title: David Schumacher (racing driver)

texts:
<mask> (born 23 October 2001) is a German racing driver, son of former Formula One driver <mask>, nephew of seven-time Formula One world champion <mask>, and cousin of current Formula One driver <mask>. Career

Karting career
<mask> began karting at a young age, alongside his cousin Mick. From there he competed in multiple karting championships under his mother's maiden name Brinkmann. In 2017, <mask>'s last year in karts, he chose to race with the <mask> name and finished as runner-up in the DKM Championship to Dennis Hauger in the senior class. Lower formulae
In August 2017, it was announced that <mask> would graduate to single-seaters, competing for his father's US Racing outfit in the 2018 ADAC Formula 4 Championship. In January 2018, he made his single-seater debut, contesting the Formula 4 UAE Championship with Rasgaira Motorsports Team from the second round onwards. Claiming three wins, <mask> ended the season as vice-champion to Charles Weerts.In ADAC Formula 4, <mask> scored a consistent string of points finishes, with three 4th places being his best finishes, and ended the season 9th in the championship. His results translated into eight race wins in the Rookies' Cup and he claimed the title of rookie champion. Euroformula Open Championship & Asian F3 Winter Series
<mask> competed in the final two rounds of the 2018 Euroformula Open Championship with RP Motorsport. He was ineligible to score points as a guest driver, but claimed two 4th-place finishes at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya. These results placed him 6th in the Spanish Formula 3 championship, which is made up of three rounds from the Euroformula Open championship. In January 2019, <mask> was named as part of Pinnacle Motorsport's three car line-up for the Asian F3 Winter Series. He competed in two of the championship's three rounds, taking a podium finish at the Buriram International Circuit and finishing 8th in the championship.Formula Regional European Championship
In March 2019 it was announced that <mask> would compete in the inaugural season of the Formula Regional European Championship,

masks:
David Schumacher
Ralf Schumacher
Michael Schumacher
Mick Schumacher
Schumacher
David
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher


title: David Schumacher (racing driver)

type: original

texts:
 returning to the US Racing team co-owned by his father. He claimed four race victories over the season, including two consecutively at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, as well as five other podium finishes, five pole positions and three fastest laps. He ended the season 4th in the championship. FIA Formula 3 Championship
In September 2019 <mask> made his debut in the FIA Formula 3 Championship, standing in at Campos Racing for the injured Alex Peroni at the final round in Sochi. <mask> finished the two races in 22nd and 20th. <mask> made his first appearance at the Macau Grand Prix in November, racing for Sauber Junior Team by Charouz. He placed 23rd in qualifying, fell back to 25th in the qualifying race and finished 21st in the main race.In December he took part in the second round of the MRF Challenge Formula 2000 series at Bahrain International Circuit, taking both pole positions of the weekend and finishing all four races on the podium, including a victory in the second race. In February 2020 it was confirmed that <mask> would return to the FIA Formula 3 Championship, racing full-time with Charouz Racing System. However, following the Spanish round, he left Charouz to join Carlin Racing. He did not score any points, had a best finish of 12th at the Austria feature race, and finished the championship in 28th place. In February 2021 it was announced that <mask> would race for Trident Racing in the 2021 season. On 4 July 2021 he achieved his first FIA F3 points, podium and victory in race 2 of the third round at the Red Bull Ring, having started the race from reverse-grid pole. Throughout the next two rounds, the German would go on to finish in the points in all but one race, even scoring his second podium of the year in the second race at Spa-Francorchamps, where him and teammate Jack Doohan gave Trident their first one-two finish in their Formula 3 history.At Zandvoort, <mask> qualified a career best of 2nd, behind Dennis Hauger. During the feature race,  with 3 laps to go, <mask> was running in 2nd place until Victor Martins made a failed attempt to pass <mask>,

masks: Schumacher Schumacher Schumacher Schumacher Schumacher Schumacher Schumacher Schumacher


title: David Schumacher (racing driver)

texts:
 taking him out while trying to overtake him. <mask>'s 5th place the race before proved to be his last points finish during the season, as he finished 14th and 15th in the final round. He ended the season with just 55 points, compared to his teammates Doohan and Novalak with 179 and 147 points respectively. He still however, helped Trident clinch the constructors' championship by 4 points. Touring cars
He left Formula three at the conclusion of the 2021 season to join the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters for its 2022 campaign. Personal life
<mask>'s family includes his father former Formula One driver Ralf, his uncle seven-time Formula One world champion Michael and his cousin Formula One driver Mick.He is also in a relationship with Hungarian racing driver Vivien Keszthelyi. Karting record

Karting career summary

Racing record

Racing career summary

† As <mask> was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points. Complete Formula 4 UAE Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete ADAC Formula 4 Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula Regional European Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete FIA Formula 3 Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate points for the fastest lap of top ten finishers)

† Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance. Complete Macau Grand Prix results

References

External links

2001 births
Living people
German racing drivers
Formula 4 drivers
ADAC Formula 4 drivers
Euroformula Open Championship drivers
FIA Formula 3 Championship drivers
MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship drivers
Formula Regional European Championship drivers
F3 Asian Championship drivers
<mask>rouz Racing System drivers
RP Motorsport drivers
US Racing drivers
Pinnacle Motorsport drivers
Campos Racing drivers
Carlin racing drivers
Trident Racing

masks:
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
David Cha


title: Meng Zhixiang

texts: <mask>ng (; 10 May 874–7 September 934, courtesy name Baoyin, ; formally Emperor Gaozu of (Later) Shu ) was a general of the Later Tang who went on to found the independent state of Later Shu during the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. <mask>ng was an in-law of the Later Tang ruling family, who went by the family name Li. <mask> married the eldest sister or perhaps a cousin of the founding emperor, Zhuangzong. Meng served the Later Tang as the military governor (Jiedushi) of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), after the  conquest of Former Shu. After Emperor Zhuangzong's death, Meng was more distant to the succeeding emperor. The new emperor was Emperor Zhuangzong's adoptive brother, Emperor Mingzong. Meng, fearing accusations by Emperor Mingzong's chief advisor An Chonghui, rebelled, in alliance with Dong Zhang, military governor of neighboring Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang, Sichuan).The Meng-Dong alliance repelled subsequent attempts to suppress or control them, although they continued as nominal subjects of Mingzong. Eventually, Meng overpowered Dong, thus assuming control of both allied domains. Meng continued as titular vassal to Mingzong for the rest of that emperor's reign; but, afterwards, <mask> Zhixiang declared himself suzerain of an independent state named Shu, in 934, now called Later Shu to avoid confusion with other political entities sharing the same name. Birth, family,

masks:
Meng Zhixia
Meng Zhixia
Meng
Meng


title: Meng Zhixiang

texts:
 and early career

Birth
<mask> Zhixiang was born in 874, during the reign of Emperor Yizong of Tang. Family
His family was from Xing Prefecture (邢州, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), and his ancestors had served for generations as army officers at Xing, including his grandfather <mask> Cha () and his father <mask> Dao (). His uncle <mask> Fangli become military governor (Jiedushi) of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered then in Changzhi, Shanxi), which Xing Prefecture belonged to, late in Tang Dynasty, and later moved the circuit's capital from Lu Prefecture () to Xing in 882, precipitating a mutiny that led to the division of the circuit in two in 883. After <mask> Fangli's subsequent suicide in 889, he was succeeded by his younger brother (<mask> Zhixiang's uncle) <mask> Qian (), who subsequently surrendered the parts of Zhaoyi he controlled to the major warlord Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) in 890.Early career
Li later put <mask> Qian back in command of (reunified) Zhaoyi Circuit in 899. However, when Zhaoyi came under attack in 901 by Li's archrival Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), <mask> Qian surrendered the circuit to Zhu. <mask> <mask>'s father <mask> Dao continued to serve Li, but did not distinguish himself in the Hedong army. Li, however, was impressed with <mask> Zhixiang's talent, and eventually gave his eldest daughter

masks: Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Zhixiang Meng Meng


title: Meng Zhixiang

texts:
 to <mask> Zhixiang in marriage. (<mask> Zhixiang's younger sister later married another younger brother of Li Keyong's, Li Kening.) <mask> Zhixiang thereafter became a training officer in the Hedong army. Political background during Jin
In 907, Zhu Quanzhong had Tang's final emperor Emperor Ai yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang with him as its Emperor Taizu.Li Keyong and several other regional governors (Yang Wo the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), Li Maozhen the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), and Wang Jian the military governor of Xichuan Circuit) refused to recognize the new Later Liang emperor, with Li Keyong, Li Maozhen, and Yang continuing to maintain the Tang era name of Tianyou, while Wang shortly after declared himself the emperor of a new state of Former Shu, although Li Keyong was effectively the ruler of his own state of Jin as he carried the title of Prince of Jin. In 908, Li Keyong died and was succeeded as the Prince of Jin by his son Li Cunxu. Career as training officer
<mask> Zhixiang continued to serve as training officer. Meanwhile, there was an incident in or around 912, when Li Cunxu, angry that the recently surrendered official Li Yan () refused his request for Li Yan to serve as teacher to his son Li Jiji, was considering executing Li Yan. It was at <mask>'s intercession (pointing out that

masks: Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng


title: Meng Zhixiang

texts:
 executing Li Yan would speak poorly for Li Cunxu's reputation) that Li Yan was spared. Promotion
In or around 919, Li Cunxu wanted to make <mask> Zhixiang chief of staff (中門使, Zhongmenshi) of the recently captured Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei). However, as that position was a thankless position, and several prior chiefs of staff had been executed due to accusations of wrongdoing, <mask> was fearful and declined the position.When Li Cunxu asked him for an alternative recommendation, he recommended the officer Guo Chongtao, whom Li Cunxu subsequently made chief of staff. Because of this recommendation, Guo, whose career would be greatly bolstered by this commission, became thankful to <mask> later. <mask> himself was thereafter made the discipline officer at Hedong. At one point, Li Cunxu awarded one of his own concubines, a Lady Li, to <mask> Zhixiang, and she gave birth to <mask> Zhixiang's third son <mask> Renzan, in 919. During Later Tang

During Emperor Zhuangzong's reign
In 923, Li Cunxu declared himself the emperor of a new state of Later Tang (as Emperor Zhuangzong) at Xingtang (興唐, i.e., Weibo's capital). He designated Taiyuan as the western capital and made <mask> Zhixiang its mayor, as well as its deputy defender. (<mask>'s wife, as the new emperor's eldest sister, was created the Grand Princess Qionghua, either at that time or in 925.)Shortly after, Emperor Zhuangzong destroyed rival Later Liang and took over

masks: Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng


title: Meng Zhixiang

texts: its territory, setting his capital at Luoyang. In 925, Emperor Zhuangzong was planning to launch a major campaign to destroy Former Shu. He commissioned Li Jiji as the titular commander as its operations, with Guo Chongtao serving as deputy commander, in actual command of the operations. Before departing Luoyang, Guo, still thankful to <mask> for having recommended him initially, recommended <mask> as the prospective military commander of Xichuan if the campaign would be successful in conquering Former Shu. Later in the year, after Li Jiji and Guo were successful in capturing Former Shu's capital Chengdu and its emperor Wang Zongyan (Wang Jian's son and successor), thus destroying it, Emperor Zhuangzong summoned Meng to Luoyang and made him the military governor of Xichuan, also bestowing on him the honorary chancellor designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (), preparing him to send him to Xichuan. By this point, though, friction had begun to surface between Emperor Zhuangzong and the once highly trusted Guo. Emperor Zhuangzong and his wife Empress Liu were suspicious that Guo had seized the wealth of the Former Shu state and not submitted most of it to the imperial treasury.There were also rumors that Guo would rebel and seize the Shu territory for himself. Thus, when sending Meng on its way, Emperor Zhuangzong commented, "I have heard that Guo Chongtao may have treasonous wishes. When you get there, Lord, execute him for me." Meng responded,

masks: Meng Meng


title: Meng Zhixiang

texts: "Guo Chongtao is an accomplished old subject of the Empire, and it is not likely that he has such wishes. When I, your subject, reaches Shu, I will examine him. If he has no such wishes, I will send him back." Emperor Zhuangzong, at that time, agreed.However, Empress Liu became convinced that Guo was about to rebel and would kill her son Li Jiji first. She was unable to persuade Emperor Zhuangzong of this, however, and she decided to issue an edict on her own, to be delivered by her servant eunuch Ma Yangui () to Li Jiji, ordering Guo's death. When Ma caught up with <mask>, he delivered the message to <mask>, and then himself rushed toward Chengdu. <mask> knew that disaster was about to come, and therefore decided to speed himself to Chengdu as well, behind Ma. Ma arrived in Chengdu shortly after, in spring 926. Li Jiji initially hesitated after receiving Empress Liu's edict, but then carried it out by summoning Guo to him and then killing him and his sons in surprise. This led to a general state of confusion in Chengdu, but Meng arrived shortly after and comforted both the army and the people in the city.Shortly after, Li Jiji left <mask> in command of the city, departing it and heading back toward Luoyang with his troops. The nearly simultaneous killing of both Guo and another major general, Zhu Youqian, however, shocked both the armies around the empire at large and the people, and almost immediately caused a number of mutinies to rise around the

masks: Meng Meng Meng Meng


title: Meng Zhixiang

texts:
 title of emperor shortly after (as Emperor Mingzong). During Emperor Mingzong's reign

Initial establishment in Xichuan
Emperor Mingzong appeared to immediately try to make an attempt to reaffirm <mask> Zhixiang's faith to his newly established administration, by bestowing on Meng the greater honorary chancellor title of Shizhong (). However, Meng was said to begin to plan to take personal control of the region, by establishing, in addition to the 26 corps that Guo Chongtao left in Xichuan, which totaled 27,000 soldiers, some 36 additional corps of troops, totaling 32,000 soldiers, including six special naval corps preparing to defend against attacks from water.Meanwhile, Ren Huan became a chancellor and was also in charge of the three finance bureaus (taxation, treasury, and salt and iron monopolies), and, believing that Xichuan was wealthy and capable of supporting the central government financially, sent Meng's old friend Zhao Jiliang to Xichuan to prepare to transported the wealth previously stored by the Former Shu regime, as well as taxes collected since then, to Luoyang. When Zhao arrived at Chengdu in winter 926, <mask>'s staff members initially advised him to refuse the orders completely, but Meng chose to partially comply — allowing Zhao to have the stored wealth shipped to Luoyang, but refusing to turn over any further tax revenues. He also kept Zhao at Chengdu to serve as his deputy military governor. By this point, Emperor Mingzong's chief


title: Meng Zhixiang

texts: of staff An Chonghui had begun to suspect both Meng (as his wife was Emperor Zhuangzong's eldest sister) and Dong Zhang (who was one of Emperor Zhuangzong's favorite generals) of planning to separate their territory from Later Tang proper. Li Yan (whose life Meng had previously saved by interceding with Emperor Zhuangzong), who had previously served as Later Tang's emissary to Former Shu and had been a major proponent of the campaign against Former Shu, volunteered to serve as the monitor to the Xichuan army, believing that he could curb Meng's ambitions, so An had Li commissioned as the monitor to the Xichuan army, while commissioning the officer Zhu Hongzhao as the deputy military governor of Dongchuan, hoping that they could curb the powers of <mask> and Dong, respectively. <mask> was very displeased with Li's commissioning, and while ostensibly welcoming Li, he sent a large number of soldiers to escort Li to Chengdu, hoping that the large display of military might would intimidate Li into leaving on his own. Li took no heed of this, however, and proceeded to Chengdu.Once Li arrived at Chengdu, <mask> initially outwardly treated him with respect, but in spring 927, after publicly rebuking him for advocating the campaign against Former Shu that led to the destruction of both Former Shu and Later Tang — i.e., the destruction of Emperor Zhuangzong's administration — executed him. Hearing of Li's death, Zhu fled back to Luoyang, fearing the same fate.

masks: Meng Meng Meng


title: Meng Zhixiang

texts: <mask> then submitted a report to Emperor Mingzong, claiming that Li had plotted to take over the army and had falsely claimed that Meng would soon be summoned back to Luoyang to undermine Meng. During this time, Meng had sent his attendants to escort his wife Grand Princess Qionghua, as well as <mask> Renzan (and probably <mask> Renzan's mother Lady Li) to Xichuan. When they reached Fengxiang, the news of Li Yan's death had also reached Fengxiang, and the military governor of Fengxiang, Li Congyan (Li Maozhen's son and successor, who was allowed to inherit the circuit after Li Maozhen submitted to be a Later Tang vassal) immediately had them detained at Fengxiang. However, wanting to retain Meng's faithfulness by grace, Emperor Mingzong ordered that they be allowed to continue on to Chengdu, escorted by the official Li Renju (). Meanwhile, <mask> and Dong were also disputing themselves, over the profitability of the salt mines that both of their circuits controlled.To try to gain a trade advantage on Meng, Dong reduced the prices of Dongchuan salt, thus inducing merchants to go to Dongchuan, buy salt, and selling it on the Xichuan salt markets, thus depressing the price of Xichuan salt. In 928, Meng reacted by establishing taxation checkpoints on the border of Xichuan and Dongchuan and taxing such salt trade heavily. With their profits taken away by these taxes, merchants no longer went to Dongchuan to buy salt. Around that time, Emperor Mingzong had


title: Meng Zhixiang

texts:
 ordered that Xichuan contribute troops in a campaign against the rebel warlord Gao Jixing the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei), to take back three prefectures that Emperor Zhuangzong had previously bestowed Gao (Kui (), Wan (), and Zhong (), all in modern Chongqing). Meng sent 3,000 troops, commanded by the officer Mao Chongwei (). After Later Tang imperial forces were able to recapture those prefectures from Gao, however, Meng requested that the troops be returned; Emperor Mingzong refused. Meng then sent secret messengers to Mao and induced him to, in violation of imperial orders, return to Chengdu with his troops.Mao did so, and when Emperor Mingzong subsequently ordered that Mao be punished, Meng refused. Further, <mask> also started to refuse to comply with past orders to supply the central government-created Ningjiang Circuit (寧江, headquartered at Kui Prefecture) with food, claiming that the food was necessary for his own circuit's army. Joint campaign of resistance against Later Tang with Dong Zhang
Meanwhile, the Later Tang imperial government, under An Chonghui's strategy, was placing key posts in the region under its own control — with Xia Luqi (), who had been the deputy commander of the operations against Jingnan, made the military governor of Wuxin Circuit (武信, headquartered in modern Suining, Sichuan), Li Renju made the military governor of a new Baoning Circuit (保寧, headquartered in


title: Meng Zhixiang

texts: modern Langzhong, Sichuan), carved out of Dongchuan and Xichuan's neighboring Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi), and An's brother-in-law Wu Qianyu () the prefect of Mian Prefecture (綿州, in modern Mianyang), in the heart of Dongchuan itself. (Meng had effectively taken control of Wuxin earlier when Li Shaowen () the military governor of Wuxin died in 927 and the imperial government abided by Meng's wishes by having Meng's officer Li Jingzhou () made the acting military governor of Wuxin.) Further, there were rumors that An was ready to have Mian and nearby Long Prefecture (龍州, also in modern Mianyang) carved out of Dongchuan as a separate circuit. These developments made both <mask> Zhixiang and Dong Zhang apprehensive of the imperial government's attentions, and despite their prior animosity with each other, they began to negotiate an alliance, agreeing to have Dong's son marrying Meng's daughter; they also began to plan a joint resistance in case of an imperial operation against them. They then submitted a joint petition expressing their apprehension and objecting to the imperial establishment of these garrisons, to no avail.(Dong subsequently neutralized Wu by tricking him to Dongchuan's capital Zi Prefecture () and putting him under arrest, while the imperial government bestowed the greater honorary chancellor title of Zhongshu Ling () on Meng.) Dong made one last-ditch attempt to stop the imperial government from


title: Meng Zhixiang

texts: what he and Meng saw as provocative deployments — by having his son Dong Guangye (), who served as the director of imperial gardens at the capital Luoyang, inform An's deputy Li Qianhui () that if the imperial government sent more soldiers into the region, he would rebel. (However, as noted by, inter alia, the modern historian Bo Yang, Dong's threat had the exact opposite effect, since An's intent was to force Dong and Meng into rebellion so that he could destroy them.) When An thereafter, in fall 930, sent the officer Xun Xian'ai () to reinforce Baoning's capital Lang Prefecture (), Dong publicly declared his rebellion, and he and Meng joined their forces to prepare to attack Baoning, Wuxin, and Zhaowu (昭武, headquartered in modern Guangyuan, Sichuan) Circuits, which were loyal to the imperial government. Their plan (as proposed by Zhao Jiliang) was to quickly capture Baoning and Wuxin, and then defend the treacherous Jianmen Pass to stop the imperial army from advancing. Emperor Mingzong reacted by commissioning his son-in-law Shi Jingtang the military governor of Tianxiong as the commander of an army against Dongchuan and Xichuan (with Xia as his deputy), stripping Dong Zhang and <mask> of all of their titles, and slaughtering Dong Guangye and his family. Long before Shi's army could arrive in the region, however, the joint Dongchuan/Xichuan forces, under Dong Zhang's command, quickly captured Lang Prefecture and killed Li Renju, while a Xichuan army


title: Meng Zhixiang

texts: delivering Emperor Mingzong's message and further assuring Meng that his nephews who remained in imperial territory were safe, Meng wanted to resubmit to the imperial government, and tried to persuade Dong Zhang to do so as well.Dong refused in anger, pointing out that his family members had been executed; thereafter, he began to be hostile toward <mask> again. <mask>, not wanting to be seen as the breaker of the covenant between him and Dong, did not himself send emissaries to the imperial government initially, and tried two more times to persuade Dong, to no avail. On the last of those occasions in spring 932, <mask>'s emissary Li Hao, after returning to Chengdu, pointed out that it appeared that Dong was planning an attack and that Xichuan should be prepared. (Around this time, <mask>'s wife Grand Princess Fuqing (her title's having been changed to Fuqing by Emperor Mingzong) died.) In summer 932, Dong launched his attack, and initially the Dongchuan army, with Dong being known as a fierce fighter, had a number of victory over Xichuan forces. As part of Dong's plan to adversely affect the Xichuan morale, he wrote letters to Zhao Jiliang, Zhao Tingyin, and Li Zhao, acting as if they were acting in concert with him. Meng paid no heed to those letters, and, leaving Zhao Jiliang in command at Chengdu, himself took an army, along with Zhao Tingyin, to engage Dong.Meanwhile, Dong, after capturing Xichuan's Han Prefecture (漢州, in modern Deyang, Sichuan),


title: Meng Zhixiang

texts: approached Chengdu. <mask>'s and Zhao Tingyin's forces engaged him, but initially the Dongchuan forces prevailed; however, when Xichuan forces that Zhao Tingyin put in reserve then engaged Dongchuan forces, the Dongchuan forces were crushed, and Dong fled back to Zi Prefecture. Once he got there, his officers Wang Hui () and Dong Yanhao () (a son to one of his cousins) mutinied. In the mutiny, another officer, Pan Chou () killed Dong Zhang and offered his head to Wang. Wang thereafter surrendered the city to Meng. Meng thereafter faced the situation that both Zhao Tingyin and Li Renhan wanted command of Dongchuan — a conflict that threatened to tear the victorious Xichuan forces apart. <mask>, to resolve the situation, took command of Dongchuan himself, while returning Li to Wuxin and giving Zhao the command of Baoning.By this point, Meng had effective control of not only the two original circuits of Xichuan and Dongchuan, but the carved-out circuits of Wuxin, Baoning, Zhaowu, Ningjiang, and Wutai as well. However, he rejected an overture from his subordinates, led by Zhao Jiliang, to declare himself a prince. When the imperial government initially received reports of conflict between Dong and Meng, it hoped to take advantage of the situation, but after Meng quickly defeated Dong, An Chonghui's successor as chief of staff, Fan Yanguang, pointed out to Emperor Mingzong that even though Meng controlled the region, he still needed imperial sanction because


title: Meng Zhixiang

texts:
 government send the wives and children of the soldiers from the Central Plains to allow the families to be reunited. In winter 932, Emperor Mingzong again sent Li Cungui to Chengdu to deliver his edict, largely approving Meng's requests, and further giving him the authority to commission even military governors in the region. However, he refused to send the wives and children of the soldiers to the region, but also did not (as Meng had feared that he might) order that they be returned to the imperial government. Shortly after, Meng, under authorities granted by Emperor Mingzong, formally bestowed the five acting military governors full commands.In spring 933, Emperor Mingzong further formally created <mask> the Prince of Shu and made him the military governor of both Dongchuan and Xichuan, sending the high-level officials Lu Wenji and Lü Qi for the creation ceremony. <mask> himself crafted clothes and crowns that were like the emperor's. Later that year, Emperor Mingzong died and was succeeded by his son Li Conghou the Prince of Song (as Emperor Min). When Meng received the news, he commented:

Thereafter, his subordinates persuaded him to take the throne himself, and, in spring 934, he did so, claiming himself to be the Emperor of Shu. As emperor of independent Later Shu state
Shortly after <mask> Zhixiang claimed the Later Shu throne, the Later Tang imperial succession was thrown into turmoil when Emperor Min's chiefs of staff, Zhu Hongzhao and Feng


title: Meng Zhixiang

texts:
 Yun, who suspected both Shi Jingtang and Emperor Min's adoptive brother Li Congke the Prince of Lu, tried to move their commands — Shi from Hedong to Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Shanxi) and Li Congke from Fengxiang to Hedong. Li Congke, fearing that this move was intended to trick him to his death, rebelled; he subsequently defeated the imperial forces sent against him and advanced toward Luoyang, eventually killing Emperor Min and taking the throne himself. As he was doing so, Zhang Qianzhao () the military governor of Shannan West and Sun Hanshao () the military governor of Wuding Circuit (武定, headquartered in modern Hanzhong), who had been part of the imperial forces against him and who feared reprisals, surrendered their circuits to Later Shu, allowing Later Shu to take the region south of the Qinling Mountains.Meanwhile, <mask>, who was said to have suffered from a stroke for over a year, became gravely ill. In fall 934, he created <mask> Renzan Crown Prince. He died the same day, and <mask> Renzan (whose name was then changed to <mask> Chang) took the throne. Personal information
 Father
 <mask> Dao (), posthumously honored Emperor Xiaowu with the temple name Xianzong (honored 934)
 Wife
 Lady Li (died 932), eldest daughter of Li Keyong the Prince of Jin, later Grand Princess Qionghua (created 923?/925?) 136. New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 64.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 268, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279.


title: Jozo Zovko

texts:
<mask> (born march 19, 1941) is a Herzegovinian Croat Franciscan, most notable for being a parson in Medjugorje during the alleged Marian apparitions in 1981. He was very active in the promotion of apparitions around the world. He is an adherent of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal. <mask> was ordained a priest as a Franciscan in 1965. During the alleged Marian apparitions in Medjugorje in 1981, he was the parish priest of the St. James Church and became the first supporter and mentor of the visionaries. The same year he was sentenced to three years in prison because of a sermon allegedly criticising the communist authorities, which Zovko denied. After being released in 1983, he became a vicar in Tihaljina near Grude, but remained in close touch with Medjugorje.It is claimed by the visionaries of Our Lady of Medjugorje, that the Virgin gave them a vision of <mask> while in prison in October 1981. <mask> claims to have had a vision of Our Lady in April 1983. The Bishop revoked his priestly jurisdiction because of disobedience and his activity in Medjugorje, a decree soon afterward confirmed by Rome in 1989. However, <mask> continued to be active in Medjugorje and around the world, promoting the apparitions, despite the suspension. He finally submitted to the decree under pressure from Rome, and moved to a Franciscan friary in Badija near Korčula in Croatia in 2009, and periodically lived in Graz, Austria, until he moved permanently to Zagreb, Croatia's capital in 2011, where he currently lives. Biography

<mask> <mask> was born in Uzarići, Herzegovina and attended elementary school in nearby Široki Brijeg. He was ordained a

masks:
Jozo Zovko
Zovko
Zovko
Zovko
Zovko
Jozo
Zovko


title: Jozo Zovko

texts:
 priest as a Franciscan on 3 April 1965.He was known to his colleagues by special devotions to Madonna, and often participated in catechetical summer schools as a lecturer and discussant of charismatic orientation. In November 1980, <mask> was appointed parish priest of the St. James Church in Medjugorje. At first, he was suspicious towards the Marian apparitions reported the following June, but became a fierce supporter. According to Kutlesa the  Madonna allegedly appeared to him as well five days later. Marian Apparition in Medjugorje

On 25 June 1981, the day the alleged Marian apparitions occurred, he was away from Medjurgorje in Zagreb officiating at a meeting of Franciscan nuns. When he arrived back to Medjugorje he was surprised to see the church surrounded by a large crowd along with their many vehicles including tractors, cars, trucks and donkey carts. <mask> and his assistant, Father Cuvalo, were concerned because outside religious gatherings were forbidden in Yugoslavia and arrests could occur.He and Cuvalo decided the best thing to do was interview each visionary individually in detail while recording each one. <mask> was both curious and skeptical. He noticed that the seers became agitated if anyone hinted that were lying and he was taken by the fact that their physical descriptions of the Gospa were consistent with each other: She was a young woman about twenty years old, they said, with blue eyes, black hair, and a crown of stars around Her head. Randall Sullivan wrote that according to the seers: She wore a white veil and bluish-grey robe. Each of the children said they had not been able to see the

masks: Zovko Zovko Zovko


title: Jozo Zovko

texts: Virgin's feet, described Her as hovering just above the ground on a white cloud, and said She spoke in a singing voice. He was suspicious at first when none of the visionaries used the exact words even when quoting the Madonna. He declined to go with the children that night to the mountain.However, Father Cuvalo and Father Kosir went to the mountain along with at least five thousand people. When they reported to <mask> afterwards, Cuvalo said he asked Jakov to ask the Virgin what she wanted from the Franciscans. Randall Sullivan wrote that according to all six children, she said: "Have them persevere in the faith and protect the faith of others." On 29 June during the afternoon mass <mask> was giving a sermon at the same time the children were being interrogated by representatives of the communist regime of Yugoslavia's. They arrived in two vehicles and ordered the visionaries into a vehicle and took them to the police station for interrogation and then an examination by a pediatric specialist. It was determined that they were healthy physically and not on drugs. Next they were taken into the morgue in the hospital where they viewed corpses in many stages of autopsy.They then were placed among the mentally ill in the psychiatric wing of the hospital and told they could end up here. They were frightened. Randall Sullivan wrote that it wasn't over and were driven to another town, Citluk, to be examined by Dr. Ante Bijevic who determined that each child was, "Normal, balanced, well-situated in time and in space, no hallucinations." When it was over, the medical experts concluded that each seer was both medically and mentally

masks: Zovko Zovko


title: Jozo Zovko

texts:
 fine. Zovko gave the seers several prayer books and rosaries and tried to teach them more about the church. He also gave Mirjana a book on apparitions in Lourdes, from which the visionaries concluded that their apparitions would last until 3 July 1981, as in Lourdes. Mirjana, one of the visionaries, told Zovko on 30 June 1981 on audiotape, that the Madonna told her that she would appear only for the next three days, that is until 3 July 1981.Ivanka, another visionary, confirmed this. Fr. Sivrić said to remember that <mask> asked the visionaries to ask the same question the day before on 29 June. The seers asked the Madonna what the length of her visitations would be. She answered that she would continue for as long as they wanted. The visionaries, including Mirjana and Ivanka, continue to claim to have visions to this day. Randall Sullivan wrote that <mask> was praying on his knees for direction in the St. James Church and all of a sudden he heard a voice clearly say, "Come out now and protect the children."He immediately went to the door and the girls were running from a nearby field towards him running from Communist authorities. He hid them in an inner room and locked them in. He told the authorities he had seen the children and the police ran off towards town away from the church. Later that afternoon the apparition took place in the church and <mask> was given the same vision that the visionaries see. Right then he became a fierce supporter of the apparitions. Zovko eventually was convinced of the children's accounts. Communist Authorities

During the middle to the end of July 1981 both the police and officials of


title: Jozo Zovko

texts: the Communist League were demanding that the evening mass be discontinued.Sullivan wrote that he asked the visionaries to ask the Madonna about that and her reply was, "Continue to celebrate Mass". <mask> refused to stop the evening mass and the children, in order to protect the church, started to gather outside on Podrdo. This enraged the government officials and as a result they became more violent. On August 11 <mask> was summoned to the Communist Party headquarters in Mostar to be given a final warning - to stop the people from meeting on Podrodo. The communist authorities also wanted the evening Mass to be stopped. He refused once again. On August 17 the authorities arrested <mask> on the charge of sedition.<mask> was accused of making hostile and malicious allusions to the Yugoslav political system in two of his sermons, when he used the words "as a prison system and a ‘40-year-long slavery’ in which the people were exposed to ‘false teachings,’” according to Perica Vjekoslav. One of these sermons was presented on 11 July 1981 at the Saint James Church and the second one was presented two weeks later when Bishop Zanic's visited Medjugorje, according to the indictment. Perica Vjekoslav wrote that the state prosecutor said that the false teachings allegation was interpreted as an "attack on the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Marxism, and self-management socialism." On October 19, 1981 the visionaries were asked by the Madonna to fast on bread and water for a week while praying for <mask>. Rene Laurentin wrote that at that time she gave them a vision of <mask> in his prison cell and he "tells them not to be afraid

masks: Zovko Zovko Zovko Zovko Zovko Zovko


title: Jozo Zovko

texts:
 for him, that everything was well." On October 21 <mask> was given a speedy trial in one day and was convicted of sedition which is a crime that could involve the death penalty. According to Rene Laurentin, when the visionaries voiced concerned for Zovko, the Madonna said that "<mask> looks well and he greets you warmly.Do not fear for <mask>. He is a saint. I have already told you." She also said that his punishment would be announced the next day and would not be severe. The next morning his sentence was announced and was reduced to 3 1/2 years in prison. Paul Kengor wrote, the communists, in their persecution, "also smashed up the church, broke and scattered religious articles and generally ransacked the parish." In February 1983 the communists released <mask> after 18 months of hard labor.The condition upon his release was not to return to Medjugorje. According to Sullivan, he "emerged from prison gaunt, ashen, and nearly deaf in one ear,". He was then appointed a vicar in Tihaljina near Grude and remained in close touch with Medjugorje. After leaving Medjugorje
On 23 August 1989, Bishop Pavao Žanić suspended <mask>'s priestly faculties in the two dioceses of Mostar-Duvno and Trebinje-Mrkan "due to his involvement in the conflict between the Franciscans and bishops over the division of parishes - which has been intense in Herzegovina for the last 40 years." Zovko objected to the Bishop's decree to the Holy See on 14 October 1989, only to see the Bishop's decree confirmed on 15 February 1990, with the ruling that the Bishop's sanction will remain in force until he retreats "to a friary remote from Medjugorje". Zovko

masks: Zovko Jozo Jozo Zovko Zovko


title: Jozo Zovko

texts: ignored Rome's ruling, and was appointed a guardian of the Franciscan friary in Široki Brijeg. He continued to hear confessions, so the new Bishop Ratko Perić revoked his confessional jurisdiction as well in 1994.After a five year absence, <mask> made a surprise appearance in Medjugorje and spoke from the pulpit on January 1, 1990. He denounced the parishioners who put profit above religious practice. Sullivan wrote that Zovko said, "We must understand that all of this commercialism is against Medjugorje...I truly am angry about it." Father Slavko the current priest agreed with Zovko and demanded that the profiteers leave but shopkeepers had the support of the communist government and didn't leave. While Zovko said that the Bosnian War was a political rather than religious matter, he gave a sermon at Medjugorje where he stated that Mary is "...calling upon her people to pick up their swords put on their uniforms and stop the power of Satan." According to Professor Michael L. Budde, given that the Herzegovina Franciscans supported the Croatian Nationalists fighting the Bozniak Muslims, the "...reference was not to be understood biblically but historically - it was a reference to Islam." According to Daniel Klimek, on June 17, 1992, Zovko met with John Paul II in Rome during the wars in former Yugoslavia and the pope said, "I give you my blessing.Take courage I am with you. Tell Medjugorje I am with you. Protect Medjugorje. Protect Our Lady's messages!” Mary Rourke wrote that Zovko also said, “the pope shook my hand, very firmly, and said ‘Guard Medjugorje, protect Medjugorje." According to Journalist Randall Sullivan, John


title: Jozo Zovko

texts: Paul II received the nickname “Protector of Medjugorje” in Vatican circles as it was common knowledge in the Holy See that he loved Medjugorje. One of the ways he protected Medjugorje was by stopping a negative judgment on the apparitions from Pavao Žanić. Randall Sullivan wrote that the day after the events of September 11, 2001 in the United States, Zovko sent a letter to "All People of America": Know that our prayers and compassion are with you in the pain and suffering of this difficult trial.We are with you on our knees in prayer and vigils for your peace and strength; for light in this darkness. Our large prayer community is praying and is celebrating the Eucharist for all of those who have died, for the wounded and for all those who grieve. Zovko continued to promote the apparitions traveling around the world, and especially the United States. On November 5, 2002 Zovko began a speaking tour in the United States. On this tour the director of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Boston, Walter Rossi, forbade Zovko to hold a mass there after receiving a letter from the bishop of Mostar, Ratko Peric. Peric described Zovko as a "disobedient Franciscan" who had been stripped of "every faculty" to serve in public ministry since 1989. Peric could not explain the reasons for the censure because it was not imposed by him, but by Zanic the previous Bishop who was now deceased.<mask> was not blocked from appearing anywhere else on his tour. In fact a few days later, <mask> held a sermon in Boston with no problems. In 2005, the Franciscan Province of St. Jerome turned over the friary and island of


title: Jozo Zovko

texts:
 Badija in Croatia to the Franciscan Province of Herzegovina of the Ascension of the Blessed Virgin Mary for a term of 99 years. The respective  provincials invited <mask> to relocate to the old Franciscan friary and oversee its reconstruction. The premises was in poor condition. However, <mask> ignored the request for four years until 2009, when he agreed to move to the friary in Badija on 16 February 2009. There was an announcement that a commission will be formed in the Vatican very soon to re-investigate all the events in Medjugorje.<mask> also received a diagnosis by Italian doctors that he had "defibrillation of the heart and that the need for rest was necessary." Afterward, <mask> lived between Badija and Graz in Austria, where he would come periodically. He was transferred to Zagreb, the capital of Croatia, in December 2011, where he currently lives. In fiction

Martin Sheen, a Catholic American actor, visited Medjugorje. He played <mask> in the drama film Gospa (Madonna), a 1995 Croatian movie directed by Jakov Sedlar. Notes

References

Books

Journals

News articles

Websites

1941 births
People from Široki Brijeg
Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Franciscans of the Franciscan Province of Herzegovina
Living

masks: Zovko Zovko Zovko Zovko Zovko


title: Frank Berryman

texts: Lieutenant General Sir <mask>,  (11 April 1894 – 28 May 1981) was an Australian Army officer who served as a general during the Second World War. The son of an engine driver, he entered Duntroon in 1913. His class graduated early after the First World War broke out, and he served on the Western Front with the field artillery. After the war, he spent nearly twenty years as a major. Berryman joined the Second Australian Imperial Force (AIF) on 4 April 1940 with the rank of full colonel, and became General Staff Officer Grade 1 (GSO1) of the 6th Division. He was responsible for the staff work for the attacks on Bardia and Tobruk. In January 1941, <mask> became Commander, Royal Artillery, 7th Division, and was promoted to brigadier.During the Syria-Lebanon campaign, he commanded "Berryforce". He returned to Australia in 1942, becoming Major General, General Staff, of the First Army. Later that year, he became Deputy Chief of the General Staff under the Commander in Chief, General Sir Thomas Blamey, who brought him up to Port Moresby to simultaneously act as chief of staff of New Guinea Force. <mask> was intimately involved with the planning and execution of the Salamaua–Lae campaign and the Huon Peninsula campaign. In November 1943 he became acting commander of II Corps, which he led in the Battle of Sio. In the final part of the war, he was Blamey's representative at General of the Army Douglas MacArthur's headquarters and the Australian Army representative at the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay. After the war, Berryman commanded Eastern Command.He directed the military response to the 1949 Australian coal strike. <mask>

masks:
Frank Horton Berryman
Berryman
Berryman
Berryman


title: Frank Berryman

texts:
 hoped to become Chief of the General Staff but was passed over as he was seen as a "Blamey man" by Prime Minister Ben Chifley. He retired and became the Director General of the Royal Tour of Queen Elizabeth II in 1954. He was Chief Executive Officer of the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales from 1954 to 1961. Education and early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Geelong, Victoria, on 11 April 1894, the fourth of six children and the eldest of three sons of William Lee <mask>, a Victorian Railways engine driver, and his wife, Annie Jane, née Horton. <mask> joined in the 1903 Victorian Railways strike and, when it failed, was reinstated with a 14 per cent pay cut, only regaining his 1903 pay level in 1916. <mask> was educated at Melbourne High School, where he served in the school Cadet Unit, and won the Rix prize for academic excellence.On graduation, he took a job with the Victorian railways as a junior draughtsman. In 1913, Berryman entered the Royal Military College, Duntroon, having ranked first among the 154 candidates on the entrance examination. Of the 33 members in his class, nine died in the First World War, and six later became generals: Leslie Beavis, <mask>, William Bridgeford, John Chapman, Edward Milford and Alan Vasey. Berryman rose to fifth in order of merit before his class graduated early, in June 1915, because of the outbreak of the First World War. First World War
Berryman's Duntroon class had not yet completed its military training. Major General William Throsby Bridges decided that regimental duty would rectify that deficiency, so he assigned the Duntroon cadets as regimental officers of

masks:
Frank Horton
Berryman
Berryman
William Berryman
Frank
Berryman


title: Frank Berryman

texts: the First Australian Imperial Force (AIF), rather than as staff officers. Cadets were given the choice of service in the infantry or light horse.One cadet, Lawrence Wackett, protested that he wished to serve in the technical services. When asked if they would prefer the technical services, twelve cadets, including <mask>, Beavis, Clowes, Vasey, and Wackett stepped forward. <mask> was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Permanent Military Forces (PMF) on 29 June 1915 and again in the First AIF on 1 July 1915. He was posted to Lieutenant Colonel Harold Grimwade's 4th Field Artillery Brigade of the 2nd Division Artillery, along with Vasey and Milford. <mask> embarked for Egypt with the 4th Field Artillery Brigade on the transport Wiltshire on 17 November 1915. In Egypt, <mask> briefly commanded the 4th Brigade Ammunition Column before it was absorbed into the 2nd Division Ammunition Column. The 2nd Division moved to France in March 1916.<mask> became a temporary captain on 1 April 1916, a rank which became substantive on 10 June 1916. In January 1917, he was posted to the 7th Infantry Brigade as a trainee staff captain. During the Second Battle of Bullecourt he served with 2nd Division headquarters. He was appointed to command the 18th Field Artillery Battery, and became a temporary major on 1 September 1917, which became substantive on 10 September 1917. This was as far as he could go, for Duntroon graduates could not be promoted above major in the AIF. This policy was aimed at giving them a broad range of experience, which would benefit the Army, while not allowing them to outnumber the available post-war positions.

masks: Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman


title: Frank Berryman

texts:
 While commanding the 18th Field Battery, he saw action at the Battle of Passchendaele.For his service as a battery commander in this battle, he received a  Mention in Despatches:

In September 1918, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. His  citation, signed by Major General Charles Rosenthal, read:

<mask> was later nominated for a bar to his Distinguished Service Order for the September 1918 fighting, but this was subsequently downgraded to a second Mention in Despatches. He was wounded in the right eye in September 1918 while he was commanding the 14th Field Artillery Battery. Although his wound was serious enough to warrant hospitalisation, there was no permanent damage to his vision. However, it was the end of his career as a battery commander, as the Army took the opportunity to transfer him to a staff post. From 28 October 1918 to 1 July 1919, he was Brigade Major of the 7th Infantry Brigade. With the war over, he returned to Australia in October 1919.Between the wars
<mask> was appointed to the Staff Corps on 1 October 1920. Although he was entitled to keep his AIF rank of major as an honorary rank, his substantive rank—and pay grade—was still lieutenant. Promotion was painfully slow. He was promoted to captain and brevet major on 1 March 1923, but was not promoted to the substantive rank of major until 1 March 1935. <mask> attended the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, from 1920 to 1923. On returning to Australia, he became an inspecting ordnance officer at the 2nd Military District. From its headquarters at Victoria Barracks, Sydney, the 2nd Military District administered the Army in most of New

masks: Berryman Berryman Berryman


title: Frank Berryman

texts: South Wales.He enrolled in a Bachelor of Science program at the University of Sydney. On 30 November 1925, he married Muriel Whipp. They eventually had a daughter and a son. Berryman discontinued his university studies to prepare for the entrance examination for Staff College, Camberley. Eighteen Australian Army officers sat the exam that year, but only Berryman and one other officer passed. Only two Australian officers were accepted into staff college each year, so Berryman's attendance from 1926 to 1928 marked him out as one of the Australian Army's rising talents. It also allowed him to forge useful contacts with the British Army.<mask> later recalled, "The advantage of this was that in war we had the same doctrine of tactics and administration, which was essential if we had to work together. More than that, the officers who had to carry out their duties in cooperation knew each other personally." After graduation he was posted to the High Commission of Australia, London, from 1929 to 1932, where he served under the Military Liaison Officer, Major General Julius Bruche. After nearly twenty years as a major, <mask> was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel on 12 May 1935. Promotion to substantive rank, which carried the rank's pay as well as status, occurred on 1 July 1938, when he became Assistant Director of Military Operations at Army Headquarters. From December 1938 to April 1940 he was General Staff Officer Grade 1 (GSO1) of the 3rd Division. The slow rate of promotion of regular officers in the inter-war years fostered a sense of injustice and frustration among officers with good war records who found

masks: Berryman Berryman


title: Frank Berryman

texts:
 studies of aerial photographs, he selected a spot for the attack where the terrain was most favourable. His plan provided for the coordination of infantry, armour and artillery. While at times he proved secretive and hard to deal with, during the battle his forceful personality provided a good foil to the sometimes indecisive Mackay.Later that month <mask> planned the equally successful Battle of Tobruk. For his services in this campaign, he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). Syria
In January 1941, <mask> became Commander, Royal Artillery, in Arthur "Tubby" Allen's 7th Division, and was promoted to brigadier. During the Syria-Lebanon campaign, Berryman demonstrated that he was a thrusting commander who led from the front and repeatedly demonstrated his coolness under fire. When his headquarters came under shell fire for the first time, Berryman sat calmly eating his breakfast "among the flying brick dust and bursting shells", simply telling the men to shut the door, "so they can eat breakfast without being covered in dust". During the Vichy French counterattack, <mask> was given command of the Australian forces in the centre of the position around Merdjayoun. This scratch force became known as "Berryforce".His mission was to check the enemy advance in the Merdjayoun area. Berryman decided that the best way to do this would be to recapture Merdjayoun. This presented considerable difficulty, for although his force contained two infantry battalions, the 2/25th and 2/33rd, and a pioneer battalion, the 2/2nd, his headquarters was not equipped to control a battle in the manner of an infantry


title: Frank Berryman

texts: brigade, as it lacked appropriate staff and communications. Moreover, while he was supported by mechanised cavalry and 22 artillery pieces, the opposing French forces had tanks. For the next two weeks, the outnumbered Berryforce attempted to retake the strategically important town in the Battle of Merdjayoun. His first attempt was a failure. After carrying out a personal reconnaissance on 18 June, Berryman tried again.This time his attack was halted by staunch defence by the French Foreign Legion and tanks. Berryman then tried a different approach. Instead of attempting to capture the town, he seized high ground overlooking the French supply lines. Faced with being cut off, the French withdrew from the town. Berryforce was then dissolved and <mask> returned to his role as commander of the 7th Division artillery. The 7th Division was now concentrated in the coastal sector. Berryman clashed with Brigadier Jack Stevens of the 21st Infantry Brigade over the siting of <mask>'s artillery observation posts, which were forward of the infantry's front lines.Berryman wanted Stevens' positions advanced so as to obtain effective observation of the enemy's lines for Berryman's gunners. Stevens refused, hampering Berryman's efforts to support him in the Battle of Damour. Despite this, Berryman implemented an effective artillery plan. In the final stage of the battle, Berryman, without authority, ordered Lieutenant Colonel Denzil MacArthur-Onslow of the 2/6th Cavalry Regiment to pursue the retreating French forces, but was overruled by Savige and Allen. For his part in the campaign, Berryman received a third Mention in Despatches.


title: Frank Berryman

texts:
 Papua
On 3 August 1941, <mask> became Brigadier, General Staff (chief of staff) of I Corps under Lieutenant General John Lavarack, again in succession to Rowell, who became Deputy Chief of the General Staff (DCGS). Berryman arrived in Jakarta by air with the advanced party of the I Corps headquarters staff on 26 January 1942 to plan its defence.Berryman reconnoitred Java and prepared an appreciation of the situation. Berryman also attempted to find out as much as possible about Japanese tactics through interviewing Colonel Ian MacAlister Stewart. This information found its way into papers circulated throughout the Army in Australia. It soon became apparent that the situation was hopeless and any troops committed to the defence of Java would be lost. <mask> returned to Australia, where he was promoted to major general on 6 April 1942, when he became Major General, General Staff (chief of staff) of Lavarack's First Army. On 14 September 1942, <mask> became DCGS under the Commander in Chief, General Sir Sir Thomas Blamey, in succession to Vasey. When New Guinea Force split into a rear headquarters under Blamey and an advanced headquarters under Lieutenant General Edmund Herring, so the latter could go forward to direct the Battle of Buna-Gona, Blamey brought Berryman up from Advanced LHQ in Brisbane to simultaneously act as chief of staff of New Guinea Force from 11 December 1942.Berryman formed a very close professional and personal relationship with Blamey, and henceforth <mask> would be Blamey's chief of staff and head of operational planning, which made him "one of the most important officers in the Australian Army

masks: Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman


title: Frank Berryman

texts:
 in its struggle against the Japanese." New Guinea
Blamey and <mask> remained close for the rest of the war, and Blamey came to rely heavily on Berryman for advice. It was <mask> who was sent to Wau to investigate the difficulties that Savige was having, and it was Berryman who exonerated Savige. "I reported the situation [to Blamey and Herring]," Berryman record in his diary, "and said Savige had done well and we had misjudged him." <mask> was intimately involved with the planning of the Salamaua–Lae campaign, working closely with Brigadier General Stephen J. Chamberlin at General Douglas MacArthur's General Headquarters (GHQ) in Brisbane. Berryman established good working relations with the Americans, even though their staff practices were quite different from those of the Australian Army. <mask> was also involved in the plan's execution, once more becoming chief of staff at New Guinea Force under Blamey in August 1943.<mask> was frustrated at the failure of Vasey's 7th Division to destroy the Japanese retreating from Lae, and personally annoyed by the way that Vasey forwarded compliments to Major General Ennis Whitehead while leaving any complaints about air support to be taken up by Berryman. <mask> was next involved with the planning for the landing at Finschhafen, brokering a compromise landing plan between Rear Admiral Daniel E. Barbey and Lieutenant General Sir Edmund Herring. When Berryman discovered that the United States Seventh Fleet did not intend to reinforce the 9th Division he immediately went to Blamey, who took the matter up with MacArthur. However, it was <mask> who brokered a compromise deal with

masks: Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman


title: Frank Berryman

texts: Vice Admiral Arthur S. Carpender to reinforce Finschhafen with a battalion in APDs. On 7 November 1943, <mask> became acting commander of II Corps, a post which became permanent on 20 January 1944, superseding Vasey, whose 7th Division was diplomatically placed directly under Lieutenant General Sir Leslie Morshead's New Guinea Force. II Corps was left with the 5th and 9th Divisions. <mask> was promoted to lieutenant general on 20 January 1944.As in Syria, Berryman proved a hard-driving commander. In December 1943, II Corps broke out of the position around Finschhafen and began a pursuit along the coast. Whenever the Japanese Army attempted to make a stand, Berryman attacked with 25-pounder artillery barrages and Matilda tanks. Berryman was aware that seasonal changes were making the surf rougher and making it ever harder to operate the US Army landing craft (LCMs) and Australian Army amphibious trucks (DUKWs) that he depended on for the logistical support of his troops, but he realised that the Japanese Army's supply difficulties were greater than his own, and he gambled that if he pushed hard enough the Japanese would be unable to regroup and organise a successful defence. In the first phase of the Battle of Sio, the advance from Finschhafen to Sio, 3,099 Japanese dead were counted and 38 prisoners taken, at a cost of 8 Australians killed and 48 wounded. In the 5th Division's subsequent drive from Sio to link up with the US 32nd Infantry Division at Saidor, 734 Japanese were killed and 1,775 found dead, while 48 prisoners were taken. Australian casualties came to 4 killed and 6 wounded.MacArthur considered <mask>'s


title: Frank Berryman

texts:
 performance "quite brilliant". For his part in the campaign, <mask> was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) on 8 March 1945. Borneo
II Corps was renumbered I Corps on 13 April 1944 and returned to Australia, where Blamey gave Berryman his next assignment. In preparation for the Philippines Campaign, General MacArthur moved the advanced element of GHQ to Hollandia in Dutch West Papua, where it opened in late August 1944. To maintain contact with GHQ, Blamey formed a new headquarters, Forward Echelon LHQ, which opened at Hollandia on 7 September under <mask>, who became Blamey's personal representative at GHQ. Forward Echelon LHQ subsequently moved with GHQ to Leyte in February 1945, and Manila in April 1945. <mask>'s role was to "safeguard Australian interests" at GHQ, but he also defended GHQ against criticism from the Australian Army.As well as liaising with GHQ, Forward Echelon LHQ became responsible for planning operations involving Australian troops. It worked on plans for operations on Luzon and Mindanao before it was finally decided that Borneo would be the Australian Army's next objective. In all of this Berrymen kept in close contact with Blamey, and the two were Australian Army representatives at the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay in September 1945. For his services in the final campaigns, Berryman received a fourth and final Mention in Despatches on 6 March 1947. Later life
After the war, Berryman took charge of Eastern Command, an appointment he held from March 1946 until his retirement at age 60 in April 1954. Berryman became known for his involvement in charitable organisations such as the War


title: Frank Berryman

texts: Widows Association, and as head of the Remembrance Drive Project. For this and his commitment to beautifying the Army barracks, Berryman became colloquially known in the Army as "<mask> the Florist".In June 1949, the country was rocked by the 1949 Australian coal strike. The strike began when stocks of coal were already low, especially in New South Wales, and rationing was introduced. Prime Minister Ben Chifley turned to the Army to get the troops to mine coal. This became possible when the transport unions agreed to transport coal that was mined. Responsibility for planning and organising the effort fell to Berryman. Soldiers began mining at Muswellbrook and Lithgow on 1 August, and by 15 August, when the strike ended, some 4,000 soldiers and airmen were employed. They continued work until production was fully restored.<mask> hoped to become Chief of the General Staff in succession to Lieutenant General Vernon Sturdee but he was seen as a "Blamey man" by Chifley and his Labor government colleagues, who disliked the former Commander-in-Chief. The job was instead given to Rowell. The United States government awarded <mask> the Medal of Freedom with Silver Palm in 1948. Following the change of government in 1949, <mask> lobbied Sir Eric Harrison, the Liberal Minister for Defence Production, for the job on the retirement of Rowell in 1954, but he was now considered too old for the job. <mask> became the Director General of the Royal Tour of Queen Elizabeth II in 1954, for which he was made a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO). He was Chief Executive Officer of the Royal Agricultural Society of New South

masks: Frank Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman


title: Frank Berryman

texts:
 Wales from 1954 to 1961. He died on 28 May 1981 at Rose Bay, New South Wales, and was cremated with full military honours.At the time of his funeral the Ambassador for Lebanon, Raymond Heneine, wrote in the Canberra Times: "The inhabitants of Jezzine will never forget General <mask>, who liberated their town from the forces of the Vichy French in collaboration with the Italian and German forces. He was for them not only a great general but also a great benefactor who provided them with food supplies and medical care. In fact he was the example of humanitarianism". Notes

References

1894 births
1981 deaths
Australian generals
Australian military personnel of World War I
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Australian Companions of the Order of the Bath
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Australian Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
People educated at Melbourne High School
People from Geelong
Australian recipients of the Medal of Freedom
Royal Military College, Duntroon graduates
Recipients of the Medal of


title: Luc Besson

texts:
<mask> (; born 18 March 1959) is a French film director, screenwriter, and producer. He directed or produced the films Subway (1985), The Big Blue (1988), and La Femme Nikita (1990). <mask> is associated with the Cinéma du look film movement. He has been nominated for a César Award for Best Director and Best Picture for his films Léon: The Professional and The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc. He won Best Director and Best French Director for his sci-fi action film The Fifth Element (1997). He wrote and directed the 2014 sci-fi action film <mask> and the 2017 space opera film Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets. In 1980, he founded his own production company, Les Films du Loup, and, later, Les Films du Dauphin, which were superseded in 2000 by his co-founding EuropaCorp film company with his longtime collaborator, .As writer, director, or producer, <mask> has so far been involved in the creation of more than 50 films. Early life
<mask> was born in Paris, to parents who both worked as Club Med scuba-diving instructors. Influenced by this milieu, as a child <mask> planned to become a marine biologist. He spent much of his youth travelling with his parents to tourist resorts in Italy, Yugoslavia and Greece. The family returned to France when <mask> was 10. His parents promptly divorced and each remarried. "Here there is two families, and I am the only bad souvenir of something that doesn't work," he said in the International Herald Tribune."And if I disappear, then everything is perfect. The rage to exist comes from here. I have to do something! Otherwise I am going to die." At the age of 17, <mask> had a diving accident that left him unable to dive. "I was 17 and I wondered what I was going to do. ...So I took a piece of paper and on the left I put everything I could do, or had skills for, and all the things I couldn't do. The first line was shorter and I could see that I loved writing, I loved

masks:
Luc Paul Maurice Besson
Besson
Lucy
Besson
Besson
Besson
Besson
Besson


title: Luc Besson

texts:
 images, I was taking a lot of pictures. So I thought maybe movies would be good. But I thought that to really know I should go to a set. And a friend of mine knew a guy whose brother was a third assistant on a short film. It's true," he said in a 2000 interview with The Guardian. "So, I said: 'OK, let's go on the set.'So I went on the set...The day after I went back to see my mum and told her that I was going to make films and stop school and 'bye. And I did it! Very soon after I made a short film and it was very, very bad. I wanted to prove that I could do something, so I made a short film. That was in fact my main concern, to be able to show that I could do one." Career
He reportedly worked on the first drafts of Le Grand Bleu while still in his teens. Out of boredom, <mask> started writing stories, including the background to what he later developed as The Fifth Element (1997), one of his most popular movies.The film is inspired by the French comic books which <mask> read as a teenager. <mask> directed and co-wrote the screenplay of this science fiction thriller with American screenwriter Robert Mark Kamen. At 18, <mask> returned to his birthplace of Paris. There he took odd jobs in film to get a feel for the industry. He worked as an assistant to directors including Claude Faraldo and Patrick Grandperret. <mask> directed three short films, a commissioned documentary, and several commercials. After this, he moved to the United States for three years, but returned to Paris, where he formed his own production company.He first named it Les Films du Loup, but changed it to Les Films du Dauphin. In the early 1980s, <mask> met Éric Serra and asked him to compose the score for his first short film, L'Avant dernier. He later used Serra as a composer for other films of his. Since the late 20th century, <mask> has written and produced numerous action movies, including the Taxi (1998–2007) and The Transporter

masks: Besson Besson Besson Besson Besson Besson Besson


title: Luc Besson

texts:
 (2002–2008) series (another collaboration with Robert Mark Kamen), and the Jet Li films Kiss of the Dragon and Unleashed/Danny the Dog. His English-language films Taken, Taken 2 and Taken 3, all co-written with Kamen and starring Liam Neeson, have been major successes, with Taken 2 becoming the largest-grossing export French film. <mask> produced the promotional movie for the Paris bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics. <mask> won the Lumières Award for Best Director and the César Award for Best Director, for his film The Fifth Element (1997).He was nominated for Best Director and Best Picture César Awards for his films Léon: The Professional (1994) and The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc (1999). French actor Jean Reno has appeared in several films by <mask>, including Le dernier combat (1983), Subway (1985), The Big Blue (1988), La Femme Nikita (1990), and Léon: The Professional (1994). Cinéma du look
Critics cite <mask> as a pivotal figure in the Cinéma du look movement, a specific, highly visual style produced from the 1980s into the early 1990s. Subway (1985), The Big Blue (1988) and La Femme Nikita (1990) are all considered to be of this stylistic school. The term was coined by critic Raphaël Bassan in a 1989 essay in La Revue du Cinema n° 449. A partisan of the experimental cinema and friend of the New Wave ("nouvelle vague") directors, Bassan grouped <mask> with Jean-Jacques Beineix and Leos Carax as three directors who shared the style of "le look." These directors were later described critically as favouring style over substance, and spectacle over narrative.<mask>, along with most of the filmmakers so categorised, was uncomfortable with the label, particularly in light of the achievements of their forebears: France's New Wave. "<mask> Godard and François Truffaut were rebelling against existing cultural values and used cinema as a means of expression simply because it was the most avant-garde medium

masks:
Besson
Besson
Besson
Besson
Besson
Besson
Jean Luc


title: Luc Besson

texts:
 at the time," said <mask> in a 1985 interview in The New York Times. "Today, the revolution is occurring entirely within the industry and is led by people who want to change the look of movies by making them better, more convincing and pleasurable to watch. "Because it's becoming increasingly difficult to break into this field, we have developed a psychological armor and are ready to do anything in order to work", he added in this same interview. "I think our ardor alone is going to shake the pillars of the moviemaking establishment." <mask> directed a biopic of Aung San Suu Kyi called The Lady (original title Dans la Lumiere), which was released in the fall of 2011. He also worked on Lockout, which was released in April 2012.Work
Many of <mask>'s films have achieved popular, if not critical, success. One such release was Le Grand Bleu. "When the film had its premiere on opening night at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival, it was mercilessly drubbed, but no matter; it was a smash," observed the International Herald Tribune in a 2007 profile of <mask>. "Embraced by young people who kept returning to see it again, the movie sold 10 million tickets and quickly became what the French call a 'film générationnel,' a defining moment in the culture." <mask> created the Arthur series, which comprises Arthur and the Minimoys, Arthur and the Forbidden City, Arthur and the Vengeance of Maltazard and Arthur and the War of the Two Worlds. He directed Arthur and the Invisibles, an adaptation of the first two books of the collection. A film with live action and animation, it was released in the UK and the US.Critical evaluation
<mask> has been described as "the most Hollywood of French filmmakers." Scott Tobias wrote that his "slick, commercial" action movies were "so interchangeable—drugs, sleaze, chuckling supervillainy, and Hong Kong-style effects—that each new project probably starts with white-out on the title page."

masks: Besson Besson Besson Besson Besson Besson


title: Luc Besson

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 American film critic Armond White has praised <mask>, whom he ranks as one of the best film producers, for refining and revolutionizing action film. He wrote that <mask> dramatizes the struggle of his characters "as a conscientious resistance to human degradation". Personal life
<mask> has been married four times; first, in 1986, to actress Anne Parillaud who starred in <mask>'s La Femme Nikita (1990). <mask> and Parillaud had a daughter, Juliette, born in 1987. The couple divorced in 1991.<mask>'s second wife was actress and director Maïwenn Le Besco, whom he started dating when he was 31 and she was 15. They were married in late 1992 when Le Besco, 16, was pregnant with their daughter Shanna, who was born on 3 January 1993. Le Besco later claimed that their relationship inspired <mask>'s film Léon (1994), where the plot involved the emotional relationship between an adult man and a 12-year-old girl. Their marriage ended in 1997, when <mask> became involved with actress Milla Jovovich during the filming of The Fifth Element (1997). He married the 21-year-old on 14 December 1997, at the age of , but they divorced in 1999. On 28 August 2004, at the age of , <mask> married film producer Virginie Silla. The couple have three children: Thalia, Sateen, and <mask>.Rape allegations

In 2018, he was accused of rape by actress Sand Van Roy and other actresses who wished to remain anonymous. The director's lawyer Thierry Marembert stated that <mask> "categorically denies these fantasist accusations" and that the accuser was "someone he knows, towards whom he has never behaved inappropriately". Five women have made similar statements against <mask>, including a former assistant, two students of Cité du Cinéma studio, and a former employee of <mask>'s EuropaCorp. In February 2019 French prosecutors dropped the case against <mask>, citing lack of evidence. In January 2021 a judge dismissed the case against <mask> after

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Besson
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Besson
Besson
Mao Besson
Besson
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Besson


title: Luc Besson

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 a second investigation had been ordered. Selected filmography

Legacy and honours
Among <mask>'s awards are the Brussels International Festival of Fantasy Film Critics Prize, Fantasporto Audience Jury Award-Special Mention, Best Director, and Best Film, for Le Dernier Combat in 1983; the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists Silver Ribbon-Best Director-Foreign Film, for La Femme Nikita, 1990; the Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film, Nil by Mouth, 1997; and the Best Director Cesar Award, for The Fifth Element, 1997. <mask> was awarded the Inkpot Award in 2016.Film company

In 2000, <mask> superseded his production company by co-founding EuropaCorp with Pierre-Ange Le Pogam, with whom he had frequently worked since 1985. Le Pogam had then been Distribution Director with Gaumont. EuropaCorp has had strong growth based on several English-language films, with international distribution. It has production facilities in Paris, Normandy, and Hollywood, and is establishing distribution partnerships in Japan and China. Music videos
 "Pull Marine": Isabelle Adjani (1983)
 "Mon légionnaire": Serge Gainsbourg (1988)
 "Que mon cœur lâche": Mylène Farmer (1992)
 "Love Profusion": Madonna (2003)
 "L'impasse": Kery James
 "I Feel Everything": Cara Delevingne (2017)

References

External links

 <mask> Interview, Angel-A
 JewReview.net video interview with <mask> and Rie Rasmussen about Angel-A
 In-depth interview with <mask>
 The films of <mask>, Hell Is for Hyphenates, February 28, 2014
 Les Films du Loup (France)—uniFrance Films
 Les Films du Dauphin - uniFrance Films

1959 births
20th-century French screenwriters
21st-century French screenwriters
Living people
Film directors from Paris
BAFTA winners (people)
Best Director César Award winners
Best Director Lumières Award winners
Science fiction film directors
French male screenwriters
French-language film directors
French music video

masks:
Besson
Besson
Besson
Luc Besson
Luc Besson
Luc Besson
Luc Besson


title: Henrik Fisker

texts:
<mask> (born 10 August 1963) is a Danish-American automotive designer and entrepreneur based in Los Angeles, California. He is best known for designing luxury cars including the BMW Z8, Aston Martin DB9, Aston Martin V8 Vantage, Fisker Karma, Galpin-Fisker Mustang Rocket, VLF Force 1 V10, VLF Destino V8, Fisker EMotion, Fisker Ocean, and Fisker Orbit. He also designed the Viking motorcycle and Benetti Fisker 50 superyacht, and is involved in the design of flexible solid-state battery technology. He is the founder of HF Design, co-founded VLF Automotive, founder and former CEO of Fisker Coachbuild, founder of Fisker Automotive, where he served as chairman and CEO until March 2013, and currently is the founder, chairman, and CEO of Fisker Inc. Early life and education
Fisker was born in Allerød, Denmark. As a young boy he became interested in cars after seeing a Maserati Bora on the highway, and soon started sketching designs in notebooks. He graduated with a degree in transportation design from the Art Center College of Design in Vevey, Switzerland, in 1989.Career

BMW (1989–2001)

In 1989, Fisker began working at BMW Technik, the company's advanced design studio in Munich. His first project there was the E1 electric concept car. From 1992 to 1997, he refined the Z07 concept car, which would become the BMW Z8 roadster, produced from 1999 to 2003. The car combined design elements from the company's past with a modern look, paying homage to the iconic BMW 507 (produced from 1956 to 1959). Fisker envisioned it as a 507 that evolved like the Porsche 911 has over its six decade model run. Fisker also worked on the design of BMW's first SUV, the original X5, a mid-size luxury crossover introduced in 1999 and marketed by the company as a "sports activity vehicle". From 1999 to 2001, Fisker was the president and chief executive officer of Designworks, a BMW industrial design studio headquartered in Newbury Park, California, with additional design studios in Munich and Shanghai.Ford and Aston Martin


title: Henrik Fisker

texts:
 Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and actor Leonardo DiCaprio. In September 2009, Fisker Automotive was awarded a $528 million loan guarantee by the United States Department of Energy (DOE). The automaker was one of four recipients of the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, to encourage the domestic manufacture of electric cars.The funds were to be used to develop the Karma, as well as an affordable family-size plug-in hybrid car. The loan facility was frozen at $192 million in February 2012, after the DOE claimed that Fisker missed its milestones. According to the DOE, the government recouped a total of approximately $53 million ($28 million from the company plus $25 million from the sale of the loan to Hybrid Technology, months before assets of Fisker Automotive were sold to Wanxiang for $149.2 million). In total, Fisker Automotive raised $1.2 billion in public and private funds. Fisker resigned as chairman from Fisker Automotive in March 2013, because of disagreements with management about business strategy. Later that year, the company declared voluntary bankruptcy. Assets of Fisker Automotive were sold at a bankruptcy auction in 2014 to Chinese automotive parts firm Wanxiang for $149.2 million.In September 2015, Fisker Automotive was renamed Karma Automotive. The Fisker Karma was renamed the Karma Revero in 2016. <mask> is not affiliated with Karma Automotive or its parent company Wanxiang. HF Design (2013–present)
In 2013, Fisker formed HF Design & Technology, a Los Angeles-based design house. That year, HF Design entered into a partnership with Lauge Jensen Motorcycles (owned by Lego heir Anders Kirk Johansen) to design a high-volume motorcycle. The design was completed in 2014, with the tank, seat and rear fender in one flowing shape. In November 2014, Fisker made his return to car manufacturing with the Galpin-Fisker Mustang Rocket, a coachbuilt custom-bodied Mustang, fitted with a 725-horsepower V8 engine.It has a top speed of 200 mph and goes from 0 to 60 mph in


title: Henrik Fisker

texts:
 reach a top speed of 210 mph and go from 0 to 60 mph in under 3 seconds. It debuted at the Shanghai Auto Show in April 2017. Fisker Inc. (2016–present)

In July 2016, Fisker expressed interest in designing a fully connected electric car with autonomous driving features and an aesthetically pleasing look. He has said he is close to breakthroughs in battery technology, and hinted at potentially reviving the Fisker name with a pure-electric vehicle using technology that nobody else has. Since then Fisker has talked about delays to the promised solid state battery technology, which he does not expect to be able to be produced in volume until at least 2025. Posing risk for competition from more scientifically experienced future solid state battery produces such as Quantumscape. On 3 October 2016, <mask> launched Fisker Inc.The company's first vehicle, named the Fisker EMotion, is an all-electric sedan. Fisker Inc's long-range electric vehicles are targeting a minimum range of 400 miles per charge, which would be a far longer range than any electric vehicle to date. However, this date has been pushed back until at least 2024 for production of the EMotion. The car will be equipped with a solid-state battery being developed by Fisker Inc. (delayed until 2025). In September 2018, Fisker announced the development of Fisker Inc.'s mass-market all-electric SUV. In 2017, Fisker Inc. announced that it had filed patents on flexible solid-state battery designs. Fisker expects the batteries to be produced on a mass scale around 2020.A prototype of the battery debuted at the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2018. In October 2018, Fisker announced new funding for battery development through Caterpillar Venture Capital. The solid-state batteries are intended to deliver longer vehicle range and faster charging times. In 2018, Fisker was named to the board of directors of First Cobalt, a North American cobalt refinery that produces battery materials. On July 8, 2020, Fisker announced the completion of a $50


title: Henrik Fisker

texts:
 million Series C financing round funded by Moore Strategic Ventures, the private investment arm of Louis Bacon, with the proceeds to go toward engineering work on the Fisker Ocean all-electric luxury SUV. On July 13, 2020, Fisker announced that Fisker Inc. would offer an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange through a merger with special purpose acquisition company Spartan Energy Acquisition Corp., which is backed by private equity firm Apollo Global Management. The deal values Fisker Inc at US$2.9 billion, with an IPO share price of $10.On October 30, 2020, Fisker Inc. officially closed its merger with Spartan Energy Acquisition Corp. The company is now publicly listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker (NYSE:FSR). <mask> will continue to serve as the CEO and Chairman of the merged company. On June 28, 2021, Fisker stock was added to the Russell 3000 Index. Controversies

Tesla Motors v. Fisker Coachbuild (2008)
On 14 April 2008, Tesla Motors filed a lawsuit against Fisker Coachbuild, Fisker and Koehler, contending that they had fraudulently agreed to a design contract in 2007 only to gain access to confidential information, before announcing a competing vehicle, the Fisker Karma. Both the Tesla and Fisker vehicles in question were designed as serial hybrid cars, with a gas engine powering a generator that charges a battery to power the electric motor, and both were initially planned for delivery in 2010. The lawsuit sought to prevent Fisker from using Tesla design documents, along with a return of the money from the Tesla contract, plus punitive damages.Fisker filed for arbitration in May 2008. An arbitrator ruled in their favor in November 2008, finding "overwhelming" evidence showing that Fisker did not do anything wrong. Subsequently, Tesla was ordered to pay $1.14 million in legal fees and costs to Fisker. Fisker Automotive congressional hearing (2013)
Following his resignation from Fisker Automotive in March 2013, Fisker voluntarily testified on


title: Henrik Fisker

texts:
 24 April 2013, at a congressional hearing led by the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee on the Department of Energy's $192 million disbursement to Fisker Automotive through the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program. Fisker Automotive had failed earlier that week to meet the deadline for repayment on the loan, which was originally approved as a $529 million loan guarantee. Fisker v. Aston Martin (2015–16)
On 4 January 2016, Fisker filed a suit against Aston Martin and three of its executives for $100 million in damages for civil extortion, claiming that his former employer was trying to prevent him from unveiling his new luxury sports car hybrid, the VLF Force 1 V10, at the 2016 North American International Auto Show. The complaint claimed that after Fisker released a single pen-on-paper sketch of the Force 1 in December 2015, he received a letter from Aston Martin claiming the design was too similar to their DB10 and demanding that he either change the design or not display the car at the auto show.Aston Martin had previously sued Fisker in 2015 over his car design for the Thunderbolt. That case was settled after Fisker agreed not to move forward with the vehicle. Following the January 2016 auto show debut of the Force 1, it was clear that the vehicle was not similar to the DB10. Aston Martin subsequently stopped threatening to interfere with the development of the Force 1, and the matter was resolved in April 2016. Personal life
Fisker is married to Geeta <mask>, who is the co-founder and CFO of Fisker Inc.

See also

 Fisker Coachbuild
 Fisker Automotive
 VLF Automotive
 Fisker Inc.

References

External links
 Official website
 Fisker Inc. website

1963 births
Living people
Danish automobile designers
BMW designers
Ford designers
Aston Martin
Danish yacht designers
Motorcycle designers
Danish chief executives
European founders of automobile manufacturers
Art Center College of Design alumni
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
People from Allerød


title: Pastora Imperio

texts:
<mask>mperio is the artistic name of <mask> (Seville, April 13, 1887 - Madrid, September 14, 1979), a gypsy dancer from Seville and one of the most representative figures of flamenco folklore of all times. She was the great-grandmother of the Spanish actress <mask>. Biography
She was the daughter of Cádiz dancer Rosario Monje, "La Mejorana" (Spanish: the marjoram), and of Víctor Rojas, the tailor to great bullfighters. She had a brother, also called Víctor Rojas, who was a guitarist. At the age of ten, she began her artistic career and two years later she was known as <mask>. Later she would be known as <mask> and finally as <mask>. She is known by this name because of the musical duo "Hermanas Imperio" that she formed with Margarita la Retoña.<mask> <mask> stood out as one of the best artists of the time because of her great repertoire. Thanks to her unique personality, she was highly admired and popular; she also earned the admiration of the intellectual and artistic world of the time. She became a muse for painters, poets and other artists, such as Julio Romero de Torres, who painted her portrait, or Mariano Benlliure, who was inspired by her figure to create one of his sculptures. Literary figures such as Ramón Díaz Mirete, Ramón Pérez de Ayala, Tomás Borrás and the Álvarez Quintero brothers, wrote about her. All of them highlighted her qualities and praised her as a great artist. She received many awards for her artistic career, among them the Lazo de Dama de la Orden de Isabel la Católica and the first gold medal of the Segunda Semana de Estudios Flamencos, celebrated in Málaga in 1964. She was also a friend of Queen

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Pastora I
Pastora Rojas Monje
Pastora Vega
Pastora Monje
Pastora Rojas
Pastora Imperio
Pastora
Imperio


title: Pastora Imperio

texts:
 Victoria Eugenia and had a signed photo of Alfonso XIII.Artistic career

The garrotín and the soleares were the main flamenco palos that <mask> <mask> performed during her professional career. Her style of moving her arms and hands, with soft turns and rounded strokes went down in history as a paradigm of good flamenco braceo. Because she stood out mainly as a dancer. <mask> <mask> also made the bata de cola fashionable as a typical outfit for this dance. Around 1905, she took a place among the stars of the zarzuela genre, as a companion of La Fornarina, La Bella Chelito and Amalia Molina. In 1912 she performed at the  and the . In 1914 she traveled to Paris and then crossed the Atlantic to perform in Cuba, Argentina, and Mexico, among other American countries.Her fame as an artist came when she acted as the first figure in the premiere of El amor brujo, by Manuel de Falla, on April 15, 1915 at the Teatro Lara in Madrid, and all thanks to Jacinto Benavente, who contacted Manuel de Falla. On February 14, 1917, she performed for the King and Queen of Spain on the occasion of a celebration in favor of the Red Cross. After a period of retirement, <mask> <mask> returned to the stage in 1934. She reappears at the Coliseum in Madrid performing the pasodoble Retrato lírico, a work by Álvaro Retana and José Casanova for the occasion. Another version of El amor brujo was also premiered at the Teatro Español in the same place, with the participation of great artists such as La Argentina, Vicente Escudero and Miguel de Molina. Carmen's granddaughter, El color de mis ojos and the pasodoble ¡Viva Madrid! were other wonderful creations

masks: Pastora Imperio Pastora Imperio Pastora Imperio


title: Pastora Imperio

texts:
 that <mask> <mask> performed, making them part of her own repertoire.Music historian Gilbert Chase wrote in 1941: "The greatest of modern Spanish flamenco dancers, <mask> <mask>, walked in such a way that it was said she had received this gift from God and out of it had made a new art--that of walking." During the period between 1942 and 1954, except for a brief collaboration with the dancer Pilar López in 1946, she ran the venta La Capitana, a place frequented by various artists and owned by the bullfighter Gitanillo de Triana. In 1957 she participated in the premiere of Dónde vas Alfonso XII, by Luca de Tena, at the Teatro Lara, and in 1958 she was also part of a show by Luis Escobar entitled Te espero en Eslava. She retired permanently in 1959, after a series of performances in Barcelona. Once retired, she founded in Madrid, together with her son-in-law, the tablao El Duende, and in 1964 she opened another one in Marbella (Málaga), Los Monteros. Filmography

She participated in several films throughout her career: La danza fatal (1914); La reina de una raza (1917); María de la O (1936); La marquesona (1940); Canelita en rama (1943); El amor brujo (1949); and Duelo en la cañada (1959). Family

She married the famous bullfighter Rafael Gómez Ortega El Gallo ("the rooster"), on the 20th of February 1911 in the Church of San Sebastián in Madrid.The marriage lasted less than a year before the pair separated, although they would remain legally married until divorce was allowed under the new Constitution of the Second Republic. Nevertheless Rafael Gómez recognized <mask>'s daughter Rosario Gómez Rojas (born 1920), giving the

masks: Pastora Imperio Pastora Imperio Pastora


title: Pastora Imperio

texts:
 child his last name, even though she was actually the daughter of Fernando de Borbon y Madán, Duke of Dúrcal, and cousin of Alfonso XIII. Fernando de Borbon had offered to recognise the child, but <mask> declined, wishing to avoid a scandal. Rosario "la Borbona" would go on to marry bullfighter Rafael Vega de los Reyes, "el Gitanillo de Triana" (Spanish: The Little Gypsy of Triana), in 1937. He was the younger brother of bullfighter Fernando "" who had died in 1931 from his bullfighting injuries. Together Rosario and Rafael had five children: Curro, Carmen, <mask>, Rafael and Charo. <mask>'s great-grandchildren include actress <mask> Vega, and singer Héctor Dona, who collaborated on a biography about Imperio.Death and legacy
<mask> <mask> died in Madrid on September 14, 1979 at the age of 92. The Duchess of Alba financed a statue in her honour. The , depicting the artist dancing with her arms in the air, was created by the sculptor . The bronze statue was dedicated on the 14th of February 2006 and is located at the intersection of Velázquez and O'Donnell streets in the centre of Seville. During the opening ceremony her relatives were very grateful for the location chosen for the monument because from there "Pastora could see every year the procession of the Christ of the Great Power". The  has a statue of her. Works

She is the subject of a biography by Madrid journalist María Estévez; ''Reina del Duende: La vida, los amores y el arte de una mujer apasionada, <mask> Imperio (Queen of Duende: The life, the loves, and the art of a passionate woman, <mask> Imperio).References

Flamenco dancers
1887 births
1979 deaths
People

masks: Pastora Pastora Imperio Pastora Pastora Imperio Pastora Pastora


title: Wayne Pacelle

texts:
<mask> (born August 4, 1965) is one of the leading contemporary animal advocates, having founded or led a set of major animal rights organizations, negotiated agreements on animal rights with major American companies, and helped conceive of and pass statewide ballot measures and federal laws. He is also a two-time New York Times best-selling author. He is the founder of Animal Wellness Action, a 501(c)(4) organization that promotes legal standards against cruelty and he is president of the Center for a Humane Economy, a 501(c)(3) organization that urges businesses to adopt animal-friendly practices when it comes to their supply chains, research and development, and other operations. He was the president and chief executive officer (CEO) of the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS). <mask> took office June 1, 2004, after serving for nearly 10 years as the organization's chief lobbyist and spokesperson. <mask> resigned as CEO on February 2, 2018, after he was accused of sexual assault and harassment by several former employees. <mask> denied these accusations.Family and early life

<mask> was born in New Haven, Connecticut, of Greek and Italian descent. His parents are Richard L<mask> Sr., and <mask>. <mask> is the youngest of four children. His older brother, Richard L<mask> Jr., is a political science professor at The University of Tennessee. Growing up in New Haven, <mask> enjoyed reading natural history as a child and developed an early concern about mistreatment of animals. He attended Notre Dame High School and graduated with degrees in history and environmental studies from Yale University. His activism led to his appointment in 1989, at age 23, as Executive Director of The Fund for Animals, the organization founded by Cleveland Amory.Career with the Humane Society of the United States

Pacelle secured the passage of dozens of federal statutes and amendments to protect animals, including laws to increase penalties for harming law enforcement animals, protect great apes in

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Wayne Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
. Pacelle
Patricia Pacelle
Pacelle
. Pacelle
Pacelle