title: Evelina Mount

texts:
 of wildflowers, for example, her oil on canvas titled Daisies, clearly reflects conventional representation of nature in an outdoor setting. She also took interest in flower arrangements strewn haphazardly together which are also examples of the popular style of this time (see example Roses and Fuchsia, 1867, oil on canvas).The placement of these flowers on a tabletop with minimal background reflect Nina's desire to keep the arrangements within a contained, logical space. After her training with James McDougal Hart in the late 1860s, <mask>'s floral still-life style underwent a change. She departed from her conventional settings and explored more unique views. Her oil painting Floral Wreath, depicts a wreath attached to a branch suspended in space. Although <mask> very rarely dated her artworks, when she painted her still-lifes can be approximated by comparing them to those that were dated as well as the style in which they are painted. Landscapes

While <mask> is known for her floral still-lifes, her artistic skills with landscape paintings are also noteworthy. Like her uncle and mentor William Sidney <mask>, Nina preferred to paint the area which she was most familiar, her hometown of Stony Brook, Long Island.Many of her landscapes feature the Hawkins-Mount House and grounds where she resided most of her life. These paintings reflect her love of the area as well as the endless painterly possibilities of the old farmhouse and surrounding property. Other local structures she depicted, such as the Setauket Mill and the Longbotham Farm provide some of the only visual evidence of their existence today. <mask> also participated in plein-air painting,

masks: Evelina Evelina Evelina Mount Evelina


title: Evelina Mount

type: original

texts:
 a popular artistic movement of her time. For example, her oil on canvas The Dock House, Stony Brook'', which was painted outdoors, reflects the spontaneity and freshness associated with works completed in the open air. Unlike her florals, the style of her landscapes did not drastically change, making it difficult to date these works. Later days
<mask> <mask> ceased painting by the 1890s.Her reasons for abandoning her art is unclear, but may be due, in part to the death of her uncle and mentor, William Sidney <mask> in 1868 and her loss of connection to he New York City art scene. <mask> <mask> suffered a stroke in 1910 and was confined to a wheelchair until her death, at age eighty-three, on July 24, 1920. <mask> was buried alongside her sister Elizabeth in the Presbyterian Churchyard in Setauket, New York where her uncle, William Sidney <mask> is also buried. Notable collections

 The Long Island Museum of American Art, History, and Carriages - owns 96 works by <mask> <mask> - the majority of her known surviving drawings and paintings. References

External links
William Sidney <mask> and <mask> family papers, 1830-1947

1837 births
1920 deaths
Hudson River School painters
19th-century American women artists
People from Stony Brook, New

masks: Evelina Mount Mount Evelina Mount Evelina Mount Evelina Mount Mount Mount


title: Samuel D. Gross

texts:
<mask> (July 8, 1805 – May 6, 1884) was an American academic trauma surgeon. Surgeon biographer Isaac Minis Hays called <mask> "The Nestor of American Surgery." He is immortalized in Thomas Eakins' The Gross Clinic (1875), a prominent American painting of the nineteenth century. A bronze statue of him was cast by Alexander Stirling Calder and erected on the National Mall, but moved in 1970 to Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. Early life and training
Born on a farm near Easton, Pennsylvania, <mask> developed an interest in plants, trees, and flowers. He grew up speaking Pennsylvania Dutch, a dialect of German, and supposedly resolved to be a doctor when he was only five years old. At the age of 17 he was apprenticed to a local physician, then another, but both of these experiences soon proved unsatisfactory.He then started to work under the tutelage of Dr. Joseph K. Swift, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania. Swift realized quickly that <mask>' rudimentary education was insufficient training for work as a doctor. <mask> then returned to preparatory school, first attending Wilkes-Barre Academy. He went on to another school in the Bowery in New York (where he received a background in classical studies) and Lawrenceville School in New Jersey. At 19, <mask> returned to Swift's office, where he learned mineralogy, anatomy, surgery, Materia Medica, therapeutics, physiology, obstetrics, and French. He also received a fair amount of clinical experience with Swift's patients. After a year of training under Swift, he took a six-week vacation due to ill health.Swift advised him to attend the University of Pennsylvania for further training, but <mask> opted for the newly founded Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, as he greatly admired the founder of the school, Professor of Surgery Dr. George McClellan, and his colleague, Dr. John Eberle, Professor of Medicine. <mask> entered Jefferson in the fall of 1826 and graduated in 1828 in a class of 27 students. Early career in Pennsylvania and Ohio
Gross began practice

masks:
Samuel David Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross


title: Samuel D. Gross

texts:
 in an office at the corner of Fifth and Library Streets in Philadelphia. His patients were few, and he spent much of the time translating French and German medical texts into English, but this did not augment his income sufficiently. He married a twenty-year-old widow with one child, and soon moved back to Easton, where the cost of living was lower and there were greater opportunities for young physicians. He purchased a home there and built a small laboratory in the rear where he spent several hours a day on human and animal dissection. He also became interested in research on blood coagulation, gastric and renal excretion, animal inoculation of smallpox, and pulmonary pathology following strangulation.When a cholera epidemic struck Easton, he was sent to New York by the town council in order to learn about approved treatments for the disease. <mask> wanted to become a teacher of anatomy, and in 1833 he contacted John Eberle, his former professor at Jefferson and then professor of Materia Medica at the Medical College of Ohio in Cincinnati. Eberle was able to obtain <mask> a position as demonstrator of anatomy there, and soon afterwards <mask> moved to Cincinnati with his wife and two children. However, jealousy from the head of the Anatomy Department meant that he was unable to lecture in the regular amphitheater but instead was relocated to an attic space. A short time later <mask> accepted a position as chief of pathological anatomy in the Medical Department of the Cincinnati College. There he met Dr. <mask>, with whom he formed a close personal friendship that lasted until <mask>'s death in 1852. Transfer to Louisville
In 1839, the college in Cincinnati folded.<mask> had previously accepted the chair of pathological anatomy and clinical medicine at the Louisville Medical Institute, founded in 1833, and his influence caused <mask> to accept a job at this school, refusing professorships from the University of Virginia and the University of Louisiana. <mask> and his family took up residence at the Louisville Hotel in 1840,

masks:
Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross
Daniel Drake
Drake
Drake
Gross
Gross


title: Samuel D. Gross

texts: and shortly thereafter he established an office and residence on the east side of Fifth Street between Green (now Liberty) and Walnut Streets. The 1847 city directory listed his office and house on the north side of Walnut Street between Third and Fourth. Soon after his arrival, in 1841 <mask> set up a dog laboratory in the basement of the college building, which was then only two years old and described "as for beauty and convenience not surpassed by any similar edifice on the continent." $30,000 had been spent on the structure and $20,000 for the purchase of books, chemical apparatus and anatomical preparations in Europe by Dr. Joshua Flint, <mask>' predecessor as Professor of Surgery. Lectures at the college began the first Monday in November and lasted until March. Dissecting rooms were opened the first of October to purchasers of advance tickets.Students were also freely admitted to the wards of the Louisville Marine Hospital, in existence from 1823. <mask> also entered into private practice, which he conducted at St. Joseph Hospital, opened 20 November 1836 as St. Vincent's Infirmary and housed in an eponymous orphanage on Jefferson Street. In 1853, it moved to a rented building on the west side of Fourth Street between Chestnut and Broadway. He remained in Louisville for sixteen years, except for a year spent on the faculty of the University of the City of New York. With <mask> and his colleagues, <mask> helped make the Louisville Medical Institute the most important medical center in the western United States. During <mask>'s time there, the institution attained a reputation equal to similar ones east of the Appalachian Mountains, and at the time of <mask>'s hiring, his fellow professors at Louisville had all attained national if not international fame in their respective fields. <mask>'s tenure in Louisville, however, was not without controversy.His predecessor, Joshua Flint, had become famous as a surgeon in New England before coming to Louisville, and in 1850 Flint accepted a position as chief of surgery in the

masks: Gross Gross Gross Drake Gross Gross Gross Gross


title: Samuel D. Gross

texts:
 newly organized Kentucky School of Medicine, a move which began a bitter rivalry between that institution and the Louisville Medical Institute until the two schools were merged in 1908. <mask> became very popular in social circles, however. He and his family were close friends with the Crittendens, Breckenridges, Wooleys, Prestons, Wickliffes, Pirtles, Ballards, Rowans, Guthries, and Prentices. <mask> had even been a guest of Henry Clay at his estate, "Ashland," in Lexington. He was a member of the Unitarian Church and the St. George Lodge of Masons. In 1854, he also became a member of the American Philosophical Society. In August 1855, <mask>, a close friend of John Barbee, the Mayor of Louisville, helped save the Catholic Cathedral on Fifth Street from an anti-foreign Know-Nothing Party mob that intended to burn it down in what was known as the Bloody Monday riot.Return to Philadelphia

In 1856, <mask>'s alma mater, Jefferson Medical College, offered him a position as professor of surgery, and he accepted it despite having turned down a similar position from the University of Pennsylvania the previous year. Before he left for Philadelphia, however, the citizens of Louisville honored him with a grand ball at the Galt House. During the Civil War, <mask> served as a surgical consultant for the U.S. Surgeon General, and prepared a small handbook on military medicine. In Philadelphia <mask> became one of the most prominent members of several medical organizations as physicians in the United States increasingly sought to professionalize their vocation. He served as the twentieth president of the American Medical Association (AMA), and delivered the presidential address at the 1868 session, where the first item on the agenda was to more efficiently publish and create a more scholarly and scientific focus for the Transactions of the American Medical Association, the forerunner of the Journal of the American Medical Association. During his time in Philadelphia <mask> also helped found the American Surgical Association and the

masks: Gross Gross Gross Gross Gross Gross Gross


title: Samuel D. Gross

texts:
 Philadelphia Pathological Association.Earlier in Kentucky he had founded, with T.G. Richardson, the Louisville Medical Review and the North American Chirurgical Review. In 1875 <mask> returned to Louisville for a meeting of the AMA, where he was re-elected president and entertained lavishly, even being presented by the physicians of Kentucky with two thoroughbred horses. He made his final visit to Kentucky two years later, in 1877, when he gave a memorial oration in honor of the famous surgeon Ephraim <mask> in Danville. <mask> was presented with the original door knocker from <mask>'s home; for a time the gift resided in the collection of the Museum of the College of Physicians in Philadelphia, but has since been returned to the McDowell house in Danville, where it is kept under glass. The Gross Clinic
Also in 1875, <mask> was depicted by artist Thomas Eakins in his celebrated painting The Gross Clinic, which Eakins showed at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. However, the graphic nature of the painting led the judges in the artistic section to banish it to the section on medical displays.The painting lionizes <mask> at the peak of his career, skillfully performing the removal of a malignancy in the thigh of a young patient while explaining the surgical techniques to a captivated audience of students in the medical amphitheater at Jefferson Medical College. Thus Eakins depicted <mask> as a titan in his dual capacities as both physician and teacher. The painting is now considered one of the greatest works of nineteenth century American art. The painting clearly shows that Dr. <mask> was not convinced of the efficacy of antisepsis, despite the recent work of Joseph Lister and Louis Pasteur demonstrating the germ theory to explain infections. All participants and onlookers of the depicted surgery in the painting wear normal clothing, not sterilized surgical gowns; there is no sign of gloves or surgical masks; and the presumption is that none of the instruments or hands were sterilized before surgery. Dr.<mask> is

masks: Gross McDowell Gross McDowell Gross Gross Gross Gross Gross


title: Samuel D. Gross

texts:
 quoted as saying: "Little if any faith is placed by any enlightened or experienced surgeon on this side of the Atlantic in the so-called carbolic acid treatment of Professor Lister". In contrast,  we see in Eakins' later painting, The Agnew Clinic, a move towards sterility in the surgical theater. Fourteen years later, Eakins produced a similar painting, The Agnew Clinic (1889), depicting <mask>'s counterpart, <mask> Agnew, performing surgery in the amphitheater at the University of Pennsylvania. The Agnew Clinic is now on loan to the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which also shares ownership of The Gross Clinic with the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Thomas Jefferson University sold the latter painting in late 2006. Death
<mask> died on May 6, 1884, at age 78, in Philadelphia. He was cremated at Le Moyne Crematory and his ashes were buried in The Woodlands Cemetery.<mask>' estate, aside from a few bequests, was divided equally among his four children. His library, consisting of more than 5,000 volumes, was willed to the Philadelphia Academy of Surgery, along with his wet preparations, diagrams, and museum. To the same institution he left $5,000; interest on this sum is awarded every five years to the best essay on surgical pathology. Honors

<mask> received many posthumous accolades. A bronze statue was dedicated by president William McKinley, in the Smithsonian Park of the U.S. Capitol on a pedestal appropriated by the U.S. Congress. In 1970 it was relocated to the campus of Thomas Jefferson University in Center City Philadelphia. In Louisville a portrait of him hangs in the Fred Rankin Amphitheater, and since 1941, the Phi Delta Epsilon Medical Fraternity has sponsored an annual <mask>. <mask> lectureship.Writings
After <mask> moved to Cincinnati, he ceased his translation work and began to publish original contributions to the scientific field. In 1839, <mask> published Elements of Pathological Anatomy, the first systematic treatise on the subject in the United States; its two volumes were lavishly illustrated with

masks:
Gross
David Hayes
Gross
Gross
Gross
Samuel D
Gross
Gross
Gross


title: Samuel D. Gross

texts:
 woodcuts and colored engravings. The second edition received praise form the eminent German scientist Rudolf Virchow. <mask>'s 1859 two-volume System of Surgery is perhaps his best known work. His other publications include:

 The Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases of the Bones and Joints (1830)
 An Experimental and Critical Inquiry into the Nature and Treatment of Wounds of the Intestines (1843)
 A Practical Treatise on the Diseases, Injuries, and Malformations of the Urinary Bladder, the Prostate Gland, and the Urethra (1851)
 A Practical Treatise on Foreign Bodies in the Air-Passages (1854)

<mask> was also interested in history, as he published several medical biographies and wrote on the history of Kentucky. In 1861 he edited The Lives of Eminent American Physicians and Surgeons of the Nineteenth Century, and once gave a talk to the Kentucky State Medical Association wherein he resurrected the career of the early Kentucky physician Dr. Ephraim <mask>. Early in the nineteenth century <mask> had removed a urinary stone from a young James K. Polk, and distinguished himself as one of the most capable surgeons in America and the originator of abdominal surgery, as well as being the first ovariotomist.References

Bibliography

Wagner FB Jr, Savacool JW, eds. Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University: Legend & Lore. Devon, PA: W.T. Cooke Pub., 1996. External links

10 Notable Jefferson Alumni, <mask>. <mask>
Samuel <mask>: Address by John Chalmers <mask>, M.D., L.L.D. <mask> <mask>: The Lesson of His Life and Labors, by William Williams Keen, M.D. A Manual of Military Surgery, by S.D.<mask>, M.D., 1861

 Complete bibliography of the works by <mask>, compiled by <mask><mask>, Thomas Jefferson University, 1991. 1805 births
1884 deaths
Physicians from Philadelphia
Thomas Jefferson University alumni
Thomas Jefferson University faculty
Lawrenceville School alumni
People from Easton, Pennsylvania
American Surgical Association members
Burials at The Woodlands Cemetery
19th-century American people
University of

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Gross
Gross
McDowell
McDowell
Samuel D
Gross
David Gross
Da Costa
Samuel David
Gross
Gross
Samuel Gross
Samuel A
. Davis


title: Nikolay Gapich

texts:
<mask> (1901–1964) was a Soviet military leader, Major General of the Signal Corps (June 4, 1940). Head of the Communications Department of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (1940–1941), repressed in 1941, released and rehabilitated in 1953. Early life and Civil War
Born on May 9, 1901, in the village of Novaya Alekseevka, Blagoveshchensky District, Amur Region, into a Russian peasant family. In 1916, he graduated from a two–year railway school, was educated as a telegraph operator. Then he worked on the railway as a telegraph operator–overseer. In 1918 – Yerofey Pavlovich station commissar. In the autumn of the same year, he was arrested by the White Guards.Then he was forcibly mobilized as a private in the army of Alexander Kolchak. After the defeat of the Siberian Army, on February 4, 1920, he voluntarily joined the Red Army. Participant of hostilities in Siberia: weapons instructor of a rifle regiment, from February 15 – adjutant of the head of communications of the Trans–Baikal front and rear, from May 23 – head of communications of the railway department of the Eastern Transbaikalian Front. In June 1920, he was sent to the Southwestern Front, where he was appointed chief of communications for the front's railway sector, then company commander of the 8th Infantry Division. From June 1921, he again fought in Siberia with the troops of the Far Eastern Republic against the Japanese interventionists, participated in the suppression of the West Siberian uprising: in June – commander of a communications company, then commander of a telegraph platoon of this company and assistant commander of a communications division; from August – Assistant to the Chief of Communications of the 3rd Amur Rifle Division; from September – Chief of Communications of the Special Amur Rifle Regiment; since October – assistant and


title: Nikolay Gapich

texts:
 of the same department. Here <mask> prepared several textbooks on the communications service, scientific works and received the title of associate professor of the Academy. On July 26, 1940, he was appointed head of the Communications Department of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. Having familiarized himself with the state of affairs in the Directorate, he came to the conclusion that there was a huge shortage of communications equipment in the troops. From October 1940 to June 1941, he repeatedly addressed reports on the need to urgently rectify matters to People's Commissar of Defense Semyon Timoshenko, Chiefs of the General Staff Kirill Meretskov and Georgy Zhukov, Chairman of the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union Kliment Voroshilov, but the measures he proposed did not have been implemented. As a result, from the first days of the Great Patriotic War, the lack of proper communication at all levels of troops became one of the important reasons for losses in command and control of troops and military defeats.Great Patriotic War, arrest, repression
Dismissed from office on July 22, 1941. According to the memoirs of the future Marshal of the Signal Corps Ivan Peresypkin, this happened during the report of <mask> to Joseph Stalin on the state of communications in the troops. A few days later, he was appointed Chief of Communications of the Front of the Reserve Armies, arrived at the front, but did not manage to take office. The front was reorganized into the Reserve Front, and the new front commander, Georgy Zhukov, who arrived, appointed General Ivan Bulychev as the front commander, and <mask> as his deputy. Arrested on August 6, 1941. He was under investigation for a long time. At first, he was accused of criminal leadership in the work of his administration, that

masks:
Gapich
Nikolai Gapich
Nikolai Gapich


title: Nikolay Gapich

texts: he did not supply the army with the required amount of communication means, in the war with Germany he did not meet the needs of the front and was unable to establish uninterrupted communication with the fronts.Then added the accusation of participation in a "military–fascist conspiracy". After using physical pressure, he slandered himself and admitted that since 1935 he was a member of an anti-Soviet organization in the Belarusian Military District and headed by Ieronim Uborevich. Even later, accusations were added of working for Japanese intelligence during the Civil War. Then <mask> <mask> retracted all confessions. In view of the complete absurdity, the charges of conspiracy and espionage were dropped from him. By order of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union on January 29, 1944, he was dismissed from the Red Army. After 11 years of being under investigation in prison, on August 26, 1952, by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union, under Article 193, paragraph 17, was sentenced to 10 years in a correctional labour camp.By the decree of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union of October 2, 1952, he was deprived of the military rank "Major General". To serve his sentence, he was sent to the city of Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast, where he worked as a foreman in felling. Released in July 1953. Rehabilitated on July 28, 1953. On August 15 of the same year, the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union canceled its decision to deprive <mask> <mask> of his military rank, and he was reinstated in the Soviet Army. After being at the disposal of the Main Personnel Directorate of the Ministry of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union, he was transferred to the reserve on October 21, 1953, for health reasons. He lived in Moscow, worked in the apparatus of the Ministry of

masks: Nikolay Gapich Nikolay Gapich


title: Nikolay Gapich

texts:
 Communications of the Soviet Union since 1956 as the head of the inspection, since 1961 – as the head of the 1st Department.He was buried at the Golovinskoye Cemetery in Moscow. Military ranks
Colonel (January 29, 1936);
Brigade Commander (April 2, 1940);
Major general (June 4, 1940). Awards
Order of Lenin (1953);
Order of the Red Banner (1941);
Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"

References

Sources
Command and Control Personnel of the Red Army in 1940–1941: Structure and Personnel of the Central Apparatus of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union, Military Districts and Combined–Arms Armies: Documents and Materials / Edited by Vladimir Kuzelenkov – Moscow–Saint Petersburg: Summer Garden, 2005 – Page 128 – 1000 Copies –
<mask> Cherushev, Yuri Cherushev. The Executed Elite of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Commanders of the 1st and 2nd Ranks, Corps Commanders, Division Commanders and Their Peers): 1937–1941. Biographical Dictionary – Moscow: Kuchkovo Field; Megapolis, 2012 – Pages 447–448 – 496 Pages – 2000 Copies –
Denis Soloviev. All of Stalin's Generals. Volume 3 – Moscow, 2019 –  – Pages 41–42

External links
Biographical Information About <mask> <mask> on the Website of the Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics
Biography of <mask> <mask> on the Website of the Ulyanovsk Military School of Communications
Biography on the Site "The Shot Generation.1937 and Other Years"

1901 births
1964 deaths
Soviet major generals
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
Frunze Military Academy alumni
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union alumni
Soviet rehabilitations
Textbook writers
Communist Party of the Soviet

masks: Nikolay Nikolay Gapich Nikolay Gapich


title: H. Allen Orr

texts:
H<mask> (born 1960) is the Shirley Cox Kearns Professor of Biology at the University of Rochester. Education and career
Orr earned his bachelor's degree in Biology and Philosophy from the College of William and Mary and his Ph.D. in Biology from the University of Chicago. At Chicago, Orr studied under Jerry Coyne. He performed postdoctoral research at the University of California, Davis. Work
<mask> is an evolutionary geneticist whose research focuses on the genetics of speciation and the genetics of adaptation, in particular on the genetic basis of hybrid sterility and inviability. How many genes cause reproductive isolation between species? What are the normal functions of these genes and what evolutionary forces drove their divergence?He studies these problems through genetic analysis of reproductive isolation between species of Drosophila. In his adaptation work, <mask> is interested in theoretical rules or patterns that might characterize the population genetics of adaptation. He studies these patterns using both population genetic theory and experiment. His early work on Drosophila set the terms of much of the current research on speciation. <mask> is said to be one of the few evolutionary biologists ever to have made fundamental contributions about how changes occur within lineages over time, and about how lineages split to result in new species. Speciation
His book Speciation, co-authored with Jerry Coyne, was hailed in Science as "exceedingly well-written and persuasive". They consider that studying speciation is largely synonymous with studying reproductive isolation, and explore what we know about where, when, and how isolating barriers evolve.Following Ernst Mayr they argue that speciation usually occurs where populations are geographically isolated or allopatric. They present evidence for the primacy of natural and sexual selection over genetic drift in driving

masks:
. Allen Orr
Orr
Orr
Orr


title: H. Allen Orr

texts: specified complexity in a specific technical sense, this has nothing to do with Darwinism which is not trying to reach a pre-specified target, and of Michael Behe's 1996 book Darwin's Black Box which he characterises as "cleverly argued, biologically informed — and wrong". He concedes that there are biological systems which are irreducibly complex in Behe's sense but suggests that "An irreducibly complex system can be built gradually by adding parts that, while initially just advantageous, become — because of later changes — essential".He also suggests that, while he has "utter confidence in Behe's biochemistry" Behe "is not at home in the technical evolution literature." However he is also critical of Daniel Dennett, Steven Pinker and Richard Dawkins, expressing serious reservations about their arguments and defending these in extended follow-up correspondence. Orr is not satisfied by Stephen Jay Gould's NOMA suggestion. Whilst highly critical of claims that physics has "found God" he points out that "many of the [20th] century’s leading scientists – including some of the brightest stars of evolutionary biology...were deeply religious... Theodosius Dobzhansky was a Christian and something of an amateur theologian; Sir Ronald Fisher was a deeply devout Anglican who, between founding modern statistics and population genetics, penned articles for church magazines; and J.B.S<mask> was an unabashed mystic". Moreover, Orr thinks that Gould's redefinition of religion to be solely concerned with moral values is not what anyone who practices the thing means by religion (or almost anyone, anyway), and that it will not do to pretend that all will be well in some imagined world where people of goodwill pursue invariably consonant views. So whereas it may be that the road Gould cuts is in a sensible enough direction (a considerable improvement over the present state in which creationists


title: H. Allen Orr

texts:
 pester scientists and scientists preach values, and avoiding many of the inanities that often accompany talk of religion by scientists) it is a far bumpier road than Gould lets on.Awards and recognition
Orr has been the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship, a David and Lucile Packard Fellowship, an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship, and a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar in Residence Fellowship at Bellagio Study Center, Italy. He was awarded the Dobzhansky Prize by the Society for the Study of Evolution and the Young Investigator Prize by the American Society of Naturalists. He was also named Professor of the Year in Natural Sciences by the Student Association at University of Rochester in 2002. In 2008 he was one of thirteen recipients of the Darwin-Wallace Medal, which is bestowed every 50 years by the Linnean Society of London. Publications
Orr is widely published in some of the leading scientific journals including Nature,  Science and PNAS. Books
 Speciation. 2004. .

Scientific publications
Orr's papers include:

 "A test of Fisher’s theory of dominance", PNAS
 "<mask>e's rule has multiple genetic causes", Nature
 "A mathematical model of <mask>e's rule", Evolution
 "The evolutionary genetics of speciation", Phil.Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B
 "The population genetics of adaptation:  the distribution of factors fixed during adaptive evolution", Evolution
 "<mask>e's rule is obeyed in taxa lacking a hemizygous X", Science
 "Morphological innovation and developmental genetics", PNAS
 "Adaptive evolution drives divergence of a hybrid inviability gene in Drosophila", Nature

Notes and references

External links
Orr lab website
H<mask> <mask> at The New York Review of Books

Living people
Evolutionary biologists
College of William & Mary alumni
Critics of creationism
University of Chicago alumni
University of California, Davis alumni
University of Rochester

masks:
Haldan
Haldan
Haldan
. Allen
Orr


title: Erle Stanley Gardner

texts:
<mask> (July 17, 1889 – March 11, 1970) was an American lawyer and author. He is best known for the Perry Mason series of detective stories, but he wrote numerous other novels and shorter pieces and also a series of nonfiction books, mostly narrations of his travels through Baja California and other regions in Mexico. The best-selling American author of the 20th century at the time of his death, <mask> also published under numerous pseudonyms, including A.A. Fair, Kyle Corning, Charles M. Green, Carleton Kendrake, Charles J. Kenny, Les Tillray and Robert Parr. Life and work

<mask> was born in Malden, Massachusetts, the son of Grace Adelma (Waugh) and <mask>. <mask> graduated from Palo Alto High School in California in 1909 and enrolled at Valparaiso University School of Law in Indiana. He was suspended after approximately one month when his interest in boxing became a distraction. He returned to California, pursued his legal education on his own, and passed the California State Bar examination in 1911.<mask> started his legal career by working as a typist at a law firm in California for three years. Once he was admitted to the Bar he started working as a trial lawyer by defending the impoverished, in particular Chinese and Mexican immigrants. This experience led to his founding The Court of Last Resort in the 1940s. The Court of Last Resort, dedicated to helping people who were imprisoned unfairly or couldn't get a fair trial, was the first of several organizations that advocate for the wrongly convicted, which among others include The Innocence Project, Center on Wrongful Convictions at Northwestern Pritzker School of Law and Centurion. In 1912, <mask> wed Natalie Frances Talbert. They had a daughter, Grace. He opened his first law office in Merced in 1917, but closed it after accepting a

masks:
Erle Stanley Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Charles Walter Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner


title: Erle Stanley Gardner

texts: position at a sales agency.In 1921, he returned to law as a member of the Ventura firm Sheridan, Orr, Drapeau, and <mask>, where he remained until the publication of his first Perry Mason novel in 1933. <mask> enjoyed litigation and the development of trial strategy but was otherwise bored by legal practice. In his spare time, he began writing for pulp magazines. His first story, The Police in the House, was published in June 1921 in Breezy magazine. He created many series characters for the pulps, including the ingenious Lester Leith, a parody of the "gentleman thief" in the tradition of A. J. Raffles; and Ken Corning, crusading lawyer, crime sleuth, and archetype for his most successful creation, Perry Mason. While the Perry Mason novels seldom delved deeply into characters' lives, the novels were rich in plot detail which was reality-based and drawn from his own experience. In his early years writing for the pulp magazine market, <mask> set himself a quota of 1,200,000 words a year.Early on, he typed stories himself, using two fingers, but later dictated them to a team of secretaries. Under the pen name A. A. Fair, <mask> wrote a series of novels about the private detective firm Cool and Lam. In another series, district attorney Doug Selby litigated against attorney Alphonse Baker Carr in an inversion of the Perry Mason scenario. Prosecutor Selby is portrayed as a courageous and imaginative crime solver; his antagonist Carr is a wily shyster whose clients are invariably "as guilty as hell". Much of the first Perry Mason novel,The Case of the Velvet Claws, published in 1933 is set at the historic Pierpont Inn near <mask>'s old law office in Ventura, CA.In 1937, <mask> moved to Temecula, California, where he lived for the rest of his life. With the success of the Mason series, more than 80

masks: Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner


title: Erle Stanley Gardner

texts: novels, <mask> gradually reduced his contributions to the pulp magazines until the medium died in the 1950s. Thereafter, he published a few short stories in the "glossies", such as Collier's, Sports Afield, and Look, but most of his postwar magazine contributions were nonfiction articles on travel, Western history, and forensic science. <mask>'s readership was a broad and international one, including the English novelist Evelyn Waugh, who in 1949 called <mask> the best living American writer. He also created characters for various radio programs, including Christopher London (1950), starring Glenn Ford, and A Life in Your Hands (1949–1952). <mask>'s character, Perry Mason, was a recurring character in a series of Hollywood films in the 1930s, and then for the radio program Perry Mason, which ran from 1943 to 1955. In 1954, CBS proposed transforming Perry Mason into a TV soap opera.When <mask> opposed the idea, CBS created The Edge of Night, featuring John Larkin—who voiced Mason on the radio show—as a thinly veiled imitation of the Mason character. Perry Mason’s character was inspired by Earl Rogers, a trial attorney who appeared in 77 murder trials but only lost three. He was recognized for the extensive use of demonstratives, e.g., visuals, charts and diagrams, during trial before it became common practice. Rogers is famous for his defense of, and attorney-client disagreement with, Clarence Darrow, a fellow attorney who was charged with attempted jury bribery in 1912. In 1957, Perry Mason became a long-running CBS-TV courtroom drama series, starring Raymond Burr in the title role. Burr had auditioned for the role of the district attorney Hamilton Burger, but <mask> reportedly declared he was the embodiment of Perry Mason. <mask> made an uncredited appearance as a judge in "The Case of the

masks: Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner


title: Erle Stanley Gardner

texts:
 Final Fade-Out" (1966), the last episode of the series.He had a lifelong fascination with Baja California and wrote a series of nonfiction travel accounts describing his extensive explorations of the peninsula by boat, truck, airplane, and helicopter. <mask> devoted thousands of hours to "The Court of Last Resort", in collaboration with his many friends in the forensic, legal, and investigative communities. The project sought to review, and when appropriate, reverse miscarriages of justice against criminal defendants who had been convicted because of poor legal representation, abuse, misinterpretation of forensic evidence, or careless or malicious actions of police or prosecutors. The resulting 1952 book earned <mask> his only Edgar Award, in the Best Fact Crime category, and was later made into a TV series, The Court of Last Resort. Personal life
In 1912, <mask> wed Natalie Frances Talbert (16 July 1885 – 26 February 1968). Their only child, Natalie Grace <mask> (January 25, 1913 — 29 February 2004), was born in Ventura, California. <mask> and his wife separated in the early 1930s, but did not divorce, and in fact their marriage lasted 56 years, until Natalie's death in 1968.After that, <mask> married his secretary Agnes "Jean" Bethell (née Walter; 19 May 1902 – 5 December 2002), the daughter of Ida Mary Elizabeth Walter (née Itrich; 24 December 1880 – 3 March 1961). Through his daughter, <mask> had two grandchildren, Valerie Joan Naso (née McKittrick; 19 August 1941 – 12 November 2007) and Alan G. McKittrick. <mask>'s widow died in 2002, aged 100, in San Diego. She was a member of Jehovah's Witnesses. She was survived by her brother, Norman Walter. Death and legacy
<mask> died of cancer, diagnosed in the late 1960s, on March 11, 1970, at his ranch in Temecula—the best-selling American writer

masks: Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner


title: Erle Stanley Gardner

texts:
 of the 20th century at the time of his death. His death followed by five days that of William Hopper, who played private detective Paul Drake in the Perry Mason TV series.<mask> was cremated and his ashes scattered over his beloved Baja California peninsula. The ranch, known as Rancho del Paisano at the time, was sold after his death, then resold in 2001 to the Pechanga Indians, renamed Great Oak Ranch, and eventually absorbed into the Pechanga reservation. The Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin holds <mask>'s manuscripts, art collection, and personal effects. From 1972 to 2010, the Ransom Center featured a full-scale reproduction of <mask> Cool–Donald Lam mystery, which had been lost for 75 years.Written in 1939 as the second entry in the Cool and Lam series, the book was rejected at the time by <mask>'s publisher. Published for the first time in 2016, as a trade paperback and ebook, the work garnered respectful reviews. Hard Case Crime followed publication of The Knife Slipped with a reissued edition of Turn On the Heat, the book <mask> wrote to replace The Knife Slipped, in 2017 and has announced a new edition of The Count of Nine to appear in October 2018. Bibliography

Cultural references
An unspecified article <mask> wrote for True magazine is referenced by William S. Burroughs in his 1959 novel, Naked Lunch. <mask>'s name is well known among avid crossword puzzle solvers, because his first name contains an unusual series of common letters, starting and ending with the most common letter of the English alphabet, and because few other famous people have that name. As of January 2012, he is noted for having the highest ratio (5.31) of mentions in the New York Times crossword puzzle to mentions in the rest of the newspaper among all other people since 1993. In 2001,

masks: Gardner Gardner Gardnerha Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner


title: Erle Stanley Gardner

texts:
 Huell Howser Productions, in association with KCET, Los Angeles, featured <mask>'s Temecula Rancho del Paisano in California's Gold.The 30-minute program is available as a VHS videorecording. References

Further reading
 Fugate, Francis L. and Roberta B. (1980). Secrets of the World's Best-Selling Writer: The Story Telling Techniques of <mask> <mask>. New York: William Morrow. .
 Hughes, Dorothy B. (1978). <mask> <mask>: The Case of the Real Perry Mason.New York: William Morrow. .
 Johnston, Alva (1947). The Case of <mask> <mask>. New York: William Morrow. Mundell, E. H. (1968). <mask> <mask>: A Checklist. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. .
 Senate, Richard L<mask> <mask>'s Ventura: Birthplace of Perry Mason. Ventura, California: Citation Press. .External links

 <mask> <mask> Study at the Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin
 <mask> <mask> at Thrilling Detective
 Essay on <mask> <mask> Gardner
 Erle <mask> Gardner pages with extensive bibliographic and other information, including pulp publications

 <mask> <mask> Gardner searching for lost mines in Popular Science magazine
 Episodes of A Life in Your Hands, a radio program created by <mask>, in the public domain
 Episodes of Christopher London, a radio program created by <mask>, in the public domain
 I Love Lucy, "The Black Eye", Lucy's book is The D.A. Takes a Chance

1889 births
1970 deaths
American mystery writers
20th-century American novelists
California lawyers
Writers from California
Edgar Award winners
Palo Alto High School alumni
People from Malden, Massachusetts
People from Ventura, California
People from Temecula, California
Perry Mason
Novelists from Massachusetts
American male novelists
20th-century American short story writers
American male short story writers
Western (genre) writers
20th-century

masks:
Gardner
Erle
Stanley Gardner
Erle
Stanley Gardner
Erle
Stanley Gardner
Erle
Stanley Gardner
. Erle
Stanley Gardner
Erle
Stanley Gardner
Erle
Stanley Gardner
Erle
Stanley
Stanley
Erle
Stanley
Gardner
Gardner


title: Lu Chengqing

texts:
<mask> (盧承慶) (595–670), courtesy name Ziyu (子餘), formally Duke Ding of Fanyang (范陽定公), was a Chinese politician during the Tang dynasty, serving as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Gaozong. Background
<mask> was born in 595, during the reign of Emperor Wen of Sui. He was from "The elder house of northern ancestry" (北祖大房) of the prominent Lu clan of Fanyang. His grandfather <mask> was an important official during Sui Dynasty. Late in the reign of Emperor Wen's son Emperor Yang, <mask>'s father <mask> (盧赤松) was serving as the magistrate of Hedong County (河東, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), when the general Li Yuan rebelled against Emperor Yang's rule at Taiyuan. <mask>, who had previously known Li Yuan, surrendered as soon as Li Yuan's forces arrived and served on Li Yuan's staff. After Li Yuan established Tang Dynasty as its Emperor Gaozu, he created <mask>g the Duke of Fanyang.<mask> was said to be handsome and attentive to his appearance, but also knowledgeable and capable. When he was young, <mask>song died, and so he inherited the title of Duke of Fanyang. During Emperor Taizong's reign
Early in the reign of Emperor Gaozu's son and successor Emperor Taizong, <mask> was serving as the census officer for the commandant at Qin Prefecture (秦州, roughly modern Tianshui, Gansu), when he had an opportunity to report to Emperor Taizong the status of military affairs west of the Yellow River (i.e., in modern central Gansu). Emperor Taizong was impressed by the clarity of his report, and promoted him to be

masks:
Lu Chengqing
Lu Chengqing
Lu Sidao
Lu Chengqing
Lu Chisong
Lu Chisong
Lu Chison
Lu Chengqing
Lu Chi
Lu Chengqing


title: Lu Chengqing

texts:
 a low-level official at the ministry of civil service. He was later promoted to by the deputy minister of census. On one occasion, when Emperor Taizong asked about historical population counts, <mask> discussed historical population counts all the way from Xia Dynasty and Shang Dynasty, down to Tang's immediate predecessors Northern Zhou and Sui. Emperor Taizong was impressed, and soon made him the deputy minister of defense but further also made him in charge of civil service matters.<mask> initially declined, stating, "Civil service matters should be in the hands of the minister of civil service, and for me to handle them would be to exceed my authorities." Emperor Taizong insisted, stating, "I trust you. Why do you not trust yourself?" He later also served as deputy secretary general of the capital prefecture, Yong Prefecture (雍州, roughly modern Xi'an, Shaanxi), and secretary general of the executive bureau of government (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng). During Emperor Gaozong's reign
Early in the reign of Emperor Taizong's son and successor Emperor Gaozong, who became emperor in 649 following Emperor Taizong's death, for reasons unknown, it was said that the powerful chancellor Chu Suiliang wrongly accused <mask>qing of faults. <mask> was demoted to be the secretary general to the commandant at Yi Prefecture (益州, roughly modern Chengdu, Sichuan). Thereafter, Chu further accused <mask> of misconduct while serving as the deputy secretary general at Yong Prefecture, and <mask> was further demoted to be the

masks:
Lu
Lu
Lu Cheng
Lu
Lu
Lu


title: Lu Chengqing

texts: military advisor to the prefect of Jian Prefecture (簡州, roughly modern Ziyang, Sichuan).After about a year, he was then made the secretary general of Hong Prefecture (洪州, roughly modern Nanchang, Jiangxi). On one occasion, when Emperor Gaozong was set to visit warm springs in Ru Prefecture (汝州, roughly modern Pingdingshan, Henan), he promoted <mask> to be the prefect of Ru Prefecture, and soon recalled him to the capital to serve as director of vassal affairs. In 657, when the general Su Dingfang destroyed Western Tujue and captured its Shabuolüe Khan Ashina Helu (阿史那賀魯), it was <mask> that Emperor Gaozong sent to Western Tujue lands to divide the lands between two Western Tujue princes loyal to Tang, Ashina Mishe (阿史那彌射), who was created the Xinxiwang Khan, and Ashina Buzhen (阿史那步真), who was created the Jiwangjue Khan. Emperor Gaozong further ordered <mask>, along with Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen, to grant the various tribal chiefs appropriate official titles. As of 659, <mask> was serving as the minister of treasury, when he was given the designation Canzhi Zhengshi (參知政事), making him a chancellor de facto. Later that year, when the former chancellor and Emperor Gaozong's uncle Zhangsun Wuji, who had already been exiled on suspicion of treason, was accused of further plotting, <mask>, along with fellow chancellors Li Ji, Xu Jingzong, Xin Maojiang, and Ren Yaxiang were put in charge of the investigation (although it was Xu, who was an ally of Emperor Gaozong's powerful wife Empress Wu (later known

masks: Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu


title: Lu Chengqing

texts:
 as Wu Zetian), who drove the investigation), which resulted in Zhangsun's forced suicide. Yet later that year, <mask> was given the designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin (同中書門下三品), a more honored designation for a chancellor de facto.However, in 660, he was accused of mishandling the ministry of treasury, and he was removed from his offices, and further was sent to Run Prefecture (潤州, roughly modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) to be its prefect. He was subsequently made the secretary general of Yong Prefecture and given the honorific title Yinqing Guanglu Daifu (銀青光祿大夫). In 669, he was made the minister of justice. He soon requested retirement on account of old age, and Emperor Gaozong agreed, further giving him the honorific title of Jinzi Guanglu Daifu (金紫光祿大夫). <mask> died in 670 and was buried with honors. Prior to his death, he gave this order to his sons:

Family

Younger Brothers
 <mask>'en (盧承恩)
 <mask> (盧承悌)
 <mask>ji (盧承基)
 <mask> (盧承業)
 <mask> (盧承泰)
 <mask>li (盧承禮)
 <mask> (盧承福)

Sons
 According to New Book of Tang vol. 73, <mask> only had a son named <mask> (盧諝), who would serve as director of ministry of personnel (吏部郎中).<mask> had two sons: <mask> (盧鄖), prefect of Chu (滁州); <mask> (盧垣), whose son <mask> (盧幼臨) would serve as director of ministry of justice (刑部郎中). References
 Old Book of Tang, vol. 85. New Book of Tang, vol. 106. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 200, 201.595 births
670 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Gaozong of Tang
Lu clan of Fanyang
Sui dynasty people
Tang dynasty politicians from

masks:
Lu
Lu
Lu Cheng
Lu Chengti
Lu Cheng
Lu Chengye
Lu Chengtai
Lu Cheng
Lu Chengfu
Lu Chengqing
Lu Xu
Lu Xu
Lu Yun
Lu Yuan
Lu Youlin


title: Fra Diavolo

texts:
Fra <mask> (lit. Brother Devil; 7 April 1771–11 November 1806), is the popular name given to Michele Pezza, a famous guerrilla leader who resisted the French occupation of Naples, proving an "inspirational practitioner of popular insurrection". Pezza figures prominently in folk lore and fiction. He appears in several works of Alexandre Dumas, including The Last Cavalier: Being the Adventures of Count Sainte-hermine in the Age of Napoleon, not published until 2007 and in Washington Irving's short story "The Inn at Terracina". Biography
The nickname "Fra Diavolo" came about due to an old Itrano custom: Until early in the twentieth century Itrani boys and girls who had recently recovered from serious illnesses were dressed as monks on the second Sunday after Easter, for a procession in honor of St. <mask> of Paola, the patron of sick children. On one of these solemn occasions little Michele, who was apparently a handful to begin with, proved so naughty that someone called him "Fra Diavolo" (Friar Devil) which stuck. Early life
The notion that Pezza "was born of low parentage" has received wide circulation but is hardly accurate; it forms part of a hostile tradition derived from French propaganda.The Pezzas had some land in olives and were also engaged in the wool trade. The family home has some interesting architectural details, which also suggests some wealth, and they were related to several of the most prominent families in Itri, such as the Ialongo and the Pennachia. Although little is known with certainty of his early life, Pezza learned to read and write, hardly a common

masks: Diavolo Francis


title: Fra Diavolo

texts:
 head. The city of Naples was liberated from the French in June, Gaeta was recaptured at the end of July by royal troops and Pezza's men, aided by the British fleet. By late September the French had largely been driven out of the kingdom, and a Neapolitan army had gone on to liberate Rome. The Neapolitan insurrection had probably cost the lives of 50,000 or 60,000 people in the kingdom.A hard, tough leader, Pezza gave no quarter. His men committed "most monstrous misdeeds," torturing and murdering hundreds of prisoners of war, including a French general. He was so ferocious that for a time Cardinal Ruffo placed him under arrest for his many atrocities. Nevertheless, for his services, Pezza was made a colonel in the army, ennobled as the Duke of Cassero, granted an annual pension of 2,500 ducats — making him one of the richest men in the district — and even given a lock of the queen's hair. He settled down near Itri with his wife, Fortunata Rachele <mask>, a local beauty whom he had married in July 1799, when she was just 18, and he was en route to the liberation of Rome. For the next few years they lived quietly, while producing two sons. Resistance to French rule 1806
In 1806 Napoleon, Emperor of the French, decided to place his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Neapolitan throne.Some 32,000 French troops invaded Naples in January, in three columns under General Laurent de Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, later a Marshal of France; about 12,000 men marched down the Adriatic coast, 15,000 more attacked down the Apennines, which form the spine of Italy, and General Jean Louis Reynier led about


title: Fra Diavolo

texts:
 were arrested during the fighting, and thousands – men, women, and children alike – were killed. Legacy
In addition to the works by Alexandre Dumas and Washington Irving, noted above, Pezza figures in a number of other artistic endeavors. Daniel Auber's opera Fra Diavolo is founded on traditions associated with the legend, but has very little historical accuracy.Laurel and Hardy starred as "Stanlio" and "Ollio" in the 1933 feature film The Devil's Brother (sometimes titled as Fra Diavolo) based on Auber's opera. There are several other films about <mask> Diavolo, a complete listing of which may be found in the Italian Wikipedia site. The most important of these is Fra Diavolo, made in 1942 by Luigi Zampa and based on a play of the same name by Luigi Bonelli, later a prolific screenwriter. In the film, Pezza is a Robin Hood-like figure fighting the French. The only Italian film about Pezza to be available in English is the 1964 Giovanni production, The Legend of Fra Diavolo, with an Italian cast, but starring Tony Russel, which was released in the US by Globe Films International. The film is rather more realistic than the Bonelli effort. Paul Féval, père used the character of <mask> <mask> in his Les Habits Noirs book series.In it, Michele Bozzo (sic) is the nearly immortal Colonel Bozzo-Corana, feared leader of an international criminal brotherhood. Fra diavolo sauce is believed to be named after Pezza. References

Further reading
 Bruto Amante (1796–1806). Fra Diavolo e il Suo Tempo (reprint: Attivita bibliografica editoriale, 1974)
 <mask> (1946). Fra Diavolo. VIR. Giuseppi

masks:
Fra
Fra
Diavolo
Anna Franchi


title: Fra Diavolo

texts:
 dall'Ongaro (1985).Fra Diavolo. De Agostini. <mask>a (1999). Michele Pezza, detto <mask>' Diavlo. Avagliano. . External links
Notes about <mask> Diavolo on Around Napoli
A short life of Pezza on the Itri town website
Fra Diavolo and Museo del Brigantaggio in Itri

1771 births
1806 deaths
18th-century Neapolitan people
19th-century Neapolitan people
Fugitives
Fugitives wanted by France
Italian counter-revolutionaries
Italian

masks:
Francesco Barr
Fra
Fra


title: Wally Gilbert

texts:
<mask>  (December 19, 1900 – September 7, 1958) was an American athlete who performed in professional baseball, football and basketball. Over his career, <mask> played in Major League Baseball from 1928 to 1932 as a third baseman with the Brooklyn Robins and the Cincinnati Reds. In addition, he played in the National Football League from 1923 to 1926 for the Duluth Kelleys/Eskimos, as well as for the Buffalo Germans, Denver Tigers and Two Harbors All-Stars basketball squads. Early years
<mask> was born in 1900 in Oscoda, Michigan. He moved to Duluth, Minnesota, as a child. At the time of the 1910 U.S. Census, he was living with his parents, Walter and <mask>, in Duluth's 7th Ward. At the time of the 1920 U.S. Census, <mask>'s father, <mask>, Sr., was employed as a laborer in a Duluth steel plant.<mask> graduated from Denfeld High School in Duluth where he starred in baseball, basketball and football. He led Denfeld's football team to a city championship before graduating in 1920. After graduating from high school, <mask> attended Valparaiso University in Valparaiso, Indiana. He played for Valparaiso's 1920 football team that compiled a record of 5-3 and outscored opponents 215 to 60. <mask> also played baseball and basketball at Valparaiso. Football career
From 1923 to 1926, <mask> played professional football as a halfback and punter for the Duluth Eskimos of the National Football League. <mask> played in the backfield with Ernie Nevers and handled punting and forward passing for the Duluth team.He reportedly punted the football 98 yards in a game against Rock Island and set an unofficial football record by drop-kicking a football 61 yards. <mask> also served on the football coaching staff at Superior State Teachers College (now known as University of Wisconsin–Superior) in 1938. Baseball career

Minor leagues
<mask> began his professional baseball

masks:
Walter John Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Minnie Gilbert
Gilbert
Walter Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert


title: Wally Gilbert

texts:
 career in 1922 playing in the Dakota League for the Valley City Hi-Liners in Valley City, North Dakota. He compiled a .362 batting average for Valley City in 1922. In 1923, he was acquired by the St. Joseph Saints in the Western League. In April 1923, the St. Joseph Gazette introduced <mask> to its readers as follows:"He is a well-built lad of some six feet and weighs round 180 pounds. Last reports received from the Saints' training camp at Clarksdale, Miss., are to the effect that <mask> has located his batting eye and that he is now smacking the ball regularly and hard.He is a bachelor and good looking despite the way the photographer caught him, covered with four days' growth of stubby beard." During the 1924 and 1925 baseball seasons, he remained with St. Joseph, appearing in 167 games in 1924 and 152 games in 1925. In 1925, <mask>'s contract was purchased by the New York Yankees as a potential insurance for injury-prone third baseman, Joe Dugan. <mask> did not make the Yankees' roster, and he was sold in the spring of 1926 to the Atlanta Crackers of the Southern Association. <mask> played for the Crackers from 1926 to 1928 and proved to be a reliable hitter, batting .305 in 1926, .314 in 1927, and .319 in 1928. Major League Baseball
In August 1928, <mask> was traded by the Yankees to the Brooklyn Robins (later renamed the Dodgers) in exchange for Jay Partridge. <mask> was the Robins/Dodgers' starting third baseman from the time he joined the club in August 1928 through the end of the 1931 season.While playing with Brooklyn, <mask> became known as "The Old Reliable" and developed a reputation as a quiet, dependable fielder. His best years as a batter were 1929 and 1930 when he compiled batting averages of .304 and .294 with 353 hits, 65 doubles, and 125 RBIs. On May 30, 1931, <mask> tied a Major League record with six hits in a single game

masks: Gilbert Wally Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert


title: Wally Gilbert

texts:
 against the New York Giants. In March 1932, <mask> was traded by the Dodgers to the Cincinnati Reds in a deal that sent <mask>, Babe Herman, and Ernie Lombardi to the Reds in exchange for Joe Stripp, Tony Cuccinello and Clyde Sukeforth. <mask> appeared in 114 games for the Reds in 1932, but his batting average dropped more than 50 points below his career average to .214. At the end of the 1932 season, <mask> was released by the Reds. The Sporting News reported: "<mask>'s departure via a straight release did not create much excitement here, as the fans hardly expected him to be retained.<mask> tried hard at third base last year, but fell shy, so the bugs expected him to move on." <mask> was acquired in 1933 by the St. Louis Cardinals, but he never made the Cardinals' roster and never played another game in the Major Leagues. In September 1954, Roscoe McGowen in The Sporting News selected <mask> over Billy Cox and Joe Stripp as the third baseman on his All-Time Dodgers team. McGowen wrote that, even though <mask> only hit .300 in one of his years as a Dodger, "[h]e was an aggressive player, what the boys call today one of the 'old pros.'" Return to the minor leagues
In 1933, <mask> returned to the minor leagues and played for the Rochester Red Wings in the International League. In December 1933, <mask> signed a contract to play in 1934 for the Baltimore Orioles of the International League. In May 1934, <mask> also took over as the Orioles' manager.<mask> continued to play in the minor leagues for several years with the Duluth Dukes and Knoxville Smokies in 1935 and the Duluth Dukes in 1936. In May 1938, Bruno Haas, owner of the Winnipeg Maroons of the Northern League hired <mask> to play at third base and manage the team. and Superior Blues in 1938. In December 1938, <mask> was signed as the player-manager of the Northern League franchise at Wausau,

masks: Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Wally Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert


title: Wally Gilbert

texts:
 Wisconsin. <mask> played in the short-lived Twin Ports League in 1943 for the  Marine Iron team, and led the league with a .456 batting average. Basketball career
<mask> also played several seasons of professional basketball. He played for a professional touring basketball team known as the Two Harbors All-Stars from Two Harbors, Minnesota.He also played for a basketball team sponsored by the Duluth Tank Corp., as well as professional teams in Buffalo, New York (Buffalo Germans) and Denver, Colorado (Denver Tigers). Family and later years
<mask> was married to Mary McKay in 1937. They had two children, Pat and John. In 1942, he took a job with U.S. Steel in Duluth and lived at 5217 London Road in Duluth's Lakeside neighborhood. While working for U.S. Steel, he managed the Duluth Marine Iron baseball team in the Twin Ports League. He developed a serious lung infection in 1943 and had surgery to remove one of his lungs. <mask> was unable to work after the loss of his lung.He died in September 1958 in Duluth. <mask> was posthumously inducted into the Duluth Sports Hall of Fame in 1969, and was selected by the Duluth News-Tribune as "the greatest athlete ever developed in Duluth." See also
List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders

References

External links

1900 births
1958 deaths
Major League Baseball third basemen
Minor league baseball managers
Atlanta Crackers players
Baltimore Orioles (IL) players
Brooklyn Robins players
Cincinnati Reds players
Duluth Dukes players
Duluth Eskimos players
Duluth Kelleys players
Knoxville Smokies players
Rochester Red Wings players
St. Joseph Saints players
Superior Blues players
Valparaiso Beacons baseball players
Valparaiso Beacons football players
Wausau Timberjacks players
Winnipeg Maroons (baseball) players
Sportspeople from Duluth, Minnesota
Baseball players from Michigan
People from Oscoda,

masks: Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert


title: Harry Gordon Selfridge

texts:
<mask>, Sr. (11 January 1858 – 8 May 1947) was an American retail magnate who founded the London-based department store Selfridges. His 20-year leadership of Selfridges led to his becoming one of the most respected and wealthy retail magnates in the United Kingdom. He was known as the 'Earl of Oxford Street'. Born in Ripon, Wisconsin, and raised in Jackson, Michigan, <mask> delivered newspapers and left school at 14 when he found work at a bank in Jackson. <mask> eventually obtained a stock boy position at Marshall Field's department store in Chicago, where over the next 25 years, he rose to become a partner. In 1890, he married the wealthy Rose Buckingham who was from a prominent Chicago family. In 1906, following a trip to London, Selfridge invested £400,000 to build a new department store in what was then the unfashionable western end of Oxford Street.Selfridges, Oxford Street, opened to the public on 15 March 1909, and Selfridge remained chairman until 1941. In 1947, he died in London at age 89. Early life
<mask> was born to Robert Oliver <mask> and Lois Frances <mask> (née Baxter) in Ripon, Wisconsin, on 11 January 1858, one of three boys. Within months of his birth, the family moved to Jackson, Michigan, as his father had acquired the town's general store. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, his father joined the Union Army. He rose to the rank of major, before being honorably discharged. However, he abandoned his family, not returning home after the war ended.This left his wife Lois to bring up three young boys. <mask>'s two brothers died at a very young age shortly after the war ended, so <mask> became his mother's only child. She found work as a

masks:
Harry Gordon Selfridge
Selfridge
Selfridge
Selfridge
Selfridge
Selfridge
Selfridge
Harry


title: Harry Gordon Selfridge

texts:
 schoolteacher and struggled financially to support both of them. She supplemented her low income by painting greeting cards, and eventually became headmistress of Jackson High School. <mask> and his mother enjoyed each other's company and were good friends; she lived with him until her death in 1924. Career

At the age of 10, <mask> began to contribute to the family income by delivering newspapers. Aged 12, he started working at the Leonard Field's dry-goods store.This allowed him to fund the creation of a boys' monthly magazine with schoolfriend Peter Loomis, making money from the advertising carried within. <mask> left school at 14 and found work at a bank in Jackson. After failing his entrance examinations to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, <mask> became a bookkeeper at the local furniture factory of Gilbert, Ransom & Knapp. However, the company closed four months later, and <mask> moved to Grand Rapids to work in the insurance industry. In 1876, his ex-employer, Leonard Field, agreed to write Selfridge a letter of introduction to Marshall Field in Chicago, who was a senior partner in Field, Leiter & Company, one of the most successful stores in the city (which soon became Marshall Field and Company). Initially employed as a stock boy in the wholesale department, over the following 25 years, <mask> worked his way up. He was eventually appointed a junior partner, married Rosalie Buckingham (of the prominent Chicago Buckinghams) and amassed a considerable personal fortune.After their marriage, the couple lived for some time with Rose's mother on Rush Street in Chicago. They later moved to their own home on Lake Shore Drive. The

masks: Selfridge Selfridge Selfridge Selfridge Selfridge Selfridge


title: Harry Gordon Selfridge

texts:
 Selfridges also built an imposing mansion called Harrose Hall in mock Tudor style on Geneva Lake in Wisconsin, complete with large greenhouses and extensive rose gardens. Over the next decade, the couple had five children:
<mask> (b and d 7 August 1891)
Rosalie <mask> (10 September 1893 – October 1977) - she married Serge Vincent de Bolotoff, Prince Wiasemsky on 7 August 1918. Violette <mask> (5 June 1897 – 1996) - she married Jacques Jean de Sibour on 4 May 1921 and they were divorced in February 1949. <mask> (2 April 1900 – 30 November 1976) - he married Charlotte Elsie Dennis on 10 June 1940. <mask> (30 July 1901 – 1990) - she married twice; first to Comte Louis de Sibour and then to Frank L. Lewis

Throughout their married life, <mask>'s mother, Lois, lived with the family.While at Marshall Field, Selfridge was the first to promote Christmas sales with the phrase "Only _ Shopping Days Until Christmas", a catchphrase that was quickly picked up by retailers in other markets. Selfridge or Marshall Field are usually cited as the originators of the phrase "The customer is always right." In 1904, <mask> opened his own department store called Harry G. Selfridge and Co. in Chicago. However, after only two months he sold the store at a profit to Carson, Pirie and Co. He then decided to retire, and for the next two years puttered around his properties, mainly Harrose Hall. He also bought a steam yacht, which he rarely used, and played golf. London and the Selfridges department store

In 1906, when Selfridge travelled to London on holiday with his wife, he noticed that although the city was a cultural and commercial leader, its stores could not rival Field's in

masks:
Chandler Selfridge
Selfridge
Selfridge
Gordon Selfridge
Beatrice Selfridge
Harry
Harry


title: Harry Gordon Selfridge

texts:
 already taking its toll on Selfridge's retail business and his lavish spending had run up a £150,000 debt to his store. He became a British subject in 1937. By 1940, he owed £250,000 in taxes and was in debt to the bank.The Selfridges board forced him out in 1941. In 1951, the original Oxford Street Selfridges was acquired by the Liverpool-based Lewis's chain of department stores, which was in turn taken over in 1965 by the Sears Group owned by Charles Clore. Expanded under the Sears group to include branches in Manchester and Birmingham, in 2003 the chain was acquired by Canada's Galen Weston for £598 million. Personal life

In 1890, Selfridge married Rosalie "Rose" Buckingham of the prominent Buckingham family of Chicago. Her father was Benjamin Hale Buckingham, who was a member of a very successful family real estate business established by her grandfather, Alvah Buckingham. At 30 years old, Rose was a successful property developer, having inherited money and expertise from her family. Rose had purchased land in Harper Ave, Hyde Park, Chicago and built 42 villas and artists cottages within a landscaped environment.The couple had five children: three girls and two boys (though their first son died soon after birth). At the height of his success, <mask> leased Highcliffe Castle in Hampshire, from Major General Edward James Montagu-Stuart-Wortley. In addition, he purchased Hengistbury Head, a mile-long promontory on England's southern coast, where he planned to build a magnificent castle; these plans never got off the drawing board, however, and in 1930 the Head was put up for sale. Although only a tenant at Highcliffe, he set about fitting modern bathrooms,


title: Harry Gordon Selfridge

texts:
 installing steam central heating and building and equipping a modern kitchen. During World War I, Rose opened a tented retreat called the Mrs Gordon Selfridge Convalescent Camp for American Soldiers on the castle grounds. <mask> gave up the lease in 1922. <mask>'s wife Rose died during the influenza pandemic of 1918; his mother died in 1924.As a widower, <mask> had numerous liaisons, including those with the celebrated Dolly Sisters and the divorcée Syrie Barnardo Wellcome, who would later become better known as the decorator Syrie Maugham. He also began and maintained a busy social life and entertained lavishly both at his home in Lansdowne House, located at 9 Fitzmaurice Place, Mayfair, just off Berkeley Square, and on his private yacht, the SY Conqueror, with VIP guests such as Rudyard Kipling cruising the Mediterranean. Lansdowne House displays a blue plaque noting that <mask> lived there from 1921 to 1929. Later life and death
During the years of the Great Depression, <mask>'s fortune rapidly declined and then disappeared—a situation not helped by his free-spending ways. He gambled frequently and often lost. He also spent money on various showgirls. On 8 May 1947, <mask> died of bronchial pneumonia at his home in Putney, south-west London, aged 89.His funeral was held on 12 May at St. Mark's Church in Highcliffe, after which he was buried in St Mark's Churchyard next to his wife and his mother. <mask>'s children were Chandler, who died shortly after birth; Rosalie, who married Serge de Bolotoff, later Wiasemsky; Violette (who wrote the book Flying gypsies: the chronicle of a 10,000-mile air vagabondage and married first Vicomte Jacques Jean de Sibour and

masks:
Selfridge
Selfridge
Selfridge
Gordon Selfridge
Selfridge
Selfridge
Selfridge


title: Harry Gordon Selfridge

texts:
 second Frederick T. Bedford); <mask>. "<mask>"; and Beatrice. <mask>'s grandson, Oliver, who died in 2008, became a pioneer in artificial intelligence. His grandson Ralph, who also died in 2008, was a professor of mathematics and computer science at the University of Florida from 1961 to 2002 and was called by many "the grandfather of digital simulation." Writings
<mask> wrote a book, The Romance of Commerce, published by John Lane—The Bodley Head, in 1918, but actually written several years prior. In it are chapters on ancient commerce, China, Greece, Venice, Lorenzo de' Medici, the Fugger family, the Hanseatic League, fairs, guilds, early British commerce, trade and the Tudors, the East India Company, north England's merchants, the growth of trade, trade and the aristocracy, Hudson's Bay Company, Japan, and representative businesses of the 20th century. Among the more popular quotations attributed to <mask>:

 "People will sit up and take notice of you if you will sit up and take notice of what makes them sit up and take notice.""The boss drives his men; the leader coaches them." "The boss depends upon authority, the leader on goodwill." "The boss inspires fear; the leader inspires enthusiasm." "The boss says 'I'; the leader, 'we'." "The boss fixes the blame for the breakdown; the leader fixes the breakdown." "The boss knows how it is done; the leader shows how." "The boss says 'Go'; the leader says 'Let's go!'""The customer is always right." Television
The British period television drama series Mr Selfridge began its first season in 2013, starring Jeremy Piven as <mask> Selfridge. Secrets of Selfridges, produced by the independent UK company Pioneer

masks:
Harry Jr
Gordon
Selfridge
Selfridge
Selfridge
Harry Gordon


title: Harry Gordon Selfridge

texts:
 Productions in its "Secrets of Britain" series, was an hour-long documentary about the London store and <mask>. Notes
1.Other sources, including the Selfridges company history, place his birthdate in 1856, 1857 or as late as 1864. References

External links

Online facsimile of The Romance of Commerce  by H. <mask>, from the Internet Archive (digitized by Google from the library of the University of California)
Selfridges
Gordon Selfridge: The Gambler
Biography from the DNB
Lansdowne House

1858 births
1947 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century British writers
American businesspeople in retailing
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
British businesspeople in retailing
Burials in Dorset
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Deaths from pneumonia in England
People from Ripon, Wisconsin
Retail company founders
Retailers
Selfridges
Writers from

masks:
Harry Selfridge
Gordon Selfridge


title: Alexander Lion

texts:
<mask> (15 December 1870 – 2 February 1962) was the co-founder of the German Scout Movement. Early life
<mask> was born in Berlin, the second son of six children in a Jewish banker's family. His parents were the merchant and banker <mask> and Cäcilia Loeser. Between 1876 and 1880 he was privately tutored at home, after which he went to high school. At the age of 16, <mask> left the Jewish community, and was later baptized a Catholic. On 5 August 1889, <mask> was awarded a bronze medal of the Order of Orange-Nassau after saving the life of a drowning boy. He learnt French at high school and took additional private lessons to learn English.After leaving school he studied medicine at University in Würzburg, Berlin and Kiel. At Easter 1893 <mask> signed up as a volunteer in the Bavarian army. Between 1904 and 1906 he served as a surgeon during the Herero and Namaqua Genocide in German South-West Africa. While serving in South-West Africa he met the man with whom he would later go on to found the German branch of the Scout Movement, Maximilian Bayer. Founding of the German Scout Movement
In March 1908 <mask> read an article in The Times entitled "Scouting as a Sport". This brought the founder of the Scout Movement, Robert Baden-Powell, to his attention, and later, in August that year, he began corresponding with Baden-Powell. Shortly after <mask> wrote his first article about Scouting in the magazine "Ärztliche Rundschau".During a month-long study tour of England in 1909, he spent three days in London with Baden-Powell. Following this meeting he set up the German Scout movement, writing the book "Das Pfadfinderbuch", (the Scouting book)., with Maximilian Bayer. In January 1909 "Jugendsport in Wald und Feld", a club to promote Scouting in Germany, was founded. Lion and Bayer were among the founding members. In 1912 "Das Pfadfinderbuch", was published in its 3rd edition as "Jungdeutschlands Pfadfinderbuch", which was a stronger German adaptation of Scouting for Boys than the two first

masks:
Alexander Franz Anton Lion
Lion
Max Lion
Lion
Lion
Lion
Lion
Lion


title: Alexander Lion

texts:
 editions. In 1911, the German federal Scouting organisation was set up, with <mask> as a founding member. The following year, Bayer, Lion and von Seckendorff helped Elise von Hopffgarten to write Pfadfinderbuch für junge Mädchen (the scouting book for young girls).Free of patriotic language and slogans, they wanted to make young women more independent. Bayer, <mask> and von Seckendorff were subject to attack from General von Jacobi, who accused them of, amongst other things, lacking in support for their country, King and religion. Jacobi created an anti-Semitic cartoon lampooning <mask>, playing on <mask>'s Jewish birth, changing "Jungensport in Feld und Wald" (youth sports in field and forest) to "Judensport in Wald und Feld" (Jews' sports in forest and field), and calling Scouting supporter General Baschwitz a "vain Jewish man". In 1913 <mask> met Emmerich Teuber, an Austrian Scouting pioneer and later member of the International Committee of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, and the two Scout Leaders became friends. First World War
On the outbreak of the First World War, <mask> became head physician at a field hospital, and worked to treat the wounded on the front lines, work for which he received the Prussian Iron Cross Class II. On 14 October 1915 he became the head physician for the 2nd Royal Bavarian Division. Serving in Lens, he rescued wounded and dying soldiers from the battlefield.For this work he received the Bavarian Merit Cross. At the end of 1915, <mask> was requested to help the German troops stationed in the Ottoman Empire. There he met Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, who was a big supporter of the Scouting movement in Germany and Lion and Bayer. From April 1916 <mask> was a doctor for the First Turkish Expedition Corps. However, in August of that year, <mask> fell ill with dysentery. Later that year, in October, he was awarded the Ottoman War Medal for his work. A month later, he returned from the front line to Munich, where his family now lived.In

masks:
Lion
Lion
Lion
Lion
Alexander Lion
Lion
Lion
Lion
Lion


title: Alexander Lion

texts:
 1917 he returned to the Turkish front, later moving to the Romanian front, serving at Bukovina with the Royal Bavarian Cavalry Division. After the ceasefire on the Romanian front, he returned to France, serving at Reims and the Somme. Again he put himself at great personal risk to rescue the wounded, winning him the Iron Cross, Class I and the Bavarian Military Merit Cross, 3rd class with Swords. At the end of the war he was serving with the 39th Reserve Division in the Vosges. The Inter-War Period
After the war, <mask> joined a volunteer division, Freikorps Epp, taking part in the dismantling of the Bavarian Soviet Republic. The last military rank he hold was that of a Generaloberarzt a.D.

After being demobbed from the army in 1921, <mask> worked as a doctor at the spa resort of Oberhof. He was also chief of the German Red Cross in Gotha.From 1923 to 1926 he was an active member of the German Democratic Party. The introduction of the Nuremberg Laws in 1935 saw <mask> classified as a Jew and his civil rights suspended. In 1936 <mask> became Honorary Scoutmaster of the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund, which was the Austrian interdenominational member organization of World Scouting since 1922. Even during the Third Reich, <mask> remained in contact with his friends in the Scouts in other countries. When Austria was annexed by Germany at Anschluss, the Gestapo found incriminating documents, sparking a wave of arrests among Scouts. On 2 November 1938, <mask> was arrested by the Gestapo and subjected to lengthy interrogations. On 19 November, he was moved to the Gestapo's headquarters.There he was put on trial, but, thanks to a skillful defence, he was sentenced to only 10 months for treason. The Second World War

Until 1942, <mask> lived in Kolbermoor. However, he was then denounced by a supporter of the Nazi Party, but the Mayor personally secured his safety. <mask>'s brother, Richard, and his wife, Beatrice, both died in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. <mask>'s sister,

masks:
Lion
Lion
Lion
Alexander Lion
Lion
Lion
Lion
Lion
Lion


title: Alexander Lion

texts:
 Rosa, died in Vught concentration camp on 2 May 1943. After the Second World War
Immediately after the end of the war, <mask> became the head of the Youth Office in Bad Aibling, using his position to build up the Federation of German Scouts, and in October 1948 he was appointed the honorary president of the organisation. He became the driving force in the reconstruction of the Scouting movement, first in Bavaria, but later across the whole of Germany.With his involvement, the first Scout camp of the post-war period war held near Munich between 8 and 10 June 1946. In the same year, the Bavaria Federation of German Scouting was founded, with <mask> as its honorary president. In July and August of the same year, a Scout camp was organised at the Chiemsee lake with groups attending from Munich, Cologne and Hesse. In 1948 he took part in an international Scout meeting in Mittenwald. On 16 October 1946, <mask> gave a lecture regarding the Scouting Movement on Radio Munich, giving the movement widespread publicity. In the same year he was officially recognised as a victim of persecution by the Nazi regime. Between 1946 and 1948 <mask> was a member of the denazification court in Bad Aibling.He became honorary president of the new founded Bund Deutscher Pfadfinder. In August 1951 he took part in the 7th World Scout Jamboree at Bad Ischl, Austria. <mask> died on 3 February 1962. He is buried in the cemetery in Fischach. See also

 Scouting in Germany

References

1870 births
1962 deaths
Place of death missing
Physicians from Berlin
People from the Province of Brandenburg
19th-century German people
20th-century German people
20th-century Freikorps personnel
Scouting pioneers
Scouting and Guiding in Germany
Scouting and Guiding in Austria
German expatriates in Austria
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
German people of Jewish descent
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Recipients of the Military Merit Cross (Bavaria)
Recipients of the Bronze Medal of the Order of

masks: Lion Lion Lion Lion Lion


title: Otto Maria Carpeaux

texts:
<mask> (March 9, 1900 – February 3, 1978), born <mask>, was an Austrian-born Brazilian literary critic and multilingual scholar. Career overview
<mask> was born <mask> in 1900 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, to a Jewish family, and lived there until 1939. At the age of 20, he enrolled at the University of Vienna to study Law. In 1925, he received a PhD in letters and philosophy and began working as a journalist. Later, he also studied exact sciences and mathematics in Leipzig, sociology and philosophy in Paris, comparative literature in Naples, and politics in Berlin. At some point in his life, Karpfen converted to Roman Catholicism, adding <mask> to his name and using Fidelis as his surname for some time. This conversion was evident in his political books (such as Wege Nach Rom) and his thinking, and led to his participation in the right-wing government of Engelbert Dollfuss.When the Anschluss occurred and the Nazis took over Vienna, Carpeaux fled to Belgium. He stayed there for about a year and, at the break of the Second World War, he went to Brazil. Carpeaux did not speak Portuguese at first, and he mastered the language on his own, eventually also frenchifying his lastname to "<mask>", considering that it would seem more prestigious among Brazilian intellectuals. At first, he was given a simple rural job, but he gradually established himself as a literary critic. His first published article was on Franz Kafka, on the newspaper Correio da Manhã, something he did out of desperation

masks:
Otto Maria Carpeaux
Otto Karpfen
Carpeaux
Otto Karpfen
Maria
Carpeaux


title: Otto Maria Carpeaux

texts: when living under severe conditions. He was to introduce writers such as Robert Musil and Kafka to Brazilian audiences, along with the literary criticism of Wilhelm Dilthey, Benedetto Croce, Walter Benjamin and others. His first book in Portuguese came in 1942, A Cinza do Purgatório.Two years later, he became director of Fundação Getúlio Vargas library. He also published essays on philosophers and sociologists such as Friedrich Engels and Max Weber, as well as on Brazilian writers he came to discover when in the country, writing on Carlos Drummond de Andrade e Graciliano Ramos. Perhaps the peak of <mask>'s production was his eight-volume História da Literatura Ocidental (History of Western Literature), available only in Portuguese, in spite of being in public domain. Carpeaux took eight years to write his masterwork, from 1941 to 1947. Late critic José Lino Grünewald labelled it one of the brightest moments of the language in prose, despite the fact that Carpeaux was not a native speaker. It is also unique in that it focuses on creating links between all periods, in order to create an organic vision of the literary history he is telling. The book also include more than 8,000 brief criticisms and expositions of the majority of the figures discussed along the way, minus the ones cited in passing; all are dealt with in their original languages, both in expositions and quotations and in the bibliography offered.The total bibliographical amount of cited works is on the merge of 30,000


title: Otto Maria Carpeaux

texts:
 Brasil no Espelho do Mundo. Rio de Janeiro: Editôra Civilização Brasileira. (1968). As Revoltas Modernistas na Literatura. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. de Ouro. (1968).Tendências Contemporâneas na Literatura. Um Esbôço. Rio de Janeiro, Ed. de Ouro, 1968. (1968). Vinte e Cinco Anos de Literatura. Rio de Janeiro: Editôra Civilização Brasileira.(1971). Hemingway: Tempo, Vida e Obra. Bruguera. (1976). Reflexões e Realidade. Rio de Janeiro: Fontana. (1978).Alceu Amoroso Lima. Paz e Terra. (1992). Sobre Letras e Artes. São Paulo: Nova Alexandria. (1999). Ensaios Reunidos, 1942-1978 (Vol.1).Rio de Janeiro: UniverCidade Editora. (2005). Ensaios Reunidos, 1946-1971 (Vol.2). Rio de Janeiro: UniverCidade Editora. (2014). Caminhos para Roma: Aventura, Queda e Vitória do Espírito. São Paulo: Vide Editorial.References

Further reading
 <mask> e Silva, "A Missão Civilizatória de <mask> <mask>," Jornal Opção, 8 de agosto de 1999. Olavo de Carvalho, "<mask> <mask>." In Portuguese Literary & Cultural Studies. Special Issue, No. 4. João Cezarde Castro Rocha (org. ), University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, 2000.Pedro Maciel, "O Historiador das Idéias," Digestivo Cultural, Novembro 2002. Sérgio Augusto, "O Melhor Presente que a Áustria nos Deu", Digestivo Cultural, 2002. Mauro Souza Ventura, De Karpfen to Carpeaux. Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks, 2002. José Roberto Teixeira Leite. Di Cavalcanti e Outros Perfís. São Paulo: Edifieo, 2007.Leandro Konder, "<mask> <mask> (1900-1978)," Revista Espaço Acadêmico, No. 82,

masks:
José Maria
Otto Maria
Carpeaux
Otto Maria
Carpeaux
Otto Maria
Carpeaux


title: Otto Maria Carpeaux

texts:
 2008. Ivo Barroso, "A História de Carpeaux," O Estado de São Paulo, Novembro de 2008. Mauro Souza Ventura, "<mask> Carpeaux Leitor de Walter Benjamin," GHREBH, Vol. 1, No. 15, 2010. Ademir Luiz da Silva, "O Maior dos Escritores de Segunda Ordem: A Polêmica Crítica Carpeaux-Mann," Via Litterae, Vol.2, No. 2, jul./dez. 2010. J. C. Guimarães, "Carpeaux e Alguns Profetas," Jornal Opção, No. 1889, Setembro de 2011. Franklin Jorge, "Otto Maria Carpeaux e a Literatura," Blecaute, Ano 4, No. 12, Setembro de 2012.J. C. Guimarães, "A Odisseia do Espírito," Jornal Opção, No. 1948, Novembro de 2012. J. C. Guimarães, "A Odisseia do Espírito: Final," Jornal Opção, No. 1949, Novembro de 2012. External links
Online works
 História da Literatura Ocidental (4 volumes) on Federal Senate's website
 O Bárbaro Barbado
 A Obra de Max Weber
 Música do Diabo e de Deus
 Jacob Burckhardt: Profeta da Nossa Época
 As Nuanças de Jens Peter Jacobsen
 A Idéia das Universidades e as Idéias das Classes Médias
 Visão de Graciliano Ramos
 Poesia e Ideologia

Other
 Mauriac e Seus Críticos
 <mask> Carpeaux, O Digno Farejador do Universo
 A Primeira Entrevista, no Brasil, de Otto <mask>peaux
 Grandes Entrevisas: <mask> <mask>
 Carpeaux, um Gênio, Humilhado e Ofendido no Correio da Manhã
 O Lugar de Otto Maria Carpeaux no Campo da Crítica
 “Reacionário” ou “Progressista”? A Disputa Acadêmica e Editorial em Torno da Memória de Otto Maria Karpfen/Carpeaux
 Outro Retrato do Brasil: Cultura e História na Obra Crítica de

masks:
Otto Maria
Otto Maria
Maria Car
Otto Maria
Carpeaux


title: James Luna

texts:
<mask> (February 9, 1950March 4, 2018) was a Payómkawichum, Ipi, and Mexican-American performance artist, photographer and multimedia installation artist. His work is best known for challenging the ways in which conventional museum exhibitions depict Native Americans. With recurring themes of multiculturalism, alcoholism, and colonialism, his work was often comedic and theatrical in nature. In 2017 he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. <mask> was born in 1950 in Orange, California. He moved to the La Jolla Indian Reservation in California in 1975. In 1976, he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree at the University of California, Irvine, and in 1983, he earned a Master of Science degree in counseling at San Diego State University.In 2011, he received an honorary doctoral degree from the Institute of American Indian Arts. <mask> was an active community member of the La Jolla Indian reservation. He served as the director of the tribe's education center in 1987, and the community was often a focal point of his photography and writing. He taught art at the University of California, San Diego and spent 25 years as a full-time academic counselor at Palomar College in San Marcos, California. Artwork
A self-proclaimed "American Indian Ceremonial Clown", "Culture Warrior," and "Tribal Citizen", <mask>'s artwork was known for challenging racial categories and exposing outmoded, Eurocentric ways in which museums have displayed Native American Indians as parts of natural history, rather than as living members of contemporary society. While <mask> began his art career as a painter, he soon branched out into performance and installation art, which he did for over three decades. He used objects, references to American popular culture, and his own body in his work.He performed over 58 solo exhibitions starting in 1981

masks:
James Luna
Background Luna
Luna
Luna
Luna


title: James Luna

texts:
 and partook in group exhibitions and projects across the United States and the world. His artistry was often referred to as both disruptive and radical for its stark confrontations with colonialism, violence, sexuality, and identity. Some of his best known pieces are:

The Artifact Piece (1987/1990)
In The Artifact Piece (1987) at the San Diego Museum of Man, <mask> lay naked except for a loincloth and still in a display case filled with sand and artifacts, such as <mask>'s favorite music and books, as well as legal papers and labels describing his scars. The work looked like a museum exhibit and was set in a hall dedicated to traditional ethnographic displays. The marks and scars on his body were acquired while drinking, fighting, or in accidents. Critics praised <mask>'s ability to challenge conventional understandings and displays of the Native American identities and presumptions about his own personhood by putting his own body on display. He performed "The Artifact Piece" in 1990 at The Decade Show in New York City.Take a Picture With a Real Indian (1991–93)
In the early 1990s, <mask> stood outside of Washington DC's Union Station and performed Take a Picture With a Real Indian. <mask> describes the performance by saying:Standing at a podium wearing an outfit, I announce: “Take a picture with a real Indian. Take a picture here, in Washington, D.C. on this beautiful Monday morning, on this holiday called Columbus Day. America loves to say ‘her Indians.’ America loves to see us dance for them. America likes our arts and crafts. America likes to name cars and trucks after our tribes. Take a picture with a real Indian.Take a picture here today, on this sunny day here in Washington, D.C.” And then I just stand there. Eventually, one person will pose with me. After that they just start lining up. I’ll do

masks: Luna Luna Luna Luna Luna


title: James Luna

texts:
 that for a while until I get mad enough or humiliated enough. In utilizing and engaging a public audience, <mask> taps into common cultural commodification of Native American culture. Such a trend manifests in the idea of the "McIndian"; the idea that Native culture is something that can be massed produced, consumed, and enjoyed without acknowledging the deep history of oppression Native Americans have endured. In My Dreams: A Surreal, Post-Indian, Subterranean Blues Experience (1996)
In this performance, <mask> is acclaimed for having challenged the trope that Native Americans are "peoples of memory" in ways that white culture may envy as being more purely spiritual.In one scene, he performs a "traditional" dance with crutches to reveal how white demand for Native performance is both limiting and inauthentic. In another, he puts his diabetes on display, giving himself insulin on stage which is said by critics to be emblematic of the binary of the "wild" but "controlled" Native American. His final scene in this performance is a tribute to Dean Martin, which serves to reverse white tributes to Native peoples back on to his white audiences. By having a Native American Indian idolize a white person in a way that is relatively fanatic, <mask> revealed the problematic manner in which white people can idolize Native American figures. Emendatio (2005)
In 2005 the National Museum of the American Indian sponsored him to participate in the Venice Biennale. The piece he created, Emendatio, included three installations, Spinning Woman, Apparitions: Past and Present, and The Chapel for Pablo Tac, as well a personal performance in Venice, Renewal dedicated to Pablo Tac (1822–1841), a Luiseño Indian author and scholar, who went to study in Rome, where he died. Utilizing cultural aspects of both the Lusieno people and

masks: Luna Luna Luna


title: James Luna

texts:
 his own family, <mask>'s installations and performance expose the affects that the poor translation of Native identities as well as globalization has had in oppressing narratives of Native American memory while inspiring both "white envy" and "liberal guilt".Honors and awards
Throughout his career, <mask> received many awards. Including:
 1998: LACE Fellowship (Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions, California)
 1998: C.O.M.B.O Grant for Literary Studies (San Diego, California)
 1991: Bessie Creator Award (New York Dance Theatre Workshop, New York)
 1991: Fellowship in Sculpture (Western States Arts Federation's; Santa Fe, New Mexico)
 1992: Grant for work in Performance, (California Arts Council; Sacramento, California)
 1992: Offsite Installation Grant (Capp Street Project; San Francisco, California)
 1992: Rockefeller Foundation Intercultural Film/Video Fellowship (New York)
 1993: Best Live Short Subject Award for The History of the Luiseno People: La Jolla Reservation Christmas 1990 (American Indian Film Festival; San Francisco, California)
 1994: Faculty Residency (Skowhegan School of Painting; Skowhegan, Maine)
 1994: Distinguished Visiting Faculty Award (University of California, Davis)
 1995: Native American Public Broadcasting Consortium Video Grant, “Bringing it All Back Home” video project
 2000: Andrea Frank Foundation Grant
 2000: Arts International Grant
 2001: U.S.–Japan Creative Arts’ Program Fellowship, Japan-U.S. Friendship Commission
 2001: University of California Regents Lecture (University of California, San Diego)
 2001: Dorantes Lecturer (Santa Barbara City College, California)
 2002: Creative Capital Award
 2007: Eiteljorg Fellowship for Native American Fine Art
 2011: Honorary PhD from the Institute of American Indian Arts, in Santa Fe, New Mexico
 2015: Native Arts and Cultures

masks: Luna Luna


title: James Luna

texts:
 Foundation National Arts Fellowship
 2017: Guggenheim Fellowship

Quotes
"I truly live in two worlds. This 'two world' concept once posed too much ambiguity for me, as I felt torn as to whom I was. In maturity I have come to find it the source of my power, as I can easily move between these two places and not feel that I have to be one or the other, that I am an Indian in this modern society."Yes. The people are getting up there to have their picture taken with an Indian, just like they would have their picture taken with the bull statue on Wall Street. It’s there for the taking.Indian people always have been fair game, and I don’t think people quite understand that we’re not game. Just because I’m an identifiable Indian, it doesn’t mean I’m there for the taking.But in the long run I’m making a statement for me, and through me, about people’s interaction with American Indians, and the selective romanticization of us." <mask> had a fatal heart attack in New Orleans, Louisiana, on March 4, 2018, aged 68. See also
List of Native American artists
List of indigenous artists of the Americas
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas

References

External links
 The Performance Art of <mask>, official site
 <mask>, Emendatio, National Museum of the American Indian
<mask>, Vision Project, by Shanna Ketchum-Heap of Birds
<mask>, "I've Always Wanted to be an American Indian"

Native American performance artists
Native American installation artists
1950 births
2018 deaths
American artists of Mexican descent
Luiseño people
Native American male artists
21st-century Native Americans
People from Orange, California
University of California, Irvine alumni
San Diego State University alumni
20th-century Native Americans
20th-century American artists
21st-century American artists
University of California, San Diego

masks:
Death Luna
James Luna
James Luna
James Luna
James Luna