title: C. Achutha Menon

texts:
 time from Kodakara in Thrissur District and was sworn in as Chief Minister on 4 October 1970 and held office till 1977. Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum was set up during his period. His ministry continued in power for about seven years and implemented reform measures of basic importance such as the Land Reform Act, take-over of private forests without compensation, law on agricultural labour, gratuity of industrial workers, one-lakh housing scheme, etc., not to mention significant steps towards industrialization of Kerala.It was this ministry which enunciated a Science Policy and established a number of "Centres of Excellence" in Scientific research in the state. Many institutions like Keltron, NATPAC were started during his tenure. <mask> <mask> retired from active politics in 1977. He suffered multiple health problems during the final years of his life. He died on 16 August 1991, aged 78, at Sree Chithira Thirunal Hospital in Thiruvananthapuram after suffering from a massive heart attack. Incidentally, the place where he died was set up during his period. He was cremated with full state honours at Thrissur, his hometown.Developmental works
He started a lot of institutions for industrialization and inclusive development of Kerala. More than 50 institutions in the fields of science, technology, public health, planning, housing, education, social sciences,  geology, forest protection, water management, environment conservation and so on were started. In the fields of social sciences, research, environment and technology institutions such as Centre for Development Studies, Electronic Research and Development Center (C-DAC Trivandrum), Regional Research Laboratory, National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM) were set up during his tenure as chief


title: C. Achutha Menon

type: original

texts:
 minister of Kerala. He pioneered industrial development in Kerala by helping K. P. P. Nambiar set up Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation (KELTRON) in 1973. He was instrumental in bringing Apollo Tyres company to Kerala. The two specialized universities of the state namely the Kerala Agricultural University and Cochin University of Science and Technology were started during his tenure. In field of health care Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum was started during his ministry.The Kerala State Planning Board, constituted by Second Namboodiripad Ministry was strengthened during his period as the chairperson. In 1985, a non profit organisation named Centre of Science and Technology for Rural Development (COSTFORD) was formed by him along with K. N. Raj and Laurie Baker. Literary works
A talented writer, Shri. <mask> Menon had authored many books He wrote many books and articles, mostly related to Marxism, Communism and Indian History. He also translated H.G. Wells' "Brief History of the World" into Malayalam. "Soviet Land", "Kissan Padha Pusthakam", "Keralam – Prasnangalum Sadhyadhakalum", "Smaranayude Edukal", and "Manushyan Swayam Nirmikkunnu"(Translation) are his other famous works.Along with, he has contributed many noteworthy articles in newspapers and periodicals. See also

 K. P. P. Nambiar

References

Further reading

External links
Profile at keralacm.gov.in

1913 births
1991 deaths
Chief Ministers of Kerala
Malayali politicians
Politicians from Thrissur
St. Thomas College, Thrissur alumni
Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram alumni
Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala
Chief ministers from Communist Party of India
Kerala MLAs 1960–1964
Kerala MLAs 1967–1970
Kerala MLAs 1970–1977
Rajya Sabha members from Kerala
Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award
Indian independence activists from Kerala
Indian


title: George F. Carter

texts:
<mask> (6 April 1912 – 16 March 2004) was an American professor of geography who taught at Johns Hopkins University and later Texas A&M University. <mask> had a background in anthropology and conducted archaeological excavations in Southern California. He is best known for supporting the theories of trans-cultural diffusion and early human settlement of the Americas. Early life and education
<mask> was born in San Diego, California on 6 April 1912. As a teenager, he expressed interest in anthropology and began to spend much of his free time at the San Diego Museum of Man. At the age of fifteen, <mask> befriended the archaeologist Malcolm Jennings Rogers, who was the museum's curator. Rogers allowed the young <mask> to volunteer at the museum, and in the summer of 1930, <mask> accompanied Rogers on a five-week expedition to San Nicolas Island, where they excavated numerous sites.The following autumn, <mask> began classes at San Diego State College. He would eventually transfer to the University of California at Berkeley and earn a B.A. in anthropology in 1934. While at Berkeley, <mask> was able to take classes with the noted cultural anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber, who had been a student of <mask>. San Diego Museum of Man
Immediately after graduating, <mask> was hired by the San Diego Museum of Man and began working with his old mentor Malcolm Jennings Rogers. The two conducted field work on the coasts of Southern California and in the Mojave Desert. While surveying in 1937-1938 near Silver Lake in the Mojave, <mask> found a fluted projectile point which he recognized to be <mask>om tradition had been found in California, and <mask> wanted to document and publish the find at once. Rogers was not comfortable rushing the publication and preferred to gather as much data about the

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George Francis Carter
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title: George F. Carter

texts:
 projectile point as possible. Aside from the publication issues, <mask> and Rogers soon found themselves at odds regarding the approximate dates of human occupation for the Silver Lake area. Rogers thought occupation dated back to only 4,000 years ago. <mask> pushed the date back to 40,000 years ago, using the geology of the area to support his estimation. This disagreement led to a rift between Rogers and <mask> which resulted in <mask>'s eventual dismissal from the Museum of Man. Later career and death
Bouncing back from his dismissal, <mask> was quickly hired by San Diego State College in 1939 as a part-time teacher before he returned to Berkeley to pursue a PhD in geography.He studied under Carl Sauer and completed his degree in 1941. During World War II, <mask> moved to Washington, D.C. to work as an analyst for the Office of Strategic Services. In 1943, he left the OSS to teach geography at Johns Hopkins University. Summers between the semesters, <mask> would return to San Diego to conduct archaeological excavations, seeking to prove that man had inhabited the Americas at a much earlier date than accepted by mainstream scholars. In 1957, <mask>'s findings were published in his book Pleistocene Man at San Diego, in which he describes the climate of Southern California during the Pleistocene and the accompanying archaeological sites, some of which <mask> dated to the upper Wisconsin glaciation. Critics dismissed much of <mask>'s claims for early inhabitance, questioning his dating techniques and the possibility that most of the lithic artifacts were actually geofacts. Throughout the 1960s to the 1980s, <mask> continued to publish papers and articles dealing with hyperdiffusionism and the early peopling of the Americas.In 1967, <mask> left Johns Hopkins for Texas A&M

masks: Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter


title: George F. Carter

texts:
 University, where he was a distinguished professor of geography until 1978, retiring to become a professor emeritus. <mask> died on 16 March 2004. Earlier Than You Think

In 1980, <mask> published Earlier than You Think: A Personal View of Man in America. The book describes <mask>'s evidence for humans arriving in North America approximately 100,000 years ago. Much of the information presented had already been published by <mask> in the past, but technological advances allowed for a new dating technique called amino acid racemization to be used on ancient human remains. Amino acid racemization was pioneered by Jeffry Bada, who at the time was a geochemist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The new technique allowed bones to be dated by extracting their protein.Learning of this new means of dating, <mask> selected some skulls from the San Diego Museum of Man to be tested. The skulls were excavated on the California coast by M.J. Rogers in 1929, and the museum had them dated at 5,000 to 7,000 years old. Bada tested the specimens in 1974, and the dates came back ranging from 20,000 to 70,000 years ago. <mask> saw this as definitive proof of the early populating of the Americas. <mask> also attacks the mainstream archaeological establishment throughout the book, claiming that some scholars are closed-minded and too caught up in the generally accepted archaeological theories to accept his evidence. Criticism of dating
Critics quickly refuted Bada's results. When using amino acid racemization to date bones, one must know the approximate temperature the bones were exposed to while buried.Additionally, the stratigraphy of the bones suggested dates around 10,000 years ago rather than 70,000. In December 1984, Bada came forward and retracted all the dates of bones gleaned from

masks: Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter


title: George F. Carter

texts:
 amino acid racemization. Newer methods of dating, such as accelerator mass spectrometry gave the same bones dates of less than 10,000 years. Hyperdiffusionism

<mask> was a proponent of hyperdiffusionism, or the theory that all major inventions and cultures can be traced back to one original culture. For example, in Pleistocene Man at San Diego, <mask> proposes that the lithic technology found in Southern California was brought there from Asia. <mask> thought that ancient people had reached the New World by boat and spread their technologies and cultures to the Native Americans already living there. He cites Hannes Lindemann's solo crossing of the Atlantic in a dugout canoe as evidence that humans could in fact have made the same journey in past.<mask> also mentions the Polynesians' and Vikings' maritime abilities as support. <mask> believed that independent invention of the same item was a rarity. He claimed that the probability of something being independently invented was fifty percent. Therefore, the probably of the same thing being independently invented elsewhere was twenty-five percent. This meant that the probability of humans independently inventing the same tools all over the world was very low. Controversies

Artifacts vs. geofacts

Mainstream archaeology scholars dismissed many of <mask>'s lithic artifacts to be geofacts, rocks that have a similar appearance to human-worked stone tools due to natural weathering processes. <mask>'s theories about the early peopling of the New World could have been influencing his observations.Because of <mask>'s tendency to exhibit questionable artifacts as data, some scholars began to call any dubious artifacts "cartifacts". Hyperdiffusionism

Most anthropology scholars dismiss hyperdiffusionism for a variety of reasons. The theory

masks: Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter


title: George F. Carter

texts:
 assumes that humanity is singularly uninventive and can rarely create tools to meet the challenges of the environment. Hyperdiffusionism also assumes that if artifacts are similar in appearance, they must be related in some manner. Similarities between tool shape, size, and manufacturing processes could simply be coincidental, making it impossible to assume relatedness. <mask>'s theory that ancient people visited the New World by boat is possible, but there is no reasonable evidence to support it. For example, the Kensington Runestone, discovered in 1898 in Minnesota, was purportedly left by an exploratory party of Vikings.After many years of research and debates about the stone's authenticity, it was generally dismissed as a hoax. Gay and Marxist Geographers in the Association of American Geographers
Upon retirement, <mask> penned a short opinion piece in The Professional Geographer, arguing the AAG should not accept not Marxist and gay geography groups into the discipline. He claimed that allowing these groups to participate in the annual meeting opened the door to other groups such as "Whores in Geography, and Russian Communist Geography". See also
Trans-cultural diffusion
Pseudoarchaeology
<mask>
Calico Early Man Site

References

Further reading
[http://www.scahome.org/publications/proceedings/Proceedings.09Carter.pdf Overview of Pleistocene Man at San Diego]
Review of Pleistocene Man at San Diego in American Anthropologist
"<mask> on Diffusion"

1912 births
2004 deaths
American anthropologists
Archaeologists of California
American geographers
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Texas A&M University faculty
People from San Diego
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
San Diego State University alumni
Hyperdiffusionism in archaeology
20th-century

masks:
Carter
Carter
Barry Fell
George Carter


title: William H. Webb

texts:
<mask> (June 19, 1816 – October 30, 1899) was a 19th-century New York City shipbuilder and philanthropist, who has been called America's first true naval architect. Early life

<mask> was born in New York on June 19, 1816. His father Isaac trained at the shipyard of New York shipbuilder <mask> Eckford before opening his own shipyard, Isaac Webb & Co., near Corlears Hook in about 1818, later relocating to Stanton Street. Isaac eventually took on a partner and the firm was renamed Webb & Allen. <mask> was educated privately and at Columbia College Grammar School, demonstrating a natural aptitude for mathematics. He built his first boat, a small skiff, at the age of twelve, and in spite of his parents' wishes to the contrary, secured an apprenticeship at his father's shipyard at the age of fifteen. At twenty, he was awarded a subcontract for the New York-Liverpool packet ship Oxford, his first commercial contract.Career

After completing his six-year apprenticeship, <mask> decided to further his education by travelling to Scotland in 1840 to visit the famous shipyards of the Clyde. During this journey, however, his father Isaac died suddenly at the age of 46, and 23-year-old <mask> returned home to assume management of the shipyard. Upon examining the accounts, <mask> discovered that his father's business was technically insolvent, and thus one of his first duties was to settle his father's debts. Having done so, he set about reinvigorating the business. <mask> inherited his father's shipyard, Webb & Allen, in 1840, renamed it <mask> H. <mask>, and turned it into America's most prolific shipyard, building 133 vessels between

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William Henry Webb
William Henry Webb
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Webb


title: William H. Webb

texts:
 1840 and 1865. <mask> designed some of the fastest and most successful sailing packets and clipper ships ever built, and he also built some of the largest and most celebrated steamboats and steamships of his era, including the giant ironclad , in its day the world's longest wooden-hulled ship. After the American Civil War, the U.S. shipbuilding industry experienced a prolonged slump, and <mask>, having already made a considerable fortune, decided to close his shipyard and turn his energies toward philanthropic goals.He chaired an anti-corruption council, became a founding member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, and established the Webb Academy and Home for Shipbuilders, which today is known as the Webb Institute. William H. Webb shipyard

In later years, <mask> would sometimes be asked to what he attributed his reputation and success, to which he would typically reply "attention to detail". Born into an era when shipbuilding was considered as much an art as a science, <mask>, a "born mathematician", brought new levels of professionalism to the craft through his combining of the art of design with the discipline of careful mathematical calculation. For this reason, he has been described as America's first true naval architect. He was content to start small, however. For the first couple of years at the helm, the Webb & Allen shipyard, now located between Fifth and Seventh Streets on the East River, built a variety of mostly small sailing ships, including ferries, sloops and schooners. <mask> bought out his father's old partner John Allen in 1843 and subsequently renamed the business <mask> H.

masks: Webb Webb Webb Webb William William


title: William H. Webb

texts:
 <mask>.Clippers and packets

<mask> soon began turning out larger and more ambitious vessels, including several sailing packets and clipper ships, types for which the yard would soon become famous. The 900-ton packets Montezuma and Yorkshire were built in 1843, along with the pre-clipper Cohota. By 1849, <mask>'s shipyard was at the cutting edge of sailing ship design. In that year, he built the packet ships Albert Gallatin and Guy Mannering. At 1435 and 1419 tons respectively, these ships were at time of completion the two largest merchant vessels in the world. Another packet built by <mask> was Harvest Queen. The California gold rush was by then in full swing, bringing with it strong demand for new ships to convey prospectors and supplies to and from the goldfields.Clipper ships were seen as ideal for the trade, and in 1851, <mask> built a number of them, including Gazelle, Challenge, Comet, Invincible and Swordfish. Comet and Swordfish, 1,836 and 1,036 tons respectively, were both to set sailing speed records. The Comet was represented by a half-model. The lines and sail plan are in the <mask><mask>'s Plans Of Wooden Ships. Freight rates to the goldfields had by this time skyrocketed to such an extent that a ship could pay for its construction with a single voyage. <mask>'s clipper designs "employed the most judicious use of timber of all the major shipbuilders." For the Challenge, <mask> relied on the hull planking as an integral part of the ship's structural strength, and increased the width between frames at the bow and stern of the ship, thus using four fewer frames for a 200 ft. hull, saving about 25,000 lbs.In

masks:
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Webb
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William H
. Webb
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title: William H. Webb

texts:
 1853, <mask> built the 1,961-ton clipper Young America, considered by many to be the most beautiful clipper ship ever built, the "acme of perfection" in clipper design. In 1855, he built the 1,406-ton packet ship, the Neptune for the Black Ball Line. In 1856, he built the 2,145-ton packet ship Ocean Monarch, the largest sailing ship ever constructed at a New York shipyard. Steamboats and steamships

Though renowned for the beauty and speed of his packets and clippers, <mask> nevertheless built many steamboats and steamships through the course of his career. Notable steamships built by the <mask> shipyard include the 1,857-ton sidewheel steamer United States (1846), which became the first steamship to operate in the New Orleans trade; the 1,450-ton steamer Cherokee (1848), the first steamship to operate between New York and Savannah, Georgia; the <mask> (1850), a 1,500-ton ship that was in the Liverpool packet line; the California, the first steamer to enter the Golden Gate; and the first steamers built for the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. In the postbellum era, he also built the "floating palaces" Bristol and Providence (see below). Warships

By 1855, the gold rush was over, and <mask> began looking for new markets to keep his yard busy.In 1859, he completed the steam frigate General Admiral for the Imperial Russian government—the fastest steam frigate then afloat. In 1860 he contracted with the Italian government for the construction of two ironclads, Re d'Italia and Re Don Luigi di Portogallo, but because of the outbreak of the American Civil War, these vessels were not completed until 1863 and 1864 respectively.

masks:
Webb
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Isaac Webb
Webb


title: William H. Webb

texts:
 Both vessels were to participate in the Battle of Lissa between Italy and Austria in 1866. The most impressive warship built by the <mask> shipyard, however, was the giant ironclad . The vessel was not completed until shortly after the Civil War, but when launched was the longest wooden-hulled ship ever built, a record it held for many years. Postwar slump and closure

After the end of the Civil War in 1865, the U.S. government auctioned off the hundreds of ships it had requisitioned during the war at firesale prices, depressing the market and leaving American shipyards with no work. The result was that most American shipyards, along with marine engine specialists, went to the wall.The shipbuilding industry in New York was particularly badly affected by the slump, being practically wiped out in the ensuing years. <mask>'s shipyard suffered like all the rest. In 1867, the yard added one last distinction to its record with the completion of the twin sidewheel steamers Bristol and Providence—two of the largest and most lavish steamers of their era, which were to set new standards of comfort and luxury on Narragansett Bay. After this however, <mask> was able to secure only two further contracts over the next two years. The last ship built by <mask><mask> was the steamship Charles H. Marshall, fittingly named after <mask>'s most longstanding customer, who had awarded <mask> his first subcontract as an apprentice more than thirty years earlier. <mask>, who by this time had concluded that iron-hulled ships were the industry's future, closed his yard permanently in 1869. The yard had built 133 ships between 1840 and 1865—more

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Webb
William H
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Webb
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title: William H. Webb

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 than any other American shipyard over the same period—135 ships in total.Later career

Though <mask>'s shipbuilding career had come to an end, he was still only 53 years of age and had accumulated a large fortune. He now began to try his hand as a financier, helping to organize a successful South American guano company, and attempting less successfully to profit from a shipping line to Nicaragua, the Central American Transit Company. He also made considerable investments in real estate, one result of which was the construction of a Hotel, the Bristol, at 42nd Street and Fifth Avenue. Increasingly however he turned his hand to philanthropy. He took an interest in public affairs in his home city of New York, but eschewed the role of politician, turning down an offer of the Mayoralty on no less than three occasions. Instead, he accepted the role of Chairman of the New York City Council on Political Reform, an organization formed to combat political corruption. One of his most important achievements in this regard concerned his opposition to the Aqueduct Commission, by which he helped secure a safe and reliable water system for New Yorkers, which is still in operation today.In 1894 he built the Webb Academy and Home for Shipbuilders, in the Fordham section of the Bronx (now the site of Fordham Hill Apartments) and provided an endowment for its running estimated at $2,000,000. The main purpose of the Academy was in the words of its charter to "furnish gratuitous education in the art, science and profession of shipbuilding". Tuition for the students, who were carefully selected on the basis of aptitude and lack of means, was


title: William H. Webb

texts:
 free. The facility also provided a free home to old shipbuilders, including a number of <mask>'s own former employees. By 1899 the Academy was providing facilities to about 400 students and retirees. The Academy is known today as the Webb Institute. <mask> was also a founding member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, and was the first to sign his name on its charter.The organization today has branches worldwide. In addition, <mask> was a member of the New York Chamber of Commerce, the Union League, the Republican Club, National Academy of Design, Metropolitan Museum of Art, American Museum of Natural History, American Geographical Society, and the New England Society. Death

<mask><mask> died suddenly at his home, 415 Fifth Avenue, on 30 October 1899. He was survived by a son, <mask><mask>. Another son, Marshall, had died the previous year. <mask> is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx. <mask> was inducted into the National Sailing Hall of Fame in 2018.Publications
 Plans of Wooden Vessels Selected as Types from one hundred and fifty of various kinds and descriptions, from a fishing smack to the largest clipper ships and vessels of war, both sail and steam, built by Wm. H<mask>, in the city of New York, from the year 1840 to the year 1869; 2 volumes. <mask> H. <mask> Collection 1895 The <mask> H. <mask> collection consists of a selection of folio plates removed from a copy of the book "Wooden Vessels built by <mask><mask> in the City of New York, 1840-1869." Footnotes

References

Clark, <mask> (1910): The Clipper Ship Era: An Epitome of Famous American and British Clipper Ships, Their Owners,

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Arthur Hamilton


title: William H. Webb

texts:
 Builders, Commanders, and Crews 1843-1869, G.P. Putnam's Sons. Covell, <mask>: "Steamboats on Narragansett Bay", Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society, No. 90, January 1934.Cuneo, Joseph J. (2006-04-07): "Who Was <mask>?" - Webb Institute website. Dayton, Fred Erving (1925): Steamboat Days, Frederick A. Stokes, New York. Dunbaugh, Edwin L. and Thomas, <mask>arry (1989): <mask><mask>, Shipbuilder, Webb Institute. External links
<mask><mask>'s Splendid Gift -- The Sailor's Magazine and Seaman's Friend, 1899
<mask> H. <mask> yard list
<mask>. <mask>, New York NY

1816 births
1899 deaths
American shipbuilders
American naval architects
Defunct shipbuilding companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in New York (state)
19th-century American philanthropists
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
Fordham,

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William King
William Webb
William duB
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William H
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William
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title: Hida Viloria

texts:
<mask> (born May 29, 1968) is a Latine American writer, author, producer, and human rights activist. Viloria is intersex, nonbinary, and gender nonconforming, using they/them pronouns. They are known for their writing and their intersex and non-binary human rights activism and as one of the first people to come out in national and international media as a nonbinary intersex person. Viloria is Founding Director of the Intersex Campaign for Equality. Early life and education

Viloria was born in Jamaica, Queens, New York, to recently immigrated Colombian and Venezuelan parents. Their father, a physician, and mother, an ex-school teacher, chose to register and raise them as female without subjecting them to medically unnecessary genital surgeries that were routinely recommended for intersex children. Viloria attended Catholic schools in Queens, New York and Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, from 1986 to 1988.They later transferred to the University of California, Berkeley and graduated in 1998 with an interdisciplinary studies degree in Gender and Sexuality with high honors and high distinction. Career

<mask> is author of the acclaimed Born Both: An Intersex Life (Hatchette Book Group, March, 2017), and co-author, with biologic sciences scholar Maria Nieto, Ph.D., of The Spectrum of Sex: The Science of Male, Female, and Intersex (Jessica Kingsley Publishers - Hatchette UK, February, 2020). Their essays on issues such intersex genital mutilation, discrimination against intersex women in sports, sexuality, legal gender recognition, and gender identity, have been published in venues such as The Washington Post, The Daily Beast, Huffington Post, The Advocate,

masks:
Hida Viloria
Viloria


title: Hida Viloria

texts:
 Ms., The New York Times, The American Journal of Bioethics, the Global Herald, CNN.com, and more. <mask> is recognized as a leading human rights activist for intersex and was president elect of the Organisation Intersex International from 2011 to 2017. They are the founding director of the Intersex Campaign for Equality (formerly OII-USA) and have worked as a consultant with the United Nations OHCHR, United Nations Free & Equal Campaign, Lambda Legal, Human Rights Watch, Williams Institute, IOC. They've appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show, 20/20, Gendernauts, One in 2000, Intersexion, and "The General Was Female?". Born Both: An Intersex Life
In January 2017, Kirkus reviewed <mask>'s memoir, Born Both, saying: "Intelligent and courageous, [Born Both] chronicles one intersex person's path to wholeness, but it also affirms the right of all intersex and non-binary people to receive dignity and respect".In May 2017, Meghan Daum reviewed Born Both in The New York Times, saying: "Viloria does us the even greater service (it's more of a gift, really) of showing us what it means to live not just as both a man and a woman but also as a third gender that eventually emerges as the right one." Speaking on the LGBTQ&A podcast in December 2021, Viloria said, "The reason I did my memoir is because I felt like there's a story that we don't hear enough of about intersex people, which is that it's amazing and wonderful to be intersex. That's literally my experience." Born Both was nominated for a 2018 Lambda Literary Award for LGBTQ non-fiction. Opposing nonconsensual medically-unnecessary surgeries

In 1996, Viloria participated in the first international intersex retreat. They

masks: Viloria Viloria


title: Hida Viloria

texts:
 they publicly critiqued the label and the homophobic and transphobic reasoning behind the replacement of 'intersex' with DSD. They also argued that being raised to define oneself as disordered is psychologically harmful to intersex youth:

Addressing discrimination against intersex women in sports

In 2009, in response to the treatment of black South African track star Caster Semenya, who was rumored to be intersex, Viloria lobbied as an independent intersex activist for equal rights for intersex female athletes on television and in print on CNN.com.In February 2010, then as Human Rights Spokesperson of the Organisation Intersex International (OII), they authored a petition to the International Olympic Committee demanding that intersex women athletes to be allowed to compete as is, and be de-pathologized. The action resulted in <mask> being invited to participate in the International Olympic Committee's October 2010 meeting of experts on intersex women in sports, in Lausanne, Switzerland, where they lobbied against adopting regulations which require intersex female athletes to undergo medically unnecessary medical procedures in order to compete as women, and against athletes being referred to as individuals with "disorders of sex development". As a result of <mask>'s advocacy, the IOC and IAAF discontinued its use of "disorders of sex development" to describe the athletes in question, and replaced it with "women with hyperandrogenism". <mask> has argued since 2009 that Olympic sex testing is applied in a way that targets 'butch,' or masculine-looking, women. In 2012, <mask> co-authored an article in the American Journal of Bioethics, with intersex Spanish hurdler

masks: Viloria Viloria Viloria Viloria


title: Hida Viloria

texts:
 normalizing surgical and hormonal interventions on infants and children. In April 2017, <mask> became the second American recipient of an intersex birth certificate, issued by the city of New York. National and global affiliations and activism

In spring 2010, <mask> joined the Organisation Intersex International (OII), the first international intersex organization, was appointed Human Rights Spokesperson, and began lobbying against discriminatory regulations for intersex women athletes. In spring 2011, <mask> was voted Chairperson of OII, upon founder Curtis Hinkle's retirement.Viloria stepped down in November 2017, when Intersex Campaign for Equality left OII. In the fall of 2011, Viloria founded the Intersex Campaign for Equality, to work for equality and human rights for intersex Americans. Their first action, in December 2011, was contacting former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to request inclusion of intersex people in human rights protocols and protections. In early 2012, they received a response from the U.S. Department of State in early 2012 affirming the importance of including the intersex community in human rights work. In 2012, Viloria spearheaded the first unified, global call for human rights by and for intersex people, in a letter signed by thirty leading intersex advocacy organizations, to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. In 2013, Viloria served as one of three intersex co-organizers of the Third International Intersex Forum in November 2013, in Malta, which led to the creation of the Malta declaration, the most widely agreed upon statement of human rights' demands by the international intersex advocacy

masks: Viloria Viloria Viloria


title: Hida Viloria

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 community. In 2016, Viloria became a board member of Genital Autonomy America (GA America), an advocacy organization working with groups worldwide who are seeking to end non-therapeutic genital cutting of all female, male, and intersex infants and children.Media
Viloria spoke about being non-binary, also known as genderqueer, in the award-winning 1999 documentary Gendernauts. In 2002, Viloria spoke about feeling blessed they did not experience forced infant genital surgeries on 20/20. In 2007, on The Oprah Winfrey Show, Viloria likened society's lack of understanding of non-binary people, and the pressure non-binary people experience to identify as men or women, to what people of mixed African-American and Caucasian race sometimes experience, saying, "Society pressures you to choose sides, just like they pressure mixed race people to decide, you know... 'Are you really black? Are you really white?'" Viloria went on to say "I have both [sides]". In September 2015, the UN's Free & Equal Campaign for Equality produced a video of Viloria in conjunction with the release of their groundbreaking resource the Intersex Fact Sheet, and in 2016 Viloria was one of the "Intersex Voices" featured in the Free and Equal Campaign for Equality's Intersex Awareness Campaign. Viloria has also advocated against intersex genital mutilation via essays, and in their 2017 memoir, Born Both: An Intersex LIfe.In 2019 <mask> was featured in the Smithsonian Channel documentary, The General Was Female?, which explores compelling evidence that General Casimir Pulaski, revered as the father of the American Cavalry, may have been intersex. Selected bibliography

Honors and awards

In April 2013,


title: Hida Viloria

texts:
 Viloria's intersex advocacy organization was selected as a finalist for the Kalamazoo College Global Prize for Collaborative Social Justice, administered by Kalamazoo College's Arcus Center for Social Justice Leadership. <mask>'s memoir Born Both: An Intersex Life was selected as one of six books in People magazine's "The Best New Books" list in April 2017, one of School Library Journal's Top Ten Adult Books for Teens, and was a 2018 Lambda Literary Award nominee for LGBTQ non-fiction. References

External links
Official website
Hida Viloria's Twitter
Born Both: An Intersex Life
Intersex Campaign for Equality

1968 births
Living people
Intersex non-binary people
Intersex rights activists
Intersex rights in the United States
Intersex writers
LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people
LGBT writers from the United States
Non-binary writers
Non-binary


title: Kris Boyd

texts:
<mask> (born 18 August 1983) is a Scottish former professional footballer who played as a forward. <mask> grew up in the South Ayrshire village of Tarbolton and started his senior career with Kilmarnock. He transferred to Rangers in January 2006, and was their top goalscorer in each of his seasons at Ibrox. He is the top goalscorer in the history of the Scottish Premier League, with 167 goals in total. <mask> had a short spell in English football with Middlesbrough, during which time he was sent on loan to Nottingham Forest. He signed for Turkish club Eskişehirspor in 2011, but terminated his contract after five months and moved to the Portland Timbers of Major League Soccer in January 2012. He later returned to both Kilmarnock and Rangers.Having played several games for the Scotland U21 and Scotland B teams, <mask> received his first cap for the senior Scottish national team in 2006. He scored seven goals in eighteen appearances for the senior national side over four years. Early footballing life
As a youth, <mask> played in 17 matches as a full back for Rangers. He was let go, and became a striker when he joined the youth development program at Kilmarnock, ten miles from his home village, at the age of 12. Club career

Kilmarnock (first spell)
<mask> signed a senior contract with Kilmarnock at the age of sixteen on 25 August 1999, and made his debut for the club as a substitute on the last day of the 2000–01 season against Celtic. He was given his chance to stake a place in the team the following season with the departures of Ally McCoist (who finished his career the day of <mask>'s debut) and Christophe Cocard, scoring four goals in total. <mask> started the 2002–03 season, in "impressive" form and won the SPL Young Player of the Month award for August.In total he scored 12 times in the season and won Kilmarnock's Young Player of the Year award. His form attracted the interest of Wolverhampton Wanderers, and he had a trial with the Molineux club in August 2003. <mask> scored a total of fifteen goals in the

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 2003–04 season. In September 2004, he equalled a Scottish Premier League record when he scored all five of Kilmarnock's goals against Dundee United. He scored 19 goals in all competitions in the 2004–05 season, and was then linked with a move to Aberdeen. <mask>'s form during the 2005–06 attracted interest from Championship sides Cardiff City and Sheffield Wednesday had offers accepted by Kilmarnock, however, <mask> rejected the moves. Rangers (first spell)
Following speculation that he would sign in the January transfer window, <mask> officially joined Rangers on 1 January 2006.He was signed for a fee of around £500,000 on a contract lasting until the summer of 2009. He waived half of his £40,000 signing on fee, which Kilmarnock were due to pay him under the terms of his contract, to help fund the youth setup at Kilmarnock. He made his debut on 7 January 2006 against Peterhead in the Scottish Cup third round, in which he scored a hat-trick during a 5–0 win. He went on to score 20 goals in 17 starts for Rangers in the second half of that season, ending it with a total of 37 goals for Rangers and Kilmarnock. He became the first player to finish top scorer at two clubs in one season, having scored 17 goals for Kilmarnock before his move. After scoring a penalty against Motherwell in January 2007, <mask> was involved in controversy when he held up six fingers, reportedly in a show of solidarity for former club captain Barry Ferguson (who wore the number six shirt), who had been stripped of his position and dropped from the team following a dispute with Paul Le Guen. Le Guen left the club days later and was replaced by the then Scotland manager Walter Smith.By the end of that season, <mask> scored 25 goals for Rangers in all competitions. <mask> scored his 100th Scottish Premier League goal, and his first against Celtic on 5 May 2007, in a 2–0 victory for Rangers. The 2007–08 season saw <mask> score his 50th and 51st goals in all competitions for Rangers in a League Cup match against East Fife on 26 September 2007,

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 627 days after his debut. This made him the second fastest Rangers player ever to reach 50 goals for the club, behind Jim Forrest. <mask> won the first trophy of his career on 16 March 2008 when Rangers defeated Dundee United to win the 2008 League Cup. He scored both of Rangers' goals in the 2–2 draw and scored the winning penalty in the subsequent penalty shootout. He also scored a double in the 2008 Scottish Cup Final, a 3–2 win over Queen of the South.He finished that season with 25 goals in all competitions for Rangers. In January 2009, speculation surfaced about a possible move to Birmingham City to play for former Rangers manager, Alex McLeish. Rangers accepted a bid of nearly £4 million; however, <mask> could not agree personal terms and decided to stay at Rangers. In season 2008–09 <mask> won his first Scottish Premier League title and another Scottish Cup. Having also been linked to Lazio and sporting director Igli Tare being quoted as stating his admiration for the player, club president Claudio Lotito responded by claiming he did not know who <mask> was. He finished as top scorer again for Rangers with 31 goals in all competitions, his highest total yet, and was awarded the club's first Sam English Bowl for top Rangers scorer in a season. On 30 December 2009, <mask> scored five goals in a 7–1 victory over Dundee United; in doing so, he passed Henrik Larsson as the all-time leader in goals in the Scottish Premier League.On 1 May 2010, <mask> scored his 100th league goal for Rangers at Tannadice against Dundee United. In the 2009–10 season, <mask> was the top scorer with Rangers and the Scottish Premier League again with 26 goals in 40 games. With this return he won the Sam English Bowl for the second time and the Scottish Premier League and League Cup both for the second time. On 28 May 2010, Rangers admitted that <mask> would be leaving once his contract runs out. Middlesbrough
On 5 July 2010, <mask> signed a two-year contract with Championship side Middlesbrough, with a weekly wage estimated to be

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 around £30,000. On 22 August 2010, he scored his first goal for Middlesbrough in a 1–0 victory against Sheffield United. His second followed on 28 September against Derby County.<mask> scored in a 2–1 defeat against Leeds United on 16 October 2010, which was Gordon Strachan's final game in charge of the club. He scored his fourth of the season against Bristol City in Tony Mowbray's first game as Boro boss. On 9 November 2010, <mask> scored the opener in Middlesbrough's 2–0 win over Scunthorpe. <mask> achieved his 200th club career goal on 1 February 2011, in scoring the first in Middlesbrough's 2–0 home victory over Scunthorpe by latching onto a long ball from Seb Hines before lobbing the goalkeeper. On 8 March 2011, <mask> joined Nottingham Forest on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season. Loan to Nottingham Forest
Despite speculation during the January transfer window, <mask> remained at Middlesbrough and had not started a match for a month by the time the loan deal was signed, having only started 19 games the whole season for Middlesbrough. <mask>'s loan deal was signed until the end of the 2010–11 season and <mask> was issued with the number 22 jersey.Nottingham Forest goalkeeper Paul Smith moved in the opposite direction because of injuries at Middlesbrough. The same day he made his move to Forest, <mask> debuted from the bench in a 2–1 defeat to Sheffield United. He scored six goals in ten league appearances for Forest, taking his total in the Football League Championship to twelve. Eskişehirspor

<mask> signed a three-year contract with Turkish Süper Lig club Eskişehirspor on 8 July 2011. <mask> terminated his contract on 19 December 2011 and started legal proceedings against Eskişehirspor claiming he had never been paid during his stay at the club. He played just 76 minutes of league football for Eskişehirspor. Portland Timbers
On 23 January 2012, <mask> declined a contract offer from Major League Soccer side Houston Dynamo.<mask> instead signed with Portland Timbers of MLS on 30 January 2012, becoming

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 the club's second Designated Player. As Houston held exclusive rights within MLS to negotiate with <mask>, Portland were forced to trade a first-round pick in the 2013 MLS SuperDraft to the Dynamo for the right to sign him. <mask> scored his first goal for the Timbers on 4 March 2012 during a pre-season exhibition against AIK of Sweden. Eight days later, <mask> made his league debut in their season opener, where he scored Timbers' second goal of a 3–1 victory against Philadelphia Union. <mask> featured less frequently, however, after head coach John Spencer was fired. He scored seven goals in 26 appearances for Portland in the 2012 Major League Soccer season. On 31 January 2013, the Timbers announced that they had mutually agreed to end <mask>'s contract.Kilmarnock (second spell)
<mask> signed a short-term deal until the end of the 2012–13 season with Kilmarnock in February 2013. <mask> was given the number eleven shirt. In 2013–14, <mask> went on to have his most prolific season for Kilmarnock, scoring 22 goals in 37 matches. His success in front of goal garnered a Scotland recall and a Player of the Year nomination. Rangers (second spell)
<mask> signed a one-year contract with Rangers, of the Scottish Championship, on 27 June 2014. He made his first competitive appearance of his second spell at Ibrox on 5 August 2014; playing in Rangers' 2–1 win over Hibernian in the first round of the Challenge Cup. A fortnight later, <mask> scored his first goals of the season; netting a hat-trick in an 8–1 rout of Clyde in the second round of the Challenge Cup.<mask> was released by Rangers at the end of the season, along with several other players, after the club failed to gain promotion to the Scottish Premiership. Kilmarnock (third spell)
<mask> signed a three-year contract with Kilmarnock in June 2015. On 13 August 2016, <mask> scored his 100th goal for Kilmarnock, in a 2–1 win away to Hamilton Academical. He scored the fastest goal in Scottish Premiership history after just 10 seconds on 28 January 2016, in a 3–2 home

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 defeat of Ross County. <mask> scored his 200th top flight league goal, in a 2–1 home defeat to Motherwell on 6 March 2017, becoming the fifth post-war player to reach that milestone. In December 2017, <mask> scored both Kilmarnock goals in a 2–1 win against Rangers. <mask> enjoyed a renaissance in his fortunes in the 2017–18 season, under the management of Steve Clarke.He finished as the top goalscorer in the 2017–18 Scottish Premiership with 18 goals, and was nominated for both the PFA (Players') and SWFA (Writers') Player of the Year awards. On 6 April 2019, <mask> scored from the penalty-spot in a 2–0 victory over St Johnstone. With the goal, <mask> became the club's joint-second league goalscorer of all time, level with Eddie Morrison on 121 goals. It was also <mask>'s 300th goal in his professional football career across his various clubs and with Scotland. He announced his retirement from professional football in June 2019.

International career
<mask> was regularly selected for the Scotland under-21 team, winning eight caps and scoring once. On 11 May 2006, he made his debut for the Scotland national team and scored twice in a 5–1 win over Bulgaria in the Kirin Cup. <mask> then took part in European Championship qualifying, scoring twice against the Faroe Islands in a 6–0 win and also against Georgia in a 2–1 win, his fifth goal in six games.On 11 October 2008, <mask> stated that he would not play international football again under manager George Burley. His decision came after Burley had left <mask> on the substitute bench in a 0–0 World Cup qualifying match against Norway, opting to bring on debutant Chris Iwelumo instead. When asked about the decision, Burley stated that <mask> had "to establish himself in the Rangers team, which he hasn't done". After hearing those comments, <mask> contacted Burley to inform him of his decision, and confirmed his decision with Gordon Smith, the chief executive of the Scottish Football Association. At a press conference on 13 October 2008, Burley hinted that the door


title: Kris Boyd

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 might not be closed should <mask> reconsider, stating that <mask>, rather than he, had "made the decision", and that "... if [<mask>] is totally committed, that's what the country needs". On 16 November 2009, Burley was sacked as manager of Scotland after winning just three out of fourteen games as manager. After Craig Levein was appointed manager of Scotland in December 2009, <mask> stated that he was "ready and willing" to play for Scotland again.He was called up to the Scotland squad to play against the Czech Republic in a friendly on 3 March, and he received his sixteenth cap in the second half of the game. His most recent international appearance was in a Euro 2012 qualifier against Liechtenstein on 7 September 2010. <mask> was recalled to the squad for a friendly match with Norway in November 2013, but he did not play. His performances for Kilmarnock during the 2017–18 season led to suggestions that <mask> could be recalled to the national squad, aged 34. <mask> said that he was open to a recall, but also stated his belief that the national team needed to develop younger players. Style of play
<mask> is typically defined as a goal poacher, whose key attribute is his strike rate. He scored an average of two goals for every three games when he arrived at Rangers; many of which came from the substitute bench, making his goals-to-games ratio even more impressive.He prefers to play in the penalty box, where he can play off the shoulder of defenders who are close to their goals. Former Rangers manager Alex McLeish compared him to rival Ally McCoist in goalscoring ability. When he fails to score, however, his overall contribution to the team is sometimes questioned. Manager Walter Smith occasionally chose not to play him owing to his lack of contribution to the overall team performance. With Smith's common 4–5–1 formation, <mask> was not seen to be an effective lone striker. Personal life
In 2016, <mask>'s younger brother Scott took his own life aged 27 without explanation. 16 months later, the <mask> Charity was

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 established with the aim of assisting persons with mental health problems and to encourage discussion of the issues causing them.Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each <mask> goal. Honours

Club
Rangers
 Scottish Premier League: 2008–09, 2009–10
 Scottish Cup: 2007–08, 2008–09
 Scottish League Cup: 2007–08, 2009–10

International
Scotland
Kirin Cup: 2006

Individual
 Scottish league top goalscorer (5): 2005–06, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2017–18
Scottish Premier League Golden Boot (broke SPL goalscoring record): January 2010
 PFA Scotland Players' Player of the Year (shortlisted): 2005–06, 2009–10, 2013–14, 2017–18
 PFA Scotland Young Player of the Year (shortlisted): 2005–06
 SFWA Footballer of the Year (shortlisted): 2005–06. Scottish Premier League Player of the Month (3): November 2005, January 2006, December 2009
 Scottish Premiership Player of the Month: December 2017
 Scottish Premier League Young Player of the Month: August 2002, January 2003

See also
List of footballers in Scotland by number of league goals (200+)

References

External links

Rangers F.C. profile

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Irvine, North Ayrshire
Association football forwards
Scottish footballers
Scottish expatriate footballers
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Scotland international footballers
Scotland B international footballers
Scotland under-21 international footballers
Scottish Premier League players
English Football League players
Kilmarnock F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C.players
Eskişehirspor footballers
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Süper Lig players
Portland Timbers players
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Major League Soccer players
Designated Players (MLS)
Scottish Professional Football League players
Scottish league football top scorers
Sportspeople from South Ayrshire
People from


title: Manuel Palau

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<mask> (4 January 1893 – 18 February 1967) was a Spanish composer and teacher in Valencia Conservatory. He wrote a large number of symphonic, band (wind orchestra), choral and chamber works. He was one of the most popular and important composers of his time. He received the Spanish National Music Award (Premio Nacional de Música) twice, first in 1927 and again in 1945. His music is known within the Spanish classical music for being a representative of what it has been called “Mediterranean” style, like other Spanish musicians such as Vicente Asencio or Oscar Esplá. The cities of Valencia, Alfara del Patriarca, Llíria, Alaquàs and Xirivella named streets after him. There is a Spanish choir called <mask> in his honor.Biography

<mask> lived some of the sweetest and most bitter moments of art in Spain. He had the good fortune to be a contemporary of a large number of artists (painters, poets, musicians) and scientists who had achieved international significance. However, he also had the misfortune of living through the horrendous events of the military insurrection against the legitimate government of the country and suffered the post-war horrors that severely impeded artistic production. But the Valencian musician composed until the end of his days, motivated by the satisfaction that his own creative activity gave him. Born in Alfara del Patriarca (Valencia) on 4 January 1893, he started his musical education at the Conservatory of Music in Valencia. He studied composition with Charles Koechlin and Ravel and many of his compositions are influenced by the impressionism. In 1927 and 1945 got the Premio Nacional de Música (Spanish National Music Award).He was a teacher in the Conservatory of Valencia and became principal in 1951. Among his students there are international musicians such the conductor <mask>, the professor Salvador Seguí, etc. <mask> Boix died in Valencia on 18 February 1967. Style

<mask> looked into the French musical mirror, where he found some of his more important musical influences. The artistic currents that coexisted at that moment influenced his music to a greater or lesser degree. An review of

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 some of those styles, <mask>’s sources of inspiration, bring us closer to the European musical environment of that time. But, without doubt, one of the elements that marked his music in a definite way, was to be Valencian folklore.Originally from a small village in the Valencian countryside (Alfara del Patriarca), the music that he heard sung at parties, weddings, etc., were to become his constant inspiration. Sometimes, he recreates a given popular themes, other times he invented melodies himself in the style of folk music, giving his compositions a peculiarity that differentiates his music from other Spanish music of the time (that often looked to the South of Spain for its inspiration) that had become popular towards the end of the 19th century. <mask> looks for the Valencian’s colour: at a time in which Andalusian regionalism was dominant, the maestro sought inspiration in his own cultural roots. Recordings

Orchestras as the ONE (National Orchestra of Spain), ORTVE (Spanish Radio TV Orchestra) Joven Orquesta de la Generalitat Valenciana, have recorded his music, including soloists such Narciso Yepes, Bertomeu Jaume, Rafael Serrallet and <mask>, etc. Legacy

In 2013 <mask>’s heirs donated their musical material to the Valencian Library and IVM (Valencian Musical Institute). 3.069 books and scores from his personal library, 196 recordings, 109 publications, and 1.242 documents from his personal archive (840 manuscripts of his works). Works

Despite his prolific musical production, <mask> is relatively unknown in the music world.<mask> left a very interesting collection of music, including guitar works and, additionally, he wrote a substantial concerto that is almost forgotten today and has been barely performed since his composition. <mask> wrote more than hundred Lieder, one guitar concerto (Concert of Valencia or Concierto Levantino), two piano concerti, three symphonies, choral music, ballet, the opera Maror. Here a list of works. Andante cantabile
        Animato. Scherzo
        Allegro. Finale
    1942 Salve for choir and orchestra
    1944 Simfonia núm. 2 en re major - Murciana
        Largo.Allegro

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 energico
        Lento. Tiempo de parranda. Lentamente
        Presto
        Allegro giocoso
    1946 Dramatic Concerto for piano and orchestra
        Lento. Allegro non tanto
        Lentamente
        Allegro deciso
    1947/1959 Concert of Valencia (Concierto Levantino) for guitar and orchestra
        Allegro non tanto. Allegro deciso
        Larghetto. Animado. Larghetto
        Presto
    1950 Simfonia number 3
    1950 Salmantinas for female choir and orchestra.1951/1955 Escena y danza de Omar
    1953 Two aquarelles for string orchestra
    1956 Tríptico catedralicio (There is also a wind orchestra version)
    1963 Heráldica
    Anthem for nuevo al Santísimo Cristo Verdadero for choir and orchestra. Criatura dolcíssima for voice and orchestra. Texts by  Joan Fuster
    Suite in old stile

Wind orchestra (Banda de música)

    1920 Himne a la bandera for choir and wind orchestra. 1921 Marxa valenciana n. 2
    1922 Himne a Bétera for choir and wind orchestra. 1922 La cançó del poble
    1923 Marxa valenciana n. 4
    1923 Pasodoble andaluz
    1924 Penya truquera
    1924 ¡Vaya lo fino! 1924 Danza mora
    1925 Soc de Moncà
    1925 Poemas de juventud
    1929 Marcha n. 13
    1930 Cançó de renaixença for choir and banda. 1936 Two school songs for children's choir and wind orchestra.1946 Manises Anthem
    1947 Blayo
    1956 Marcha solemne
    1961 Riberas del Jiloca
    1961 Rumores del Genil
    Himne escolar for choir and wind orchestra

Theatre

    1917 Farandulerías
    1918 Beniflors, Valencian zarzuela in one act
    1920 Amor torna, Dramatic  Valencian zarzuela in 2 acts
    1922 A vora mar Valencian zarzuela in one act
    1938 Lliri blau Ballet in two acts
    1938 Sino Ballet in one act
    1946 Joyel Ballet
    1956 Maror, opera. The irresistible call of music. Biography (in Spanish)
 <mask> and the guitar (in Spanish)
 Concierto Levantino (In Spanish)

Spanish classical composers
20th-century classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
People from Horta Nord
Composers from the Valencian Community
1893 births
1967 deaths
20th-century Spanish musicians
20th-century Spanish male


title: Allan Johnston

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<mask> (born 14 December 1973) is a Scottish football player and coach, who was most recently the manager of Queen of the South. <mask> started his professional playing career with Heart of Midlothian and then followed on to French club Rennes before a spell in English football with Sunderland before returning to Scotland with Rangers. <mask> then returned to England with Middlesbrough and Sheffield Wednesday. <mask> returned to Scotland and played out his playing career with Kilmarnock, St Mirren and Queen of the South. <mask> played for Scotland 18 times in full internationals, and also played for the Scotland under-21 and B international teams. <mask> started his managerial career in 2012, as player-manager of Queen of the South. <mask> won the Second Division championship in his first season as a manager, then moved to Kilmarnock.<mask> departed Rugby Park after 18 months after a dispute with the club's board about the sale of a player. <mask> was appointed manager of Dunfermline Athletic in 2015, where he won the League One Championship in his first season. Playing career

Club

Heart of Midlothian
<mask> began his career with Heart of Midlothian, becoming a first-team regular in the mid-1990s. In January 1996, <mask> scored his first career hat-trick, scoring all three goals in a 3–0 win against Rangers at Ibrox. <mask> picked up a Scottish Cup runners-up medal that season in the defeat to Rangers where Brian Laudrup dominated the final. Rennes
During the summer of 1996, <mask> moved to French club Rennes (Aberdeen defender Gary Smith making the same move), but he left after less than one season. Sunderland
<mask> finished the season with FA Premier League side Sunderland as they were relegated to the Football League First Division.Although Sunderland were defeated in the 1998 play-off final, the club won the title the following season. During the summer of 1999, with just one year left on his contract, <mask> began

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 negotiations about an extension. During this time, interest in <mask> was expressed by Rangers and after negotiations broke down with Sunderland, <mask> stated his desire to move to Glasgow. Despite previously being a first-team regular he never appeared for Sunderland in 1999–2000 season and was subsequently loaned to Birmingham City and Bolton Wanderers, the latter with whom he appeared in the FA Cup semi-final. However in the semi-final versus Aston Villa he was one of two Bolton players to have their penalty saved by David James as they crashed out in a shoot-out. <mask> was the scorer of the final competitive goal at Roker Park in a 3–0 win over Everton in the final home game of the 1996/97 season. Rangers
At the end of the 1999–00 season, having not featured for Sunderland in the entire campaign, <mask> moved to Rangers on a free transfer, scoring on his debut in a Champions League qualifying match against FBK Kaunas.He scored twice more for Rangers, his strikes coming against Herfolge in another Champions League qualifier and Brechin in the Scottish Cup. Middlesbrough
Little over twelve months later, in late August 2001 and with the FA Premier League season already underway, <mask> moved to Middlesbrough in a £600,000 deal, making his debut in the derby defeat to Newcastle United the following weekend. <mask> scored in his second match against West Ham but failed to score again all season, missing February and March due to injury. The following season, <mask> spent much of the season on loan with Sheffield Wednesday, scoring twice, having only played in two League Cup matches for Boro, subsequently missing the entire 2003–04 season. Kilmarnock
<mask> signed for Kilmarnock in August 2004, reuniting him with former Hearts management team Jim Jefferies and Billy Brown. In April 2007, with his contract about to expire, <mask> agreed a new two-year deal, which wasn't extended upon its expiry in June 2009, resulting in his release

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 from Rugby Park. St Mirren
On 8 August 2009, <mask> played in a trial match for St Mirren against Wigan Athletic.After the match, manager Gus MacPherson said that he would love to sign him, but felt he might be out of their price range. After making 10 appearances for St Mirren, he was released at the end of the season. Queen of the South
In July 2010 <mask> played as a trialist in four games for Dumfries club Queen of the South. <mask> was then confirmed on the club's website as having signed a one-year contract on 16 July 2010. <mask>'s competitive league debut for Queens was on 22 August 2010 when he played in central midfield during a 3–1 away win at Cowdenbeath. <mask> scored his first Queens goal in a league win at Palmerston Park versus Partick Thistle on 18 September 2010.

International
<mask> made 18 appearances for Scotland between 1998 and 2002, and was also capped at under–21 level. Coaching career

Queen of the South (first spell)
Queen of the South announced on 21 June 2011 that <mask> had signed a contract as player coach.On 3 May 2012, <mask> was appointed as Queens new player-manager. <mask> led Queens to a historic double in his first full season in management, winning the Scottish Second Division Championship and the Scottish Challenge Cup. Kilmarnock
<mask> and his assistant, Sandy Clark both signed two-year contracts to join Kilmarnock as the club's new management team on 24 June 2013. Queen of the South receive around £30,000 in compensation. Kilmarnock narrowly avoided relegation in <mask>'s first season in charge, winning their last two games to finish above the relegation play-off position. The club performed better in the league during his second season, but in February 2015 <mask> announced his intention to leave the club at the end of the season. He had been upset by the sale of Robbie Muirhead, which <mask> said had only been advised to him after the transfer window had closed.The Kilmarnock board then

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texts:
 decided to remove <mask> from his position immediately. Dunfermline Athletic
On 8 May 2015, after three months out of work, <mask> was appointed manager of Scottish League One side Dunfermline Athletic on a one-year contract. His first season with the club saw him twice named Scottish League One Manager of the Month, guide the Pars to the league title and promotion to the Scottish Championship, and additionally, saw the side compete well against Scottish Premiership opposition in both the Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup. In April 2016, <mask> was rewarded for his achievements with a new two-year contract, keeping him at East End Park until Summer 2018. <mask>'s first season in the championship saw the club finish in fifth place, four points off the play-off positions. The following season, Dunfermline finished one place better off which saw them contest the quarter-final play-off against Dundee United. After a goalless first leg, the Pars lost the return leg 2–1 at Tannadice.On 22 May 2018, <mask> signed a new two-year contract. In January 2019 Dunfermline were not in contention for a play-off spot. On 9 January the club announced <mask> had been relieved of his duties 4 days after Alloa Athletic scored a 94th minute equaliser against Dunfermline after Dunfermline having been 2-0 ahead. Queen of the South (second spell)
On 5 May 2019, soon after Queens ended their league campaign in the 2018–19 Scottish Championship relegation play-off position, the Doonhamers appointed <mask> and his assistant, Sandy Clark on a two-year contract for their second spell at the Dumfries club ahead of the play-off matches versus Montrose. On 16 April 2021, <mask> and Clark signed a contract extension to remain as the Queen of the South management team until May 2023. On 13 February 2022, <mask> and Clark departed the Doonhamers by mutual consent (4 wins in 24 matches) as the Dumfries club languished in the automatic relegation place in the


title: Allan Johnston

texts:
 Scottish Championship. Personal life
His son <mask> is also a footballer (a Motherwell youth product, he made his senior debut in 2021); elder brother <mask> also played professionally for St Johnstone and Partick Thistle among others.Career statistics

International appearances

Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each <mask> goal. Managerial record

Honours and achievements

Player
Sunderland
Football League First Division: 1998–99

Queen of the South
Scottish Second Division: 2012–13
Scottish Challenge Cup: 2012–13

Manager
Queen of the South
Scottish Second Division: 2012–13
Scottish Challenge Cup: 2012–13
Scottish Championship play-offs: 2018–19

Dunfermline Athletic
Scottish League One: 2015–16

Individual
Queen of the South
PFA Scotland Manager of the Year: 2012–13
Scottish Second Division Manager of the Year 2012–13

Dunfermline Athletic
SPFL Championship Manager of the Month: August 2017
SPFL League One Manager of the Month: December 2015, March 2016

References

External links

1973 births
Association football midfielders
Birmingham City F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Dunfermline Athletic F.C. managers
Expatriate footballers in France
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Kilmarnock F.C. managers
Kilmarnock F.C.players
Ligue 1 players
Living people
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Premier League players
Queen of the South F.C. managers
Queen of the South F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Scotland B international footballers
Scotland international footballers
Scotland under-21 international footballers
Scottish expatriate footballers
Scottish Football League managers
Scottish Football League players
Scottish football managers
Scottish footballers
Scottish Premier League players
Scottish Professional Football League managers
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Footballers from Glasgow
St Mirren F.C. players
Stade Rennais F.C.players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
English

masks:
Max Johnston
Sammy Johnston
Johnston


title: Grigol Dadiani

texts:
<mask> (; 1770 – 23 October 1804), of the House of <mask>, was Prince of Mingrelia from 1788 to 1804, with intermissions from 1791 to 1794 and in 1802 when his position was filled by his rivaling brothers. His rule was marred by the long-standing struggle between the Imeretian crown seeking to subdue Mingrelia and Mingrelian efforts to win full independence, a continuation of the conflict which had plagued western Georgia for centuries. <mask>i dynasty, an arrangement which remained in place until 1856. Early rule
<mask> was the eldest son of Katsia II Dadiani by his third wife Anna Tsulukidze. In 1788, <mask>, then 18-year-old, succeeded on the death of his father as prince-regnant of Mingrelia. King David II of Imereti made use of his youth to advance his claims to Mingrelia and, notwithstanding important services rendered by Katsia II Dadiani, invaded the principality. <mask> took to Lechkhumi, a highland district disputed between Imereti and Mingrelia, whose loyalty then lay with Dadiani.King Heraclius II of Kartli–Kakheti intervened militarily and helped defeat David at Matkhoji in July 1789, thereby restoring <mask> to Mingrelia and securing the crown of Imereti for his grandson, Solomon II. This was followed by the 1790 treaty, which established a loose confederation of Georgian kings and princes. <mask> then married Heraclius's granddaughter Princess Nino, while <mask>'s sister Mariam became Solomon II's wife. Conflict with Imereti
The unresolved dispute over Lechkhumi, however, quickly led to a renewed conflict between Imereti and Mingrelia. In 1791, Solomon II of Imereti succeeded in ousting <mask> in favor of his own younger brother, Manuchar.

masks:
Grigol Dadiani
Dadiani
Grigolian
Grigol
Grigol
Grigol
Grigol
Grigol
Grigol
Grigol


title: Grigol Dadiani

texts:
 <mask> fled to the Ottoman pasha of Akhaltsikhe. King Heraclius II's mediation failed and <mask> was detained on his arrival for negotiations in Kutaisi, Imereti's capital.He soon managed to escape with the help of his uncle, Giorgi Dadiani, and Kaikhosro Gelovani, governor-general of Lechkhumi, and entrenched himself in the fortress of Nogi in Mingrelia, which Solomon failed to take and fell back to Kutaisi. As a result, the king had to recognize <mask> as prince of Mingrelia, who, in his turn, conceded the fiefdom of Salipartiano to his estranged brother Manuchar, Solomon's protégé. <mask>, however, found his authority limited by rising influence of Kaikhosro Gelovani, whom he had murdered in 1799. Peace with Imereti did not endure. In 1802, Solomon invaded Lechkhumi, defeated Dadiani at Salkhino, and had him replaced by another brother, Tariel. <mask> quickly regained his position, but he had to concede the fort of Anaklia and to surrender his own son and heir, Levan, as an honorary hostage to Kelesh Bey, ruler of Abkhazia, in exchange of received support. Mingrelia joins Russia
By that time, a momentous event had taken place in Georgia; in 1801, the Russian Empire annexed the eastern Georgian kingdom of Kartli and Kakheti.In October 1802, <mask> <mask> approached the Russian commander in Georgia, Prince Tsitsianov, expressing his desire to put himself under Russian protection, provided his and his descendants' rights as rulers of Mingrelia were guaranteed. The Russian diplomats, having secured Ottoman neutrality on the Mingrelian issue, formalized the agreement with Dadiani with the Treaty of Dadichala on 1 December 1803, which was ratified by Tsar

masks: Grigol Grigol Grigol Grigol Grigol Grigol Dadiani


title: Grigol Dadiani

texts:
 Alexander I on 20 March 1804. Dadiani was recognized as Prince of Mingrelia, the legal ruler of "Odishi, Lechkhumi, Svaneti, and Abkhazia", in exchange of Dadiani’s acceptance of the Tsar's suzerainty. The treaty, which would remain in force until 1856, made Mingrelia an autonomous principality within the Russian Empire and a cornerstone of Russian imperial power-building in western Caucasus. On the occasion of the conclusion of the treaty, <mask> was awarded the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky, which was returned by the Russian authorities to the Imperial Administration of Orders after the prince's death, ignoring Princess Nino's request to leave it in the Dadiani family. In 1804, Solomon II followed Dadiani's suit, accepting the Russian suzerainty at gunpoint. Both rulers were reassured by the Russians regarding the ownership of Lechkhumi, but the disputed district remained under Dadiani's control.Grigol then tried to exploit Russia's increasingly tense relations with Imereti and went so far as to petition the Tsar to depose Solomon II as king and to replace him with his cousin, Prince Ioann of Georgia. The Russian government, still hoping to bend Solomon into submission, immediately disavowed the plan. Death and aftermath
As the renewed crisis over Lechkhumi was unfolding, <mask> <mask> died, unexpectedly, at Muri in October 1804. He was buried at the Martvili Monastery. <mask>'s widow, Princess Nino, who assumed regency for <mask>'s heir, Levan, immediately accused the rival nobles of having poisoned the prince and requested from the Russian commander in Georgia, Prince Pavel Tsitsianov, to have an inquiry into her husband's murder. On the other hand,

masks: Grigol Grigol Dadiani Dadiani Grigol


title: Grigol Dadiani

texts:
 Nino's opponents spread rumors that the princess herself was behind the murder of Prince <mask>, who had been briefly involved with a woman of the Chichua family. Tsitsianov himself exploited the suspicion of homicide to remove Grigol's treating doctor, the Italian Capuchin missionary Nicola di Rutigliano, who was suspected of anti-Russian intrigues.Family
<mask> Dadiani and his wife, Nino, daughter of George XII of Georgia, had two sons and seven daughters:

 Princess Ketevan (born 1792), who married first Manuchar Shervashidze, Prince of Samurzakano (died 1813), and then, in 1823, Rostom-Bey, son of Kelesh Ahmed-Bey Shervashidze, Prince of Abkhazia. A grandson of her first marriage was Prince Giorgi Shervashidze (1847–1918), Governor of Tiflis, known for his persecution of the doukhobors in 1895. Prince Levan (1793–1846), Sovereign Prince of Mingrelia (1804–1840). Princess Mariam (born 1794), who was married firstly to Prince Giorgi Eristavi of Guria and secondly, c. 1810, to Prince Rostom (Tato), son of Beri Gelovani, Lord of Lechkhumi. Princess Elene (born 1795), who was married firstly to Prince David Gurieli (died 1833), son of Giorgi V Gurieli, and secondly to Prince Giorgi Mikeladze. Princess Ekaterine (born 1797), who married in 1810 Colonel Prince Beglar (Petre) Jambakur-Orbeliani (1776–1819), son of Prince Zaal Orbeliani. Prince Giorgi (1798–c.1851), Major-General of the Russian army. He married, at Ryazan in 1839, Countess Elizaveta Pahlena, daughter of General Count Pavel Pahlen, and had no issue. Notes

References

1770 births
1804 deaths
House of Dadiani
18th-century people from Georgia (country)
19th-century people from Georgia

masks: Grigol Grigol


title: Adolfo Pedernera

texts:
<mask> (15 November 1918 – 12 May 1995) was an Argentine football player and coach. Nicknamed "El Maestro" ("The Teacher"), he was widely considered to be one of the best world football players in the 1940s and one of the greatest Argentine players of all time. Pedernera was the natural conductor of both the famous River Plate team known as La Máquina ("The Machine"), with whom he won several Argentine and South American titles, and the Millonarios team called Ballet Azul ("Blue Ballet") that won the Small Club World Cup in 1953 among many others Colombian titles. Playing for the Argentine national team, <mask> won the Copa América in 1941 and 1946, being named the Best Player of the latter. He also was elected the 12th-best South American footballer of the 20th century in a poll by the IFFHS in 2000, and his name appears in the list of the 100 greatest all time footballers selected from the magazine FourFourTwo in 2017, in which he holds the 58th place. <mask> usually played as an inside forward and was renowned for his technique and ability to create chances for other players, whilst also being a prominent goalscorer. Early career

As an adolescent, Pedernera displayed talent for football.The first club he joined was Cruceros de la Plata, but he soon joined the professional Club Atlético Huracán. In 1933, he joined the Club Atlético River Plate. In 1935, at the age of 16, he debuted with this club. During his time at River Plate he was part of five Primera División winning squads in 1936, 1937, 1941, 1942 and 1945. With the Argentina national team he won the Copa America 1941 and 1946. The Second World War kept Pedernera away from the game as he could not participate in a World Cup, but afterwards, his

masks:
Adolfo Alfredo Pedernera
Pedernera
Pedernera


title: Adolfo Pedernera

texts: career continued to progress. Still with the Club Atlético River Plate, he played with the likes of Ángel Labruna, José Manuel Moreno, Félix Loustau, and Juan Carlos Muñoz.He also collaborated with Hugo Reyes, Antonio El Maestrico Báez, Néstor Rossi, and Alfredo Di Stéfano who he would later be teammates with them for CD Los Millonarios in Colombia, but first, in 1947, he was offered a million pesos to play for Atlanta of Buenos Aires. <mask>'s time with Atlanta was short. After the club was relegated for the first time, he returned in 1948 to Huracán where he started his career. However, Carlos Aldabe, the trainer of Millonarios, visited Pedernera in Buenos Aires and convinced him to come to Bogotá, Colombia. There, <mask>a settled in the north of Bogotá after being received into the club.On 11 June 1949, he attended his first game with the Millonarios, in which they defeated the Club Atlético Municipal (now the Atlético Nacional) with a score of 6–0. On 25 June, Pedernera played for the first time with the club, helping them defeat the Club Deportes Caldas with a score of 3–0. The press of Bogotá received Pedernera well and commented the next day that "El Maestro" ("The Teacher") was "a phenomenon, an artist, a master of passing, and a show of intelligence. After the debut of El Maestro, everything is possible." Along with Alfredo Di Stéfano and Nestor Rossi, <mask> helped the Millonarios to their Colombian championship title in 1949. According to Di Stéfano, the team played with the "5 and dance" strategy, in which they would try to not humiliate their opponents by scoring when they were leading by five goals. This strategy was employed in nine consecutive victories.In championship play, <mask> scored

masks: Pedernera Pederneraederner Pedernera Pedernera


title: Adolfo Pedernera

texts:
 the two decisive goals in the championship deciding play-off matches against Deportivo Cali in 1949. After Carlos Aldabe retired as coach from Millonarios <mask> took over as player-manager and was in this position instrumental in winning the three consecutive championships from 1951 to 1953 and the Copa Colombia of 1953. In this era the Millonarios defeated such other strong teams at the time as Argentina's Huracán, Bolivia's Bolívar, Austria's Rapid Wien, and even his old team, Argentina's River Plate, which had won Primera División championships in 1952 and 1953. In March 1952, when <mask> was 33 years old, he was part of the  Millonarios tour of Europe. On this trip, they achieved an outstanding win over Real Madrid 4–2 at Chamartín Stadium. The Spanish club asked for a rematch, playing two games else that were also won by Millonarios. <mask> also led his team to victory in the Small Club World Cup ("Pequeña Copa del Mundo", an international club tournament held in Venezuela) in 1953.He, along with Don Alfonso and Mauro Mórtola, were placed on a list of noted Millonarios players. The team credits him with establishing their mark on Colombia football. In 1954, the Lima Pact forced all "illegal" players to return to their clubs of origin, so <mask> returned briefly to Huracán. Coaching career
In later years Pedernera also coached Nacional in Uruguay, Gimnasia y Esgrima (LP), Huracán, Independiente, Boca Juniors, América de Cali and River Plate

Pedernera also coached Colombia and Argentina national teams. He is remembered in Colombia for helping the national team qualify for its first FIFA World Cup, the 1962 edition in Chile, where Colombia had a good participation. On the other hand, under his

masks: Pedernera Pedernera Pedernera Pedernera


title: Adolfo Pedernera

texts:
 coaching Argentina failed to qualify to the 1970 World Cup when the team tied 2–2 with Peru in La Bombonera. This was the first time that Argentina failed to qualify to a World Cup tournament.Later years

In 1993, he published his autobiography named "El fútbol que viví ... y que yo siento" (the football I lived ... and I feel), assisted by journalist Alejandro Yebra. In 1994, <mask> was reunited for the last time with his lifelong friends Alfredo Di Stéfano and Pipo Rossi at the Feria Internacional del Libro in Bogotá. Pedernera died the next year. Honours

Player
 Copa América: 1941, 1946
 Primera División Argentina: 1936, 1937, 1941, 1942, 1945
 Categoría Primera A: 1949, 1951, 1952, 1953
 Copa Colombia: 1953
 Copa América Best Player: 1946

References

External links

1918 births
1995 deaths
Sportspeople from Avellaneda
Argentine people of Italian descent
Argentine footballers
Argentina international footballers
Argentine expatriate footballers
Club Atlético Huracán footballers
Club Atlético River Plate footballers
Club Atlético Atlanta footballers
Millonarios F.C. players
Argentine Primera División players
Categoría Primera A players
Expatriate footballers in Colombia
América de Cali managers
Argentine football managers
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata managers
Club Atlético Huracán managers
Club Atlético Independiente managers
Boca Juniors managers
Club Atlético River Plate managers
Club Atlético Banfield managers
All Boys managers
Club Nacional de Football managers
Argentina national football team managers
Colombia national football team managers
1962 FIFA World Cup managers
San Lorenzo de Almagro managers
Burials at La Chacarita Cemetery
Copa América-winning players
Association football


title: Vladan Matijević

texts:
<mask> (Serbian-Cyrillic: Владан Матијевић; born 16 November 1962 in Čačak, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Serbian  writer and poet. Life and Work
<mask>vić worked for eighteen years as an engineer in a chemical base factory after completing his university education. Since 2005, he has been working as directing editor of the publications of the Nadežda Petrović Gallery in his native town, where he still lives in a suburb today. He said in an interview with the Austrian newspaper Der Standard about himself that he tries to write as little as possible. Nevertheless, he has already created a considerable and well-respected literary work, which has been discussed in more than fifty reviews and essays of Serbian literary journals. Many of his much sold novels have been published for several times in Serbia, his internationally most successful novel Moments of Joy has been published in French (four editions in 2007, 2008 and 2009), Spanish (2008), German (2009), Italian (2014), Russian and Macedonian (2015) translation. In 2009, he took part in the event New Literature from Serbia by the Austrian literary society Podium and read from the original Serbian version of his novel Moments of Joy on the small stage of the Viennese coffee house Prückel.The sequence presented by him was subsequently read by an actress in German translation. In 2011, a collection of four short stories has been published as a multilingual edition in Albanian, Hungarian, Bulgarian and Romanian. In the same year, he was an invited participant of the Salon international du livre de Québec, the Leipzig Book Fair and the multinational event of the so-called cultural program Literature in Flux,

masks:
Vladan Matijević
Vladan Matije


title: Alexandra Zaretsky

texts:
<mask> "Sasha" <mask> (, , , ) (born December 23, 1987) is an Israeli retired ice dancer. With her brother <mask>, she is the 2009 Skate America bronze medalist, 2009 Golden Spin of Zagreb champion, a three-time Nebelhorn Trophy medalist, and a three-time Israeli national champion. They finished as high as sixth at the World Championships and competed twice at the Winter Olympics, finishing tenth in 2010. Personal life
<mask> was born on December 23, 1987, in Minsk, Belarus SSR, Soviet Union. The <mask> family was Jewish and made aliyah, settling in Metula, Israel, in 1990. <mask> trained in rhythmic gymnastics as a young child before choosing skating. She speaks fluent Hebrew, Russian, and English.Her sons, Dennis and Adam, were born in Indiana, United States. Career

Early years
<mask> began skating in Metula at the age of 6. She originally competed as a single skater, winning age group medals. When older brother Roman wanted to switch to ice dancing, his sister was the only girl at the rink he could partner, so their parents put them together. She was seven and he was 11 when they switched to ice dancing. They were coached by their mother until 2001, when they relocated for training to the United States. The siblings debuted on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series in October 2001, placing 11th in The Hague, Netherlands.They placed 19th at the 2002 World Junior Championships in Hamar, Norway. 2002–2003 season
In September 2002, the Zaretskys became the first Israeli figure skaters to medal on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series, taking bronze in Belgrade, Serbia. After winning another bronze, at a JGP event in Chemnitz, Germany, they were

masks:
Alexandra
Zaretsky
Roman Zaretsky
Alexandra Zaretsky
Zaretsky
Alexandra
Alexandra Zaretsky


title: Alexandra Zaretsky

texts:
 second in the free dance. They were named third alternates for the Grand Prix Final. The Zaretskys won their next event, the 2009 Golden Spin of Zagreb, and skated to 7th place at the 2010 European Championships, their career-best result at that event. Based on their top-ten finish at the Europeans, the Zaretskys met their national criterion for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. There, in February 2010 they performed to music from Schindler's List in the free dance, having chosen the music in part to honor 27 family members who died in Minsk during the Holocaust. They finished tenth, setting new personal best scores in the free dance and overall. They went on to finish 6th at 2010 Worlds, again setting personal bests in the free dance and overall.The Zaretskys announced their retirement from competitive skating on June 20, 2010, citing a lack of support from their federation as the reason. Post-competitive career
The Zaretskys later performed in various ice shows, including Shall We Dance on Ice, and coached together for several years in Houston, Texas. In 2017, <mask> relocated to Charlotte, North Carolina. Programs

Competitive highlights

GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix

with Roman Zaretsky

See also
List of select Jewish figure skaters

References

External links

1987 births
Sportspeople from Minsk
Israeli female ice dancers
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters of Israel
Universiade medalists in figure skating
People from Metula
Belarusian emigrants to Israel
Living people
Universiade gold medalists for Israel
Competitors at the 2009 Winter


title: Erich Raddatz

texts:
<mask> (28 November 1886 – 16 February 1964) was a Berlin city politician and parliamentarian. He was a founder member of the Communist Party, but was among those excluded from it in 1931 after openly opposing the leadership's adoption of Stalin's "social fascism" doctrine. After the war he returned to the Social Democratic Party with which he had broken over its support for the war back in 1917. He remained active in city politics well into his 70s, by which time he had become known to Berliners as "Papa Raddatz". Life

Provenance and early years
<mask> was born into a Protestant family in Konikow (as the village of Konikowo was known at that time) in the coastal county of Köslin, roughly halfway between Stettin and Danzig. He completed an apprenticeship as a skilled metal worker and, while still relatively young, came to Berlin. He joined the trades union in 1907 and in 1910 became a member of the Social Democratic Party ("Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands" / SPD).War and opposition to it
<mask> participated in the First World War, serving as a soldier between 1916 and 1918. The decision by the  SPD leadership to support war funding in a Reichstag (German parliament) vote in 1914 had been controversial with party members from the outset and set a pattern which persisted through the four years of the war. As the slaughter of war increased and austerity on the home front intensified anti-war sentiment in Germany grew ever  stronger, especially on the political left. In 1917 the SPD split over the issue. <mask> was one of those who moved across to the breakaway Independent Social Democratic Party ("Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands" / USPD). It was as a USPD member that he took work as a local government official in the city district of

masks:
Erich Raddatz
Erich Raddatz
Raddatz
Erich Raddatz


title: Erich Raddatz

texts:
 Berlin-Neukölln, subsequently promoted to the position of "welfare inspector" ("Stadtinspektor im Fürsorgewesen"). Communist party official
In the revolutionary turmoil of 1918/1919 the USPD in its turn broke apart, with a majority of members drawing inspiration from Russia's at this stage widely celebrated October Revolution and joining Germany's own recently launched Communist Party.In 1920 <mask> switched his own party allegiance, serving as a Communist member of the local council for Neukölln between 1920 and 1925. He continued to sit on the Neukölln  council between 1926 and 1930, but now in an unpaid capacity. Between 1928 and 1932 he also served as a member of the "Magistrat" which under the terms of the 1920 "Greater Berlin Law" was a municipal executive body with (limited) powers and responsibilities covering the entire city. Prussian parliament
In 1928 Wilhelm Pieck, already a leading figure in the Communist Party, gave up his seat in the Prussian parliament ("Landtag"), having been elected to the German parliament ("Reichstag") in May's general election. In June 1928 <mask> was selected to take over the Landtag seat vacated by his party comrade, representing a Potsdam electoral district ("Wahlkreis 3"). In the course party ructions during 1930/31 <mask> was excluded from the party. He nevertheless continued to sit as a member of the Landtag till the 1932 state election.Group of 60
The 1929 Wall Street crash heralded an economic depression which hit the German economy badly. As unemployment surged, politics became ever more polarised. Within the Communist Party, opinions were sharply divided between those who saw the populist National Socialist party under Adolf Hitler as the principal political danger to the party and the country, and those -

masks:
Erich Raddatz
Raddatz
Raddatz


title: Erich Raddatz

texts: taking their lead from Moscow - who insisted that the greater danger came from the centre-left Social Democratic Party, because it represented a more potent roadblock along the route to the dictatorship of the proletariat. The party leader, Ernst Thälmann, and those comrades with whom he had surrounded himself in positions of leadership in the party central committee since 1925, were unwavering in their view that the greater danger lay in attempting to reach any sort of accommodation with the Social Democrats. After 1933 commentators would increasingly express the view that Thälmann had badly underestimated the seductive populist skills of Adolf Hitler. Three years before that, on 28 February 1930, a group of 60 Berlin party activists and officials addressed an open letter to Thälmann in which they criticised  the leadership's favoured "social fascism" doctrine. The "Group of 60" were immediately excluded from the party, becoming in effect a group of 60 independent Berlin communists.The Berlin city councillor Hermann Letz and <mask> found themselves the de facto co-leaders of the group. They lost no time in issuing their own newsletter. It quickly became apparent, however, that there could be no political future for a group of 60 party activists independent of a resolutely extremist Communist Party, and with no alternative political home. On 26 February 1931 the SPD party newspaper, Vorwärts, reported that "30 former communists [including <mask>] are joining the Social Democratic Party". <mask> now devoted his considerable political energies to canvassing trades unionist comrades still in the Communist Party, urging them to switch away from the ever more inflexible party which, in the eyes of many, was by this time taking all its orders from Moscow. 12 years under

masks:
Erich Raddatz
Erich Raddatz
Raddatz


title: Erich Raddatz

texts:
 Hitler
Regime change arrived in January 1933 and was followed by a rapid transformation of Germany into a one-party dictatorship. Political involvement as a Communist or Social Democrat was outlawed.The security services were particularly unstinting in their surveillance of those with any record of involvement with the now illegal Communist Party. Raddetz lost his job with the Berlin city council and fell back on his factory training and skills, working as a clerk in a metals processing factory in Berlin-Lichtenberg, and promoted later to a job as a foreman-supervisor. There is no mention in sources of any political activity or engagement by <mask> during the twelve Hitler years. New beginnings
War ended in May 1945, and with it the one-party Hitler dictatorship. <mask> re-joined the re-emerging SPD in June 1945 and was appointed to lead the social affairs department for Berlin-Neukölln. The western two thirds of Germany were now divided into four military zones of occupation. For Berlin, set in the middle of the Soviet occupation zone, separate arrangements had been agreed between the allied leaders, although many practical decisions over how the city would be administered had been left ambiguous, reflecting the inability of the so-called "Big Three" to agree the details between themselves.Berlin was divided into four sectors, each under the military administration of one or other of the victorious powers. Neukölln was in the American zone, and in November 1945 the American military administration confirmed <mask> in his post as "Bezirksstadtrat" (loosely, "District city councillor") for social affairs. He would continue to hold the job through a succession of political reconfigurations, till his retirement in January 1959. A "new" party
In April 1946 a


title: Erich Raddatz

texts:
 signed their political allegiance across from the SPD to the new party.<mask> was one of these. By 20 October 1946 his name was included on the list of SED candidates in local council elections for Neukölln. He succeeded in being elected, and retained his post as "Bezirksstadtrat", no longer simply through nomination, but now endorsed in the election. In the immediate postwar period it was possible to believe that the division of Germany into four separately administered zones might be a relatively short term expedient. After 1948 it became harder to believe in German reunification as a practical proposition. The events leading up to the 1948 Berlin Blockade made it clear that reunification on Soviet terms could never be acceptable to the United States and reunification on western terms could never be acceptable to the Soviet Union. Through the 1950s cold war tensions grew, leaving Germany with one of the most technically sophisticated and deadly borders in the world, not on its outer edge, but down its middle.In August 1948 <mask> left the SED and returned, again, to the  Social Democratic Party. Over the next few years he found himself singled out for media criticism from East German media, but his popularity in his West Berlin home base seems not to have suffered from his record of sometimes choosing the "wrong" party. By the time of his retirement from his council duties in 1959 he was becoming known by the affectionate soubriquet "Papa Raddatz", or even "Opa {Grandpa} Raddatz". Along with his social affairs portfolio as "Bezirksstadtrat", between 1955 and 1959 he also served as deputy mayor of Neukölln. Final years
<mask> lived on another five years after his retirement, during which time he served as a "hands-on" regional vice president for the Berlin AWO