title: Paul McCartney

texts:
 animator Geoff Dunbar.Featuring a squirrel whose woodland home is razed by developers, it had been scripted and sketched by <mask> and Dunbar over several years, as an animated film. The Observer labelled it an "anti-capitalist children's book". In 2018, he wrote the children's book Hey Grandude! together with illustrator Kathryn Durst, which was published by Random House Books in September 2019. The book is about a grandpa and his three grandchildren with a magic compass on an adventure. In 1981, <mask> asked Geoff Dunbar to direct a short animated film called Rupert and the Frog Song; <mask> was the writer and producer, and he also added some of the character voices. His song "We All Stand Together" from the film's soundtrack reached No.3 in the UK Singles Chart. In 1992, he worked with Dunbar on an animated film about the work of French artist Honoré Daumier, which won them a BAFTA award. In 2004, they worked together on the animated short film Tropic Island Hum. The accompanying single, "Tropic Island Hum"/"We All Stand Together", reached number 21 in the UK. <mask> also produced and hosted The Real Buddy Holly Story, a 1985 documentary featuring interviews with Keith Richards, Phil and Don Everly, the Holly family, and others. In 1995, he made a guest appearance on the Simpsons episode "Lisa the Vegetarian" and directed a short documentary about the Grateful Dead. Business
Since the Rich List began in 1989, <mask> has been the UK's wealthiest musician, with an estimated fortune of £730 million in 2015.In addition to an interest in Apple Corps and MPL Communications, an umbrella company for his business interests, he owns a significant music

masks: McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney


title: Paul McCartney

type: original

texts: publishing catalogue, with access to over 25,000 copyrights, including the publishing rights to the musicals Guys and Dolls, A Chorus Line, Annie and Grease. He earned £40 million in 2003, the highest income that year within media professions in the UK. This rose to £48.5 million by 2005. <mask>'s 18-date On the Run Tour grossed £37 million in 2012. <mask> signed his first recording contract, as a member of the Beatles, with Parlophone Records, an EMI subsidiary, in June 1962. In the United States, the Beatles recordings were distributed by EMI subsidiary Capitol Records. The Beatles re-signed with EMI for another nine years in 1967.After forming their own record label, Apple Records, in 1968, the Beatles' recordings would be released through Apple although the masters were still owned by EMI. Following the break-up of the Beatles, <mask>'s music continued to be released by Apple Records under the Beatles' 1967 recording contract with EMI which ran until 1976. Following the formal dissolution of the Beatles' partnership in 1975, <mask> re-signed with EMI worldwide and Capitol in the US, Canada and Japan, acquiring ownership of his solo catalogue from EMI as part of the deal. In 1979, <mask> signed with Columbia Records in the US and Canada—reportedly receiving the industry's most lucrative recording contract to date, while remaining with EMI for distribution throughout the rest of the world. As part of the deal, CBS offered <mask> ownership of Frank Music, publisher of the catalogue of American songwriter Frank Loesser. <mask>'s album sales were below CBS' expectations and reportedly the company lost at least $9 million on the contract. <mask>

masks: McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney


title: Paul McCartney

texts: returned to Capitol in the US in 1985, remaining with EMI until 2006.In 2007, <mask> signed with Hear Music, becoming the label's first artist. . He returned to Capitol for 2018's Egypt Station. In 1963, Dick James established Northern Songs to publish the songs of <mask>. <mask> initially owned 20% of Northern Songs, which became 15% after a public stock offering in 1965. In 1969, James sold a controlling interest in Northern Songs to Lew Grade's Associated Television (ATV) after which <mask> and John Lennon sold their remaining shares although they remained under contract to ATV until 1973. In 1972, <mask> re-signed with ATV for seven years in a joint publishing agreement between ATV and McCartney Music. Since 1979, MPL Communications has published <mask>'s songs.<mask> and Yoko Ono attempted to purchase the Northern Songs catalogue in 1981, but Grade declined their offer. Soon afterward, ATV Music's parent company, Associated Communications Corp., was acquired in a takeover by businessman Robert Holmes à Court, who later sold ATV Music to Michael Jackson in 1985. <mask> has criticised Jackson's purchase and handling of Northern Songs over the years. In 1995, Jackson merged his catalogue with Sony for a reported £59,052,000 ($95 million), establishing Sony/ATV Music Publishing, in which he retained half-ownership. Northern Songs was formally dissolved in 1995, and absorbed into the Sony/ATV catalogue. <mask> receives writers' royalties which together are 33⅓ percent of total commercial proceeds in the US, and which vary elsewhere between 50 and 55 percent. Two of the Beatles' earliest songs—"Love Me Do" and "P.S.I Love You"—were published by an EMI

masks:
McCartney
Lennon McCartney
McCartney
McCartney
McCartney
McCartney
McCartney
McCartney
McCartney


title: Paul McCartney

texts:
 subsidiary, Ardmore & Beechwood, before signing with James. <mask> acquired their publishing rights from Ardmore in 1978, and they are the only two Beatles songs owned by MPL Communications. Drugs
<mask> first used drugs in the Beatles' Hamburg days when they often used Preludin to maintain their energy while performing for long periods. Bob Dylan introduced them to marijuana in a New York hotel room in 1964; <mask> recalls getting "very high" and "giggling uncontrollably". His use of the drug soon became habitual, and according to Miles, <mask> wrote the lyrics "another kind of mind" in "Got to Get You into My Life" specifically as a reference to cannabis. During the filming of Help!, <mask> occasionally smoked a joint in the car on the way to the studio during filming, and often forgot his lines. Director Richard Lester overheard two physically attractive women trying to persuade <mask> to use heroin, but he refused.Introduced to cocaine by Robert Fraser, <mask> used the drug regularly during the recording of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, and for about a year in total but stopped because of his dislike of the unpleasant melancholy he felt afterwards. Initially reluctant to try LSD, <mask> eventually did so in late 1966, and took his second "acid trip" in March 1967 with Lennon after a Sgt. Pepper studio session. He later became the first Beatle to discuss the drug publicly, declaring: "It opened my eyes ... [and] made me a better, more honest, more tolerant member of society." He made his attitude about cannabis public in 1967, when he, along with the other Beatles and Epstein, added his name to a July advertisement in The Times, which


title: Paul McCartney

texts:
 called for its legalisation, the release of those imprisoned for possession, and research into marijuana's medical uses. In 1972, a Swedish court fined <mask> £1,000 for cannabis possession.Soon after, Scottish police found marijuana plants growing on his farm, leading to his 1973 conviction for illegal cultivation and a £100 fine. As a result of his drug convictions, the US government repeatedly denied him a visa until December 1973. Arrested again for marijuana possession in 1975 in Los Angeles, Linda took the blame, and the court soon dismissed the charges. In January 1980, when Wings flew to Tokyo for a tour of Japan, customs officials found approximately  of cannabis in his luggage. They arrested <mask> and brought him to a local jail while the Japanese government decided what to do. After ten days, they released and deported him without charge. In 1984, while <mask> was on holiday in Barbados, authorities arrested him for possession of marijuana and fined him $200.Upon his return to England, he stated that cannabis was less harmful than the legal substances alcohol, tobacco and glue, and that he had done no harm to anyone. In 1997, he spoke out in support of decriminalisation of cannabis: "People are smoking pot anyway and to make them criminals is wrong." He quit cannabis in 2015, citing a desire to set a good example for his grandchildren. Vegetarianism and activism

Since 1975, <mask> has been a vegetarian. He and his wife Linda were vegetarians for most of their 29-year marriage. They decided to stop consuming meat after <mask> saw lambs in a field as they were eating a meal of lamb. Soon after, the couple became outspoken animal rights

masks: McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney Paul


title: Paul McCartney

texts: activists.In his first interview after Linda's death, he promised to continue working for animal rights, and in 1999, he spent £3,000,000 to ensure Linda McCartney Foods remained free of genetically engineered ingredients. In 1995, he narrated the documentary Devour the Earth, written by Tony Wardle. <mask> is a supporter of the animal-rights organisation People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. He has appeared in the group's campaigns, and in 2009, <mask> narrated a video for them titled "Glass Walls", which was harshly critical of slaughterhouses, the meat industry, and their effect on animal welfare. <mask> has also supported campaigns headed by the Humane Society of the United States, Humane Society International, World Animal Protection, and the David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation. Following <mask>'s marriage to Mills, he joined her in a campaign against land mines, becoming a patron of Adopt-A-Minefield. In a 2003 meeting at the Kremlin with Vladimir Putin, ahead of a concert in Red Square, <mask> and Mills urged Russia to join the anti-landmine campaign.In 2006, the <mask>s travelled to Prince Edward Island to raise international awareness of seal hunting. The couple debated with Danny Williams, Newfoundland's then Premier, on Larry King Live, stating that fishermen should stop hunting seals and start seal-watching businesses instead. <mask> also supports the Make Poverty History campaign. <mask> has participated in several charity recordings and performances, including the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, Ferry Aid, Band Aid, Live Aid, Live 8, and the recording of "Ferry Cross the Mersey". In 2004, he donated a song to an album to aid


title: Paul McCartney

texts: the "US Campaign for Burma", in support of Burmese Nobel Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi. In 2008, he donated a song to Aid Still Required's CD, organised as an effort to raise funds to assist with the recovery from the devastation caused in Southeast Asia by the 2004 tsunami. In 2009, <mask> wrote to Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, asking him why he was not a vegetarian.As <mask> explained, "He wrote back very kindly, saying, 'my doctors tell me that I must eat meat'. And I wrote back again, saying, you know, I don't think that's right ... I think he's now being told ... that he can get his protein somewhere else ... It just doesn't seem right—the Dalai Lama, on the one hand, saying, 'Hey guys, don't harm sentient beings ... Oh, and by the way, I'm having a steak.'" In 2012, <mask> joined the anti-fracking campaign Artists Against Fracking. Save the Arctic is a campaign to protect the Arctic and an international outcry and a renewed focus concern on oil development in the Arctic, attracting the support of more than five million people. This includes <mask>, Archbishop Desmond Tutu and 11 Nobel Peace Prize winners.In 2015, following British prime minister David Cameron's decision to give Members of Parliament a free vote on amending the law against fox hunting, <mask> was quoted: "The people of Britain are behind this Tory government on many things but the vast majority of us will be against them if hunting is reintroduced. It is cruel and unnecessary and will lose them support from ordinary people and animal lovers like myself." During the 2019–21 coronavirus pandemic, <mask> called for Chinese wet markets (which sell live animals including wild

masks: McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney


title: Paul McCartney

texts:
 ones) to be banned. He expressed concern over both the health impacts of the practice as well as its cruelty to animals. <mask> is one of the 100 contributors to the book, Dear NHS: 100 Stories to Say Thank You, of which all proceeds go to NHS Charities Together and The Lullaby Trust. Meditation
In August 1967, <mask> met Maharishi Mahesh Yogi at the London Hilton and later went to Bangor in North Wales to attend a weekend initiation conference, where he and the other Beatles learned the basics of Transcendental Meditation. He said, "The whole meditation experience was very good and I still use the mantra ...I find it soothing." In 2009, <mask> and Starr headlined a benefit concert at Radio City Music Hall, raising three million dollars for the David Lynch Foundation to fund instruction in Transcendental Meditation for at-risk youth. Football
<mask> has publicly professed support for Everton F.C. and has also shown favour for Liverpool F.C. In 2008, he ended speculation about his allegiance when he said: "Here's the deal: my father was born in Everton, my family are officially Evertonians, so if it comes down to a derby match or an FA Cup final between the two, I would have to support Everton. But after a concert at Wembley Arena I got a bit of a friendship with Kenny Dalglish, who had been to the gig and I thought 'You know what? I am just going to support them both because it's all Liverpool.'"Relationships

Girlfriends

Dot Rhone
<mask>'s first serious girlfriend in Liverpool was Dorothy "Dot" Rhone, whom he met at the Casbah club in 1959. According to Spitz, Rhone felt that <mask> had a compulsion to control situations. He often chose clothes


title: Paul McCartney

texts:
 and makeup for her, encouraging her to grow her blonde hair to simulate Brigitte Bardot's hairstyle, and at least once insisting she have her hair restyled, to disappointing effect. When <mask> first went to Hamburg with the Beatles, he wrote to Rhone regularly, and she accompanied Cynthia Lennon to Hamburg when they played there again in 1962. The couple had a two-and-a-half-year relationship, and were due to marry until Rhone's miscarriage. According to Spitz, <mask>, now "free of obligation", ended the engagement. Jane Asher
<mask> first met British actress Jane Asher on 18 April 1963 when a photographer asked them to pose at a Beatles performance at the Royal Albert Hall in London.The two began a relationship, and in November of that year he took up residence with Asher at her parents' home at 57 Wimpole Street in Marylebone, central London. They had lived there for more than two years before the couple moved to <mask>'s own home in St. John's Wood in March 1966. He wrote several songs while living at the Ashers', including "Yesterday", "And I Love Her", "You Won't See Me" and "I'm Looking Through You", the latter three having been inspired by their romance. They had a five-year relationship and planned to marry, but Asher broke off the engagement after she discovered he had become involved with Francie Schwartz, an American screenwriter who moved to London at age 23 thinking she could sell a script to the Beatles. She met <mask> and he invited her to move into his London house, where events ensued that possibly broke up him and Asher. Wives

Linda Eastman

Linda Eastman was a music fan who once commented, "all my teen years were spent with an


title: Paul McCartney

texts: ear to the radio." At times, she skipped school to see artists such as Fabian, Bobby Darin and Chuck Berry.She became a popular photographer with several rock groups, including the Jimi Hendrix Experience, the Grateful Dead, the Doors and the Beatles, whom she first met at Shea Stadium in 1966. She commented, "It was John who interested me at the start. He was my Beatle hero. But when I met him the fascination faded fast, and I found it was <mask> I liked." The pair first became properly acquainted on 15 May 1967 at a Georgie Fame concert at The Bag O'Nails club, during her UK assignment to photograph rock musicians in London. As <mask> remembers, "The night Linda and I met, I spotted her across a crowded club, and although I would normally have been nervous chatting her up, I realised I had to ... Pushiness worked for me that night!" Linda said this about their meeting: "I was quite shameless really.I was with somebody else [that night] ... and I saw <mask> at the other side of the room. He looked so beautiful that I made up my mind I would have to pick him up." The pair married in March 1969. About their relationship, <mask> said, "We had a lot of fun together ... just the nature of how we aren’t, our favourite thing really is to just hang, to have fun. And Linda's very big on just following the moment." He added, "We were crazy. We had a big argument the night before we got married, and it was nearly called off ... [it's] miraculous that we made it.But we did." After the break-up of the Beatles, the two collaborated musically and formed Wings in 1971. They faced derision from some fans and critics, who questioned her inclusion. She was nervous

masks: Paul Paul Paul Paul


title: Paul McCartney

texts:
 about performing with <mask>, who explained, "she conquered those nerves, got on with it and was really gutsy." <mask> defended her musical ability: "I taught Linda the basics of the keyboard ... She took a couple of lessons and learned some bluesy things ... she did very well and made it look easier than it was ... The critics would say, 'She's not really playing' or 'Look at her—she's playing with one finger.' But what they didn't know is that sometimes she was playing a thing called a Minimoog, which could only be played with one finger.It was monophonic." He went on to say, "We thought we were in it for the fun ... it was just something we wanted to do, so if we got it wrong—big deal. We didn't have to justify ourselves." Former Wings guitarist McCullough said of collaborating with Linda, "trying to get things together with a learner in the group didn't work as far as I was concerned." They had four children—Linda's daughter Heather (legally adopted by <mask>), Mary, Stella and James—and remained married until Linda's death from breast cancer at age 56 in 1998. After Linda died, <mask> said, "I got a counsellor because I knew that I would need some help. He was great, particularly in helping me get rid of my guilt [about wishing I'd been] perfect all the time ... a real bugger.But then I thought, hang on a minute. We're just human. That was the beautiful thing about our marriage. We were just a boyfriend and girlfriend having babies." Heather Mills
In 2002, <mask> married Heather Mills, a former model and anti-landmine campaigner. In 2003, the couple had a child, Beatrice Milly, named in honour of Mills's late mother and one of <mask>'s aunts.

masks: Paul Paul Paul Paul McCartney McCartney


title: Paul McCartney

texts:
 They separated in April 2006 and divorced acrimoniously in March 2008.In 2004, he commented on media animosity toward his partners: "[the British public] didn't like me giving up on Jane Asher ... I married [Linda], a New York divorcee with a child, and at the time they didn't like that". Nancy Shevell
<mask> married New Yorker Nancy Shevell in a civil ceremony at Marylebone Town Hall, London, on 9 October 2011. The wedding was a modest event attended by a group of about 30 relatives and friends. The couple had been together since November 2007. Shevell is vice president of a family-owned transportation conglomerate which owns New England Motor Freight. She is a former member of the board of the New York area's Metropolitan Transportation Authority.Shevell is about 18 years younger than <mask>. They had known each other for about 20 years prior to marrying, having met because both had homes in the Hamptons. Beatles

John Lennon

Though <mask> had a strained relationship with Lennon, they briefly became close again in early 1974, and played music together on one occasion. In later years, the two grew apart. <mask> often phoned Lennon, but was apprehensive about the reception he would receive. During one call, Lennon told him, "You're all pizza and fairytales!" In an effort to avoid talking only about business, they often spoke of cats, babies, or baking bread.On 24 April 1976, <mask> and Lennon were watching an episode of Saturday Night Live at Lennon's home in the Dakota when Lorne Michaels made a $3,000 cash offer for the Beatles to reunite. While they seriously considered going to the SNL studio a few blocks away, they decided it was too late.


title: Paul McCartney

texts:
 This was their last time together. VH1 fictionalised this event in the 2000 television film Two of Us. <mask>'s last telephone call to Lennon, days before Lennon and Ono released Double Fantasy, was friendly: "[It is] a consoling factor for me, because I do feel it was sad that we never actually sat down and straightened our differences out. But fortunately for me, the last phone conversation I ever had with him was really great, and we didn't have any kind of blow-up", he said. Reaction to Lennon's murder

On 9 December 1980, <mask> followed the news that Lennon had been murdered the previous night; Lennon's death created a media frenzy around the surviving members of the band.<mask> was leaving an Oxford Street recording studio that evening when he was surrounded by reporters who asked him for his reaction; he responded: "It's a drag". The press quickly criticised him for what appeared to be a superficial response. He later explained, "When John was killed somebody stuck a microphone at me and said: 'What do you think about it?' I said, 'It's a dra-a-ag' and meant it with every inch of melancholy I could muster. When you put that in print it says, '<mask> in London today when asked for a comment on his dead friend said, "It's a drag".' It seemed a very flippant comment to make." He described his first exchange with Ono after the murder, and his last conversation with Lennon:

I talked to Yoko the day after he was killed, and the first thing she said was, "John was really fond of you."The last telephone conversation I had with him we were still the best of mates. He was always a very warm guy, John. His bluff was all on the surface. He used to take

masks: McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney


title: Paul McCartney

texts:
 his glasses down, those granny glasses, and say, "it's only me." They were like a wall you know? A shield. Those are the moments I treasure.In 1983, <mask> said: "I would not have been as typically human and standoffish as I was if I knew John was going to die. I would have made more of an effort to try and get behind his 'mask' and have a better relationship with him." He said that he went home that night, watched the news on television with his children and cried most of the evening. In 1997, he said that Lennon's death made the remaining ex-Beatles nervous that they might also be murdered. He told Mojo magazine in 2002 that Lennon was his greatest hero. In 1981, <mask> sang backup on Harrison's tribute to Lennon, "All Those Years Ago", which featured Starr on drums. <mask> released "Here Today" in 1982, a song Everett described as "a haunting tribute" to <mask>'s friendship with Lennon.George Harrison

Discussing his relationship with <mask>, Harrison said: "<mask> would always help along when you'd done his ten songs—then when he got 'round to doing one of my songs, he would help. It was silly. It was very selfish, actually ... There were a lot of tracks, though, where I played bass ... because what <mask> would do—if he'd written a song, he'd learn all the parts for <mask> and then come in the studio and say (sometimes he was very difficult): 'Do this'. He'd never give you the opportunity to come out with something." After Harrison's death in November 2001, <mask> said he was "a lovely guy and a very brave man who had a wonderful sense of humour". He went on to say: "We grew up together and we just had so many beautiful times together – that's

masks: McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney Paul Paul Paul McCartney


title: Paul McCartney

texts:
 what I am going to remember.I'll always love him, he's my baby brother." On the first anniversary of his death, <mask> played Harrison's "Something" on a ukulele at the Concert for George; he would perform this rendition of the song on many subsequent solo tours. He also performed "For You Blue" and "All Things Must Pass", and played the piano on Eric Clapton's rendition of "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". Ringo Starr
During a recording session for The Beatles in 1968, the two got into an argument over <mask>'s critique of Starr's drum part for "Back in the U.S.S.R.", which contributed to Starr temporarily leaving the band. Starr later commented on working with <mask>: "<mask> is the greatest bass player in the world. But he is also very determined ... [to] get his own way ... [thus] musical disagreements inevitably arose from time to time." <mask> and Starr collaborated on several post-Beatles projects, starting in 1973 when <mask> contributed instrumentation and backing vocals for "Six O'Clock", a song <mask> wrote for Starr's album Ringo.<mask> played a kazoo solo on "You're Sixteen" from the same album. Starr appeared as a fictional version of himself in <mask>'s 1984 film Give My Regards to Broad Street, and played drums on most tracks of the soundtrack album, which includes re-recordings of several McCartney-penned Beatles songs. Starr played drums and sang backing vocals on "Beautiful Night" from <mask>'s 1997 album Flaming Pie. The pair collaborated again in 1998, on Starr's Vertical Man, which featured <mask>'s backing vocals on three songs, and instrumentation on one. In 2009, the pair performed "With a Little Help from My Friends" at a

masks: McCartney McCartney McCartney Paul McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney


title: Paul McCartney

texts:
 benefit concert for the David Lynch Foundation. They collaborated on Starr's album Y Not in 2010. <mask> played bass on "Peace Dream", and sang a duet with Starr on "Walk with You".On 7 July 2010, Starr was performing at Radio City Music Hall in New York with his All-Starr Band in a concert celebrating his seventieth birthday. After the encores, <mask> made a surprise appearance, performing the Beatles' song "Birthday" with Starr's band. On 26 January 2014, <mask> and Starr performed "Queenie Eye" from <mask>'s new album New at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. <mask> inducted Starr into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2015, and played bass on his 2017 album Give More Love. On 16 December 2018, Starr and Ronnie Wood joined <mask> onstage to perform "Get Back" at his concert at London's O2 Arena. Starr also made an appearance on the final day of <mask>'s Freshen Up tour in July 2019, performing "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)" and "Helter Skelter".Legacy

Achievements
<mask> was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 as a member of the Beatles and again as a solo artist in 1999. In 1979, the Guinness Book of World Records recognised <mask> as the "most honored composer and performer in music", with 60 gold discs (43 with the Beatles, 17 with Wings) and, as a member of the Beatles, sales of over 100 million singles and 100 million albums, and as the "most successful song writer", he wrote jointly or solo 43 songs which sold one million or more records between 1962 and 1978. In 2009, Guinness World Records again recognised <mask> as the "most successful songwriter" having written or co-written 188 charted records in

masks: McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney McCartney


title: Paul McCartney

texts: the United Kingdom, of which 91 reached the top 10 and 33 made it to number one. <mask> has written, or co-written, 32 number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100: twenty with the Beatles; seven solo or with Wings; one as a co-writer of "A World Without Love", a number-one single for Peter and Gordon; one as a co-writer on Elton John's cover of "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"; one as a co-writer on Stars on 45's "Medley"; one as a co-writer with Michael Jackson on "Say Say Say"; and one as writer on "Ebony and Ivory" performed with Stevie Wonder. , he has 15.5 million RIAA certified units in the United States as a solo artist plus another 10 million with Wings. Credited with more number ones in the UK than any other artist, <mask> has participated in twenty-four chart topping singles: seventeen with the Beatles, one solo, and one each with Wings, Stevie Wonder, Ferry Aid, Band Aid, Band Aid 20 and "The Christians et al." He is the only artist to reach the UK number one as a soloist ("Pipes of Peace"), duo ("Ebony and Ivory" with Wonder), trio ("Mull of Kintyre", Wings), quartet ("She Loves You", the Beatles), quintet ("Get Back", the Beatles with Billy Preston) and as part of a musical ensemble for charity (Ferry Aid)."Yesterday" is one of the most covered songs in history with more than 2,200 recorded versions, and according to the BBC, "the track is the only one by a UK writer to have been aired more than seven million times on American TV and radio and is third in the all-time list ... [and] is the most played song by a British writer [last] century in the US". His 1968 Beatles composition "Hey Jude" achieved the highest sales in the UK that year

masks: McCartney McCartney


title: Paul McCartney

texts:
 and topped the US charts for nine weeks, which is longer than any other Beatles single. It was also the longest single released by the band and, at seven minutes eleven seconds, was at that time the longest number one. "Hey Jude" is the best-selling Beatles single, achieving sales of over five million copies soon after its release. In July 2005, <mask>'s performance of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" with U2 at Live 8 became the fastest-released single in history. Available within forty-five minutes of its recording, hours later it had achieved number one on the UK Official Download Chart.In December 2020, the release of his album McCartney III and its subsequent charting at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 earned <mask> the feat of being the first artist to have a new album in the top two chart positions in each of the last six decades. "'That Was Me' in 'Vintage Clothes': Intertextuality and the White Album Songs of <mask>." In The Beatles through a Glass Onion: Reconsidering the White Album, ed. Mark Osteen, 213–29. Tracking Pop Series. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press. .

Further reading

 Benitez, Vincent P. (2012). “Ram (1971)” and “Band on the Run (1973).” In The Album: A Guide to Pop Music’s Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations, ed.James E. Perone, 147–56; 275–85. Westport, CT: Praeger

masks:
McCartney
McCartney
Paul McCartney


title: Harvey Cushing

texts:
<mask> (April 8, 1869 – October 7, 1939) was an American neurosurgeon, pathologist, writer, and draftsman. A pioneer of brain surgery, he was the first exclusive neurosurgeon and the first person to describe <mask>'s disease. He wrote a biography of William Osler in three volumes. Early life
<mask> was born in Cleveland, Ohio. His parents were Elizabeth Maria "Betsey M." Williams and <mask>, a physician whose ancestors came to Hingham, Massachusetts, as Puritans in the 17th century. <mask> was the youngest of ten children. Education
As a child, <mask> attended the Cleveland Manual Training School, which expanded his interest in science and medicine.The school's emphasis on experimental training and a "physics-focused" approach to education played an important role in influencing <mask> towards a career in medical surgery. The school's manual dexterity training program also contributed to <mask>'s future success as a surgeon. He graduated with an A.B. degree in 1891 from Yale University, where he was a member of Scroll and Key and Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi chapter). He studied medicine at Harvard Medical School and earned his medical degree in 1895. <mask> completed his internship at Massachusetts General Hospital and then did a residency in surgery under the guidance of pioneering surgeon William Stewart Halsted at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. Career
After neurosurgical training abroad under Emil Theodor Kocher at Bern and Charles Scott Sherrington at Liverpool, he began private practice in Baltimore.During his time with Kocher, he first encountered the <mask> reflex, which describes the relationship between blood pressure and intracranial pressure. At the age of 32, he was made associate professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital, and was placed in full charge of cases of surgery of the central nervous system. He wrote numerous monographs on surgery of the brain and spinal column and made important contributions in

masks:
Harvey Williams Cushing
Cushing
Harvey Cushing
Henry Kirke Cushing
Harvey
Cushing
Cushing
Cushing
Cushing
Cushing


title: Harvey Cushing

texts:
 bacteriology. He conducted (with Kocher) a study of intracerebral pressure and (with Sherrington) contributed much to the localization of the cerebral centers. In Baltimore, he developed the method of operating with local anaesthesia, and his paper on its use in hernia gave him a European reputation. In 1911, he was appointed surgeon-in-chief at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston. He became a professor of surgery at the Harvard Medical School starting in 1912.In 1913, he was made an honorary F.R.C.S. (London). He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1914. In 1915, before the Clinical Congress of Surgeons in Boston, he showed the possibility of influencing stature by operating on the pituitary gland. In 1924, <mask> was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh. First World War
Shortly after the entry of the United States into the First World War, <mask> was commissioned as a major in the U.S. Army Medical Corps on May 5, 1917. He was director of the U.S. base hospital attached to the British Expeditionary Force in France.<mask> also served as the head of a surgical unit in a French military hospital outside of Paris. During his time at the French military hospital, <mask> experimented with the use of electromagnets to extract metallic shrapnel fragments that were lodged within the brain. He was mentioned in a dispatch by Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig in November 1917. On June 6, 1918, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and was assigned as senior consultant in neurological surgery for the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe. He attained the rank of colonel (O-6) on October 23, 1918. In that capacity, he treated Lieutenant Edward Revere Osler, who was fatally wounded during the third battle of Ypres. Lieutenant Osler was the son of Sir William Osler.<mask> returned to the United States in February 1919 and was discharged on April 9 of the same year. In

masks: Cushing Cushing Cushing Cushing Cushing


title: Harvey Cushing

texts:
 recognition of his service during the war, <mask> was invested as a Companion of the Bath by the British government. In 1923 he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal by the U.S. Army. Later career
<mask> authored the Pulitzer prize-winning biography, Life of Sir William Osler (London: Oxford University Press, 1925). From 1933 to 1937, when he retired, he worked at the Yale School of Medicine as Sterling Professor of Neurology. <mask> died on October 7, 1939, in New Haven, Connecticut, from complications of a myocardial infarction. He was interred at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland.An autopsy performed on <mask> revealed that his brain harbored a colloid cyst of the third ventricle. Legacy
In the beginning of the 20th century, <mask> developed many of the basic surgical techniques for operating on the brain. This established him as one of the foremost leaders and experts in the field. Under his influence neurosurgery became a new and autonomous surgical discipline. He considerably improved the survival of patients after difficult brain operations for intracranial tumors. He used X-rays to diagnose brain tumors. He used electrical stimuli for study of the human sensory cortex.He played a pivotal role in development of the Bovie electrocautery tool with William T. Bovie, a physicist. He was the world's leading teacher of neurosurgeons in the first decades of the 20th century. Arguably, <mask>'s greatest contribution came with his introduction to North America of blood pressure measurement. Upon visiting colleague Scipione Riva-Rocci, an Italian physician, <mask> was astonished by Riva-Rocci's non-invasive way of measuring intra-arterial pressure. In 1896, Riva-Rocci developed a wall-mounted mercury manometer linked to a balloon-inflated cuff that would measure the pressure needed to compress arterial systolic pressure, i.e. systolic blood pressure measurement. Riva-Rocci's design was based on a more primitive version developed by

masks: Cushing Cushing Cushing Cushing Cushing Cushing Cushing


title: Harvey Cushing

texts: French physician Pierre Potain.<mask> returned to the US with a sample of Riva-Rocci's sphygmomanometer and blood pressure measurement became a vital sign. The use of the Riva-Rocci sphygmomanometer as a diagnostic tool rapidly spread across the US and western world, a direct contribution by <mask>. The device's use continued until Russian physician Nikolai Korotkov included diastolic blood pressure measurement in 1905 (after he discovered the famed "Korotkoff sounds") with his improved sphygmomanometer, which also replaced the mercury manometer with a smaller, round dial manometer. <mask>'s name is commonly associated with his most famous discovery, <mask>'s disease. In 1912 he reported in a study an endocrinological syndrome caused by a malfunction of the pituitary gland which he termed "polyglandular syndrome." He published his findings in 1932 as "The Basophil Adenomas of the Pituitary Body and Their Clinical Manifestations: pituitary Basophilism". <mask> was also awarded the 1926 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography for a book recounting the life of one of the fathers of modern medicine, Sir William Osler.In 1930, <mask> was awarded the Lister Medal for his contributions to surgical science. As part of the award, he delivered the Lister Memorial Lecture at the Royal College of Surgeons of England in July 1930. <mask> was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1934, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. He served as president of the History of Science Society in 1934. <mask> was also a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, nominated at least 38 times. The World War II Liberty Ship  was named in his honor. In 1988, the United States Postal Service issued a 45-cent postage stamp in his honor, as part of the Great Americans series.<mask> developed many surgical instruments that are in use today, most notably Cushing forceps and the <mask> ventricular cannula. The forceps instrument is used

masks:
Cushing
Harvey Cushing
Cushing
Cushing
Cushing
Cushing
Cushing
Cushing
Cushing
Cushing


title: Harvey Cushing

texts:
 to grasp the thick tissues of the scalp during cranial surgery and the cannula is used to enter the brain ventricles for CSF drainage. He also developed a surgical magnet while working with the Harvard Medical Unit in France during World War I to extract shrapnel from the heads of wounded soldiers. The <mask> Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library at Yale University contains extensive collections in the field of medicine and the history of medicine. <mask>'s long-time personal secretary, Madeline Stanton, played a major role in organizing his rare book donations, along with those from John F. Fulton and Arnold C. Klebs, to form the library. In 2005, the library released portions of its collection online, including the Peter Parker Collection which consists of a collection of portrait engravings and 83 mid-19th-century oil paintings rendered by artist Lam Qua of Chinese tumor patients, and a biography of <mask> by John F. Fulton. In 2010, Yale placed on display <mask>'s collection of brain specimens.There is also a collection of his papers at the National Library of Medicine. Personal life
He married Katharine Stone Crowell (1870–1949), a Cleveland childhood friend, on June 10, 1902. They had five children:

 <mask> <mask> (1903–1926) (died in an automobile accident while a student at Yale University )
 Mary Benedict "Minnie" <mask> (1906–1978), who married Vincent Astor and later James Whitney Fosburgh;
 Betsey <mask> (1908–1998), who married James Roosevelt and later John Hay Whitney;
 Henry Kirke <mask>, who married Marjorie Estabrook in 1936. Barbara "Babe" <mask> (1915–1978), the socialite wife of Stanley Grafton Mortimer and later William S. Paley. Trained under <mask>

Walter Dandy, the first pediatric neurosurgeon and the developer of pneumoencephalography
Leo M. Davidoff, founder of the Department of Neurological Surgery at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Norman Dott
Louise Eisenhardt, Neuropathologist and curator of

masks:
Harvey
Cushing
Harvey Cushing
Cushing
William Harvey
Cushing
Cushing
Cushing
Cushing
Cushing
Cushing


title: Harvey Cushing

texts:
 Cushing's brain tumor registry with more than 2000 specimens. Wilder Penfield, pioneer neurosurgeon and founder of the Montreal Neurological Institute

Publications

The Pituitary Body and its Disorders (1912)
Tumours of the Nervus Acousticus (1917)
Blood Vessel Tumours of the Brain (1928)
Consecratio Medici and other papers (1928)
From a surgeon's journal, 1915–1918 (1936)
The Medical Career (1940)
A Visit to Le Puy-En-Velay (1945)

See also
 History of medicine
 Timeline of medicine and medical technology

References

External links

 Fulton, John F. <mask>: A Biography, Charles C. Thomas (Springfield, Illinois), 1946. Harvey Williams Cushing Papers in the Yale University Library (MS 160).Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. Bliss, Michael. <mask>: a Life in Surgery, Oxford University Press, 2005. (book review)
 National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
 <mask>: A Journey Through His Life
<mask> Fonds. Osler Library of the History of Medicine. McGill University. Collected papers of <mask>, 1923–1939 (inclusive).Harvard Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass. 1869 births
1939 deaths
American biographers
American male biographers
American endocrinologists
American neuroscientists
American science writers
Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland
Honorary Companions of the Order of the Bath
Harvard Medical School alumni
Harvard Medical School faculty
Johns Hopkins Hospital physicians
American neurosurgeons
Writers from Baltimore
Writers from Boston
Writers from Cleveland
Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Yale University alumni
Yale University faculty
United States Army colonels
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army Medical Corps officers
Yale Sterling

masks:
Harvey Cushing
Harvey Cushing
Harvey Cushing
Harvey Cushing
Harvey Cushing


title: William Augustus Edwards

texts:
<mask>, also known as <mask><mask> (December 8, 1866 – March 30, 1939) was an Atlanta-based American architect renowned for the educational buildings, courthouses and other public  and private buildings that he  designed in Florida, Georgia and his native South Carolina. More than 25 of his works have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Early life and education

<mask> was born in Darlington, South Carolina, the son of <mask> and his wife, Elizabeth Sarah Hart. After graduating from St. David's School in Society Hill, <mask> attended Richmond College, now the University of Richmond for one year and then entered the University of South Carolina where he received a degree in mechanical engineering in 1889. Career history

He and another Darlington County native, Charles Coker Wilson, set up an office together in Columbia, having previously worked in Roanoke, Virginia. The two men prospered for a time, but in 1901 <mask> found a new partner, Frank C. Walter. Between then and 1908 the two designed many public school buildings across the state.In 1908 the men moved their firm to Atlanta, Georgia, where they were briefly associated with an architect named Parnham. The firm lasted until 1911, at which point Walter left to work on his own. In 1915 <mask> established another partnership, this one with <mask>. Sayward, and in 1919 Joseph Leitner joined the practice. <mask> continued working successfully from this office until his death in 1939. Marriage and family

<mask> <mask> married India Pearl Brown on December 21, 1898. They had two sons and two daughters. He was a  member of the Unitarian Church.Educational buildings

Among the academic institutions for which <mask>

masks:
William Augustus Edwards
William A
. Edwards
William Augustus Edwards
Augustus Fulton Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
William J
Edwards
William Augustus
Edwards
Edwards


title: William Augustus Edwards

texts:
 designed buildings were:

In Alabama

Camp Hill

In 1930 <mask><mask> and firm designed the educational classroom and administrative building for The Southern Industrial Institute, now known as Lyman Ward Military Academy, in Camp Hill, AL. The structure known as Tallapoosa Hall was designed at the request of well known educator Dr. Lyman Ward who like <mask> was also a Unitarian. Dr. Ward had transplanted to Alabama in 1898 to establish a school for impoverished boys and girls. Completed in 1933, Tallapoosa Hall is also a Gothic Revival design and the building was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 2008. In Florida

From 1905-1925, <mask><mask> was architect for the Florida Board of Control and designed many buildings in the Collegiate Gothic style for the three existing state institutions of higher learning as well as other public schools. Gainesville

University of Florida

As the main architect for Florida's newly reorganized system of higher education, <mask> designed numerous buildings for the University of Florida's new Gainesville campus, which first welcomed students in 1906. Most of his surviving works at the school had already been individually recognized by the National Register of Historic Places when the University of Florida Campus Historic District was established in the heart of the original campus in 1989.Works by <mask> at the University of Florida:

St. Augustine
Florida School for the Deaf and Blind

Tallahassee

FAMU
Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University. Buildings designed by <mask> <mask> include:

The Carnegie Library and perhaps other buildings designed by <mask> are among 14 contributing buildings in  Florida Agricultural and

masks:
William A
. Edwards
Edwards
William A
. Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
William Augustus
Edwards
Edwards


title: William Augustus Edwards

texts:
 Mechanical College Historic District, NRHP-listed

FSU
Florida State College for Women (Florida State University). Buildings designed by <mask> <mask> include:

Other
 Caroline Brevard Grammar School, 727 S. Calhoun St., Tallahassee, Florida (<mask>, <mask>. ), NRHP-listed
 Lincoln High School, 438 W Brevard St, Tallahassee, Florida (<mask>, <mask>. and Sayward, <mask>)
 Sealey Memorial Elementary School (demolished), 7th Avenue near Monroe Street, Tallahassee, Florida (<mask>, <mask>. and Sayward, <mask>)
 W. H. Covington Residence, 328 Cortez Street, Tallahassee, Florida (<mask>, <mask>. and Sayward, <mask>)
 Exchange Bank, Southeast corner of Monroe Street and College Avenue, Tallahassee, Florida (<mask>, <mask>. and Sayward, <mask>)

In Georgia
Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia: Buttrick Hall, 1930;  McCain Library, 1936
Columbia Theological Seminary, Decatur, Georgia
Georgia State Teachers College
 Georgia State Women's College (Valdosta State University)

In South Carolina
Clemson College (Clemson University)
Furman University, Greenville: Judson Alumni Hall, 1900–1961. Limestone College, Gaffney: Winnie Davis Hall, 1904,
 McMaster School, now USC's McMaster College, Columbia
South Carolina School for the Deaf and Blind, Spartanburg
University of South Carolina, Columbia: Currell College (originally the law school named Petigru College, but changed in 1950 to Currell when a new Petigru was built for the law school) 1919,. Walhalla Graded School, Walhalla, 1901
Winthrop College, Winthrop University, Rock Hill: Withers Building, Main Classroom - Office Building, 1912–1913. County courthouses

William Augustus Edwards designed many county courthouses, as follows:

In Florida

masks:
William Augustus
Edwards
Edwards
William A
Edwards
William A
William
Edwards
William A
William
Edwards
William A
William
Edwards
William A
William


title: William Augustus Edwards

texts:
 Hernando County Courthouse, 1913.Sumter County Courthouse (Florida), 1914

In Georgia

 Fannin County Courthouse, Georgia, 1937, replaced 2004 by new courthouse next door. Old one is leased as Georgia Mountain Center for the Arts. Tift County Courthouse (1912), Courthouse Sq., Tifton, Georgia, 1912–13, NRHP-listed Beaux Arts in style, listed on the National Register of Historic Places individually and as part of Tifton Commercial Historic District

In South Carolina
Between 1908 and 1915 <mask> designed nine county courthouses for the state of South Carolina, all of which are still standing except the ones in Kershaw  and Darlingon which were destroyed. The courthouses are as follows:
Abbeville County Courthouse, Court Sq. Abbeville, South Carolina, NRHP-listed
Calhoun County Courthouse, S. Railroad Ave., St. Matthews, South Carolina, NRHP-listed
Darlington County Courthouse,  1904–1964, replaced by highrise courthouse on same site
Dillon County Courthouse, 1303 W. Main St., Dillon, South Carolina. (<mask>, <mask>), NRHP-listed
Kershaw County Courthouse, destroyed
Jasper County Courthouse, Russell St., Ridgeland, South Carolina, NRHP-listed
Lee County Courthouse, 123 Main St., Bishopville, South Carolina, NRHP-listed
Sumter County Courthouse, 141 N. Main St., Sumter, South Carolina, NRHP-listed
York County Courthouse, corner of W. Liberty and S. Congress Sts., York, South Carolina, NRHP-listed

Other buildings

In Florida
 Covington House, 328 Cortez St., Tallahassee, Florida, 1926, NRHP-listed
 Exchange Bank Building, Tallahassee, Florida
 Hotel Thomas, 1919, bounded by N.E. 2nd and 5th Sts.and N.E. 6th and 7th Aves., Gainesville, Florida, NRHP-listed

In Georgia
 City Hall and

masks:
Edwards
Edwards
William Augustus


title: William Augustus Edwards

texts:
 Firehouse, Bainbridge, Georgia
 Odd Fellows Building and Auditorium, 1912–1913, 228-250 Auburn Ave., NE, Atlanta, Georgia (<mask>, <mask>. ), NRHP-listed
 University Homes in the Atlanta University Center area
 Unitarian Church of Atlanta, 669 West Peachtree Street, 1915
 United States Post Office and Courthouse (Columbus, Georgia), 1933
former Bank of Tifton (1917), Tifton, Georgia, a C&S Bank in 1985, "a fine example of the Neoclassical style", a contributing building in NRHP-listed Tifton Commercial Historic District
One or more works in Lakewood Heights Historic District, jct. of Jonesboro Rd. and Lakewood Ave., Atlanta, Georgia (<mask>, <mask>), NRHP-listed
One or more works in Southern Railway North Avenue Yards Historic District, 539 John St. NW, Atlanta, Georgia (<mask>, <mask>), NRHP-listed

In South Carolina
 Abbeville Opera House, Abbeville, South Carolina
 Cain House at 1619 Pendleton Street, Columbia, South Carolina. 1912. now The Inn at USC'. South Carolina State Armory, 1219 Assembly Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 1905, NRHP-listed

NRHP-listed works

More than 25 of his works have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, either as individual buildings or as contributing buildings within historic districts.Gallery

References

External links
Biography at the University of Florida library website
 Tate, Susan, Preservation and Compatible Growth of a Twentieth Century Campus: The University of Florida

1866 births
1939 deaths
People from Darlington, South Carolina
Architects from South Carolina
Florida State University
University of Florida

Architects from Atlanta
University of South Carolina alumni
19th-century American architects
20th-century American

masks:
Edwards
William A
Edwards
William
Edwards
William


title: Elizabeth de Burgh

texts:
<mask> (; ; c. 1284 – 27 October 1327) was the second wife and the only queen consort of King Robert the Bruce. <mask> was born sometime around 1284, probably in what is now County Down or County Antrim in Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. She was the daughter of one of the most powerful Norman nobles in the Lordship of Ireland at that time, The 2nd Earl of Ulster, who was a close friend and ally of King Edward I of England. Not much is known about <mask>, despite her husband's status as one of the most famous Scottish kings and warriors. As is the case with most medieval women, records of <mask> are scarce; however, it is clear that she was caught up in the political turmoil that unfolded between the Scottish and the English during the reign of her husband King Robert, had to move several times to keep safe, and was eventually seized as a prisoner. Life

She was born in Ulster in the north of Ireland (c. 1284), the daughter of the powerful <mask>, 2nd Earl of Ulster, and his wife, <mask> (died 1304). Her father, Lord Ulster, was a close friend of King Edward I of England.<mask> probably met Robert the Bruce, then Earl of Carrick, at the English court. They married in 1302 at Writtle, near Chelmsford in Essex, England, at which time Robert was a widower with a young daughter from his first marriage. <mask> would have been about 18 years old, and Robert 28. On 27 March 1306, Robert and <mask> were crowned as King and Queen of Scots at Scone. The coronation took place in defiance of the English claims of suzerainty after Edward I stripped <mask> Baliol of the crown of Scotland. After his coronation, she is quoted as having said, as

masks:
Elizabeth de Burgh
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Richard Óg de Burgh
Margarite de Burgh
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
John de


title: Elizabeth de Burgh

texts:
 though fearing a defeat by Edward I. Capture

After the defeat of the Scots at the Battle of Methven on 19 June 1306, Robert sent Queen <mask>, his daughter Marjorie by his first marriage, and his sisters Mary and Christina to Kildrummy Castle, under the protection of his brother Niall (also known as Nigel).The English laid siege to the castle containing the royal party. The siege finally succeeded when the English bribed a blacksmith with "all the gold he could carry" to set fire to the grain store. The victors hanged, drew and quartered Niall Bruce, along with all the men from the castle. However, the royal ladies under the escort of The 9th Earl of Atholl had already fled. They were taken from the sanctuary of St. Duthac at Tain by The Earl of Ross, a supporter of the Comyns, and dispatched to King Edward. He imprisoned Bruce's sister Mary and Isabella, Countess of Buchan, in wooden cages erected on the walls of Roxburgh and Berwick castles respectively, and then sent Bruce's nine-year-old daughter Marjorie to the nunnery at Watton. <mask> was held under severe conditions of house arrest in England while Edward still needed aid from her father.The Earl of Atholl was hanged and his head displayed on London Bridge. She was imprisoned for eight years by the English. From October 1306 to July 1308 she was held at Burstwick-in-Holderness, Yorkshire, where she, only served by two elder women, wrote a letter complaining about her condition (she had only 3 clothes and no headgear or linen bed clothing), before being transferred to Bisham Manor, Berkshire, until March 1312. From there, she was moved to Windsor Castle with six attendants and an

masks: Elizabeth Elizabeth


title: Elizabeth de Burgh

texts:
 allowance, where she was held until October 1312, Shaftesbury Abbey, Dorset, until March 1313, Barking Abbey, Essex, until March 1314, and Rochester Castle, Kent, until June 1314. After the Battle of Bannockburn, she was moved to York while prisoner exchange talks took place. At York, she had an audience with King Edward II of England. She was released as part of the ransom for the Earl of Hereford who had been captured after the Battle of Bannockburn on 29 September 1314.Queen <mask> had three children who reached adulthood: Matilda, Margaret, and David (the future King David II of Scotland). Death

<mask> died aged approximately 43 years old, on 27 October 1327, after falling from her horse during a visit to the royal residence at Cullen, Banffshire. Plans were immediately made to transport her body to Dunfermline Abbey in Fife, the resting place of Scottish kings and queens since 1093. As parishioners in Cullen were worried that her remains would not arrive intact, they took the step of having her internal organs removed during the embalming process. While some sources claim that her entrails were transported separately to Fife, others state that they were buried in the parish church of Cullen. The parishioners also had Masses said to pray for her soul. Robert, in gratitude for the treatment of <mask>'s body and its return south for burial, decreed that a chaplaincy be established at the Auld Kirk of Cullen (parish church of Cullen) and paid in perpetuity the sum of five Pound Scots to have Masses said for the soul of <mask>.Robert's original bequest was augmented by Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1543 and continued to be paid by different

masks: Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth


title: Elizabeth de Burgh

texts:
 bodies throughout the centuries until changes and loss of records due to local government reform in 1975, which led to the stopping of payments. In 2011, the church's minister, the Rev Melvyn Wood, applied to the Moray Council to have the tradition re-instated and, after a lengthy investigation, the Council agreed to reinstate the annual payment of £2.10 and even agreed to pay for the missed installments. A prayer is now said in the Queen's honour at a Sunday service which also remembers parishioners who have died in the last year. When King Robert died 18 months later, his body was laid to rest next to <mask>, who had been interred in the very centre of the abbey beneath the high altar, in an alabaster tomb decorated with gold leaf. Fragments of the tomb still remain and can be seen in the National Museum of Scotland. The abbey was sacked in 1560 by Calvinists during the Scottish Reformation and the tomb was lost. However, King Robert's coffin was rediscovered in 1819 during construction work on the new abbey and <mask>'s coffin was rediscovered in 1917.Both were re-interred in the new abbey. Issue

Ancestry

See also

 Wars of Scottish Independence

References

External links

 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry
 Biography

1280s births
1327 deaths
People from Bisham
People from Dunfermline
Elizabeth de Burgh
<mask> de Burgh
Burials at Dunfermline Abbey
Scottish people of the Wars of Scottish Independence
Elizabeth
Normans in Ireland
Anglo-Norman women
Daughters of Irish earls
13th-century Scottish women
13th-century Irish women
14th-century Scottish women
14th-century Irish women
Deaths by horse-riding accident in

masks: Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth


title: Peter J. Wallison

texts:
<mask><mask> (born June 6, 1941) is a lawyer and the Arthur F. Burns Fellow in Financial Policy Studies at the American Enterprise Institute. He specializes in financial markets deregulation. He was White House Counsel during the Tower Commission's inquiry into the Iran Contra Affair. He was a dissenting member of the 2010 Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, frequent commentator in the mass media on the federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and wrote Hidden in Plain Sight (2015) about the crisis and its legacy. <mask> was born in New York City, and educated at the Capitol Page School and Harvard University (A.B. 1963, LL.B. 1966), where he was President of the Young Republicans.He was admitted to the bar of New York state in 1967. Emanuel Celler appointed him a United States House of Representatives Page when he was about 14, and he served for most of his high school years. The Democrats controlled the patronage, but assigned some pages, such as <mask>, to the minority party. This experience helped him become a Republican. He was a Rockefeller Republican before becoming a Reagan Republican. On November 24, 1966, he married the former Frieda Koslow (born in New York January 15, 1943, A.B. Smith College 1963, LL.B.Harvard Law School 1966 admitted to New York bar in 1967, D.C. bar 1982). They have three children, Ethan S., <mask>., Rebecca K.  Mrs. Wallison develops real estate in Snowmass, Colorado. They split their time between homes in Colorado and in Washington, D.C.

Career
 1966–1971 Associate, Rogers & Wells, New York, NY
 1971– special assistant, Governor of New York Nelson A. Rockefeller
 1971–1981 Partner, Rogers & Wells, New York, NY
 1972–1976 Special assistant to Nelson Rockefeller
 1973–1974 Counsel to the Commission on Critical Choices for

masks:
Peter J
. Wallison
Personal Wallison
Wallison
Jeremy L


title: Peter J. Wallison

texts:
 Americans
 1975–1976 Counsel to Vice President of the United States Nelson Rockefeller. Dick Parsons was his deputy. 1976 Campaign staff, Bob Dole's vice-presidential campaign
 1981–1985 General Counsel for the Department of the Treasury, under Don Regan. Early in his tenure he supervised the preparation of the report on the Secret Service and the Reagan assassination attempt in 1981. He was important in developing Reagan administration proposals to deregulate financial services that, with some changes, became law in 1999.<mask> recounts that he counseled against the Reagan administration's decision to oppose the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ruling that the Carter administration's Internal Revenue Service revocation of Bob Jones University's tax exempt status because its prohibition against inter-racial dating by students violated public policy. Even if the IRS had determined policy, beyond its authority in deciding, opposing this case would be politically foolish. In the event he was recalled to the United States from a banking conference to be present for the Treasury's announcement; when he arrived he found that his seniors were all absent and he was required to announce this choice. Treasury and Department of Justice had worked this out between themselves, and White House staff were furious. A political firestorm followed, and efforts to mitigate it were unsuccessful. (The Supreme Court of the United States subsequently held, in Bob Jones University v. United States, that the IRS did have this power even though petitioner had complied with the language of the statute). 1985–1986 partner, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher
 1986–1987 White House Counsel to President of the United States Ronald Reagan.In the aftermath of the Iran Contra affair he came under investigation by Lawrence E. Walsh but was not


title: Peter J. Wallison

texts:
 indicted. (He believes his diary persuaded the independent counsel that he had not manipulated the President's testimony.) 1987–1998 partner, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher
 1999–present   American Enterprise Institute, codirector of AEI's financial markets deregulation project. Other
In 1999, <mask> told New York Times reporter Steven A. Holmes that the expansion of mortgage loans by reducing the amount borrowers have to put down and extending loans to so-called subprime borrowers was creating a situation where Fannie Mae was taking on significantly more risk. "From the perspective of many people, including me, this is another thrift industry growing up around us," he said. "If they fail, the government will have to step up and bail them out the way it stepped up and bailed out the thrift industry." The article pointed out that the Clinton Administration had put pressure on Fannie Mae to lower standards "to expand loans among low and moderate income people."<mask> gave a eulogy at a memorial service for Don Regan in June 2003. <mask>'s writing on the cause of the Financial crisis of 2007–08 have brought much comment. In December, 2011, the New York Times financial columnist <mask> stated that <mask> had "almost single-handedly created the myth that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac caused the financial crisis." Calling it "a big lie," Nocera suggested that Wallison had engaged in a deliberate deception. Economist Paul Krugman has also accused Wallison of deception, criticizing him for—among other things—attacking Fannie and Freddie in a magazine article just a year before the subprime mortgage collapse for not doing a "better job of providing affordable home financing to a neglected portion of the mortgage market." This neglected portion consisted of "African-American ... Hispanic", and "low-income borrowers".

masks:
Wallison
Wallison
Wallison
Joe Nocera
Wallison


title: Peter J. Wallison

texts:
 Wallison cites New York Times columnist Gretchen Morgenson exposing how "Democratic political operative <mask> turned Fannie Mae into a political machine", and dismisses the exoneration of the GSEs as "the big lie."Memberships
 Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee
 Council on Foreign Relations
 Depository Institutions Deregulation Committee (past member) under Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act (1980) with William Isaac amongst others
 District of Columbia bar
 District of Columbia bar association
 MGIC board of directors, until Fannie Mae applied pressure. President's Advisory Council on Executive Organization, also called the Ash Commission
 Delegate, 1976 Republican National Convention
 Member and dissenter on Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (2010–11)

Writings
 (With <mask>. Hawke, <mask>.) The State Banking Revolution and the Federal Response: New Frontiers of Financial Service Expansion, Law and Business/Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (Clifton, NJ), 1984. State Banking Regulation and Deregulation, Law and Business/Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (New York, NY), 1985. Back from the Brink: A Practical Plan for Privatizing Deposit Insurance and Strengthening Our Banks and Thrifts, AEI Press (Washington, DC), 1990. (With Bert Ely) Nationalizing Mortgage Risk: The Growth of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, AEI Press (Washington, DC), 2000. (With Robert E. Litan) The GAAP Gap, AEI Press (Washington, DC), 2000. (Editor) Optional Federal Chartering and Regulation of Insurance Companies, AEI Press (Washington, DC), 2000.(Editor) Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: Public Purposes and Private Interests, Volume 1: Government Subsidy and Conflicting Missions, Volume 2: Prospects for Controlling Growth and Expansion, AEI Press (Washington, DC), 2000,  (alk. paper),
 (Editor) Serving Two Masters, Yet

masks:
Jim Johnson
John D
Jr


title: Curtis D. Wilbur

texts:
<mask> (May 10, 1867 – September 8, 1954) was an American lawyer, California state judge, 43rd United States Secretary of the Navy and a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Early life and education

<mask> was born May 10, 1867, in Boonesboro, Iowa, to <mask> and Edna M. Lyman. His family moved to Jamestown, Dakota Territory (now North Dakota), where he graduated high school. In 1884, he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1888. Shortly after graduation, Wilbur resigned his commission, a common practice at the time, and moved to Riverside, California. He read law at night while teaching mathematics during the day, and was admitted to the California bar in 1890. Career

Wilbur associated with the firm of Bruson, Wilson & Lamme, and engaged in private practice for eight years in Los Angeles, California.He was active in Republican politics, and in 1898 was president of the Fourth Ward Republican club. In 1898, he served as Los Angeles County Deputy Assistant District Attorney in the office of John C<mask>, and by 1899 he was the Chief Deputy under District Attorney James C. Rives. In September 1902, the Republican Party nominated <mask> for the post of judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court to the take the seat of Lucien Shaw, who was running for Supreme Court. <mask> won the election and in November 1902 began to hear cases pro tempore. He was especially interested in promoting children's welfare: on the Superior Court, he was presiding judge of the juvenile department; in 1906 he was a director of the Bethlehem Benevolent Board; in 1910, he was a founding director of the Juvenile Improvement Association; in 1912, he was

masks:
Curtis Dwight Wilbur
Wilbur
Dwight Locke Wilbur
. Donnell
Wilbur
Wilbur


title: Curtis D. Wilbur

texts:
 president of the Social Purity League, which offered religious lectures to the public; in 1915, he helped organize the Boy Scouts in Los Angeles, and was named permanent chairman of the executive committee; and he served as president of the state Sunday School Association, organizing evangelical gatherings for young people. It was during his time on the California Superior Court that he wrote and first published (in 1905) his popular "Bear Family" stories for children. He taught at the newly-founded law school of the University of Southern California from about 1904 until 1917, while he sat on the Superior Court.Annually, he taught one course, extraordinary legal remedies. In 1917, Governor William Stephens appointed <mask> to the California Supreme Court, where he served as an Associate Justice from January 1, 1918. In September 1922, <mask> defeated William P. Lawlor in the primary election, and in November was chosen as the 19th Chief Justice of California, holding the position from January 1923 to March 19, 1924. When <mask> resigned, Governor Friend Richardson appointed Louis Wescott Myers to take the post of Chief Justice. Secretary of the Navy

On March 19, 1924, <mask> was sworn in as United States Secretary of the Navy. The first appointee of President Calvin Coolidge, <mask> came into the position with a reputation as a man of high intellect and a character of "unimpeachable integrity." However, one critic called Wilbur "a good Sunday school teacher who wants to make the Navy safe for boys."In July 1925, he accompanied three battleships on a cruise of the Pacific coast, stopping in Marin County for a picnic of 600 midshipmen with a group of more than 100 society women on Mount Tamalpais. In August 1928, he again accompanied a

masks: Wilbur Wilbur Wilbur Wilbur Wilbur


title: Curtis D. Wilbur

texts:
 fleet to San Francisco, California on its way to Pacific training exercises. By the end of his term, <mask> had achieved success in enlarging and modernizing the fleet and established a naval air force, which would grow to become a potent component in the war with Japan during World War II. Federal judicial service

On March 1, 1929, in the last hours of his presidency, President Coolidge nominated <mask> to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in San Francisco. However, when the 70th Congress ended that week, the Senate had not acted on the nomination, so it expired. <mask> was nominated by President Herbert Hoover on April 18, 1929, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, to a new seat authorized by 45 Stat. 1414.He was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 2, 1929, and received his commission the same day. He was a member of the Conference of Senior Circuit Judges (now the Judicial Conference of the United States) from 1931 to 1944. He assumed senior status on May 10, 1945. His service terminated on September 8, 1954, due to his death in Palo Alto, California. Legacy

The guided missile destroyer USS <mask> (DDG-54) is named for him. Personal life

<mask> was married twice. On November 9, 1893, <mask> married Ella T. Chilson.She died on December 10, 1896. Next, on January 13, 1898, he remarried to <mask>. They lived in a grand home completed in 1904 on Frederick Knob in San Francisco. Following retirement, <mask> spent time with his wife and their three surviving children: Edna, Paul C. and Lyman <mask>. In the 1930s, one of his children, Dr. <mask>, established a mission hospital in the province of northern China now known as Shanxi. Leonard, his wife, Jean Spaulding, and two children,

masks:
Wilbur
Wilbur
Wilbur
Curtis Wilbur
Wilbur
Wilbur
Olive Doolittle
Wilbur
Dwight
Leonard Wilbur


title: Curtis D. Wilbur

texts:
 Ruth and Lyman, survived invasions by Chinese communist insurgents and Japanese troops. However, on Easter Sunday 1940, Leonard died in Shanxi of typhus.His wife later gave birth to their third child, Bruce, before departing China for San Francisco. <mask>'s brother, Ray Lyman <mask>, was United States Secretary of the Interior under Herbert Hoover, and a president of Stanford University. See also

 List of justices of the Supreme Court of California

References

Sources

 Image of Zola Vredenburgh watching Judge Robert Kenny playing chess against Judge <mask> <mask>, Los Angeles, 1934. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles

External links

 Photo of <mask> and another photo. January/February 1925. Library of Congress.Photo of <mask> and wife. Getty Images. — Cypress Lawn Memorial Park, Colma, San Mateo County, California, USA
 <mask><mask>. California Supreme Court Historical Society. Opinions authored by <mask><mask>. Courtlistener.com
 Past & Present Justices. California State Courts.1867 births
1954 deaths
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Herbert Hoover
20th-century American judges
United States Secretaries of the Navy
California lawyers
United States Naval Academy alumni
American Congregationalists
Chief Justices of California
Coolidge administration cabinet members
20th-century American politicians
People from Boone, Iowa
California Republicans
United States federal judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law
U.S. state supreme court judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law
Burials at Cypress Lawn

masks:
Wilbur
Wilbur
Wilbur
Curtis
Curtis Wilbur
Curtis Wilbur
Curtis D
. Wilbur
Curtis D
. Wilbur


title: James Carney (American priest)

texts:
<mask> (1924−1983) was an American missionary who ministered to peasants and left-wing insurgents in Honduras before being killed in that country's armed conflict in 1983. <mask> was born in Chicago to parents of German and Irish ancestry. His father was a salesman for the Burroughs Adding Machine Corporation, and the family moved around frequently. They were also devoted listeners of Father Charles Coughlin's radio show. <mask> graduated from St. Louis University High School in Missouri in 1942, and went on to Saint Louis University on a football scholarship. Despite poor vision and a football-related knee injury, he was drafted and saw service in the European Theatre of World War II as a combat engineer and military policeman. After the war, he took advantage of the G.I.Bill to return to SLU to study theology, then transferred to the University of Detroit the following year before finally ending up at St. Stanislaus Seminary in Florissant, Missouri in 1948. He spent three years as a missionary in British Honduras (today Belize) beginning in 1955 before returning to the United States to study at St. Mary's College in Kansas. After being ordained into the Jesuit order in 1961, <mask> was sent to work with impoverished Hondurans by the Missouri Province of the Society of Jesus. He eventually naturalized as a Honduran citizen and renounced U.S. citizenship. Nevertheless, he was expelled to Nicaragua by the Honduran government in 1979. In Nicaragua, he ministered to members of the Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers (PRTC). He eventually became chaplain to a group of PRTC fighters who had been trained by Cuba in the P-11 nd P-13 insurgency training camps in Pinar del Rio, Cuba—joining with the group in Nicaragua and  returning with them to Honduras in 1983.Death
According to PRTC deserters, morale in the group sagged as the insurgents traveled from

masks:
James Francis Carney
Life Carney
Carney
Carney


title: James Carney (American priest)

texts: Nicaragua, across the Coco river in to Honduras, and began a brutal four-day march to the top of the barren Olancho mountain range above the river. They ran low on supplies, and as described by the PRTC insurgent commander, Dr. José María Reyes Mata, in his diary..."to celebrate the victory of the march, we ate the last of our rations". <mask> clashed with Mata,  the group's commander, when he valiantly but vainly tried to defend the life of one of the young insurgents accused of attempted desertion. According to insurgents later interviewed by US Defense Attache Office Assistant Army Attache Captain Ronald Glass, Carney grew  disheartened by the actions of the atheist insurgent commander Dr. Mata, both by the summary execution of the deserter in front of the remaining men, and then by being prohibited by Mata to minister spiritually to the men, eventually prohibited from performing mass. U.S embassy documents, citing interviews with PRTC deserters suggest that, as the Honduran military closed in on the group, the 60 plus year old Carney grew physically weak, barely being able to walk even a hundred meters before having to rest. The Catholic Priest, not wanting to endanger, slowdown or burden the now fragmented group, selflessly sacrificed himself, reportedly telling his companions to leave him behind. According to the last two insurgents claiming to have seen him alive, he was left in a hammock, hidden under a triple canopy jungle in the Patuca region, where he presumably died, alone, exposed to the elements and without food.This official version based on interviews with insurgent survivors, is contradicted in news reports echoed from testimony of a man characterized in media as an exiled former intelligence officer Florencio Cabadero who claimed that <mask> was captured, tortured, and then thrown to his death from a helicopter by members of the Honduran Army's

masks: Carney Carney


title: James Carney (American priest)

texts: elite Battalion 316. Eric Haney, who was stationed in Honduras as a member of the Delta Force at the time, reported 'hearing' the same reports, that <mask> was tortured and killed by the military. In his book Inside Delta Force, Haney claims credit for killing former Green Beret David Arturo Baez in the final firefight that saw <mask> captured (The Battle of Yolo Valley, Honduras). Since the publication of his book and claim Haney has been roundly admonished by the U.S. Special Forces community for fabricating the story of his killing Baez. Yet another report echoes the same claims that Baez and <mask> were taken alive by Honduran forces. However, unnamed sources [need cite] claiming to be linked to the U.S. Embassy in Honduras have purportedly offered that <mask>, along with Baez, a Nicaraguan-American Sandinista serving as a military adviser to the guerrilla column, were captured. According to these unsourced reports, both he and Baez were interrogated at a small dirt landing strip in Honduras along with surviving members of the column.As with the capture and execution of Che Guevara by Bolivian Rangers on October 9, 1967, both <mask> and Baez were ordered to be executed by the country's government or military. According to unnamed sources, represented as "U.S. MilGrp officers then stationed in Honduras", the execution of Baez and <mask> is alleged to have been carried out by the first Honduran Special Forces officer to have graduated the U.S. Special Warfare course at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The order from the Honduran military commander was that "all officers are to have blood on their hands" in order to ensure silence. According to these same unsourced reports, the bodies of the two Americans were, along with those others killed, flown back over the border on a Honduran military helicopter into Nicaragua and unceremoniously dumped into the triple canopy

masks: Carney Carney Carney Carney Carney Carney


title: James Carney (American priest)

texts:
 jungle below. Aftermath
<mask>'s family traveled to Honduras shortly after learning of his death, but were unable to recover his body or any information. Baez's family, living in Florida, have long demanded the truth about the former Green Beret's death. Later in 1983, the army officer implicated by Cabadero in ordering <mask>'s death, General Gustavo Álvarez Martínez, was awarded the Legion of Merit by President Ronald Reagan, "for promoting democracy in Honduras" at the same time the Cuban trained and Sandinista PRTC 96 man insurgent group has crossed over in to Honduras to overthrow the  civilian government of Honduran President Dr. Roberto Suazo Cordoba, the first democratically elected civilian government for Honduras in many decades.Nevertheless, some of <mask>'s former colleagues believe the award is evidence that then U.S Ambassador to Honduras John Negroponte authorized <mask>'s killing. However, there is no evidence Negroponte was aware of the two captured Americans with only the embassy's MILGRP senior staff advised of the battle and its aftermath in real time. Father Joseph Mulligan, a close friend of <mask>'s, has been searching for answers to the disappearance of both <mask> and Baez for over 20 years. In 2010, he sent a letter to President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton requesting their assistance in seeing his FOIA request, now being processed, approved. See also
The Ambassador (2005 film)

References

1924 births
1983 deaths
People from Chicago
American people of Irish descent
American Roman Catholic missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in Honduras
American emigrants to Honduras
Former United States citizens
Saint Louis Billikens football players
Naturalised citizens of Honduras
Honduran expatriates in Nicaragua
American people of German descent
Catholics from Illinois
20th-century American Roman Catholic priests
Catholic


title: Ho Ching

texts:
<mask> (; born 27 March 1953) is a Singaporean business executive and businesswoman who serves as a Director of Temasek Trust since 1 October 2021. She is the spouse of the 3rd and current Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Hsien Loong. <mask> first joined Temasek Holdings as a director in January 2002. She became its executive director in May 2002 and was appointed its CEO by then-prime minister Goh Chok Tong in January 2004. As of 2020, she is listed as the 30th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes. Early life
She was born 27 March 1953 in Singapore. <mask> completed her secondary education at Crescent Girls' School.She proceeded to become one of the top students for the 'A' level examinations in her cohort at National Junior College, where she was named Student of the Year. She then went to the then-Singapore University (now the National University of Singapore) and graduated in 1976 with a Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical, First Class Honours). In 1982, <mask> graduated with a Master of Science (Electrical Engineering) degree from Stanford University. Career
<mask> started her career as an engineer with the Ministry of Defence of Singapore in 1976. In 1983, she became the Director of Defence Materiel Organisation, the defence procurement agency of the Ministry, and concurrently held the position of deputy director of Defence Science Organisation. <mask> joined Singapore Technologies in 1987 as deputy director of Engineering, and took on various senior responsibilities before becoming its president and chief executive officer in 1997. She is credited with repositioning and growing the group in the five years that she led it.For instance, she was the architect for the formation and listing of Singapore Technologies Engineering in 1997, and served as its first chairman. <mask> joined Temasek Holdings as a Director in January 2002 and became its executive director in May 2002. <mask> assumed the role of chief executive officer of Temasek on 1 January 2004. She is widely credited with transforming Temasek, an investment company owned by the Government of Singapore, from a Singapore-focused firm into an active investor in Asia and the world. <mask> has served as chairman of the Singapore Institute of

masks:
Ho Ching
Ho
Ho
Ho
Ho
Ho
Ho
Ho
Ho


title: Ho Ching

texts:
 Standards and Industrial Research, and as deputy chairman of the Productivity and Standards Board, and the Economic Development Board. <mask> stepped down as CEO and executive director on 1 October 2021, being succeeded by Dilhan Pillay Sandrasegara, who will continue to concurrently hold his current appointment as chief executive of Temasek International (TI). The same day, she was appointed as a director of Temasek Trust, and will succeed Mr S. Dhanabalan in the following year as Chairman on 1 April 2022.Honours
In 1995, <mask> was conferred the National University of Singapore's Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Award. She is also an Honorary Fellow of the Institution of Engineers, Singapore. For her public service, she was conferred the Singapore Public Administration Medal (silver, 1985) and the Public Service Star (1996) award by the Singapore Government. <mask> has appeared in many rankings of the most powerful and influential people in the world. In 2007, <mask> was picked as one of the "100 most influential men and women" who shaped the world by TIME Magazine. Also in 2007, Forbes magazine ranked her 3rd in its annual list of the world's most powerful women, behind German Chancellor Angela Merkel and China's Vice-Premier Wu Yi. <mask> had climbed 33 spots from 36th place in the previous year's list.In 2011, <mask> was included in the '50 Most Influential' ranking by Bloomberg Markets magazine. In 2013, <mask> was ranked ninth on the Public Investor 100 ranking compiled by the Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute. In 2014, she was listed as the 59th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes. In June, <mask> was also awarded the 2014 Asian Business Leaders Award. The annual Asia House award recognises individuals who embody the 'Servant Leader' – economic success and professional excellence accompanied by moral leadership and service to society. Asia House is a centre of expertise on Asia and the leading pan-Asian organisation in the UK. She became the 30th most powerful woman in 2016.In 2019, she ranked No. 23 in the Power Women 2019 of Forbes list, while in 2020 she ranked 30th again. Philanthropy
In her personal capacity, <mask> supports various community service and charitable organisations. She has

masks:
Ho
Ho
Ho
Ho
Ho
Ho
Ho
Ho
Ho Ching


title: Ho Ching

texts:
 particular interest in special needs education, healthcare and the welfare and development of children. She is the Patron of Assisi Hospice, and the founding Chairman of Trailblazer Foundation Ltd, an IPC charity which provides funding for education, health, sports and community welfare. In March 2014, <mask> was inducted into the Singapore Council of Women's Organisations' Singapore Women's Hall of Fame, which honours outstanding women of Singapore in all fields of endeavour. In August 2016, <mask> received positive reviews when, on a state visit to the White House to mark 50 years of bilateral relations between the US and Singapore, she carried a pouch designed by an autistic student from Pathlight School (under its Artist Development Program).<mask> is an advisor to the Autism Resource Centre (ARC), a non-profit charity in charge of Pathlight School, and had acquired the pouch at an ARC fundraising event. <mask> is also a patron of the Autism Association of Singapore. Personal life
<mask> is the eldest of four children of retired businessman <mask> <mask> and Chan Chiew Ping. She has two brothers and a sister. Her sister <mask> is the chairperson of the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board while the younger brother <mask> is executive director of Starhill Global REIT She met her husband, Lee Hsien Loong, the current Prime Minister of Singapore and eldest son of former Singapore Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, while starting out in her career at the Ministry of Defence together with former prime minister Goh Chok Tong. They married on 17 December 1985 and have two sons, <mask> and Haoyi. <mask> is stepmother to Lee's two children from his first marriage—daughter Xiuqi and son Yipeng.References

External links
The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew
Lee Kuan Yew | Articles Speeches and Interviews – Lee Kuan Yew 李光耀

1953 births
Living people
Lee family (Singapore)
National Junior College alumni
National University of Singapore alumni
President's Scholars
Recipients of the Pingat Pentadbiran Awam
Recipients of the Bintang Bakti Masyarakat
Singaporean chief executives
Singaporean engineers
Singaporean people of Cantonese descent
Spouses of prime ministers of Singapore
Stanford University alumni
Temasek

masks:
Ho
Ho
Ho
Ho
Ho
Ho Eng
Hong
Ho Peng
Ho Sing
Hongyi
Ho


title: Stanton T. Friedman

texts:
<mask> (July 29, 1934 – May 13, 2019) was a nuclear physicist and professional ufologist who resided in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. He was the original civilian investigator of the Roswell UFO incident. Early life
<mask> graduated from Linden High School and the University of Chicago, earning a Bachelor of Science in 1955 and a master's degree in nuclear physics in 1956. Career in nuclear physics
<mask> was employed for 14 years as a nuclear physicist for such companies as General Electric (1956–1959), Aerojet General Nucleonics (1959–1963), General Motors (1963–1966), Westinghouse (1966–1968), TRW Systems (1969–1970), and McDonnell Douglas, where he worked on advanced, classified programs on nuclear aircraft, fission and fusion rockets, and compact nuclear power plants for space applications. Since the 1980s, he consulted for the radon-detection industry. <mask>'s professional affiliations included the American Nuclear Society, the American Physical Society, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and AFTRA. UFO investigations and advocacy
In 1970, <mask> left full-time employment as a physicist to pursue the scientific investigation of unidentified flying objects (UFOs).Since then, he gave lectures at more than 600 colleges and to more than 100 professional groups in 50 states, 10 provinces, and 19 countries outside the US. Additionally, he worked as a consultant on the topic. He published more than 80 UFO-related papers and appeared on many radio and television programs. He also provided written testimony to Congressional hearings and appeared twice at the United Nations. <mask>

masks:
Stanton Terry Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman


title: Stanton T. Friedman

texts:
 consistently favored use of the term "flying saucer" in his work, saying "Flying saucers are, by definition, unidentified flying objects, but very few unidentified flying objects are flying saucers. I am interested in the latter, not the former." <mask> used to refer to himself as "The Flying Saucer Physicist", because of his degrees in nuclear physics and work on nuclear projects.<mask>'s positions regarding UFO phenomena
<mask>well UFO incident, and supported the hypothesis that it was a genuine crash of an extraterrestrial spacecraft. In 1968 <mask> told a committee of the United States House of Representatives that the evidence suggests that Earth is being visited by intelligently controlled extraterrestrial vehicles. <mask> also stated he believed that UFO sightings were consistent with magnetohydrodynamic propulsion. In 1996, after researching and fact checking the Majestic 12 documents, <mask> said that there was no substantive grounds for dismissing their authenticity. In 2004, on George Noory's Coast to Coast radio show, <mask> debated Seth Shostak, the SETI Institute's Senior Astronomer. Like <mask>, Shostak also believes in the existence of intelligent life other than humans; however, unlike <mask>, he does not believe such life is now on Earth or is related to UFO sightings. <mask> hypothesized that UFOs may originate from relatively nearby sunlike stars.(p.217)

A piece of evidence that he often cited with respect to this hypothesis is the 1964 star map drawn by alleged alien abductee Betty Hill during a hypnosis session, which she said was shown to her during her abduction. Astronomer Marjorie

masks: Friedman Friedman Friedmanos Friedman Friedman Friedman Friedman Friedman Friedman Friedman


title: Stanton T. Friedman

texts:
 Fish constructed a three-dimensional map of nearby sun-like stars and claimed a good match from the perspective of Zeta Reticuli, about 39 light years distant. The fit of the Hill/Fish star maps was hotly debated in the December 1974 edition of Astronomy magazine, with <mask> and others defending the statistical validity of the match. SETI
Friedman stated strong views against search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) research. <mask> contested the implicit premise of SETI that there has been no extraterrestrial visitation of the planet, because it was his claim that SETI was seeking only signals, not extraterrestrial intelligence or beings. He maintained that the prominence and widespread public claims of those involved with SETI have tended to prevent serious research, including research by journalists, of UFOs.(p. 129)

<mask> was a classmate of Carl Sagan at the University of Chicago.<mask> criticized Sagan, a proponent of SETI, for ignoring empirical evidence, such as "600-plus unknowns" of Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14. <mask> argued that these empirical data directly contradict Sagan's claim in Other Worlds that the "reliable cases are uninteresting and the interesting cases are unreliable". Specifically, <mask> referred to a table in Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14 that he said "shows that the better the quality of the sighting, the more likely it was to be an 'unknown', and the less likely it was to be listed as containing 'insufficient information'"(p. 42). Public and scientific opinion
<mask> said of the response to his talks, "I know that most people are unfamiliar with the

masks: Friedman Friedman Friedman Friedman Friedman Friedman Friedman


title: Stanton T. Friedman

texts:
 several large-scale scientific studies ... because I ask, after I show a slide and ask about each one, 'How many here have read this?' Typically, it is only one or two percent".He said that a talk he gave to Canadian journalists in Saint John, New Brunswick, caused the attitudes of the journalists to change, because "... attendees had had no idea there was so much solid information, as opposed to the tabloid nonsense they thought was the primary source of UFO data". (p. 202)

<mask> argued that the majority of people believe UFOs exist and at least some groups of scientists do as well. <mask> (2008) referred to the following data in support of his position:
Gallup Polls between 1966 and 1987 asked respondents the question: "Are UFOs something real, or just people's imagination?" Of those who took a position one way or the other, 61%, 64%, 68%, and 60% took the position they are real in 1966, 1977, 1978, and 1987, respectively. With respect to scientists, a poll was taken by Industrial Research and Development in 1971 and 1979. Of the respondents who took a position, 64% and 69% stated they believed UFOs either probably or definitely exist. Of this subgroup, 32% and 44% considered their origin to be Outer Space in 1971 and 1979, respectively.Of the rest of this subgroup, approximately half believed them to be natural phenomena and half were "undecided". Peter Sturrock also polled the membership of the American Astronomical Society and found that "the greater the amount of time one spent on reading UFO-related material, the more likely one is to accept their reality" (p. 210). Criticisms and

masks: Friedman Friedman


title: Stanton T. Friedman

texts:
 controversies

<mask> was outspoken in his articulation of positions and in his criticism of UFO debunkers, often stating he was not an "apologist ufologist". His positions are regarded as controversial in mainstream science and media, but <mask> claimed to have received little opposition at his many lectures, most of which were at colleges and universities, many to engineering societies and other groups of physicists (p. 24). He had a number of debates in the mainstream media, including one with UFO skeptic Michael Shermer on CNN. <mask> was criticized both by skeptics and other Roswell researchers for taking the position that there are no substantive grounds for dismissing the authenticity of some Majestic 12 documents. <mask> himself was the first to provide evidence that some of the documents are clearly hoaxes.For example, he showed that a supposed memo from Admiral Roscoe Hillenkoetter to President <mask>, dated February 17, 1948, was actually the emulation of a letter from Marshall to Roosevelt that was featured in the book The American MAGIC. <mask> researched the MJ-12 documents since first becoming aware of them from Wiliam Moore and Jaime Shandera in 1984. He addressed criticisms of the original documents in both sources. As an example, Philip J. Klass claimed lexicographic inconsistencies based on the use of Pica typeface in the Cutler-<mask>ing memo and offered $100, in a challenge to <mask>, for each legitimate example of the use of the same style and size Pica type as used in the memo. <mask> provided 14 examples and was paid $1000 by Klass. Personal life
<mask> was Ashkenazi Jewish. He was

masks: Friedman Friedman Friedman Friedman Truman Friedman Twin Friedman Friedman Friedman