is a miniseries which depicts the kidnapping of Camarena and the events leading up to it. On December 21, 2020, retired DEA agent James Kuykendall filed a lawsuit over the show's claims that he was involved in Camarena's murder. See also

 Jaime Zapata
 Javier Barba-Hernández
 Mexican drug war
 United States v. Alvarez-Machain
 Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Marine Corps
 Torture murder
 Michele Leonhart

References

Further reading

Andreas Lowenfeld, "Mexico and the United States, an Undiplomatic Murder", in Economist, 30 March 1985.Andreas Lowenfeld, "Kidnapping by Government Order: A Follow-Up", in American Journal of International Law 84 (July 1990): 712–716. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Drug Enforcement Administration Reauthorization for Fiscal Year 1986: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Crime. May 1, 1985 (1986). External links
DEA biography of <mask>

Zaid, Mark S. "Military might versus sovereign right: the kidnapping of Dr. Humberto Alvarez-Machain and the resulting fallout". Houston Journal of International Law. Northern hemisphere Spring of 1997. 1947 births
1985 deaths
1985 murders in North America
American people murdered abroad
American torture victims
Deaths by beating
Drug Enforcement Administration agents
Formerly missing people
Mexican drug war
Mexican emigrants to the United States
Murdered Mexican Americans
People from Mexicali
People from Calexico, California
People murdered by Mexican drug cartels
People murdered in Mexico
United States Marines
American police officers
Naturalized citizens of the United


title: Colin Edwards

texts:
<mask> II (born February 27, 1974), nicknamed the "Texas Tornado", is an American former professional motorcycle racer who retired half-way through the 2014 season, but continues in the sport as a factory test rider. He is a two-time World Superbike champion and competed in the MotoGP class from 2003 to 2014. Early years
<mask> was born in Houston, Texas. At the age of three, his Australian father, <mask>. (an amateur motorcycle racer himself), introduced him to a minibike, and <mask> entered his first motocross race at the age of four. Over the next ten years, <mask> became one of the top-ranked junior motocross competitors in the US, winning dozens of races in the 50cc to 80cc categories in local, regional and national events. In 1988 at the age of 14, <mask> stopped competing in motocross races, having become distracted by the normal demands of being a teenager. However, in 1990, <mask> and his father attended a motorcycle road race event in north Texas, and this inspired him to attempt road racing.In 1991 <mask> began competing in amateur road-racing events locally, but rapidly progressed to national events. He was undefeated in every amateur event he entered that year, and won numerous national amateur titles. His performance was sufficiently impressive for him to be offered a sponsored ride with South West Motorsports, and <mask> turned professional just before the commencement of the 1992 season. Career
In his first professional season (1992), <mask> entered the AMA 250cc National Series. He won five of the nine races and the national title over second-place earner Kenny Roberts, Jr. In 1993 and 1994 <mask> rode for Vance & Hines on a Yamaha in the AMA Superbike Championship, earning 6th and 5th place overall in those years. Superbike World Championship
In  <mask> was offered a factory position with Yamaha in the Superbike World Championship.His results in  were disappointing as <mask>

masks:
Colin Edwards
Edwards
Colin Edwards Sr
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards


title: Colin Edwards

texts:
 struggled to adjust to the demands of competing in a global competition, and he missed the last two meetings after teammate Yasutomo Nagai perished in a crash at Assen. In  he achieved a greatly improved sixth overall in the Superbike World championship. was a disappointing year for <mask> as he was forced to withdraw from competing due to injuries sustained in the fifth round of the Superbike World Championship. He was replaced in the Yamaha World Superbike Team and was unable to negotiate a position in the 500cc Grand Prix competition. Fortunately <mask> was able to conclude a deal with Honda to ride the RC45 motorcycle in the  Superbike World Championship. <mask> finished fifth overall that year, and earned his first solo international victories with a double win at Monza followed by his 3rd win of the season at Brands Hatch. In , <mask> managed several more victories for Honda (including leading teammate Aaron Slight home twice at Brands Hatch, giving Honda a rare Double-1-2) and ended the season in second overall position, behind champion Carl Fogarty.In , <mask> rode the new Honda VTR-1000 SP1/RC51 twin cylinder motorcycle to overall victory in the Superbike World Championship after Yamaha rider and points leader, Noriyuki Haga was disqualified for testing positive for a banned substance. <mask> came second to Ducati rider, Troy Bayliss in  but reclaimed the title from Bayliss in  in a dramatic fashion, clinching the championship in the final race of the season in Imola (Italy). <mask> also holds the record for the most points in a single season with 552 points in 2002 breaking the previous record of 489 points set by Carl Fogarty in 1999. Runner-up Troy Bayliss also broke the previous record with 541 points. MotoGP World Championship
After winning his 2nd Superbike World Championship <mask> moved to MotoGP in 2003. He rode for the greatly troubled Aprilia team on the RS Cube, and his

masks: Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards


title: Colin Edwards

texts:
 only notable accomplishment in that otherwise dismal year was avoiding serious injury when his machine caught fire due to an incorrectly fitted fuel cap at Sachsenring. Yet <mask>, known in all motorcycle paddocks as a great bike tester, tried to no avail to help lift the struggling team.2004 saw <mask> riding for Telefonica Movistar Honda, and he achieved his first MotoGP podium position at Donington. <mask> finished the season in fifth overall position. In 2005, <mask> moved to Gauloises Yamaha factory team as the teammate to the world champion Valentino Rossi. His best result for 2005 was a second position at Laguna Seca, behind compatriot Nicky Hayden. He finished the season fourth overall. 2006
For 2006 <mask> continued riding for the Camel Yamaha factory team on board the YZR-M1 with teammate and good friend Valentino Rossi in the MotoGP championship. The factory Yamaha team had a troubling start to their racing year with "chatter" problems and tire wear issues.The factory team built a new chassis for the 2006 spec YZR-M1 to combat the aforementioned problems. Rossi took to the new chassis quickly and rode to victory at his home race of Mugello for the fifth consecutive time since 2001. <mask> did not have the time to "gel" with the new chassis early in the season, which resulted in him sticking with the older version for the Mugello race. He finished 12th. At Assen he took the lead at the start, and led until Nicky Hayden passed him on the penultimate lap. He caught back up to his countryman on the last lap, and managed to pass him a few corners from the end. When Hayden attempted to pass him again in the final chicane, <mask> ran across the AstroTurf and lost control of his bike, which briefly continued on without him.He remounted to finish 13th. Hayden, who ran across the gravel on the final chicane himself, managed to keep control of his bike and won the race. At his home race, the

masks:
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Colin Edwards
Edwards
Edwards


title: Colin Edwards

texts:
 Red Bull U.S. Grand Prix, <mask> finished ninth suffering tire problems in the scorching heat like his teammate Valentino Rossi. At Estoril he qualified second and finished fourth in one of his most competitive showings of the season. 2007
2007 brought great prospects early on. <mask> entered his second of a two-year deal with Yamaha factory team, now known as Fiat Yamaha riding the new Yamaha YZR-M1 800cc. Yet after starting second on the grid in Istanbul, a first lap crash caused by Olivier Jacque took him out.At Le Mans <mask> took pole position, but made a slow start and gambled on switching to wet tyres in damp conditions. He did this too early, and by the time it was wet enough his tyres had shredded, forcing him to pit again and finish at the back of the field. Fiat Yamaha was having problems with the M1 and the Michelin tires, <mask> along with teammate Valentino Rossi both struggled to find competitive set up nearly the entire season to run up front. <mask> best result of the season was 2nd (equaling his career best in MotoGP) at the wet British Grand Prix at Donington Park. 2008

For the 2008 season, <mask> continued in MotoGP, this time for the satellite Tech3 Yamaha team alongside fellow Superbike World Champion James Toseland. A series of solid performances left him 5th in the overall standings after nine rounds, never qualifying lower than 6th on the grid and finishing on the podium twice. After qualifying 6th for round 9 at Assen, he was delayed by Rossi's early crash and was in next to last place at the end of the first lap (in front of only Rossi, who was able to rejoin the race), however he then fought back to snatch 3rd from Nicky Hayden at the final corner after Hayden ran out of fuel, gaining a measure of revenge for the 2006 race at the track.<mask> results started to suffer after a crash in Germany. In the next four races <mask> failed to break the top ten and his best

masks:
Edwards
Colin
Colin
Edwards
Edwards
Colin Edwards
Colin Edwards
Edwards


title: Colin Edwards

texts:
 result since the podium at Assen was a sixth place at the final round of the season at Valencia. <mask> confirmed that he had signed for Tech3 for yet another season. "It is no secret that I had agreed with Yamaha to finish my MotoGP career at the end of 2008 and continue my racing career with them in America, but as soon as I began working with the Tech3 team I instantly formed a great relationship with my guys." Therefore, <mask> will once again be riding for Tech3 Yamaha in 2009 as he searches for his first MotoGP victory. 2009

<mask> once again demonstrated consistent form in the 2009 MotoGP season, establishing himself as the strongest satellite rider in the championship. He secured a second-place finish in the British Grand Prix at Donington Park.After being caught in a crash at the San Marino Grand Prix, <mask> directed typically outspoken criticism towards Alex de Angelis, claiming: "We are in Italy and occasionally you have to deal with an Italian rider who wants to be a hero and today that was De Angelis. De Angelis is the guy who needed to be wearing Valentino’s donkey helmet," in reference to a special edition helmet being worn by Valentino Rossi. 2010
On October 1, 2009 <mask> announced that he had signed a one-year contract extension that would see him ride for Tech3 Yamaha in the  season. His teammate will be fellow American Ben Spies. 2011

On September 19, 2010, <mask> signed a one-year contract extension to ride for Tech3 Yamaha in the  season, partnering Cal Crutchlow. At the Catalan Grand Prix, <mask> broke his right collarbone during second practice, which successfully had a plate added. Nine days later, and in his first race since injury, <mask> took a third-place finish at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone, having been promoted to a podium placing after accidents for Jorge Lorenzo and Marco Simoncelli.It was his first podium finish since a second-place result at the


title: Colin Edwards

texts:
 2009 British Grand Prix at Donington Park. On October 23, along with Valentino Rossi, <mask> was involved in the accident that killed Marco Simoncelli at the Malaysian Grand Prix, injuring his left shoulder and ending his season. Josh Hayes replaced him for Valencia. 2012
On September 3, 2011, <mask> announced that he would leave the Tech3 team, to ride as the single entry for NGM Mobile Forward Racing in . The team was making their re-entry to the premier class under the new Claiming Rule Teams regulations with a Suter chassis powered by a BMW engine. 2013
Remaining with Forward Racing for 2013, <mask> was partnered with rookie Claudio Corti on FTR-Kawasaki machinery. 2014

<mask> again remained with Forward Racing for 2014, this time partnering Aleix Espargaró on Yamaha-based machines.At a press conference prior to the 2014 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas, <mask> announced that the 2014 season will be his final MotoGP season, citing the struggle to adapt to a different riding style. It was stated after the Indianapolis round, that he would not compete in the second half of the season, and was replaced by Alex de Angelis. During commentary for the British MotoGP round at Silverstone on August 31, 2014, <mask> revealed he will be a test rider for Yamaha and Michelin for the next two years. Suzuka 8 Hours
In 1996, <mask> teamed with Noriyuki Haga to claim victory in the Suzuka 8 Hours endurance race riding a Yamaha, his first international victory. <mask> won the 8 Hours two more times: in 2001 with Valentino Rossi, and in 2002 with the late Daijiro Kato, both times with Honda. Other racing activities
<mask> has twice represented the United States in the Michelin Race of Champions Nation's Cup, first in 2000 and again in 2002 when the US team won the event. The competition involves a national team that includes an automobile racer, a rally/off-road driver and a motorcycle racer.The 2002

masks: Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards


title: Colin Edwards

texts:
 US team included former off-road racer and NASCAR rookie Jimmie Johnson as the rally driver, and four-time NASCAR champion Jeff Gordon in the automobile category. Broadcasting
Following the end of his racing career, <mask> joined British MotoGP broadcaster BT Sport in 2016 as a pundit in their pre- and post-race programming. Texas Tornado Boot Camp
The <mask> Texas Tornado Boot Camp or TTBC is a world class motorcycle training facility built on a  plot of land near Lake Conroe. It is a premier training facility for those new to riding, motorcycle enthusiasts, as well as professionals looking to polish up on their skills. TTBC offers a wide range of moto training and events including 1&2 day camps, private camps, Dirt Wars, racers camps and The <mask> Edwards 4 day Experience. The  "Colin Edwards Experience" is a 4-day camp with <mask> himself involved in the training, including time on the 500yard gun range. Training facilities
TTBC includes a  dirt oval, covered TT track with lights for night riding, open TT track, 500-yard gun range, Mini Bike MX Track, and a  bunk house and classroom facility.The Facilities as of August 1, 2010

Career statistics

Superbike World Championship

By season

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Grand Prix motorcycle racing

By season

By class

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

External links

 <mask> – MotoGP Rider Bios at Motorcycle-USA
 Texas Tornado Boot Camp Texas Tornado Boot Camp Motorcycle Training Camp

1974 births
Living people
American motorcycle racers
Yamaha Motor Racing MotoGP riders
Superbike World Championship riders
Sportspeople from Houston
American people of Australian descent
People from Conroe, Texas
Conroe High School alumni
Tech3 MotoGP riders
Gresini Racing MotoGP riders
MotoGP World Championship

masks:
Edwards
Colin Edwards
Colin
Edwards
Colin Edwards


title: Alan Rouse

texts:
<mask> (19 December 1951 – 10 August 1986) was the first British climber to reach the summit of the second highest mountain in the world, K2, but died on the descent. Education
<mask> was born in Wallasey and began climbing at the age of 15, soon climbing many of the most difficult routes in North Wales. He attended Birkenhead School from 1963 to 1970 and Emmanuel College, Cambridge until 1973. At Cambridge he was distracted from his studies by climbing and by his hedonistic life-style. He was a highly sociable, but heavy drinker; by his own admission he was a 'womaniser', and liked to 'live on the edge'. As a result, he only managed to gain an ordinary pass degree in Mathematics, despite showing early promise in the subject. On leaving Cambridge he worked periodically in teaching but was often away on climbing expeditions.Mountaineering
<mask> was an outstanding technical rock climber, one of the best of his generation. His ascents of 'The Beatnik' on Helsby, and his solo ascent of 'The Boldest' on Clogwyn Du'r Arddu marked him out as an exceptional talent. He was a member of a group of contemporaries (including Cliff Phillips, Eric Jones, Pete Minks, 'Richard' McHardy) whose competitive spirit pushed them to solo the hardest routes of the day. <mask> (with Minks) was considered to have raised the standards at Gogarth sea cliffs with the ascent of Positron in 1971. His soloing was not confined to Wales, nor was it always successful. An attempt on the American Route on South Face of the  failed when a small piton being used for aid pulled near the summit. Although he fell only 5 metres, <mask> broke his ankle and was forced to make 17 abseils down the entire route, for much of the time using only his knees.<mask> eventually became a professional mountaineer, lecturing, guiding, writing and acting as

masks:
Alan Paul Rouse
Rouse
Rouse
Rouse
Rouse
Rouse


title: Alan Rouse

texts:
 an adviser to the outdoor equipment trade. He moved to Sheffield in easy reach of the rocks of the Peak District. <mask> became a highly experienced climber in places as far afield as Scotland, North Wales, Patagonia, Peru, the Alps, the Andes, New Zealand and Nepal. He was also elected vice-president of the British Mountaineering Council. In 1980, <mask>, Dr Michael Ward and Chris Bonington were among the few Europeans to visit the high mountains of China, reopening some of these to foreign mountaineers. In the winter of 1980–81, <mask> led a British expedition to attempt Mount Everest by the west ridge, without using oxygen or Sherpas. The trip was not successful, but in the summer of 1981 he climbed Kongur Tagh, a hitherto unclimbed peak in western China, with Bonington, Joe Tasker and Peter Boardman.1986 K2 disaster

K2, Earth's second highest mountain,  is regarded as a much more difficult climb than the highest mountain, Everest, and has a higher fatality rate. In 1983, <mask> made his first attempt on K2, by a new route up the south ridge, with an international team. In 1986, <mask> returned as the leader of a British expedition and obtained a permit to climb the difficult North-West Ridge, instead of the conventional Abruzzi Spur. After they had made several unsuccessful attempts to establish camps on their chosen route, the British team members – apart from <mask> and fellow climber and expedition cameraman Jim Curran – left. While <mask> and the British expedition attempted the North-West Ridge, other expeditions had also been trying various routes, with and without oxygen. After his fellow team members left the mountain, <mask> and six climbers from these expeditions decided to join forces to try the conventional route without a permit. There were four Austrian men, Alfred Imitzer, Hannes

masks: Rouse Rouse Rouse Rouse Rouse Rouse Rouse Rouse


title: Alan Rouse

texts: Wieser, Willi Bauer, and Kurt Diemberger, a Polish woman, Dobroslawa Miodowicz-Wolf, and a British woman, Julie Tullis.They reached Camp IV at (8,157 metres, 26,760 feet), the final staging post before the summit. For reasons that are still unclear, this impromptu team decided to wait a day before trying the final stage to the summit. None of the climbers on the Abruzzi Spur chose to follow the team comprising three Korean climbers who had set out on an oxygen aided attempt on 3 August, even though the trail would have been broken through the deep snow for those climbing without oxygen. On the following day, it was obvious that the weather was deteriorating, but <mask> and Wolf nonetheless set out for the summit. Wolf quickly tired and dropped back, whilst <mask> continued. Because he was breaking the trail alone, two of the Austrian climbers, Willi Bauer and Alfred Imitzer, caught up with him some 100 vertical meters below the summit. <mask> fell in behind the Austrians, thus making his ascent easier the last stretch, and the three reached the summit together on 4 August 1986.On the way down, they found Wolf asleep in the snow and persuaded her to descend. They also met Kurt Diemberger and Julie Tullis, still on their way up, and tried to persuade them to descend but with no success. Diemberger and Tullis also summitted but very late, at dusk which occurred around 7 pm. On the descent, Tullis fell. Even though she survived, both Tullis and Diemberger had to spend the night bivouacked in the open. Eventually, all the climbers reached Camp IV, where Hannes Wieser waited. The seven waited for the storm to abate.Instead, the storm worsened with much snow, winds over 160 km/h, and sub-zero temperatures. With no food or any gas to melt snow into water in the stoves, the situation soon became

masks: Rouse Rouse Rouse


title: Alan Rouse

texts:
 life-threatening. Tullis died during the night of 6 – 7 August, presumably of HAPE (high altitude pulmonary edema), a common consequence of lack of oxygen and low air pressure at extreme altitudes. The other six climbers stayed for the next three days, but remained barely conscious. On 10 August the snow stopped, but the temperature dropped, and the wind continued unabated. The climbers, although severely weakened, decided they had no option but to descend to a lower base camp. <mask>, when conscious, was in agony, and the other climbers left him so as to save their own lives.Of the seven climbers who had originally reached Camp IV on 4 and 5 August, only Diemberger and Bauer reached Base Camp. <mask> is presumed to have died on 10 August 1986. He was survived by his girlfriend, Deborah Sweeney, who gave birth to their daughter, Holly, three weeks later. Commemoration

The library of the British Mountaineering Council is named in honour of <mask>. In 2018, a memorial garden and a plaque were installed at the Breck in Wallasey. References

External links
 K2 tragedy
 Anita McConnell, ‘<mask>, <mask> (1951–1986)’ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004

Books
 Barry, John, Savage Mountain – Savage Summer, Oxford Illustrated Press, 1987 ()
 Birtles, Geoff, <mask>: A Mountaineer's Life, HarperCollins, 1987 ()
 Curran, Jim, K2: Triumph and Tragedy, Grafton, 1989, ()
 Diemberger, Kurt, The Endless Knot: K2, Mountain of Dreams and Destiny, Mountaineers Books, 1991 ()
 Fawcett, Ron; Lowe, Jeff; Nunn,  Paul; <mask>, <mask>; & Salkeld, Audrey, The Climber's Handbook: Rock, Ice, Alpine, Expeditions, Sierra Club Books, 1987 ()

1951 births
1986 deaths
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
English mountain climbers
Mountaineering deaths on K2
People educated at Birkenhead

masks:
Rouse
Rouse
Alan Rouse
Rouse
Alan Paul
Alan Rouse
Rouse
Alan


title: Cornelius Hill

texts:
<mask> (November 13, 1834 – January 25, 1907) or Onangwatgo (“Big Medicine”) was the last hereditary chief of the Oneida Nation, and fought to preserve his people's lands and rights under various treaties with the United States government. A lifelong Episcopalian, he was ordained a priest of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America at age 69, and ministered to his people until shortly before his death. The Oneida, one of the five founding tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy, had aligned with the Americans during the American Revolutionary War, but when faced with pressure from white settlers who often mistook them for members of hostile tribes, had begun negotiating with the Ho-Chunk and Menominee tribes and moving to Wisconsin around 1821. Many members had become Christians under missionaries sent by the Episcopal and Methodist Churches to both New York and Wisconsin. In 1825, tribal members built a log church near the Fox River and an important portage on their new lands about 10 miles southwest of Green Bay, Wisconsin, which they called the Hobart Chapel after its consecrating bishop, John Henry Hobart of New York. Early life
<mask> was born on tribal lands in Wisconsin and baptised in due course by missionary bishop Jackson Kemper. In 1843, Episcopal missionary the Rev.James Lloyd Breck escorted the ten-year-old and two other boys to the newly established Nashotah House to learn English and be educated for five years. Career
As a teenager, at a council of Oneida from New York, Canada and Wisconsin, <mask> became a chief of his Bear Clan. At age 18 he was given responsibility for distributing the annuity money (from service in the

masks:
Cornelius Hill
Cornelius Hill
Hill


title: Cornelius Hill

texts: Revolutionary War) among his people. He was later responsible for taking the census of tribal members (the number of which doubled in Wisconsin in the five decades of his leadership). Several times <mask> went to Albany, New York and Washington, D.C. to advocate for his people. White settlers were also moving into Wisconsin, and coveted tribal lands, which were held in common under an 1838 treaty negotiated by Chief Daniel Bread, who by his death in 1873 thought such private allocation inevitable. The next year, <mask> drafted a petition to New York's legislature in Albany concerning interference with Oneida fishing rights under previous treaties, which was causing considerable hardship to tribal members remaining in New York.At least one Indian Agent supposedly assigned to help the tribe also forbade them to sell shingles and other lumber products to support themselves during a crop failure, which <mask> and missionary and teacher the Rev. Edward A. Goodnough (who worked among the Oneidas from 1863 to 1890) thought was designed to get the tribe to sell lands to whites (if not his cronies), and eventually managed to secure that agent's dismissal. <mask> also helped tribal members learn new farming techniques and secure machinery. Women also made baskets and beadwork for sale, and after 1900 learned to make lace to support themselves in the modernized world. Nonetheless, pursuant to the Dawes Act of 1887, the federal government allocated the tribe's Wisconsin land to individuals beginning in 1892, who were to be allowed to transfer that property after a 25-year waiting period. As had happened in New York State, unscrupulous persons often tried to

masks: Hill Hill Hill Hill


title: Cornelius Hill

texts: swindle tribal members out of their allocations. Throughout his life, <mask> fought such dismemberment of tribal property, as well as government attempts to move his people further west.In 1893 after negotiations with the federal government, <mask>, together with the Rev. Solomon S. Burleson (also a lawyer and doctor), secured a hospital and boarding school for the reservation, and the following year the Sisters of the Holy Nativity sent nuns to work as nurses and teachers there. Having for years served as an organist and interpreter for Episcopal services by the Rev. Goodnough and his successors, as well as his tribe's sachem and delegate to church councils, <mask> thought ordination would bring additional authority among whites as well as help him become a bridge between the cultures. Since 1870 (perhaps in Thanksgiving for having been relatively spared from horrendous forest fires that devastated Wisconsin), church members had volunteered at a limestone quarry one day a week, in order to dress stone for a new church building. In 1886 they laid the cornerstone for a new gothic stone chapel, which they named the Church of the Holy Apostles, to replace an overly small and somewhat decrepit wood chapel. On June 27, 1895, Bishop Charles C. Grafton ordained <mask> a deacon.However, the event was bittersweet as <mask>'s infant son had died in an epidemic and was scheduled for burial that very afternoon. Furthermore, his ally the Rev. Burleson died in February 1897, months before the new church's formal consecration, and Burleson's popular youngest son (all five of whom had become priests) was transferred to Texas the following year. On June 24, 1903,

masks: Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill


title: Cornelius Hill

texts:
 Bishop Grafton ordained <mask> as a priest, the first of his people; during the ceremony <mask> repeated his vows in his native language. The Wisconsin reservation also had a Methodist mission with a dedicated missionary and a Catholic chapel served by a priest from De Pere, about ten miles away. Family
At the time of his ordination, aged 69, <mask>'s wife, who had borne 8 children, had not learned English. Several of their children went to the Hampton Indian School after their education at the reservation's school.Death and legacy
<mask> died on January 25, 1907, having fallen ill shortly before Christmas. After three requiems and funeral at the Church of the Holy Apostles attended by 800 persons, he was buried in the graveyard with other tribal members and the missionaries he assisted. When fire from a lightning strike on July 17, 1920 destroyed the Gothic stone church, it was rebuilt in a similar design. The Oneida continued to revere <mask>'s wisdom and sanctity, relating tales of their leader to Works Progress Administration historians during the Great Depression, even though by 1920 only a few hundred acres of the reservation were owned by tribal members (the remaining approximately 65,000 acres being owned by whites before the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 caused the Bureau of Indian Affairs to begin reversing the policy). The Episcopal Church honors <mask> annually on the anniversary of his first ordination, June 27. References

1834 births
1907 deaths
People from Oneida, Wisconsin
Nashotah House alumni
Anglican saints
American Episcopal priests
Oneida people
19th-century Christian saints
19th-century American Episcopalians
19th-century

masks:
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Cornelius Hill


title: Shaun Rehn

texts:
<mask> (born 17 August 1971) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Adelaide Football Club and the Hawthorn Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Early career
<mask> grew up on a farm near Arno Bay, South Australia, playing junior football for Arno Bay in the Eastern Eyre Football League. It wasn't until <mask> attended Immanuel College (Australia) that he believed he could play league football. <mask> was invited to try out for the West Adelaide Under 19s despite being from the Port Adelaide zone. He made his senior debut for West Adelaide in 1990, playing two games for the season; <mask> was then selected in the Adelaide Crows inaugural 52-man squad wearing number 52. AFL career
At 19 <mask> started his AFL career in 1991 with

masks:
Shaun Jason Rehn
Rehn
Rehn
Rehn
Rehn
Rehn


title: Shaun Rehn

texts: the Adelaide Crows in their inaugural year in the Australian Football League. After some eye catching performances for West Adelaide (who were making a late season charge to the SANFL finals), he made his debut for the Crows against  in Round 18 of the 1991 AFL season at Football Park in Adelaide.At 6'8" (203 cm) he became a leading ruckmen, but suffered three ACL knee injuries overall on both knees which limited his playing ability. The last of those injuries was sustained when his good knee buckled and twisted after running onto a small rubber circle installed in the centre of the turf ground; the circles had been installed onto grounds to assist umpires with centre bounces, but <mask>'s injury, and subsequent legal action, saw the circles swiftly removed from all grounds.


title: Shaun Rehn

texts: <mask>'s injury kept him on the sidelines for most of the 1996 season after having spent much of the previous season out with the same injury. His knee injuries restricted him to just 6 games in those two seasons, three in each. <mask> played 134 games and kicked 55 goals for the Crows between 1991 and 2000 and was a member of the Crows 1997 and 1998 premiership teams, before moving to  in 2001 in the twilight of his career. He played 33 games and kicked 7 goals with the Hawks between 2001–2002 before retiring from AFL football. Throughout his whole career at both Adelaide and Hawthorn, <mask> wore the #52 guernsey, and holds the record for the most games wearing that number.Such high numbers are rare in Australian football, as players with numbers higher than 40 usually exchange

masks: Rehn Rehn Rehn


title: Shaun Rehn

masks: Rehn Rehn


title: Shaun Rehn

texts:
 3.9 || 8.9 || 2.4 || 2.0 || 15.4
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 167
! 62
! 56
! 1206
!1202
! 2408
! 832
! 208
! 2465
! 0.4
! 0.3
!7.2
! 7.2
! 14.4
! 5.0
! 1.2
! 14.8
|}

Post-playing career
From 2003 to 2005, <mask> was the coach of the West Adelaide Football Club in the SANFL, leading them to the Grand Final in his debut season as coach. In 2006, <mask> joined the Brisbane Lions as ruck coach where he helped develop Brisbane's young ruck division including Jamie Charman, Cameron Wood and Matthew Leuenberger.In 2011 <mask> coached South Australia in the 2011 State of Origin Slowdown to a 17.10 (112) to 17.9 (111) victory over Victoria in a charity match at the Adelaide Oval for the Little Heroes Foundation and the Reach Foundation youth charities started by former


title: Shaun Rehn

texts:
 Melbourne ruckman and 1991 Brownlow Meadallist Jim Stynes. On 19 October 2011, Port Adelaide announced that <mask> would be an assistant coach at the club. References

External links

Adelaide Football Club players
Adelaide Football Club Premiership players
Malcolm Blight Medal winners
1971 births
Living people
All-Australians (AFL)
Hawthorn Football Club players
West Adelaide Football Club players
West Adelaide Football Club coaches
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
South Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Australia international rules football team players
People educated at Immanuel College, Adelaide
Two-time VFL/AFL Premiership


title: Colm Keegan

texts:
<mask> (born 2 August 1989) is a singer, songwriter and teacher from Dublin, Ireland. He was formerly a principal singer with Irish music group, Celtic Thunder, as well as previously performing with the likes of Celtic Woman, The Priests, and Irish tenor Peter Corry. He released his first solo album "I'll Never Be Alone" in the fall of 2016. He is currently touring with his wife, Laura, on various solo tours. He married Celtic Thunder cellist Laura Durrant on 26 July 2016. The couple had a baby boy,  Oisín, in February 2017. On 13, November 2018, the couple welcomed a second baby, baby girl Isla.<mask> announced her birth on Instagram the next day

Early life
Coming from a family of five brothers, all singers, and a father whose family was brought up singing, playing piano and guitar, Colm's musicality was engrained deep in his heritage. During his early school days, Colm studied under vocal coach Ken Shellard, and won several highly acclaimed awards at the Dublin Feis Ceoil singing competition. During this time he was also a lead soloist with the Palestrina Choir under the direction of Ite O'Donovan. Some venue highlights from this time include performances at Dublin's Pro-Cathedral, New York's St Patrick's Cathedral and St Peter's Basilica in Rome where the Pope was in attendance, along with regular recitals at Dublin's National Concert Hall. Colm later joined the Piccolo Lasso Choir and Habemus Chamber Choir, with whom he recorded several CDs, partook in an extensive European tour and performed as a lead soloist in Spain, Ireland, and The Czech Republic. Habemus
In 2005, Colm's oldest brother John established a chamber choir consisting of alumni Choral Scholars of University College Dublin and singers from Dublin's Palestrina Choir, giving them the name Habemus Chamber

masks:
Colm Keegan
Keegan


title: Colm Keegan

texts:
 refers to as the biggest influence on his Musical life. Colm spent his weekends in University teaching singing in the Habemus Performing Arts School, a school designed to encourage, educate and promote students in the disciplines of Singing, Acting and Dancing through classes and workshops. During this time, he was also appearing as guest assistant Musical Director for a number of amateur musical productions including West Side Story, HMS Pinafore and Pirates of Penzance. Colm's name was quickly spreading around the city and was asked to put on a number of projects including putting together a night of music for the children in Dublin's Central Remedial Clinic.These busy few years of Music outside the classroom, as well as obtaining an honors degree in Music and Irish in 2011, allowed Colm to realize his love for not only Music and Irish, but also for teaching. Celtic Woman
Whilst still in College, <mask> was invited to join the Aontas Choral Ensemble, the touring choir of Irish music group Celtic Woman. Colm recorded as a member of the choir for the "Songs From The Heart" CD and DVD Public Television special. Upon graduating from University College Dublin, he completed two European tours, a tour of Asia, the making of "Believe" CD and DVD, and a five-month North American tour with the production. Colm spent a year with the group before leaving to join Celtic Thunder. Celtic Thunder
In May 2012, <mask> was invited by producer Sharon Browne to join Celtic Thunder and first performed with the group in June of that year at Harrah's Resort and Casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Later that year, he filmed "Mythology", his debut DVD and CD as a principal member.He has subsequently toured the United States and Canada numerous times as a principal member of the group, including a

masks: Colm Colm


title: Colm Keegan

texts:
 special one-off 'unplugged' concert in New York during December 2012, which raised approximately $50,000 in aid of the victims of Hurricane Sandy. In 2014, Colm toured in Australia for the first time; He has also sailed on the Celtic Thunder Cruise in both 2013 and 2014 as one of the star performers. In early 2016, <mask> announced that he would be taking a year's break from Celtic Thunder to finish attending university. CKonTour
Mid 2014, Colm teamed up with Celtic Thunder musician Laura Durrant to release a debut single of the Tony Arata song "The Dance". The song soon went to #1 on iTunes World Music Charts, #1 bestseller on Amazon and #1 on Hot New Releases on CD Baby. Upon returning from his first tour of Australia with Celtic Thunder, <mask> and Laura decided to join forces and tour together, and from there, CKonTour was born. In August 2014, the duo embarked on a two-week solo tour of the United States East Coast.In contrast to the thousands of fans for whom the duo performed with Celtic Thunder, CKonTour provided fans with a chance to see <mask> and Laura perform a completely acoustic set in smaller, more intimate venues. The setlist for a CKonTour show is a perfect blend of original songs, Irish classics and contemporary favourites. Early in 2015, <mask> was voted Best New Irish Artist for 2014 in the Irish Music Awards (IMA). The IMA is an annual awards presentation hosted by the Irish Music Association to honour the best in Irish Music and helps to promote and support Irish music and musicians worldwide. 2015 also saw <mask> release another single, this time recording with his brothers the Irish classic "Raglan Road". This song, too, rose to #1 on the iTunes World music charts. On the back of releasing the music video for Colm's original song "Waves of Future",

masks: Keegan Colm Colm Colm Colm


title: Colm Keegan

texts:
 <mask> and Laura took CKonTour on the road again, this time performing 22 dates across the United States, including headlining the Rocky Mountain Irish Festival in Colorado, and an online StageIt show which was streamed live around the world.CKonLine
When off tour from Celtic Thunder, Colm doesn't forget about his other passion, teaching. He has helped out around Ireland teaching at several Performing Arts and Secondary schools offering advice and tuition in both music performance as well as the academic side to the subject. Making use of his previous teaching experience, Colm launched his newest project, CKonLine, in July 2015. An idea that was months in the making, CKonLine is an online teaching forum where people from around the world can study a range of subjects with Colm as their teacher. The inaugural summer term of CKonLine offered individual or group classes learning Music Theory, at beginner, intermediate and advanced levels, dependent on his students existing knowledge. This unique project gives people an opportunity to learn a subject from a passionate, experienced and driven teacher. "This unique, exciting prospect bears no limits to what can be achieved.We can take people with no experience in Music theory and have them reading music and, more importantly, understanding music in just a matter of weeks." Irish History will be introduced in the upcoming Autumn term commencing September, with more subjects to be added to the syllabus in future terms, including Irish Mythology and Irish Language. Discography

Teaching career

Filmography

References

External links

 CKonLine Website
 Colm Keegan Official Facebook
 Celtic Thunder

Musicians from Dublin (city)
Irish male singer-songwriters
Living people
1989 births
Alumni of University College Dublin
21st-century


title: Stephen III of Hungary

texts:
<mask> (, , ; summer of 11474 March 1172) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1162 and 1172. He was crowned king in early June 1162, shortly after the death of his father, Géza II. However, his two uncles, Ladislaus and <mask>, who had joined the court of the Byzantine Empire, challenged his right to the crown. Only six weeks after his coronation, the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos launched an expedition against Hungary, forcing the Hungarian lords to accept Ladislaus' rule. <mask> sought refuge in Austria, but returned and seized Pressburg (now Bratislava in Slovakia). Ladislaus, who died on 14 January 1163, was succeeded by <mask>'s younger uncle and namesake, <mask>, without resistance, but his rule was unpopular. The young <mask> defeated his uncle on 19 June 1163 and expelled him from Hungary.<mask> attempted to regain his throne with Emperor Manuel I's support, but the latter made peace with <mask>. He agreed to send his younger brother, Béla, to Constantinople and to allow the Byzantines to seize Béla's duchy, which included Croatia, Dalmatia and Sirmium. In an attempt to recapture these territories, <mask> waged wars against the Byzantine Empire between 1164 and 1167, but could not defeat the Byzantines. Historians attribute the creation of the "Székesfehérvár laws", the first example of extensive privileges granted to a town in the Kingdom of Hungary, to him. He concluded a concordat with the Holy See in 1169, renouncing the control of the appointment of the prelates. He died childless. Childhood (1147–1162)
<mask> was the

masks:
Stephen III
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen IV
Stephen
Stephen IV
Stephen III
Stephen III
Stephen


title: Stephen III of Hungary

texts:
 eldest child of Géza II of Hungary and his wife Euphrosyne of Kiev.He was born in the summer of 1147 when the French crusaders were marching through Hungary towards the Holy Land. King Louis VII of France sponsored his baptism. One Lady Margaret, who wrote her last will in 1152, mentioned that "King Géza reigned together with his son, Duke <mask>" in that year, indicating that the King had officially nominated the child <mask> as his heir. However, his position as his father's successor remained insecure, especially after his two uncles, <mask> and Ladislaus, left Hungary in the late 1150s. They would settle in the court of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in Constantinople. Géza II granted Dalmatia, Croatia, and Sirmium to his younger son Béla as an appanage shortly before his death. Reign

Struggle for the throne (1162–1164)

Géza II died on 31 May 1162.Lucas, Archbishop of Esztergom, crowned the 15-year-old <mask> king without delay. On hearing of Géza II's death, Emperor Manuel hastened towards Hungary, because he "put a high value on the overlordship" of the country, according to the Byzantine historian John Kinnamos. Another Byzantine historian, Niketas Choniates, wrote that the Emperor decided to support the young King's uncle and namesake, <mask>, to acquire the throne in the hope that "he might receive the undisputed and guaranteed possession" of Sirmium and Zimony (now Zemun in Serbia) from his protégé. When supporting the claim of the late King's brother to the crown, the Emperor referred to "the law of the Hungarians" which

masks: Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen


title: Stephen III of Hungary

texts: prescribed that the crown should pass "always to the survivors of brothers", according to Kinnamos. Emperor Manuel dispatched an army to Hungary which advanced as far as Haram (now Ram, Serbia) where his envoys opened negotiations with the Hungarian barons. Bribed by the Byzantines and fearful of an invasion by the Emperor, the magnates agreed to accept Ladislaus, who was the older of the young King's two uncles, as a "compromise candidate". The young <mask>'s army was routed at Kapuvár.He fled from Hungary and sought refuge in Austria six weeks after his coronation. Archbishop Lucas was one of the few who remained loyal to the young monarch, refusing to crown his uncle. After Mikó, Archbishop of Kalocsa, performed Ladislaus's coronation, Archbishop Lucas even excommunicated the usurper, stating that he had unlawfully seized the crown from his nephew. <mask> returned from Austria and captured Pressburg. He could not take advantage of his uncle's death on 14 January 1163, because Ladislaus II was succeeded by his younger brother, <mask> IV. However, <mask>'s unveiled support for the interests of the Byzantine Empire caused discontent among the Hungarian barons. The young <mask> mustered an army of the barons who had deserted his uncle and supplemented it with German mercenaries.<mask> defeated his uncle at Székesfehérvár on 19 June 1163. The elder <mask> was captured, but <mask> released him upon the advice of Archbishop Lucas. The archbishop, along with the Dowager Queen Euphrosyne, remained the young monarch's principal advisors throughout

masks:
Stephen
Stephen III
Stephen
Stephen IV
Stephen
Stephen III
Stephen
Stephen III


title: Stephen III of Hungary

texts:
 his reign. The dethroned <mask> first fled to the Holy Roman Empire, but left shortly afterwards for the Byzantine Empire, where Emperor Manuel again promised him support. Wars with the Byzantine Empire (1164–1167)
Emperor Manuel sent an army to Hungary to help <mask> to regain the throne from his nephew. The young <mask> sought assistance from Vladislaus, King of Bohemia, against his uncle and the Byzantines, but the Bohemian barons refused to fight. Thereafter <mask> sent envoys to Emperor Manuel, but "they promised nothing genuine", according to Kinnamos.The Emperor continued his campaign, but in short "realized that it was then impossible for" his protégé "to rule the Hungarians' land", and opened negotiations with <mask>. According to their peace treaty, Emperor Manuel recognized the rule of the young <mask>, and the latter agreed to send his brother, Béla, to Constantinople. <mask> also promised that he would allow the Byzantines to take control of Béla's duchy. Abandoned by Emperor Manuel, <mask> approached Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. Around the same time, a group of Hungarian barons and prelates sent a letter to Emperor Frederick, stating that they were willing to accept his suzerainty. <mask> also dispatched his envoys to Frederick, who decided not to intervene, but ordered his vassalsthe King of Bohemia, the Duke of Austria, and the Margrave of Styriato keep an eye on the political situation in Hungary. King Vladislaus' son, Sviatopluk, even married <mask>'s sister, Odola.The betrothal of <mask> to an unnamed daughter of

masks:
Stephen IV
Stephen IV
Stephen
Stephen III
Stephen III
Stephen
Stephen III
Stephen IV
Stephen III
Stephen III
Stephen III


title: Stephen III of Hungary

texts: Yaroslav Osmomysl, Prince of Halych, was also arranged around this time. Next year <mask> broke his treaty with Emperor Manuel I and "usurped Béla's heritage", according to Kinnamos. A charter of 1164 of Peter, Archbishop of Spalato (now Split, Croatia) was dated in reference to the rule of <mask> and his ban, Ampud, suggesting that at least a part of Béla's duchyCentral Dalmatiawas under <mask>'s rule in that year. On the other hand, <mask>'s dethroned uncle invaded Sirmium where masses of the residents celebrated his return. Accompanied by the forces of King Vladislaus of Bohemia, and auxiliary troops from Austria and Halych, <mask> launched a campaign against him. Emperor Manuel I, who was about to march against Armenian Cilicia, returned to the Danube and stormed into Hungary, advancing as far as Bács (now Bač, Serbia). He contacted King Vladislaus and persuaded him to negotiate a peace treaty with <mask>.Abandoned by his most important ally, <mask> was obliged to renounce Sirmium in favor of the Byzantine Empire, but only after the Emperor promised that he would never support his uncle. Even so, Emperor Manuel allowed the dethroned king to stay in Sirmium. In short, <mask> invaded Dalmatia, although he had pledged to Vitale II Michiel, Doge of Venice, that he would withdraw from the Dalmatian towns. Upon <mask>'s arrival the citizens of Zadar expelled the Venetian governor and accepted his suzerainty. He again stormed into Sirmium and laid siege to his uncle in Zimony in spring 1165. Emperor Manuel decided to make a counterattack, but a

masks:
Stephen
Stephen III
Stephen III
Stephen III
Stephen III
Stephen III
Stephen III
Stephen III
Stephen


title: Stephen III of Hungary

texts: rebellion by his cousin Andronikos Komnenos prevented him from marching to the Danube. Nevertheless, Manuel I sent envoys to the monarchs who had earlier supported <mask>, persuading them to remain neutral in the conflict.<mask>'s uncle died of poisoning during the siege of Zimony, on 11 April. The fortress soon fell to <mask> III. The Byzantine counter-offensive started at the end of June. An army under the command of Emperor Manuel I laid siege to Zimony and recaptured it; another Byzantine force invaded and occupied Bosnia and Dalmatia. The Venetian fleet intervened on the Byzantines' side in Dalmatia, forcing Zadar to again accept the rule of the Doge. <mask> could only conclude a new peace treaty with Emperor Manuel after he renounced Sirmium and Dalmatia. A Hungarian army under the command of Ispán Denis stormed into Sirmium once more in spring 1166.The Hungarians routed a Byzantine army, and occupied the whole province with the exception of Zimony. Emperor Manuel sent three armies against Hungary. The first army, which was under the command of protostrator Alexios Axuch and <mask>'s brother, Béla, was stationed by the Danube to distract attention from the movements of the two other units, which plundered Transylvania under the command of Leon Batatzes and John Doukas. The Byzantine campaign caused great devastation in the eastern territories of the Kingdom of Hungary, forcing <mask> to seek reconciliation. Upon his request, Henry Jasomirgott, Duke of Austria, whose wife was Emperor Manuel's niece, mediated an armistice. At the end of

masks:
Stephen III
Stephen III
Stephen
Stephen III
Stephen III
Stephen III


title: Stephen III of Hungary

texts:
 the year, <mask> married the Duke's daughter Agnes. Around the same time, a Hungarian army invaded Dalmatia and captured Nikephoros Chalouphes, the Byzantine governor of the province.<mask> confirmed estates in Biograd na Moru and the privileges of Šibenik in 1166 and 1167, respectively, proving that the two towns accepted his suzerainty after the campaign. Emperor Manuel dispatched an army to Sirmium and sent his fleet to Zimony after Easter 1167. The Hungarians assembled their troops, and recruited no small number of allied forces as mercenaries, especially Germans, according to Choniates. The contemporaneous Rahewin writes that <mask> III "made war on the emperor of the Greeks" because he had received and assisted his brother, Béla. According to Rahewin and Henry of Mügeln, <mask> received support from his father-in-law, Duke Henry Jasomirgott. However, the Byzantine army led by Andronikos Kontostephanos annihilated the Hungarians, who were under the command of Ispán Denis, in a decisive battle which was fought near Zimony on 8 July. Kinnamos wrote that "the war on the Hungarians" concluded on the battlefield.According to Henry of Mügeln, <mask> signed a peace treaty renouncing the duchy that their father had bequeathed upon his brother, Béla. He also came to terms with Doge Vitale Michiel, giving his niece, Mary, to the Doge's son, Nicholas, on 17 December 1167, according to the early 13th-century History of the Doges of Venice. Later years (1167–1172)
There is evidence that suggests that <mask> seized Church revenues to finance his war

masks: Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen


title: Stephen III of Hungary

texts:
 with the Byzantine Empire. The correspondence of Thomas Becket and John of Salisbury reveals that the principles of the Gregorian Reform were not fully introduced in Hungary "on account of the unbridled acts of tyranny by the seculars against the apostolic institutions" in the late 1160s. <mask> transferred Prodanus, Bishop of Zagreb from his diocese without consulting the Holy See. Pope <mask> sent his legate Cardinal Manfred to Hungary in 1169, who discussed the debated issues with the king, the queen mother, and the prelates. The negotiations ended with an agreement that prohibited the monarch from arbitrarily deposing or relocating the prelates or confiscating their property.The Pope supported <mask> against Archbishop Lucas of Esztergom when the Archbishop attempted to hinder the consecration of the King's protégé, Andrew, Bishop-elect of Győr, because of his allegedly non-canonical election. The Knights Templar settled in Hungary during <mask>'s reign. According to historians Ferenc Makk and Pál Engel, <mask> III granted special privileges to the Walloon settlers of Székesfehérvár, including their exemption of customs duties throughout the kingdom. In the 13th century, the same privileges, the so-called "Székesfehérvár laws", were granted to additional towns, contributing to their development. <mask> died on 4 March 1172. Arnold of Lübeck, who was in Hungary at that time, wrote that a rumor spreading in the country attributed the 25-year-old monarch's unexpected death to poisoning. <mask> was buried in Esztergom.Family

<mask>'s

masks:
Stephen
Alexander III
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen


title: Stephen III of Hungary

texts:
 betrothal to the daughter of Yaroslav Osmomysl of Halych was broken in 1166. He married Agnes of Austria at the end of the year. From this marriage a son, Béla, was born in 1167, but the child died in the same year. Agnes survived her husband and was pregnant at the time of his death. Her father, who was staying in Hungary when <mask> died, took Agnes back to Austria. Agnes gave birth to a second son, but his fate is unknown. She later married Herman, Duke of Carinthia.Notes

Sources

Primary sources

Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos (Translated by Charles M. Brand) (1976). Columbia University Press. .
O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs (Translated by Harry J. Magoulias) (1984). Wayne State University Press. . The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa by Otto of Freising and his Continuator, Rahewin (Translated and annotated with an introduction by Charles Christopher Mierow with the collaboration of Richard Emery) (2004). Columbia University Press. . Secondary sources

12th-century Hungarian people
Kings of Hungary
Kings of Croatia
House of Árpád
Hungarian people of Ukrainian descent
Hungarian people of Russian descent
Hungarian exiles
1147 births
1172