title: Balaji Baji Rao

texts: left to fight against the Nizam of Hyderabad.In his absence, Tarabai urged Rajaram II to remove him from the post of Peshwa. When Rajaram refused, she imprisoned him in a dungeon at Satara, on 24 November 1750. She claimed that he was an impostor, and that she had falsely presented him as her grandson. Tarabai was unsuccessful in getting support from other ministers and the would-be Nizam Salabat Jung. However, she managed to enlist the help of another noblewoman, Umabai Dabhade. Umabai Dabhade was the matriarch of the Dabhade family, whose members held the title of Senapati (commander-in-chief) and controlled several territories in Gujarat. Her husband had been killed by the Mughals, and her eldest son had been killed by <mask> <mask>'s father for a rebellion against Chhatrapati Shahu.However, Shahu had forgiven the Dabhades and allowed them to retain their jagirs and titles on the condition that they would remit half of the revenues collected from Gujarat to his treasury. Umabai's minor son Yashwant <mask>ti, while she held the actual executive power in Maratha territories of Gujarat. The Dabhades never actually shared any revenues, but Shahu did not want to take any action against a grieving mother. However, after Shahu's death Peshwa <mask> <mask> faced an empty treasury and pressurized the Dabhades to share Gujarat revenues as per the agreement. Umabai personally met him in 1750 and argued that the agreement was void because the Dabhades had signed it under force. The Peshwa refused to entertain this argument. Umabai dispatched 15,000 troops led by her lieutenant Damaji <mask>d in support of Tarabai's rebellion.Gaekwad initially advanced towards Pune, prompting the Peshwa's mother Kashibai and his grandmother Radhabai to flee from Pune to Sinhagad. While encamped at Pargaon near Pune, he received a letter from the Peshwa loyalist Mahadji Purandare, who denounced him as a

masks:
Balaji
Rao
Raoapa
Balaji
Rao
Rao Gaekwa


title: Balaji Baji Rao

type: original

texts: traitor. Subsequently, Gaekwad changed course and started advancing towards Satara. Mahadji's brother Trimbakrao Purandare led a 20,000-strong force against him. Gaekwad defeated him at Nimb, a small town north of Satara. He then marched to Satara, where he was received by Tarabai. However, Trimbakrao re-formed his army and on 15 March 1751, he attacked Gaekwad's army, which was encamped on the banks of the Venna River.Gaekwad was defeated in this battle, and forced to retreat with heavy losses. Trimbakrao kept pursuing him and cornered his force near a gorge in the Krishna river valley. Meanwhile, on hearing about the rebellion, <mask> <mask> left the Mughal frontier, and quickly advanced towards Satara, covering 400 miles in 13 days. He reached Satara on 24 April, and stormed the Yavateshwar garrison, defeating Tarabai's forces. He then joined Trimbakrao, who had been keeping a watch on Gaekwad's army. Gaekwad was compelled to declare ceasefire and meet <mask> <mask> to discuss the terms of a peace treaty. <mask> <mask> demanded from him half of Gujarat's territories in addition to a war indemnity of  2,500,000.Damaji refused to sign an agreement, stating that he was only a subordinate, and asked <mask> <mask> to consult Umabai. On 30 April, <mask> <mask> launched a surprise evening attack, and Damaji's camp surrendered without resistance. <mask> <mask> then surrounded the Satara fort, and asked Tarabai to release Chhatrapati Rajaram II, whose physical and mental condition had deteriorated considerably. Tarabai refused, and <mask> <mask> left for Pune, since a siege of the well-provisioned and strong Satara fort would not be easy. Later, a section of Tarabai's troops in the Satara garrison rebelled against her. Although she crushed the mutiny, she realized that it would be difficult to continue the fight against <mask> <mask>. She, therefore, agreed to a peace treaty.She met

masks: Balaji Rao Balaji Rao Balaji Rao Balaji Rao Balaji Rao Balaji Rao Balaji Rao Balaji Rao


title: Balaji Baji Rao

texts: <mask> <mask> in Pune, and accepted the superiority of the Peshwa's office. She agreed to dismiss her lieutenant Baburao Jadhav, whom the Peshwa disliked. In return, the Peshwa forgave her. On 14 September 1752, the two took oaths at Khandoba temple in Jejuri, promising mutual peace. At this oath ceremony, Tarabai swore that Rajaram II was not her grandson, but an impostor from the Gondhali caste. Nevertheless, the Peshwa retained Rajaram II as the titular Chhatrapati and a powerless figurehead. In May 1751, <mask> <mask> had arrested Damaji Gaekwad and his relatives, and sent them to Pune.Sometime later, the Dabhades were also arrested, and deprived of their jagirs and titles. In Pune, <mask> <mask> repeatedly pressurized Damaji to cede half of Gujarat on behalf of Yashwant <mask>de. Damaji kept refusing, and on 19 July 1751, <mask> <mask> placed him and his dewan Ramchandra Baswant in strict confinement. On 14 November, he sent them to captivity in Lohagad. A few weeks later, Ramchandra Baswant escaped to Gujarat. As a result, <mask> <mask> ordered Damaji to be put in iron chains at Lohagad. He then sent a military expedition to Gujarat, under his brother Raghunath <mask>.Raghunath <mask> managed to recover revenues from Surat, but could not advance north of the Tapti river. Meanwhile, <mask> <mask> received a setback when his general Shankarji Keshav Phadke was defeated at the siege of Parner. As a result, he decided to seek reconciliation with the Gaekwads. In March 1752, Damaji finally agreed to abandon Dabhades and join <mask> <mask>. In return, he was made the Maratha chief of Gujarat, and <mask> <mask> offered him assistance in expelling the Mughals from Gujarat. Gaekwad promised to pay an annual tribute of  525,000 to Peshwa in addition to a one-time payment of  1,500,000. He was also asked to maintain a cavalry of 20,000 horses in service of the Peshwa.Campaign against

masks:
Balaji
Rao
Balaji
Rao
Balaji
Rao
Rao Dabha
Balaji
Rao
Balaji
Rao
Rao
Rao
Balaji
Rao
Balaji
Rao
Balaji
Rao


title: Balaji Baji Rao

texts:
 the Nizam

In 1751, <mask> <mask> had invaded the territories of Nizam of Hyderabad Salabat Jung, who was supported by the French Governor-General of Pondicherry Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau. Due to Tarabai's rebellion and the French-trained enemy troops, the Marathas had to retreat. In 1752, <mask> <mask> launched a fresh attack against the Nizam. He also sought support of the English to counter the French, but the English refused to get involved in the conflict. The Marathas wanted Salabat Jung's brother Ghazi ud-Din Khan to be appointed as the Nizam; as he had promised them a payment of  6,000,000 among other favours. However, Khan was poisoned to death by his step-mother. Ultimately, <mask> <mask> and Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau concluded a peace treaty.Raghoji Bhonsle also agreed to peace on the condition that Nizam would grant him some jagirs in Berar. Relations with Rajputs

<mask>'s father <mask> <mask> aimed to establish a Hindu Padshahi (Hindu kingship) in India, and maintained good relations with the Hindu Rajputs. However, during <mask> <mask>'s tenure, the Marathas alienated the Rajput rulers. When Jai Singh II of Jaipur died in 1743, a war of succession broke out between his sons Ishwari Singh and Madho Singh. Madho was supported by Jagat Singh II of Mewar and Ummed Singh of Bundi. The Marathas, however, initially supported Ishwari, simply because he offered them more money. Later, Jagat Singh was able to enlist Malhar <mask> on Madho's side, while Jayappa <mask>ia continued to support Ishwari.This episode not only spoiled the Maratha relations with the Rajputs, but also resulted in internal strife among the Marathas. Madho Singh later sought arbitration from <mask> <mask>, who personally came to Jaipur and convinced Ishwari Singh to cede 4 mahals to Madho Singh. Ishwari Singh initially agreed, but refused to abide by his promise after <mask> returned to Pune. Malhar

masks:
Balaji
Rao
Balaji
Rao
Balaji
Rao
Balaji
Baji
Rao
Balaji
Rao
Rao Holkar
Rao Scind
Balaji
Rao
Balaji


title: Balaji Baji Rao

texts:
 <mask> then not only forcefully captured the mahals for Madho, but also imposed a tribute on Ishwari Singh. In 1750, the Marathas declared a war on Ishwari Singh for his failure to pay the arrears. Ishwari Singh was desperate as he did not have sufficient money to pay off the Marathas, and he could not impose excessive taxes on his citizens. As a result, he committed suicide by consuming poison.After Ishawari Singh's death, Madho Singh became the ruler of Jaipur. However, he no longer trusted the Marathas, having seen their treatment of his elder brother. He participated in battles against the Marathas, until Safdarjung intervened and convinced the Marathas to leave with an apology and some compensation. After Safdarjung's death, the Marathas again invaded the Rajput territories. This forced Madho Singh to seek help from Safdarjung's successor Shuja-ud-Daula as well as the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Durrani (Abdali). In 1749, Abhai Singh of Jodhpur (Marwar) died, leading to a war of succession between Bakht Singh and Ram Singh. Ram Singh sought help from Jayappa Scindia.By the time Scindia marched to Jodhpur in September 1752, Bakhat Singh had died. He was succeeded by his son Bijay Singh, who sought help against the Marathas from the Mughals, the Rohillas and Madho Singh. With Madho Singh's help, Maharaja Vijay Singh resisted the Marathas for a year, before he agreed to peace talks. During one such peace negotiation, Jayappa <mask> was assassinated by emissaries of Vijay Singh of Marwar in July 1755. This led to further hostilities between the Marathas and the Rajputs until Dattaji <mask> concluded a peace treaty in February 1756. Relations with the Jats

The Marathas-Jat relations also worsened during <mask> <mask>'s reign. <mask>'s younger brother Raghunath <mask> wanted a share of revenues from the prosperous Bharatpur State.Suraj Mal, the ruler of this state, had interfered in

masks:
Rao Holkar
Rao Scindia
Rao Scindia
Balaji
Rao
Balaji
Rao


title: Balaji Baji Rao

texts:
 Jaipur politics in support of Ishwari Singh. This had antagonized Maratha chiefs like Malhar <mask>, who had supported Madho. In 1754, the Mughal wazir Safdarjung sought Suraj Mal's help against the Mughal emperor. To counter him, the imperial loyalist Imad-ul-Mulk, sought Maratha help. Raghunath <mask> used this opportunity and sent a force led by Malhar <mask> to Bharatpur. Suraj Mal tried to avoid a war by offering him  4,000,000; but, Raghunath <mask> was not satisfied with the offer. The Marathas besieged Bharatpur's Kumher fort in early 1754 for around four months, before a peace treaty was concluded.The Marathas accepted an offer by Suraj Mal to pay  3,000,000 in three yearly installments. Relations with the Mughals

During <mask> <mask>'s tenure, the Mughals had nominally granted the Malwa to the Marathas, but the control was not actually passed to the Marathas. After becoming Peshwa, <mask> <mask> approached the Mughal emperor through Jai Singh II, and managed to get appointed as the Deputy Governor of Malwa (with Ahmad Shah as the titular Governor). In return, he pledged faithfulness to the Mughal emperor. He also agreed to keep a force of 500 soldiers at the emperor's court, in addition to providing a force of 4,000 soldiers on a need basis. In 1748, Javed Khan, a rival of the Mughal wazir Safdarjung invited the new Nizam of Hyderabad Nasir Jung, to join an alliance against the wazir. Safdarjung requested Maratha support against Nasir Jung.<mask> <mask> dispatched Scindia and Holkar chiefs to prevent Nasir Jung from reaching Delhi, and thus, saved Safdarjung. Starting in 1748, the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Durrani (Abdali) launched several invasions of India, forcing the Mughals to seek Maratha help. In 1752, the Rohillas of the Doab region rebelled against the Mughal emperor. They defeated Safdarjung in a battle, and invited Durrani to invade India. Once again, Safdarjung

masks:
Rao Holkar
Rao
Rao Holkar
Rao
Baji
Rao
Balaji
Rao
Balaji
Rao


title: Balaji Baji Rao

texts:
 sought assistance from the Marathas, who helped him crush the rebellion. The Marathas and the Mughals signed an agreement in 1752. The Marathas agreed to help the Mughals defeat external aggressions as well as internal rebellions.The Mughals agreed to appoint Peshwa <mask> <mask> as the Governor of Ajmer and Agra. The Marathas were also granted the right to collect chauth from Lahore, Multan, Sindh, and some districts of Hissar and Moradabad. However, the Mughal emperor had also ceded Lahore and Multan to Ahmad Shah Durrani in order to pacify him. In addition, he did not ratify the transfer of Rajput-ruled territories like Ajmer to the Marathas. This brought the Marathas in conflict with Durranis as well as Rajputs. Conflict with the Durrani Empire

After his initial invasions of India, Ahmed Shah Durrani appointed his son Timur Shah Durrani as the governor of Punjab and Kashmir. <mask> <mask> then dispatched Raghunath <mask> to check the advance of the Durranis.In 1758, Raghunath <mask> conquered Lahore and Peshawar, and drove out Timur Shah Durrani. The Marathas thus became Durranis' major rivals in the north-western part of the subcontinent. Meanwhile, the Marathas had reduced the Mughal emperor to a figurehead, and <mask> <mask> talked of placing his son Vishwasrao on the Mughal throne. The Mughal loyalist Muslim intellectuals of Delhi were alarmed at these developments, and appealed Durrani to check the rising Maratha power. Under these circumstances, Ahmad Shah Durrani launched a fresh invasion of India, reaching Lahore by the end of 1759. He gained allies in the Rohilla noble Najib-ud-Daula and the Nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-Daula. <mask> <mask> responded to the Durrani invasion by dispatching a large force commanded by Sadashiv <mask>u.This force was supplemented by the contingents of Holkar, Scindia, Gaikwad and Govind Pant Bundele. The Jat ruler Suraj Mal of Bharatpur also

masks:
Balaji
Rao
Balaji
Rao
Rao
Rao
Balaji
Rao
Balaji
Rao
Rao Bha


title: Balaji Baji Rao

texts:
 joined the Marathas, but later left the alliance due to a misunderstanding with Bhau. Between 1759 and 1761, the Durranis and the Marathas fought each other in several skirmishes and small battles, with varying results. Due to the extended duration of the siege of the Maratha garrison at Panipat which <mask>'s reinforcements were supposed to break but never reached beyond the Narmada, the Durranis decisively defeated the famished and under-equipped Maratha army in the Third Battle of Panipat on 14 January 1761. According to Shuresh Sharma, "It was <mask> <mask>'s love of pleasure which was responsible for Panipat. He delayed at Paithan celebrating his second marriage until December 27th, when it was too late." Death
The defeat at Panipat resulted in heavy losses for the Marathas, and was a huge setback for Peshwa <mask> <mask>.He received the news of the defeat of Panipat on 24 January 1761 at Bhilsa, while leading a reinforcement force. Besides several important generals, he had lost his own son Vishwasrao in the Battle of Panipat. Hearing the news of the death Sadashivrao Bhau, He fell in depression and died on 23 June 1761, and was succeeded by his younger son Madhav <mask> I. In popular culture
In 1994 Hindi TV series The Great Maratha, Peshwa Balji <mask>'s character was portrayed by Bal Dhuri. In the 2014 Indian Marathi-language film, Rama Madhav, he is portrayed by Ravindra Mankani. In the 2015 Bollywood film Bajirao Mastani, Ayush Tandon essays the role of a young <mask> <mask>. In the 2019 Bollywood film, Panipat, Peshwa <mask> <mask> was portrayed by Mohnish Bahl.See also
 Koli rebellions
 List of Koli people
 List of Koli states and clans

Further reading

 <mask> <mask> (Nanasaheb) Peshwa by Prof. S. S. Puranik
 Solstice at Panipat by Uday S. Kulkarni, Mula Mutha Publishers, 2nd edition, 2012. Panipat by Vishwas Patil, Rajhamns publishers. References

Peshwa

masks: Balaji Balaji Bajirao Balaji Rao Rao Bajirao Balaji Bajirao Balaji Bajirao Balaji Bajirao


title: Sushant Singh Rajput

texts:
<mask> (21 January 1986 – 14 June 2020) was an Indian actor known for his work in Hindi cinema. He starred in a number of commercially successful Bollywood films such as M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story (2016), Kedarnath (2018) and Chhichhore (2019). Due to his contribution to the film industry, he received a Screen Award and was nominated for the Filmfare Awards on three occasions. He appeared on Forbes India Celebrity 100 list twice since 2017. <mask> started his career after dropping out of his engineering course at the Delhi College of Engineering and entering the theatre industry in Mumbai. He moved on to feature in Hindi television serials, his debut show was the romantic drama Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil (2008), followed by the lead role in the soap opera Pavitra Rishta (2009–2011).He made his Bollywood debut in the film adaptation Kai Po Che! (2013) which became a commercial and critical success. Followed by his starring role in the romantic comedy Shuddh Desi Romance (2013) and the role of the titular detective in the action thriller Detective Byomkesh Bakshy! (2015). He also starred in a number of other films such as the reincarnation drama Raabta (2017), the historical drama Sonchiriya (2019) and the action thriller Drive (2019). His highest-grossing releases came with a supporting role in the satire PK (2014), and from the titular role in the sports biopic of Mahendra <mask>i. For his performance in the latter, he received his first nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor and became the winning nomination at the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne.Apart from acting, he was the founder of a nonprofit organisation and has been credited as the co-founder of a technological startup. <mask> died by suicide at his home in Bandra, Mumbai in June 2020, aged 34. His last film, Dil Bechara (2020), was released posthumously on the streaming platform Hotstar. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Patna in the state of Bihar to Krishna Kumar <mask> and Usha <mask>. His father is a retired technical officer and worked at Bihar State Handloom Corporation in

masks:
Sushant Singh Rajput
Rajput
Singh Dhon
Rajput
Sushant
Singh Rajput
Singh
Singh


title: Sushant Singh Rajput

texts:
 Patna. He was the youngest of five siblings and had the nickname Gulshan. One of his four sisters Mitu <mask> was a state-level cricket player.He attended the St. Karen's High School in Patna. His family moved to Delhi following his mother's death in 2002 where <mask> completed his schooling for intermediate studies in Kulachi Hansraj Model School. <mask> was reportedly an avid reader who was deeply interested in astrophysics and won the National Olympiad in Physics. He secured admission in the Delhi College of Engineering (later renamed Delhi Technological University) to pursue a Bachelor of Engineering degree in mechanical engineering. According to <mask>, he did not have any interest in engineering but his family gave him no option which left him dissatisfied. He instead wanted to become an astronaut and later an air force pilot but was also interested in Bollywood, being a fan of Shah Rukh Khan. Career

2006–2011: Early career and television
During his course at the Delhi College of Engineering, <mask> enrolled himself in Shiamak Davar's dance classes.Soon afterward, he also began attending acting classes under the theatre director Barry John. <mask> later stated that he found the experience to be liberating and wanted to continue doing it forever. He featured as a background dancer in the Dhoom Again song of Dhoom 2 and in Aishwarya Rai's performance at the closing ceremony of the 2006 Commonwealth Games. In 2006, he dropped out of his engineering course during his fourth year to begin a career in arts and performance. He moved to Mumbai, took up odd jobs and small roles alongside working in the theatre industry. <mask> eventually joined Nadira Babbar's theatre group called the Ekjute in which he remained for two and a half years. He was spotted by a casting team of Balaji Telefilms while he was working at the Prithvi Theatre.<mask> was subsequently called for an audition and cast as a second lead in the television series Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil in 2008. He had secured the role of Preet <mask>ja, the stepbrother of the lead named Harshad Chopda and entered the

masks:
Singh
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Singh June


title: Sushant Singh Rajput

texts:
 show in its seventh episode. The character was killed early in the show, but due to popularity among viewers was brought back in the series finale as a spirit looking on as his family celebrated coming out of difficult times. The performance had made an impression on the producer Ekta Kapoor who vouched for him to be cast as the lead in another series Pavitra Rishta, reportedly against the wishes of the hosting channel, Zee TV. In Pavitra Rishta, <mask> was cast as Manav Deshmukh who was an "ideal son and husband" and co-starred along with Ankita Lokhande. The role was reportedly a breakthrough for him and for which he won various television awards, including his first award for best actor in the Indian Television Academy Awards 2010. He also won three major television awards in the categories of best male actor and most popular actor.In 2010, he joined the dance reality show Zara Nachke Dikha in its second season as part of the Mast Kalandar Boys team. On the Mother's Day special episode, the team dedicated a performance to <mask>'s mother who had died. Later in the same year, he also took part in the fourth season of another dance competition reality show called Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa and was paired alongside the choreographer Shampa Sonthalia; they emerged as the runners-up of the season. <mask> continued to act in Pavitra Rishta from its first airing in 2009 till his exit in 2011, having played the part of the protagonist of the series for two and a half years at the time of his exit. He had stated that he intended to move to the United States to study filmmaking and had already gained experience behind the scenes in the film Raaz 2, where he was an assistant director. <mask> made a later reappearance in the final episode of Pavitra Rishta in 2014 after gaining critical acclaim in Bollywood. 2011–2015: Film debut and Yash Raj Films

In 2011, <mask> was spotted by Mukesh Chhabra, the casting director of Kai Po Che!, who invited him for an audition.He was in the process of enrolling for a course in filmmaking at Stanford University but decided to accept the offer. He

masks: Rajput Rajput Rajput Rajput Rajput


title: Sushant Singh Rajput

texts: was subsequently cast in the role of Ishaan Bhatt, a district-level cricketer who was a victim of politics in the selection fraternity and one of the three leads, along with Rajkummar Rao and Amit Sadh. The film was directed by Abhishek Kapoor and based on the Chetan Bhagat novel called The 3 Mistakes of My Life, which dealt with the life of three friends affected by the 2001 Gujarat earthquake and the 2002 Gujarat riots. It was released in 2013 and became a commercial and critical success. <mask> received a nomination for the Filmfare Awards in the category of best debut actor for his performance in the film. Before the release of his debut film Kai Po Che!, <mask> was signed in by Raj Kumar Hirani for a role in the Aamir Khan starring satirical drama called PK. In the film, he was cast as the boyfriend to Anushka Sharma's character of a journalist.He also entered into a deal with Yash Raj Films beginning with the starring role in the film Shuddh Desi Romance. The film was a romantic comedy, where <mask> played the character of Raghu Ram Sitaram, a tour guide who fell in love with a woman on the way to his own marriage, it featured Parineeti Chopra and Vaani Kapoor. Shuddh Desi Romance was released in 2013 and became a sleeper hit. Following the release of his first two films, <mask> was described by the veteran director Shekhar Kapur as "one of the most inspiring young actors to emerge out of India" and was occasionally referred to as the "next SRK". The film PK was later released in 2014 and became the highest grossing Indian film. In June 2013, Yash Raj Films and Dibakar Banerjee Productions announced the joint production of Detective Byomkesh Bakshy! with <mask> <mask> in the starring role.<mask> began working on the new project following the release of his second film Shuddh Desi Romance. The film was a mystery action-thriller featuring Byomkesh Bakshi, a fictional detective originally created by the Bengali writer Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay. Dibakar Banerjee, the director of the film and the IP rights holder of Byomkesh Bakshi stories had signed him in to play the

masks:
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Sushant
Singh Rajput
Rajput


title: Sushant Singh Rajput

texts:
 part of the protagonist. Before the release, <mask> made a special appearance in the police crime drama CID in the character of Byomkesh Bakshy. The film was released on 3 April 2015, and failed to perform well in the box office but still received a positive critical reception. In September 2013, <mask> began collaborating with Shekhar Kapur for his upcoming project Paani, a film set in the future that showcased a world where wars where being fought over water. The film was initially reported to be starred by Hrithik Roshan and then Vivek Oberoi but finally went to <mask> after Yash Raj Films entered in its co-production and opted for his inclusion.He had reportedly attended workshops with Kapur for 10 months before the project was suspended in 2015 when the Yash Raj Films backed out of it. In the aftermath, <mask> ended his contract with the production house. 2015–2018: Dhoni biopic, Raabta and Kedarnath
In 2011, a biopic on the life of the Indian cricket team captain Mahendra <mask>i was conceived by Dhoni's manager, Arun Pandey. The project was initially faced with various difficulties including objections from the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) and Dhoni's demand for a large royalty. On 25 September 2014, <mask> <mask> was announced as the actor who would play the role of Dhoni in the biopic which was titled M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story and directed by Neeraj Pandey. The film was centered around the life of the cricketer beginning with his childhood in the city of Ranchi and leading up to the 2011 Cricket World Cup victory for India under his captaincy.Incidentally, <mask> wasn't adept at cricket and had to train regularly in the game for 13 months as well as capture the playing style of Dhoni for his portrayal in the film, he was coached by Kiran More who reportedly trained him in the regimen of a professional sportsperson rather than as an actor. The film was produced by Arun Pandey with Fox Star Studios and released on 2 October 2016. It became the 5th highest grossing Bollywood film of that year. <mask> received critical acclaim for his

masks:
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Singh Dhon
Sushant
Singh Rajput
Rajput
Rajput


title: Sushant Singh Rajput

texts: performance and nominations to a number of awards, including the Filmfare Awards, the International Indian Film Academy Awards and the winning nomination at the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne. He also made a cameo appearance in the comedy film Welcome to New York, which was released on 23 February 2018 and where the lead characters met <mask> but confused him for Mahendra <mask>i. During the release of M. S. Dhoni: The Untold Story, <mask> in an interview had stated that he was signed up to do five more films; namely Raabta, Takadum, Chanda Mama Door Ke, another biopic of an athlete and a film produced by Dharma Productions featuring Jacqueline Fernandez. Earlier in 2014, reports had emerged that <mask> was being signed in alongside Alia Bhatt for the starring roles in the largest budget production of the producer–directors Homi Adajania and Dinesh Vijan.In an announcement in February 2015, the film titled Raabta, produced by the Vijan owned Maddock Films and co-directed by Adajania and Vijan was publicised where <mask> and Bhatt were in the lead role. Bhatt however decided to opt out of the project in the same year, and the role of the female lead eventually went to Kriti Sanon. <mask> and Sanon later featured in a 2017 T-Series music video of the song named Paas Aao, composed by the duo Armaan and Amaal Mallik. In 2017, he was featured for first time in the Forbes India's Top 100 Celebrity list. The second biopic that <mask> was to feature in was tentatively titled as Murli: The Unsung Hero, where he would play the role of the disabled jawan turned Paralympics gold medalist Murlikant Petkar. In June 2016, <mask> along with Parineeti Chopra and Irrfan Khan were also announced as the lead of the Adajania directed film called Takadum with shooting scheduled to begin in October but the project was being put on hold due to issues related to script re-adaptation. Meanwhile, the announcement of <mask>'s role in Chanda Mama Door Ke had come in September 2016.In the film which was to be directed by Sanjay Puran <mask>, <mask> would have starred alongside Nawazuddin

masks:
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Singh Dhon
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Singh
Rajput


title: Sushant Singh Rajput

texts: Siddiqui and R. Madhavan and was cast in the role of an astronaut, for which he was even sent to NASA on a training module in 2017. He was also cast as the lead in the spy thriller film Romeo Akbar Walter in 2017, however he quit the project in the same year reportedly causing displeasure to the producer Bunty Walia who had publicised the film with him on the cover. Later in December 2017, it was announced that he was signed in by Abhishek Chaubey, the director of Udta Punjab for his next film titled Son Chiraiya, where he would star alongside Bhumi Pednekar. Raabta was released on 9 June 2017, which subsequently received mixed reviews from critics and ended up a flop in the box office, unable to recover its large production cost. It was a time transcending love story, where <mask> <mask> played the role of two characters who were reincarnations of each other. While the filming was primarily carried out in the city of Budapest, Hungary, in the Indian state of Punjab and in the island country of Mauritius. Earlier in March 2017, <mask> had also begun shooting alongside Jacqueline Fernandez for Karan Johar's Dharma Productions film, by then titled as Drive.The film was directed by Tarun Mansukhani and was a prequel to the 2014 film Bang Bang!, that had featured Hrithik Roshan and Katrina Kaif. Part of the shooting occurred in the city of Tel Aviv, Israel which was promoted by the Government of Israel as a part of its tourism and diplomatic initiative. The release was initially scheduled for 2 March 2018, but in a February announcement, the date was moved to 7 September 2018. The release was however postponed for a second time with no fixed release date due to creative disagreements between the director Mansukhani and the producer Karan Johar. In the meantime in March 2017, <mask> was signed in by the director Abhishek Kapoor and the producer Ekta Kapoor for their film called Kedarrnath. It was a love story set in the backdrop of the 2013 floods in Uttarakhand, where <mask> co-starred with Sara Ali Khan. He played the character of Mansoor, a Muslim porter who was also a

masks:
Sushant
Singh Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput


title: Sushant Singh Rajput

texts:
 devotee of Lord Shiva and whose livelihood revolved around the Shiv temple at Kedarnath.The shooting of the film began in September 2017 and was set to release by June 2018. During the shooting, Abhishek Kapoor who had previously been the director of <mask>'s debut film Kai Po Che!, stated that <mask> was in much better form for Kedarnath and expected it to become an even bigger success. The film however soon became embroidered in controversy as the Bharatiya Janata Party alleged that it was promoting Jihad by showing an interfaith couple and called for the imposition of a ban on it. In the end, the film was banned from screening in 7 out of 13 districts in Uttarakhand and released on 7 December 2018. Despite the ban, it became a commercial success, although it didn't completely meet the projected success in the box office. Following the release, it was the second highest grossing among <mask>'s starring films after the Dhoni biopic. 2018–2020: Entrepreneurial debut and later career
On 2 May 2018, <mask> was inducted as a partner in a company named Innsaei Ventures, which was founded on 26 April 2018; following which he was appointed as one of its three directors, the others being Varun Mathur and Saurabh Mishra.<mask> and Mathur were credited as the co-founders and set to make an investment of  in the company. The company was named Innsaei after the Icelandic word for Institution and marketed as working in the fields related to intellectual property and emerging technologies. Within a week, he was signed in by NITI Aayog to become a brand ambassador of the Women Entrepreneurship Platform and for the promotion of the BHIM mobile payment app. Subsequently, Innsaei Ventures set up a fund of  in favour of the Women Entrepreneurship Platform. In the same year, <mask> announced the first creative product of Innsaei Ventures, a 12 biopic series where he would play the roles of various Indian historical characters between the years of 540 BC to 2015 CE. In early 2018, <mask> began shooting for the film Sonchiriya. It was a historical drama set in the 1970s, where he played

masks: Rajput Rajput Rajput Rajput Rajput Rajput Rajput


title: Sushant Singh Rajput

texts: the role of a character named Lakhna, a lieutenant in a gang of dacoits; he was in the lead role alongside Bhumi Pednekar, Manoj Bajpayee, Ranvir Shorey and Ashutosh Rana.The film was directed by Abhishek Chaubey, produced by Ronnie Screwvala and featured the real life character of Daku <mask>, played by Bajpayee. Released on 1 March 2019, it received a positive critical reception and won a number of awards but failed to become a commercial success. In 2018, he was also signed in by Nitesh Tiwari, the director of the blockbuster film Dangal for his new film titled Chhichhore, whose shooting began in September. It was a romantic comedy where <mask> played the character of Anirudh Pathak, a divorced husband who recounts his college life to his teenage son and opposite Maya, his ex-wife played by Shraddha Kapoor. Produced by Fox Star Studios and Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment, the film was released on 6 September 2019, and became the third movie featuring <mask> to gross over  after PK and the Dhoni biopic. The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi. In an interview in January 2019, before the release of Sonchiriya, <mask> had stated that he was in the talks for 12 other films of which Chanda Mama Door Ke and the biopic of Murlikant Petkar were yet to be finalised.He was to feature in Rifleman, but the film got into legal trouble over copyright issues shortly after its announcement and could not be made. He had opted out of the production of Chanda Mama Door Ke in the previous year citing timing conflict in scheduling for its shooting and had stated that he would produce his own space film through Innsaei Ventures. In September 2019, a second company named Vividrage Rhealtyx was registered with a paid up capital of ; <mask> became one of the three directors of the company, the others being Rhea Chakraborty and Showik Chakraborty. Meanwhile, the long delayed release of the film titled Drive had its premiere finalised and was released directly on Netflix in November 2019, as a cost cutting measure. On 6 January 2020, <mask> also founded a

masks:
Man Singh
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput


title: Sushant Singh Rajput

texts:
 nonprofit organisation (NGO) named Front India for World Foundation with the stated intent of working towards the eradication of poverty, hunger and malnutrition and promotion of better healthcare and sanitation. Prior to that, on behalf of one of his fans, he donated  to the Chief Minister's Relief Fund following the 2018 Kerala floods. In 2019, he featured the second time in Forbes' annual Top 100 Celebrity list.Since 2017, <mask> was signed in for the directorial debut of Mukesh Chhabra; Fox Star Studios had employed Chhabra for a Hindi language remake of The Fault in Our Stars, a Hollywood hit film produced by 20th Century Fox. Chabbra had also been the casting director who had first spotted him for Kai Po Che!, which was <mask>'s debut film. The shooting for the film began on 9 July 2018, in the city of Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. During the time of the shooting, <mask> had remarked that he shared a great bond with Chhabra and had promised Chhabra that he would appear in his first as well. Based on the novel by the same name The Fault in Our Stars written by the author John Green, the film was initially titled Kizie aur Manny and was scheduled to release in theatres in 2019. <mask> co-starred alongside Sanjana Sanghi and played the character of Manny, a patient of the bone cancer osteosarcoma; the role in the Hindi remake was a reprisal of the role of Ansel Elgort. It also notably featured Saif Ali Khan and musical compositions of A. R. Rahman.The title was later renamed to Dil Bechara and the release date moved to 8 May 2020. The slated release of the film however did not occur due to restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the end, it was posthumously released on the streaming platform Disney+ Hotstar and became a record breaker in its first 24 hours viewership, having gathered approximately 95 million viewers. The director Uday <mask>ri claimed after <mask>'s death that he was in talks with him about a film based on the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Personal life

<mask>'s personal relationships have been the subject of widespread media attention. In 2011,

masks:
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Rajput
Singh Gau
Rajput
Rajput


title: Sushant Singh Rajput

texts: <mask> publicly proposed to his Pavitra Rishta co-star Ankita Lokhande during a national broadcast of the dance competition show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa; both of them had participated in the show as competing contestants. The couple began dating after their first meeting on the set of Pavitra Rishta, where they had been cast as husband and wife to each other.In 2012, they began living together, and reports of an imminent marriage between the two occasionally cropped up in the media. In an interview, <mask> stated that marriage and cohabitation were no different and that it was hypocritical to treat the former as sacred and the latter as a crime. At an event, he had said, "I am very transparent about my relationships. I mean I will not hesitate to say that I am in a relationship". In 2014, rumours that they were already secretly married due to family pressure were denied by the couple. In January 2016, <mask> confirmed that a lavish wedding would take place in December, but the relationship ended prior to that, with the pair maintaining silence on the reasons for the cancellation. In a 2021 interview, Lokhande said that Rajput wanted to go ahead in his career and they ended their relationship mutually.After the breakup, <mask>'s relationship status became the subject of speculation and gossip. He was rumored to be dating his Raabta co-star Kriti Sanon which was denied by both of them. In 2017, Rajput courted controversy when he came out in support of the producers of Padmaavat whose sets were vandalised by members of the Rajput Karni Sena. That same year, he became the co-owner of Delhi Gladiators, a team in the Super Boxing League. In preparation for his role in Chanda Mama Door Ke, he was given the opportunity to train at NASA where he intended to go back and complete his instructor training, aspiring to be chosen for the 2024 Artemis program. Retaining his interest in astronomy and astrophysics, he purchased the high end Meade LX-600 16" telescope for stargazing purposes. He also had a collection of 125 books including a six-volume theoretical physics series.<mask> stated


title: Sushant Singh Rajput

texts:
 in an August 2017 interview that his collection was not for film research, but covered personal interests in multiple disciplines, including cognitive science and behavioral economics. He was reportedly an avid reader who would bring books during tours for film shooting. In 2018, he was the subject of another rumour regarding his Kedarnath co-star Sara Ali Khan. The rumours were never confirmed as before the two supposedly broke up, <mask> refused to comment on the claims. Later in the next year, it was reported that he was dating actress Rhea Chakraborty and that they intended to keep the matter private. When questioned, he reportedly unwittingly confirmed the relationship by stating that if interviewers asked questions that were only about him, he could answer at his own discretion but he would also have to ask "somebody" before confirming any details. Chakraborty and <mask> were occasionally spotted on "dates" and outings in Mumbai, and on a vacation to the Himalayan region of Ladakh.After <mask>'s death, Chakraborty confirmed that she was his girlfriend and that he would refuse medication, relying instead on yoga and meditation. According to <mask>'s father, the actor mentioned his plans to marry in 2021 but did not reveal his intended bride; Ankita Lokhande was the only girlfriend that his father had known about. Death

On 14 June 2020, <mask>, aged 34, was found dead, hanging from the ceiling fan in his home in Bandra, Mumbai. He had reportedly shown signs of clinical depression and was suffering from bipolar disorder. The Mumbai Police commenced an investigation, stating that the death was being treated as a suicide. The postmortem report stated that the cause of death was "asphyxia due to hanging," and called it a "clear case of suicide." The autopsy doctors placed the time of death at 10 to 12 hours before postmortem examination on 14 June at 11:30 p.m.—meaning between 11:30 a.m. and 1:30 p.m. (Indian Standard Time).No foul play was found. The viscera report likewise ruled out foul play. On 25 July, <mask>'s family lodged a first information report with police

masks: Rajput Rajput Rajput Rajput Rajput Rajput


title: Sushant Singh Rajput

texts:
 in Patna, where his father lives, accusing Rhea Chakraborty and five others of abetment of suicide. On 31 July, Enforcement Directorate (ED) filed a case to investigate the money laundering of <mask>'s money from his bank accounts by Chakraborty, her parents and associates. On 19 August 2020, the Supreme Court of India allowed the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), the Indian national government's top investigating agency, to take control of the investigation and ordered the CBI to look into any future cases registered in relation to <mask>'s death. Later, the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) also filed a case to investigate drug peddling, based on phone chats forwarded to it by ED during its investigation. On 8 September, Rhea Chakraborty was arrested by the NCB in a drug case linked to the investigation of the death probe.Prior to the arrest, 9 others were arrested by the NCB in the drug case including Rhea's brother, Showik Chakraborty. On 3 October, Dr. Sudhir Gupta of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, leader of a forensic medical team tasked by CBI for assistance, said, "Sushant death is a case of suicide. Murder completely ruled out." Gupta told Asian News International (ANI), "There were no injuries over the body other than hanging. There were no marks of struggle or scuffle in the body and clothes of the deceased." On 5 October, ANI reported that the AIIMS medical board had submitted its report to CBI confirming that Rajput died by suicide and ruling out murder. On 15 October 2020, the CBI said it "continues to investigate the death of Rajput.There are certain speculative reports in the media that the CBI has reached a conclusion. It may be reiterated that these reports are speculative and erroneous." Filmography

Films

Television

Music videos

Awards and nominations

See also
 List of Indian film actors

References

Further reading

External links

1986 births
2020 deaths
2020 suicides
21st-century Indian male actors
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Indian male soap opera actors
Male actors from Patna
Delhi Technological University

masks: Rajput Rajput


title: William Baumol

texts:
<mask> (February 26, 1922 – May 4, 2017) was an American economist. He was a professor of economics at New York University, Academic Director of the Berkley Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation, and Professor Emeritus at Princeton University. He was a prolific author of more than eighty books and several hundred journal articles. <mask> wrote extensively about labor market and other economic factors that affect the economy. He also made significant contributions to the theory of entrepreneurship and the history of economic thought. He is among the most influential economists in the world according to IDEAS/RePEc. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1971.<mask> was considered a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Economics for 2003,
and Thomson Reuters cited him as a potential recipient in 2014, but he died without receiving the prize. Early life
<mask> was born in the South Bronx. His parents, Solomon and Lillian, were both immigrants from Eastern Europe. Baumol studied at the City College of New York and was awarded his bachelor's degree in 1942. After college, he served in the U.S. Army in World War II and later worked for the Department of Agriculture as an economist. Education

He was initially denied entry to the doctoral studies at the London School of Economics and was instead admitted to the Master's program. After witnessing his debating skills at Lord Lionel Robbins' seminars, he was within

masks:
William Jack Baumol
Baumol
Baumol
Baumol


title: William Baumol

texts:
 weeks switched to the doctoral program and also admitted to the faculty as an Assistant Lecturer.Teaching

While a professor at Princeton University he supervised some graduate students who would eventually become very well-known economists, including Burton Malkiel, <mask>. Bowen, and Harold Tafler Shapiro. Research

Among his better-known contributions are the theory of contestable markets, the Baumol-Tobin model of transactions demand for money, Baumol's cost disease, which discusses the rising costs associated with service industries, Baumol's sales revenue maximization model and Pigou taxes. His research on environmental economics recognized the fundamental role of non-convexities in causing market failures. <mask> also contributed to the transformation of the field of finance, and published contributions to the areas of efficiency of capital markets, portfolio theory, and capital budgeting. Entrepreneurship
The place of the disruptive innovations and innovative entrepreneurs in traditional economic theory (which describes many efficiency-based ratios assuming uniform outputs) presents theoretic quandaries. <mask> contributed greatly to this area of economic theory. The 2006 Annual Meetings of the American Economic Association held a special session in his name, and honoring his many years of work in the field of entrepreneurship and innovation, where 12 papers on entrepreneurship were presented.The Baumol Research Centre for

masks:
William G
William Baumol
Baumol


title: William Baumol

texts:
 Entrepreneurship Studies at Zhejiang Gongshang University is named after <mask>ol. In 2003, Baumol received the Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research "[f]or his persistent effort to give the entrepreneur a key role in mainstream economic theory, for his theoretical and empirical studies of the nature of entrepreneurship, and for his analysis of the importance of institutions and incentives for the allocation of entrepreneurship." The British news magazine, The Economist published an article about <mask>ol and his lifelong work to develop a place in economic theory for the entrepreneur (March 11, 2006, pp 68), much of which owes its genesis to Joseph Schumpeter. They note that traditional microeconomic theory normally holds a place for 'prices' and 'firms' but not for that (seemingly) important engine of innovation, the entrepreneur. Baumol is given credit for helping to remedy this shortcoming: "Thanks to Mr. Baumol's own painstaking efforts, economists now have a bit more room for entrepreneurs in their theories." <mask>'s book, The Microtheory of Innovative Entrepreneurship is the first formal theoretical analysis of the role of innovative entrepreneurs. Textbooks
Baumol wrote several textbooks in economics, including an introductory textbook with Alan Blinder titled Macroeconomics: Principles and Policy.His economics textbook on operations research was internationally well-received:

In the 1960s and 1970s, nearly every economics

masks:
William Baum
William Baum
William Baumol


title: William Baumol

texts:
 department offered a course in operations research methods in economics, and the usual textbook used was Economic Theory and Operations Analysis by W. J. <mask>. An entire generation of economics students was familiar with this book ....

Professional and philanthropic interests
<mask> was a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security. Baumol was known for his interests in the economics of art, including the economics of the performing arts. Death
Baumol died on May 4, 2017 at the age of 95. Major publications

 "Community Indifference", 1946, RES
 "A Community Indifference Map: A construction", 1949, RES. "A Formalization of Mr. Harrod's Model", 1949, EJ. "The Analogy between Producer and Consumer Equilibrium Analysis", with Helen Makower, 1950, Economica.Economic Dynamics, with R. Turvey, 1951. "The Transaction Demand for Cash: An inventory-theoretic approach", 1952, QJE. "The Classical Monetary Theory: The outcome of the discussion", with G.S. Becker, 1952, Economica. Welfare Economics and the Theory of the State, 1952. "Firms with Limited Money Capital", 1953, Kyklos. Economic Processes and Policies, with L.V.Chandler, 1954. "More on the Multiplier Effect of a Balanced Budget", with M.H. Peston, 1955, AER. "Acceleration without Magnification", 1956, AER. "Variety in Retailing", with E.A. Ide, 1956 Management Science. "Speculation, Profitability and Stability", 1957, REStat."Activity Analysis in One Lesson", 1958, AER. "On the Theory of

masks: Baumol Baumol


title: William Baumol

texts:
 with W.E.Oates and S.A. Batey Blackman 1979. Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure, with J.C. Panzar and R.D. Wilig, 1982
 "Contestable Markets: An Uprising in the Theory of Industry Structure", 1982, "AER". Microtheory: Applications and origins, 1986
 Superfairness: Application and theory, with D. Fischer, 1986
 "The Optimal Cash Balance Proposition: Maurice Allais' Priority", with J. Tobin, 1989, JEL
 Productivity and American Leadership: The long view, with S.A. Batey Blackman and E.N. Wolff, 1989. Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive and Destructive, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 98(3), pp.893–921, 1990
 Perfect Markets and Easy Virtue: Business ethics and the invisible hand, with S.A. Batey Blackman, 1992
 Entrepreneurship, Management and the Structure of Profit, 1993. The Free Market Innovation Machine: Analyzing the Growth Miracle of Capitalism, 2002. Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity, co-authored with Robert Litan and Carl J. Schramm, 2007
 The Cost Disease: Why Computers get Cheaper and Health Care Doesn't, 2012 https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300198157/cost-disease

Positions and awards

 <mask> was President of the American Economic Association for 1981. 1953 Fellow, Econometric Society
 1957–58 Guggenheim Fellow
 1960–70 Trustee, Rider College
 1965 Honorary LL.D, Rider College (Trustee Emeritus)
 1965–66 Ford Faculty Fellowship
 1970 Honorary Fellow,


title: Mihir Shah

texts:
<mask> is an Indian economist and former member of the erstwhile Planning Commission of India. Education
<mask> graduated with a B.A. degree in Economics in 1976 from St. Stephen's College, Delhi. In 1978, he received an M.A. degree in Economics from Delhi School of Economics. He also received a PhD degree in Economics from Centre for Development Studies (affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru University), Trivandrum in 1984. Career
From 2009 to 2014, <mask> was Member, Planning Commission, Government of India, holding the portfolios of Water Resources, Rural Development and Decentralised Governance.He is the youngest ever Member of the Planning Commission. <mask> was chiefly responsible for drafting the paradigm shift in the management of water resources enunciated in the 12th Five Year Plan. As Chairman of the Government of India's Committee for Revision of MGNREGA Guidelines, he initiated a makeover of MGNREGA, the largest employment programme in human history, with a renewed emphasis on rural livelihoods based on construction of productive assets. An expert on water and rural development, he holds memberships in several important committees such as the International Steering Committee of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) and serves as the chair of the Revitalising Rainfed Areas Network in India. He is also the first President of the Bharat Rural Livelihoods Foundation, which supports innovative civil society action in close partnership with state governments. He also chaired the Government of India's Task Force on the National Social Assistance Programme which presented a landmark report in 2013. <mask> <mask> chaired the Advisory Council of the first India Rural Development Report brought out by the Ministry of Rural Development.In 1990, he co-founded Samaj Pragati Sahayog, which is today one of the largest grass-roots initiatives for water and livelihood security, working with its partners on a million acres of land across 72 of India’s most backward districts. <mask> <mask> has spent nearly three decades living and working in central tribal India, forging a new paradigm of inclusive and sustainable development. <mask> <mask>, along with his colleagues penned their experiences in the book, India's Drylands: Tribal

masks:
Mihir Shah
Mihir Shah
Shah
Shah
Mihir
Shah
Mihir
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Mihir
Shah


title: Mihir Shah

texts: Societies and Development through Environmental Regeneration, which was published by Oxford University Press in 1998. The book brings out the macro-economic significance of watershed programmes for food security and employment guarantee in India. He has also played a significant role shaping policies and in the development of tribal areas in Madhya Pradesh. He coauthored one of three chapters in Human Development Report of the state in 1998. <mask> is a visiting faculty member at Ashoka University, where he teaches a course on the Political Economy of India's Development 1947-2014 for the Young India Fellowship students.With effect from 1 August 2016, <mask> has been appointed the first Distinguished Visiting Professor at the Shiv Nadar University. Under <mask>'s leadership, the Shiv Nadar University launched an M.Sc. Program on Water Science and Policy in August 2017, which  aims to be a first-of-its-kind program globally. Few programs across the world are able to incorporate the essential multi-disciplinary character of water. Fewer still deal with the urgent policy requirements of the sector. This program, with a faculty drawn from leading water experts from across the world, seeks to address both lacunae. The main aim of the program is to create a critical mass of water professionals with a historically and socially contextualised, multi-disciplinary perspective and understanding of water.These water professionals would guide development of sustainable and just 21st century policies, programmes and solutions to the growing water crisis. In September 2015, <mask> led a seven-member committee to restructure the Central Water Commission (CWC) and the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), and achieve optimal development of water resources in the country  The panel recommended disbanding the CWC and CGWB, two of the biggest water organisations, and creating a multi-disciplinary National Water Commission (NWC) in their place, and for greater involvement of social scientists, professionals from management and other specialised disciplines and reduce reliance on engineers who man the CWC. Full report of the committee is available in the Ministry of Water resources website. The highly rated social science journal, Economic and Political Weekly, devoted

masks: Shah Shah Shah Shah


title: Mihir Shah

texts:
 a whole issue (December 24, 2016) to a symposium on the Mihir Shah Committee Report with 12 renowned water scholars and activists commenting on it and <mask> <mask> giving a response (http://www.epw.in/journal/2016/52). However, the CWC is unhappy with these recommendations and sent a strong note condemning them to the Water Resources Minister, Uma Bharati. The CWC claimed that these recommendations were anti-dam and anti-development, both of which <mask> refuted claiming that on the contrary they intent to make them much stronger institutions in a new avatar which would devolve more power to states and reduce delays in techno-economic appraisals of projects. <mask> <mask> notes, "it is not enough to just build dams and then forget about the trillions of litres of water stored in them.We need to ensure that this water reaches the people". The prime minister's office is evidently open to the idea of forming a National Water Commission, combining CWC and CGWB

In July 2017, <mask> became one of the Founding Signatories of the Geneva Actions on Water Security, which aim to secure environmentally sustainable water services for those people who are least able to afford them and ensure, as a first priority, that investments from the Global Human Water Security Fund meet the basic water needs of disadvantaged and vulnerable people for drinking, hygiene, and cooking. In December 2017, <mask> was appointed Chair of the Task Group to draft the Karnataka State Water Policy. The Group submitted its report in December 2018. In August 2019, the Government of Madhya Pradesh asked <mask> to chair a Group of Water Experts tasked with devising a new water strategy for MP (click on image below). In November 2019, the Government of India set up a Committee to draft the National Water Policy. Dr. <mask> <mask> was asked to chair this Committee.This is the first time since the National Water Policy was first drafted in 1987 that a person from the outside government has been asked to chair this committee (click on image below). References

1956 births
Living people
People from Madhya Pradesh
St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni
Delhi School of Economics alumni
Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni
Members of the Planning Commission of India
Gujarati people
People from

masks: Mihir Shah Shah Mihir Shah Shah Shah Shah Mihir Shah


title: George Berham Parr

texts:
<mask> (March 1, 1901 – April 1, 1975) was an American politician, who controlled a Democratic political machine that dominated Duval County, Texas and, to a lesser extent, Jim Wells County. He was known as "The Duke of Duval," like his father before him. Early life

<mask> was born on March 1, 1901 in San Diego, Texas. His father was <mask>, a prominent local political boss. Personal life
<mask> was a legislative page at the Texas capitol during one of his father's terms in the Texas Legislature and attended the West Texas Military Academy for four years. He graduated from Corpus Christi High School in 1921, where he played end on the football team that won the South Texas championship. He attended a variety of post-secondary educational institutions, each briefly, and without completing a degree.He entered the University of Texas Law School in 1923 as a special student, but left without taking a degree. In 1926, he passed the bar examination and was admitted to practice. Also in 1926, his father <mask> appointed him to complete the term of his brother, Givens <mask>, as county judge in Duval County. In 1923, he married his high school sweetheart, Thelma Duckworth of Corpus Christi. They divorced and remarried, and divorced again in 1949. He subsequently married Eva Perez. He had two daughters.For a time, <mask> and his friends were enthusiastic and accomplished polo players, albeit on cow ponies with western saddles. Parr family machine
The Parr Machine functioned on bribery, graft, and illegal donations. Political support came from the southernmost counties in Texas. The machine could produce large numbers of votes, both legal and illegal, from the impoverished

masks:
George Berham Parr
George Beham Parr
Archie Parr
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title: George Berham Parr

texts: and uneducated working-class Mexican-Americans. As a result, the county saw its largely marginalized but large numbers of native Texan yeoman farmers slowly disappear leaving the county commission to be controlled by the <mask> family and its cronies. While the Parr Machine had always asserted undue influence over the county's affairs, it was not until <mask> that its leadership felt safely secure to overwhelm the remaining independent white farmers by appealing directly to county's new Mexican-American majority by offering them jobs (and in some cases cash directly from the county coffers) in exchange for political support. The alliance between the Parr-controlled commission and the Hispanic populace made the county a bastion of Democratic strength.By 1940, the white educated population had been reduced to a tiny minority amongst a large Mexican-American population. <mask> garnered popular support with his charisma, his fluency in Spanish, and Robin Hood tendencies with sharing the Duval County and Benavides Independent School District coffers. After Archer's death, <mask> inherited the Parr political machine, and the populace passed on the name, "El Patrón", to him as they did his father. When <mask> attended the 1928 Democratic National Convention in Houston along with his father, people already understood him to be heir apparent, not merely his father's driver. There they plotted with Texas State senator Alvin J. Wirtz, Texas state representative Samuel Ealy Johnson, Jr., and the Bexar County machine to defeat four term Republican Congressman Harry M. Wurzbach in the upcoming election. (Johnson's college student son, Lyndon, also attended.) Wurzbach apparently

masks:
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Archer Parr
Parr
George
George


title: George Berham Parr

texts:
 lost the 1928 election, but was eventually seated in the House because of election fraud.The discovery of oil in Duval County also created ample opportunities for patronage, allowing <mask> to amass a small fortune. To this day, the family's network has limited influence in Texas politics giving its patronage to both Democratic beneficiaries. James Albon Mattox, successfully relied on the old Parr network in his run as the Democratic Party nominee for Texas Attorney General, garnering a majority of the vote in the county despite running against a Mexican-American. Parr political crimes
Parr engaged in the graft, bribery and fraud that are often associated with political machines. Along with other large landowners and managers of landed estates owned by prominent Eastern businessmen, Parr helped develop the practice of working illegal aliens and later using them for advancing political interests. More importantly, his own political career included serving as both the Duval County Judge and Sheriff. He also owned the San Diego State Bank, and the famous Dobie Ranch, including the Parr's Los Horcones Ranch.He was also a partner and silent partner of dozens of businesses in South Texas. He was convicted of tax evasion in 1932, and eventually served nine months in Federal Correctional Institution, El Reno after violating his parole. He applied for a presidential pardon in July 1943; U.S. Attorney General Francis Biddle blocked it in part because Congressman Richard Kleberg opposed the pardon. (In 1934 Archie's reelection to the Texas State senate was in doubt and he hoped that building a road to Corpus Christi across the King Ranch would save his political career. When


title: George Berham Parr

texts:
 their heretofore political ally Robert Kleberg, Jr. refused, <mask> replied in anger. "You're crucifying my father... I'll get you.I'll gut you if it's the last thing I do.") Such a pardon would demonstrate <mask>'s power to the other political jefes in the Rio Grande valley. But after Tom Clark replaced Biddle, Johnson helped secure a pardon from U.S. President Harry S. Truman granted a pardon restoring his civil rights February 20, 1946. He accomplished this through political maneuvering by ousting his congressional obstacle, U.S. Congressman Richard M. Kleberg of the famous King Ranch, with Major John E. Lyle, Jr. while Lyle was serving in the European Theater during World War II. By this time <mask> had total control of the county, soon acquiring the nickname "Duke of Duval County." 1948 U.S. Senate election

In 1948 Coke R. Stevenson, Lyndon B. Johnson and others ran in Democratic primary election for U.S. Senate.Stevenson and Johnson advanced to a runoff election. For five days after the runoff, Stevenson appeared to hold a 112-vote lead. Then Jim Wells County amended its return, adding 202 additional votes, 200 of which were for Johnson. Johnson won the nomination by 87 votes, tantamount to election in an era when Republicans were not competitive in the South, and prompting the sobriquet "landslide Lyndon." Most contemporary observers accept that <mask> used his influence to affect the Jim Wells County vote totals in Johnson's favor. One probable motivation was that <mask> felt obligated to Johnson, who had helped him obtain the 1946 presidential pardon. Another likely motivation to oppose Stevenson was that in 1944, <mask> and Judge Raymond of Webb County had

masks: George Parr Parr Parr Parr Parr


title: George Berham Parr

texts:
 asked Stevenson, then the Governor, to appoint E. James Kazen (a Raymond relative) Laredo district attorney.The commander at Laredo Army Air Force Base argued to the Governor that half his men suffered from venereal disease and that a district attorney connected to the local political machine meant lax enforcement of laws against prostitution, which would adversely affect his force. For the sake of the war effort, Stevenson appointed a different candidate. Struggles and demise of political machine

In 1950, <mask> had become a thorn in the side of Governor Allan Shivers and Attorney General John Ben Shepperd. Federal officials began to investigate the machine. Some 650 indictments were brought forth against machine members, 300 of them at the state level. <mask>, however, eluded indictment, and his conviction for fraud was later dismissed. Under the protection of Lyndon Johnson, Parr eluded all attempts to investigate and convict him for fraud, bribery, corruption, racketeering, and murder.Shepperd was a political advisor to Johnson even as he attempted to bring indictments against <mask>. The Parr Machine was challenged by the Freedom Party in Alice, Texas, led by Jake Floyd. The Parrs lost control of that district court, an important office the Parr Machine was used to controlling all over South Texas. The botched assassination of Buddy Floyd, Jake's son, mistakenly shot and killed by Mario Sapet, on September 8, 1952, also signaled turbulent times for the Parr Machine. However, political candidates would from time to time make him an object of their reforming campaigns. In 1954 Governor Allen Shivers declared war on the Parr Faction and sent down a team of Texas

masks: Parr Parr Parr


title: George Berham Parr

texts:
 Rangers and state investigators. He was charged with embezzlement but beat the case.The Parr Machine maintained control of Jim Wells and Duval counties despite the legal and political backlash. With the end of the Johnson administration in 1968, <mask> lost his primary political protector. Under advice from Johnson and other prominent figures, he relinquished control of his machine to his nephew Archer III, by the early 1970s. The law finally caught up with <mask> in 1974 when he was convicted of income tax evasion and given a ten-year prison term. He was found dead at his ranch on April 1, 1975, after apparently committing suicide. When <mask>'s machine collapsed soon after his death, Duval County's small white large landowning minority attempted to retain control of the county politically but was unable to halt the take-over of the county Democratic party by the now overwhelmingly large Mexican-American population. Nonetheless, the family and its network remains influential so that although the county has remained one of the strongest and most consistently Democratic localities in Texas, frequently giving both national and local candidates margins greater than 70 percent.<mask>'s father <mask> founded the Dynasty of Duval County. <mask> III (1925–2000), né Archer Weller, Archie's grandson and adopted son, was the third Duke of the Duval County Dynasty. Archer Weller <mask> was the county judge from 1959 to 1975; he died November 2, 2000 in Alice, Texas. References

Further reading
Dallas Morning News, August 18, 19, 20, 1974

External links

County judges in Texas
American people convicted of tax crimes
1901 births
1975 suicides
People from San Diego,

masks:
Parr
Parr
Parr
George
Archie Parr
Archer Parr
Parr


title: Park Yong-man

texts:
<mask>-man (); (2 July 1881 – 17 October 1928) was a Korean nationalist and independence activist who, after spending time in prison for reformist activities, immigrated to the United States of America. There <mask> was involved in the establishment of various Korean nationalist organizations in Denver, Nebraska and Hawaii. <mask> also founded the Korean Military Corps. Following the March 1st movement in 1919, <mask> became involved with the military training of Korean nationalists in China, but may have also engaged in anti-communist activity. <mask> was assassinated in Beijing by a Korean communist. Early life

<mask> was born on 2 July 1881 in Cheorwon, a rural town in Gangwon province to a family with military traditions. After the death of his parents in his early childhood, <mask> was raised by his uncle, <mask>ung.Together with his uncle, <mask> moved to Seoul, and then to Japan. He developed reformist leanings while in Japan, and upon his return to Korea, around 1897, became involved with various reformist and protest movements. His activities were frowned upon by the government and <mask> was imprisoned. It was while he was incarcerated that he met Syngman Rhee, another reformist. Rhee was working on a book, "The Spirit of Independence", a treatise on reform and patriotism. <mask> assisted Rhee in the writing of his book, and smuggled the manuscript out of prison upon his release around 1903. His uncle had by now returned to Korea and <mask> joined him in Sonchon, in what is now North Korea, and worked at a private school.In late 1904 or early 1905, <mask> emigrated to the United States of America. Emigration to the U.S.

Life in Nebraska

Initially settling in Nebraska, <mask> was a student at the Hastings College. He then moved to Denver, Colorado to again

masks:
Park Yong
Park
Park
Park
Park
Park
Park
Park Hee By
Park
Park
Park
Park
Park
Park


title: Park Yong-man

texts:
 join his uncle, who had also moved to the United States and was one of the first Korean immigrants to live in Denver. Together with his uncle, <mask> helped organise a Korean nationalist network in Denver. However, when his uncle was assassinated in 1907, <mask> subsequently returned to Nebraska, this time to Lincoln to study political and military science at the University of Nebraska. By June 1909, and now recognized as one of the leaders of the Korean-American community, <mask> established a military school in Kearney, Nebraska. <mask> was a firm believer in military action against Japan in order to achieve an independent Korea, and such action clearly required trained fighters.With his school, he aimed to provide young Korean-Americans with military drills and training for the anticipated clash with Japan. History, English, Korean and even agriculture were also taught to students. By 1910, <mask> was dabbling in journalism and was editor of the Korean newspaper The New Korea (신한민보)  published by the recently established Korean National Association (KNA) in San Francisco. Syngman Rhee, by now released from prison and living in the United States, was asked to take over <mask>'s military school, which had shifted from Kearney to Hastings, Nebraska. Upon his arrival, Rhee was highly critical of the school and only stayed a short time before departing. The school eventually was closed in 1915. Life in Hawaii
The KNA had one of its two headquarters in Hawaii, the other being in San Francisco, and <mask> served as its vice-chairman for a time.This necessitated a move to Honolulu in 1912, and he continued his editorial work at the Korean National Herald. Also while in Hawaii, as <mask> still considered that a military confrontation with Japan was likely, he established the

masks: Park Park Park Park Park Park Park Park


title: Park Yong-man

texts:
 Korean Military Corps. A firm believer in the use of military force to secure independence for Korea, <mask> gradually fell out with Syngman Rhee and others in the KNA, who favored a more diplomatic solution to Korea's annexation by Japan. There were also clashes over funding, with Rhee preferring the available funds collected from the Korean-American community to be spent on education rather than maintaining the Korean Military Corps. The funding issue became problematic, and the Corps was shut down in 1917 because of this. Back in Korea, opposition to Japanese rule was increasing, and following the 1 March 1919 uprising which resulted in the Declaration of Independence, <mask> translated the Declaration into English for publication in Honolulu. Then, in May 1919, <mask> joined the American Expeditionary Force, which was embarking for Siberia.Return to Asia

The American Expeditionary Force had been dispatched to Siberia in 1918 to assist the Czechoslovak Legions in their retreat from the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. Japanese forces were also present in the region, nominally to assist in fighting the Bolsheviks, but also as part of a process to expand their influence in North East Asia. Consequently, <mask> appears to have considered his sojourn to Siberia as an ideal start to combating Japanese colonialism. His role with the American Expeditionary Force was as an intelligence officer, and it is likely that he collected information on the communist Koreans present in Siberia at the time. In the interim, three separate Provisional Governments of Korea (PGK) had been established, one each in Seoul, Vladivistok and Shanghai. By September 1919, these had merged into a single government in Shanghai, with Syngman Rhee (in absentia) appointed as president. <mask>

masks: Park Park Park Park Park


title: Park Yong-man

texts:
 was offered the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Provisional Government.<mask>, having finished his duties with the American Expeditionary Force, arrived in Shanghai in March 1920. However, it seems that <mask> was only part of the PGK for a few months, if at all. It is possible that the selection of Syngman Rhee as head of the PKG was a factor in deterring <mask> from playing a more significant role with the organisation. <mask> was also involved with negotiations to form a secret mutual defense pact between the newly established PGK and the Soviets. <mask> was now based in Manchuria, spending time training recruits and preparing for a military campaign against Japan. Little is known about his activities in Manchuria, but he returned to Korea at least once, in 1924, with a group of military and business leaders of the pro-Japanese Chinese government. <mask>, now under suspicion of collaborating with the Japanese against communism due to his activities in Siberia and Manchuria, was assassinated in Beijing on 17 October 1928 by a Korean communist, Lee Hae-young.See also
History of Korea
Korean independence movement
Sinhan Minbo

Notes

References

1881 births
1928 deaths
People from Cheorwon County
Korean independence activists
Korean revolutionaries
Korean people murdered abroad
University of Nebraska–Lincoln

masks: Park Park Park Park Park Park


title: John Cartwright (political reformer)

texts:
<mask> (17 September 1740 – 23 September 1824) was an English naval officer, Nottinghamshire militia major and prominent campaigner for parliamentary reform. He subsequently became known as the Father of Reform. His younger brother <mask> became famous as the inventor of the power loom. Early life and naval career

He was born at Marnham in Nottinghamshire, being the elder brother of <mask>, inventor of the power loom and the younger brother of <mask>, trader and explorer of Labrador. He was educated at Newark-on-Trent grammar school and Heath Academy in Yorkshire, and at the age of eighteen entered the Royal Navy. He was present, in his first year of service, at the capture of Cherbourg, and served in the following year in the Battle of Quiberon Bay between Sir Edward Hawke and Admiral Hubert de Brienne. Engaged afterwards under Sir Hugh Palliser and Admiral <mask> on the Newfoundland Station, he was appointed to act as chief magistrate of the settlement.He served in the post for five years (1765–1770). From 1763 to 14 May 1766, <mask> was commander of HM Cutter Sherborne. His brother George, when at loose ends, went with him on a cruise out of Plymouth to chase smugglers in Sherborne. Ill-health necessitated <mask>'s retirement from active service for a time in 1771. When the disputes with the American colonies began, he believed that the colonists had right on their side, warmly supported their cause and, at the outbreak of the ensuing American War of Independence, refused an appointment as first lieutenant to the Duke of Cumberland. Thus he gave up a path to certain promotion, since he did not wish to fight against the cause which he felt to be just. In 1774 he published his first plea on behalf of the colonists, entitled "American Independence the Glory and Interest of Great Britain."He married in 1780. He adopted his niece Frances Dorothy <mask>, daughter of his brother Edmund. Nottinghamshire Militia and

masks:
John Cartwright
Edmund Cartwright
Edmund Cartwright
George Cartwright
John Byron
Cartwright
Cartwright
Cartwright


title: John Cartwright (political reformer)

texts:
 Reform
In 1765, when the Nottinghamshire Militia was first raised, he was appointed major, and in this capacity he served for seventeen years. He was at last illegally superseded. In 1776 appeared his first work on reform in parliament, which, with the exception of Earl Stanhope's pamphlets (1774), appears to have been the earliest publication on the subject. It was entitled, Take your Choice,. a second edition appearing under the new title of The Legislative Rights of the Commonalty Vindicated (1777)and advocated annual parliaments, the secret ballot and manhood suffrage.The task of his life was thenceforth chiefly the attainment of universal suffrage and annual parliaments. In 1798, he conceived the project of a political association, which took shape in 1780 as the Society for Constitutional Information, including among its members some of the most distinguished men of the day. From this society sprang the more famous London Corresponding Society. <mask> worked unweariedly for the promotion of reform. He was one of the witnesses on the trial of his friends, <mask> Tooke, <mask> and Thomas Hardy, in 1794. He left his large estate in Lincolnshire in 1803 or 1805
 to move to Enfield, Middlesex, where he made friends with other leading Radicals including Sir Francis Burdett, 5th Baronet, William Cobbett and Francis Place. In 1812, he initiated the Hampden Clubs, named after <mask>, an English Civil War Parliamentary leader, aiming to bring together middle class moderates and lower class radicals in the reform cause.To promote the idea, he toured northwest England later in 1812, in 1813 (getting arrested in Huddersfield) and in 1815. He recruited <mask> who founded the first Hampden Club in Lancashire. In 1818, Knight, <mask> and James Wroe formed the reformist and popularist newspaper the Manchester Observer. In 1819, the same team formed the Patriotic Union Society, which invited Henry "Orator" Hunt and <mask> to

masks:
Major Cartwright
John Horne
John Thelwall
John Hampden
John Knight
John Saxton
Major Cartwright


title: John Cartwright (political reformer)

texts:
 speak at a reformist public rally in Manchester, but the elderly <mask> was unable to attend what became the Peterloo Massacre. Later in 1819, <mask> was arrested for speaking at a parliamentary reform meeting in Birmingham, indicted for conspiracy and was condemned to pay a fine of £100. <mask> then wrote The English Constitution, which outlined his ideas including government by the people and legal equality which he considered could only be achieved by universal suffrage, the secret ballot and equal electoral districts. He became the main patron of the Radical publisher Thomas Jonathan Wooler, best known for his satirical journal The Black Dwarf, who actively supported Cartwright's campaigning.<mask> had sent a copy of The English Constitution to former President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson wrote to <mask> in July:  "Your age of eighty-four, and mine of eighty-one years, ensure us a speedy meeting. We may then commune at leisure, and more fully, on the good and evil, which in the course of our long lives, we have both witnessed; and in the mean time, I pray you to accept assurances of my high veneration and esteem for your person and character". Industry

In 1788, Major Cartwight sold his heavily mortgaged estates at Marnham, buying others at Brothertoft, Lincolnshire. The same year with 18 others, he erected a large mill at the bottom of Spital Hill in Retford. It was called the Revolution Mill in celebration of the centenary of the Glorious Revolution. He hoped to weave cloth using the weaving patents of his brother <mask>.He also began the mechanical spinning of wool, or rather worsted. This business was not successful. The mill stood idle within a few years and was advertised to sale in 1798 and 1805. The mill was later largely demolished and only one building remains. Agriculture
<mask> took a keen interest in agricultural improvement and used his estate at Brothertoft to conduct crop

masks:
Cartwright
Cartwright
Cartwright
Cartwright
Cartwright
Edmund Cartwright
Cartwright


title: John Cartwright (political reformer)

texts:
 trials and to develop new agricultural implements, several of which were invented by his bailiff and later estate steward, William Amos. He also turned over a large part of his estate to the cultivation of woad, creating dedicated buildings and improving the apparatus used to process the crop. Legacy

<mask> died in London on 23 September 1824, and was buried at St Mary's Church, Finchley, north London.In 1835, a monument to him was erected in the churchyard, paid for by public subscription. It is a Grade II listed building and was on the English Heritage Heritage at Risk Register due to its dangerous condition. However the monument has since been removed from the register after being restored in 2019, as a result of a £79,000 grant from Historic England. In 1831, a monument from a design by Macdowell was erected to him in Bloomsbury, London, where he had lived. Burton Crescent, the original name of the street, was later renamed Cartwright Gardens in his honour. His statue faces a student hall of residence and backs onto tennis courts and a terrace of houses, most of which serve as small hotels. Captain George Vancouver named Cartwright Sound, on the west coast of Graham Island in the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia, Canada, in his honour in relation to his Royal Navy service under Admiral Howe.The Life and Correspondence of <mask>, edited by his niece Frances Dorothy <mask>, was published in 1826. <mask> House, built in 1976 on the Mansford Estate in Bethnal Green, was named in his honour. The estate was built by Tower Hamlets Council and a number of the blocks were named after social and political reformers. In 2006, the Estate transferred to Tower Hamlets Community Housing, a local housing association. References

Attribution

1740 births
1824 deaths
People from Bassetlaw District
English activists
English businesspeople
English philosophers
English suffragists
British reformers
English male

masks:
Cartwright
Major Cartwright
Cartwright
John Cartwright


title: Sara Agnes Rice Pryor

texts:
<mask>, born <mask> (February 19, 1830 – February 15, 1912), became known as an American writer and community activist in New York City. Born and reared in Virginia, she moved North after the American Civil War with her husband and family to rebuild their life. He was a former politician and Confederate general; together they became influential in New York society, which included numerous "Confederate carpetbaggers" after the war. After settling in New York, she and her husband both later renounced the Confederacy. Pryor was among founders of a home for women and children in Brooklyn, New York. She helped found heritage organizations, including Preservation of the Virginia Antiquities, the Daughters of the American Revolution, the Mary Washington Memorial Association, and the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America. She was active in fundraising to support their goals.She was noted as a central figure in fundraising for a yellow fever outbreak to benefit children in Jacksonville, Florida. In the early 1900s, Pryor published two histories, two memoirs of the Civil War years, and novels with the Macmillan Company. Her first memoir was recommended by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, which encouraged southern women writers to defend the southern cause. Her memoirs have been sources for historians on the life of her society during and after the war years. Early life, lineage and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Halifax County, Virginia to Samuel Blair <mask>, a Baptist preacher, and his second wife, Lucinda Walton Leftwich (1807–1855); they had more than 10 children together. At about the age of three, <mask> was effectively adopted by her childless aunt, Mary Blair Hargrave, and her husband, Dr. Samuel Pleasants Hargrave, and lived mostly with this couple in Hanover, Virginia. The aunt and uncle were slaveholders.When <mask> was about eight, the Hargraves moved to

masks:
Sara Agnes Rice Pryor
Sara Agnes Rice
Sara Agnes
Rice
Rice
Sara
Sara


title: Sara Agnes Rice Pryor

texts:
 Charlottesville to seek a better education for her, as documented in *"Mary Blair Destiny". On her father's side, <mask> was a granddaughter of <mask> of "Greenwood", Charlotte County, Virginia, and his wife Mary Bacon Crenshaw. She was a great-granddaughter of <mask>, a Presbyterian minister in Kentucky, and his wife Mary Blair. <mask> named one of her daughters "Mary Blair" in keeping with her grandfather William's wish to honor the original Mary Blair, his mother. <mask> acted as clergyman and orator to the Hanover militia in 1775. He was a member of the 1792 convention that framed the first constitution of the State of Kentucky. On her mother's side, she was a granddaughter of Rev.William Leftwich and Frances Otey, and a great-granddaughter of Col. John Otey, of Bedford, Virginia, and his wife Mary Hopkins. Col. John Otey served as colonel and captain of a battalion of riflemen. Also descendant of Col. William Leftwich, Samuel Blair, and Maj. Gen. Joel Leftwich. Marriage and family
On November 8, 1848, <mask> <mask> married Roger Atkinson <mask>, of a Virginia Tidewater family. A journalist, he became a politician. He was elected to both the US Congress and the Confederate Congress after Virginia's secession. Although they did not own slaves, each had grown up in slaveholding families.He supported the institution with fiery speeches prior to the Civil War. He later publicly expressed his regret for his support of the Confederacy. <mask> and Roger A. Pryor had seven children together, the last born after the war. Maria Gordon <mask> (called Gordon) (1850–1928); married her cousin Henry Crenshaw <mask> (1842–1916). Their daughter Mary Blair published several books under the pen name Blair Niles Blair Niles. Theodorick Bland <mask> (1851–1871), died at age 20, likely a suicide, as he had been suffering from depression. Admitted to Princeton College at a young age, he was its first

masks:
Sara
William Rice
David Rice
Sara
David Rice
Sara Agnes
Rice
Pryor
Sara
Pryor
Rice
Pryor


title: Sara Agnes Rice Pryor

texts:
 mathematical fellow; he also studied at Cambridge, and had been studying law.He was buried in Princeton Cemetery. Roger Atkinson <mask>; became a lawyer in New York. Mary Blair <mask>; married Francis Thomas Walker and, as documented in *"Mary Blair Destiny". she had daughter Mary Blair Walker Zimmer. Buried in Princeton Cemetery. <mask> <mask> (b. c.1860 – 1900); became a physician and surgeon in New York and died young. He was buried in Princeton Cemetery.Lucy Atkinson <mask>; married A. Page Brown, an architect. In 1889 they moved to San Francisco, California. Francesca (Fanny) Theodora Bland <mask> (b. 31 December 1868), Petersburg, Virginia; married William de Leftwich Dodge, a painter. They lived in Paris, followed by New York City. <mask> and <mask>'s great-great-great-granddaughter is Erin L. Richman, author of *"Mary Blair Destiny".Civil War
When her husband was commissioned as an officer in the Confederate Army, Pryor traveled with his company and served as a nurse. Their children were likely cared for by his family, as they had been living in Petersburg. After he resigned his commission to go with General Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry, she returned to Petersburg to keep their family together. New York City
After the war, Roger Pryor moved to New York where he read the law and started a new law practice. <mask> Pryor and the children joined him, moving to Brooklyn Heights in 1868. Her second memoir describes their struggling through ten years of poverty (although she always had a domestic servant, first a former slave from Virginia, who returned to the South, and then an Irish woman). Pryor sewed all the clothes for her children, found places for the younger girls at the Packer School, got a loan from a family friend with her husband's war silver as collateral, and helped her husband with his law studies.The couple became prominent among a number of influential southerners in New

masks:
Pryor
Pryor
William Rice
Pryor
Pryor
Pryor
Sara
Roger Pryor
Sara Rice


title: Sara Agnes Rice Pryor

texts:
 York, who were known as "Confederate carpetbaggers." Civic organizing
Pryor became active in the social life of New York City in the late nineteenth century. While she and her family were struggling, Pryor and her friends also realized that other women and children needed help. Thousands of immigrants were arriving in New York. Together with other women in Brooklyn Heights, she raised money to found a home for women and children in need. Her petition to the state legislature gained the group $10,000 toward purchase of a building in Brooklyn for the home. After collecting an additional $20,000 through their own fundraising, the women started the Home in the 1870s.In her memoir, Pryor noted that, following the 1889 United States Centennial celebration in New York, there was greatly increased interest in historic items, buildings and collections. She helped found and develop the following organizations, at a time when fraternal, civic and lineage societies were forming quickly:
Preservation of the Virginia Antiquities (since 2009 named Preservation Virginia), which came to own historic Jamestown among other properties;
Mary Washington Memorial Association, which raised funds to commission a memorial for the gravesite of the first president's mother;
Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR); and
National Society of the Colonial Dames of America. She organized a chapter of the DAR in New York. Among her fundraising activities, Pryor wrote that she "managed a great ball at the White Sulphur Springs to help build a monument over Mary Washington's grave." Such fundraising events were important to providing for the preservation of historic assets. Literary career
<mask> Pryor also became a productive writer. She had kept journals for years and used them as a basis for her two memoirs published in the early twentieth century.She joined other Southern women at the time who began to publish


title: Sara Agnes Rice Pryor

texts: work reflecting their own experiences and "contributed to the public discourse about the war." Nearly a dozen memoirs by Southern women were published around the turn of the century. Pryor's status as the wife of a Confederate officer and politician gave her legitimacy. The United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) encouraged southern women to write of their experiences and publish their work, which enlarged their cultural power. In her Reminiscences of Peace and War (1904), Pryor wrote about antebellum society, but she also defended the Confederacy, as did fellow writers Virginia Clay-Clopton and Louise Wigfall Wright. The UDC recommended the works of these three for serious study by other women. Like her husband in his speeches Pryor promoted the idea that the recent war had nothing to do with slavery.She suggested that the average Southern soldier fought to resist the invasion by the North. After noting that most soldiers were not slaveholders, she wrote, "His quarrel was a sectional one and he fought for his section." In addition, Pryor wrote two histories and several novels, all published by The Macmillan Company in the early 1900s. Perhaps because of her status in New York, she had continued success in getting her books published, at a time when southern women writers were having difficulty in achieving this. Her memoirs have been important sources for historians. In the late 20th century, writer John C. Waugh drew extensively from her works for his joint biography of the Pryors: Surviving the Confederacy: Rebellion, Ruin, and Recovery: Roger and <mask>r during the Civil War (2002), which was also a social history of their circle. After her death, <mask> <mask>r was buried at Princeton Cemetery, near her sons Theodorick and William.Her husband and their daughter Mary Blair (Pryor) Walker were also buried there after their deaths. Pryor's prominence in the Washington political scene

masks:
Sara Pryo
Sara Agnes
Rice Pryo


title: Sara Agnes Rice Pryor

texts:
 is documented in Capital Dames: The Civil War and the Women of Washington (2015), by Cokie Roberts. Pryor's influence on naming female descendants after her ancestor Mary Blair is documented in Mary Blair Destiny (2019), by 3xgreat-granddaughter, Erin L. Richman. Works

All published in New York by Macmillan:
The Mother of Washington and her Times, New York: Macmillan Company, (1903), available as free e-book at Googlebooks
Reminiscences of Peace and War, Macmillan Company, (1905 revised edition), available as free e-book at Googlebooks (first published by Grosset & Dunlap in 1904)
The Birth of the Nation: Jamestown, 1607, Macmillan Company, (1907), available as free e-book at Googlebooks
My Day: Reminiscences of a Long Life, New York: Macmillan, 1909, carried at Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina, complete text available online
The Colonel's Story, New York: Macmillan, 1911, novel, available as free e-book at Googlebooks

References

Further reading
Garraty, John A. and Mark C. Carnes, eds., American National Biography, New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. "Justice Pryor Is 90 Years Old", New York Times, 20 July 1918
Roberts, Cokie, "Capital Dames: The Civil War and the Women of Washington 1848-1868," Harper, 2015. Waugh, John C. Surviving the Confederacy: Rebellion, Ruin, and Recovery: Roger and <mask>ryor during the Civil War (2002)

External links

 "Samuel Blair <mask>", Find-a-Grave
 "<mask> Rice Pryor", Find-a-Grave
 , Erin Richman, great-great-great granddaughter
 , Mary Blair Destiny website

People from Halifax County, Virginia
1830 births
1912 deaths
Writers from New York City
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
20th-century American women writers
Novelists from Virginia
Women in the American Civil War
Activists from New York City
20th-century American novelists
Novelists from New York (state)
People from Hanover, Virginia
Burials at

masks:
Sara P
Rice
Sara Agnes


title: Hendrick de Keyser

texts:
<mask> (15 May 1565 – 15 May 1621) was a Dutch sculptor, merchant in Belgium bluestone, and architect who was instrumental in establishing a late Renaissance form of Mannerism changing into Baroque. Most of his works appeared in Amsterdam, some elsewhere in the Dutch Republic. He was the father of Pieter and <mask> and Willem, and the uncle of <mask>, who became his apprentices and all involved in building, decoration and architecture. Biography and works

<mask> was born in Utrecht, and the son of a cabinetmaker. He grew up in an expropriated monastery, the Catalijne Convent. As a young man he was apprenticed to the engineer Cornelis Bloemaert (the elder). In 1591 he followed Bloemaert to Amsterdam and married Beyken van Wildre from Antwerp.Soon he set to work as an independent artist. In 1595 he was appointed city stonemason and sculptor. In 1603 the working on the Zuiderkerk stopped but they resumed construction in 1606, when they agreed with the church board. Meanwhile, he visited London, together with Cornelis Danckerts <mask>y to study the Royal Exchange, London. There he contracted Nicholas Stone? Perhaps they met with Inigo Jones, but he does not appear to have turned seriously to architecture until after his Italian tour of 1614. In 1608 De Keyser sold petit Granit which was used for the weigh house in Hoorn; he also designed the dormers on the rooftop.From 1609 <mask> lived at the corner of Groenburgwal, near Amstel. <mask> was visited by Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger and his brother Lorenz from Denmark who may have asked him for advise or training. Quite a few of his siblings

masks:
Hendrick de Keyser
Thomas de Keyser
Huybert de Keyser
Hendrick de Keyser
de R
De Keyser
De Keyser