title: Charles Coughlin

texts:
 vital industry, wealth redistribution through taxation of the wealthy, federal protection of workers' unions, and limiting property rights in favor of government control of the country's assets for public good. Illustrative of Coughlin's disdain for free-market capitalism is his statement:

Radio audience
By 1934, Coughlin was perhaps the most prominent Roman Catholic speaker on political and financial issues with a radio audience that reached tens of millions of people every week. Alan Brinkley wrote that "by 1934, he was receiving more than 10,000 letters every day" and that "his clerical staff at times numbered more than a hundred." He foreshadowed modern talk radio and televangelism. However, the University of Detroit Mercy claims that Coughlin's peak audience was in 1932.It is estimated that at his peak, one-third of the nation listened to his broadcasts. In 1933, The Literary Digest wrote, "Perhaps no man has stirred the country and cut as deep between the old order and the new as Father <mask><mask>." In 1934, when <mask> began criticizing the New Deal, Roosevelt sent Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and Frank Murphy, both prominent Irish Catholics, to try to influence him. Kennedy was reported to be a friend of <mask>. Coughlin periodically visited Roosevelt while accompanied by Kennedy. In an August 16, 1936 Boston Post article, <mask> referred to Kennedy as the "shining star among the dim 'knights' in the [Roosevelt] Administration."Increasingly opposed to Roosevelt, Coughlin began denouncing the President as a tool of Wall Street. The priest supported populist Huey Long as governor of

masks:
Charles E
. Coughlin
Coughlin
Coughlin
Coughlin


title: Charles Coughlin

type: original

texts: Louisiana until Long was assassinated in 1935. He supported William Lemke's Union Party in 1936. Coughlin opposed the New Deal with growing vehemence. His radio talks attacked Roosevelt and capitalists, and alleged the existence of Jewish conspirators. Another nationally known priest, John A. Ryan, initially supported <mask>, but opposed him after Coughlin turned on Roosevelt. Joseph Kennedy, who strongly supported the New Deal, warned as early as 1933 that Coughlin was "becoming a very dangerous proposition" as an opponent of Roosevelt and "an out and out demagogue."Kennedy worked with Roosevelt, Bishop Francis Spellman, and Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli (the future Pope Pius XII) in a successful effort to get the Vatican to silence <mask> in 1936. In 1940–41, reversing his own views, Kennedy attacked the isolationism of <mask>. In 1935, Coughlin proclaimed, "I have dedicated my life to fight against the heinous rottenness of modern capitalism because it robs the laborer of this world's goods. But blow for blow I shall strike against Communism, because it robs us of the next world's happiness." He accused Roosevelt of "leaning toward international socialism on the Spanish question" (referring to the Spanish Civil War). <mask>'s NUSJ gained a strong following among nativists and opponents of the Federal Reserve, especially in the Midwest. Michael Kazin has written that Coughlinites saw Wall Street and Communism as twin faces of a secular Satan.They believed that they were defending those people who were joined more by piety, economic frustration, and a common dread of powerful, modernizing

masks: Coughlin Coughlin Coughlin Coughlin


title: Charles Coughlin

texts:
 enemies than through any class identity. One of Coughlin's campaign slogans was: "Less care for internationalism and more concern for national prosperity," which appealed to the 1930s isolationists in the United States. <mask>'s organization especially appealed to Irish Catholics. At its peak in the early-to-mid 1930s, Coughlin's radio show was phenomenally popular. His office received up to 80,000 letters per week from listeners. Author Sheldon Marcus said that the size of Coughlin's radio audience "is impossible to determine, but estimates range up to 30 million each week." He expressed an isolationist, and conspiratorial, viewpoint that resonated with many listeners.Antisemitism

The Jewish American TV producer Norman Lear recounts in his autobiography how his discovery of <mask>'s radio broadcasts at the age of 9 disturbed him deeply and made him aware of the alarming and widespread antisemitism in American society. After the 1936 election, Coughlin expressed overt sympathy for the fascist governments of Hitler and Mussolini as an antidote to Communism. He believed Jewish bankers were behind the Russian Revolution, backing the Jewish Bolshevism conspiracy theory. Coughlin promoted his controversial beliefs by means of his radio broadcasts and his weekly rotogravure magazine, Social Justice, which began publication in March 1936. During the last half of 1938, Social Justice reprinted weekly installments of the fraudulent, antisemitic text The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. On various occasions, Coughlin denied that he was antisemitic. In February 1939, when the American Nazi

masks:
Coughlin
Father Coughlin


title: Charles Coughlin

texts: organization the German American Bund held a large rally in New York City, <mask> immediately distanced himself from the organization, and in his weekly radio address, he said: "Nothing can be gained by linking ourselves with any organization which is engaged in agitating racial animosities or propagating racial hatreds.Organizations which stand upon such platforms are immoral and their policies are only negative." On November 20, 1938, two weeks after Kristallnacht (the Nazi attack on German and Austrian Jews, their synagogues, and businesses), <mask>, referring to the millions of Christians who had been killed by the Communists in Russia, said, "Jewish persecution only followed after Christians first were persecuted." After this speech, some radio stations, including those in New York City and Chicago, began refusing to air <mask>'s speeches without subjecting his scripts to prior review and approval. In New York City, his programs were cancelled by WINS and WMCA, and in New Jersey, Coughlin's programs were only broadcast on the part-time Newark station WHBI. On December 18, 1938, thousands of Coughlin's followers picketed the studios of station WMCA in New York City to protest the station's refusal to carry the priest's broadcasts. A number of protesters yelled antisemitic statements, such as "Send Jews back where they came from in leaky boats!" and "Wait until Hitler comes over here!"The protests continued for several months. Coughlin received indirect funding from Nazi Germany during this period. After 1936, Coughlin began supporting a far-right organization called the Christian

masks: Coughlin Coughlin Coughlin


title: Charles Coughlin

texts:
 also strained his financial resources. Meanwhile, Bishop Gallagher died, and he was replaced by a prelate who was less sympathetic to <mask> than Bishop Gallagher had been, Edward Aloysius Mooney. In 1939, the Institute for Propaganda Analysis used Coughlin's radio talks to illustrate propaganda methods in their book The Fine Art of Propaganda, which was intended to show propaganda's effects against democracy. After the outbreak of World War II in Europe in September 1939, Coughlin's opposition to the repeal of a neutrality-oriented arms embargo law resulted in additional and more successful efforts to force him off the air. According to Marcus, in October 1939, one month after the invasion of Poland, "the Code Committee of the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) adopted new rules which placed rigid limitations on the sale of radio time to 'spokesmen of controversial public issues'." Manuscripts were required to be submitted in advance. Radio stations were threatened with the loss of their licenses if they failed to comply.This ruling was clearly aimed at <mask>, owing to his opposition to prospective American involvement in World War II. In the September 23, 1940, issue of Social Justice, Coughlin announced that he had been forced off the air "by those who control circumstances beyond my reach." Newspaper shutdown and end of political activities
Coughlin said that, although the government had assumed the right to regulate any on-air broadcasts, the First Amendment still guaranteed and protected freedom of the written press. He could still print his editorials without censorship

masks: Coughlin Coughlin


title: Charles Coughlin

texts: in his own newspaper, Social Justice. After the devastating Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and the U.S. declaration of war in December 1941, anti-interventionist movements (such as the America First Committee) rapidly lost support. Isolationists such as Coughlin acquired a reputation for sympathizing with the enemy. The Roosevelt Administration stepped in again.On April 14, 1942, U.S. Attorney General Francis Biddle wrote a letter to the Postmaster General, Frank Walker, in which he suggested that the second-class mailing privilege of Social Justice be revoked, in order to make it impossible for Coughlin to deliver the papers to its readers. Under the Espionage Act of 1917, the mailing permit for Social Justice was temporarily suspended on April 14, confining distribution to the Boston area, where it was distributed by private delivery trucks. Walker scheduled a hearing on permanent suspension for April 29, which was postponed until May 4. Meanwhile, Biddle was also exploring the possibility of bringing an indictment against Coughlin for sedition as a possible "last resort". Hoping to avoid such a potentially sensational and divisive sedition trial, Biddle arranged to end the publication of Social Justice by meeting with banker Leo Crowley, a Roosevelt appointee and friend of Bishop Mooney. Crowley relayed Biddle's message to Bishop Mooney that the government was willing to "deal with Coughlin in a restrained manner if he [Mooney] would order Coughlin to cease his public activities." Consequently, on May 1, Bishop Mooney ordered that <mask> should stop his political activities and


title: Charles Coughlin

texts:
 confine himself to his duties as a parish priest, warning him that his priestly faculties could potentially be removed if he refused to comply with the order.Coughlin complied with the order and was allowed to remain the pastor of the Shrine of the Little Flower. The pending hearing before the Postmaster General, which had been scheduled to take place three days later, was canceled. Later life
Although he had been forced to end his public career in 1942, Coughlin served as a parish pastor until his retirement in 1966. <mask> died in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, in 1979 at the age of 88. Church officials stated that he had been bedridden for several weeks. He was buried in the Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Southfield, Michigan. References in popular culture
Sax Rohmer's novel President Fu Manchu (1936) features a character based on Coughlin named Dom Patrick Donegal, a Catholic priest and radio host who is the only person who knows that a criminal mastermind is manipulating a U.S. presidential race.Joe Steele by Harry Turtledove briefly features <mask> as an outspoken critic of President Steele, an alternate universe Joseph Stalin. Steele silences Coughlin by accusing him of spying for the Nazis, and has him sentenced to death. Ironically, Coughlin's defense attorney in the trial is Jewish. Dr. Seuss (Theodor Seuss Geisel) attacked Coughlin in a series of 1942 political cartoons. The producers of the HBO television series Carnivàle (2003–2005) have said that Coughlin was a historical reference for the character of Brother Justin Crowe. Philip Roth's novel The Plot Against America (2004)


title: Charles Coughlin

texts:
 mentions <mask> and his anti-Semitic radio addresses of the 1930s in several passages. See also

 Huey Long
 John Francis Cronin
 Frank J. Hogan, ABA president who rebutted Coughlin on the air
 Jozef Tiso

References

Citations and references

Works cited

Abzug, Robert E. American Views of the Holocaust, 1933-1945.New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. Athans, Mary Christine. "A New Perspective on Father <mask><mask>". Church History 56:2 (June 1987), pp. 224–235. Athans, Mary Christine. The Coughlin-Fahey Connection: Father <mask><mask>, Father Denis Fahey, C.S.Sp., and Religious Anti-Semitism in the United States, 1938-1954. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1991. Carpenter, Ronald H. "Father <mask><mask>: Delivery, Style in Discourse, and Opinion Leadership", in American Rhetoric in the New Deal Era, 1932-1945. E. Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2006, pp. 315–368. General Jewish Council. <mask>: His "Facts" and Arguments.New York: General Jewish Council, 1939. Hangen, Tona J. Redeeming the Dial: Radio, Religion and Popular Culture in America. Raleigh, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 2002. O'Connor, John J. "Review/Television: <mask>, 'The Radio Priest. The New York Times.December 13, 1988. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. The Age of Roosevelt: The Politics of Upheaval, 1935-1936. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003. (Originally published in 1960.) Sherrill, Robert. "American Demagogues".The New York Times. July 13, 1982. Smith, Geoffrey S. To Save A Nation: American Counter-Subversives, the New Deal, and the Coming of World War II. New York: Basic Books, 1973.

masks:
Coughlin
Charles E
. Coughlin
Charles E
. Coughlin
Charles E
. Coughlin
Father Coughlin
Father Coughlin


title: Charles Coughlin

texts:
 Spivak, John L. Shrine of the Silver Dollar. New York: Modern Age Books, 1940. External links

 <mask> & The Search For "Social Justice" Text
 Brief information on Coughlin, including an audio excerpt

 Video of <mask> attacking Roosevelt
 History Channel Audio File- <mask> denouncing the New Deal
 American Jewish Committees extensive archive on Coughlin; includes contemporary pamphlets and correspondence
 Father <mask>lin FBI Files at the Walter P. Reuther Library
 Am I An Anti-Semite?by <mask> at archive.org
 Father <mask>lin radio broadcasts at archive.org

1891 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American Roman Catholic priests
American anti-communists
American anti-war activists
American radio personalities
American Roman Catholic clergy of Irish descent
American fascists
American nationalists
Anti-Masonry
American anti–World War I activists
Anti–World War II activists
Burials in Michigan
Canadian people of Irish descent
20th-century Canadian Roman Catholic priests
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Catholics from Michigan
Catholicism and far-right politics
Christian fascists
History of Catholicism in the United States
Radio personalities from Detroit
People from Hamilton, Ontario
People from Royal Oak, Michigan
Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Roman Catholic conspiracy theorists
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit
Religious leaders from Michigan
St. Michael's College, Toronto, alumni
University of Windsor faculty
American political party founders
Race-related controversies in radio
Religious controversies in radio
American conspiracy theorists
American social justice

masks:
Father Coughlin
Father Coughlin
Father Coughlin
Charles Cough
Charles Coughlin
Charles Cough


title: George Gosse

texts:
Lieutenant Commander <mask>,  (16 February 191231 December 1964) was an Australian recipient of the George Cross, the highest award for heroism or courage, not in the face of the enemy, that could be awarded to a member of the Australian armed forces at the time. <mask> served in the Royal Australian Navy between 1926 and 1933, reaching the rank of sub-lieutenant and receiving training and experience with the British Royal Navy. In 1940, he joined the Royal Australian Naval Volunteer Reserve (RANVR) for service in World War II. Quickly sent back to the United Kingdom, he served on several shore establishments before being sent to British India as a naval mine clearance specialist. He returned to the UK in late 1944, and in April 1945 he was given command of a naval party responsible for mine clearance in the recently captured Bremen Harbour in Germany. He displayed exceptional courage in defusing three mines under very difficult conditions between 8 and 19 May 1945, which resulted in him being awarded the George Cross. <mask> continued to serve in the RANVR after the war, reaching the rank of lieutenant commander before retiring in 1958, and died of a heart condition in 1964.His medal set is displayed in the Hall of Valour at the Australian War Memorial. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 16 February 1912 at Harvey, Western Australia, the elder child of William Hay <mask>, a farmer, and his wife Muriel  Davidson. He was a grandson of the explorer <mask> and a nephew of the businessman Sir James Hay <mask>. His father had served in the 2nd South Australian Mounted Rifles in the Second Boer War in South Africa, and joined the British Army as an artillery officer in World War I. He was awarded the Military Cross for gallantry and was killed in action in 1918. Muriel died in 1920; <mask> and his younger sister were then cared for by their paternal grandmother. <mask> was schooled at St Peter's

masks:
George Gosse
Gosse
Gosse
George Gosse
Gosse
William Gosse
Gosse
George
Gosse


title: George Gosse

texts:
 College, Adelaide, South Australia from 1920 to 1925, and entered the Royal Australian Naval College (RAN College) at Jervis Bay in 1926, aged 13.According to a family member he was "so like his father, gay, feckless, fearless and gregarious". While at the RAN College he excelled at field hockey, and upon graduation in 1930 received the prize for engineering theory. Beginning in January 1930 he served aboard both Australian County-class heavy cruisers, first  then . He was promoted to midshipman in May of that year. In July 1931, he sailed for the United Kingdom for further training with the British Royal Navy. His first assignment was to the Mediterranean Fleet, aboard the  super-dreadnought battleship . He also attended an air course on the  aircraft carrier , and was familiarised with the employment of destroyers during a stint aboard .In September 1932 he was promoted to acting sub-lieutenant, and entered the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. The social and sporting temptations of London beckoned, and <mask>'s studies suffered. After he failed the examination for lieutenant, he was returned to Australia and his naval career ended on 30 October 1933. <mask> then worked at odd jobs for a few years, and on 1 October 1938 he married Diana Skottowe at his old school chapel. The couple had two daughters. World War II
On 1 September 1939, the day World War II began, <mask> attempted to rejoin the RAN, but was rebuffed. <mask> managed to enlist as an ordinary seaman in the Royal Australian Naval Volunteer Reserve on 21 October 1940.He initially underwent training at the shore establishments HMAS Torrens and HMAS Cerberus, before sailing for the UK in December. After serving at the shore establishment HMS Collingwood, in April 1941 he was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant while posted to the shore establishment HMS King Alfred. He next served at the shore establishment HMS President, then in December of

masks: Gosse Gosse Gosse Gosse


title: George Gosse

texts: that year he was transferred to the Royal Indian Navy shore establishment HMIS Hooghly in Calcutta, British India, as a naval mine disposal officer. In February 1942 he was promoted to provisional lieutenant. In August he was transferred to the shore establishment HMS Lanka. This was followed by a posting to the shore establishment HMS Braganza in Bombay in October 1942. Although his 1940 annual report had described him as "below average, for whom it was doubtful a niche could be found", two years later his report indicated that he was reliable and keen, and displayed ingenuity.When faced with difficulties, he was always cheerful, and was "a daring character" who was very interested in mines. Transferred back to the UK in November 1944, <mask> was posted to the shore establishment HMS Vernon at Brixham, Devon, which was the European port clearance diving base for the Royal Navy. Clearance diving teams were responsible for removing naval mines from British waters, and from the waters of captured ports on the European mainland. He brought a Japanese mine back with him to the UK, as he considered it would be of use at HMS Vernon. According to his entry in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, he was a bit of a "law unto himself" in this period, but was fascinated with mechanical devices and exhibited inventiveness. He qualified as a shallow-water diver in January 1945. Following the capture of Bremen, Germany, in April, <mask> led Naval Party 1571 to the port to clear mines laid by the retreating Germans in the Überseehafen.Prior to being sent forward to Bremen, <mask> had interrogated a German prisoner of war (POW) who had been involved in the demolition of the Überseehafen and its facilities who described a mine known as an "Oyster", which was "impossible to sweep for and could never be rendered safe". After arriving in Bremen, <mask> risked his life many times in defusing mines. When his divers


title: George Gosse

texts:
 reported a sighting of what appeared to be a new form of mine, on 8 May <mask> dived himself and verified that it was a "D-type mine with additional fittings", the "Oyster" mine described by the German POW. This mine was pressure-operated, and its detonation train included magnetic and acoustic elements. About 18:00 the next day, <mask> examined the mine by touch, as the visibility was so poor that his waterproof torch was of no use. In order to maintain his depth, he had to tether himself to the mine marker buoy rope. Using tools he had improvised, <mask> interrupted the detonation train by removing the primer release and the primer, which had to be extracted from about  down a  wide tube.Having made the mine safe, <mask> was releasing his tether when there was a small explosion. Later examination of the mine showed that water had entered the primer tube and actuated a water pressure trigger set to fire the detonator if the mine was raised. <mask> personally defused two more "Oyster" mines at Bremen between 9 and 19 May, and in both cases, the detonator fired before the mine reached the surface. Another officer from Naval Party 1571 said later that "if <mask> hadn't found an answer to the ["Oyster"], Bremen Harbour would have been unusable". He was promoted to acting lieutenant commander on 30 September 1945 and was demobilised on 20 March 1946. For his service in World War II, <mask> was awarded the 1939–1945 Star, the Burma Star, the France and Germany Star, the Defence Medal, the War Medal 1939–1945, and the Australia Service Medal 1939–1945. On 26 April 1946, <mask>'s award of the George Cross (GC) was promulgated in The London Gazette.The citation read:

Three days after his GC was promulgated, <mask> was visited at home by a journalist from The Advertiser daily newspaper and was surprised to learn he was to receive an award for doing something he enjoyed so much. He joked, "<mask>, <mask>.

masks:
Gosse
Gosse
Gosse
Gosse
Gosse
Gosse
Gosse
Gosse
Gosse
George Gosse
George Cross


title: George Gosse

texts:
 Sounds like a test of sobriety". Later life
<mask> was invested with his <mask> in Adelaide on 3 June 1948 by the Governor of South Australia, Lieutenant General Sir Willoughby Norrie. He continued to serve in the RANVR and was substantively promoted to lieutenant commander on 30 June 1955 before retiring in 1958. He remained an inventive designer, creating many useful domestic gadgets and fittings, but his interest waned once a challenge had been met. According to his entry in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, his work was mostly "unspectacular".He was president of the Sporting Car Club of South Australia from 1946 to 1948. During 1950, <mask> was part of an Australian armed forces recruiting campaign throughout South Australia, before collapsing from nervous strain at a rally in Renmark. In 1953 he was part of the contingent sent to the UK for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, and was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal. In 1964, he travelled to the UK for a reunion and joined the Victoria Cross and George Cross Association. <mask> died of a coronary occlusion at Maslin Beach on 31 December 1964, and was cremated. The Victoria Cross recipient Brigadier Sir <mask> Smyth wrote that <mask> "always lived right on top of the world, as though every day was his last". He is commemorated on the Returned and Services League Walls at the Centennial Park Cemetery in Pasadena, South Australia.His medal set is displayed in the Hall of Valour at the Australian War Memorial. A ward at the former Repatriation General Hospital, Hollywood in Western Australia (now Hollywood Private Hospital) has been named in his honour. Footnotes

References

1912 births
1964 deaths
Australian recipients of the George Cross
Graduates of the Royal Australian Naval College
People from Harvey, Western Australia
Royal Australian Navy officers
Royal Australian Navy personnel of World

masks:
Gosse
George Cross
Gosse
Gosse
John George
Gosse


title: Richard Garrick

texts:
<mask> (December 27, 1878 – August 21, 1962) was an Irish-born American actor and director. Life and career
Garrick was born <mask>'Brien in the townland of Portlaw, County Waterford, Ireland. His father, James E. O'Brien, was a master tailor in that town, counting among his clients Lord Waterford as well as other nobility and landed gentry. In 1882, James left Portlaw for the United States. He landed in North Adams, Massachusetts, where there were cotton mills and the need for a clothesmaker. Two years later, his wife Johanna and children followed. In 1898, <mask> enlisted in the U.S. Army.He served as a corporal in Company M, U.S. 26th Infantry Regiment stationed in Miagao, Iloilo, in the Philippines in 1900 during the Philippine–American War. When he returned to North Adams, he worked for a time in his father's tailor shop, then struck out on his own. He ventured to New York City where he landed roles in stage productions, among them The Boys of Company B (1907), The Flag Lieutenant (1909), The Fourth Estate, (1909), and The Monkey's Paw. By 1912 <mask> was in Los Angeles and became a charter member of The Reel Club. Through the early 1910s, <mask> acted in, as well as directed, silent films, including Colonel Custard's Last Stand (1914). In 1915, he joined the Gaumont Company and was placed in charge of the second Rialto Star Feature Company. By 1916, <mask> was the director general of Gaumont's Jacksonville, Florida, studios.He left Gaumont to open Garrick Studios Company, offering a five-acre (20,000 m2) facility in Jacksonville that would house enough equipment and space for 20 companies to work simultaneously. As the 1916–1917 season approached, however, the mood towards making films in Jacksonville shifted, and many residents opposed the industry's presence. <mask> went overseas in 1919 and directed films in London and Paris. In 1922, he was named production manager of a new

masks:
Richard Garrick
Richard Thomas O
Garrick
Garrick
Garrick
Garrick
Garrick


title: Richard Garrick

texts: film corporation in Italy. Overall, he directed 30 silent films during his career. When he returned to the United States, it was to pursue his first love — stage acting. During World War II, he was among the cast of Ten Little Indians, a production of the U.S. Army Special Service/USO Camp Shows in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations.In 1947, <mask> was once again on stage in New York City, performing as the mental-health doctor or "stranger" in the original production of A Streetcar Named Desire, which co-starred Marlon Brando and Jessica Tandy. He reprised that role in the 1951 film version of the play. His appearances in both the play and film adaptation marked the start of a second film career for <mask>. During the 1950s, he played small supporting roles in numerous Hollywood movies. His television acting credits include the role of Benjamin Franklin in Night Strike on Calvacade of America (April 29, 1953 and October 19, 1954); and the role of Thaddeus Grimshaw in the episode Royal Carriage on My Friend FlickaMy Friend Flicka (March 16, 1956). Throughout his career, <mask> performed along with some of the brightest actors and actresses in stage and film history, including James Arness, Ed Begley, Marlon Brando, Lee J. Cobb, James Dean, Julie Harris, Brian Keith, Charles Laughton, Vivien Leigh, Karl Malden, Victor Mature, Ethel Merman,  Marilyn Monroe, Patricia Neal, Donald O'Connor, Maureen O'Sullivan, Anthony Quinn, Ronald Reagan, Ginger Rogers, Jean Simmons, <mask>, Spencer Tracy, Robert Wagner, John Wayne, Dennis Weaver and <mask>. <mask> taught at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, and in 1930 he opened the Richard Garrick Studio in Santa Ana, California, to teach drama, English, public speaking, and other subjects to aspiring actors.<mask> died on August 21, 1962, in Los Angeles and is buried as a U.S. veteran at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego,

masks:
Garrick
Garrick
Garrick
Richard Todd
Richard Wmark
Garrick
Garrick


title: John Hammond (record producer)

texts:
<mask> II (December 15, 1910 – July 10, 1987) was an American record producer, civil rights activist, and music critic active from the 1930s to the early 1980s. In his service as a talent scout, <mask> became one of the most influential figures in 20th-century popular music. He is the father of blues musician <mask><mask>. <mask> was instrumental in sparking or furthering numerous musical careers, including those of Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, Benny Goodman, Harry James, Charlie Christian, Billie Holiday, Count Basie, Teddy Wilson, Big Joe Turner, Pete Seeger, Babatunde Olatunji, Aretha Franklin, George Benson, Freddie Green, Leonard Cohen, Arthur Russell, Jim Copp, Asha Puthli, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Mike Bloomfield. He is also largely responsible for the revival of delta blues artist <mask>'s music. Early years and family
<mask> was born in New York, christened <mask>., although both his father and grandfather shared the same name. He was the youngest child and only son of <mask> and Emily Vanderbilt Sloane.His mother was one of three daughters of William Douglas Sloane and Emily Thorn Vanderbilt, and a granddaughter of William Henry Vanderbilt. His father attended Yale University, graduating with a law degree from Columbia Law School. His grandfather was Civil War General <mask> <mask>, who married Sophia Vernon Wolfe. His father was a brother of Ogden H<mask>, ambassador to Spain, and uncle to politician Millicent Fenwick. Despite the family fortune from his mother's side of the family, which included wealth from the W. & J. Sloane chain, his father worked to provide for his family and maintain the family fortune. He worked "as a banker, lawyer, and railroad executive". <mask> had four sisters: Emily,

masks:
John Henry Hammond
Hammond
John P
. Hammond
Hammond
Robert Johnson
Hammond
John Henry Hammond Jr
John Henry Hammond
John Henry
Hammond
. Hammond
Hammond


title: John Hammond (record producer)

texts: Adele, Rachel, and Alice.The youngest, Alice, married first Arthur Duckworth in 1927, and then, after divorcing him, the musician Benny Goodman in 1942. Well-known clergyman and peace activist William Sloane Coffin Jr. was a cousin. <mask> showed interest in music from an early age. At four he began studying the piano, only to switch to the violin at age eight. He was steered toward classical music by his mother but was more interested in the music sung and played by the servants, many of whom were black. He was known to go down to his basement to listen to the upbeat music in the servants' quarters. He loved Sir Harry Lauder's "Roamin' in the Gloamin'".While he was in the basement, the rest of his family in the greater part of the five-story mansion would listen to "the great opera tenor Enrico Caruso, as well as to standard classics by Beethoven, Brahms, and Mozart". <mask> became interested in social reform at a young age. His mother also promoted social reform as a means to give back some of her fortune to the community. She often found solace in religion. <mask> shared her desire to help the community with his privilege. <mask> notes that the first jazz music that he heard was in London in 1923 on a trip with his family. He heard a band called The Georgians, a white Dixieland jazz group, and saw an African American show called From Dixie to Broadway, that featured Sidney Bechet.This trip changed the way that he thought about music. Upon his return to the states, <mask> searched for records by black musicians but could not find them in the greater Manhattan area. He learned that African American music was sold in different stores, so he began to search for this music in Harlem. In 1925 <mask> graduated

masks: Hammond Hammond Hammond Hammond Hammond Hammond


title: John Hammond (record producer)

texts:
 from the elementary institution St. Bernard's School at the age of 14. He persuaded his family to allow him to attend Hotchkiss School due to its liberal curriculum. <mask>'s love for music flourished. However, he felt limited within the confines of a boarding school.<mask> succeeded in convincing the headmaster to allow him to go into the city every other weekend, a rare privilege, so that he could take lessons from Ronald Murat. However, the headmaster was not aware that outside his formal lessons, <mask> would go up to Harlem to hear jazz. During this time, he said that he heard Bessie Smith perform at The Harlem Alhambra, but her biographer disagrees about the dates. The summer after graduating from Hotchkiss in 1929, <mask> went to work for a newspaper in Maine, the Portland Evening News. Its editor Ernest Gruening was also a Hotchkiss alumnus, class of 1903, who was interested in social issues and social justice. In the fall of 1929, <mask> entered Yale University as a member of the class of 1933. He studied the violin and, later, viola.He felt a disconnect with his fellow students at Yale and felt that he was already well acquainted with the professional world. He made frequent trips into New York city and wrote regularly for trade magazines. In the fall semester of 1930, <mask> had to withdraw due to a recurring case of jaundice. <mask> had no desire to a repeat a semester, which contributed to his dissatisfaction with the university lifestyle. Much to the disappointment of his father, a Yale alumnus, in 1931 he dropped out of school for a career in the music industry, first becoming the U.S. correspondent for Melody Maker. Career
In 1931, <mask> funded the recording of pianist Garland Wilson,

masks: Hammond Hammond Hammond Hammond Hammond Hammond Hammond Hammond


title: John Hammond (record producer)

texts: marking the beginning of a long string of artistic successes as record producer. He moved to Greenwich Village, where he claimed to have engaged in bohemian life and worked for an integrated music world.He set up one of the first regular live jazz programs, and wrote regularly about the racial divide. As he wrote in his memoirs, "I heard no color line in the music.... To bring recognition to the Negro's supremacy in jazz was the most effective and constructive form of social protest I could think of." This pre-occupation with social issues was to continue, and in 1941 he was one of the founders of the Council on African Affairs. In 1932, <mask> acquired a nonpaying job on the WEVD radio station as a disc jockey. He did not discriminate when choosing which musicians to air; the station allowed <mask> complete freedom on the station as long as he paid for his time slot. Through this position, <mask> gained a reputation as a well-educated jazz fan. Various musicians were guests on his show, including Fletcher Henderson, Benny Carter, and Art Tatum.When the station transferred from the Broadway Central Hotel to the Claridge Hotel, the new venue would not allow the black musicians to use the main elevator. For this reason, <mask> quit his work with WEVD. By 1932–33, through his involvement in the UK music paper Melody Maker, <mask> arranged for the faltering US Columbia label to provide recordings for the UK Columbia label, mostly using the specially created Columbia W-265000 matrix series. <mask> recorded Fletcher Henderson, Benny Carter, Joe Venuti, Benny Goodman, and other jazz performers during a time when the economy was bad enough during the Great Depression that many of them would not have otherwise had


title: John Hammond (record producer)

texts: the opportunity to enter a studio and play real jazz (a handful of these in this special series were issued in the US). In 1934, <mask> is known to have introduced Benny Goodman and Fletcher Henderson. It is said that <mask> convinced the musicians to 'swing' the current jazz hits, so that they could play in a free manner like the original New Orleans Jazz. <mask> always strived for racial integration within the musical scene.For this purpose, he frequently visited musicians in Harlem in order to connect with musicians in their own area. While initially his race proved a problem in connecting with this community, he formed relationships with various musicians that allowed him to surpass this barrier. His friendship with Benny Carter gave him a status that allowed him to enter this musical community. He played a role in organizing Benny Goodman's band, and in persuading him to hire black musicians such as Charlie Christian, Teddy Wilson and Lionel Hampton. In 1933 he heard the seventeen-year-old Billie Holiday perform in Harlem and arranged for her recording debut, on a Benny Goodman session. Four years later, he heard the Count Basie orchestra broadcasting from Kansas City and brought it to New York, where it began to receive national attention. In 1938, <mask> organized the first From Spirituals to Swing concert at Carnegie Hall, presenting a broad program of blues, jazz and gospel artists, including Ida Cox, Big Joe Turner, Albert Ammons, <mask>, Meade "Lux" Lewis, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, the Count Basie orchestra, Sidney Bechet, Sonny Terry, James P<mask>, and Big Bill Broonzy (who took the place of the murdered <mask>).He coordinated a second From Spirituals to Swing concert in 1939. After serving in

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Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Pete Johnson
. Johnson
Robert Johnson


title: John Hammond (record producer)

texts:
 the military during World War II, <mask> felt unmoved by the bebop jazz scene of the mid-1940s. Rejoining Columbia Records in the late 1950s, he signed Pete Seeger and Babatunde Olatunji to the label, and discovered Aretha Franklin, then an eighteen-year-old gospel singer. In 1961, he heard folk singer Bob Dylan playing harmonica on a session for Carolyn Hester; he signed him to Columbia and kept him on the label despite the protests of executives, who referred to Dylan as "<mask>'s folly". He produced Dylan's early recordings, "Blowin' in the Wind" and "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall". <mask> oversaw the highly influential posthumous reissues of <mask>'s recorded work (produced by Frank Driggs), convincing Columbia Records to issue the album King of the Delta Blues Singers in 1961. Musicians <mask> signed to the label included Leonard Cohen and Bruce Springsteen.<mask> retired from Columbia in 1975 but continued to scout for talent. In 1983, he brought guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan to Columbia and was credited as executive producer on his debut album. Personal accounts
<mask> recognized jazz music to have originated as an African-American musical genre. When <mask> entered the jazz community, integration had not yet begun. Black and white musicians rarely played together and often the prestigious locations permitted only white audiences. <mask> remembers that before the 1920s, black musicians could always find jobs, even if they were low paying. After the instatement of Local 802, a union of professional musicians within New York City, <mask> saw more white people receiving jobs than black people.However, this did not stop the African-American musicians. Through burlesque and record making, these musicians

masks:
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Robert Johnson
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond


title: John Hammond (record producer)

texts: continued to be a presence. 1933 was a defining year for <mask>. He remembers this year being extraordinary due to his establishment of relationships with British record companies. <mask> was able to secure contracts for various musicians. He was an attractive producer to these companies because he did not desire a profit for himself. In 1933, he helped Benny Goodman receive a record deal with Columbia Records, which at the time was only known as English Columbia.During this time, Goodman was in need of a big break, as he was getting a reputation as being difficult to work with. <mask> proposed that Goodman produce a multiracial record; however, Goodman believed this route would hurt his musical reputation. In this year, <mask> broke out of the traditional role of a producer and became a talent scout, after hearing Billie Holiday. He remarks that he was astounded to discover that she was the daughter of Clarence Holiday from Fletcher Henderson's band. That same year, he was able to get her involved in the Benny Goodman Orchestra. <mask> attributes fate to his finding of Holiday. After hearing her sing for the first time, he wrote, "She weighs over 200 pounds, is incredibly beautiful, and sings as well as anybody I have ever heard."Later in 1933, he heard Teddy Wilson, a jazz pianist, on the Chicago radio. While he did not discover him, he was able to provide significant opportunities for him, even some collaboration with Billie Holiday. <mask>'s work with civil rights came from multiple angles. In 1933, he traveled South to attend a trial regarding the Scottsboro case, a case in which two white girls accused nine black boys of raping them. The testimonies of the two girls did not align with the story.


title: John Hammond (record producer)

texts:
 While all nine boys were convicted, <mask> viewed this trial as a "catalyst for black activism". Record integration became an important component of jazz music.Starting in 1935, musicians began to record in mixed-race groups. While some of this integration had already taken place, <mask> remembers it as being hidden. However, in 1935, the Goodman Trio began recording. In 1936, the group appeared in a live concert at the Chicago Hot Jazz Society. <mask> fondly remembers this as an innovative moment in jazz history. FBI investigation
J. Edgar Hoover, FBI director, investigated <mask>'s link to the Communist Party. Due to the various benefits and fund-raisers that <mask> hosted for the popular front, his name was often listed in The Daily Worker, a communist newspaper.Furthermore, his name often appeared on the letterheads of left-wing organizations for which he was a donor or member. However, <mask> was not a communist. Personal life
<mask> had four sisters: Alice, Rachel, Adele, and Emily. Early in his career, <mask> focused more on his work than his love life. While he was seen publicly with various women, the relationships were never substantial. However, in 1940 at a Manhattan party, <mask> met Jemison "Jemy" McBride. On March 8, 1941, <mask> married Jemy in New Haven, Connecticut.The couple had a small, non-denominational wedding with only about ten guests. Although both sets of parents approved of the couple, neither set attended the wedding. In 1942, <mask> took his wife on a road trip to Los Angeles. Shortly after this trip, Jemy realized that she was pregnant. In November 1942, Jemy gave birth to their first son, <mask><mask>. On March 21, 1942, <mask>'s sister, Alice married Benny Goodman. She had

masks:
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Hammond
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John
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John P
. Hammond
Hammond


title: John Hammond (record producer)

texts: previously been married to Englishman Arthur Duckworth, a member of the British House of Commons.<mask> did not look kindly upon her marriage to Goodman. After years of arguments and disagreements about the musical directions of Goodman's band, <mask> and Goodman had a complete falling out, some of which has been attributed to their differing class and educational backgrounds (Goodman had been born into poverty and had quit high school in order to help support his family as a musician). <mask>, however, could be dogmatic and controlling in his interactions with various musicians, as well as in his published writings on jazz and on specific performers. Goodman eventually grew weary of <mask>'s contentious nature. However, out of a sense of shared grief following Alice's death in 1978, <mask> and Goodman reconciled. In November 1943, after the United States entered World War II, <mask> began military training. He underwent his basic training at Fort Belvoir.<mask> was much older than the majority of the other men, and he had a rough time adjusting to the military life. While he was still in basic training, Jemy gave birth to their second child, Douglas, early in 1944. Douglas came down with a serious illness. While Jemy sent <mask> a telegram to alert him of his newborn's condition, <mask> said that he never received it. Jemy speculated that <mask> was in a concert and disregarded the letter; however, that claim has been proven unlikely due to <mask>'s strict schedule in basic training. Douglas died shortly after birth from his illness, and Jemy had to undergo the family tragedy without her husband. <mask> returned after basic training on a three-day pass, but he and his wife were distant.After basic

masks: Hammond Hammond Hammond Hammond Hammond Hammond Hammond Hammond Hammond Hammond Hammond Hammond


title: John Hammond (record producer)

texts: training, <mask> reported to Camp Plauche, where he was placed to organize activities for the black soldiers. During this time period, African-American soldiers were given little to do within the military. The armed forces were still segregated and discriminatory. <mask> began his efforts by organizing concerts for the soldiers featuring African-American musicians. He noted that shortly after these concerts began, an integrated sports team formed. Toward the end of World War II, <mask> was transferred to Fort Benning, Georgia, known for its intense racism. <mask> was not the only jazz fan irritated with racism.During this time period, bebop music grew out of late night jam sessions of black musicians. <mask> was not much a part of the bebop movement, but he shared the sentiment against racism. In 1946, <mask> was discharged from the military. His family moved to Greenwich Village, where Jemy gave birth to their third son, Jason. <mask> threw himself back into his work, which greatly upset his wife. In 1948, Jemy asked <mask> for a divorce. While he was originally reluctant, <mask> agreed to the divorce.Jemy never remarried. A year later, in 1949, <mask> met Esme Sarnoff, originally Esme O'Brien, the former wife of NBC chairman Robert Sarnoff, and a daughter of Mary and Esmond O'Brien. Esme shared <mask>'s musical passion and was planning to divorce her husband. That year, <mask> married Esme Sarnoff. By this marriage <mask> had one stepdaughter, (Esme) Rosita Sarnoff (born 1943). During this time, <mask>'s father died on a golf course. Left a widow, <mask> became infatuated with Frank Buchman.In 1985, <mask> had his first stroke. Although this impaired him physically, his wife's death left him in despair.

masks:
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
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Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
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Emily Hammond
Hammond


title: John Hammond (record producer)

texts:
 Esme <mask> was diagnosed with breast cancer. While treatments worked for some time, she died May 19, 1986, of complications of AIDS, which she had contracted from a blood transfusion. <mask> was distraught and died on July 10, 1987, after a series of strokes. It is said that he died listening to the music of Billie Holiday. Legacy
"<mask>'s Idea", originally titled "I May Be Wrong It's <mask>'s Idea", is a tribute to <mask> written by Count Basie.<mask> received a Grammy Trustees Award for being credited with co-producing a Bessie Smith reissue in 1971, and in 1986 was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. <mask>'s son, <mask><mask>, became an American blues musician. <mask> was one of the first men to racially integrate the American music industry. Before the Civil Rights Act passed, Tom Wilson, an African American, replaced <mask> as Bob Dylan's record producer. In December 2015 Guinness featured <mask> in its UK advertising campaign. Prince's song "Avalanche" mentions <mask> in the lyric "Mr. <mask> with his pen in hand... Sayin' 'Sign your kingdom over to me and be known throughout the land!'" References

Bibliography

Berger, Edward."<mask>, <mask> (Henry Jr.)". The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. Web. Dunstan Prial (2006) The Producer: <mask> and the Soul of American Music, Farrar, Straus and Giroux,
<mask>, "An Experience in Jazz History", in Dominique-René de Lerma, ed., Black Music in Our Culture: Curricular Ideas on the Subjects, Materials, and Problems (Kent State University Press, 1970), pp. 42–53. <mask> with Irving Townsend (1977) <mask> On Record: An Autobiography, Ridge Press – Summit Books,
"Swing". The Subject Is Jazz.WNBC. New York, New York, 1958. Television. External

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Hammond
John
John
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John P
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Hammond
John Hammond
Hammond
John Hammond
Hammond
John
John Hammond
John Hammond
John Hammond
John Hammond


title: John Hammond (record producer)

texts:
 links
<mask> on American Masters (PBS)
Induction to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
<mask> Papers at Yale University Music Library

20th-century American businesspeople
1910 births
1987 deaths
A&R people
American military personnel of World War II
American people of Dutch descent
Businesspeople from New York City
Hotchkiss School alumni
Jazz record producers
Record producers from New York (state)
<mask>
Yale University alumni
Burials at Moravian

masks:
John Hammond
John Hammond
John Hammond


title: Martin Murray (boxer)

texts:
<mask> (born 27 September 1982) is a British former professional boxer who competed 2007 to 2020. He has held the WBA interim middleweight title from 2011 to 2014, the British and Commonwealth middleweight titles between 2010 and 2012, and challenged five times for a world title. Professional career

Early career
<mask>'s professional debut came in September 2007 with a victory over Jamie Ambler at the Robin Park Arena in Wigan. He fought once more that year to finish 2007 with a record of 2-0. A busy 2008 saw <mask> fight seven more times scoring seven victories over a series of journeyman opponents. On 22 November 2008, he stepped into the limelight by taking part in the fourth series of the Prizefighter tournament shown live on sky. He scored wins over Joe Rea and  Danny Butler before beating former English title challenger Cello Renda in the final to claim the £25,000 first prize.Following the tournament victory <mask> marked time with wins over fellow prospect Kevin Concepcion in April 2009 and former Commonwealth title challenger Thomas Awinbono in July of the same year. Ricky Hatton Promotions
<mask> left VIP Promotions after the Awinbono fight to sign with Hatton Promotions. His first fight was on the undercard of Matthew Macklin's European Title win at the Manchester Velodrome. <mask> faced George Aduashvili of Georgia on 25 September 2009 and scored a first-round knockout victory. Following the win <mask> said that former British champion Wayne Elcock was on his radar as a man he'd like to beat in order to push himself into future title contention. <mask>'s next fight on 27 November 2009 instead saw the man from St Helens outpoint Belarus boxer Sergey Khomitsky with a

masks:
Martin Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
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Murray


title: Martin Murray (boxer)

texts:
 points victory over 8 rounds (Khomitsky was the first opponent, who managed to knock <mask> down to the canvas for the first time in his pro career). In his first fight of 2010 <mask> continued his winning run against international opposition with a victory over the Georgian middleweight champion Shalva Jomardashvili.A shot at the Commonwealth title against Tanzanian boxer Francis Cheka should then have subsequently followed. However, Cheka was refused a work permit and on 24 May 2010 in Sheffield, <mask> instead defeated late replacement Lee Noble in another non-title fight en route to recording his 19th straight victory. Two years later, <mask> gave Nick Blackwell the first loss of his career and won the vacant British Middleweight title on 18 July 2011. Commonwealth champion
On 16 July 2010 <mask> finally fought for a first professional title, the middleweight version of the Commonwealth crown. His opponent at the fight in the Bolton Arena was Australian Peter Mitrevski Jr.  <mask> went the full 12 round distance for the first time in his career and won on a unanimous points decision. Despite the win <mask> claimed that he had felt "sluggish" throughout the fight adding that "I know I can perform much better". He followed up the win on 26 November 2010 with a fight for a second title in a row at the Bolton Arena.His opponent, Brazilian Carlos Nascimento, was the co-challenger for the WBA version of the inter-continental title with <mask> winning by stoppage in the third round. <mask> fought against Felix Sturm on 2 December 2011 at the SAP-Arena in Mannheim, Germany for the WBA Middleweight Title. The fight went 12 rounds and ended up being scored a controversial draw. Second

masks: Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray


title: Martin Murray (boxer)

texts:
 world title attempt
It was confirmed going into his with fight Jorge Navarro at Manchester Arena on 24 November 2012 for the interim WBA World Middleweight Championship, that if <mask> were to defeat Navarro, he would be the next in line for a shot at the WBA World Middleweight Championship currently held by Gennady Golovkin. <mask>, now 25-0-1, defeated the undefeated Venezuelan by TKO and would fight for the world title against World Middleweight Champion Sergio Martínez in Argentina on 27 April 2013. <mask> lost a close, controversial decision in a fight where he put <mask> on the canvas twice but with the referee only counting one knockdown. Third world title attempt

Following four solid decision victories in the aftermath of his loss to Sergio Martínez, <mask> was given the opportunity to face off against the WBA and IBO middleweight champion Gennady Golovkin.Despite a spirited effort (that of which saw him fight into the 11th round, the second time in Golovkin's career he went ten rounds or more), <mask> was ultimately stopped for the first time in his career after referee Luis Pabon witnessed him take several hard unanswered shots from Golovkin. Fourth world title attempt
After three comeback wins, all of them ending early, <mask> was set to challenge for a world title for the fourth time in his career, against Artur Abraham for the WBO super-middleweight title. <mask> fought very well on Abraham's home turf in Germany, however, that was not enough for the judges, who scored the fight, 116-111, 115-112 and 112-115 in favor of the home fighter, awarding him the split-decision win. After the fight, a gutted <mask> said he was contemplating retirement after another failed

masks: Murray Murray Murray Martinez Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray


title: Martin Murray (boxer)

texts:
 attempt to win a world title. On 25 June 2016, <mask> fought George Groves in a WBA final eliminator. Groves pressed <mask> throughout most of the fight, earning him a unanimous decision win, with scores of 118-110 on all three judges' scorecards. On 23 June 2018, <mask> fought and defeated Roberto Garcia in a foul-filled fight.<mask> had some success with his jab and landed more punches compared to Garcia, which was enough for all three judges to call the fight in favor of <mask>. In his next fight, <mask> fought against former champion Hassan N'Dam. Despite scoring a knockdown, <mask> did not do enough to earn the win. N'Dam won the fight via majority decision, with only one judge scoring the fight a draw, 114-114, while the other two saw it 117-112 and 116-112 in favor of N'Dam. Retirement
<mask> announced his retirement 3 weeks after his loss to Saunders. He ended his career with 39 wins (17KOs), 6 loses, and
a Draw. Professional boxing record

References

External links

<mask> - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live

English male boxers
Middleweight boxers
Super-middleweight boxers
1982 births
Living people
Prizefighter contestants
Sportspeople from St Helens, Merseyside
Commonwealth Boxing Council champions
British Boxing Board of Control

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Murray
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Murray
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Martin Murray


title: Richard K. Guy

texts:
<mask> (30 September 1916 – 9 March 2020) was a British mathematician. He was a professor in the Department of Mathematics at the University of Calgary. He is known for his work in number theory, geometry, recreational mathematics, combinatorics, and graph theory. He is best known for co-authorship (with John Conway and Elwyn Berlekamp) of Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays and authorship of Unsolved Problems in Number Theory. He published more than 300 scholarly articles. <mask> proposed the partially tongue-in-cheek "strong law of small numbers", which says there are not enough small integers available for the many tasks assigned to them – thus explaining many coincidences and patterns found among numerous cultures. For this paper he received the MAA Lester R. Ford Award.Biography

Early life
<mask> was born 30 September 1916 in Nuneaton, Warwickshire, England, to Adeline Augusta Tanner and William Alexander <mask>. Both of his parents were teachers, rising to the rank of headmistress and headmaster, respectively. He attended Warwick School for Boys, the third oldest school in Britain, but was not enthusiastic about most of the curriculum. He was good at sports, however, and excelled in mathematics. At the age of 17 he read Dickson's History of the Theory of Numbers. He said it was better than "the whole works of Shakespeare", solidifying his lifelong interest in

masks:
Richard Kenneth Guy
Guy
Guy
Charles Guy


title: Richard K. Guy

texts:
 mathematics. In 1935 <mask> entered Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, as a result of winning several scholarships.To win the most important of these he had to travel to Cambridge and write exams for two days. His interest in games began while at Cambridge where he became an avid composer of chess problems. In 1938, he was graduated with a second-class honours degree; he would later state that his failure to get a first may have been related to his obsession with chess. Although his parents strongly advised against it, <mask> decided to become a teacher and got a teaching diploma at the University of Birmingham. He met his future wife, Nancy Louise Thirian, through her brother Michael, who was a fellow scholarship winner at Gonville and Caius. He and Louise shared loves of mountain climbing and dancing. They married in December 1940.War years
In November 1942, <mask> received an emergency commission in the Meteorological Branch of the Royal Air Force, with the rank of flight lieutenant. He was posted to Reykjavik, and later to Bermuda, as a meteorologist. He tried to get permission for Louise to join him but was refused. While in Iceland, he did some glacier travel, skiing, and mountain climbing, marking the beginning of another long love affair, this one with snow and ice. When <mask> returned to England after the war, he went back to teaching, this time at Stockport

masks: Guy Guy Guy Guy


title: Richard K. Guy

texts:
 Grammar School, but stayed only two years. In 1947 the family moved to London, where he got a job teaching mathematics at Goldsmiths' College. Later life and death

In 1951 he moved to Singapore, where he taught at the University of Malaya until 1962.He then spent a few years at the Indian Institute of Technology in Delhi, India. While they were in India, he and Louise went mountaineering in the foothills of the Himalayas. <mask> moved to Canada in 1965, settling down at the University of Calgary in Alberta, where he obtained a professorship. Although he officially retired in 1982, he still went to the office five days a week to work, even as he passed the age of 100. Along with George Thomas and John Selfridge, <mask> taught at Canada/USA Mathcamp during its early years. In 1991 the University of Calgary awarded him an honorary doctorate. <mask> said that they gave him the degree out of embarrassment, although the university stated that "his extensive research efforts and prolific writings in the field of number theory and combinatorics have added much to the underpinnings of game theory and its extensive application to many forms of human activity."<mask> and his wife Louise (who died in 2010) remained very committed to mountain hiking and environmentalism even in their later years. In 2014, he donated $100,000 to the Alpine Club of Canada for the training of amateur


title: Richard K. Guy

texts:
 leaders. In turn, the Alpine Club has honoured them by building the Louise and <mask> Guy Hut near the base of Mont des Poilus. They had three children, among them computer scientist and mathematician Michael J. T. <mask>. <mask> died on 9 March 2020 at the age of 103. Mathematics

While teaching in Singapore in 1960 <mask> met the Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős. Erdős was noted for posing and solving difficult mathematical problems and shared several of them with <mask>.<mask> later recalled "I made some progress in each of them. This gave me encouragement, and I began to think of myself as possibly being something of a research mathematician, which I hadn't done before." Eventually he wrote four papers with Erdős, giving him an Erdős number of 1, and solved one of Erdős' problems. <mask> was intrigued by unsolved problems and wrote two books devoted to them. Many number theorists got their start trying to solve problems from <mask>'s book Unsolved problems in number theory. <mask> described himself as an amateur mathematician, although his work was widely respected by professionals. In a career that spans eight decades he wrote or co-authored more than a dozen books and collaborated with some of the most important mathematicians of the twentieth century.Paul Erdős, John H. Conway, <mask>, and Martin Gardner were among his collaborators, as were Elwyn Berlekamp, John

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Donald Knuth


title: Richard K. Guy

texts:
 L. Selfridge, <mask>, Frank Harary, Lee Sallows, Gerhard Ringel, Béla Bollobás, C. B. Lacampagne, Bruce Sagan, and Neil Sloane. Over the course of his career <mask> published more than 100 research papers in mathematics, including four with Erdős. <mask> was influential in the field of recreational mathematics. He collaborated with Berlekamp and Conway on two volumes of Winning Ways, which Martin Gardner described in 1998 as "the greatest contribution to recreational mathematics in this century". <mask> was considered briefly as a replacement for Gardner when the latter retired from the Mathematical Games column at Scientific American. <mask> conducted extensive research on Conway's Game of Life, and in 1970, discovered the game's glider. Around 1968, <mask> discovered a unistable polyhedron with 19 faces; no such construct with fewer faces was found until 2012.As of 2016 <mask> still was active in conducting mathematical work. To mark his 100th birthday friends and colleagues organised a celebration of his life and a tribute song and video was released by Gathering 4 Gardner. <mask> was one of the original directors of the Number Theory Foundation and played an active role in supporting their efforts to "foster a spirit of cooperation and goodwill among the family of number theorists" for more than twenty years. Chess problems
From 1947 to 1951 <mask> was the endings

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Guy


title: Richard K. Guy

texts:
 editor for British Chess Magazine. He is known for almost 200 endgame studies. Along with Hugh Blandford and John Roycroft, he is one of the inventors of the GBR code (<mask>–Blandford–Roycroft code), a system of representing the position of chess pieces on a chessboard. Publications including EG use it to classify endgame types and to index endgame studies.Solution:
1. Kd1 Ka3
2. Kc1 a5
3. h4 a4
4. h5 Ka2
5. h6 a3
6. h7 Ka1
7. h8=N a2
8. Ng6 fxg6
9. f7 g5
10. f8=N g4
11. Ne6 dxe6
12. d7 e5
13. d8=N e4
14. Nc6 bxc6
15. b7 c5
16. Kd1 Kb2
17. b8=Q+ 1-0

Selected publications

Books
 1975 (with John L. Selfridge) Optimal coverings of the square, North-Holland, Amsterdam, OCLC Number:  897757276.1976 Packing [1, n] with solutions of ax + by = cz — the unity of combinatorics Atti dei Conv. Lincei, 17, Tomo II, 173–179
 1981 Unsolved problems in number theory, Springer-Verlag in New York,
 1982 Sets of integers whose subsets have distinct sums, North-Holland, OCLC Number: 897757256. 1982 (with Elwyn Berlekamp and John H. Conway) Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays, Academic Press, . 1987 Six phases for the eight-lambdas and eight-deltas configurations, North-Holland, OCLC Number: 897693235. 1989 Fair game how to play impartial combinatorial games, COMAP in Arlington, MA, . 1991 Graphs and the strong law of small numbers, Wiley, OCLC Number: 897682607. 1994 (with Hallard T.


title: Richard K. Guy

texts:
 Croft and <mask>) Unsolved problems in geometry, Springer-Verlag, .1996 (with John H. Conway) The book of numbers, Copernicus, . 2002 (with Paul Vaderlind and Loren C. Larson) The inquisitive problem solver, Mathematical Association of America, . 2020 (with Ezra A. Brown) The Unity of Combinatorics, Mathematical Association of America,

Papers

References

Sources

 Albers, Donald J.; Alexanderson, Gerald L. (1985). Mathematical People: Profiles and Interviews, John Horton Conway by <mask><mask>: pp. 36–46, Princeton University Press,
 Albers, Donald J.; Alexanderson, Gerald L. (2011). Fascinating Mathematical People : interviews and memoirs, Interview with <mask><mask>, Elwyn R. (2014). The Mathematical Legacy of Martin Gardner Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), 2 September 2014
 Fortney, Valerie (2015). "<mask> to visit his namesake alpine hut" The Calgary Herald, 10 September 2015
 Guiltenane, Erin (2016). Emeritus professor marks a century of life and learning University of Calgary: Faculty of Science, 29 September 2016
 MMA (2016). Happy Birthday, <mask>! Mathematical Association of America, 30 September 2016
 Mulcahy, Colm (2016). <mask><mask> turns 100 MMA: CardColm, 30 September 2016
 Roberts, Siobhan (2016).An “Infinitely Rich” Mathematician Turns 100, 30 September 2016
 Scott, Chic (2012). Young at Heart: The Inspirational Lives of <mask> and

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Kenneth Falconer
Richard K
. Guy
Richard K
. Guymp
Richard Guy
Richard Guy
Richard K
. Guy
Richard


title: Richard K. Guy

texts:
 <mask>, Pub by The Alpine Club of Canada, Canmore, Alberta,

External links

<mask>. <mask> author profile on MathSciNet
Personal web page

1916 births
2020 deaths
20th-century English mathematicians
21st-century English mathematicians
Academics of the University of London
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Chess composers
Combinatorial game theorists
English centenarians
IIT Delhi faculty
Mathematics popularizers
Men centenarians
National University of Singapore faculty
Number theorists
People from Nuneaton
Recreational mathematicians
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
University of Calgary faculty
English expatriates in Canada
English expatriates in Singapore
Royal Air Force

masks:
Louise Guy
Richard K
Guy


title: Kem Sitsongpeenong

texts:
<mask> (Thai: เข้ม ศิษย์สองพี่น้อง; born December 16, 1984), formerly known as Khem Fairtex, is a Thai Muay Thai kickboxer and the reigning Thailand and WMC Muaythai super welterweight world champion. Biography and career
<mask>akang (สุรศักดิ์ ปักโคทะกัง) in Maha Sarakham Province in Northeastern (Isan) region of Thailand on December 16, 1984. He had his first fight at the age of 13 in 1997. Following a disappointing showing at the IFMA 2012 World Muaythai Championships where he lost out to Vitaly Gurkov in the finals to take bronze, Kem returned to the professional ranks on September 28, 2012 when he defeated Thepsuthin Pumpanmuang, Prakaysaeng Gaiyang 5 Daow and Sirimongkol Sitanuparp, respectively, to win the Toyota Vigo Marathon 2012. Kem lost to eventual tournament winner Andy Souwer by majority decision (29-29, 29-28, 30-28) at the quarter-final stage of the Shoot Boxing World Tournament 2012 on November 17, 2012 in Tokyo, Japan. He was knocked out with a third round elbow by former stablemate

masks:
Kem Sitsongpeng
Kem Sitsongpek Pakkhoth


title: Nigel Quashie

texts:
<mask> ( ; born 20 July 1978) is an English-born Scottish former footballer who played more than 300 games as a midfielder in the Football League. Between 2004 and 2006, he represented Scotland, the country of his grandfather, at full international level on 14 occasions. Personal life
Quashie was born in the London Borough of Southwark to a Ghanaian father and an English mother. He and former wife Joanna had a son, who died shortly after birth, and a daughter. He has a son with partner Kerry Clarke. Club career

Queens Park Rangers
He began his career in London as a trainee with Queens Park Rangers in August 1995, making his League debut in a 2–1 defeat against Manchester United at Old Trafford a few months later in December 1995. He was used sparingly for the remainder of that campaign, making eleven appearances as QPR were relegated from the Premier League at the end of the 1995–96 season.He made a further 13 appearances in the 1996–97 season before breaking into the first eleven on a regular basis in the 1997–98 season when he made 34 league and cup appearances. Nottingham Forest
Quashie joined Premier League side Nottingham Forest for £2.5 million at the start of the 1998–99 season but made only 18 appearances as Forest were comfortably relegated. He settled into the team in the 1999–2000 season, making 34 appearances, but was transfer listed by manager, David Platt, at the end of a disappointing season as Forest finished well short of the promotion places. By July, he reportedly had attracted interest from several clubs, including West Bromwich Albion and Birmingham City with Portsmouth understood to have made an offer. Portsmouth
Quashie joined Portsmouth in August 2000 for a fee worth up to £600,000, signing a three-year contract. He quickly established himself in the first-team, making 37 league and cup appearances in the 2001–02 season as Portsmouth


title: Nigel Quashie

texts:
 finished in the lower half of the First Division. He made a further 44 appearances in the 2002–03 season and was club vice-captain when Portsmouth won the First Division championship and were promoted to the Premier League.No sooner had he returned from a six-week layoff with a knee injury in December 2003 than he suffered an injury to his opposite knee leading him to miss a further six weeks of the 2003–04 season. However, Quashie remained a first choice player, making 25 appearances as Portsmouth claimed 13th place in the Premier League. Although Quashie was a regular starter in the 2004–05 season and club captain, he had not been offered a new contract despite being out of contract at the end of the season and joined former Portsmouth manager, Harry Redknapp, at Southampton during the January 2005 transfer window. Southampton
Quashie joined Southampton for a fee of £2.1 million in January 2005, signing a three-and-a-half-year contract. He said, "It's a big move for me and I am happy to be linking up with Harry Redknapp again. I am certain we will stay up – I would not have come here if I had any doubts about that, but we need to get a few results quickly." The chairman of Southampton, Rupert Lowe, said, "Harry really wanted <mask> – he thinks he is a strong character who will add to the dressing room.We are delighted to make him our third signing since Harry arrived." A training ground injury prevented Quashie from making his debut against Liverpool on 22 January 2005 and he did not make his debut until the match against Everton on 6 February. After the transfer of Jason Dodd, he became the club's captain but he was unable to prevent the Saints being relegated at the end of the 2004–05 season. Despite relegation, Quashie said that he had no regrets over the move to Southampton as he had been unhappy with the way he had been treated at Portsmouth. However,


title: Nigel Quashie

texts:
 following Redknapp's departure and his replacement with George Burley, Quashie was allowed to leave Southampton in the January 2006 transfer window. West Bromwich Albion
Quashie joined West Bromwich Albion in January 2006 for £1.2 million, signing a three-and-a-half-year contract. Manager Bryan Robson, "I always liked <mask> when he played for QPR, Portsmouth and Southampton.He is intelligent, has good stamina and is a very good passer of the ball. He has got the experience now of relegation fights and playing in the Premiership. I just feel he will improve our squad." He made his debut for Albion in a 2–0 Premier League win over Blackburn Rovers on 4 February 2006. He was charged with misconduct by the Football Association after being sent off against Middlesbrough three weeks later for alleged use of foul and abusive language towards the referee's assistants as he left the pitch and was given a one-game ban in addition to a four-game ban for the sending off, his second of the season, and a £5,000 fine after admitting misconduct. His only goal for the club came in a 3–1 defeat against Arsenal in April 2006. Albion were relegated at the end of the season.Quashie achieved the rare distinction of being relegated from the Premiership in two successive seasons. Following relegation, Quashie was allowed to leave in the January 2007 transfer window as he expressed a wish to return to the Premier League and manager, Tony Mowbray, wanted to raise some revenue to bring in new players. West Ham United
Quashie became Alan Curbishley's second signing of the transfer window when he joined West Ham United on a three-and-a-half-year contract for an initial fee of £1.5 million, rising to £1.75 million after West Ham successfully avoided relegation in the 2006–07 season. Curbishley explained that he had signed Quashie "...because he is an experienced player who will add


title: Nigel Quashie

texts:
 England set-up but I would consider playing for Scotland." Quashie switched his allegiance to Scotland and made his international debut against Estonia in May 2004. Quashie thus became only the second black player to represent Scotland (after Andrew Watson in 1881) and the third non white person (after Paul Wilson in 1975). He scored in his second game, a 4–1 win over Trinidad and Tobago, a few days later.Berti Vogts said of him, "<mask> is a fantastic player and a real leader on the pitch. He feels so Scottish and that's great." In total Quashie made 14 appearances for Scotland, scoring one goal. Career statistics

Club

International appearances

International goals
Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first. See also
List of Scotland international footballers born outside Scotland
List of sportspeople who competed for more than one nation

References

External links

<mask>e profile at whufc.com (West Ham United official website)

1978 births
People from Nunhead
Footballers from the London Borough of Southwark
Living people
Scottish footballers
Scotland international footballers
English footballers
England under-21 international footballers
England B international footballers
British sportspeople of Ghanaian descent
Scottish people of Ghanaian descent
Scottish people of English descent
English people of Scottish descent
English sportspeople of Ghanaian descent
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Portsmouth F.C.players
Southampton F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players
<mask>shie
Nigel Quashie
Premier League players
English Football League players
Expatriate footballers in Iceland
Black British sportspeople
Association football midfielders
Sportspeople of African descent
Association

masks:
Nigel
Nigel Quashi
Nigel Qua


title: Bob King (labor leader)

texts:
<mask> (born August 18, 1946) is an American lawyer and labor union activist and leader. He was elected President of the United Auto Workers (UAW) on June 15, 2010. His term of office ended in June 2014, and <mask> announced his retirement, being succeeded by Dennis Williams as head of the UAW. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Michigan in 1946. His father, William J<mask>, Sr. was director of industrial relations at Ford Motor Company. He graduated from University of Detroit Jesuit High School in 1964.He attended College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, and studied religion and philosophy before transferring to the University of Michigan. He graduated from Michigan with a bachelor's degree in political science in 1968. While in college, he worked during the summer at automobile assembly plants owned by General Motors and Chrysler. From 1968 to 1970, <mask> served in the United States Army in South Korea. <mask> earned a Juris Doctor from the University of Detroit Law School in 1973. Career
<mask> was employed full-time by Ford in 1970, taking a position in the Detroit Parts Depot where he became a member of UAW Local 600. He became an electrician's apprentice in 1972.Union leadership
<mask> rose steadily and quickly in the leadership of Local 600. Local 600 (which represented workers at the gigantic Ford River Rouge Complex) was once the largest local union in the UAW and one of the largest local unions in the world, and had a long history of

masks:
Robert Thompson King
King
Bob King
. King
King
King
King
Bob King


title: Bob King (labor leader)

texts:
 being one of the most liberal unions in the UAW. <mask> was elected vice president of Local 600 in 1981, and president of the 17,000-member local in 1984. After winning re-election in 1987, <mask> was named chair of the UAW-Ford Negotiating Committee, which bargained the company-wide master contract at Ford Motor Company. He bargained with Ford alongside future UAW president Stephen Yokich. While president of Local 600, <mask> expanded the union's membership into areas outside the automotive industry. In the 1980s, he led Local 600 in organizing 1,000 health care workers.He served as the chair of the UAW constitutional amendments committee at the 1983 and 1986 UAW conventions. In June 1989, <mask> was elected to the first of what would become three three-year terms as Director of Region 1A, a UAW administrative unit that covered most of Monroe, Washtenaw, and Wayne counties in Michigan. In 1990, he helped co-found and later co-chaired the Labor/Management Council for Economic Renewal, a non-profit organization made up of small businesses and local unions which exchanged information on best business practices. <mask> ran for UAW vice president in 1994, but did not win. During the 1995-1997 Detroit newspaper strike, <mask> engaged in acts of civil disobedience and was arrested three times between 1996 and 1997. UAW organizing efforts
In November 1997, <mask> was assigned to oversee the union's National Organizing Department, a position created especially for

masks: King King King King King King King


title: Bob King (labor leader)

texts: him.<ref>"UAW Creates New Post," Newsday, November 14, 1997; Diary," Cleveland Plain Dealer, November 15, 1997; "New UAW Post Targets Increase in Membership," Dallas Morning News, November 16, 1997.</ref> UAW members approved making the position an elected vice president in June 1998, and <mask> was elected that year.Sherefkin, "UAW Organizing Drive to Target Suppliers," Crain's Detroit Business, June 22, 1998. It was the first new vice presidency created in many years.During his four-year tenure in this latter position, <mask> pushed the UAW to organize retail workers at Kmart, casino workers; state, county, and local government employees; and graduate student teaching and research assistants.Serwach, "UAW Loses Fight With Kmart in Canton After Wins Elsewhere," Crain's Detroit Business, May 24, 1999. Yokich defended <mask>'s outreach to these nontraditional constituencies of the UAW. <mask> also established six regional organizing centers to help devolve responsibility for organizing closer to the worksite. By November 2000, he had led organizational drives which added about 50,000 new members to the union. By 2001, more than 22,000 state government workers in Michigan belonged to the UAW, as did some 15,000 graduate student workers. More than 20,000 of the 60,000 new members the UAW organized between 2002 and 2006 worked outside the automotive industry. Under his leadership, the UAW organized another 6,000 new members between 2006 and 2009.But his organizing drives

masks: King King King King


title: Bob King (labor leader)

texts: also saw some major setbacks, such as when Nissan workers in Tennessee rejected UAW representation 2-to-1 in what was seen as a major setback for the union in its Southern organizing effort. Another loss came at Freightliner in North Carolina, and a major organizing effort at Mercedes-Benz never resulted in an election. The union did make organizing headway among auto parts suppliers, however. During his tenure at the head of the UAW National Organizing Department, <mask> extensively utilized card check, employer neutrality agreements, and collective bargaining clauses that provided for card check, employer neutrality, and/or expedited representation elections overseen by a neutral third party in plants newly opened by the employer. The UAW's aggressive use of these types of agreements led to two challenges before the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). Workers at two companies organized by the UAW under card-check and neutrality agreements, Metaldyne and Dana Corporation, sought to have the UAW ousted as the labor representative at their respective plants. The NLRB consolidated the two cases, and in Dana Corporation, 351 NLRB No.28 (September 29, 2007), the Board significantly amended its existing policy so that, if an employer voluntarily recognizes the union a card check agreement, workers do not have to wait the required 45 days before petitioning the NLRB for decertification of the union. The decision was declared highly significant by both right-to-work


title: Bob King (labor leader)

texts:
 advocates and labor unions, even though it only applied to future card check campaigns and did not affect the workers at Dana Corp. or Metaldyne. <mask> won re-election as vice president in 2002.Garsten, "Ron Gettelfinger Elected to Lead UAW," Associated Press, June 5, 2002. In addition to his organizing duties, he was also appointed head of the UAW's Competitive Shop/Independents, Parts and Suppliers (IPS) Department, which assisted members and local unions in the auto parts and automotive supply industries. <mask> was elected to a third term as vice president in 2006.Durbin, "UAW President to Seek Another Term at Convention in Las Vegas," Associated Press, December 6, 2005; Maynard, "U.A.W. President Elected for Another 4 Years," New York Times, June 15, 2006. Under UAW rules, vice presidents are appointed to run departments of the union only after they have been re-elected (which prevents candidates for campaigning based on the fact that they will run this department or that one).<mask> was in the running to oversee both the General Motors division and the Ford division, but was appointed by President Gettelfinger to lead the Ford unit. Newly elected Vice President Terry Thurman replaced <mask> as head of the National Organizing Department, and Vice President Jimmy Settles replaced him as head of the IPS Department. Negotiator with Ford during automotive crisis
<mask> confronted major financial crises at Ford Motor Co. during his leadership of the Ford Department,

masks: King King King King King


title: Bob King (labor leader)

texts: and negotiated several agreements with the automaker during a three-year period. <mask> adopted a much more conciliatory tone toward Ford in his first public speech as head of the department. In August 2006, he led negotiations which led to Ford offering its unionized hourly employees buyouts worth tens of thousands of dollars per employee. A year later, he led the team which renegotiated the union's four-year collective bargaining agreement with Ford. The press called the negotiations "historic" because the company agreed not to close some of its plants, promised to invest in its remaining plants to ensure they will remain open, was permitted to establish a two-tier wage system (which established a much smaller $14-an-hour wage for new hires), and moved $22 billion in retiree health care obligations to a new union-run voluntary employee beneficiary association (VEBA).Members of the UAW voted overwhelmingly to ratify the agreement, 79 percent to 21 percent. With the onset of the automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010, however, <mask> was forced to go back to the bargaining table in an attempt to help save Ford Motor Co. from bankruptcy. <mask> helped negotiate another wave of buyouts in January 2008. But the total number of workers taking the buyouts were only half the 8,000 workers Ford had hoped for (largely because workers worried they would not find employment in the bad job market). Nonetheless, <mask> had negotiated contracts which had helped Ford cut 40


title: Bob King (labor leader)

texts:
 percent of its workforce since 2005. The UAW agreed to more buyouts in September 2008. In February 2009, <mask> led the UAW team in negotiating a historic agreement which allowed Ford to make up to 50 percent of its required payment into the VEBA using common stock in lieu of cash.Johnson and Krisher, "UAW Official: 2nd Ford Local Approves Concessions," Associated Press, March 2, 2009.The agreement also froze wages, cut or eliminated non-base-wage cash bonuses, eliminated pay for laid-off workers, and required workers to take a two-week unpaid furlough or give up their matching pension contribution. Run for president of the UAW
In the mid-1980s, <mask> was being called one of the "bright young hopes for the future" and a "militant ... up-and comer" by the press. For expanding the union's membership base outside the automotive industry, he was called a "leader to watch in the coming decade", and frequently mentioned as a possible successor to UAW President Stephen Yokich.Serwach, "Potential Leaders Have Pros, Cons," Crain's Detroit Business, February 14, 2000. <mask> appeared to be setting up for a run in 2002 when he began criticizing retiring UAW President Stephen Yokich for being too friendly with employers and creating a strong union bureaucracy rather than a strong union. But in November 2001, Ron Gettelfinger announced he was a candidate for president of the union, and <mask> ran for re-election on Gettelfinger's slate. Gettelfinger announced in March 2009 that


title: Bob King (labor leader)

texts: he would not seek a third term as UAW president, leading some news outlets to declare <mask> one of his possible successors. Shortly thereafter, <mask> began stepping up his criticism of the three largest American automakers.He had particularly harsh words for General Motors, because it took aid from the federal government and yet still closed plants and because it said it would import vehicles from overseas to meet U.S. demand. As <mask> considered running for the presidency of the UAW, Ford asked for a third round of concessionary negotiations in May 2009. Ford Motor Co. was worried that General Motors and Chrysler had won largers concessions from the UAW, concessions which were not important now but which might give these automakers a competitive advantage in the future. <mask> refused to negotiate immediately, and did not begin talking with Ford executives until August 2009. During these talks, Ford sought changes in work rules, a ban on strikes during the life of the contract, and the imposition of yet another two-tier wage system for new hires. A tentative agreement was reached on October 13, 2009, that froze wages for entry level workers, limited but did not eliminate the union's right to strike, required Ford to commit to production levels at existing plants, and required Ford to give workers a $1,000 cash bonus in March 2010. But significant opposition to the new agreement broke out among the UAW members at Ford.Despite extensive efforts by <mask> to secure


title: Bob King (labor leader)

texts: ratification of the deal, UAW members rejected the contract roughly 70 percent to 30 percent. Gettelfinger said the rejection of the contract was a personal reflection of his leadership, and did not reflect on <mask>'s leadership or negotiating skills. Gettelfinger then imposed the contract on UAW members by invoking a seldom-used provision of the UAW's constitution. On December 10, 2009, just a month after the Ford contract was rejected, <mask> announced he would run for the presidency of the UAW. There were some concerns voiced in the press about <mask>'s viability as a candidate, since the UAW had lost 40 percent of its membership in the past eight years (18 percent since 2008),Snavely, "Challenges Await <mask> as UAW Head," Detroit Free Press, June 13, 2010. and had seen its assets shrink by $69 million (5.8 percent) since 2008. Although the rules of the political caucus that nominated <mask> require union officers to retire after reaching the age of 65, the 63-year-old King ran anyway even though this meant he could serve only a single term. <mask> was opposed by Gary Walkowicz, a member from King's former Local 600."Ford Worker in Long-Shot Bid for UAW Presidency," Associated Press, June 10, 2010. It was the first time since 1992 that there had been a contest for the presidency of the UAW. <mask> won the race for President of the UAW on June 15, 2010. The vote was 2,115 to 74, giving <mask> a winning margin of 97 percent of the vote.Snavely, "UAW's <mask>

masks:
King
King
King
King
King
King
Bob King
King
Bob King


title: Bob King (labor leader)

texts:
 Expected to Give Union Spark," Detroit Free Press, June 17, 2010. One newspaper reporter described <mask> as an effective organizer and a "fiery" public speaker. <mask> said he would pursue an agenda of "equality of gain" under which financially recovered automakers would share their economic gains with workers.Krisher, "Union Leader: Workers Must Gain If Autos Recover," Associated Press, May 11, 2010; Bunkley, "U.A.W. Wants to Share in Big 3's Gains After Years of Pain," New York Times, May 13, 2010.The UAW's contracts the Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors all expire in 2011. <mask> also said he would seek to roll back some of the concessions the union had made in the past four years, and engage in extensive organizing to rebuild the union's membership. According to Bernie Ricke, president of Local 600, <mask> is a firm believer in Social Movement Unionism, a philosophy that argues unions should form and promote broad coalitions to seek greater social and economic justice. Retirement
Traditionally, no one over the age of 65 runs for president of the UAW. Since <mask> was 67 years old, he declined to run for re-election in 2014 and will retire. Other positions
<mask> is a member of the NAACP, the Democratic Party, and the Coalition of Labor Union Women. He has also served as a national vice president of the Muscular Dystrophy Association.<mask> is also a committed human rights activist. He led a group of union officials to El Salvador in 1989 to monitor elections


title: Bob King (labor leader)

texts:
 there,Snavely, "<mask>'s Activist Roots Go Deep," Detroit Free Press, June 13, 2010. and he has participated in protests at the School of the Americas, a United States Department of Defense facility at Fort Benning near Columbus, Georgia, which many accuse of training Latin American soldiers and officers in techniques later used to commit human rights violations.Walsh, "SOA Watch: City Prepares for Protesters," Columbus Ledger-Enquirer, November 14, 2004. Personal life
<mask> married Moe Fitzsimons, and the couple have five children, of which two were adopted from South Korea. References

Bibliography
Akre, Brian A. " Strikes to Dominate UAW Convention." Associated Press. June 21, 1998.Aguilar, Louis. "<mask> Wins UAW Presidency." Detroit News. June 17, 2010. Aguilar, Louis. "Passion, Pragmatism Drive UAW's King." Detroit News.June 11, 2010. Aguilar, Louis. "UAW Dissident Will Seek Union Presidency." Detroit News. June 10, 2010. Aguilar, Louis. "UAW Won't Try to Reach New Deal."Detroit News. November 3, 2009. Atkins, Kimberly. " National Labor Relations Board Draws Union Ire." Lawyers USA. November 19, 2007. Barkholz, David."Business-Labor Partnerships Grow Amid Some Skepticism." Crain's Detroit Business. November 29, 1993. Braunstein, Janet. "Bieber: Workers Gave Ford Its Success." Associated Press. June 10, 1987.Bunkley, Nick. "New Autoworkers Leader Hopes to Revitalize Union." New York Times. June 16, 2010. Bunkley, Nick. "Next Chief Is Nominated for a Troubled

masks:
King
King
Bob King


title: Bob King (labor leader)

texts: Michael. "Gettelfinger Outlines Goals." Detroit Free Press. June 16, 2006. Evanoff, Ted. "UAW Chief Could Use a Gore Win." Indianapolis Star.November 4, 2000. "Ford Deal Overwhelmingly Approved by UAW." Buffalo Business First. November 14, 2007. "Ford Mustang Plan." Reuters. August 20, 1987."Ford Worker in Long-Shot Bid for UAW Presidency." Associated Press. June 10, 2010. Gallagher, John. "GM, DC May Opt to Change Suppliers." Detroit Free Press. June 14, 2002.Gallagher, John. "Next UAW Leader Looks For Growth." Detroit Free Press. November 9, 2001. Gallagher, John. "UAW's Chief Defends Daimler." Detroit Free Press.April 6, 2001. Gardner, Greg and Snavely, Brent. "<mask>ised to Take Helm of UAW." Detroit Free Press. December 12, 2009. Garsten, Ed. "Gettelfinger to Run for UAW Leader."Associated Press. November 8, 2001. Garsten, Ed. "Ron Gettelfinger Elected to Lead UAW." Associated Press. June 5, 2002. Garsten, Ed."UAW Reports Progress in Organizing Workers at Supplier's Plants." Associated Press. August 6, 2002. Gittell, Jody Hoffer. High Performance Healthcare: Using the Power of Relationships to Achieve Quality, Efficiency and Resilience. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009. Gould, William B.A Primer on American Labor Law. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, 2004. Grant, Alison. "NLRB Reviewing Unions' Strategy." Cleveland Plain Dealer. June 12, 2004.Haglund, Rick. "UAW Expanding Membership Beyond Autoworkers." Newhouse News Service. May 2, 2001. Hakim, Danny. "Big Loss at


title: Bob King (labor leader)

texts: Nissan Seems to Undercut U.A.W. Objectives."New York Times. October 5, 2001. Higgins, James V. "Gettelfinger Quickly Shows Companies UAW Means Business." Detroit News. June 16, 2002. Higgins, Tim. "An Uncertain Future."Detroit Free Press. March 20, 2009. Hoffman, Bryce G. "Ford Offers Richer Buyouts." Detroit News. January 24, 2008. Hoffman, Bryce G. "Ford Union Workers Protest Contract Deal." Detroit News.October 23, 2009. Hoffman, Bryce G. "<mask>erges As Next UAW Chief." Detroit News. December 12, 2009. Hoffman, Bryce G. "UAW-Ford Deal Saves Some Plants From Closure." Detroit News. November 3, 2007.Hoffman, Bryce G. "UAW, Ford Sign Contract." Detroit News. December 4, 2007. Hoffman, Bryce G. "UAW, Heads of Ford Locals Talk." Detroit News. August 6, 2009. Hoffman, Bryce G. "UAW Vice President Criticizes GM Plan."Detroit News. May 7, 2009. Hoffman, Bryce G. "UAW Vote May Hurt Ford, Region." Detroit News. November 2, 2009. Hoffman, Bryce G.; Clanton, Brett; and Terlep, Sharon. "UAW Chiefs Warm to More Ford Buyouts."Detroit News. August 30, 2006. Hoffman, Bryce G. and Valcourt, Josee. "Leadership Change Looms." Detroit News. June 9, 2006. Holland, Jesse J."NLRB Sets Window for Decertification." USA Today. October 2, 2007. Howes, Daniel. "Workers May Derail Ford." Detroit News. October 27, 2009.Hudson, Mike. "Gettelfinger Puts Priority on Health Care." Detroit News. June 20, 2003. Johnson, Kimberly S. "UAW Bristles As Ford Seeks Further Concessions." Associated Press.


title: Bob King (labor leader)

texts: Charles E. "Supplier to Let UAW Recruit." Detroit News. October 15, 2003. Sedgwick, David."UAW Targets Auto Suppliers." Automotive News. December 21, 1998. Serwach, Joseph. "Potential Leaders Have Pros, Cons." Crain's Detroit Business. February 14, 2000.Serwach, Joseph. "UAW Loses Fight With Kmart in Canton After Wins Elsewhere." Crain's Detroit Business. May 24, 1999. Serwach, Joseph. "Waiting in the Wings." Crain's Detroit Business.February 14, 2000. Shepardson, David. "UAW Reaches Health Care Trust Fund Deal With Ford." Detroit News. February 24, 2009. Sherefkin, Robert. "UAW Organizing Drive to Target Suppliers."Crain's Detroit Business. June 22, 1998. Sherefkin, Robert and Ankeny, Robert. "Behind the Scenes, Some Local Labor Leaders Battle." Crain's Detroit Business. October 27, 1997. Siegel, Richard A."Dana Corp., 351 NLRB No. 28 (September 29, 2007)." Memorandum OM 08-07. Office of the General Counsel, National Labor Relations Board. October 22, 2007. Accessed 2010-06-18. Siegel, Suzanne."Bonior Arrested at Rally." Detroit Free Press. July 12, 1997. Snavely, Brent. "Challenges Await King as UAW Head." Detroit Free Press. June 13, 2010.Snavely, Brent. "Ford Seeks New Union Talks." Detroit Free Press. May 7, 2009. Snavely, Brent. "Ford UAW Leaders Get Local Input." Detroit Free Press.August 6, 2009. Snavely, Brent. "<mask> Excels at Strategy, Innovation." Detroit Free Press. March 14, 2010. Snavely, Brent. "King's Activist Roots Go Deep."Detroit Free Press. June