title: Nicholas McCarthy (director)

texts:
 stateside with the Los Angeles Times later calling it "a crisply made haunted house movie that benefited from its grab-bag approach." <mask> immediately got to work on his next film, originally titled Home, which premiered at Austin's South by Southwest Film Festival in 2014. Before distribution, <mask> changed the film's name to At the Devil's Door at IFC's suggestion. That same year <mask> served as executive producer on a sequel to The Pact starring the first film's original leads, but written and directed by Dallas Hallam and Patrick Horvath. <mask> had no creative involvement with the sequel. <mask> was approached by French horror film directors Julien Maury and Alexandre Bustillo to make an English language version of their film Livid, but the project fell through.In 2016 <mask> was featured as part of the 17-disc Blu-ray set Feast, commemorating the life and films of Herschell Gordon Lewis. That same year he contributed a short film about the Easter Bunny to the horror film anthology Holidays. The short was praised by both secular and religious writers online as a disturbing examination of faith. <mask> directed the horror-thriller The Prodigy for Orion Pictures, which was released on February 8, 2019. The film was written by Jeff Buhler and starred Taylor Schilling and Jackson Robert Scott. Award nominations

At the 2011 Sundance Film Festival, <mask>'s original short version of The Pact was nominated for a Short Filmmaking Award in the category of U.S. Dramatic Film.At 2014's South by Southwest Film Festival the audience nominated home for an award in the Midnighters category. Personal life

In 2007 <mask> married college friend Alexandra Lisee, a television, film and video producer who also produced <mask>'s first short for Sundance. They have a daughter, Agatha. Filmography

References

External links

 <mask> on Vimeo

1971 births
Horror film directors
Living people
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
People from New Hampshire
Brookline High

masks:
McCarthy
McCarthy
McCarthy
McCarthy
McCarthy
McCarthy
McCarthy
McCarthy
McCarthy
McCarthy
Nicholas McCarthy


title: Shiraz Maher

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 12 July 1981) is a British writer and analyst, and Director at the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR) at King's College London. He also teaches at Johns Hopkins University. The son of Pakistani immigrants, for several years after 9/11 <mask> was a member of the Islamist organisation Hizb ut-Tahrir, but left the movement after the 2005 London bombings and became an outspoken critic of radical Islam. He has written for leading newspapers in Britain and elsewhere, produced reports and studies on counterterrorism strategy, and appeared in the international news media as a commentator on jihad and radicalisation. Early life
<mask> was born in 1981 in Birmingham to British-Pakistani parents. His father was an accountant, and when Shiraz was an infant the family moved to Saudi Arabia. He stated he had never been very concerned about Saudi culture, noting he "lived in a Western compound, with everything you could want: tennis courts, swimming pools, cricket, basketball, bike races, all gender-mixed.”

One day when he was eleven, he was wearing a Daffy Duck T-shirt bearing the slogan "I Support Operation Desert Storm" and a Saudi man challenged him about the sentiment."I said, 'Why not? Saddam's a terrible man.' The man said: 'No. This is an American conspiracy. These people use us as an excuse to establish bases on holy soil. '”

In 1995, when he was age 14, <mask> moved back to Britain. He attended Solihull School from 1995 to 2000.In 2000, he enrolled at the University of Leeds. Radical phase
Reacting to the attacks on 9/11, <mask> thought to himself that America deserved the attacks as reciprocation for meddling with the affairs of the Arab world, and supporting Israel. "You shall reap what you sow, and this is what you've sown for a long time." He later said that 9/11 "activated" latent anti-American ideas he had picked up

masks:
Shiraz Maher
Maher
Maher
Maher
Maher


title: Shiraz Maher

texts:
 in Saudi Arabia. After the attacks, he gave up alcohol, ended his relationship with his girlfriend, and joined Hizb ut-Tahrir. By the time the US invaded Afghanistan, <mask> had recovered his Muslim faith and moved into an apartment across the street from a local mosque. He became a graduate student at University of Cambridge.Meanwhile, he rose in ranks at Hizb ut-Tahrir, advancing from cell leader to regional director. He was even invited to join the group's British executive committee. In 2005, however, he began to hold doubts about Hizb ut-Tahrir. At Cambridge, he encountered numerous sects of Islam and decided that Hizb ut-Tahrir's ideology was erroneous and led to terrorism. He left Hizb ut-Tahrir on 7 July 2005, the day the London Underground bombings took place, killing 52 people. Post-radical years
After leaving radical Islam, <mask> dedicated his life to opposing jihad. For a time, he ran Standpoint magazine's "Focus on Islamism" blog with Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens.He produced a television program for BBC's Panorama entitled "How I became a Muslim extremist." He also worked for Policy Exchange, writing a series of studies on national security. His report on reforming the government's counter-terrorism strategy was praised by both Michael Gove, then Britain's Secretary of State for Education, and Lord Guthrie of Craigiebank, former Chief of the Defence Staff. <mask> is today a senior fellow at the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation, King's College London, where "he researches Europe's homegrown Islamist movement and profiles the droves of young Britons who are decamping for Syria and Iraq to wage jihad with ISIS, aka the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham." He also researches the development of Salafi jihadism ideology, and jihadist organisations in the broader Middle East. As a result of this research he has been invited to give evidence before

masks: Maher Maher Maher


title: Shiraz Maher

texts:
 three parliamentary committees. In addition, <mask> works as an adjunct at Johns Hopkins University, where he co-teaches a course on radicalisation with Peter Neumann.He was a visiting lecturer at Washington College during the spring semester of 2012. Views
<mask> has said that the British government spent years ignoring the radicalisation of a generation of British Muslims. "In the late 1980s, early '90s," he said, "this country opened its doors to radical Islamist preachers from around the world who began to preach a very hard-line, totalitarian message about what Islam should look like." Sohrab Ahmari wrote in the Wall Street Journal that, thanks in part to <mask>'s efforts, "the British branch of Hizbut Tahrir has been decimated ... Hizbut Tahrir rallies used to draw 20,000 supporters. Today 'they struggle to get 1,000.'" <mask> has stated, "Did bin Laden win? Yes.He did not want there to be a strong hand in the region for the world's greatest and most powerful force for good—the United States. And voluntarily, we chose to disengage, and watched as these radical millenarians came in and took over ... This is a disgrace and a humiliation." <mask> has described Iran's Press TV and Russia Today as "propaganda channels." He has praised Benjamin Netanyahu for bombing Syria, has described it as a "palpable falsity" to call Israel an apartheid state, and has urged the European Union to blacklist Hezbollah as a terrorist organisation. Honors and awards
<mask> was awarded the first Konrad Adenauer Foundation Fellowship in Energy Security. He was a fellow at the European Centre for Energy and Resource Security (EUCERS) where he explored the impact of political unrest in the Middle East on energy markets.Publications
<mask>'s articles have appeared in Standpoint, Foreign Affairs, The Telegraph, The Guardian, The Spectator, The Wall Street Journal, The Independent, The Daily Mail,

masks: Maher Maher Maher Maher Maher Maher Maher


title: Nicolle Wallace

texts:
<mask> (née Devenish; born February 4, 1972) is an American television host and author. She is known for her work as the anchor of the MSNBC news and politics program Deadline: White House and a former co-host of the ABC daytime talk show The View. As a political analyst for MSNBC and NBC News, she is a frequent on-air contributor to the programs Today, The 11th Hour with Brian Williams, and Morning Joe. In her former political career, <mask> served as the White House Communications Director during the presidency of George W. Bush and in his 2004 re-election campaign. <mask> also served as a senior advisor for John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign. In addition, she is the author of the contemporary political novels Eighteen Acres, It's Classified, and Madam President. Early life
<mask> was born on February 4, 1972, in Orange County in southern California.The eldest of four siblings, she grew up in the Bay Area suburb of Orinda in Northern California. Her mother was a third-grade teacher's assistant in public schools, and her father was an antiques dealer. Her grandfather, Thomas Devenish, was a Manhattan antiques dealer, part of "Devenish and Company". He was born in England to vaudevillian parents and immigrated to the United States with his family in 1947. <mask> is also of Greek descent. A 1990 graduate of Miramonte High School, <mask> received a Bachelor of Arts in mass communications from the University of California, Berkeley in 1994, and a master's degree from Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism in 1996. Political career
Briefly an on-air reporter in California, <mask> started her political career working in California state politics.In 1999, she moved to Florida to serve as Governor Jeb Bush's press secretary and then became the Communications Director for the Florida State Technology Office in 2000. <mask> worked on the 2000 Florida election recount. White House and Bush 2004 presidential campaign
<mask> joined the White House staff during George W. Bush's first term, serving as

masks:
Nicolle Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Nicolle Devenish
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace


title: Nicolle Wallace

texts:
 special assistant to the President and director of media affairs at the White House, where she oversaw regional press strategy and outreach. In 2003, <mask> joined Bush's 2004 presidential campaign as its communications director, wherein according to The New York Times she "delivered her political attacks without snarling." On January 5, 2005, Bush named <mask> White House Communications Director. The New York Times story announcing her presidential appointment carried the headline: "New Aide Aims to Defrost the Press Room" and described <mask>'s intentions "to improve the contentious relationship between a secretive White House and the press." According to The Washington Post, <mask> served as "a voice for more openness with reporters", and former colleagues describe <mask> as having been "very persuasive in the halls of the West Wing."She left the White House in July 2006 to relocate to New York City, where her husband Mark was representing the Bush Administration at the United Nations. Her White House colleague, presidential political advisor Mark McKinnon, called her a "rare talent in politics." McCain 2008 presidential campaign
<mask> also served as a senior advisor for the John McCain 2008 presidential campaign. She appeared frequently on network and cable news programs as the campaign's top spokesperson and defender. In late October 2008, campaign aides criticized vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin. One unnamed McCain aide said Palin had "gone rogue," placing her own future political interests ahead of the McCain/Palin ticket, directly contradicting her running mate's positions, and disobeying directions from campaign managers. In response to reports of dissension within the McCain-Palin campaign, <mask> issued a statement to both Politico and CNN saying: "If people want to throw me under the bus, my personal belief is that the most honorable thing to do is to lie there."<mask> was portrayed by Sarah Paulson in the 2012 film Game Change. <mask> described the film as highly credible, saying the

masks: Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace


title: Nicolle Wallace

texts:
 film "captured the spirit and emotion of the campaign." <mask> also told ABC News Chief Political Correspondent George Stephanopoulos that the film was "true enough to make me squirm." Eight years after the election, <mask> stated that she did not vote for a presidential candidate in 2008 because Sarah Palin gave her pause. Other work

White House novel series
She is the author of the 2010 novel Eighteen Acres (a reference to the 18 acres on which the White House complex sits), a fictional narrative about three powerful women at the top of their careers: the first female U.S. President, her chief of staff, and a White House correspondent. <mask> said, "It's my best attempt at a story that I hope people will pick up and read and enjoy and maybe feel like they're getting to see what it's really like in the White House in this entirely fictional story." Patrick Anderson of The Washington Post wrote, "To say that <mask> <mask>'s 'Eighteen Acres' is one of the best novels I've read about life in the White House may be faint praise—there haven't been many good ones—but her book is both an enjoyable read and a serious look at what high-level political pressures do to people."Craig Wilson of USA Today wrote, "<mask> <mask> actually knows what she's talking about" and Ashley Parker of The New York Times called the book "an engaging, easy read." TV personalities such as George Stephanopoulos, Rachel Maddow, John King, and Andrea Mitchell also praised Eighteen Acres. In September 2011, <mask> published the sequel to Eighteen Acres, It's Classified, about a fictional presidential campaign troubled by a mentally ill vice presidential candidate. <mask> said the premise was inspired by her experience as a senior adviser to the McCain/Palin campaign. Her third novel, Madam President, was released in April 2015. Television

On September 3, 2014, ABC announced <mask> would join The View as a new co-host alongside newcomer Rosie Perez. <mask> made her debut as a co-host on the premiere of the series' 18th season on September

masks: Wallace Wallace Wallace Nicolle Wallace Nicolle Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace


title: Nicolle Wallace

texts:
 15, 2014.<mask> exited the series at the end of the season. Following her departure from The View, <mask> joined NBC News and its cable network MSNBC as a political analyst. She is also a frequent contributor and guest host on MSNBC programs The 11th Hour with Brian Williams and Morning Joe as well as on NBC's Today Show. In November 2016, <mask> served as an analyst for MSNBC's live coverage of election results, which was anchored by Brian Williams, Rachel Maddow, and Chris Matthews. Since May 9, 2017, <mask> has been the anchor of the afternoon news and opinion program Deadline: White House on MSNBC. Deadline: White House garnered a total of 2 million viewers in July 2020, and in the following month, it was expanded to two hours. Personal life
<mask> married American businessman, former diplomat, and lawyer <mask> in 2005.In 2012, the couple had their first and only child, a son. In February 2013, both <mask> and her husband publicly supported the legalization of same-sex marriage in an amicus curiae brief submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court. She and Mark divorced in 2019. <mask> described herself as a "self-loathing former Republican" in March 2021. Published works

References

Further reading

External links

|-

1972 births
21st-century American journalists
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
American civil servants
American people of English descent
American political consultants
American political commentators
American political writers
American television talk show hosts
American women non-fiction writers
American women novelists
American writers of Greek descent
California Republicans
Florida Republicans
George W. Bush administration personnel
John McCain 2008 presidential campaign
Living people
Medill School of Journalism alumni
Miramonte High School alumni
MSNBC people
New York (state) Republicans
People from Orinda, California
People from Orange County, California
University of California, Berkeley alumni
White House Communications Directors
Writers from

masks:
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Mark Wallace
Wallace
Wallace


title: John Jackson (field hockey)

texts:
<mask> (born 21 February 1986) is an Ireland men's field hockey international. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the bronze medal at the 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented Ireland at the 2016 Summer Olympics. At club level, he has played for both Loughborough Students and Reading in the Euro Hockey League. He also won the EHA Cup with Reading in 2014–15. Early years, family and education
<mask>'s father, <mask>, has been involved in hockey since the 1970s as a player, coach, manager, administrator and supporter. He played for Collegians, Parkview and Mossley.Between 2003 and 2018 he served as the Ireland men's national field hockey team manager. <mask>'s mother also acted as the team doctor at the 2014–15 Men's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals. Between 1997 and 2003 <mask> attended Ballyclare High School. Between 2003 and 2004 he attended the Royal Belfast Academical Institution. <mask> subsequently attended Loughborough University were he completed a degree in Ergonomics. In 2013 <mask> married Dr. Rachel Arnold, a fellow graduate of Loughborough University. She works as a sports psychologist in the Department for Health at the University of Bath.She is also field hockey player and has played for Team Bath Buccaneers, Loughborough Students and Clifton. Domestic teams

Mossley
<mask> began playing field hockey as a four-year old at Mossley
 He continued playing for Mossley until he left for Loughborough University in 2004. He returned to Mossley during the 2010–11 season while

masks:
John Jackson
Jackson
Peter Jackson
Jackson
John Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson


title: John Jackson (field hockey)

texts:
 working for Sport Northern Ireland. In December 2017 he returned to Mossley and helped them reach the final of the Kirk Cup. RBAI
In 2003–04, together with Paul Gleghorne and Michael Watt, <mask> was a member of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution team that won the McCullough Cup, the Burney Cup and the All Ireland Schoolboys Hockey Championship. Loughborough Students
Between 2004 and 2010 <mask> played for Loughborough Students. <mask> captained Loughborough Students and was named player of the year in 2005–06 and 2009–10.Together with Paul Gleghorne, he also played for Loughborough in the 2007–08 Euro Hockey League. Braxgata
Between 2011 and 2013 <mask> played as a professional for Braxgata in the Men's Belgian Hockey League. Reading
Between 2013 and 2016 <mask> played for Reading in the Men's England Hockey League. Together with Chris Cargo, he also played for Reading in the 2013–14 Euro Hockey League. In 2014–15, <mask> helped Reading win the EHA Cup. Team Bath Buccaneers
In 2016 <mask> began playing for Team Bath Buccaneers in the Men's England Hockey League. Ireland international
<mask> made his senior debut for Ireland in June 2006 against England.He was a member of the Ireland teams that won the 2009 Men's EuroHockey Nations Trophy and the 2011 Men's Hockey Champions Challenge II. <mask> also helped Ireland win Men's FIH Hockey World League tournaments in 2012 and 2015. <mask> captained Ireland at the 2013 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and he scored the equaliser in a 3–3 draw against the Czech Republic.

masks: Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson


title: John Jackson (field hockey)

texts:
 This draw secured Ireland's place in the top level of EuroHockey Nations Championship. He has since captained Ireland over forty times. He was also a member of the Ireland team that won the bronze medal at the 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented Ireland at the 2016 Summer Olympics.In June 2017 <mask> was a member of the Ireland team that won the Hamburg Masters, defeating Germany 4–2 in the final. In July 2019, during a two-match series against Scotland, <mask> became the third Ireland men's international, after Eugene Magee and Ronan Gormley, to make 250 senior appearances. Coaching and teaching
Throughout his field hockey playing career, <mask> has also worked as coach. Between 2004 and 2010, while attending Loughborough University he coached several university teams. During this time he also coached at Ratcliffe College. Between April 2010 and September 2011, <mask> worked for Sport Northern Ireland as an 'active communities' coach, coaching elderly, disabled and youth groups. Between 2011 and 2013, while playing for Braxgata, he served as an assistant coach of the women's first eleven and as head coach of the under-16 girls team that won a 2012–13 national championship.In September 2013 he was appointed senior hockey coach at Marlborough College, and began coaching youth teams at Marlborough Hockey Club. In 2016 he was appointed head of hockey at Prior Park College, Bath, where he also teaches academic Physical education. He also began coaching the University of Bath Hockey Club women's first

masks: Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson


title: Alexi Giannoulias

texts:
<mask> ( ; born March 16, 1976) is an American financier and politician who served as the 72nd Illinois Treasurer from 2007 to 2011. A Democrat, <mask> defeated Republican candidate State Senator Christine Radogno in November 2006 with 54 percent of the vote, becoming the first Democrat to hold the office in 12 years, at the age of 30. <mask> was a candidate in the 2010 elections for the seat in the United States Senate held by Roland Burris. Burris, who was appointed by Governor Rod Blagojevich to fill the seat vacated by Barack Obama following Obama's election as President of the United States, chose not to seek election. <mask> won the Democratic primary in February 2010, and narrowly lost the general election in November 2010 to Republican Mark Kirk. Subsequently, <mask> had mostly stepped back from public life, currently serving as Senior Director of BNY Mellon Wealth Management. On June 26, 2018, he was confirmed to the Chicago Public Library Board, marking his first return to public service since leaving the Treasurer's office.<mask> is currently a candidate for Illinois secretary of state in the 2022 election. Background
<mask> was born in Chicago, to Greek immigrants. His mother, Anna, is from Chania, and his late father, <mask>, was from Kalavryta. He has two older brothers, Demetris and George. <mask> attended The Latin School of Chicago and then the University of Chicago before transferring to Boston University. <mask> graduated cum laude with a bachelor's degree in economics. He then moved to Greece to play basketball with Panionios B.C.for a year (1998–99). <mask> had played basketball at The Latin School of Chicago, and played Division III basketball at the University of Chicago. He then played Division I basketball at Boston University. After returning from Greece, <mask> attended Tulane University Law School. Upon earning his J.D. degree, <mask> returned to Chicago to help manage Broadway Bank, a community bank in Chicago's Edgewater neighborhood that was founded by his father in 1979. <mask> served

masks:
Alexander Giannoulias
Giannoulias
Giannoulias
Giannoulias
Giannoulias
Giannoulias
Giannoulias
Alexis
Giannoulias
Giannoulias
Giannoulias
Giannoulias
Alexi
Giannoulias


title: Alexi Giannoulias

texts:
 on the board of directors of the Community Banker's Association of Illinois Legislative Committee, the South Side/Wabash YMCA, and the Edgewater Chamber of Commerce.<mask> also founded and chaired the AG Foundation, a not-for-profit charity that donated money to treat child-related illnesses, curb poverty and assist disaster relief organizations. 2006 campaign for Illinois State Treasurer

Although the state Democratic Party led by House Speaker Mike Madigan backed his opponent, Paul Mangieri, in the primary, <mask> was endorsed by U.S. Representatives Jan Schakowsky and Jesse Jackson, Jr. and by then-Senator Barack Obama. The Chicago Sun-Times news group also endorsed Giannoulias in the general election, arguing that he would "bring valuable private enterprise experience from banking to the job" and praising his "creative" policy proposals like a securities lending program, improving Bright Start, and promoting green energy. Running on a campaign platform that emphasized comprehensive ethics reform for the Treasurer's office, <mask> won the March 2006 primary and went on to defeat Republican candidate Christine Radogno in the general election. Actions in office

Ethics reform
On his first day as State Treasurer, Giannoulias "signed an executive order to enact the most comprehensive, widest-ranging ethics package of any elected official in the state", according to his official state website. "The order prohibits [the Treasurer] from accepting contributions from banks, Treasurer's Office employees and contractors who do business with the office."He also moved to foreclose on two debt-ridden hotels built in the 1980s by politically connected insiders in Springfield and Collinsville. Hartmarx
In 2009, <mask> worked to encourage Wells Fargo to cooperate in the sale of Chicago-based clothing manufacturer Hartmarx Corp., which was at risk of liquidation and had filed for Chapter 11 protection. The success of this sale with <mask>' support saved over 600 jobs at an Illinois Hartmarx factory that otherwise would have been

masks: Giannoulias Giannoulias Giannoulias Giannoulias Giannoulias


title: Alexi Giannoulias

texts:
 closed. Wells Fargo, a primary lender for Hartmarx, is also "the money custodian for the treasurer's office, holding its cash and other financial assets." <mask> publicly challenged Wells Fargo's obstruction of the sale, stating that "[Wells Fargo's] intention to liquidate Hartmarx rather than allow a sale to buyers intent on keeping the company running will significantly jeopardize the business relationship between Wells Fargo and the state of Illinois." <mask> cited the fact Wells Fargo received over $25 billion in federal TARP bailout funds as further reason why the bank should have supported the sale of Hartmarx instead of pursuing the company's liquidation. In a public statement, <mask> said, "We expect companies that get state and federal taxpayer money to invest it in American jobs and American workers, not destroy companies that still have a chance to succeed."Green Rewards
<mask> launched the "Green Rewards" program, which gives a $1,000 rebate to Illinois residents who purchase a new hybrid or other fuel-efficient vehicle. Purchase of Israel Bonds
In January 2009, the state of Illinois purchased $10 million worth of Israel Bonds. <mask> said: "This is a good way to safely diversify our portfolio, especially during a time when some of our other investment options aren't generating as much revenue because of the market fluctuations here in the United States." According to Giannoulias, the Israel Bonds will mature in three years with a 2.43% rate of return, compared to U.S. government bonds yielding a 1.51% return during the same period. Scholarship programs
In addition to revamping the Bright Start savings program, Giannoulias created several new scholarship programs for Illinois college students. The Fallen Heroes Scholarship Program, which Giannoulias designed in a partnership with the Illinois Department of Veterans Affairs, awards an initial investment of $2,500 in college savings to children who have lost a parent in military service since 2001. In 2008, Giannoulias announced the creation of the Bright


title: Alexi Giannoulias

texts:
 Start Scholarship Program, which will award $3.5 million in need-based scholarships over 7 years, until 2015.More than 250 students received scholarships in 2008, the first year of the program. The scholarships were designed by <mask> as a public–private partnership, with the funding for the scholarships donated by a private firm at no cost to the state or taxpayers. Giannoulias also developed the Cultivate Illinois Excellence in Agriculture scholarship in 2008. This program awards ten $2,000 scholarships each year to students pursuing degrees in agriculture-related fields. Bright Start

As Illinois Treasurer, <mask> is responsible for overseeing the Illinois' Bright Start college saving program. Bright Start provides parents with the opportunity to invest in a tax-free account to save for their children's college education. Enrollees are eligible for several state tax benefits and can invest in various stock and bond options.Before <mask> took office, SavingForCollege.com ranked Bright Start 47th out of 48 in the nation. <mask> helped reform the program, and Bright Start went from being one of the worst programs in the country to one of the best. Morningstar called the transformation "a Cinderella story." In 2008, one of the twenty-one funds in Bright Start, Core Plus, began experiencing excessive losses and eventually lost 38% of its value. In the same year, the overall Bright Start program's benchmark grew by 5.4%. Within the Illinois Bright Start program, 2.5% of investors had invested their entire portfolios in Core Plus and suffered a 38% loss; others experienced smaller losses. As the Associated Press reported, "It turns out the Oppenheimer team handling Core Plus — a team the company has now fired — was putting money into risky, complicated investments that tanked in 2008 amid the general financial meltdown."In 2009, Oregon,  Nebraska,  New Mexico, Texas, Maine and Illinois all investigated OppenheimerFunds' handling of their college savings programs for impermissible investments and misconduct. Oppenheimer

masks: Giannoulias Giannoulias Giannoulias Giannoulias


title: Alexi Giannoulias

texts: was selected to lead the program by <mask>' predecessor, former Illinois Treasurer Judy Baar Topinka, in December 2006, a month before <mask> took office. After the credit markets collapsed in the fall, new contributions into the fund were halted on December 4, 2008. In January 2009, the treasurer's office announced that no further contributions would be made to the Core Plus fund and that the state would be investigating the losses. According to the Associated Press, Illinois was the first state to take action. In January 2009, at the request of <mask>, the Illinois Attorney General initiated its own probe of OppenheimerFunds, issuing subpoenas on the company. At the time, the losses attributable to OppenheimerFunds' impermissible investments were estimated to be "in excess of $85 million."Despite the problem associated with OppenheimerFunds' handling of Core Plus, Bright Start remains a highly regarded 529 college savings program. In April 2009, Consumer Reports studied college savings programs across the country "to see how well they performed during last year's stock-market plunge." Consumer Reports "found five that are worthy of an A," and ranked Bright Start as one of the top five college savings programs in the nation. In April 2009, Money Magazine selected Bright Start as one of the "best low-risk 529 plans." In December 2009, Kiplingers selected Bright Start as one of the best state 529 plans in the country, choosing it as the best plan for "low fees." Morningstar, Inc., which had previously ranked Bright Start in its top 5 in 2008, has acknowledged the issues relating to Core Plus but, citing Illinois' swift action in dealing with the issue, reported in 2009 that "the plan still holds plenty of appeal." In December 2009, the Illinois Attorney General's Office and the Office of the State Treasurer announced that Illinois had reached a settlement with OppenheimerFunds.Eligible accountholders who lost money in Core Plus would receive $77 million from OppenheimerFunds. As the scope of the settlement was

masks: Giannoulias Giannoulias Giannoulias


title: Alexi Giannoulias

texts:
 expanded during negotiations with OppenheimerFunds to include more accountholders, the total loss addressed by the settlement is $150 million. The payout from this settlement brings the losses for the 2.5% of Bright Start investors who were fully invested in Core Plus down to 17%. The Treasurer's Office used some of the investment fees from the Bright Start program to purchase a hybrid vehicle "so Bright Start staff have a way to travel the state and sign families up for the program" and used to promote other Treasurer's Office programs. The vehicle was never used for personal use by Giannoulias. Other efforts as Treasurer
<mask> started a pilot program in 2007 to sell the abandoned contents of safe deposit boxes on eBay, scrapping the state's annual live auctions. Broadway Bank

From 2002 to 2006, <mask> worked as a senior loan officer and vice president at Broadway Bank, a community bank founded by his father.When he left the bank in 2006, it was one of the most profitable banks in Illinois. Four years later, on January 26, 2010, Broadway Bank entered into a consent decree with the FDIC that ordered Broadway to increase its capital. Two dozen small- to medium-sized banks in Illinois and nearly 200 banks nationwide have failed since the October 2008 economic crash. Broadway Bank's struggling financial situation is due to delinquent real estate loans and foreclosed properties. From 2002 to 2006, Broadway's lending in construction and development loans increased sixfold, to $356 million. During <mask>' tenure, Broadway also increased its brokered deposits, which generally command high interest rates. When <mask> left the bank in 2006, brokered deposits made up 80% of all deposits at Broadway.When the housing market crashed in late 2008, commercial real estate loan performance deteriorated and Broadway Bank, which had focused its lending in real estate, suffered. Nine percent of the value of the bad loans originated while <mask> was chief loan officer. :1

At the end of business on Friday, , the Illinois Department


title: Alexi Giannoulias

texts:
 of Financial and Professional Regulation, Division of Banking, seized Broadway Bank and appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) as receiver. The FDIC in turn named MB Financial Bank as the institution receiving Broadway Bank's deposit accounts. The FDIC announced that it and MB Financial Bank would share $878.4 million in losses, for a cost of $394.3 million to the federal Deposit Insurance Fund. Loans made by Broadway Bank

Broadway Bank made real estate development loans to Tony Rezko, a political fundraiser and real estate developer who was later convicted of fraud and money laundering. Broadway Bank made these loans before Rezko was investigated, indicted, or convicted for any crimes, but not before the criminal conduct took place.Before his conviction, Rezko also received loans from other Chicago banks, including Bank of Chicago, First Bank and Trust of Illinois, GE Capital, Harris Trust and Savings, LaSalle Bank, and Manufacturers Bank. <mask> loans. Rezko defaulted on loans made by Broadway, and, in 2006 Broadway was the first bank to foreclose on one of Rezko's delinquent loans, forcing him to declare bankruptcy. Broadway Bank also refused to cover nine bad checks written by Rezko for a total of $450,000 in early 2008

Giannoulias never accepted campaign contributions from Rezko. Broadway Bank also loaned money for real estate developments to Michael Giorango, who has been convicted for prostitution and bookmaking. <mask> has stated that he was not part of the loan committee that approved the loans to Giorango. 2010 U.S. Senate campaign

<mask> ran against Republican nominee Mark Kirk, Green Party nominee LeAlan Jones, and Libertarian nominee Mike Labno.As a candidate, <mask> pledged to create a "Senate Progressive Caucus", akin to the Congressional Progressive Caucus (CPC) in the House of Representatives. On March 2, 2009, <mask> stated on CNBC that he was forming an exploratory committee in order to assess a potential candidacy for the US Senate in 2010. On July 26, 2009, he officially

masks: Giannouliaszko Giannoulias Giannoulias Giannoulias Giannoulias


title: Alexi Giannoulias

texts:
 announced his candidacy for the United States Senate at the Hilton Chicago, the same place then-Senator Barack Obama endorsed <mask> for State Treasurer in 2006. He was introduced to the crowd by Congressman Bill Foster. <mask> was elected the Democratic nominee for US Senate in Illinois in the February 2, 2010, primary, with 39.0% of the vote. David H. Hoffman received 33.8% and Cheryle Jackson received 19.7%. Endorsements
<mask> was endorsed by Planned Parenthood, the Service Employees International Union (SEIU), AFSCME, the AFL-CIO, the League of Conservation Voters, the Human Rights Campaign, the Chicago Sun-Times, and the Sierra Club (Planned Parenthood, the League of Conservation Voters, and the Human Rights Campaign had all supported Congressman Kirk in previous races).On May 28, 2010, the Human Rights Campaign (HRC) endorsed Giannoulias, calling him "a strident supporter of LGBT equality – including supporting marriage equality, repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act, repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" and supporting an inclusive Employment Non-Discrimination Act." Among his early endorsers were James Houlihan and Manny Flores. U.S. Senator Dick Durbin, the Assistant Majority Leader and second-highest ranking Democrat in the Senate, endorsed <mask> and served as the chairman of the <mask> campaign. President Obama expressed his support of <mask>' Senate bid and joined him on the campaign trail. 2022 Illinois secretary of state campaign
<mask> is a candidate for Illinois secretary of state in the 2022 election. References

External links
 Campaign website
 Alexi for Senate

 Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org

|-

1976 births
American bankers
American politicians of Greek descent
Boston University Terriers men's basketball players
Illinois Democrats
Illinois lawyers
Latin School of Chicago alumni
Living people
Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni
Panionios B.C.players
Politicians from Chicago
State treasurers of Illinois
Tulane University Law School alumni
American men's basketball players
Basketball

masks: Giannoulias Giannoulias Giannoulias Giannoulias Giannoulias Giannoulias Giannoulias


title: Brigitte Bierlein

texts:
<mask> (; born 25 June 1949) is an Austrian former jurist who served as Chancellor of Austria from June 2019 to January 2020. An Independent, she was the first female Chancellor of Austria. <mask> served as the advocate general of the Procurator's Office – essentially the country's chief public prosecutor – from 1990 to 2002, as well as a member of the executive board of the International Association of Prosecutors from 2001 to 2003. In 2003, <mask> was made a member of the Constitutional Court. Between January 2018 and June 2019, she served as President of the Constitutional Court, the first woman to hold the position. Following the Ibiza affair, President Alexander Van der Bellen named <mask> Chancellor of Austria, after a parliamentary motion of no confidence dismissed the first government of Sebastian Kurz, the first successful motion of no confidence in Austrian modern history. She was the first woman to assume the role and served until the next government led by Kurz was sworn in following the legislative election which took place on 29 September 2019.Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 25 June 1949 in Vienna during the Allied occupation of Austria. Her father was a civil servant. Her mother, trained as an artist, was a homemaker. She was educated at the Gymnasium Kundmanngasse, from which she graduated in 1967. <mask> originally wanted to study either art or architecture and came close to joining the University of Applied Arts. However, she ultimately chose to study law instead, partly on the advice of her mother and partly because she did not want to be a financial burden on her parents any longer than necessary. <mask> enrolled at the University of Vienna, receiving her doctorate of law in 1971.Judicial career
<mask> served for four years as a candidate judge, before she was officially elevated to the judiciary in 1975. She spent the next two years presiding over trial courts, first the District Court Innere Stadt () and then the District Tribunal Vienna (), a criminal court that has since been dissolved. In the former

masks:
Brigitte Bierlein
Bierlein
Bierlein
Bierlein
Brigitte
Bierlein
Bierlein
Bierlein
Bierlein


title: Brigitte Bierlein

texts: position, she mostly dealt with cases at tenancy law, an area that appears to have bored her greatly. In 1977, <mask> left the bench to join the Vienna Public Prosecutor's Office (). She was responsible for general and political criminal cases as well as for criminal cases pursuant to media law, a type of proceedings customarily handled by dedicated specialists in Austria. In 1986, <mask> was promoted to the Vienna Chief Public Prosecutor's Office (). She was now a distinguished civil servant attached to one of the country's five most senior criminal chambers.In 1987, she spent a few months working in the Department of Criminal Law in the Ministry of Justice, then returned to her position in the prosecution service. In 1990, she was appointed advocate general of the Procurator's Office, the section of the prosecution service attached directly to the Supreme Court. She was the first woman to serve in this position. The same year, <mask> became a member of the board of examiners for judges and prosecutors at the Vienna Higher Regional Court, a position she would hold until 2010. In 1995, <mask> was appointed to the executive board of the Association of Austrian Prosecutors. From 2001 to 2003, she served as the association's president. Also from 2001 to 2003, she held a seat on the executive board of the International Association of Prosecutors.In 2002, the first Schüssel government recommended <mask> for appointment as vice president of the Constitutional Court. The move was not uncontroversial at the time. <mask> had prosecuted crime with great fervor but had not distinguished herself as a legal scholar; she is in fact considered indifferent as a theorist to this day. Opposition politicians such as Josef Cap accused the government of passing over multiple more competent candidates in favor of a partisan hack. Bierlein supporters such as Maria Fekter countered that <mask>'s appointment would be an important step towards gender equality in Austria. According to the well-known Austrian law professor , <mask> owed her career at the

masks: Bierlein Bierlein Bierlein Bierlein Bierlein Bierlein Bierlein Bierlein


title: Brigitte Bierlein

texts:
 Constitutional Court to the Austrian politician Jörg Haider and her life partner, the Austrian judge Ernest Maurer, a close friend of Jörg Haider. Assenting to the cabinet's recommendation, President Thomas Klestil appointed <mask> on 21 November 2002, the appointment to be effective 1 January 2003.Once again, <mask> was the first woman to serve in the role she was being elevated to. In fact, there had been no women at all on the Constitutional Court until 1995. <mask> took over from the president of the court, Gerhart Holzinger, when he retired from the bench effective 31 December 2017. On the initiative of the Freedom Party, the right-of-center first Kurz government moved to turn her interim position into a permanent one. President Alexander Van der Bellen confirmed <mask> as the new president of the Constitutional Court on 23 February 2018. <mask>'s previous role as vice president passed on to Supreme Court justice Christoph Grabenwarter. Wolfgang Brandstetter, who had formerly been vice chancellor and minister of justice on a People's Party ticket, was appointed to fill the vacancy of the Court.<mask> reached the mandatory retirement age of 70 in 2019. Politics
Bierlein has no political affiliation. She is seen as solidly right of centre. During her time as a prosecutor, she was noted for her hardline tough-on-crime stance, although her years on the bench have earned her a reputation for civility and for working well with ideological opponents. Commentators from both sides of the political spectrum note <mask>'s close ties to both People's Party and Freedom Party, as well as the fact that her career owes both its unexpected major breaks to right-of-centre coalition governments. <mask> herself acknowledges both her toughness as a prosecutor and her socially conservative bent in general. In response to doubts about her ability to remain above the fray as a Constitutional Court justice, she claims to be as committed to impartiality as any other professional judge and also points out that she has never actually joined any party.In


title: Brigitte Bierlein

texts:
 December 2017 the Austrian Constitutional Court with <mask> as president ruled to introduce same-sex marriage on 1 January 2019. After the first Kurz government lost a parliamentary vote of no-confidence on 27 May 2019 following the Ibiza affair, Alexander Van der Bellen, the president of Austria, named <mask> as Kurz's successor. She became the first female chancellor of Austria and was in office until the next government was formed following the National Council elections on 29 September 2019. <mask>'s appointment was agreed with all political parties in the National Council. She became the second independent to serve as a chancellor after Johannes Schober, who was in office twice between 1921 and 1930, and the first in Austria's post-war history. Personal life
<mask> is unmarried and has no children. Her long-time partner was Ernest Maurer, a retired judge, who died in 2021.<mask> is a supporter of the arts. She owns contemporary paintings, although she does not consider herself a collector. She also attends theatre and opera performances as well as museums. She enjoys skiing and sailing. In June 2020, <mask> was pulled over on suspicion of driving while intoxicated. She was forced to surrender her driver's licence for four weeks and has since issued an apology. Honours
 Austrian honours
  Grand Decoration of Honor in Silver with Sash of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
  Grand Decoration of Honor in Gold with Sash of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (16 June 2021)

References

External links

 Brigitte BIERLEIN at the Constitutional Court homepage

1949 births
20th-century Austrian women
21st-century Austrian women
21st-century Chancellors of Austria
21st-century Austrian women politicians
Austrian jurists
Austrian prosecutors
Austrian women judges
Constitutional court women judges
Female heads of government
Living people
Politicians from Vienna
Presidents of the Constitutional Court of Austria
University of Vienna alumni
Vice presidents of the Constitutional

masks: Bierlein Bierlein Bierlein Bierlein Bierlein Bierlein


title: William M'Culloch

texts:
<mask>'Culloch (1691 – 18 December 1771) was Minister of Cambuslang during the extraordinary events of the Cambuslang Work (1742) when 30,000 people gathered in the hillsides near his church for preaching and communion. Many were there struck by their own depravity and horrified at the probable punishment after death. Trembling, wailing, great pain, nose-bleeding and other strange behaviour was followed in some cases by striking conversions when they suddenly felt accepted by Christ. This gave rise to great rejoicing and singing. It was later calculated that about 400 people had been converted, though many had backslided. The Reverend M’Culloch was a strange person to be at the centre of this phenomenon — one that was being repeated in the American Colonies at the time. He was a poor preacher and claimed never to have experienced the strong feelings of sin or conversion that so many others had reported.Context — Covenanters and Patronage
He was born in 1691, the son of the schoolmaster at Whithorn, in Galloway. The late 17th century was a troubled time. Three years earlier, <mask> Orange had landed in England and was now establishing himself and his wife Mary Stuart as joint sovereigns of England and, separately, of Scotland and Ireland — replacing the Catholic King James II of England, VII of Scotland, his wife's father. One of the key issues underlying this so-called Glorious Revolution, at least in Scotland, was the structure of the Church of Scotland. King James had wanted it to be Episcopal, as the Church of England was, with bishops appointed by the King. Many in Scotland wanted a more Presbyterian type of structure, where each local church was governed by a Kirk Session of Elders, that is converted Christians. Kirk Sessions were to be responsible for the correct behaviour of everyone in their Parish and had the power to appoint suitably

masks:
William M
William of


title: William M'Culloch

texts:
 qualified persons as the Parish Minister.Parishes were grouped into area Presbyteries which in turn were grouped into large area Synods. The General Assembly was a representative body of all the Parishes, Presbyteries and Synods. Galloway, where <mask>’Culloch was born and received his early education, was an area of particularly fervent Presbyterianism. During the previous eighty years it has seen a great deal of support for resistance to the Scottish government, in the form of bands of Covenanters — those who wished to see the country governed by those who had experienced Christian conversion. The new King — <mask> of Scotland — was from a Dutch Presbyterian background but was wary of scope for unrest in such a structure, without some safeguards. These his successor (Queen Anne) finally introduced in 1712 by the Patronage Act. This gave the power to nominate Parish Ministers to local landowners — the Heritors.It was still up to the Kirk Session to appoint another person (with the agreement of the Presbytery), but this would be without the salary, house, etc., provided by the Heritors. This ancient power had been abolished in 1649, (during the Commonwealth), restored (with the Restoration in 1660 and abolished in the first place by <mask> in 1690 before he re-imposed it in 1712). It led to many struggles between Kirk Sessions and Heritors throughout the 18th and 19th Centuries — including the appointment of Mr M’Culloch — and finally to three secessions from the Kirk. Education and anxiety
The young <mask>’Culloch grew up in the thick of this tumult and his father noticed early on his studious and serious manner. It was decided to educate him for the church ministry. He was so much impressed by the local Minister, Mr Ker, and was persuaded to join the church formally when he was thirteen by taking communion. He then studied, first at Edinburgh

masks:
William M
William II
William
William M


title: William M'Culloch

texts:
 person, with the tendency of such people to be over-critical of themselves and rather obsessive on the details of theological study. He advised Mr M’Culloch that his obvious sincerity and great knowledge both scripture and doctrine made him a far better person to be a minister than many he knew. Mr Wodrow noted the many "bodily marks" of Mr M’Culloch’s anguish — including piercing headaches.It is obvious he was going through some sort of mental breakdown, though he did report that he got some solace from reading the Bible in extreme times, when he longed for death. Certainly, Mr M’Culloch’s talents had not been unappreciated. In 1725, he had been asked by members of the Town Council to preach the "Annual Sermon for the Reformation of Manners" and had been chaplain and tutor to the Hamilton family Aitkenhead, near Glasgow. Call to Cambuslang
The Duke of Hamilton was the Patron of Cambuslang and he wanted to nominate (or "present") another candidate, one Mr Finlater, when the Reverend Archibald Hamilton, Minister of Cambuslang, died in 1724. The Kirk Session was determined to have Mr <mask>’Culloch and a struggle lasting eight years only ended when Mr Finlater found a post elsewhere. During the interval, the parish was neglected. On 18 February 1731 Mr M’Culloch received the official call from Cambuslang was ordained by the Presbytery of Hamilton for the Church and Parish of Cambuslang on 29 April.It was at this time that he went in distress to Mr Wodrow of Eastwood and it was perhaps because of his physical and mental state that he did not fulfil his duties immediately. For three years and three months no communion services were held and the schooling was neglected. It should also be said that Mr M’Culloch’s attempts to get the (perhaps disgruntled)  Heritors to repair the dilapidated church met with little success. He therefore began preaching in a


title: William M'Culloch

texts:
 unostentatious scholar, a slow, cautious and prudent parish minister". Eventually, Mr M’Culloch persuaded the Heritors to repair the church and a "neat, plain edifice" was erected, a new manse following in 1756. On 29 April 1736, he married Janet Dunwoodie, and had one son, Robert. He was very ill towards the end of his life, needing the support of two helpers to lead him from the manse to the kirk on Sundays. He died on 18 December 1771 and was buried in the churchyard " amid the tears and lamentations of an affectionate people". His tombstone, now attached to the church wall, stated "He was eminently successful in preaching the Gospel". His wife died eight years later.Bibliography
 M’Culloch, Robert Posthumous collection of 13 sermons of Rev <mask>’Culloch Edinburgh  1793
 M’Culloch, Rev <mask>  A sermon against the idolatrous worship of the Church of Rome. Preach'd in the New-Church of Glasgow, the fifth of November, 1725 (The Annual Sermon For the Reformation of Manners) Glasgow 1725

References
 Fawcett, Arthur. Cambuslang revival: the Scottish Evangelical revival of the eighteenth century. 1971
 MacFarlan, Duncan    The revivals of the eighteenth century, particularly at Cambuslang, with three sermons by George Whitefield; compiled from original manuscripts and contemporary publications by D. MacFarlan    General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, [Edinburgh, 1847]
 Porter, Wm Henry Cambuslang and its Ministers (in Mitchell Library - Glasgow Collection, reference GC941.433 CAM 188520 Box 952)
 Wilson, James Alexander OBE, MD A History of Cambuslang: a Clydesdale parish. Jackson Wylie & Co Glasgow (1929)

External links
 From Dr Fawcett’s account of the Cambuslang Work

1691 births
1771 deaths
Cambuslang
18th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
People from

masks:
William M
William


title: Michael Wittmann (musicologist)

texts:
<mask> (born 1956) is a German musicologist. Life
Born in Heilbronn, Wittmann studied musicology from 1975 to 1980 (with Hans Heinrich Eggebrecht), philosophy and history at the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität in Freiburg im Breisgau. From 1980 to 1983 and 1987 he was a scholarship holder of the German Historical Institute in Rome. In 1986 he received his doctorate in Freiburg. From 1987 to 1990 he was a scholarship holder of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. A research stay in Italy followed. Since 1991 <mask> has been a research assistant at the Musicological Institute of the Free University of Berlin.He has published works on the history of music theory in the Middle Ages, on the history of opera in the 19th and 20th centuries and on Berlin's music history. Wittmann strives for a close connection between music research and musical practice. As scientific advisor to the Berolina-Ensemble he has initiated the revival of forgotten composers such as Iwan Müller, Ernst Rudorff, Waldemar von Baußnern, Conrad Ansorge; in the same capacity Wittmann has initiated the rediscovery of operas by Saverio Mercadante, Michele Carafa and Francesco Morlacchi for the Rossini-Festival in Bad Wildbad. His editions of Otto Nicolai's previously lost operas Il templario and Die Heimkehr des Verbannten have led to a reassessment of this composer. (These and other editions have been published by the music publishing house he runs). Since 2012 he has been

masks:
Michael Wittmann
Wittmann


title: Michael Wittmann (musicologist)

texts:
 the publisher of the posthumous works of Emil Nikolaus von Reznicek, which are issued in the Editio Reznicek (Wedemark). Publications
 <mask>mann: Vox atque sonus.Studien zur Rezeption der Aristotelischen Schrift De anima und ihre Bedeutung für die Musiktheorie, Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus-Verlags-Gesellschaft (Musikwissenschaftliche Studien; 4), (Ph. D. dissertation, Freiburg University, 1986). Riflessioni per una rivalutazione delle composizioni operistiche di Saverio Mercadante. In Gian Luca Petrucci, Giacinto Moramarco (edd. ): Saggi su Saverio Mercadante. Cassano delle Murge, Messagi 1992, . Meyerbeer e Mercadante?The reception of Meyerbeer in Italia. In: Cambridge Opera Journal 5/2 (1993), . Das Bild der Italienischen Oper im Spiegel der Kritik der „Leipziger Allgemeinen Musikalischen Zeitung“. In Maria Teresa Muraro (ed. ): Le Parole della Musica. Studi in onore di Gianfranco Folena, Firenze 1995, S. II, 195–226. Giovanni Simone Mayr's opera Medea in Corinto im Kontext der Medea-Vertonungen des 19.Jahrhunderts. In Franz Hauk, Iris Winkler (edd. ): Werk und Leben Johann Simon Mayrs im Spiegel der Zeit, München-Salzburg, 1998, . Article Saverio Mercadante. In Stanley Sadie (ed. ): The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 7th. Edition, London 2001, Vol.16, . Articles Saverio Mercadante; Elisa e Claudio; Donna Caritea; Il giuramento; La vestale; Il reggente; Orazi e Curiazi; Pelagio; Luigi Ricci; Crispino e la Comare;


title: Nenad Milijaš

texts:
<mask> (, ; born 30 April 1983) is a retired Serbian footballer. He represented Serbia at the 2010 FIFA World Cup. <mask> rose to prominence in his homeland with his first club FK Zemun before moving to Red Star Belgrade where he won league and cup honours. Decorated with individual awards for his performances at Red Star, he broke into the Serbian national side in 2008. He moved to England in 2009 when he signed for Premier League side Wolverhampton Wanderers but returned to his former club three years later. Club career

<mask> began his playing career in the youth ranks of Belgrade-based FK Zemun, where he progressed through to make it into their first team in 2000. He really began to establish himself in the middle of the park during the 2001–02 season and was a vital player for the club over the following seasons.In 2005–06, he had his best goalscoring start to a season, netting eight times by Christmas. This attracted attention from the country's biggest club and local rival, Red Star Belgrade. Red Star Belgrade
Following his continually impressive form for FK Zemun, <mask> signed for Red Star Belgrade in January 2006. He ended his first season with Belgrade by winning both the Serbian Superliga and Serbian Cup with his new club. He won both trophies again with Belgrade the following season. <mask> found appearances restricted by then manager Dusan Bajević, but the arrival of Boško Djurovski as the club's new manager saw him gain more playing time and re-discover his form. He then held down a first team spot in central midfield for the following seasons, becoming a vital member of the team as they went close to more domestic honours and regularly competing in European competitions.<mask> enjoyed his best season so far in 2008–09,

masks:
Nenad Milijaš
Milijaš
Zemun Milijaš
Milijaš
Milijaš
Milijaš


title: Nenad Milijaš

texts:
 finishing Red Star's top goalscorer with 18 league goals, 22 goals in all competitions, making him Serbian football's leading scorer in that season. He also won the league's Most Valuable Player Award, was voted into the All Star Team, named 2008–09 Serbian Superliga Player of the Year and broke into the Serbia national football team. This form attracted attention from various clubs in Europe. Wolverhampton Wanderers
Newly promoted Premier League side Wolves signed <mask> on 15 June 2009 in a four-year deal for an undisclosed fee, believed to be around £2.6 million. He made his debut in August 2009, in the club's 2–0 opening day defeat to West Ham, in which he was voted Sky Sports' man of the match. <mask> scored his first goal for Wolves with a long distance strike to earn a 2–1 home win against Bolton in December 2009; before netting a second and final goal for the season two weeks later, against Burnley. <mask> made twenty appearances in the Premier League in the 2010–11 season, scoring twice.He also matched that tally in the League Cup, scoring two penalties, against Southend and Notts County. In a 3–3 home draw against Tottenham Hotspur, <mask> created two goals by assisting Kevin Doyle's opening goal, and then winning a penalty for a second Doyle goal. He also featured in the team's victory at Aston Villa as Wolves narrowly stayed up on the final day of the season. <mask> made only sporadic appearances during the next season, but during November and December he enjoyed a run of starts in the team. However, this was halted when he was sent off in a 1–1 draw at Arsenal for a challenge on Mikel Arteta. Wolves made an appeal to have this red card rescinded, including a unique press conference by then-manager Mick McCarthy who showed slow

masks: Milijaš Milijaš Milijaš Milijaš Milijaš


title: Nenad Milijaš

texts:
 motion replays from a number of angles, but the appeal was unsuccessful and the three-match ban was upheld. Following this dismissal he only made a number of substitute appearances in the final months as the club were relegated under caretaker manager Terry Connor.Following the appointment of Ståle Solbakken as Wolves manager during the close season, it was announced that <mask> was available for transfer, having expressed a desire to play more regularly. On 30 August, his contract was cancelled by mutual consent to allow him to find a new club. Return to Red Star Belgrade
On 31 August 2012, one day after his departure from Wolves, <mask> rejoined his former club Red Star Belgrade when he signed a three-year deal. He scored his first goal against Radnički Kragujevac 1923 from a free kick. On 13 April 2013, he scored a hat-trick against FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda. Hebei China Fortune
On 16 February 2015, <mask> transferred to China League One side Hebei China Fortune. Nei Mongol Zhongyou
On 14 February 2016, <mask> transferred to fellow China League One side Nei Mongol Zhongyou.Red Star Belgrade
On January 31 2017, <mask> rejoined his club Red Star for a third time. An avid Red Star fan, <mask> once again proved loyalty to his club and fans. <mask> signed one and a half year deal. On May 19 2019, he played his last game for Red Star in a 3-0 win over Napredak. During his 9 years altogether in Red Star, Milijas played 170 matches, scored 49 goals and had 38 assists. He also won 4 trophies, all 4 being Serbian SuperLiga in 06/07, 13/14, 17/18 and 18/19 seasons. International career
<mask> made his full international debut for Serbia on 6 September 2008, in a 2–0 win over the Faroe Islands in a World Cup 2010 qualifier.He scored his first

masks: Milijaš Milijaš Milijaš Milijaš Milijaš Milijaš Milijaš Milijaš


title: Nenad Milijaš

texts:
 international goal in his fourth appearance, in a 6–1 rout of Bulgaria in a friendly on 19 November 2008, then added his first competitive goal when he netted the winner from the penalty spot to defeat Austria 1–0 on 6 June 2009. This qualification campaign ultimately saw the nation qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup Finals in South Africa, with <mask> a regular in central midfield, usually paired with captain Dejan Stanković. He was subsequently selected in their final squad for the tournament, their first World Cup Finals competing as "Serbia", and played in their opening game against Ghana. He has previously represented Serbia and Montenegro at under–21 level, appearing in the side which made the semi finals of the 2006 European Under–21 Championship in Portugal. Career statistics

Club

International

International goals
Scores and results list Serbia's goal tally first. Honours
Club
 Serbian SuperLiga (5): 2005–06, 2006–07, 2013–14, 2017–18, 2018–19
 Serbian Cup (2): 2005–06, 2006–07

Individual
Serbian SuperLiga: Player of the Season 2008–09
 Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season: 2008–09

References

External links

Player profile on Serbian National Team page

1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Belgrade
Serbian footballers
Serbia international footballers
Serbia and Montenegro under-21 international footballers
FK Zemun players
Red Star Belgrade footballers
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Hebei F.C.players
Inner Mongolia Zhongyou F.C. players
Serbian SuperLiga players
Premier League players
China League One players
Serbian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Expatriate footballers in China
Association football midfielders
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Red Star Belgrade


title: Laurence of Canterbury

texts:
<mask> (died 2 February 619) was the second Archbishop of Canterbury, serving from about 604 to 619. He was a member of the Gregorian mission sent from Italy to England to Christianise the Anglo-Saxons from their native Anglo-Saxon paganism, although the date of his arrival is disputed. He was consecrated archbishop by his predecessor, Augustine of Canterbury, during Augustine's lifetime, to ensure continuity in the office. While archbishop, he attempted unsuccessfully to resolve differences with the native British bishops by corresponding with them about points of dispute. <mask> faced a crisis following the death of King Æthelberht of Kent, when the king's successor abandoned Christianity; he eventually reconverted. <mask> was revered as a saint after his death in 619. Early life
<mask> was part of the Gregorian mission originally dispatched from Rome in 595 to convert the Anglo-Saxons from their native paganism to Christianity; he landed at Thanet, Kent, with Augustine in 597, or, as some sources state, first arrived in 601 and was not a part of the first group of missionaries.He had been a monk in Rome before his travels to England, but nothing else is known of his history or background. The medieval chronicler Bede says that  Augustine sent <mask> back to Pope Gregory I to report on the success of converting King Æthelberht of Kent and to carry a letter with questions for the pope. Accompanied by Peter of Canterbury, another missionary, he set off some time after July 598, and had returned by June 601. He brought back with him Gregory's replies to Augustine's questions, a document commonly known as the Libellus responsionum, that Bede incorporated in his

masks: Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence


title: Laurence of Canterbury

texts:
 Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum. <mask> is probably the <mask> referred to in the letter from Gregory to Bertha, queen of Kent. In that letter, Gregory praises Bertha for her part in the conversion of her husband, details of which Gregory says he received from <mask> the priest. It is known that <mask> returned to England with Mellitus and others of the second group of missionaries  in the summer of 601, but there is no record of Peter being with them.Archbishop

<mask> succeeded Augustine to the see of Canterbury in about 604, and ruled until his death on 2 February 619. To secure the succession, Augustine had consecrated <mask> before he died, even though that was prohibited by canon law. Augustine was afraid though that if someone did not step into the office immediately, it would damage the missionary efforts in Britain. However, <mask> never received a pallium from Rome, so he may have been considered uncanonical by the papacy. Bede makes a point of comparing Augustine's action in consecrating <mask> to Saint Peter's action of consecrating Clement as Bishop of Rome during Peter's lifetime, which the theologian J. Robert Wright believes may be Bede's way of criticising the practices of the church in his day. In 610 <mask> received letters from Pope Boniface IV, addressed to him as archbishop and Augustine's successor. The correspondence was in response to <mask> having sent Mellitus to Rome earlier in 610, to solicit advice from the papacy on matters concerning the English Church.While in Rome Mellitus attended a synod, and brought the synodical decrees back with him to <mask>. In 613 <mask> consecrated the monastery church built by Augustine in

masks: Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence


title: Laurence of Canterbury

texts:
 Canterbury, and dedicated it to saints Peter and Paul; it was later re-consecrated as St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury. <mask> also wrote to the bishops in the lands held by the Scots and by the Britons, urging them to hold Easter on the day that the Roman church celebrated it, instead of their traditional date, as part of the Easter controversy. The letter is also preserved in Bede's history. <mask> in 609 stated that Dagan, a native bishop, would not eat with <mask> or share a roof with the archbishop, due to the differences between the two Churches. Pagan reaction

Æthelberht died in 616, during <mask>'s tenure; his son Eadbald abandoned Christianity in favour of Anglo-Saxon paganism, forcing  many of the Gregorian missionaries to flee the pagan backlash that followed Æthelberht's death. Among them in Gaul were Mellitus, who was Bishop of London, and Justus, who was Bishop of Rochester.Remaining in Britain, <mask> succeeded in reconverting Eadbald to Christianity. Bede relates the story that <mask> had been prepared to give up when he was visited by St Peter in a dream or vision. St Peter chastised <mask> and whipped him, and the marks of the whipping remained after the vision or dream ended. <mask> then displayed them to Eadbald, and the king was converted on the spot. Bede, however, hints that it was the death of some of the leaders of the pagan party in battle that really persuaded <mask> to stay. According to Benedicta Ward, a historian of Christianity, Bede uses the story of the whipping as an example of how suffering was a reminder of Christ's suffering for humans, and how that example could lead to conversion. Wright argues that another point Bede is

masks: Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence


title: Laurence of Canterbury

texts: making is that it is because of the intercession of St Peter  himself that the mission continued.David Farmer, in the Oxford Dictionary of Saints, suggests that the whipping story may have been a blending of the Quo Vadis story with some information given by Jerome in a letter. Modern historians have seen political overtones in the pagan reaction. The historian D. P. Kirby sees Eadbald's actions as a repudiation of his father's pro-Frankish policies. Alcuin, a later medieval writer, wrote that <mask> was "censured by apostolic authority". This may have been a letter from Pope Adeodatus I, commanding <mask> to stay in Kent. Kirby goes on to argue that it was Justus, not <mask>, who converted Eadbald, and this while Justus was archbishop, sometime around 624. Not all historians agree with this argument, however.Nicholas Brooks states that the king was converted during <mask>'s archiepiscopate, within a year of him succeeding his father. The historian Barbara Yorke argues that there were two co-rulers of Kent after Æthelberht's death, Eadbald and a Æthelwald, and that Eadbald was converted by <mask> while Æthelwald was converted by Justus after his return to Rochester. Another factor in the pagan reaction was <mask>'s objection to Eadbald's marriage to his father's widow, something that Christians considered to be unlawful. All efforts to extend the church beyond Kent encountered difficulties due to the attitude of King Rædwald of East Anglia, who had become the leading king in the south after Æthelberht's death. Rædwald was converted before the death of Æthelberht, perhaps at the urging of Æthelberht, but his kingdom was not, and Rædwald seems to have converted

masks: Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence


title: Laurence of Canterbury

texts:
 only to the extent of placing a Christian altar in his pagan temple. It proved impossible for Mellitus to return to London as bishop, although Justus did resume his duties at Rochester. Death and legacy

<mask> died on 2 February 619, and was buried in the abbey of St Peter and Paul in Canterbury, later renamed St Augustine's; his relics, or remains, were moved, or translated, to the new church of St Augustine's in 1091.His shrine was in the axial chapel of the abbey church, flanking the shrine of Augustine, his predecessor. <mask> came to be regarded as a saint, and was given the feast day of 3 February. The ninth century Stowe Missal commemorates his feast day, along with Mellitus and Justus. A Vita (or Life) was written about the time of his translation, by Goscelin, but it is mainly based on information in Bede. His tomb was opened in 1915. Besides his feast day, the date of his translation, 13 September, was also celebrated after his death. <mask>'s tenure as archbishop is mainly remembered for his failure to secure a settlement with the Celtic church, and for his reconversion of Eadbald following Æthelbert's death.He was succeeded as archbishop by Mellitus, the Bishop of London. See also
 List of members of the Gregorian mission

Notes

Citations

References

Further reading

External links
  – listing of most contemporary and close to contemporary mentions of <mask> in the primary sources. Includes some spurious charter listings. , who travelled back to Rome, and is probably the same person

Archbishops of Canterbury
Gregorian mission
Kentish saints
619 deaths
7th-century archbishops
7th-century Christian saints
Year of birth unknown
7th-century English

masks: Laurence Laurence Laurence Laurence


title: Paul Bairoch

texts:
<mask> (24 July 1930 in Antwerp – 12 February 1999 in Geneva) was a (in 1985 naturalised) Swiss economic historian of Belgian descent who specialized in urban history and historical demography. He published or co-authored more than two dozen books and 120 scholarly articles. His most important works emphasize the agricultural preconditions necessary for industrialization and controversially claim, contrary to most scholars that colonization was not beneficial to colonial empires. He argued that tariffs and growth were positively correlated in the 19th
century. Academic career

<mask> gained a bachelor's degree by correspondence, intending to become an engineer but he turned to studying economic history in 1956 at the parisian Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. He obtained his doctorate in 1963 at the Free University of Brussels where he worked from 1965 to 1995. He was economic adviser to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) at Geneva from 1967 to 1969, professor at the Sir George Williams University (Concordia) in Montréal from 1969 to 1971 and on recommendation of Fernand Braudel became director of studies at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes from 1971 to 1972.In 1972 he was made professor of history at the University of Geneva. He retired in 1995. He was also visiting professor at Harvard and at the Collège de France (1983) and Doctor honoris causa at the ETH Zurich. From 1985, <mask> directed a number of research projects on the world economy at a Centre for International Economic History in Geneva.

masks:
Paul Bairoch
Bairoch
Bairoch


title: Paul Bairoch

texts:
 Research

<mask> sought through quantitative, empirical research of historical trends to question and challenge many beliefs which are nowadays generally accepted in economics (see in particular his work Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes), among which: the idea that free trade historically led to periods of economic growth; that moving away from free trade caused the Great Depression; and that colonial powers in the 19th and early 20th centuries became rich by exploiting the Third World. Bairoch argued that such beliefs are based on insufficient knowledge and misguided interpretations of the economic history of the United States, Europe and the Third World. He researched extensively the reasons why an industrial takeoff was prevented in the colonised countries of the Third World (see e.g.his book Révolution industrielle et sous-développement). He is particularly known for his detailed empirical research on economic problems of Third World countries, on the industrial revolution and its aftermath and on urban history. His historical estimates of Gross Product measures are still being referred to in the literature, although some are also challenged by other economic historians such as Angus Maddison. Bairoch argues that free trade contributed to deindustrialization in the Ottoman Empire. In contrast to the protectionism of China, Japan, and Spain, the Ottoman Empire had a liberal trade policy, open to foreign imports. This has origins in capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, dating back to the first commercial


title: Paul Bairoch

texts:
 treaties signed with France in 1536 and taken further with capitulations in 1673 and 1740, which lowered duties to 3% for imports and exports. The liberal Ottoman policies were praised by British economists such as J. R. McCulloch in his Dictionary of Commerce (1834), but later criticized by British politicians such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, who cited the Ottoman Empire as "an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition" in the 1846 Corn Laws debate:

Quotes

<mask> referred here to colonialism and to the exploitation of the third world in the 19th and early 20th century.He argued that this exploitation was not indispensable for industrialisation. This he thought is "good news" for the third world because it means that development could occur without exploitation of other regions. Books and monographs

Le mythe de la croissance économique rapide au XIXe siècle. 1962
Le processus et l'amorce de la croissance économique. [1963]
La formation des prix des fruits, légumes et produits laitiers (with Georges Thorn). Bruxelles: Université libre de Bruxelles, Institut de sociologie, 1964
La baisse des coûts des transports et le développement économique. 1965
Niveaux de développement économique de 1810 áa 1910.1965
L'économie belge et internationale (with T. Deldycke and others). Institut de sociologie, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1965.Originalités et conséquences de la révolution industrielle. 1966Le rôle de l'agriculture dans la création de la sidérurgie moderne. 1966Evolution de la population active dans le


title: Paul Bairoch

texts:
 études en sociales, 1977.Disparities in Economic Development Since the Industrial Revolution (<mask> and Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, eds.) Palgrave: Macmillan, 1981. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981.Structure par produits des exportations du Tiers-monde 1830–1937 (with Bouda Etemad) Genève : Droz, 1985.Les passages des économies traditionnelles européennes aux sociétés industrielles: quatrième rencontre franco-suisse d'histoire économique et sociale.(ed.by <mask> and Anne-Marie Piuz). Genève: Droz, 1985.Histoire économique De Jéricho à Mexico. Villes et économie dans l’histoire. Gallimard, 1985La population des villes européennes : 800–1850 : banque de données et analyse sommaire des résultats (with Jean Batou and Pierre Chèvre) Genève : Droz, 1988.Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. Translated by Christopher Braider. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988La Suisse dans l'économie mondiale (with Martin Körner). Genève: Droz, 1990.World energy production, 1800–1985 = Production mondiale d'énergie" (with Etemad Bouda & Jean Luciani ; under the direction of <mask> & Jean-Claude Toutain) Genève : Librairie Droz, 1991
Liber amicorum : Henri Vander Eycken (with Henri Vander Eycken).Brussels : VUBPress, 1991. Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. University of Chicago Press, 1993
Autour de l'histoire sociale du temps. Zurich : Chronos Verlag, 1997. Victoires et déboires : histoire économique et sociale du monde du XVIe siècle à nos jours (3 Vols). Gallimard, 1997. L'agriculture des

masks:
Paul Bairoch
Paul Bairoch
Paul Bairoch


title: Paul Bairoch

texts:
 pays développés, 1800 à nos jours : production, productivité, rendements.Paris : Economica, c1999

Selected articles
<mask> and J.-M. Limbor, "Changes in the Industrial Distribution of the World Labour Force, by Region, 1880–1960," International Labour Review, 98 (1968), pp. 311–336;
"Population urbaine et taille des villes en Europe de 1600 à 1970," Revue d'histoire économique et sociale, Vol. 54, pp. 304–335
"Structure de la population active mondiale de 1700 à 1970," Annales E.S.C., 26 (1971), pp. 960–976. "Free Trade and European Economic Development in the Nineteenth Century’. IN: European Economic Review, 3, 1972."Agriculture and the industrial revolution 1700–1914", in: Carlo Cipolla (ed. ), The Industrial Revolution – Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. 3. London: Collins/Fontana, 1973
"Commerce international et genese de la revolution industrielle anglaise." In: Annales, 28, pp. 541–571, 1973
"European Foreign Trade in the XIX Century: The Development of the Value and Volume of Exports (Preliminary Results)", in: Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 2, no.1, 1973
"Geographical Structure and Trade Balance of European Foreign Trade from 1800 to 1970" in:  Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 3, no. 3, 1974
"European Gross National Product 1800–1975", in: Journal of European Economic History, 5, 1976. "Reply to Mr. Gunder Frank's Commentary", in: Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 5,  n. 2, 1976
"Le volume des productions et du produit national dans le Tiers monde, 1900–1977". In: Tiers-monde,


title: Paul Bairoch

texts:
 history : a process of dynamic interactions. New York : Oxford University Press, 1990. "L'industrie manufacturière suisse : succès et déboires : une perspective internationale et historique (1830–1990)". In: Passé pluriel : en hommage au professeur Roland Ruffieux. Fribourg : Ed. universitaires, 1991. "The City and Technological Innovation" in Favorites of Fortune; Technology, Growth, and Economic Development since the Industrial Revolution.Edited by Patrice Higonnet, David S. Landes and Henry Rosovsky. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1991
"La Belgique dans le commerce international, 1830–1990", in: <mask> & Eddy van Cauweberge (eds. ), Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th–20th Centuries). Essays in Honour of Herman van der Wee, Leuven 1994. "Globalisation myths: some historical reflections on integration, industrialisation and growth in the world economy" (with Richard Kozul-Wright). UNCTAD discussion paper UNCTAD/OSG/DP/113 March 1996
"Globalization, myths and realities: One century of external trade and foreign investment", in R. Boyer and D. Drache, (eds), States Against Markets: The Limits of Globalisation.London: Routledge, 1996. "Les exportations d’articles manufacturés de la Suisse dans le contexte international (1840–1994)". In: Martin Körner und François Walter (ed. ),  Quand la Montagneaussi a une Histoire. Festschrift für J.-F. Bergier. Bern: Verlag Paul Haupt: Bern, 1996, pp. 205–234
"New Estimates of Agricultural Productivity and Yields of Developed Countries, 1800–1990," in


title: Paul Bairoch

texts:
 Amit Bhaduri and Rune Skarstein, eds., Economic Development and Agricultural Productivity, Cheltenham, U.K., Edward Elgar, 1997, pp.45–64. "The impact of globalization on employment in Europe" in: Trade and jobs in Europe : much ado about nothing?, edited by Mathias Dewatripont, André Sapir, and Khalid Sekkat. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. "The Constituent Economic Principles of Globalization in Historical Perspective." International Sociology, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp.197–214, 2000

About <mask>

Towards an international economic and social history : essays in honour of <mask>. Genève : Ed. Passé Présent, 1995. Bouda Etemad and Jean Batou, "<mask> (1930–1999)" in Revue d'histoire suisse, vol. 49, n° 3, 1999, pp. 391–394. Patrick Verley, "In Memoriam: <mask> (1930–1999)", Revue économique, Vol.51, No. 2. A. M. Piuz, "<mask>", Journal of European Economic History, vol 29, no. 1, 2000

See also
Angus Maddison
James Morris Blaut
Andre Gunder Frank

References

External links
<mask>ch Library

Economic historians
1930 births
1999 deaths
École pratique des hautes études alumni
Université libre de Bruxelles alumni
Harvard University staff
20th-century Swiss

masks:
Paul Bairoch
Paul Bairoch
Paul Bairoch
Paul Bairoch
Paul Bairoch
Paul Bairo


title: Emperor Higashiyama

texts:
was the 113th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. <mask>'s reign spanned the years from 1687 through to his abdication in 1709 corresponding to the Genroku era. The previous hundred years of peace and seclusion in Japan had created relative economic stability. The arts and theater and architecture flourished. Events of <mask>'s life

Early life
Before <mask>'s ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was  or Tomohito. Tomohito was born on October 21, 1675 and was the fifth son of Emperor Reigen; his birth mother was a lady-in-waiting named Matsuki Muneko. While Prince Tomohito was the son of a secondary consort, he was adopted by empress Takatsukasa Fusako (chief consort or Chūgū).Tomohito's Imperial family lived with him in the Dairi of the Heian Palace. Events that took place before Tomohito became Crown Prince include a great flood that devastated Edo, a great famine that devastated Kyoto, and the Great Tenna Fire in Edo. The Shingon Buddhist temple Gokoku-ji was also founded in Edo where it remains today as one of the few sites in Tokyo that survived World War II. Tomohito-shinnō was proclaimed Crown prince in 1682, and given the pre-accession title of Go-no-miya (五宮). For the first time in over 300 years a ceremonial investiture was held for the occasion. A fire burned the Kyoto Imperial Palace to ashes in 1684 prompting reconstruction that took a year to complete. The effects from this fire on the Imperial family, if any, are unknown.Emperor Reigen's brother, former-Emperor

masks: Higashiyama Higashiyama Higashiyama


title: Emperor Higashiyama

texts:
 Go-Sai, died on March 26, 1685 and a great comet was observed crossing the night sky. Reign
Prince Tomohito acceded to the throne on May 2, 1687 as Emperor when his father abdicated in his favor, the era's name was changed from Jōkyō to Genroku to mark this event. While he held the political title of Emperor, it was in name only as the shoguns of the Tokugawa family controlled Japan. Initially, Emperor Reigen continued to rule in Higashiyama's name as a Cloistered Emperor as had been done in the Heian period. While this move caused trouble by provoking the ruling shogunate, <mask>'s gentle character helped to improve relations with the Shōgun. This warmed relationship caused imperial property to be increased, and repairs carried out on Imperial mausoleums. Reigen meanwhile lived out his retirement in the Sentō-gosho (the palace for an ex-Emperor), and is now known for being the last "Cloistered Emperor" of Japan.On December 20, 1688 the esoteric Daijō-sai ceremony was revived because of the shogunate's insistence. This Shinto ritual had been in abeyance for over a century, and is performed only once by the emperor in the period of the enthronement ceremonies. 1688 (Genroku gannen): The Tokugawa shogunate revised the code of conduct for funerals (Fuku-kiju-ryō), which incorporated a code of conduct for mourning as well. September 16, 1689 (Genroku 2): German physician Engelbert Kaempfer arrives at Dejima for the first time. Bakufu policy in this era was designed to marginalize the influence of foreigners; and Kaempfer had to present


title: Emperor Higashiyama

texts:
 Ienobu, Tsunayoshi's nephew, becomes the 6th shōgun of the Edo bakufu. and Emperor Nakamikado accedes to the throne. July 27, 1709 (Hōei 6, 21st day of the 6th month): Emperor <mask> abdicated and the throne passed to his son. January 16, 1710 (Hōei 6, 17th day of the 12th month): <mask> died. Higashiyama is among those enshrined in the Imperial mausoleum, Tsuki no wa no misasagi, at Sennyū-ji in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. Also enshrined in this location are this emperor's immediate Imperial predecessors since Emperor Go-Mizunoo – Meishō, Go-Kōmyō, Go-Sai and Reigen.<mask>'s immediate Imperial successors, including Nakamikado, Sakuramachi, Momozono, Go-Sakuramachi and Go-Momozono, are enshrined here as well. Eras of reign
The years of <mask>'s reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. Jōkyō  (1684–1688)
 Genroku       (1688–1704)
 Hōei    (1704–1711)

Genealogy
<mask>'s family included at least 11 children. Spouse

Concubines

Issue

Fictional portrayals
<mask> appears under the name of Tomohito in the novel The Samurai's Wife by author Laura Joh Rowland. In the novel, detective Sano Ichiro is sent to investigate the murder of an important official in the Imperial Court. Tomohito is labelled as a suspect, and is portrayed as a childish oaf at the start of the novel. He is later revealed to be the instigator behind a coming revolution against the Tokugawa regime, so he can seize control of Japan himself.However, his plan fails, and he is once again placed in the Imperial Palace, where he seems to have

masks: Higashiyama Higashiyama Higashiyama Higashiyama Higashiyama Higashiyama


title: Elliot Grandin

texts:
<mask>  (born 17 October 1987) is a French professional footballer who last played for League Two club Grimsby Town, as a winger. <mask> can also play as a central attacking midfielder. He previously played in France for Stade Malherbe Caen, Olympique de Marseille and a loan spell at Grenoble Foot 38, as well as in Bulgaria for CSKA Sofia. <mask> has played for France at under-21 level. Club career

Caen
<mask> began his career at his hometown club, Stade Malherbe Caen and signed his professional contract at the club. He made his debut for the first team in the 2004–05 season, making just one substitute appearance, on 28 May 2005 in a 3–2 defeat to Istres as Caen were relegated from Ligue 1 to Ligue 2. This turns out to be his only appearance of the season.In opening game of the 2005–06 season, <mask> started the season well when he scored his first goal for Caen, in a 3–2 loss against Créteil-Lusitanos. <mask> scored his second goal of the season, in a 5–0 win against Valenciennes in the first round of the Coupe de la Ligue on 22 September 2005. He once again scored against them for the second time this season, losing 2–1 on 15 September 2006. A month later on 10 February 2006, <mask> scored his third goal of the season, in a 1–0 win against FC Sète 34. The club finished fourth in Ligue 2, missing out on promotion to Ligue 1 on goal difference. With his playing time at SM Caen increased, he made a total of nineteen league appearances, scoring three goals (twenty–two appearances and scoring four times in all competitions). In the 2006–07 season, <mask> scored his first goal of the season, in a 1–0 win against Créteil-Lusitanos on 7 November 2006.He then scored his second goal of the season, in a 3–2 win against Dijon on 22 December 2006. Two weeks later on 7 January 2007, <mask> scored his third goal of the season, in a 2–1 loss against Valenciennes in the first round of the Coupe de France.

masks:
Elliot Grandin
Grandin
Grandin
Grandin
Grandin
Grandin
Grandin
Grandin
Grandin


title: Elliot Grandin

texts:
 As he became a first team regular at the club, <mask> was part of the Caen squad that finished as runners-up and won promotion to Ligue 1 after beating FC Libourne 2–1 in the last game of the season. At the start of the 2007–08 season, <mask> continued to be in the first team for the side despite finding his playing time, coming from the substitute bench. He then scored his first goal of the season, as well as, setting up one of the goals, in a 5–0 win against Bordeaux on 24 November 2007. <mask> also scored two more goals, coming from Coupe de la Ligue matches against Toulouse and Lyon. His performance attracted interest from Marseille.By the time he departed from Caen, <mask> made a total of 55 league appearances for the club and scoring six goals. Marseille
On 28 January 2008, midway through the 2007–08 season, <mask> joined Marseille for €400,000. However upon leaving Caen, he was criticised by manager Franck Dumas. In his first match for the club against AS Monaco in the last 16 of the Coupe de France, he made an assist for the second goal scored by Mathieu Valbuena, in a 3–1 win. <mask>'s debut for Marseille came on 9 February 2008 against Nice and started the match, playing 89 minutes before being substituted, in a 2–0 win. On 17 May 2008, the last day of the season against Strasbourg, he came on as a substitute after an injury to striker Mamadou Niang, and sent his pass set up to Nasri to score as Marseille won 4–3 and so qualified for the preliminary round of the Champions League. At the end of the 2007–08 season, <mask> made eight league appearances, most of them as a substitute.In the 2008–09 season, <mask> was in the starting line-up in the first game of the season at Stade Rennais, scoring Marseille's fourth goal in stoppage time, in a 4–4 draw. On 13 August 2008, he made his European debut in the third qualifying round of the Champions League, in a single-goal victory at

masks: Grandin Grandin Grandin Grandin Grandin Grandin Grandin Grandin


title: Elliot Grandin

texts:
 Norwegian side Brann. Four days later on 17 August 2008, <mask> scored his second goal for the club, in a 4–0 win against Auxerre. In the return leg against Brann, he helped Marseille win 2–1 to advance to the next round of the UEFA Cup tournament. However, <mask> then fell out of favour into the plans of Eric Gerets and lack of playing time in Marseille. As a result, he was linked a move away from the club in the January transfer window, with clubs, such as, Grenoble, Le Havre and Strasbourg were interested in signing him. By the time <mask> departed from Marseille, he  made a further eight appearances, scoring twice.<mask> joined fellow Ligue 1 side Grenoble Foot 38 on loan for five months on 30 January 2009. He made his debut on 7 February 2009, starting the whole game, in a goalless home draw with Valenciennes. <mask> became a first team regular for the club, rotating in playing either midfield and striker positions. He made a total of eight appearances before returning to Marseille at the end of the season. Having been told by new manager Didier Deschamps of being in a new plan ahead of the new season, <mask> was linked a move away from Marseille, with Standard Liège, Sheffield Wednesday and Birmingham City interested in signing him in the summer transfer window. On 18 August 2009, it was reported by L'Équipe that he would go on trial in England with Premier League club Stoke City five days later and that Stoke had first option on the player for around €1 million. After returning to France, Marseille released <mask> from his contract on 2 September.The club later called him as one of the worst signings. CSKA Sofia
On 5 January 2010, <mask> was reportedly in negotiations with Romanian Liga I club Rapid Bucharest, and was believed to be about to sign for the club; however, on 20 January he signed an 18-month contract with Bulgarian A PFG club CSKA Sofia, after they gave him an improved


title: Elliot Grandin

texts:
 offer that gave him 30% of any future sale proceeds. However, <mask> suffered a setback with an injury during the winter break and was sidelined for a month. He made his competitive debut for the club on 13 March 2010 against Sportist Svoge, scoring the opening goal and providing an assist in a 4–1 win. <mask> then scored his second goal for CSKA Sofia, in a 4–2 win against OFC Sliven on 10 April 2010. He scored two goals in two matches between 24 April 2010 and 2 May 2010 against Slavia Sofia and Lokomotiv Sofia. <mask> became a first team regular for the club, and helped CSKA Sofia finish second.Despite missing a total of three matches later in the 2009–10 season, he made a total of ten league appearances and scoring four goals. Ahead of the 2010–11 season, his performances attracted interests from clubs around Europe. But <mask> wanted to stay at CSKA Sofia, only to later to have a change of heart. He played in the opening match of the 2010–11 season, a 1–0 home defeat to local rivals Levski Sofia in the first Eternal derby of the season, on 1 August 2010. Four days later on 5 August 2010, <mask> played in a 2–1 win over Northern Irish IFA Premiership side Cliftonville at Windsor Park, Belfast, in the Third qualifying round of the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League, in what turned out to be his last appearance for the Reds. Blackpool
On 11 August 2010, <mask> signed for newly promoted Premier League club Blackpool on a two-year deal, with the option for a third year. Three days after signing for the club, he made his debut as Blackpool made their bow in the Premier League and set up a goal for Marlon Harewood, who scored twice in a 4–0 win over Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium.Since joining the club, <mask> was involved in the first team, playing in the midfield position and spoke positively of manager Ian Holloway's personality and tactics. He then played a role in two separate matches against

masks: Grandin Grandin Grandin Grandin Grandin Grandin Grandin