title: Jessica Yatrofsky

texts:
 City. In 2017 <mask> was awarded a residency with the Institut für Alles Mögliche in Berlin, Germany where she curated group exhibitions with Brooklyn-based collectives Alt Esc and NY Fem Factory. In 2018 the Colorado Photographic Arts Center included Yatrofsky's work in the group exhibition “Role Reversal” alongside artist Lissa Rivera in Denver, Colorado. Yatrofsky's art collective NY Fem Factory was part of PULSE Miami Beach 2018 “Projects” Series. The installation titled “NY FEM FACTORY x JESSICA YATROFSKY Presents Pink Privacy” included the works of poet Elaine Khan and recording artist Drum & Lace.Filmography

 2009: Sun in My Mouth
 2010: Photography, A History of Masturbation
 2011: Emily Mortimer for Brooklyn Magazine
 2013: Prêt-à-Porter Homme - Printemps-Eté 2014 for Jean Paul Gaultier
 2014: Flowers and Balloons for Bent Van Loovy
 2014: Shaun Ross x <mask>ky
 2016: Laura Siegel SS16
 2017: Laura Siegel FW17 for Vogue Runway

Collections
<mask>'s work is part of the permanent collection with the Leslie Lohman Museum of Gay and Lesbian Art and with the Museum of Sex in New York City. Bibliography
 I Heart Boy, Powerhouse Books, 2010. I Heart Girl, Powerhouse Books, 2015. Pink Privacy, Conveyor Editions, 2016. References

External links
 New York Magazine
 The New York Times
 Daniel Cooney Fine Art
 Cosmopolitan
 These Women Are Stripping Down To Challenge Traditional Ideas About Gender (NSFW)
 ELLE Magazine
 Interview Magazine
 Dazed and Confused
 Foley Gallery
 Leslie Lohman Museum for Gay and Lesbian Art
 WATT
 i-D Magazine
 Kontorprojects
 Christian Berst Art Brut
 Gallery Koll
 Vasli Souza
 Third Space
 Brooklyn Magazine

Living people
American photographers
1981 births
American women photographers
People from East Brunswick, New Jersey
American women artists
Artists from New

masks:
Yatrofsky
Jessica Yatrofs
Yatrofsky


title: Shane Williams

type: original

texts:
<mask>,  (born 26 February 1977) is a Welsh rugby union player most famous for his long and successful tenure as a wing for the Ospreys and the Wales national team. He also played scrum-half on occasion. <mask> is the record try scorer for Wales, and is fourth on the international list of leading rugby union test try scorers behind Daisuke Ohata, Bryan Habana and David Campese. He is Wales's most capped winger and is considered to be one of the greatest wingers of all time. In 2008, <mask> was selected as the World Rugby Player of the Year, then known as the IRB Player of the Year. Since his retirement from international rugby in 2012, <mask> has worked as a presenter on S4C's Six Nations rugby programme Y Clwb Rygbi Rhyngwladol, and as a pundit on BBC, ITV and Channel 4 broadcasts as well as third party shows such as "Inside Welsh Rugby", commenting on the grassroots of Welsh rugby. <mask> was selected to the Barbarians squad that played Wales in June 2012.It was originally planned to be his last appearance as a player, but he shortly thereafter signed a one-year contract to play in Japan with Mitsubishi Sagamihara DynaBoars in June 2012. <mask> was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for services to rugby. <mask> extended his stay in Japan several times, taking on a role as player-coach and turning down an offer from French Top 14 side Toulon in the process. Before finally announcing he would be returning home at the end of the 2014–15 Japanese Top League season. In November 2016, <mask> was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame during opening ceremonies for the Hall's first physical home in Rugby, Warwickshire. Early life

<mask> was born in Morriston in Swansea, but grew up in Glanamman in the Amman Valley. He picked up his first rugby ball while still in primary school, and was always small for his age, even going into secondary school at

masks:
Shane Mark Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams


title: Shane Williams

texts:
 Amman Valley Comprehensive School (now Ysgol Dyffryn Aman).Told that he was too small to play rugby, <mask> took up football instead, playing for Cwmamman United A.F.C. ; in his first appearance for the club's junior team, <mask> had to play in goal as no one else would volunteer to take the position. <mask>' former junior football coach, Alun Rees, remembers him as a "superb goalkeeper", but notes that he could also play outfield. <mask> played for Cwmamman United up to the senior level, while only playing rugby sporadically, and admits that, at the time, football was "[his] main sport". However, on the day of Cwmamman United's cup final, <mask> was invited to play rugby with his friends at Amman United RFC; Amman United ended up winning by 82 points, with <mask> scoring five tries. Club career
<mask> started his junior career as a scrum-half at Amman United he joined Neath as a second-choice scrum-half. However, it became apparent to Lyn Jones, Neath's then-coach, that <mask> simply could not be left out of the side, and placed him on the right wing, opposite Delme <mask> on the left.However, Delme <mask> had shown a tendency not to kick and chase the ball, resulting in him and <mask> swapping wings. When it came to <mask> signing his first professional contract with Neath, Amman United demanded a transfer fee for him, resulting in negotiations between the two clubs. Nevertheless, <mask> eventually signed for Neath on a contract worth approximately £7,500 per annum, equivalent to his wage at the local Job Centre where he was working part-time. In his final Ospreys match at the Liberty Stadium he finished his career there in a similar style as he did with Wales scoring a try past the 80-minute mark and converted his own try for his final bow at the Liberty. <mask> then, in his last game of professional club rugby, scored 2 tries for the Ospreys in the PRO12 final 30–31 win against Leinster. This

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Shane Williams Williams Williams


title: Shane Williams

texts:
 included one in the 78th minute to give Dan Biggar what proved to be the winning conversion. <mask> planned to retire from rugby and join Ospreys' backroom staff, but received an offer to play one season in Japan with Mitsubishi Sagamihara DynaBoars, in the second division of the Japanese league system.The Ospreys gave him their blessing for the move, and he took up his staff role with that club upon the expiry of his Japanese contract. He officially retired from playing at the end of the 2013/14 season, although he returned to play for his home village club, Amman United during the 2016 – 2017 season, including a try-scoring appearance in the 2017 WRU Bowl final at the Millennium Stadium. He now works as a commentator and pundit. International career
<mask> was awarded his first cap for Wales by Graham Henry as a replacement against France in the 2000 Six Nations season, he was three weeks short of his 23rd birthday and weighed a little over 11 stone. He scored in his first full start for Wales with a try against Italy in the same Six Nations tournament and went on to score a total of 60 international tries (58 for Wales, 2 for the British & Irish Lions). <mask> is also Wales' record try scorer in Six Nations Championships with 22 and Wales' record try scorer in Rugby World Cups with 10. In addition, he has scored six tries for the Lions in tour games, five of which were in one game.He suffered a series of hamstring injuries in 2002 and did not often figure in Steve Hansen's squad. He considered quitting rugby entirely at this time. He was taken to the 2003 Rugby World Cup in Australia as a third choice scrum half. He was selected in the final group game against New Zealand as Wales made numerous changes to their starting fifteen. It was in this game and the following against England that he really showed his world class potential and ensured that he would be a first choice winger for Wales from

masks: Williams Williams Williams


title: Shane Williams

texts: this point onwards. He was part of the Grand Slam-winning Wales side in the 2005 Six Nations Championship, where he scored tries against Italy, Scotland, and most famously England, the try that helped them achieve a famous 11–9 victory that got their campaign underway. He was then selected to the British & Irish Lions for their 2005 New Zealand tour.On 28 June, he equalled a single-game Lions record by scoring five tries in a tour match against Manawatu. In the summer of 2007, <mask> underwent elbow and shoulder surgery and missed the tour of Australia. However, he did return in time to play the last Rugby World Cup warm up game against France. During the 2007 Rugby World Cup, <mask> earned his 50th cap against Japan. He scored two tries in that match, temporarily putting him on top of the 2007 Rugby World Cup try-scoring table with a total of five tries. The tries also put him above Ieuan Evans on the all-time Wales try scoring list, trailing only Gareth Thomas at that time. His try against France in their 2008 Six Nations Championship decider on 15 March 2008 placed him joint eighth on the all-time test try scoring list with Thomas, and surpassed Thomas on the all-time Wales try scoring list.He participated in a second Grand Slam win with Wales in the 2008 Six Nations Championship, when he scored tries against Scotland (twice), Italy (twice), Ireland, and France, breaking the record on the all-time Wales try scoring list in the championship's final match against France, when he scored his 41st try for Wales. This try resulted in his father <mask> winning £25,000 from a £50 bet placed almost 10 years previously that he'd one day become Wales' leading try scorer. His performances in the Six Nations led to him being named the player of the tournament. On 23 November 2008, <mask> became the first Welshman to be named IRB Player of the Year, beating fellow Welshman Ryan Jones, New Zealand's Dan Carter,

masks:
Williams
Williams
Mark Williams
Williams


title: Shane Williams

texts: Scotland captain Mike Blair, and Italy captain Sergio Parisse. On 7 December 2008, he won the BBC Cymru Wales Sports Personality of the Year, seeing off the competition of Tom James, David Roberts, Geraint Thomas and runners up Joe Calzaghe and Nicole Cooke. In his first 2009 Six Nations game against Scotland he scored his 45th test try to take him above Jeff Wilson on the all-time leading try scorers list to sixth. During the game he received an ankle injury and was taken off the pitch.Following the injury he missed the next game against England, but would start for Wales' third game against France. In the fourth game of the championship, <mask> scored Wales' opening try against Italy to take himself to equal fifth on the all-time leading try scorers list. On 21 April 2009, <mask> was named as a member of the British & Irish Lions for the 2009 tour to South Africa. <mask> missed out on a starting place in the first two Tests but was selected to play in the final Test where he produced a man-of-the-match winning performance and scored two tries that contributed to the 28–9 victory over the Springboks. On 21 November 2009, <mask> scored two tries in Wales' comfortable 33–16 win over Argentina in the Millennium Stadium, taking his international try tally to 50. On 13 February 2010, <mask> scored the winning try against Scotland in Cardiff, completing a remarkable Welsh comeback. Wales trailed 24–14 with 4 minutes remaining in the game, and <mask>' try on the last play of the game took the final score to 31–24 to Wales.It was <mask>' 49th international try for Wales (51st in all internationals), and his 18th in the Six Nations, equalling the record by a Welshman in the tournament, held by Gareth Edwards. On 26 February 2010, <mask> again scored in the final minute in the 26–20 loss to France. This score handed him sole position of tries scored by a Welshman in the tournament with 19 tries for his

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams


title: Shane Williams

texts:
 country. He would subsequently increase his Six Nations tally to 22 tries. He was a part of the 2011 Rugby World Cup squad in New Zealand and scored three tries. One of them being scored in the quarter final against Ireland in Wellington. Wales reached the semi-finals.<mask> stated that he would retire from playing for Wales after the 2011 Rugby World Cup but later decided to play against Australia on 3 December 2011. <mask>' last Wales match ended in him scoring a final try to round off his glittering career. He scored his 58th try with the very last touch of his international career in added time as the game finished 24–18 to Australia. He said that wearing the Welsh jersey was the "best feeling ever". In 2013 <mask> was heading out to Australia to commentate on the British & Irish Lions test games. On 15 June 2013, <mask> was called up to the Lions squad to face the ACT Brumbies. Personal life
In August 2005, a holiday to Cyprus made the headlines when <mask> was erroneously held over an assault.The police lost his passport; his lawyer described the whole incident as a "total stitch-up"; and on his return to the United Kingdom, <mask> suggested that he should have spent his holiday in Tenby instead. On 23 December 2005, <mask> married his childhood sweetheart, Gail Branwen Lacey, whom he had met at Amman Valley School 14 years previously, at Twyn Church in Garnant. The couple's first daughter, Georgie, was born on 7 November 2006. The couple later had a son, Carter, born 11 July 2009. Points record

Statistics as of 3 May 2008, taken from the official site of the Ospreys, as of 22 April 2012 taken from the official site of the Welsh Rugby Union and the British & Irish Lions. Television appearances
<mask> has appeared numerous times in Welsh language television programmes on S4C. He was green gunged with swimmer David Davies in the Crawfr children's television programme and in 2011 has appeared


title: Shane Williams

texts:
 in Clwb Rygbi Shane.In 2012, <mask> made a cameo appearance as himself in an episode of the UK TV comedy drama Stella. In February 2012, <mask> joined the team of BBC Wales pundits, covering the Six Nations. In 2012 he had a TV appearance on BBC2 showing his careers beginning with his gymnastics in Amman Valley School where he was played by 15-year-old Jonathan Coleman. He proceeded to give Jonathan a signed shirt for him taking his time to perform for the film crew for his television programme. As part of a job-swap documentary for Irish television broadcast on 1 March 2017, <mask> trained for and played Gaelic football for Glenswilly; in return, Michael Murphy was sent to train with French rugby club Clermont Auvergne. <mask> scored four points (three from play) on his debut for the club in January, playing as full forward. He continued to maintain the links he had established with the club.BBC One Wales aired a documentary in 2017 called <mask> – For the love of the game. This documentary followed <mask> as he went to work with his family firm, tried new sports and attempted to build a life without rugby. References

External links
<mask>' details on the Ospreys website
Wales profile
Scrum.com's page
Yahoo Sports page
Rick O'Shea visits <mask>'s home club – TV segment on his early days with Amman United RFC

1977 births
Living people
Barbarian F.C. players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Wales
British expatriates in Japan
Expatriate rugby union players in Japan
Gaelic football forwards
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Mitsubishi Sagamihara DynaBoars players
Neath RFC players
Ospreys (rugby union) players
People educated at Ysgol Dyffryn Aman
Rugby union players from Morriston
Rugby union wings
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh expatriate rugby union players
Welsh Gaelic footballers
World Rugby Awards winners
World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees
World Rugby

masks:
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Shane
Williams
Shane Williams
Shane Williams


title: Luis Almagro

texts:
<mask> (; born June 1, 1963) is a Uruguayan lawyer, diplomat, and politician who currently serves as the 10th Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS). He also served as Minister of Foreign Affairs between 2010 and 2015 during the presidency of José Mujica. Background and earlier life
<mask> was born June 1, 1963, in Cerro Chato/Paysandu, Uruguay. <mask> studied at the University of the Republic in Montevideo, where he earned his law degree. During his 23-year career with the Uruguayan Foreign Ministry, <mask> represented Uruguay in the Islamic Republic of Iran (1991–1996), in Germany (1998–2003), as well as serving as Ambassador to China (2007–2010). He is fluent in Spanish, English, and French. In the 2014 general election, <mask> was elected to the Senate of Uruguay.He later resigned to take the position of OAS Secretary General. <mask> has seven children. Foreign Minister of Uruguay
During <mask>'s time as Foreign Minister (2010–2015), Uruguay drew global recognition for a small South American country as they were the largest per capita contributor to UN peacekeeping forces  as well as secured Uruguay's successful election seat to the UN Security Council. <mask> also supported efforts on the restoration of relations between Cuba and the US. <mask>'s commitment to human rights extended to domestic affairs as demonstrated by the active role in the repeal of the 1986 Expiry Law, which granted amnesty for crimes and human rights abuses committed during the civic-military dictatorship between 1973 and 1985, and actively supported prosecutions for these crimes. A lawyer, <mask> was a member of the Executive Committee that drafted the groundbreaking legislation regulating the possession, growth, and distribution of marijuana in Uruguay in 2013. Uruguay is the first country in the world to introduce legislation of its kind.He also represented Uruguay

masks:
Luis Leonardo Almagro Lemes
Luis Almagro
Almagro
Almagro
Almagro
Almagro
Almagro
Almagro
Almagro
Almagro


title: Luis Almagro

texts:
 at the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), in the suit brought by Philip Morris International against Uruguay for its anti-tobacco policies. After six years, ICSID ruled in favor of Uruguay. Also responsible for trade, <mask> also played a key role in expanding and diversifying Uruguay market access, raising exports each year of his term. A key focus was opening up non-traditional markets to Uruguayan exporters, including as securing access to key US markets for Uruguay's citrus fruit. A strong advocate for refugees, <mask> played an integral role in negotiating the transfer of a group of ex-detenidos (former detainees) from Guantanamo Bay detention camp to Uruguay. <mask> also led the process to welcome dozens of Syrian refugees to Uruguay, along with former President Mujica. For this they were listed among Foreign Policy magazine's top Global Thinkers for 2014.<mask> is one of only 10 decision-makers in the region to be awarded this international distinction. In 2018, <mask> was listed 4th in the ranking of top 100 leaders from multilateral organizations. Secretary General of the OAS

Election

<mask> was elected Secretary General of the Organization of American States on March 18, 2015, earning the support of 33 of the 34 Members States, including one abstention. He officially took office on May 26, 2015. <mask>'s first year in office was marked by his outspoken stance on democracy and human rights. His leadership has widely been seen as reinvigorating an Organization. [7]

His election campaign centered on the idea of "More Rights for More People".In addition to four programmatic pillars of democracy, human rights, security and development, he announced a set of new strategic initiatives to achieve this goal including

 The OAS School of Governance to train civil servants and civil society with the tools for transparent and

masks: Almagro Almagro Almagro Almagro Almagro Almagro Almagro


title: Luis Almagro

texts:
 accountable government
 The Inter-American Education System to ensure quality, inclusive, and equitable education
 The Regional System for the Prevention of Social Conflicts to facilitate dialogue between investors, states and communities in key productive sectors. Under the renewed vision, <mask> continues to champion key OAS initiatives including the Inter-American Human Rights System, the Inter-American Judicial Facilitators Program, the MACCIH, and the Mission to Support the Peace Process in Colombia (MAPP), along with electoral cooperation and observation missions as priorities for the organization. Haiti

Following the suspension of the second round of presidential elections on January 24, 2016, President Michel Martelly requested assistance from OAS Secretary General <mask> to facilitate a discussion on finding a way forward. On January 29, an OAS Special Mission travelled to Haiti to assess the situation and help reach an understanding "agreed by Haitians." The Mission engaged in dialogue with key political and civil society stakeholders facilitating a consensus formula for next steps. On February 6, 2016, former President Martelly announced a transitional agreement electing an interim President and confirming a consensus Prime Minister. After the completion of the Mission, the Representative of Haiti to the OAS, Jean Josué Pierre, applauded the OAS, stating that "the Mission not only supported and accompanied the negotiations, but has reestablished the image of the Organization."<mask> has been critical of the slow progress to resolve the political impasse; "It is imperative for Haitian political stakeholders, including Parliamentarians and those provisionally governing the country, to fully assume their responsibilities towards the nation. The interests of the Haitian people must supersede partisan interests." MACCIH

Anticorruption has been a focus from the

masks: Almagro Almagro Almagro


title: Luis Almagro

texts:
 outset of Secretary <mask>'s term. In the spring of 2015, widespread protests erupted when a multi-million corruption scandal involving the Honduran social security system was uncovered by the local media. In August 2015, Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernández invited Secretary General <mask> to Honduras to facilitate a dialogue and response to the protests. <mask> met with government representatives, political parties and civil society on how to end impunity and repair trust between the country's government and its citizens. On January 19, 2016, Secretary General <mask> and the Government of Honduras signed an agreement creating the OAS Mission to Support the Fight against Corruption and Impunity in Honduras (MACCIH).The MACCIH created an international anti-corruption team of investigators and judges to work with Honduran judges, prosecutors and police officers to better investigate and prosecute complex public corruption cases. While the Mission's focus is to investigate cases involving networks of public and private corruption, it will also support reform in four key areas: preventing and fighting corruption, criminal justice reform, political and electoral reform and public security. The first members of the MACCIH arrived in Honduras in April 2016. However in January 2020, the Honduran government dissolved MACCIH after OAS negotiators were unable to secure an agreement with it to renew the body’s mandate. Venezuela

In the lead up to the December 2015 parliamentary elections in Venezuela, Secretary General <mask> sent an 18-page open letter to the president of that country's National Electoral Council (CNE) in which he publicly denounced “the Government's violations of human rights and efforts to undermine the December 2015 elections through the monopolization of the media, interference in the election process, oppression of free assembly and the detention of

masks: Almagro Almagro Almagro Almagro Almagro


title: Luis Almagro

texts: political prisoners″. The letter represented the first open criticism of the Venezuelan government by a senior diplomat from the region. The former president of Uruguay, José Mujica, declares about him : “I regret the direction that you chose to follow and I know it is irreversible, so now, I tell you goodbye”.As the situation in Venezuela deteriorated dramatically after the December elections, in June 2016, Secretary General <mask> released a 114-page report  detailing the deteriorating economic situation and humanitarian crisis. Under article 20, the Secretary General invoked the Inter-American Democratic Charter on the grounds that Venezuela has experienced "an alteration of the constitutional order". Key recommendations from the report include the immediate release of all political prisoners; implementation of the constitutionally mandated recall referendum before the end of 2016; a return to the balance of powers between the Judicial, Executive, and Legislative branches of government; a bi-partisan review of judicial appointments; and, the establishment of an independent body to combat corruption. The Secretary General continues to lead the international community in advocating publicly on behalf of political prisoners and for a return to the constitutional order in Venezuela. On September 23, <mask> expressed dismay at the rules and timetable published by the CNE that further delayed the recall process into 2016, guaranteeing that the ruling party remains in power until the end of the term in 2019. "The recall referendum belongs to the people, and it is up to the CNE to ensure the guarantees for the free expression of the people, instead of curtailing and trying to annul their rights." As the situation in Venezuela worsened, on March 14, 2017, the Secretary General presented an Updated Report on the Situation in Venezuela outlining the further deterioration of

masks: Almagro Almagro


title: Luis Almagro

texts: the conditions in the country, stating that there had been a complete rupture of the democratic order.In the wake of the violent protests during the summer of 2017, the Secretary General published a Third Report on the Situation in Venezuela. In this Report, the Secretary General stated that there was “evidence that pointed to the systematic, tactical and strategic use of murder, imprisonment, torture, rape and other forms of sexual violence” are part of a targeted campaign and systemic policy against those who opposed the government. The OAS General Secretariat was tasked with monitoring further developments in Venezuela and to “specifically look at the individuals and institutions that directly or indirectly enable the use of these repressive tactics and tools” to determine whether crimes against humanity have taken place. A Fourth Report was published detailing the complete elimination of democracy following the establishment of the unconstitutional “National Constituents Assembly” in September 2017. In July 2017, Secretary General <mask> appointed former International Criminal Court (ICC) Prosecutor, <mask> Ocampo as a Special Advisor on Crimes Against Humanity. In this position, Ocampo helped to define and launch an independent and impartial process to assess whether crimes against humanity have taken place in Venezuela. In September 2017, a Panel of Independent International Experts was established to oversee the process including a series of public hearings that were held at OAS Headquarters in Washington, DC in September, October, and November of that year.In May 2018, the Panel of Independent Experts released their report indicating that there are reasonable grounds that satisfy the burden of proof required by Article 52 of the Rome Statue, to believe that crimes against humanity had taken place in Venezuela. Shortly after, Secretary General <mask> formally

masks:
Luis Almagro
Luis Moreno
Almagro


title: Luis Almagro

texts:
 submitted the Report to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, requesting that the Prosecutor open a full investigation into the situation on an urgent basis. During subsequent months, the Secretary General worked diligently to identify a coalition of countries to take the historic step of invoking Article 14 of the Rome Statute and refer the situation in Venezuela to the ICC. On September 26, 2018, Argentina, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Peru formally submitted the Article 14 referral to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. The Secretary General has called upon the international community to consider using all mechanisms available in international law to protect the rights of Venezuelans. This includes, but is not limited to, Responsibility to Protect and International Humanitarian Law. On October 12, 2017, the newly-elected Supreme Tribunal of Justice, were sworn in the OAS Headquarters.The 33 magistrates, elected by the National Assembly in July 2017, were forced to take office in exile due to political persecution, intimidation and threats of being detained by the Maduro dictatorship. As the number of Venezuelans fleeing their country reached precedent-setting numbers, in September 2018, Secretary General <mask> established the Working Group on Crisis of Venezuelan Migrants and Refugees of the OAS, chaired by David Smolansky, to provide “solutions to the exodus of the Venezuelan people – the most visible face of the humanitarian crisis in Venezuela – who can today be found walking through the cities and towns of the Americas looking for the bread they cannot get in their own homeland." Inter-religious dialogue

The initiative "Protecting our Home Common Home: Ensuring more rights for more people in the Americas" is organized through the cooperation of the OAS, the Vatican and the Inter-religious Institute for


title: Luis Almagro

texts:
 Dialogue. The inaugural meeting on September 7–8, 2016, established a Hemispheric Network of Dialogue for the Common Home which creates platform for dialogue between countries of OAS Member States and religious leaders to support reconciliation and the search for solutions to promote peace and stability, in line with Article 2 of the OAS Charter. Nicaragua
In his role as Secretary General, <mask> has been one of the strongest voices defending the principles of democracy and rule of law in the context of the political and human rights crisis in Nicaragua, which has worsened exponentially since April 2018. Led by <mask>, the General Secretariat of the OAS activated different diplomatic and denouncing mechanisms to expose the serious situation that the Central American country faces. A project of electoral reforms was agreed between the General Secretariat of the OAS and the government early in 2017 with the objective of strengthening democratic institutions.While the agreement is currently on hold given the ongoing crisis, Secretary <mask> remains a staunch supporter of mechanisms that would allow for redemocratization, and to achieve justice for the hundreds of Nicaraguan victims. In this context, his good offices made possible the first visit on-site visit of the Inter American Human Rights Commission (CIDH, by its initials in Spanish) in many years, and he approved the creation of the Interdisciplinary Group of Independent Experts (GIEI, by its initials in Spanish) to seek truth and help investigate the crimes committed. Facing an attitude of denial from the government, in December 2018 he announced the activation of article 20 of the Inter American Democratic Charter for Nicaragua. Cuba
On December 7, 2018, under the leadership of Secretary General <mask>, the OAS hosted the first Conference on the Situation of Human Rights in Cuba since the 2009 Resolution lifting

masks: Almagro Almagro Almagro Almagro


title: Luis Almagro

texts:
 conducted by independent statisticians from the University of Pennsylvania among other institutions and published in the New York Times, which initially backed Morales' forced resignation, also found the initial OAS analysis unsubstantiated.<mask> has since defended his actions and appeared supportive of the interim government that has assumed power. Academic activities

<mask> has given special lectures and classes at prestigious academic centers including the University of Oxford, New York University, Georgetown University, Harvard University, Syracuse University, UNAM of Mexico, University of Pennsylvania, Boston College, Cambridge University, and University of the Republic of Uruguay, among others. Awards
2019

“Freedom Flame of Expression” Award by the Center for the Study of Regulations in Telecommunications in Latin America (CERTAL). Americas Society Gold Medal. AJC Champion of Democracy Award by American Jewish Committee (AJC). CHLI Ileana Ros-Lehtinen International Leadership Award by Congressional Hispanic Leadership Institute (CHLI). Global Equality Champion por el Human Rights Campaign.Romulo Betancourt Prize for Democratic Diplomacy por el Human Rights Foundation. Honorary Membership Rotary Club Bethesda-Chevy Chase, by Rotary International, April 2019. 2018

16 de marzo -Recibió el VIII Premio FAES de la Libertad. En honor a la labor de defensa de los valores y la democracia que lleva a cabo el Secretario General de la OEA en América Latina. (España). 12 de abril - Alas de Libertad, Red Liberal de America Latina (RELIAL), in recognition for inspiring others to fight for liberty (WDC)
8 de mayo - Premio al Liderazgo Global 2018 de @YOA_Orchestra (WDC)
15 de mayo - Legislatura de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires lo designa “Turista distinguido”, en el marco de su participación en el G20 Cumbre del Consumidor. (Buenos Aires).20 de julio - Recibe las


title: Luis Almagro

texts:
 llaves de la ciudad de Medley (Florida). 9 de agosto - Recibe la distinción “Referente de la humanidad” por parte de la fundación @FJovenesLideres. (Buenos Aires). 25 de agosto -  Recibe la llaves de la ciudad de Miami de manos del Comisionado de Distrito, Wifredo Gort, en evento organizado por la Cámara de Comercio Uruguayo-Americana. (Florida). 8 de septiembre - Recibe premio de la XV Cumbre Latinoamericana de Marketing Político y Gobernanza en Miami. @cumbre_latino.Se lo dedica a todas las víctimas de abusos de DDHH y de las dictaduras que hay en el hemisferio. 2017

 The Oswaldo Paya Prize, which he should have accepted from Rosa María Payá, Director of the Red Latinoamericana de Jóvenes por la Democracia on February 22 in Havana, Cuba. However, this was not possible because the Cuban government itself prevented him from traveling to Cuba to accept the award. The Rómulo Betancourt Order of Venezuelan Exile, which he accepted in Doral, Florida, on April 13 from the organization Venezolanos Perseguidos Políticos en el Exilio. An award during the XIV Latin American Political Consulting and Governance Summiton April 13 on the Wolfson Campus of Miami Dade College in Florida for his work in defense of democracy and liberty on the continent. The Freedom Award from Freedom House, which he received on April 27 in recognition of his work on behalf of Venezuelan political prisoners. The 2017 Charles T. Manatt Democracy Award, received on October 2 from the International Foundation for Electoral Systems.The Francisco de Miranda Award, received on October 27 for his work defending freedom in the region. The Press Freedom Grand Prize from the Inter-American Press Association, received on October 28. The president of the IAPA, Matt Sanders, said Mr. <mask> received the Prize “for his invaluable defense and promotion of freedom of expression and of the press as the very essence of


title: Luis Almagro

texts:
 democracy, as is recognized by the Inter-American Democratic Charter.”
 The World Peace Prize from the World Jurist Association, received on October 31. Mr. <mask> was also awarded an honorary doctorate from the Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru, on December 7, 2017, for his work to revitalize the OAS, his fight for democracy, and his flagship policy: More rights for more people. 4th place in the Top 100 Leaders List from Multilateral Organisations by Richtopia. 2016

 In Canada he was named one of the 10 most influential Hispanic people, an award that the Canadian Hispanic Business Alliance has given out for the past 10 years. He received the Oswaldo Payá Liberty and Life Prize for his “outstanding efforts in defense of democracy.” The Latin American Youth Network for Democracy announced that Mr. <mask> was awarded the prize for “his coherent response to the political and social junctures through which certain countries experiencing crisis and democratic regression in Latin America are traversing.” The award is given to people or institutions who have stood out for their effective promotion and defense of human rights, life, and democracy.Secretary General <mask> also received an award from the Inter-American Institute for Democracy (IID). Headed by Carlos Alberto Montaner, the IID chose Mr. <mask> as the winner of the 2016 Francisco Miranda Prize for his committed “defense of liberty and democracy in the Americas.”
 The Secretary General was also selected to receive one of the awards bestowed annually by the Ibero-American Association of Communication (ASICOM) at a ceremony in the Paraninfo Hall at the University of Oviedo, Spain. Sergio Jellinek, the Secretary General’s strategic communications adviser, received the award on his behalf. The Secretary General was awarded the 2016 Mark Palmer Prize, which the Community of Democracies gives to diplomats


title: Luis Almagro

texts:
 or international officials in recognition of their work to strengthen democracy and promote human rights. He was also the recipient of the TIC-Americas 2016 “Entrepreneur of the Year” Award granted by the Young American Business Trust in June 2016. 2014

H prize Secretary General <mask> was granted this distinction by Uruguayan civil society groups in recognition of his firm defense of the rights of the gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered persons, both at national level and international level, including on behalf of Uruguay in the various international bodies and organizations of which it is a Member. Foreign Policy Magazine Global Thinker.References

External links

Biography of <mask> by CIDOB (in Spanish)

Living people
1963 births
Ambassadors of Uruguay to China
Foreign ministers of Uruguay
People from Paysandú
Secretaries General of the Organization of American States
Uruguayan lawyers
Uruguayan politicians
University of the Republic (Uruguay)

masks:
Luis Almagro
Luis Almagro


title: Eugenio Calò

texts:
<mask> (July 2, 1906 – July 14, 1944) was an Italian Jewish resistance fighter during World War II. Born in Pisa to an old Sephardi family, he was posthumously awarded the Gold Medal for Military Valour, Italy's highest honor for heroism. <mask> was an Italian partisan, second in command of the Pio Borri partisan division that fought the Germans in the Casentino mountains in Tuscany. As a Jewish victim of fascist Italy during the Second World War, <mask> had lost his workshop, his home, and his family. Finally, at the age of 38, he was captured, tortured and murdered by the Germans. German occupation

After the German invasion in 1943, the anti-Semitic persecutions increased. The Fascists and the Germans began arresting the Jews and sending them to concentration camps.When <mask> had learned about the capture of his family and the fact that they had been kept in Florence's Le Murate prison, he tried to organize their escape. His efforts were in vain. In May 1944 they were all deported to a concentration camp in Fossoli, and on the 16th of that month were sent on a transport to Auschwitz. His wife Carolina Lombroso gave birth to their fourth son while on the train. His family was killed by the Germans immediately upon arriving at Auschwitz. Two months later, <mask> and his fellow partisans captured a group of some thirty German soldiers. Acting on his moral authority as commander and as a human being, <mask> opposed his fellow partisans who asked for a summary trial and execution of the prisoners.Instead, he insisted on treating the German soldiers as prisoners of war. He volunteered to take the prisoners across German lines, and extradite

masks:
Eugenio Calò
Eugenio Calò
Calò
Calò
Calò
Calò


title: Eugenio Calò

texts:
 them to the hands of the allied forces. The Germans soldiers were notorious for their revenge and reprisal massacres of the civilian population. It was quite obvious to the partisans that if captured with German prisoners, they would be tortured and killed along with some innocent villagers. On July 2, 1944, the prisoners were transferred by <mask> and other partisans - among them, Angelo Recapito and Luigi Valentini – to the Allied Headquarters in Cortona across the frontline. General Mark Clark, commander of the US Fifth Army, asked for two volunteers who would take messages back to the partisans in order to coordinate their activities towards the liberation of the city of Arezzo which was planned for July 14. <mask> and Angelo Recapito volunteered to go back and deliver the message.They succeeded in their mission and rejoined their friends, but were captured on July 14  along with a group of civilians and other partisans at Molin dei Falchi, where they had intended to spend the night with some more German prisoners. One of the German prisoners had managed to escape and informed the German Army and some Italian fascist collaborators of the camp's existence. The Germans attacked and there was a fierce battle in which many partisans died. The survivors were transferred to the village of San Polo di Arezzo where all the men of the village were collected as well for the reprisal action. The captured partisans were brutally tortured and murdered. San Polo massacre
After September 8, 1943, the German invasion army was ordered by the highest authorities not to obey the Geneva Convention nor normal rules of war, and to show no mercy towards the

masks: Calò Calò


title: Eugenio Calò

texts:
 civilian population. The high German command promised to give complete protection against all accusations of brutality.A specific order was issued to torture and kill everyone found with weapons and to terrorize the unarmed civilian population. For every German killed, ten Italian civilians were to be killed. As per these commands, all the men of San Polo were gathered and brought to Villa Mancini where the German officers were quartered. There, the partisans were brutally beaten with rubber hoses and tortured. <mask> <mask> and Angelo Recapito, who both had information pertaining to the Allied forces' military plans, maintained their silence. At the end of the day, the partisans, wounded and barely alive, along with the captured men of the village — forty-eight in all — were taken to a nearby field on the backyard of Villa Gigliosi that the German soldiers had requisitioned. The civilians were made to dig three pit graves and were then thrown in still alive.The partisans were placed in the pits with their heads above ground and with explosive charges attached to their bodies. They were then blown apart. The Germans did not allow anyone to bury the dead. Gold medal for military valour
<mask> had spared the lives of some thirty captured German soldiers and insisted on acting in a humane way, even though his own family (his wife Carolina Lombroso, daughter Elena and sons Renzo and Albertino) had been captured and sent to Auschwitz only a couple of months earlier. For his military activities against the Germans as a member of the Italian resistance movement, for his contribution as second in command of the Pio Borri partisan division that

masks: Eugenio Calò Calò


title: Eugenio Calò

texts:
 patrolled the Casentino mountains in Tuscany, for his bravery, and for his humanity, <mask> <mask> was awarded in 1947 the highest honor for military heroism in Italy, the "Gold Medal for Military Valour". <mask> had paid with his life for his heroism. He was tortured and finally murdered by German soldiers.Remembering <mask> <mask>
The San Polo massacre is commemorated every year, as is the liberation of Arezzo on July 16, 1944. The local religious, civilian and military authorities participate in the ceremony. There are streets in Arezzo and Florence bearing the names of <mask> <mask> and Angelo Recapito and in the town of Quarata, near Arezzo, there is a school named after him. The county of Reggello named the Cascia square in memory of Carolina Lombroso Calò, In May 2016 a plaque commemorating her memory and her deportation and murder in Auschwitz with her children, was set in the square. San Polo trials

Former NSDAP member Herbert Handsk, who took part in the San Polo massacre, was released from prison in 2007 by the Italian justice. Aged 87, he was the only survivor of the perpetrators of the massacre. Klaus Konrad had died on August 15, 2006.He had also been indicted by the magistrates in the same trial. Konrad, who became after the war a deputy of the Bundestag from 1969 to 1980 as a member of Willy Brandt's SPD, had already been indicted by the Italian justice in 1967 and 1972, but the complaints had been classified

Footnotes

See also
Military history of Italy during World War II
History of the Jews in Italy
The British Eighth Army who liberated Arezzo on July 16, 1944
The US Fifth Army that coordinated with the partisans at

masks: Eugenio Calò Eugenio Eugenio Calò Eugenio Calò


title: Eugenio Calò

texts:
 Cortona
de:Klaus Konrad

References and bibliography
 Original research by <mask> Calo's nephew Tullio Sonnino and Shmulik Suhami. Fuochi sui Monti dell'Appennino Toscano:Antonio Curina ; D. Badiali, Arezzo 1957. Arezzo distrutta 1943-44: Enzo Droandi ; Calosci editore, Cortona, 1995. External links
 A short movie about <mask> <mask> (in Hebrew and Italian)
 The city of Reggello web page regarding the unveiling of a "Commemoration plate" in memory of <mask> Calo's wife and children. (Italian) In memory of Carolina Lombroso Calo, <mask> Calo's wife, and their children. In front of the house in Cascia di Reggello where they were arrested and deported, to be murdered in Auschwitz.The Guardian (October 29, 2004), reporting the S.Polo massacre investigation, Klaus Konrad, his role (supervised the executions that followed the torture), and his comments
War diary of the King's Dragoon Guards who entered the village of San Polo on the morning of the 18th
about <mask> Calo at the National Partisans Association of Italy web site (Italian)
AP (2-26-07): 87-year-old Austrian acquitted in 1944 San Polo massacre
 See Pages of Testimony at the Yad_Vashem site about <mask> Calo and his three children, Renzo, Elena and Alberto. (As described above, the fourth child was born on the train during the 3 weeks transport to Auschwitz and therefore his name was never recorded). 1905 births
1943 deaths
Italian Jews who died in the Holocaust
Italian resistance movement members
Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany
People executed by explosive device
Italian people executed by Nazi Germany
People from Pisa
Italian Sephardi Jews
Jews in the Yugoslav

masks: Eugenio Eugenio Calò Eugenio Eugenio Eugenio Eugenio


title: Mihail Mikov

texts:
<mask> (; born 16 June 1960) is a Bulgarian politician who was Chairman of the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) from 2014 to 2016. He is a parliamentarian with six consecutive terms as a deputy in the National Assembly. His career in the legislature culminated in his election as Chairman of the 42nd National Assembly on May 21, 2013. <mask> was Minister of Interior from 24 April 2008 to 29 July 2009 in Sergei Stanishev's government. Currently he is the leader of the Parliamentary Group of BSP Left Bulgaria in the 43rd National Assembly, the coalition led by the socialist party. <mask> was elected as Chairman of the BSP on 27 July 2014, succeeding Sergei Stanishev. He won a run-off against outgoing Economy and Energy Minister Dragomir Stoynev with a final tally of 377-333.On May 8, 2016, <mask> was defeated 395-349 in a runoff vote by Korneliya Ninova for the leadership of the party. Early life and education
<mask> was born in the Bulgarian town of Kula, Vidin Province, on June 16, 1960. He graduated from the Faculty of Law of the Sofia University where he later taught criminal law. <mask> has postgraduate specializations in Human rights, NGO taxation, Anticorruption Practices. He is fluent in French, Russian and Serbian. <mask> is married with two children. Political career

Socialist
<mask> <mask> became a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party and after the democratic changes in Bulgaria in 1989 – a member of its successor, the Bulgarian Socialist Party.In the last parliamentary elections, held on October 5, 2014, BSP scored its lowest results since the restoration of the multiparty system. The new leadership under <mask> has stated the following goals:
 Consolidating BSP
 Modernizing the party
 Upholding the core values of socialism and social democracy
 Protecting the interests of the majority of Bulgarian citizens

Lawmaker
The leader of

masks:
Mihail Raykov Mikov
Mikov
Mihail Mikov
Mikov
Mikov
Mikov
Mikov
Mihail
Mikov
Mikov


title: Mihail Mikov

texts:
 the Bulgarian socialists is acknowledged for his career as a jurist and a lawmaker. As an academic he consulted the authors of many bills and laws adopted by parliaments starting from the Grand National Assembly, including the present Bulgarian Constitution. He was elected for his first term in 1997 and became deputy from Vidin. In parliament he initiated constitutional and criminal law changes including such restricting the immunity of lawmakers, judges and prosecutors, creating the institution of Ombudsman and improving the accountability of the higher judicial bodies before the national legislature. Other reforms he co-authored lead to the abolition of the death penalty and criminalization of computer crimes. Minister of Interior
<mask> <mask> was appointed Minister of interior in the BSP lead government of Sergei Stanishev and occupied that post from April 2008 to July 2009.In that executive role he undertook several reforms including the creation of a special department to fight organized crime. <mask> revealed the staff of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the first time since the start of the democratic changes in Bulgaria – a move that many NGOs insisted on and which is a normal practice across the EU. Among his priorities were:
 Restructuring GDBOP, the directorate responsible for the battle against organized crime. Creation of General Directorate “Pre-trial Proceedings”. Reduction the staff of several other directorates – “Security Police”, “Criminal Police”, “Border Police”, “Fire Department”. Chairman of National Assembly

<mask> was elected Chairman of the 42nd National Assembly on May 21, 2013 and occupied that post until August 5, 2014. Initiatives
 <mask> <mask> became a cofounder of the Parliamentary Assembly of the South-East European Cooperation Process and worked for increased cooperation in the region through

masks: Mihail Mikov Mikov Mikov Mihail Mikov


title: Mihail Mikov

texts:
 participation in the Danube Initiative, Black Sea Economic Initiative and other important processes.The Chairman of the National Assembly presided over festivities for the 135th anniversary of the Constituent Assembly and the adoption of the Tarnovo Constitution. <mask> patroned the events marking the 125th anniversary of the death of Antim I, Chairman of the Constituent Assembly and the Ist Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria. Positions and controversies
During the 2013–14 Bulgarian protests against the Oresharski cabinet, provoked by the nomination of Delyan Peevski for chairman of the State Agency for National Security, <mask> <mask> made a special address to the nation on June 26, 2013 in which he criticized mass media for increasing tension by their covering of the antigovernment protests. <mask>'s remarks provoked a strong reaction from the press and the electronic media. Many of them signed a declaration in which they rejected any political and institutional attempts to influence freedom of speech and their editorial independence. In October 2013 students from the Sofia University met <mask> in his cabinet after protesting inside the parliament's building. Later they quoted him as saying that he “doesn’t care for those protesting” against the government.The chairmen of the National Assembly told them that he had been elected by voters for several terms and that in parliament deputies represent the sovereign as a whole and not a certain number of people. In an interview around the premature end of his term as head of Bulgarian Parliament <mask> <mask> stated that he does not consider the mandate of the government and the ruling majority to be a failure. “That was a parliament of the necessary social decisions, of increased parliamentary control over the government… a parliament of the possible majority, born by the elections in May 2013”, he

masks: Mikov Mihail Mikov Mikov Mikov Mihail Mikov


title: Mihail Mikov

texts:
 said quoted by the daily “Pressa”. Chairman of BSP

<mask> <mask> was elected Chairman of BSP on July 27, 2014, succeeding Sergei Stanishev who lead the socialists for 13 years. He won a run-off against outgoing Economy and Energy Minister Dragomir Stoynev with a final tally of 377-333. There were 16 invalid ballots and 36 delegates decided not to vote. Elections 2014
The snap parliamentary elections on October 5, 2014 left the Bulgarian Socialist Party, and its coalition – BSP Left Bulgaria, with its weakest results since the start of the democratic changes in Bulgaria.BSP won 15,4% in a vote marked by low voters’ turnout – just above 48%. At a pressconference after polls were closed <mask> <mask> admitted election defeat and pointed out that the party that won the most votes – the center-right GERB, now had the responsibility to form government. On several rounds of consultations on the new government BSP highlighted its differences with GERB and announced it was to remain in opposition to the right lead majority in the new parliament and the future Ministerial Council. Although different opinions were heard, including those of some leading representatives of the Socialist Party, <mask> and the majority of the party's governing bodies maintained that opposing the center-right government was the right move. 43rd National Assembly
On October 5, 2014 <mask> <mask> was elected to the 43rd National Assembly from two election districts – in Sofia, and in Vidin, where he traditionally runs for office. The leader of the Socialist party chose to become deputy from the capital. On October 27, 2014 he was elected leader of the Parliamentary Group of BSP Left Bulgaria.References

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1960 births
Chairpersons of the National Assembly of Bulgaria
Bulgarian Socialist Party politicians
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Bulgaria)
People from

masks: Mihail Mikov Mihail Mikov Mikov Mihail Mikov


title: Pablo Manlapit

texts: <mask> (January 17, 1891 – April 15, 1969) was a migrant laborer, lawyer, labor organizer, and activist in Hawaii, California, and the Philippines. <mask> was born on January 17, 1891 in the Philippines. He came to Hawaii in 1910 as a migrant worker and was under contract to work as a sugarcane plantation laborer at Hamakua Mill Company in the sugarcane fields of the Hāmākua district of the island of Hawaii. Manlapit got promoted quickly from fieldwork to foreman (luna), then timekeeper. In June, 1912, he married Annie Kasby, a German-American born in Hawaii and they started to raise a family. They had four children, three girls and one boy between 1913 and 1921. Sometime in 1914 they left the plantation and moved to Hilo, then eventually they moved to Honolulu on Oahu before the year ended.After leaving the plantation Manlapit worked many different jobs, published a local Filipino newspaper, Ang Sandata, and studied law. In 1919 Manlapit passed the test for attorneys and was granted a license to practice law. Manlapit's first marriage did not survive his turmoils of being a leader in organizing the plantation workers, his expulsion to California, and his deportation to the Philippines in 1934. Manlapit and Annie became officially divorced in December 1939. Manlapit married Ponciana Calderon in the Philippines and they had a son. Manlapit became active in organizing in the Philippines. After WWII and defeating the Japanese who occupied the Philippines, Manlapit was part of the political circle.In 1949 he returned to Hawaii to visit his children, but due to the government's non-stop harassment his stay was short. He returned to the Philippines. Manlapit worked hard on getting his pardon from governors of Hawaii and eventually

masks:
Pablo Manlapit
Life Manlapit


title: Pablo Manlapit

texts:
 received one in 1952 from Governor Long. <mask> died of cancer on April 15, 1969. Status of Filipino migrants
The Filipinos were the last large group of recruited sugarcane plantation workers to migrate to Hawaii. From 1907 to 1931, approximately 120,000 Filipino men came to Hawaii. When they came to Hawaii's plantations, they found that they had to buy everything at the plantation store, and often at highly inflated prices due to shipping and other costs.After living in Hawaii for a while, many began to resent the strict hand of the luna (foreman), and social discrimination that they experienced. They were also not used to the commercial business system. Many believed the practice of fixed prices in the plantation stores to be a violation of their personal freedom because they were accustomed to bargaining in the Philippines. The oldest, poorest housing was given to the Filipinos because they were the lowest skilled and held the least prestigious jobs. They were also the most recent arrivals to Hawaii. Immigration laws did not permit them to bring families, so the men lived in barracks. Organizing

Manlapit became one of the few Filipino lawyers in the 1920s and distinguished himself as spokesman for the Filipino labor movement in Hawaii, spending most of his time organizing and fighting for the rights of plantation laborers.He helped organize the Filipino Labor Union in Hawaii and was a leading figure in the strikes in 1920 and 1924 that involved thousands of plantation workers. In October, 1919, the Japanese Federation of Labor and the Filipino Labor Union joined together to argue against the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association for a better working environment. They wanted to increase their salary from $0.72 to $1.25 and have


title: Pablo Manlapit

texts:
 8 hour workdays. They wanted breaks for certain working conditions. On Oahu on January 19, 1920, 3,000 members of the Filipino Labor Union walked off their jobs. <mask> led the strike and he believed that the Japanese and Filipinos workers should be united. The Japanese workers soon joined them.By early February 1920, 8300 plantation laborers were on strike, representing 77% of the work force. Filipino workers went on strike because they weren't paid equally for doing the same work as the Japanese workers. The Filipinos were paid $0.69 and the Japanese were paid $0.99. While they were on strike, plantation workers on other islands continued to work to raise about $600,000 in support of the strike. The 1920 Oahu strike lasted for two months and the strikers had to contend with a variety of methods utilized by the plantation owners: eviction of strikers from their homes, hiring of strikebreakers, and prosecution of leaders for conspiracies. <mask> was not prosecuted but he was subjected to a smear campaign. He was accused of extorting money in exchange for calling off the strike.The plantation owners, assisted by the government, countered this with a "divide-and-counter" tactic. They charged the Japanese workers with attempting to make Hawaii an Asian province. Later in the year the Japanese changed the name of their union to the Hawaiian Federation of Labor, in an effort to counter racist accusations. They invited all workers of every race to join. Hanapēpē Massacre

So strong was his influence among his countrymen that <mask> was implicated in the violent September, 1924 strike on Kauai—later known as the Hanapēpē Massacre—even though he wasn't there. Sixteen strikers were killed during the confrontation with police, as well as

masks: Manlapit Manlapit Manlapit


title: Pablo Manlapit

texts:
 four policemen. This drew the ire of plantation owners and they persecuted him with various small charges.<mask> was arrested with 60 other Filipinos, tried for conspiracy, and sentenced to 2 to 10 years at Oahu Prison. In order to prevent his involvement in future activities in Hawaii, <mask> was deported to the U.S. mainland while bearing a conditional parole judgment. Upon his parole, he went to California. Expulsion
In California, <mask> also went into labor organizing until he traveled back to Hawaii in 1933. Again, he dove into the fray of labor organizing and this eventually led to his permanent expulsion from Hawaii and deportation to the Philippines in 1935. His family was broken because of this move. This ended his colorful but tragic career in the Hawaii labor movement.Manlapit worked for the Philippine government in the pre-World War II and postwar years. He supported Manuel Roxas in his presidency bid after World War II and served in some mid-level government positions before getting involved once more in labor matters which he mortgaged his family home to support Filipino workers on strike, and then becoming homeless and poor. Notes

See also
List of first minority male lawyers and judges in Hawaii

References
Kerkvliet, M.T. Unbending Cane: <mask>, a Filipino Labor Leader in Hawai'i, 2002. External links
 Biography  from the Center for Labor Education & Research University of Hawai'i - West O'ahu. Star-Bulletin Review of "Unbending Cane." 1891 births
1969 deaths
Leaders of American trade unions
Filipino lawyers
Deaths from cancer in the Philippines
Filipino trade unionists
Exiles from Hawaii
Trade unionists from Hawaii
Filipino emigrants to the United States
American trade unionists of Filipino descent
20th-century

masks:
Manlapit
Manlapit
Manlapit
Pablo Manlapit


title: Lily-Rose Depp

texts:
<mask> (born 27 May 1999) is a French-American actress and model. The daughter of actor <mask> and singer Vanessa Paradis, <mask> began her acting career with a small role in Tusk (2014), and went on to star in the period dramas The Dancer (2016), in which she played Isadora Duncan, Planetarium (2016), and The King (2019). <mask> has been nominated for César Awards for Most Promising Actress for her performances in The Dancer and A Faithful Man (2018). Since 2015, she has been a Chanel brand ambassador. Early life
<mask> was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, west of Paris, on 27 May 1999. She is the daughter of the American actor, producer, and musician <mask> and the French singer, actress, and model Vanessa Paradis. <mask> has a younger brother, John "Jack<mask> III.French actress Alysson Paradis is her aunt. <mask> is a descendant of colonial African-American freedom fighter Elizabeth Key Grinstead. <mask> claims to have Native American ancestry through her father. In 2012, after 14 years together, <mask>'s parents separated and arranged joint custody of <mask>, who divides her time between Los Angeles, Paris, and New York City. Career

2014–present: Career beginnings

<mask> began her acting career with a cameo role in Tusk, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2014. She acted alongside her friend Harley Quinn Smith, her father, and the film's director Kevin Smith. In 2015, <mask> appeared with the Irish rapper Rejjie Snow in his music video "All Around the World", which was released in October.In addition to film work, <mask> appeared on the cover of various fashion magazines, and has been the Chanel brand ambassador since 2015. She was chosen by Karl Lagerfeld when she was 15 years old. In 2016, <mask> was announced by Lagerfeld as the face of Chanel's iconic fragrance, Chanel No. 5 L'Eau. <mask> reprised her Tusk role in Yoga Hosers, a

masks:
Lily Rose Melody Depp
Johnny Depp
Depp
Depp
Lily Rose Melody Depp
Johnny Depp
Depp
" Christopher Depp
Depp
Depp
Depp
Depp
Depp
Depp
Depp
Depp
Depp


title: Lily-Rose Depp

texts: spin-off that focuses on her and Harley Quinn Smith's characters. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2016. In May 2016, The Dancer, in which <mask> plays Isadora Duncan, premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in the Un Certain Regard category.The film is Stéphanie Di Giusto's directorial debut. For her performance in the film, <mask> was nominated for Most Promising Actress at the 42nd César Awards and Most Promising Actress at the 22nd Lumières Awards. In the same year, <mask> and Natalie Portman co-starred in Rebecca Zlotowski's Planetarium as two spiritualist sisters in 1930s France. It was Portman who cherry-picked <mask> to play her younger sister in the film. The film had its premiere at the Venice Film Festival in September 2016. In 2018, <mask> starred opposite Laurent Lafitte in Les Fauves (Savage), a French film directed by Vincent Mariette. The film was premiered in France in October 2018.In the same year, <mask> starred in A Faithful Man, directed by Louis Garrel and co-written by Oscar winner Jean-Claude Carrière. The film was premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September and released in France in December 2018. It had its U.S. debut at the New York Film Festival, and was released in New York and Los Angeles in July 2019. She was once again nominated for Most Promising Actress at the 44th César Awards. <mask> next appeared in the Netflix short documentary Period. End of Sentence. with Priyanka Chopra explaining how The Pad Project helped the women in Delhi start their own business making sanitary pads.The documentary won Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject) at the 91st Academy Awards. It was distributed by Netflix in February 2019. In April 2019, <mask> Schneider Award. In June 2019, <mask> starred alongside her aunt Alysson Paradis in the French independent short film Quel Joli Temps Pour Jouer Ses Vingt-ans (My

masks: Depp Depp Depp Depp Depp Depp Depp Deppomy Depp


title: Lily-Rose Depp

texts:
 Last Lullaby), in which <mask> played Paloma, a girl who experiences a great loss of a grandfather. The film won Best Picture at the 2019 New York Film Awards, and Best Narrative Short at the 2019 Los Angeles Film Awards. Mor Cohen of the New York Film Awards wrote, "Great performances by all actors, lead by Lily-Rose <mask>, who were so nuanced and intuitive that it was hard to remember these are fictional characters and not real people". For her performance in My Last Lullaby, <mask> won best actress award at the 2019 Los Angeles Film Awards.Les Brandt for the Los Angeles Film Awards noted, "<mask> displays sonic waves of artistic expression with her eyes and internal work that was so subtle yet massively powerful and at such a young age was an exciting thing to watch." <mask> next starred in The King, in which she plays Catherine of Valois, opposite Timothée Chalamet as Henry V. It had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival in September 2019 and has been distributed by Netflix since November 2019. Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote, "Lily Rose-<mask> makes her presence felt, for perhaps the first time ever, as Catherine of Valois, whose delicate worldliness matches Henry’s", and Rory O'Connor for The Film Stage called it "an excellent cameo". In 2021, <mask> starred in the opioid crisis thriller Crisis alongside Gary Oldman, Armie Hammer, and Evangeline Lilly, and also in Neil Burger's sci-fi thriller Voyagers alongside Colin Farrell, Tye Sheridan, Isaac Hempstead Wright, and Fionn Whitehead. She appeared in a Christmas comedy Silent Night with Keira Knightley and Roman Griffin Davis among the cast. <mask> starred alongside George MacKay in Nathalie Biancheri's Wolf. Upcoming projects
<mask> is set to reprise her Tusk and Yoga Hosers role in Moose Jaws.She will be making her television debut in the upcoming HBO drama series The Idol, where she will star alongside recording

masks: Depp Depp Depp Depp Depp Depp Depp Depp Depp


title: Lily-Rose Depp

texts:
 artist Abel 'The Weeknd' Tesfaye. Personal life
<mask> is the goddaughter of novelist François-Marie Banier and singer Marilyn Manson. Since her birth, <mask> has been the subject of tabloid and media reporting, including birthdays, attendance at society events, and reviews of her fashion choices. She is fluent in both English and French. <mask> has both French and American citizenship. <mask> dropped out of high school in 2016 to focus on her acting career. She has struggled with anorexia in the past and has recovered.In August 2015, <mask> posed for iO Tillett Wright's Self-Evident Truths Project, stating she falls somewhere on the LGBT spectrum. <mask> later clarified she was simply making a statement on defining oneself, and not on her own sexuality. In 2016, although <mask> was then under the legal voting age, she supported Bernie Sanders during the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries. <mask> and her mother Vanessa Paradis were photographed for Our City of Angels magazine in February 2017; the sales proceeds for the issue were donated to Planned Parenthood. <mask> dated actor Timothée Chalamet after filming The King (2019) together in 2018. Various reports citing British Vogue claim the couple broke up by early 2020. In September 2021, <mask> started dating French rapper Yassine Stein.Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

Discography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Living people
1999 births
21st-century American actresses
21st-century French actresses
Actresses from Paris
American child actresses
American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent
Female models from California
French child actresses
French emigrants to the United States
French female models
French people of American descent
French people of English descent
French people of German descent
French people of Irish descent
<mask>
People from

masks:
Depp
Depp
Depp
Depp
Depp
Depp
Depp
Depp
Depp
Depp
Johnny Depp


title: Andrew Diey

texts:
<mask> (; born 31 October 1973, Islington, London, England) is an English electronic musician, sound designer and record producer. As a solo artist, he is best known as Black Faction, or his previous moniker Foreign Terrain. Diey first came to prominence as a musician on the Skam Records Manchester, offshoot label MASK 300, under his Foreign Terrain moniker, and later afterwards he moved onto using the more known Black Faction name for various labels. His career as a sound designer is also noteworthy: his works have appeared in many high-profile computer games and UK television broadcasts, and also on BBC radio. <mask> is the owner and senior creative director at Radium Audio. He has designed the interior sounds of a Bentley Continental GT car. Designed the audio for Ferrari California launch site, and has worked on many high-profile adverts and digital projects.<mask> in 2011 announces his return to music with a new project Dalston Ponys a live production and dj set which is contains live interactive prototypes created by Radium Audio. History
<mask> first became involved in electro acoustic music, at the age of 18. He attended the Electronic Music Studio in Stockholm, Sweden in 1993. He moved back from Sweden in 1995, to study for an HND in Music Technology at City College in Manchester, England. In 1997 he attended Salford University, on the Electro Acoustics BEng undergraduate course. In 1998 he attended IRCAM in Paris, as a sound designer, and working with IRCAM software. Professional work
His career within sound can be split into three periods.Game audio development, music for broadcast and sound for advertising

His works have been released on CDs for critical acclaim, he
received a 5-album contract from his first demo tapes with Soleilmoon Portland, Oregon, he has created audio
content for over 25 Game Development titles, produced hundreds of hours of
broadcast music and sound including BAFTA nominated material. His most recent
works have been for

masks:
Andrew William Langmanis Diey
Diey
Andrew Diey
Diey


title: Andrew Diey

texts:
 National Geographic HD Channel – Inside the Ultimate,
producing the music and sound design using surround sound techniques. Diey currently owns and operates Emmy Award Winning Radium Audio Ltd, in London. A music & sound design company. BBC Sound Designer
In 2006 Diey won the position of New Talent BBC Sound Designer competition, which was open to UK residents. Working in-house as a BBC sound designer. BBC New Talent Winner 2006 - Interview & Article
BBC Sound Design Article - Advice for sound designers

2007 Diey has been working with D&AD, and also developing a series of productions for various interactive companies, brand agencies within sound branding, and sonification.2007 Big Chip Award WINNER: Best Micro Business Big Chip Award. On 24 May <mask> and his team at radium audio ltd won at The Big Chip awards. Judged by a distinguished panel of experts from organisations such as New Media Age, the BBC, Trevor Beattie's new agency and The Chase, the Big Chips are the top awards for ICT and new media outside London, attracting entries from the region's best over the last 9 years. 2007 Best of Manchester Music Award WINNER: Best of Manchester Music 2007  URBIS Best of Manchester
<mask> was presented with the Award by Manchester Graphic Designer Peter Saville, at URBIS Center in Manchester

2007 Roses Design Awards Nomination 2 Categories - Emerging Designer of 2007 & Best Animation [Sound & Music] Roses 2007 Nominations
The prestigious design awards took place in Manchester on 18 October 2007

Creating bespoke audio in for manufactured products for Bentley Motors Plc, Sony, and Microsoft. 2008 Diey and Radium Audio Ltd are known for audio and global brands including Ferrari, Honda, Rolex, Universal, Ford, Nissan, Toyota, Philips, LG, Warner Brothers - Harry Potter brand see Radium Audio Ltd

 2006: Bentley Motors Plc
Creation of in car Sound Design for Continental GT car range. 2007: Sonic Interaction Design: Nomination as a UK representative to the

masks:
Diey
Andrew Diey


title: Andrew Diey

texts:
 Management Committee of COST Action IC0601. EU funded | European network, of 18 delegates from 14 countries to research and the exploitation of sound as one of the principal channels conveying information, meaning, and aesthetic/emotional qualities in interactive contexts.tags: Interaction Design, Auditory Display and Sonification, Sound and Music Computing, Sound Modeling, Sound Perception and Cognition. 2007: <mask> is currently involved with a research project on product sound and its uses beyond interface and usability. His work is directed towards, Brand and Differentiation for online commerce and experience. Television
Aug 2005:	My Child Won’t Stop Eating
ITV: 1 x 60 Min program of original music and sound design. Transmission: Granada / ITV

Apr 2005:	I Survived- Series 1
Granada / Discovery Channel / C5: 4 x 30 Min programs of original music and sound design. Transmission: Granada / Discovery Channel / C5

Aug 2004:	Dirtbusters
Granada / ITV: 8 x 30 Min programs of original music and sound design. Transmission: Granada / ITV

Jun - Aug 2004:	Building the Ultimate- Series 2
Granada / Discovery Channel / C5: 6 x 30 Min programs of original music and sound design.Transmission: Granada / Discovery Channel / C5

2003–2004:	Tonight - With Trevor McDonald
Granada / ITV / ITN: Creation of Music / Original sound design / Several programs. Transmission: Granada / ITN

Nov 2003:	Russell Crowe's -"Greatest Fights"
Granada / Channel 4: 1 x 60 Min program of original sound design. Transmission: Granada / Channel 4 /

Oct – Dec 2003:	Building the Ultimate- Series 1
Granada / Discovery Channel / C5: 8 x 30 Min programs of original music and sound design. Transmission: Granada / Discovery Channel / C5

Sep 2003:	"Who Got Marc Bolan’s Missing Millions?" Granada / Channel 4: 1 x 60 Min program of original sound design. Transmission: Granada / Channel 4

Aug – Sep 2003:	"The History of British Sculpture [with Lloyd Grossman]"
Polar Pictures / Channel 5: 6 x 30 Min


title: Andrew Diey

texts:
 series II]. 2006: Bentley Motors Plc
Creation of in car Sound Design for Continental GT car range. 2004: Reflex Communications [Clever Molecule project]
Original Music and Sound Design – Winner of "Best Digital Media Project" – Audio Visual Awards

2004: Manchester Metropolitan University [Sound Design 2 Picture series I]
2004: Co-Ordination - International Festival of Electronic Music and Audiovisual Arts
Working with Native Instruments, Propellerheads, TC Electronic, Korg, M-Audio, Ableton. Manchester, United Kingdom. [27 April to 8 May 2004]

2004: Showreel - [Quarterly Magazine for Film & TV professionals]
3 Page Article: An insiders guide to Sound Design for Games & Film. Showreel: Vol 1 :Issue: 03 [Jan 2004]

2004: Manchester Metropolitan University- [Sound Design | Sonic Arts Course].Appointed Lecturer: Sound Design | Creative Audio | Sonic Art [Dec 2003]. 2003: MacUser - [Bi- Monthly Magazine]. 3 Page Audio: Workshops on MetaSynth - A Macintosh Audio Application. MacUser: Vol 19 :Issue: 24 [Nov 2003] - & MacUser CD Examples

2003: The Cornerhouse Manchester
<mask>y appointed Lecturer on Sound Design for films - teach discuss and build workshops on sound design. 2003: The Game Plan - EU
<mask>y appointed Lecturer on Sound Design for Computer Games, Part of the Game on Expo 2003. Europe wide. External links
Radium Audio Ltd - Radium Audio Ltd
Full Discography - Full Discography at Kompaktliste in Germany
Polish Record Label Vivo - Vivo Records Poland
<mask>y article - on TC Electronic's Powercore
Diey recording Jump Jet Harriers- on TC Electronic's Powercore
BBC Experimental Music Pages BBC Review of Black Faction
Creative Match Article - <mask>y & Sound Effects
Sound Design Article - <mask> - Young Sound Designers
Creative Review - Designing a Sonic Experience for Bentley Motors
Richard Wand Blog - Article on Sound Branding within Gestural Surfaces

English electronic musicians
1973 births
Living people
People from Islington (district)
Alumni of the

masks:
Andrew Die
Andrew Die
Andrew Die
Andrew Die
Andrew Diey


title: Amulo

texts: <mask>nensis (also known as: Amalo, <mask>, Amolo, Amularius) served as Archbishop of Lyon from 841 to 852 AD. As a Gallic prelate, <mask> is best known for his letters concerning two major themes: Christian–Jewish relations in the Frankish kingdom and the Carolingian controversy over predestination. He was ordained as archbishop in January 841. <mask> was a disciple of his predecessor Agobard and inherited many of his ideas. <mask> collaborated closely with both Remigius of Lyon, who later succeeded him, and Florus of Lyon who served as scribe for <mask>; hence it is not always clear which of <mask>'s letters were actually penned by him. He also worked with Hincmar Archbishop of Reims regarding anti-Jewish policies and the debate with Gottschalk of Orbais over predestination. Like his predecessor, <mask> was unable to bring about anti-Jewish policies into the Carolingian Empire.However, he actively pursued "a policy of coercion against pro-Jewish Christians," within his diocese, and his sermons were imbued with anti-Jewish teachings. His work was influential during the mid-ninth century – most notably his Contra Judaeos and his involvement in the Council of Meaux–Paris in 845. These decrees were not ratified by Charles the Bald, since his magnates saw them as interfering with the traditional Carolingian policies regarding Jews; the Canons proposed at Paris–Meaux sought to revive earlier Visigothic laws, including Canon LXXIIII which prohibited Christians from "showing favour to Jews." Nevertheless, both

masks:
Amulo Lugdu
Amulon
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo


title: Amulo

texts:
 <mask> and his predecessor were instrumental in spreading anti-Jewish attitudes in the Carolingean court, which eventually sparked changes in "both exegesis and canon law." Influences
Carolingian theologians and scholars were widely influenced by Jewish texts during the ninth century. Figures such as Rabanus Maurus, Angelomus of Luxeuil, Claudius of Turin and Theodulf of Orléans demonstrate a thorough knowledge of Jewish teachings, but this generated an anti-Jewish reaction. Several contemporaries of <mask> – including Rabanus and Angelomus – held the traditional view of Jews as a people who refused to accept Christ due to their blindness.Knowledge of Hebrew and Greek was uncommon; it is likely that Jewish texts were merely cited to affirm the orthodoxy of the Church, and did not rely on accuracy. <mask> was an exception to this rule: he had at least a working knowledge of Hebrew, and his complex theological arguments affirm his knowledge of Hebrew scripture and Jewish scholarship. Most of <mask>'s works also directly refer to the Church Fathers, including Saint Augustine, Jerome, and Gregory the Great. He mostly wrote on issues concerning Jewish mysticism, predestination, and Halakha which were not known to the patristic authors. These works were often quoted to support polemical arguments. Similarly, <mask> demonstrates his knowledge of Jewish texts to strengthen his position. It is clear from his writings that Scripture was insufficient; a wide base of Church scholarship fueled debates between dioceses

masks: Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo


title: Amulo

texts:
 over Christ's nature, Jewish tradition, and superstition.Both <mask> and Agobard strove to counter Jewish influence in Francia, and worked to convince Christians that they ought to limit their interaction with the Jewish population of Lyon. In both Agobard and <mask>'s works, they express concern that Christians preferred to attend Jewish services rather than those of their own priests. <mask> objected to Jewish scholars Josephus and Philo in 844–845, and his writings were echoed by both Angelomus and Rabanus Maurus; these texts were becoming more popular amongst Christians than Scripture. There was also concern that close “friendly” contact between Jews and Christians in Lyon would lead to a widespread conversion to Judaism within their diocese. Predestination
<mask> was included among many prelates working to oppose Gottschalk of Orbais (c. 870) and his teachings of two-fold predestination. By 864, Gottschalk had settled in Friuli under the patronage of Eberhard and was covertly spreading his doctrine in Italy and Noricum. He had followers in Saxony, Germany, and later in the Balkan regions.From the writings of Rabanus, it is clear that Gottschalk had gained sufficient popularity to pose a theological threat to the Church – and not merely in the Carolingian heartlands of Francia. Gottschalk challenged both the structure and doctrine of the Church. He was raised in a monastery at Fulda, which was a focus for missionaries in Germany and central to Louis the Pious' vision of a "Christian" empire. As a monk,

masks: Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo


title: Amulo

texts:
 Gottschalk twice defied the Order of Saint Benedict: first, in 849 at a council at Mainz, he nearly succeeded in freeing himself from monkhood, when by rule he was born to serve from pueritia for life. Rabanus sought to ensure that Gottschalk did not set a precedent for other monks, and called a second council at the Diet of Worms in 829. Consequentially, Gottschalk was again "forced to take the monastic vows." Second, Gottschalk defied the Benedictine law of stabilitas loci, by leaving his monastic duties for southwest Italy.Primarily, his motivations were political. Gottschalk was a disciple of Ebbo, Archbishop of Reims, and this connection rapidly became controversial. Ebbo sided with Lothair I against Louis during the civil war of 833, and was deposed when Louis returned to power. Ebbo spent the remainder of his life attempting to replace his successor, Hincmar. Around 833–835 Gottschalk was relocated to Orbais; but he was accused of conspiring with Ebbo against Hincmar and needed to escape persecution. Rigbold of Rheims briefly served as archbishop before Hincmar was appointed, from 835 to 845. Rigbold ordained Gottschalk as a missionary without the consent of bishop Rothad of Soissons, where Orbais was located.Gottschalk's ordination disrupted both monastic law and social order; he was later prosecuted at the 849 council in Quierzy (see Councils of Quierzy) for disturbing “both ecclesiastical and civil affairs.”

The case of Gottschalk is relevant to <mask>'s prelature in two ways: first, Gottschalk


title: Amulo

texts: was an erudite theologian, and his Augustinian view of predestination cited the same Church Fathers present in <mask>'s works. Notably, he was also supported by Prudentius of Troyes, in opposition to Hincmar. It is clear that Hincmar also began to have doubts: he wrote to five prelates from the church in Lyon for advice, including Amalarius. Amalarius was appointed by Louis to replace Agobard as archbishop in Lyon, where he served from 833 to 838. Among other prelates, Amalarius sided with Eriugena against Gottschalk in the predestination debate. However, his liturgical reforms – emphasizing the ceremonial importance of both the Eucharist and Mass – were seen as excessive by the Church. He was deposed and accused of heresy at the same council which condemned Gottschalk in 838.Agobard actively condemned Amalarius's liturgical methods, and was able to regain imperial favour. He was restored as archbishop in Lyon, and <mask> succeeded him upon his death. Royalty was almost always involved in matters of faith. In 849, King Charles the Bald himself began to ponder the issue of predestination. However, the draconian punishments administered by Hincmar at the council of Quierzy in 849 clearly affirm the power of Church hierarchies in ninth-century Francia. Florus of Lyon was highly critical of the verdict; it also clearly deviated from canon law. Gottschalk remained "convinced that his ideas were orthodox," and he persisted in his controversial doctrines.There was no definitive end to the predestination debate,

masks: Amulo Amulo


title: Amulo

texts:
 and the Church maintained its position. Gottschalk raised a long-dormant theological question, but the 860 synod in Tusey merely reaffirmed the Church's initial position. Hincmar and his supporters were at an impasse with Gottschalk – there was no room for dialogue, and Gottschalk was incarcerated at Hautvillers in 849 until his death. It was during this time that <mask> began to correspond with him. The tone of <mask>'s letters imply that he may have viewed the stability and unity of the Church as a prerogative over the question of predestination. His Epistula ad Gothescalcum monachum or "Letter to Monk Gottschalk" is more reminiscent of paternal advice than theological attack. Similarly, his Opusculum Gratiam itaque Dei on "The Grace of God" asserts that predestination should primarily be viewed as an affirmation of Christian humility: it should not lead to "despair".Anti-Judaic polemic

In both his anti-Judaic writings and his scholarship, it is unlikely that <mask> was motivated solely by anti-Semitism. He was mainly concerned by the power and influence held by Jews under the administration of King Charles the Bald. These tolerant policies towards Jews were a continuation of those of Emperor Louis the Pious. They allowed economic concessions and legal protection of Jews under the lex Judaica and were a sore point for some prelates in Frankish Gaul. Agobard epitomises the conflict of interest between the Church and Frankish state, and this tension carried over into <mask>'s work. Agobard was known for


title: Amulo

texts: his anti-Jewish campaigns and was involved in the revolt against Louis in 833. When Louis regained the throne in 834, Agobard was sent into exile and temporarily replaced by Amalarius of Metz, former archbishop of Trier, who was more favourably disposed towards Jews.When Amalarius was condemned for heresy in 838, Agobard was reappointed as archbishop; despite his return to imperial favour, both Agobard and <mask> persisted in their anti-Judaic polemic. Amidst the chaos preceding the 843 Treaty of Verdun, Archbishop Hincmar of Rheims drafted a proposal with three primary aims: to reinforce ecclesiastical power by preventing laymen from becoming prelates; to reclaim all property that had been previously owned by the church; to eliminate all privileges granted to Jews during Louis' reign. <mask> was instrumental in the 846 Meaux-Paris council in the Diocese of Meaux, which planned the implementation of Hincmar's anti-Jewish policies. This council was a Church attempt to exercise power independently of the royal court – but Charles formally rejected their proposal at Épernay in 846, and made it clear that he intended to uphold his father's "pro-Jewish" policies. <mask> is listed among the attendees at this council. <mask> experienced the same conflict of interest with Charles the Bald as his predecessor Agobard had with Louis the Pious. His treatise Liber contra Judaeos at Carolum regem or "Letter Against Jews to King Charles" comprehensively lays out his anti-Jewish theses.It is clear from <mask>'s writings


title: Amulo

texts:
 that Christian–Jewish interaction in Lyon was common. <mask> had three major concerns within his diocese: first, he was concerned with the popularity and influence of Jewish scholarship and anti-Christian texts. Jewish rabbis were also permitted to hold public services, and <mask> worried that Christians in Lyon were more interested in Jewish teachings than attending services within his diocese. Second, Jews could hold public office and encourage Christian or pagan conversion with secular incentives. This was particularly sensitive in matters of slavery or tax collection; in Contra Judaeos, <mask> asserts that "Jewish tax collectors" were converting Christians, particularly in less populated areas. Jews no longer had to pay a "religious tax", and in some cases, Jewish merchants were exempt from paying tolls or other imperial dues. Third, Jews and Christians commonly shared traditions or daily practices.Many Christians chose to "work on Sunday" and "rest on the Jewish Sabbath", in part because Louis the Pious had changed market days to accommodate Jewish merchants. It was also common for Christians to celebrate Jewish feast days and eat kosher foods. <mask> was furthermore concerned over the liturgical versus doctrinal influence of Jewish beliefs – he worried that the "mysticism" of Midrashim and "Talmudic traditions" would translate into Christian worship. Jewish scholarship
Jewish texts were widely circulated in the Carolingian world – many of them, most notably the Toledot Yeshu, were blatantly


title: Amulo

texts: anti-Christian. <mask> could likely read Hebrew or corresponded with those who could. Public worship for Jews was also legalised during the Carolingian period – these reforms were subsequently upheld by Louis and his son Charles. <mask> is very specific in his criticisms of Hebraic scripture, but there are also cases where he conflates the Cthib (text-based) and Qri (oral) bibles.This suggests that he could have relied on hear-say sources and not on texts themselves. The works of Jewish scholars were often popularised and highly respected; Charlemagne had allowed a strong Jewish intellectual presence in the empire, most notably with the scholar Kalonymus in Mainz and Isaac, imperial ambassador to Harun al-Rashid. The emperor set a precedent for cultural and economic policies towards Jews, and a strong Judaic tradition rooted itself in Carolingian Gaul. This continued in the courts of Louis the Pious, where appreciation for both Josephus and Philo of Alexandria may account for their popularity throughout the Carolingian period; indeed, Josephus was treated almost like another "church father".<ref>H. Schreckenberg, "The Works of Josephus and the Early Christian Church," Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity, ed. L. Feldman and G. Hata (Detroit 1987), 310 in Pollard, 69.</ref> Louis also allowed discussion of the "relative merits" of Christianity and Judaism to enter into intellectual circles. <mask> reiterates the Jewish origin of both Josephus and Philo in his Liber contra Judaeos, and expresses his anxiety

masks: Amulo Amulo Amulo


title: Amulo

texts:
 that these works were not to be overvalued by Christians.In the case of Josephus, it is possible that <mask> was reacting to the popularity of his work rather than its actual content. Among Josephus' works, two were widely read in their Latin forms: his Jewish War and Antiquities. Not only did his Antiquities contain an extensive anecdote in praise of Christianity in his Testimonium Flavianum, but the most popular translation of Josephus' history – now called "Hegesippus" for its author Pseudo-Hegesippus – openly discriminates against the Jewish people. The Jewish-Christian dispute quickly became a political one, with the conversion of the deacon Bodo, in 838. This was an uncomfortable affirmation of the clergy's worst fears: that the Jewish cultural and theological presence was sufficiently persuasive to earn Jewish converts, even in positions of power. Although Bodo resided in the court at Aachen, it was the clergy of the western kingdom who schemed to bring about anti-Jewish legislation. Bodo was a Christian noble, active in the Carolingian courts – not only did his conversion set a dangerous precedent, but rumours that he encouraged Muslim persecution of Christians in Spain exacerbated the issue.In 848, there was also a suggestion that Jews assisted the Vikings in Bordeaux; the Annals of Saint Bertin (see Annales Bertiniani) also attest that Barcelona was "handed over" to the Muslims in 852, although later sections of the Annals were written by Hincmar himself. Jewish merchants and slave trade
The


title: Amulo

texts:
 Jewish merchants. It is clear from Agobard's letters that this practice was sufficiently common to generate anxiety in Lyon, and this carried over into <mask>'s work. Charles the Bald permitted many economic advantages for the Jews; as mint-masters, tax collectors, and bank owners, the Jews held significant financial power in the Frankish kingdoms. In the case of Radhanite merchants, flourishing economic activity in southern Gaul also extended into the Mediterranean and parts of the Emirate of Córdoba. As Islamic forces claimed hegemony over the Mediterranean, Christian trading networks out of Syria had largely disappeared – leaving a strong power gap in the market for Carolingian Jews. It is here that many Jewish merchants spread their faith, and rumours that Gallic Christian slaves were being sold across the borders became a major controversy. There are many stories of Christians slaves being "redeemed" from their owners and there were also rumours of "kidnapping" and forced castration by Jewish slave owners.Charles was aware of this power imbalance: he attempted to reform Louis' policies, most nobly prohibiting Jewish bankers to accept Christian slaves as "collateral" for unpaid debts. <mask> was rightly concerned that the Jewish monopoly over tax-collection and trade put Charles into a tight political position; in his Contra Judeos, <mask> encourages Charles to reconsider a more “anti-Jewish policy." Relics and icons
In his Epistula ad Teodboldum to Theutbald I (bishop of Langres), <mask> advises the


title: Amulo

texts: Bishop on how to deal with the bones of an unknown saint that were brought to the Church of St. Bénigne in Dijon. This letter was probably written between 841 and 844, since it refers to Bishop Bartholomew of Narbonne, who died in 845. Not only was Amulo concerned about the “ridiculous manner” in which these two dubious monks delivered the relics, but certain miracula had started to occur after the bones were buried at St. Bénigne (see Dijon Cathedral). These “miracles” did not cure or heal visitors of the relics: several women within the diocese reported getting “strikings”, though they showed no signs of outward injury.Bobrycki, "Flailing Women of Dijon," 18-19. They also experienced fits, resembling those of modern epilepsy.According to <mask>, Bishop Martin of Tours once avoided visiting a popular shrine, since he did not know the name of the martyr buried at the site. <mask> was careful not to denounce the sanctity of the relics while he is concerned about the likelihood of them being unholy; he finally advised Theobald to remove them and bury them elsewhere. Bishop Theobald most likely listened to this advice, since the relics are not mentioned further in surviving sources. <mask>'s Epistula ad Teodboldum was written during a time of civil war, in which the diocese of Dijon was sensitively positioned. Louis the German and Charles the Bald had engaged in combat within the area, and the subsequent devastation profoundly affected the diocese. <mask> was deeply concerned about the effects that the relics


title: Amulo

texts:
 had on families: most of the fits occurred in women and young girls, keeping them from their duties and generating more anxiety within the parish. Amulo was not against relics, but he asserted the importance of venerating saints in “proper” ways, and that such things should be limited to the “legitimate days".He offered a solution to these new relics, insisting that church ceremony – Mass, confessions, burials – would restore the people through “everyday miracles of everyday life". Major works

Contra Judaeos
By 843, the archbishopric of Lyon was part of Middle Francia under the kingship of Lothair. The Epistola seu liber contra Judaeos was dedicated to Charles the Bald in West Francia, approximately dated c. 843–846. It was written to persuade the king to approve the anti-Jewish policies proposed at the Council of Paris-Meaux. Many of <mask>'s letters were sent through Archbishop Hincmar of Reims. Hincmar had assembled the 843 gathering at which Charles the Bald made a formal pact of peace, or foedus concordiae, with the Church and nobility, known as the Treaty of Coulaines. Hincmar knew that <mask> was well-versed in Jewish teachings.Hincmar selected <mask> to expose the Jewish threat to the king with his Epistula. He wanted to use the foedus concordiae as leverage between Church and state in implementing anti-Jewish policies.Contra Judaeos can be divided into three themes: first, <mask> provides a list of Jewish “blasphemies” against the Christian faith. He refers directly to sections of the Toledot