title: John H. Sengstacke

texts:
 nor the Defender had at the time — and changing its political outlook from liberal to "conservative independence". Honors
1976, the New Pittsburgh Courier won the <mask> B. Russwurm Award for the best national African-American newspaper. A 28-minute documentary, <mask>, The Chicago Defender (1986), was produced and directed by Chuck Sterin.<mask> was featured in an on-camera interview in the documentary film, The Black Press: Soldiers without Swords (1999), produced and directed by Stanley Nelson and first aired on PBS on February 8, 1999. On January 8, 2001, <mask> was awarded posthumously with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton. <mask> Picou, nephew of <mask>, headed a group of business people including <mask>'s only son Robert A<mask>. They purchased Sengstacke's chain of four newspapers in 2012, at the time the largest black-owned chain of African-American newspapers in the country. Robert A<mask>, his surviving son, donated the Abbott-Sengstacke Family Papers to the Chicago Public Library, where they are available for scholars. References

Further reading
Books:
Alkalimat, Abdul. The African American Experience in Cyberspace.Pluto Press, 1994. Black Heroes of The Twentieth Century, Edited by Jessie Carney Smith, ©1998 Visible Ink Press, Detroit, MI

Sengstacke, <mask>. The Defender, The Negro Press, and You. n.p., 1960. Available through interlibrary loan @ University of Rochester. Articles:
<mask>, Chester, Sr. "Is The Black Press Dying?" Crisis 1980 87 (7): 240-241.Staples, Brent. "<mask>. Sengstacke: Citizen Sengstacke," The New York Times Magazine, January 4, 1998: (27-28). Washburn, Patrick S. "J. <mask> and The Black Press in World War II," Journalism History

masks:
John
John Sengstacke
Sengstacke
Sengstacke
Thomas Sengstacke
John
Sengstacke
. Sengstacke
. Sengstacke
John Henry
Higgins
John H
Edgar Hoover


title: John H. Sengstacke

type: original

texts:
 1986 13(1): 26-33. External links
"<mask> was an innovative and successful black news publisher", African American Registry
Biographies: <mask>. Sengstacke", Black Press, PBS
2002 "Black Press United States: Gallery of Greats, Wilmington Journal, 2002

American newspaper publishers (people)
American chief executives
Hampton University alumni
1912 births
1997 deaths
People from Savannah, Georgia
Presidential Citizens Medal

masks:
John Sengstacke
John H


title: Roberta Bondar

texts:
<mask>  (; born December 4, 1945) is a Canadian astronaut, neurologist and consultant. She is Canada's first female astronaut and the first neurologist in space. After more than a decade as head of an international space medicine research team collaborating with NASA, Bondar became a consultant and speaker in the business, scientific, and medical communities. Bondar has received many honours including appointment as a Companion of the Order of Canada and the Order of Ontario, the NASA Space Flight Medal, over 28 honorary degrees, induction into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame, the International Women's Forum Hall of Fame and a star on Canada's Walk of Fame. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, on December 4, 1945. Her father, who worked for the Sault Ste.Marie Public Utilities Commission, is of Ukrainian descent, and her mother, an educator, is of English descent. Bondar's love of the sciences began as a child. Her father built a lab in the basement where she frequently conducted experiments. Bondar dreamed of becoming an astronaut. Because of her determination to prove her capability as a woman, Bondar received an extensive education. Bondar graduated from Sir James Dunn High School in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.She holds a Bachelor of Science in zoology and agriculture from the University of Guelph (1968), a Master of Science in experimental pathology from the University of Western Ontario (1971), a Doctor of Philosophy in neuroscience from the University of Toronto (1974), and a Doctor of Medicine from McMaster University (1977). Part of Bondar's undergraduate research experience includes working with the Canadian Department of Fisheries and

masks:
Roberta Bondar
Bondar


title: Roberta Bondar

texts:
 Forestry. Career
As one of the first six members of the Canadian Astronaut Corps selected in 1983, Bondar began astronaut training in 1984, and in 1992 she was designated Payload Specialist for the first International Microgravity Laboratory Mission (IML-1). <mask> flew on the NASA Space Shuttle Discovery during Mission STS-42, January 22–30, 1992, during which she performed over 40 experiments in the Spacelab. Her work studying the effects of low-gravity situations on the human body allowed NASA to prepare astronauts for long stays in the space station. After her astronaut career, <mask> led an international team of researchers at NASA for more than a decade, examining data obtained from astronauts on space missions to better understand the mechanisms underlying the body's ability to recover from exposure to space. Bondar's research in space recovery considered the linkage to Parkinson's disease in addition to other neurological effects.Bondar pursued her interests in photography with an emphasis on natural environments; she was an Honors student in Professional Nature Photography at the Brooks Institute of Photography, Santa Barbara, California. She is the author of four photo essay books that feature her photography of the Earth. These published books include Landscape of Dreams, Passionate Vision: Discovering Canada's National Parks, The Arid Edge of Earth, and Touching the Earth. Bondar was also a certified sky diver, underwater diver and private pilot. Bondar has also been a consultant and speaker to diverse organizations, drawing on her expertise as an astronaut, physician, scientific researcher, photographer, author, environment interpreter, and team leader. Not only can

masks: Bondar Bondar


title: Roberta Bondar

texts:
 interviews from radio and TV be found of Bondar, but she also played a role in the movie Destiny in Space. Furthermore, Bondar's expertise was consulted in programs that captured both the literal and figurative takeoff of groundbreaking science—that is, the space shuttle.In 2009, Bondar registered The Roberta Bondar Foundation as a not-for-profit charity. The foundation focuses on environmental awareness. Honours, awards, and tributes
Bondar is the recipient of multiple honours and awards from organizations and universities across Canada. These honours include the Vanier Award in 1985 and the F.W. (Casey) Baldwin Award in 1985. Bondar was the first astronaut to receive a star on Canada's Walk of Fame. It was inducted on October 1, 2011, at the Elgin Theatre in Toronto.The <mask>ar Park and Tent Pavilion is located in <mask>'s home town (Sault Ste. Marie) in honour of the first female astronaut. Bondar also has multiple public schools named after her. Bondar served two terms as the Chancellor of Trent University, from 2003 to 2009. In 2009, Concordia University awarded Bondar the prestigious Loyola Medal. In 2017, the Royal Canadian Mint released a limited edition 25th anniversary $25 coin entitled "A View of Canada from Space". The unveiling of this honour was done in her hometown of Sault Ste.Marie at Sault College on November 1, 2016. In 2018, Thebacha and Wood Buffalo Astronomical Society renamed its observatory to The Dr. <mask> Bondar Northern Observatory. Organizations

References

Further reading

Joyal, Serge, and A. Kim Campbell. "A Personal Reflection on Gender Equality in Canada." Reflecting on Our Past and Embracing Our Future: A Senate Initiative for Canada, edited by

masks:
Roberta Bond
Bondar
Roberta


title: Roberta Bondar

texts:
 Serge Joyal and Judith Seidman, McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal; Kingston; London; Chicago, 2018, pp. 261–272. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcj2m2z.24.Accessed February 25, 2020
Hampson, Sarah. "In the Ever-Changing Orbit of the Passionate Earthling." The Globe and Mail, April 30, 2018, www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/final-shuttle-launch/in-the-ever-changing-orbit-of-the-passionate-earthling/article585608/
"4 Space Veterans and 3 Novices Make Trip." The New York Times, The New York Times, January 23, 1992, www.nytimes.com/1992/01/23/us/4-space-veterans-and-3-novices-make-trip.html?searchResultPosition=1. External links
 CSA biography
 Bondar's home page
 Video: <mask> on patriotism following the Olympics & her favourite technology (from NAIT's techlife magazine)
Coin Honours Bondar
The <mask>ar Foundation

1945 births
Canadian astronauts
Canadian medical researchers
Canadian photographers
Canadian people of English descent
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Chancellors of Trent University
Women astronauts
Living people
Members of the Order of Ontario
McMaster University alumni
Companions of the Order of Canada
People from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
Physician astronauts
University of Guelph alumni
University of Toronto alumni
University of Western Ontario alumni
Canadian women physicians
Canadian neurologists
Women neurologists
Canadian women biologists
20th-century Canadian women scientists
21st-century Canadian women scientists
20th-century Canadian physicians
21st-century Canadian physicians
Scientists from Ontario
20th-century women physicians
20th-century Canadian biologists
21st-century Canadian biologists
21st-century women physicians
Space Shuttle

masks:
Roberta Bondar
Roberta Bond


title: Julia Görges

texts:
<mask> (born 2 November 1988) is a German former professional tennis player. A former top-ten singles player, she was ranked as high as No. 9 in the world on 20 August 2018, and was ranked inside the top 15 in doubles, peaking at world No. 12 on 22 August 2016. She won seven singles and five doubles titles on the WTA Tour (her biggest title coming at the year-end 2017 WTA Elite Trophy), as well as six singles and six doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. <mask> turned professional in 2005, and first broke into the world's top 100 in June 2008. Prior to 2018, her best singles result in a Grand Slam tournament was reaching the fourth round five times.She broke into the top ten for the first time in February 2018, before going on to reach the semifinals at the 2018 Wimbledon Championships. She was also a two-time semifinalist in women's doubles at the Australian Open, and reached the finals in mixed doubles with Nenad Zimonjić at the 2014 French Open. She announced her retirement from professional tennis on 21 October 2020, two weeks before her 32nd birthday. Personal life
<mask> was born in Bad Oldesloe to Klaus and Inge <mask>, both of whom work in insurance. She has one elder maternal half-sister named Maike, who also works in insurance. She attended the Klaus-Groth-Schule and Theodor-Mommsen-Schule in Bad Oldesloe from 1995 to 2005, and completed the Mittlere Reife (middle-school diploma). She began playing tennis around the age of five.Her tennis idol growing up was Martina Hingis, and she is also a fan of Roger Federer. She was coached by Sascha Nensel, former coach of fellow German player Nicolas Kiefer,

masks:
Julia Görges
Görges
Julia Görges
Görges


title: Julia Görges

texts:
 until 2015. She preferred hard and grass courts, and her favorite tournament was the Australian Open. Career

2005–2008
In 2005, she began her career on the ITF Women's Circuit, playing in seven tournaments and losing in the first round in five of them. In 2006 and 2007 she continued to play mostly ITF tournaments. In 2006, she won the Wahlstedt and Bielefeld tournaments. In 2007, she won tournaments in Antalya and Bucharest and made her first WTA Tour main draw appearances, the highlight of which was a semifinal in Stockholm, where she lost to Vera Dushevina in three sets.Görges made her Grand Slam main draw debut at the US Open, losing to Justine Henin in the first round in straight sets. In 2008, Görges continued to play in a mix of ITF and WTA events. Her best performances were reaching the semifinals of the Slovenia Open, where she lost to Anabel Medina Garrigues, and a quarterfinal-loss to Olga Govortsova in the Cellular South Cup. She made her top-100 debut in the rankings after the French Open. She won her first Grand Slam main-draw match at Wimbledon, where she upset the 23rd seed Katarina Srebotnik in a three-hour, 41-minute first-round match. However, she bowed out in the second round to Marina Erakovic, in straight sets. 2009: Consistent top-100 ranking
In 2009, Görges began to play in WTA Tour events more regularly.It was the first season that she played in the main draw of all four Grand Slam tournaments. She began her season at the Brisbane International, where she lost in qualifying to Anna-Lena Grönefeld. <mask> competed at the Australian Open, the Open GdF Suez, and the Warsaw Open,


title: Julia Görges

texts:
 losing before the third round in each. She retired in the first round of the French Open in a match against Iveta Benešová due to heat exhaustion. <mask> reached the third round of the Birmingham Classic, falling to Urszula Radwańska. She went on to play against Jelena Janković in the first round of Wimbledon, losing in straight sets. She lost prior to the third round at the Slovenia Open, the İstanbul Cup, and the US Open, where she faced Svetlana Kuznetsova.At the Bell Challenge, she managed to reach the semifinals, before losing to Lucie Šafářová. She was defeated by Raluca Olaru in the second round of the Linz Open. 2010: First WTA title
<mask> started the 2010 season at the Auckland Open, losing in the first round to Yanina Wickmayer. She went on to play at the Australian Open, where she beat Tamira Paszek, but then lost to Caroline Wozniacki in the second round. Görges reached the quarterfinals of Strasbourg, losing to Maria Sharapova. Following a second round loss at the French Open and a first round loss at Wimbledon, she reached the semifinals of Palermo, losing to Flavia Pennetta. At the Gastein Ladies, <mask> won her first career WTA singles title by defeating Timea Bacsinszky in the final in straight sets.She made her top-50 debut in the rankings afterward. At the Danish Open, she reached the quarterfinals, but was unable to take advantage of a 5–3 third-set lead over the top seed Wozniacki, eventually falling in a tiebreak. <mask> defeated Romina Oprandi in the first round of the US Open, before falling to the 15th seed Wickmayer in the second round. At the Japan Open, she scored her first

masks: Görges Görges Görges Görges


title: Julia Görges

texts:
 win over a former No. 1 player by defeating Dinara Safina in the first round. In the second, she defeated the fourth seed Samantha Stosur for her first win over a current top-10 player, before losing to CoCo Vandeweghe in the quarterfinals. At Linz, she reached the quarterfinals, but fell to the eventual champion Ana Ivanovic.In her final tournament of the season, the Luxembourg Open, she won a quarterfinal rematch with Ivanovic, defeating her in straight sets. She eventually reached her second WTA career final, losing to Roberta Vinci. 2011: Second career title, breakthrough into top 25
Beginning her season at the Auckland Open, <mask> lost in the semifinals to the eventual champion Gréta Arn. In the second round of the Australian Open, she upset the No. 20 seed Kaia Kanepi. Her third-round match against the 2008 champion Maria Sharapova was a three-set battle, which Görges finally lost. This marked her best performance in a Grand Slam tournament, and she was rewarded by achieving a career-high No.34 singles ranking on 31 January 2011. In February, she helped Germany defeat Slovenia in the Fed Cup competition by clinching the tie with a straight-sets win over Maša Zec Peškirič, her first win in the Fed Cup. Switching to the hard court, she then lost in the first round of Monterrey to Ksenia Pervak, and then continued to struggle at Indian Wells and Miami, losing in the second and first rounds respectively. At the Family Circle Cup in Charleston, however, she made a quarterfinal appearance on the green clay, losing to Elena Vesnina in three sets. In the Fed Cup in Stuttgart, Görges won a rubber for


title: Julia Görges

texts:
 Germany against Melanie Oudin, who had defeated her in Miami. Staying in Stuttgart for the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, she won her first Premier-level tournament and second WTA tournament, upsetting Samantha Stosur and benefitting from a retirement by Victoria Azarenka. In the final, Görges scored the biggest win of her career by defeating world No.1 Caroline Wozniacki in two sets, to become the first German to win the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix since Anke Huber in 1994. Less than two weeks after winning in Stuttgart, <mask> defeated Wozniacki once again at the Madrid Open. She reached the semifinals, where she lost to Azarenka. <mask> was the 17th seed at the French Open, but fell to the 11th seed Marion Bartoli in three sets in the third round. After a first round exit to Ana Ivanovic at the Aegon International, she reached the third round of Wimbledon where she fell to the 24th seed Dominika Cibulková in three sets. <mask> failed to advance past the second round at Bad Gastein, Stanford, Carlsbad, Toronto, Cincinnati or Dallas. As the 24th seed at the US Open, she fell to the 13th seed Peng Shuai in two close sets in the third round.Taking part in the Asian part of the WTA tour, she fell in the quarterfinals of the Korea Open, the third round of the Pan Pacific Open, and the first round of the China Open. She finished her 2011 season with a semifinal loss to Azarenka at the Luxembourg Open. She finished the year ranked 21st, accumulating a 38–25 singles record and a 22–18 doubles record. 2012: Top-20 ranking, consistent form

Seeded fifth at the Auckland Open, she defeated the defending champion Gréta

masks: Görges Görges Görges


title: Julia Görges

texts: Arn, before falling to her compatriot Angelique Kerber in straight sets. <mask> experienced more success in doubles, reaching the final with Flavia Pennetta before falling to the Czech duo of Andrea Hlaváčková and Lucie Hradecká in a third-set super tiebreak. After retiring in the first round of the Sydney International against Jelena Janković, she achieved her best Australian Open performance to date by reaching the fourth round. <mask> defeated Polona Hercog, Eleni Daniilidou, and Romina Oprandi, before being dominated by the eighth seed Agnieszka Radwańska.Playing in the Fed Cup for Germany, she lost to Petra Kvitová in an extremely tight three-setter. Partnering Anna-Lena Grönefeld, she lost to Iveta Benešová and Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová as the Czech Republic won the tie 4–1. Ranked 21st and seeded sixth, she reached the quarterfinals of the Open GdF Suez, falling to Klára Zakopalová in three sets. <mask> then lost in the second round in Qatar to Varvara Lepchenko, before reaching the final in Dubai. She defeated Svetlana Kuznetsova, Casey Dellacqua and Daniela Hantuchová, scored a two-set win over the third seed Caroline Wozniacki, but then fell to Agnieszka Radwańska again. Her good result at Dubai helped her to achieve a career-high ranking of 15. Seeded 14th at the Indian Wells Open, she advanced to the fourth round in straight sets, before becoming another victim of Azarenka.After receiving another bye into the second round in Miami, <mask> was defeated by the four-time Grand Slam champion Kim Clijsters. At Roland Garros, Görges was seeded 25th. She reached the third round, beating Lucie


title: Julia Görges

texts: Hradecká and Heather Watson along the way. She lost in the third round to Arantxa Rus, ending the match with two double faults. At the end of the third set <mask> complained about the light, which was dismissed by the head supervisor. After this she asked for a medical time-out and asked again to suspend the match, which again was denied by the umpire. In the women's doubles, she lost in the first round with her partner Samantha Stosur.She was the No. 1 seed in Bad Gastein but lost in three sets to the Dutch qualifier Richèl Hogenkamp, ranked 211, who won her first WTA match. At the same tournament, she won the doubles competition, partnering the American Jill Craybas. In the final they defeated Grönefeld and Petra Martić. At Wimbledon she lost in the third round to Ana Ivanovic, after defeating Shahar Pe'er and Anastasiya Yakimova in the first two rounds. In Palermo, <mask> was defeated in the quarterfinals by Záhlavová-Strýcová. In the second round of the Swedish Open, she lost to the eventual champion Hercog in straight sets.At the London Olympics, <mask> surprisingly defeated second seed Agnieszka Radwańska in the first round. She also beat Lepchenko in round two, but in the third round lost to Maria Kirilenko in straight sets. In the women's doubles, she teamed with Grönefeld, and reached the second round. In August she lost in the first round at Montreal and reached the second round in Cincinnati. At the US Open she lost in the first round to Kristýna Plíšková. In September she lost in the first round in Seoul. In Tokyo she defeated Monica Niculescu, but lost to Marion Bartoli in the second


title: Julia Görges

texts:
 round.At the China Open in Beijing, she defeated Vania King and eighth seed Stosur. In the third round, she again lost to the ninth seed Bartoli. She then played a fairly successful tournament in Linz, reaching the finals of both singles and doubles. In the singles final she lost to Azarenka, the world No. 1. In doubles she played alongside Záhlavová-Strýcová and they were defeated by another German-Czech pair, Grönefeld and Květa Peschke. In Luxembourg, <mask> reached the second round, where she lost to Niculescu, who went on to be defeated in the final by Venus Williams.She ended 2012 ranked as the world No. 18. 2013: Loss of form

<mask> began her season at the Auckland Open. Seeded second, she lost in the second round to Johanna Larsson. In doubles, she and her partner, Yaroslava Shvedova, reached the final where they lost to Cara Black/Anastasia Rodionova. At the Sydney International, <mask> was defeated in the first round by qualifier Svetlana Kuznetsova. Seeded eighteenth at the Australian Open, <mask> advanced to the fourth round after wins over Vera Dushevina, Romina Oprandi, and Jie Zheng.She lost in her fourth-round match to sixth seed and eventual finalist, Li Na. Seeded seventh at the Open GdF Suez, <mask> was stunned in the first round by French wildcard Kristina Mladenovic. During the Fed Cup tie against France, Görges won both her matches defeating Kristina Mladenovic and Pauline Parmentier. Germany won 3–1 over France. At the Dubai Championships, Görges lost in the first round to fifth seed and eventual finalist Sara Errani. In March, Görges played at the Indian Wells Open. As the 21st

masks: Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges


title: Julia Görges

texts: seed, she received a first-round bye.She defeated Sofia Arvidsson in the second round. She lost her third-round match to tenth seed Nadia Petrova. At the Miami Open, <mask> was the 24th seed, and she received a first-round bye. She was defeated in the second round by Ajla Tomljanović. <mask> began her clay-court season at the Family Circle Cup. Seeded tenth, she reached the third round after wins over Yulia Putintseva and Olga Govortsova. She lost her third-round match to Stefanie Vögele.Seeded fourth at the first edition of the Katowice Open, Görges retired during her first-round match against qualifier Jill Craybas due to dizziness. At the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, Görges was defeated in the second round by fifth seed Petra Kvitová. Seeded eighth at the Portugal Open, Görges suffered a first-round loss at the hands of Monica Puig. In the Madrid Open, Görges defeated Bojana Jovanovski in round one but withdrew from her second-round match against Varvara Lepchenko because of an infection. In Rome, Görges won her first-round match against Andrea Hlaváčková before she lost to the third seed Victoria Azarenka. In Brussels she reached the second round, after defeating CoCo Vandeweghe, but retired the match against Romina Oprandi due to a right wrist injury. At Roland Garros, she lost in the first round to Zuzana Kučová.She reached the second round in Nuremberg, losing to Andrea Petkovic. This result was followed by a series of first-round losses: against Mariana Duque at Wimbledon, against Olga Govortsova in Stanford, against Sesil Karatantcheva in Carlsbad, against Roberta Vinci in Toronto and against

masks: Görges Görges


title: Julia Görges

texts:
 Magdaléna Rybáriková in Cincinnati. She was more successful in doubles during this part of season. Alongside Darija Jurak, she reached the final in Stanford, where they lost to the American pair Raquel Kops-Jones and Abigail Spears. In Cincinnati she paired with Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová and they lost in the semifinals to the other Czech-German pairing of Grönefeld and Peschke. In New Haven, <mask> won her first-round match against Bojana Jovanovski, but lost in the second round to the sixth seed Sloane Stephens. At the US Open she lost to the 21-year-old American Christina McHale in the first round.Görges then participated in Seoul where she was the sixth seed. She defeated Misaki Doi before losing to Irina-Camelia Begu in the second round. She lost her openers in her final three tournaments of 2013; against Sorana Cîrstea in Tokyo, against Kaia Kanepi in Beijing and against the qualifier Camila Giorgi in Linz. She ended the year at No. 73. 2014: Out of top 100, downfall
To start the year, Görges played the Auckland Open, making it to the second round before losing to Sachie Ishizu in three sets. In Sydney, <mask> retired in the final round of qualifying but was awarded a lucky loser spot in the main draw, where she lost to Caroline Wozniacki.At the Australian Open, <mask> upset seventh seed Sara Errani in the first round, but lost to Lauren Davis in round two. In Pattaya, <mask> reached the semifinals, losing to Karolína Plíšková. Having fallen out of the top 100 for one week, her success in Pattaya moved her back to world No. 88. The following week, <mask> competed in Acapulco where she defeated the


title: Julia Görges

texts:
 Espinosa, losing in three sets. In doubles, Görges was the top seed alongside Katarzyna Piter, but they could only make the quarterfinals, losing to the British pairing of Jocelyn Rae and Anna Smith.At the US Open in New York, <mask> fought a spirited first round match against the 11th-seeded Flavia Pennetta, losing in a three-setter. She then competed at the Coupe Banque Nationale in Québec where she was seeded fifth. She reached the quarterfinals, after defeating Stéphanie Dubois and Melanie Oudin. She then defeated Andrea Hlaváčková to face Mirjana Lučić-Baroni in the last four, but lost to the eventual tournament champion. Partnering Hlaváčková in the doubles, she made it to the final, but lost in straight sets to Lucie Hradecká and Lučić-Baroni. 2015: Australian Open doubles semifinal

<mask> reached the quarterfinals in Auckland, where she lost to the top seed Caroline Wozniacki. At the Australian Open she defeated Bencic, Koukalová and Hradecká, before losing in the fourth round to Ekaterina Makarova.She was also successful in the doubles, where together with Anna-Lena Grönefeld, she reached the semifinals. <mask> won a dead rubber playing in the doubles alongside Sabine Lisicki in the Fed Cup match against Australia. In March, she reached the quarterfinals in Kuala Lumpur where she lost to Alexandra Dulgheru in straight sets. In April, Görges played for Germany in the Fed Cup semifinals. She lost her singles match against Svetlana Kuznetsova and Germany lost to Russia 3–2. At the French Open, Görges battled past CoCo Vandeweghe in three sets in the first round, before scoring an upset against the


title: Julia Görges

texts:
 5th seed Wozniacki in the second round in straight sets. She defeated Irina Falconi before losing to Sara Errani in round four.In the doubles she played alongside Barbora Krejčíková. They lost in the first round to Martina Hingis and Sania Mirza. 2016: Two Grand Slam doubles semifinals

Görges started the new season by reaching the final in Auckland, where she lost to Sloane Stephens. At the Australian Open, she defeated Andreea Mitu before losing in straight sets to her doubles partner, the ninth seed Karolína Plíšková. In the doubles, <mask> and Karolína Plíšková reached the semifinals, where they lost to the top seeds and eventual winners, Hingis and Mirza. Görges received a wildcard in Dubai, where she defeated Svetlana Kuznetsova, losing only a single game. In the second round she lost to Barbora Strýcová.In doubles she partnered Tímea Babos. They lost to the French pair, Caroline Garcia and Kristina Mladenovic, in the semifinals. In Doha <mask> faced again Kuznetsova in the first round, and this time she lost. Together with Babos she reached quarterfinals in the doubles, where they lost to the eventual winners, Chan Hao-ching and Chan Yung-jan. In Indian Wells, <mask> lost in the first round to Camila Giorgi. In the doubles she played alongside Karolína Plíšková. They lost in the final to Mattek-Sands and CoCo Vandeweghe.In Miami, Görges defeated Nao Hibino and Sam Stosur before losing to Simona Halep in third round. Görges reached the semifinals in Nürnberg, where she lost to the eventual champion Kiki Bertens. At the French Open Görges defeated Johanna Konta in the first round, before losing to


title: Julia Görges

texts:
 Monica Puig in the second round. In the doubles she again played alongside Karolína Plíšková and they lost in the third round to the eventual runners-up Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina. At Wimbledon, Görges lost in the first round to Yaroslava Shvedova. In the doubles, Görges and Plíšková reached the semifinals, where they lost to the Williams sisters. <mask> reached the semifinals in Båstad, losing to the eventual winner Laura Siegemund.At the US Open, Görges defeated Yanina Wickmayer before losing to Venus Williams in the second round. Görges reached the semifinals of the Kremlin Cup, where she lost Daria Gavrilova. She played in the doubles draw at the 2016 WTA Finals, partnering Karolína Plíšková, but lost in the first match against Garcia/Mladenovic. 2017: Late career rapid rise

<mask> started the 2017 season in Auckland, defeating the third seed and former world No. 1, Caroline Wozniacki before losing in the semifinals to Ana Konjuh. At the Australian Open she won her opening match against Kateřina Siniaková but then lost to Jelena Janković. At the French Open, <mask> lost her opening match in a very tight third set to the American Madison Brengle.Preparing for Wimbledon, <mask> reached her first final on grass at the Mallorca Open. She lost to the second seed Anastasija Sevastova. At Wimbledon, she lost in three sets to Lesia Tsurenko. She reached her second final of the year on clay, where she lost to the home favourite Irina-Camelia Begu at the Bucharest Open. In August, <mask> reached her third final of the year at the Washington Open, where she lost to Makarova. A week later, at


title: Julia Görges

texts:
 Cincinnati she knocked out the world No. 10, Agnieszka Radwanska, in the first round and the world No.5, Elina Svitolina, in the third round, but lost to Sloane Stephens in two sets. <mask> was seeded 30th at the US Open. She defeated her compatriot Annika Beck in the first round, Zheng Saisai in the second and Aleksandra Krunić in the third to reach the fourth round for the first time. Görges could not avenge her loss against Stephens, and lost in three sets. In October, <mask> won the Kremlin Cup by defeating Daria Kasatkina in the final. It was her first singles title since 2011. The win in Moscow propelled her back into the top 20, and as a result guaranteed her qualification for the WTA Elite Trophy in Zhuhai.<mask> was drawn into the Azalea Group, alongside the top-seeded Kristina Mladenovic and the Wimbledon semifinalist Magdaléna Rybáriková. She defeated them both in straight sets to advance to the semifinal stage, where she faced Anastasija Sevastova, whom she defeated in straight sets as well. She then defeated CoCo Vandeweghe to win the biggest title of her career. She finished the year with a nine-match winning streak and a career-high ranking of 14. 2018: Top 10 debut, Wimbledon semifinal, two WTA titles

Entering 2018 with the confidence and form of the last year, Görges won the Auckland Open. This gave her back to back WTA titles after a previous drought of six years, and extended her winning run to 14 matches, only two of which went to the third set. At the Australian Open, she lost in the second round to Alizé Cornet.<mask> then played in St. Petersburg, where she lost in the semifinals


title: Julia Görges

texts:
 to Petra Kvitová. Despite the loss, <mask> made her top 10 debut following the tournament, as Kristina Mladenovic failed to defend the title. In Doha, she reached the quarterfinals but retired in the match against Kvitová during the second set because of a hip injury. In April, she reached final of Premier tournament in Charleston, defeating Naomi Osaka, Daria Kasatkina and Anastasija Sevastova. In the final she lost to Kiki Bertens. <mask> played for Germany in Fed Cup semifinals against Czech Republic. She lost her first rubber against Petra Kvitová.<mask> then defeated Karolína Plíšková, but this was the only point won by German team and Czech Republic advanced to the final. At the French Open, she played as the 11th seed. She defeated Dominika Cibulková and Alison Van Uytvanck before losing to Serena Williams in the third round. She started the grass-court season in Birmingham, where she lost in the quarterfinals to the defending champion Petra Kvitová. In Eastbourne, Görges received bye in the first round and in the second round she lost to Aryna Sabalenka. At Wimbledon, <mask> reached her first Grand Slam semifinal, defeating Monica Puig, Vera Lapko, Barbora Strýcová, Donna Vekić and Kiki Bertens en route. She lost in the semifinal to Serena Williams.In New Haven, she reached the semifinals. In October, she won her sixth career singles title at the Luxembourg Open, defeating Belinda Bencic in the final. 2019: Defending Auckland Open title

Görges won her second Auckland Open title by beating Canadian Bianca Andreescu in the final. She then headed to Melbourne where, as 14th seed, she was beaten in


title: Julia Görges

texts:
 the first round of the Australian Open by Danielle Collins. In June, Görges reached the final in Birmingham where she lost to Ashleigh Barty who became the new No. 1 after this tournament. At Wimbledon, Görges defeated Elena-Gabriela Ruse and Varvara Flink before losing in the third round to Serena Williams, in a rematch of the previous year's semifinal.At the US Open, <mask> defeated Natalia Vikhlyantseva, Francesca Di Lorenzo, and Kiki Bertens to reach the fourth round, where she lost to Donna Vekić, despite having a match point in the second set. <mask> attempted to defend her title at Luxembourg, and reached the final after defeating Misaki Doi, Sorana Cîrstea, Monica Puig, and Elena Rybakina. However, she fell to an in form Jeļena Ostapenko in the final in straight sets. 2020: Lowest ranking since 2016, end of career
<mask> defeated Greetje Minnen and Jil Teichmann to reach the quarterfinals in her Auckland Open title defence, but she lost to Caroline Wozniacki in the quarterfinals in straight sets. Following this loss, she fell to No. 38. She partnered Caroline Garcia in doubles, and reached the quarterfinals, where they fell to eventual champions Asia Muhammad and Taylor Townsend.At Adelaide, she defeated Priscilla Hon before falling to Belinda Bencic in two tight sets. At Melbourne, she defeated Viktória Kužmová and 13th seed Petra Martić, before being defeated by Alison Riske in three sets. Following the Australian Open, <mask>' ranking rose to No. 31. After failing to qualify for Dubai, losing to Sorana Cîrstea in the second qualifying round, <mask> participated in Doha, where she lost in the


title: Julia Görges

texts:
 first round to Maria Sakkari. <mask> opted to withdraw from the US Open season, citing safety concerns due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Her first tournament following the suspension of the WTA Tour was at Rome, where she lost to Danka Kovinić in the first round, winning just one game.She next participated at the French Open, where she defeated Riske in the first round, before losing to Laura Siegemund in the second round. Following these tournaments, Görges' ranking fell to No. 45, her lowest ranking since 2016. On 21 October, Görges announced her immediate retirement from the tour on her website. Career statistics

Grand Slam singles performance timeline

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
People from Bad Oldesloe
German female tennis players
Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic tennis players of


title: Hans Ehlers

texts:
<mask> (15 July 1914 – 27 December 1944) was a German military aviator who served in the Luftwaffe during World War II. As a fighter ace, he was credited with 55—that is, 55 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft—claimed in an unknown number of combat missions. He claimed eleven victories on the Eastern Front and 44 over the Western Allies, including 23 four-engine bombers. Born in Hennstedt, <mask> volunteered for service with the Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War where he was assigned to the ground crew of Jagdgruppe 88 (J/88—88th Fighter Group). Following service in Spain, <mask> was trained as a fighter pilot and posted to Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) He claimed his first aerial victory on 18 May 1940 during the Battle of France. He then fought in Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. Due to an organizational change, his unit became part of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing) in early 1942 and was stationed on the Western Front and fighting in Defense of the Reich.<mask> was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 1. On 9 June 1944, <mask> was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and was killed in action on 27 December 1944, when he was shot down near Bereborn during the Battle of the Bulge. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 15 July 1914 in a Hennstedt, at the time in the Province of

masks:
Hans Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers


title: Hans Ehlers

texts:
 Schleswig-Holstein of the German Empire. He volunteered for service with the Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War. There, <mask> was a member of the groundstaff of 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of Jagdgruppe 88 (J/88–88th Fighter Group), at the time under the command of Adolf Galland. For his service in Spain, he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Silver with Swords () on 14 April 1939.Following his return from Spain, Ehlers received flight training at the pilot school in Salzwedel starting on 1 August. On 18 September, he transferred to the Jagdfliegerschule 1, the fighter pilot school at Werneuchen before he was posted to the Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Merseburg, a supplementary training unit based at Merseburg, on 16 November. World War II
World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. On 7 December 1939, <mask> was posted to the 2. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing). At the time, the Staffel was based at Zerbst and commanded by Hauptmann Heinz Gärtner which was subordinated to I. Gruppe (1st group) headed by Hauptmann Günther Lützow. On 18 May 1940, during the Battle of France, <mask> claimed his first aerial victories when he shot down a Royal Air Force (RAF) Supermarine Spitfire fighter and Hawker Hurricane fighter near Valenciennes.He in turn, was then shot down by RAF fighters on the same day and crash-landed his Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-1 south of Valenciennes and was initially listed as

masks: Ehlers Ehlers Ehlers


title: Hans Ehlers

texts:
 missing in action, rejoining his unit shortly later. During the Battle of Britain, <mask> was almost shot down in aerial combat with the RAF. His Bf 109 E-4 was damaged, resulting in a forced landing near Colembert. He claimed his first aerial victory of this battle on 26 August when he shot down a Spitfire west of Calais. On 5 September, I. Gruppe escorted 22 Dornier Do 17 light bombers to London where Ehlers claimed another Spitfire shot down. On 5 February 1941, the RAF flew "Circus" No. 3 targeting the airfield at Saint-Omer.That day, <mask> claimed his fifth aerial victory over a Spitfire fighter shot down northwest of Saint-Omer. War against the Soviet Union
In preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the I. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Dub on 18 June 1941. At the start of the campaign, JG 3 was subordinated to the V. Fliegerkorps (5th Air Corps), under command of General der Flieger Robert Ritter von Greim, which was part of Luftflotte 4 (4th Air Fleet), under command of Generaloberst Alexander Löhr. These air elements supported Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt's Heeresgruppe Süd (Army Group South), with the objective of capturing the Ukraine and its capital Kiev. On 22 June, German forces invaded the Soviet Union. The Gruppe was tasked with suppressing aerial opposition the area of Lviv by attacking the Soviet airfields in that area. In total, I. Gruppe claimed 36 aircraft destroyed on the ground

masks: Ehlers Ehlers


title: Hans Ehlers

texts: plus further 8 aerial victories on the first day, including a Polikarpov I-16 fighter by Ehlers.On 30 June, I. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Lutsk in northwestern Ukraine. That day, <mask> was wounded in a takeoff accident at Lutsk which destroyed his Bf 109 F-2 (Werknummer 5708—factory number). The cause of the accident was a ground collision with a Henschel Hs 126 air reconnaissance aircraft from 4. Staffel (Heer) of Aufklärungsgruppe 22  (22nd Reconnaissance Group). Following his convalescence, <mask> claimed his next aerial victories during combat leading up to the Battle of Kiev. Fighting over the battle zones over Kyiv and Kaniv on 15 August, he claimed a I-17 fighter and a V-11 ground attack aircraft shot down. The I-17 was an early German wartime designation for the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1 fighter, while the V-11 designator referred to the Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft.On 26 August, I. Gruppe was moved to an forward airfield named Gubin located near the front at Hornostaipil. That day, Ehlers claimed a I-16 fighter, one of three aerial victories claimed by the Gruppe that day. Four days later, the Gruppe flew ten combat missions, two in support of Junkers Ju 87 dive-bombers and eight to protect the bridges crossing the Dnieper near Hornostaipil. Ehlers claimed an R-10 aircraft, referring to either a light bomber, biplane or a Seversky aircraft, and an I-17 fighter. On 16 September, the bulk of I. Gruppe was ordered back to Germany while


title: Hans Ehlers

texts:
 12 pilots and 40 men from the ground staff remained on the Eastern Front and were sent to either II. or III. Gruppe of JG 3.<mask> was assigned to III. Gruppe and claimed an Il-2 ground attack aircraft on 11 October before returning to I. Gruppe. Western Front

In September 1941, with the exception of 3. Staffel which followed in November, I. Gruppe of JG 3 was transferred from the Eastern Front to Germany for rest and re-supply. In November 1941, it was transferred to the northern Netherlands and on 15 January 1942 re-designated II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing) in Katwijk. In consequence, 1.Staffel of JG 3 became the 4. Staffel of JG 1, 2. Staffel of JG 3 became the 5. Staffel of JG 1, and 3. Staffel of JG 3 became the 6. Staffel of JG 1. In May 1942, II.Gruppe was reequipped with the Focke Wulf Fw 190 A series, a radial engine powered fighter aircraft, at Woensdrecht Air Field. <mask> claimed his first aerial victory flying the Fw 190 on 19 June. That day, 17 Fw 190s from 4. and 6. Staffel intercepted a flight of 24 Spitfire fighters in the area Zeebrugge. In this encounter, <mask> claimed two Spitfires shot down. On 6 December, <mask> claimed his first United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) heavy bomber shot down, his 17th aerial victory in total. That day, 66 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers headed for the industrials areas of Lille of which 37 bombed the target area.On 22 January 1943, 15 to 20 North American B-25 Mitchell

masks: Ehlers Ehlers Ehlers Ehlers


title: Hans Ehlers

texts:
 bombers escorted by Spitfire and North American P-51 Mustang fighters were intercepted by 10 Fw 190 from II. Gruppe over sea northwest of Blankenberge. In this encounter, Ehrler shot down a Spitfire fighter  north of Walcheren. On 11 March, Ehrler may have shot down a Spitfire fighter on an aerial reconnaissance mission. On 3 May, 16 Douglas A-20 Havoc bombers and 16 Lockheed Ventura bombers, escorted by 60 Spitfires and 40 Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters crossed the coast of Netherlands between 17:45 and 18:00. The Luftwaffe scrambled 24 Fw 190s from II. Gruppe of JG 1 and eight Bf 109s from 2.Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing). Defending against this attack, Ehlers was credited with a Spitfire fighter and a Ventura bomber shot down. The Spitfire was piloted by Wing Commander Howard Blatchford who was killed in action. Defense of the Reich

<mask> was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 July 1943. On 7 July, I. Gruppe of JG 1 moved to Deelen Air Field. The USAAF targeted the German aircraft industry on 17 August in the Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission. The bombers of the 1st Bombardment Wing headed for the ball bearing factories at Schweinfurt.At 11:50, the Luftwaffe fighters of I. Gruppe of JG 1 intercepted a large formation of B-17 bombers in the area of Aschaffenburg. Following the bombers on their southern heading, Ehlers shot down two B-17 bombers. That day, the commander of 2. Staffel of JG 1, Leutnant <mask>, was

masks:
Ehlers
Hans Feustel


title: Hans Ehlers

texts:
 wounded in combat. In consequence, <mask> was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 2. Staffel the following day. On 8 October, fying Fw 190 A-6 (Werknummer 530715), Ehlers rammed a B-17 bomber near Neuenhaus and Bentheim.That day, VIII Bomber Command had targeted Bremen and German ship building at Bremen-Vegesack. The aircraft rammed was the B-17 "Marie Helena" from the 351st Bombardment Squadron whose entire crew was killed in the collision. That day, JG 1 lost its commanding officer, Oberstleutnant <mask>, who was killed in action. Two other pilots of 2. Staffel also spontaneously executed an unprecedented maneuver by ramming B-17 bombers that were returning westward from a raid against shipyards and factories in Bremen and Vegesack. All three Luftwaffe pilots survived, while all three of their targets were destroyed. This was the only significant ramming attack by Luftwaffe pilots until nearly the end of the war in 1945.On 23 October 1943, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, the Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe, visited JG 1 at Deelen Air Field. During this visit, <mask> was presented the German Cross in Gold () by Göring. On 11 December, <mask> succeeded Oberleutnant Rolf Strohal as Staffelkapitän of 3. Staffel of JG 1. Combat damaged sustained on 13 April 1944 resulted in a forced landing at Gutersdorf near Landshut. His Fw 190 A-8 (Werknummer 170046) was a total loss. Group commander and death

On 17 April 1944, <mask> was appointed

masks:
Ehlers
Hans Philipp
Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers


title: Hans Ehlers

texts: Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of JG 1, succeeding Major Rudolf-Emil Schnoor.<mask> claimed his first aerial victory as Gruppenkommandeur on 13 May. That day 289 B-17 bombers from the 1st Bomb Division headed for oil targets in western Poland while 261 Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers from the 2nd Bomb Division attacked the Focke-Wulf factories at Tutow. Further 199 B-17 bombers of the 3rd Bomb Division attacked railroad targets near Osnabrück. This attack force was escorted by 1,107 fighter aircraft. JG 1 was sent to intercept the bombers of the 1st Bomb Division but were engaged by the escorting fighters over the Bay of Lübeck. During this aerial battle, Ehlers claimed a P-47 fighter shot down. Two days later, VIII Bomber Command sent almost 900 bombers to Berlin and Braunschweig.JG 1 intercepted the bombers near Rheine/Osnabrück. On this mission, Ehlers claimed a B-24 bomber destroyed. On 6 June, Allied forced launched the Normandy landings. At 05:00, <mask> received the order to relocate to France. That day, I. Gruppe left the airfield at Bad Lippspringe and relocated to Le Mans Airfield. <mask> was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 9 June 1944. In September, I. Gruppe relocated back to Germany.During the period associated with Operation Overlord (6 June – 30 August 1944), the Gruppe claimed 50 aerial victories for the loss of 34 pilots killed, 3 taken prisoner of war, and further 13 wounded. On 21 November,


title: Hans Ehlers

texts:
 421 B-17 bombers of the 1st Bomb Division attacked the Leuna works. According to Matthews and Foreman, Ehlers shot down a B-17 bomber that day. This claim is not listed by Prien and Rodeike. Ehlers claimed his last aerial victory on 25 December when approximately 400 B-17 and B-24 bombers attacked German communication and transportation centers in western Germany. I. Gruppe intercepted the bombers from the 2nd Bomb Division around St. Vith/Bastogne where for the loss of one of their own seven B-24 bombers were claimed, including one by Ehlers. On 27 December 1944, Ehlers led a flight of 18 Fw 190s on a mission to cover ground troops in the Dinant-Rochefort area during the Battle of the Bulge.On the approach to the target, they were intercepted by P-51 fighters of the USAAF 364th Fighter Group west of Mayen. <mask> was shot down and killed in action in his Fw 190 A-8 (Werknummer 739363) near Bereborn. Ehlers had ignored the warnings of his fellow pilots and only three pilots returned from this mission. He was succeeded by Hauptmann Georg Hackbarth as commander of I. Gruppe. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to Obermaier, <mask> was credited with 55 aerial victories claimed in an unknown number of combat missions. This figure includes eleven claims on the Eastern Front and 44 over the Western Allies, including 23 four-engine bombers. Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German


title: Olympia Snowe

texts:
<mask> (née Bouchles; born February 21, 1947) is an American businesswoman and politician who was a United States Senator from Maine from 1995 to 2013. Snowe, a member of the Republican Party, became known for her ability to influence the outcome of close votes, including whether to end filibusters. In 2006, she was named one of America's Best Senators by Time magazine. Snowe was known for her ability to compromise and her strong sense of bipartisanship. Throughout her senate career, she was considered one of the most moderate members of the Senate. On February 28, 2012, Snowe announced that she would not seek re-election in November 2012, and retired when her third term ended on January 3, 2013. She cited hyper-partisanship leading to a dysfunctional Congress as the reason for her retirement from the Senate.Her seat went to former governor Angus King, a former Democrat and current independent. Snowe is a senior fellow for the Bipartisan Policy Center and co-chairs its Commission on Political Reform. Early life

Snowe was born <mask> Bouchles in Augusta, Maine, the daughter of Georgia (née Goranites) and George John Bouchles. Her father emigrated to the United States from Sparti, Greece, and her maternal grandparents were also Greek. She is a member of the Greek Orthodox Church. When she was eight years old, her mother died of breast cancer, and less than a year later, her father died of heart disease. Orphaned, she was moved to Auburn, to be raised by her aunt and uncle, a textile mill worker and a barber, respectively, along with their five children.Her brother John was raised separately by other family members. Within a few years, disease would also claim her uncle's life. Snowe attended St. Basil's Academy in Garrison, New York, from the third grade to the ninth. One of her teachers was Athena Hatziemmanuel, a notable Greek-American educator at the school. Returning to Auburn, she attended Edward Little High School before entering the University of Maine in Orono,

masks:
Olympia Jean Snowe
Olympia Jean


title: Olympia Snowe

texts:
 from which she earned a degree in political science (1969). Shortly after graduation, Bouchles married her fiancé, Republican state legislator Peter T<mask>, on December 29, 1969, in New York City.Early political career

Snowe entered politics and rose quickly, winning a seat on the Board of Voter Registration and working for Congressman (later U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of Defense) William Cohen. Tragedy struck Snowe again in 1973, when her husband was killed in an automobile accident. At the urging of family, friends, neighbors and local leaders, Snowe ran for her husband's Auburn-based seat in the Maine House of Representatives at the age of 26 and won. She was re-elected to the House in 1974, and, in 1976, won election to the Maine Senate, representing Androscoggin County. That same year, she was a delegate to both the state and national Republican conventions. U.S. House of Representatives
Snowe was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1978 and represented Maine's 2nd Congressional District from 1979 to 1995.The district included most of the northern two-thirds of the state, including Bangor and her hometown of Auburn. She served as a member of the Budget and International Relations Committees. Snowe voted for the bill establishing Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday in August 1983 and the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 in March 1988 (as well as to override President Reagan's veto). Snowe married John R. McKernan, Jr., then Governor of Maine, in February 1989. Snowe and John McKernan served together in the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 1986, McKernan representing the 1st District. While Snowe was First Lady of Maine from 1989 to 1995, she served as a member of Congress of the United States. Tragedy struck Snowe once more in 1991 when her stepson Peter McKernan died from a heart ailment at the age of 20.U.S. Senate

Elections

In 1994, when Senate Majority Leader George J. Mitchell declined to run for


title: Olympia Snowe

texts:
 re-election, Snowe immediately declared her candidacy for the seat. The Democratic nominee was her House colleague, 1st District Congressman Tom Andrews. Snowe defeated Andrews 60–36%, carrying every county in the state. Snowe was part of the Republican election sweep of 1994, when the Republican party captured both the House and Senate for the first time since 1954. Snowe was easily re-elected in 2000 over State Senate President Mark Lawrence, increasing her winning margin to 69%–31%. She cruised past Democratic opponent Jean Hay Bright in 2006, winning by 74% to 20.6%. She won every single county in Maine in all three of her elections.Tenure

<mask> was an important voice during the Senate's 1999 impeachment trial of then-President Bill Clinton. She and fellow Maine Senator Susan Collins sponsored a motion that would have allowed the Senate to vote separately on the charges and the remedy – a "finding of fact" resolution. When the motion failed, Snowe and Collins voted to acquit, arguing that Clinton's perjury did not warrant his removal from office. Her occasional breaks with the Bush administration drew attacks from conservative Republicans; the Club for Growth and Concerned Women for America label her a "Republican In Name Only" (RINO). In October 2002, Snowe voted in favor of the War in Iraq. In February 2006, TheWhiteHouseProject.org named Snowe one of its "8 in '08", a group of eight female politicians who could possibly run and/or be elected president in 2008. Snowe voted in favor of the nominations of John Roberts, Samuel Alito, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan to the U.S. Supreme Court.In April 2006, Snowe was selected by Time as one of "America's 10 Best Senators". She was the only woman so recognized. Time praised Snowe for her sensitivity to her constituents, also noting that: "Because of her centrist views and eagerness to get beyond partisan point scoring, Maine Republican <mask>e is in the center of every policy debate in Washington." She received an

masks:
Snowe
Olympia Snow


title: Olympia Snowe

texts: Obama's budget resolution, she pledged to work in a bipartisan manner on the issues of health care reform and energy. In 2007, <mask> was among the Republicans who voted in favor of the McCain-Kennedy bill to give citizenship to undocumented immigrants. However, she voted against the DREAM Act in 2010. She also voted to continue funding to 'sanctuary cities,' voted against eliminating the 'Y' guestworker visa program, but she also voted in favor of building a fence along the southern border and voted to make English the official language of the United States. "In October 2009, Snowe was the sole Republican in the Senate to vote for the Finance Committee’s health care reform bill." However, she stated that she might not support the final bill due to strong reservations. Snowe was one of three Republicans to break with their party and vote with Democrats to end a filibuster of a defense spending bill; the filibuster was meant to delay or stop the vote on health care legislation.In December 2009, Snowe voted against cloture for two procedural motions and ultimately against the Senate Health Care Reform Bill. Snowe again voted against health care reform when she voted "no" on the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. When Snowe announced in February 2012 that she would not seek re-election, it was reported that she and Democrat Ben Nelson, who also did not seek re-election, had the closest overlap  of any two members of the U.S. Senate. In 2012, Snowe endorsed Republican candidate Mitt Romney for President of the United States. After leaving the Senate, Snowe announced her support for same-sex marriage. Snowe has been on the board of directors for the investment counsel firm T. Rowe Price since 2013. She opposed Donald Trump as the GOP nominee in 2016.She said that Jeb Bush and Hillary Clinton were the least partisan 2016 presidential candidates. On November 8, 2020, five days after the election, while President Trump and some other members of the


title: Olympia Snowe

texts:
 Republican Party were falsely claiming he had won the election, Snowe congratulated President-elect Joe Biden and Vice President-elect Kamala Harris. On January 9, 2021, following the storming of the United States Capitol, she called on President Trump to "resign from office now to allow our nation to begin to heal and prepare for the transition to the Biden presidency." Electoral history

See also
 Women in the United States House of Representatives
 Women in the United States Senate
 Rockefeller Republican

References

Further reading
 Nine & Counting: The Women of the Senate, Boxer, Collins, Snowe et al., . Fighting for Common Ground: How We can Fix the Stalemate in Congress, Snowe,

External links

 U.S. Senator <mask> official U.S. Senate website
 <mask> for Senate official campaign website

 Profile at SourceWatch
 U.S. Senator <mask>e audio clips from the Senate Republican Conference
 "The Anguished Moderate", The Washington Post, July 15, 2007.Olympia Snowe Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America

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1947 births
Living people
20th-century American politicians
20th-century Eastern Orthodox Christians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century Eastern Orthodox Christians
21st-century American women politicians
American politicians of Greek descent
Bipartisan Policy Center

Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Female United States senators
First Ladies and Gentlemen of Maine
Greek Orthodox Christians from the United States
Maine Republicans
Maine state senators
Centrism in the United States
Members of the Maine House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Maine
People from Falmouth, Maine
Politicians from Augusta, Maine
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Republican Party United States senators
United States senators from Maine
University of Maine alumni
Women state legislators in Maine
Edward

masks:
Olympia Snowe
Olympia Snowe
Olympia Snow


title: Thurlow Lieurance

texts: <mask> (March 21, 1878 – October 9, 1963) was an American composer, known primarily for his song "By the Waters of Minnetonka". He is frequently categorized with a number of his contemporaries, including Charles Wakefield Cadman, Arthur Nevin, Charles Sanford Skilton, Preston Ware Orem, and Arthur Farwell, as a member of the Indianist movement in American music. <mask> was born in Oskaloosa, Iowa, but his family relocated to Kansas when he was very young. Little is recorded about his early education; it is known that his father encouraged him to be a pharmacist, but that he preferred instead to follow a career in music. Upon the outbreak of the Spanish–American War he enlisted as a musician. With the cessation of hostilities, he moved to Ohio and enrolled in the Cincinnati College of Music, studying there until his savings from military service ran out. He was able to continue studying with Herman Bellstedt, a cornetist and bandmaster under John Philip Sousa.During his time at the Cincinnati College of Music, he studied theory, orchestration, harmony and arranging. In 1900 he sang with the chorus of Castle Square Garden Opera Company to learn of opera and its production. Around 1905, <mask> joined the Chautauqua Society, working in traveling tent schools teaching music to American Indians. The contacts he made through this position led to an interest in Indian culture; he began to try to transcribe the songs that he heard, and began to teach himself the craft of making traditional Native American flutes. At about this time polio left Lieurance disabled; though he had very little use of his legs he was quite vigorous and mobile. Around 1909, <mask> acquired a

masks:
Thurlow Weed Lieurance
Life Lieurance
Lieurance
Lieurance


title: Thurlow Lieurance

texts: Their happiness was disturbed because their traditional enemies, the Chippewa, lived on the north shore of this lake. They feared to return home and be separated, and finally in desperation they decided to end it all. The legend states that they disappeared beneath the waves and were no more. The waves moaned a rhythmic sound and the pines crooned their love song.Many moons afterwards the warriors of the Sioux drove the Chippewa north to Lake Superior. One night while they were camped on the shores of Lake Minnetonka, they heard the waters singing a weird melody and, in the moon-path on the waters, two lilies appeared and grew to the skies. The lilies were the spirits of Moon Deer and Sun Deer. <mask> himself recognized how important to his career the song had been, later saying that That night marked an epoch in my life, opened to me a new world. What work I have since done has been due chiefly to that song. Thousands of people have heard it, clothed with the harmonizing which our ears demand; it is lying upon music Tables all over the land, has been sung by many of the world's famous singers, including Schuman-Heink, Julia Culp and Alice Nielson. <mask> married, in 1917, Edna Woolley, and she took part in his recital tours thereafter.She would wear an Indian costume and play the part of "". Such was the success of these recitals that <mask> was able to return to school in Cincinnati, finally gaining his degree there in 1924. The couple retired from concertizing in 1926 and settled into teaching positions, working briefly at the University of Nebraska before coming to the University of Wichita. <mask> eventually became the school's Dean of Fine Arts. The couple

masks: Lieurance Lieurance Lieurance Lieurance


title: Thurlow Lieurance

texts:
 retired from the university in 1945. <mask> and his wife were invited by Theodore Presser to travel to Europe in the early 1930s. Upon their return, the composer was given support for his research into Native American music when he received a grant from the Scientific Research Society of America.Later in the decade, he helped to found the Minisa Symphony Orchestra in Wichita; most of his orchestral music was written for this group. Upon retirement, <mask> and his wife moved to Neosho Falls, Kansas. Their house there was destroyed by flood in 1952, and the couple moved to Boulder, Colorado, where <mask> died in 1963. Today the couple's papers may be found in the music library of Wichita State University, which has been named for the composer. Much of <mask>'s research collection is housed in the Smithsonian Institution. Music
Apart from "By the Waters of Minnetonka", <mask> wrote over 300 works, his first composition was entitled "A Prayer". Included in his works were a number of orchestral pieces, with titles such as Trails Southwest, The Conquistadors, and Sad Moon on Falling Leaf.Much of the rest of his output consisted of songs and works for choir, but he also composed an opera, The Drama of Yellowstone. Notes and references

External links
Musical scores by <mask> Lieurance – Nebraska Memories

1878 births
1963 deaths
American male composers
American composers
American musicologists
Songwriters from Iowa
Songwriters from Kansas
People from Oskaloosa, Iowa
American people of the Spanish–American War
University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music alumni
University of Nebraska faculty
Wichita State University faculty
Musicians from Iowa
American male

masks: Lieurance Lieurance Lieurance Lieurance Lieurance Thurlow


title: Giuseppe Zanardelli

texts:
<mask> (29 October 1826  26 December 1903) was an Italian jurist and political figure. He served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 15 February 1901 to 3 November 1903. An eloquent orator, he was also a Grand Master freemason. Zanardelli, representing the bourgeoisie from Lombardy, personified the classical 19th-century liberalism, committed to suffrage expansion, anticlericalism, civil liberties, free trade and laissez-faire economics. Throughout his long political career, he was among the most ardent advocates of freedom of conscience and divorce. Early life

<mask> was born in Brescia (Lombardy) on 29 October 1826. He was a combatant in the volunteer corps during the First Italian War of Independence of 1848 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia, within the era of Italian unification (Risorgimento).After the lost battle of Novara he went to Pisa to study law, and he returned to Brescia to become a barrister. For a time earned a livelihood by teaching law, but was molested by the Austrian police and forbidden to teach in consequence of his refusal to contribute pro-Austrian articles to the press. In 1859 he was forced to flee to Switzerland. He moved to Lugano, but returned in time to organize the insurrection of Brescia in the Second Italian War of Independence and welcomed <mask> in the city. Enlisted in the Cacciatori delle Alpi (Hunters of the Alps), he remained in the area until the armistice of Villafranca. With the annexation of Lombardy to Piedmont, he was elected to Parliament in Turin. Elected deputy in 1859, he received various administrative appointments, but only attained a political office in 1876 when the Left, of which he had been a prominent and influential member, came into power.<mask> became a freemason in 1860; he was initiated in

masks:
Giuseppe Zanardelli
Giuseppe Zanardelli
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Zanardelli


title: Giuseppe Zanardelli

texts:
 colleague, Emilio, marquis Visconti-Venosta, over the measures necessary to prevent a recurrence of the Bava-Beccaris massacre of May 1898. Prime minister
Returning to the presidency of the chamber, he again abandoned his post in order to associate himself with the obstructionist campaign against the Public Safety Bill (1899–1900) restricting political activity and free speech, which was introduced by the government of general Luigi Pelloux. He was rewarded by being enabled to form an administration with the support of the Extreme Left upon the fall of the government of <mask> in February 1901. Giolitti became Minister of the Interior in the administration of <mask>, and became its real head. Zanardelli focused his attention on the issue of the South: in September 1902 he undertook a journey through Basilicata, as one of the poorest regions in Italy, to see for himself the problems in the Mezzogiorno.<mask> was unable to achieve much during his last term of office, as his health was greatly impaired. His proposed Divorce Bill, although voted in the chamber, had to be withdrawn on account of the strong opposition of the country. He retired from the administration on 21 October 1903, and Giolitti succeeded him as Prime Minister. Tired and ill, he died in Maderno on 26 December 1903. In popular culture
On 15 September 1902, Zanardelli stayed at the Imperial Hotel Tramontano, owned by the Commendator Guglielmo Baron Tramontano of Sorrento, who was also the mayor of the city Sorrento. Baron Guglielmo Tramontano asked the musician brothers Giambattista and Ernesto De Curtis to compose and write a song in honour of Zanardelli, and the result became the famous Neapolitan song "Torna a Surriento" (Come Back to Sorrento). Honours
 : Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle – August

masks:
Giuseppe Saracco
Zanardelli
Zanardelli


title: John Champe (soldier)

texts:
Sergeant Major <mask> (ca. 1752– 30 September 1798) was a Revolutionary War senior enlisted soldier in the Continental Army who became a double agent in a failed attempt to capture the American traitor General Benedict Arnold (1741-1801). Biography
Champe was born about 1752 near what is now Aldie in Loudoun County, Virginia. Champe enlisted in the Virginia Cavalry from Loudoun County in 1776 and was made sergeant major in "Lee's Legin", a unit commanded by (then Major) Henry Lee III, later and better known as Colonel "Light-horse Harry" Lee (and father of Gen. Robert E. Lee). Champe's family was said to be well known to Major Lee. A plan was formulated to kidnap the defecting General Benedict Arnold and bring him back to American lines to face court martial. A key motivation for the operation was to obtain information as to the possibility of other high-ranking American officers being involved in the treasonous Arnold's activities.Handpicked by George Washington and Lee for the spy mission, in 1780 <mask> "defected" to the British side where he was introduced to Arnold and soon gathered intelligence that established that there were no other American generals involved with Arnold. Champe formulated a plot to capture Arnold on his regular evening stroll, but before he could act the entire British unit, Champe included, embarked in New York on the Virginia Campaign of 1780-81. Thus, the whole endeavor had to be called off. After the failed attempt, Champe served in the British army for many months before finding a way to

masks:
John Champe
Champe


title: John Champe (soldier)

texts:
 escape back to the Continental Army. Upon rejoining the Americans, Champe voiced a desire to continue his service fighting the British, but Lee dissuaded him from it — pointing out that if captured, he could now be hanged as a spy. Nevertheless, Lee believed that Champe had acquitted himself well and had him discharged honorably from the Continental Army. According to Legends of Loudoun: An Account of the History and Homes of a Border County of Virginia's Northern Neck (1938) by Harrison Williams:

...after the war, it is said on the personal recommendation of General Washington, Sergeant <mask> was appointed to the position of doorkeeper or sergeant-of-arms of the Continental Congress, then meeting at Philadelphia, but obliged, on account of rioting, to remove to Trenton.His name appears on the rolls of 25th August 1783 as holding that position. Soon afterwards, he returned to Loudoun County, married and acquired a small holding near what is now Dover, between the later towns of Aldie and Middleburg, close to the present Little River Turnpike. Champe may also have spent time in Kentucky. He and his wife had seven children. Champe then moved to Augusta (now Pendleton) County, then in Virginia, today in West Virginia. A local tradition, maintained by Champe's descendants, is that he had been promised a grant of lands in the area, but never received it. He died in poverty, unable to care for two of his sons, <mask> and Thomas, who as teenagers were apprenticed to a tannery at Mouth of Seneca.Champe died on 30 September 1798

masks: Champe John


title: John Champe (soldier)

texts:
 while staying at Prickett's Fort — near what is now Fairmont, West Virginia — on a trip to (according to different accounts) consider a land purchase or visit one of his children. He was buried near the fort, but the exact location of his grave remains unknown. Legacy

Family
Champe's wife was Phebe Susan Barnard who, beginning in 1831 and then living in Ohio, received a pension of $120 annually based upon her husband's war service. Family Tree

|-
|style="text-align: left;"|Notes:

 MARY CHAMP KEYS DIED APRIL OF 1846 IN RAINSVILLE,  WARREN COUNTY, INDIANA. PER HER HUSBAND SAMUEL KEYS ESTATE. SAMUEL DIED IN 1845 ,  RAINSVILLE WARREN COUNTY,  INDIANA. WE DO NOT KNOW MARY'S EXACT DATE OF BIRTH BUT WITH ALL OF THE DOCUMENTED SOURCES WE KNOW SHE IS DAUGHTET OF SARGENT MAJOR JOHN CHAMPE !Namesakes
In the American Civil War, the Confederate rifle company from Aldie, Virginia, "Champe's Rifles", named themselves in honor of Champe. Namesake for new <mask>mpe High School in Aldie, VA
Champe's Ford Road, a mile or two west of Aldie, Virginia, is named for <mask>'s family. Monuments
Historical  markers to Sergeant <mask> have been erected in at least three places:
Near Aldie in Loudoun County, Virginia, where he was born. In 1934, a marker was placed by U.S. Highway 15 (now U.S. 50) at a lay-by close to the few stones that remained from Champe's home. About 100 yards off US 50, an obelisk built in 1939 from the stones also stands nearby. It bears the inscription:
"Here was the house of Sergeant <mask>, Continental Army, who risked

masks:
John Cha
John Champe
Champe
John Champe


title: John Champe (soldier)

texts:
 the inglorious death of a spy for the independence of his country." At Champe Rocks, Pendleton County, West Virginia, where he settled after the War.(A reference to his gravesite here is an error.) At Prickett's Fort, Marion County, West Virginia, near where he died and was buried. The marker here is not at his grave, but was placed on 22 April 2001, in a ceremony with full military honors. Media
<mask> is a character in season four of the AMC television show Turn: Washington's Spies. See also
Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
Intelligence operations in the American Revolutionary War
Jane Tuers
Three Pigeons

Notes

Further reading
  McGroarty, William Buckner 1937. "Sergeant <mask> and Certain of His Contemporaries." The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol.17, No. 2 (Apr., 1937), pp. 145–175. Hall, Wilbur C 1938. "Sergeant Champe's Adventure." The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 18, No.3 (Jul., 1938), pp. 322–342. Rose, Alexander 2007. Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring. New York: Bantam Dell. McBurney, Christian 2016. Abductions in the American Revolution: Attempts to Kidnap George Washington, Benedict Arnold and Other Military and Civilian Leaders.Jefferson NC: McFarland. Online Link
 <mask> at Find a grave
Cenopath memorial to <mask> in Michigan

1752 births
1798 deaths
Virginia colonial people
Continental Army soldiers
Continental Army officers from Virginia
People from Aldie, Virginia
People from Pendleton County, West Virginia
Benedict Arnold
American spies during the American

masks:
Champe
John Champe
John Champe
John Champe


title: Reynaldo Hahn

texts: <mask> (; 9 August 1874 – 28 January 1947) was a Venezuelan-born French composer, conductor, music critic, and singer. He is best known for his songs – mélodies – of which he wrote more than 100. <mask> was born in Caracas but his family moved to Paris when he was a child, and he lived most of his life there. Following the success of his song "Si mes vers avaient des ailes" (If my verses had wings), written when he was aged 14, he became a prominent member of fin de siècle French society. Among his closest friends were Sarah Bernhardt and Marcel Proust. After the First World War, in which he served in the army, <mask> adapted to new musical and theatrical trends and enjoyed successes with his first opérette, Ciboulette (1923) and a collaboration with Sacha Guitry, the musical comedy Mozart (1926). During the Second World War <mask>, who was of Jewish descent, took refuge in Monaco, returning to Paris in 1945 where he was appointed director of the Opéra.He died in Paris in 1947, aged 72. <mask> was a prolific composer. His vocal works include secular and sacred pieces, lyric scenes, cantatas, oratorios, operas, comic operas, and operettas. Orchestral works include concertos ballets, tone poems, incidental music for plays and films. He wrote a range of chamber music, and piano works. He sang as well as played his own songs, and made recordings as a soloist and accompanying other performers. After his death his music was neglected but from the late 20th century onward increasing interest has led to frequent performances of many of his works and recordings of all his songs and piano work, much of his orchestral music and

masks:
Reynaldo Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn


title: Reynaldo Hahn

texts:
 some of his stage works.Life and career

Early years
<mask> was born in Caracas, Venezuela, on 9 August 1874, the youngest child of Carlos (né Karl) <mask> (1822–1897) and his wife Elena María née de Echenagucia (1831–1912). <mask>, the eldest son of a Jewish family in Hamburg, emigrated to Venezuela in 1845 at the age of twenty-two, making a highly successful business career there. He converted to Roman Catholicism to marry Elena de Echenagucia; she was of Spanish descent on her father's side and Dutch-English on her mother's. When his friend and associate Antonio Guzmán Blanco became president of the country in 1877, Carlos became Blanco's financial adviser. The <mask>s had eleven or twelve children, nine of whom lived to adulthood. <mask>, known as "Nano", was the youngest, twenty years younger than his eldest brother. He was brought up speaking fluent German, Spanish and (having a British nanny) English.When Blanco's first term of office came to an end in 1877, the <mask> family left Venezuela and settled in Paris, where they had relations and well-connected friends. It was France that, as a 21st-century writer put it, would "determine and define <mask>'s musical identity in later life". Among the family's Parisian friends was Princess Mathilde, niece of Napoleon I; the young <mask> sang for her, and made his public debut at the age of six, at a musical soirée in her drawing room. He began composition lessons with an Italian teacher when he was eight. In 1885, aged eleven, <mask> was admitted to the Paris Conservatoire's preparatory course. He went on to study piano with Émile Decombes (in the same class as

masks:
Hahn
Hahn
Carlos Hahn
Hahn
Reynaldo
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn


title: Reynaldo Hahn

texts: Maurice Ravel and Alfred Cortot), harmony with Albert Lavignac and Théodore Dubois, and composition with Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet. The last became <mask>'s lifelong friend and mentor.As a young man Massenet had won France's top musical scholarship, the Prix de Rome, but <mask> could not emulate him: only French nationals were eligible, and the <mask>s had not taken French citizenship. Besides, Massenet counselled, with rich parents <mask> did not need the scholarship as his less affluent colleagues did. Through Massenet, <mask> met Camille Saint-Saëns, with whom he studied privately in addition to his Conservatoire lessons. While still a student <mask> had an early success with his mélodie "Si mes vers avaient des ailes" (If my verses had wings) to a poem by Victor Hugo. The song was among a set of <mask>'s mélodies published by the leading music publisher Hartmann et Cie in 1890. Le Figaro took it up – "We feel we must reproduce this graceful piece which obviously denotes a delicate and original musician" – and devoted half a broadsheet page to printing the words and music. <mask> dedicated "Si mes vers avaient des ailes" to his sister Maria, who had married the painter Raimundo de Madrazo y Garreta.At their house <mask> met many of the leading figures in the arts, including Alphonse Daudet, for whose play L'obstacle the teenaged <mask> composed incidental music. The play was presented at the Théâtre du Gymnase on December 1890. Daudet called <mask>'s music his "chère musique preferée". At the Daudets' house in 1893 the singer Sybil Sanderson premiered <mask>'s Chansons grises, settings of poems by Paul

masks: Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn


title: Reynaldo Hahn

texts:
 Verlaine. The poet was present and was moved to tears by <mask>'s settings of his verse. Stéphane Mallarmé was also present, and wrote:

Le pleur qui chante au langage
Du poète, <mask>
<mask> tendrement le dégage
Comme en l'allée un jet d'eau. The weeping that sings in the words
Of the poet, <mask>
<mask> tenderly releases it
Like a fountain on the pathway.In the early 1890s <mask> worked on his first opera L'île du rêve, a "a Polynesian idyll", written at Massenet's behest. During this period he met Marcel Proust for the first time, at Madeleine Lemaire's salon on 22 May 1894. As far as is known, the 19-year-old <mask>'s romantic attachments before then had been intimate but platonic relationships with the famous Parisienne beauties Cléo de Mérode and Liane de Pougy. Until this point, he had been uneasy to the point of hostility about homosexuality and homosexuals, but the two men quickly began an intense love affair, Proust's only real liaison. Their affair lasted for little more than two years, but it evolved into a lifetime's close friendship. Proust wrote, "Everything I have ever done has always been thanks to Reynaldo". The music scholar James Harding notes, "It was <mask> who suggested to Proust the famous petite phrase which recurs symbolically throughout À la recherche du temps perdu and which is none other than a haunting theme from Saint-Saëns's D minor violin sonata".<mask> completed his studies at the Conservatoire satisfactorily but "without producing sparks in examinations and competitions", as his biographer Jacques Depaulis puts it. Massenet resigned from the faculty in May 1896, and <mask> left at

masks: Hahn Reynaldo Hahn Reynaldo Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn


title: Reynaldo Hahn

texts:
 the same time as his mentor. 1896 to 1913
In 1896 Proust wrote the words and <mask> the music for Portraits de peintres for reciter and piano, premiered at the house of Madeleine Lemaire, where they had met. Later in that year <mask> formed another of his closest friendships: he had long admired the actress Sarah Bernhardt, and at the end of 1896 he met her and quickly became part of her inner circle of friends and helpers. He frequently visited her in her dressing room during and after performances, lunched with her at her Paris townhouse, travelled with her to London and on tour, and composed music for her productions. L'île du rêve was premiered in 1898, when thanks to Massenet's influence the Opéra-Comique staged the piece, with a fine cast, conducted by André Messager. The press notices were hostile, and the piece was withdrawn after seven performances.While it was in rehearsal Paris was agog at the Zola trial in the continuing Dreyfus affair. The affair sharply divided French opinion; <mask>, like Proust and Bernhardt, was in the Dreyfusard camp. The antisemitic overtones of the anti-Dreyfusard campaign disturbed him deeply, but his devotion to France was unshaken. In 1898, following the success of his first set of 20 mélodies, published two years earlier, <mask> began composing a second set. which he worked on for more than 20 years. In the same year he started work on 12 "Rondels" for soloists, chorus and piano, completed the following year. In 1899, following the long tradition of French composers supplementing their income by writing music reviews, he became critic for La Presse.In December 1902 <mask>'s

masks: Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn


title: Reynaldo Hahn

texts: second opera, La Carmélite, described as "a musical comedy", with a libretto by Catulle Mendès, was premiered at the Opéra-Comique. Emma Calvé played the main role of Louise de La Vallière, Messager was once again the conductor, and the piece was lavishly mounted, but it was received politely rather than with enthusiasm, and did not gain a place in the operatic repertoire. Its prospects were not helped by the Opéra-Comique's decision to yield to religious lobbyists and cut the climactic scene in which Louise takes the veil; that scene won critical praise as "inspired", whereas the rest of the score was thought to be skilful, pretty and spirited but lacking in character. Following this disappointment, <mask> turned his attention away from opera. In 1905 he composed one of his most popular works, the suite for chamber ensemble Le Bal de Béatrice d'Este; in Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Patrick O'Connor observes that this work, "conceived merely as a divertissement", has remained one of the composer's best-known and most frequently performed. <mask> began to attract notice as a conductor. Performances of Don Giovanni under his baton in 1903 were praised for his "flexible and light touch" and for his scholarly – and at the time unusual – fidelity to Mozart's score.In 1906 he and Gustav Mahler were the conductors for the two operas given at the Salzburg Festival, celebrating Mozart's 150th anniversary. Mahler conducted The Marriage of Figaro; <mask> conducted Don Giovanni with the Vienna Philharmonic and a cast including Lilli Lehmann and Geraldine Farrar. In December 1907 <mask> became a naturalised French

masks: Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn


title: Reynaldo Hahn

texts:
 citizen. In that year he composed his set of six Songs and Madrigals, setting words by medieval and Renaissance French poets in which he incorporated music in the style of Antoine Boësset, court composer to Louis XIII. <mask> followed the dances of Le Bal de Béatrice d'Este with two complete ballet scores, La Fête chez Thérèse (1910) and Le Dieu bleu (1912). The latter was the first ballet with a score by a French composer presented by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets russes; the premiere went well but the piece was overshadowed by two other ballets with French scores presented later in the season: Debussy's L'Après-midi d'un faune and Ravel's Daphnis et Chloé. 1914 to 1929
At the outbreak of war in 1914 <mask>, who was over the official age limit for conscription, volunteered for the army as a private.For most of the war he served as an adjutant's clerk, working near the front, under frequent bombardment. When possible he continued to compose, writing music for his regiment, contributing to revues for the troops, and working on two new operas, one based on the Odyssey and the other on The Merchant of Venice. He set five verses by Robert Louis Stevenson as a song cycle for children. In 1917 he was promoted to corporal as a despatch rider, and in the last year of the war he was posted to the Ministry of War in Paris as a cipher clerk. For his wartime services he was awarded the Croix de guerre and appointed to the Legion of Honour. When <mask> returned to civilian life, Cortot, director of the newly founded École Normale de Musique de Paris, appointed him professor of interpretation and singing. <mask> was known for the


title: Reynaldo Hahn

texts: high standards he expected of singers, and published articles and a book, Du chant (1921), on interpretation and singing technique.In 1919 he met the tenor Guy Ferrant, with whom he began a lifelong and happy personal partnership. In 1921 <mask> was invited by an old friend, the playwright Robert de Flers, to compose the music for an operetta for which Flers and his collaborator Francis de Croisset had written the libretto. <mask> had reservations: the piece was set in the market of Les Halles, which was the setting for Charles Lecocq's opéra comique La fille de Madame Angot, written fifty years earlier but still immensely popular. Furthermore, the heroine was called Ciboulette, meaning "chives", which <mask> thought unromantic, and the most interesting character was neither the heroine nor the hero, but their mentor, "a sort of elderly Rodolfo out of La bohème". Nonetheless, <mask> accepted the invitation. Between the start of work on Ciboulette and its premiere, <mask> lost his two closest friends. Proust died in November 1922 and Bernhardt the following March.He pressed on with work, and in April 1923 Ciboulette opened at the Théâtre des Variétés. It was well reviewed and was an enormous box office success. It was revived in Paris several times during <mask>'s lifetime, and has remained in the repertoire in France, with 21st-century revivals at the Opéra-Comique and elsewhere. In 1924 <mask> was promoted to officer in the Legion of Honour. The following year he had the second big success of his theatrical career. The actor and playwright Sacha Guitry invited him to write the music for a new comédie musicale called

masks: Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn


title: Reynaldo Hahn

texts:
 Mozart. The piece was loosely based on the early life of the composer, and was to star Guitry and his wife, Yvonne Printemps, the latter en travesti as the young Mozart.<mask> agreed, and composed a score incorporating various extracts from Mozart's works along with his own original music. The show opened in December 1925 at the Théâtre Édouard VII, receiving enthusiastic reviews: Messager, writing in Le Figaro called it "a piece of rare quality", and commented that the score was so good that it was hard to detect where Mozart's music ended and <mask>'s began: this, he said, was the highest possible praise. The show was a popular success in Paris, with, for the time, an excellent run of seven months. The Guitrys then took the production to London in 1926, where it was well received. At the end of that year there were two versions running on Broadway: the Guitry company played the French original for a limited season, and an English translation ran at another theatre, starring Frank Cellier and Irene Bordoni. 1930 to 1947
In 1930 <mask> composed a piano concerto, premiered in February 1931 with its dedicatee, Magda Tagliaferro, as soloist and the composer conducting; according to Grove it became <mask>'s best-known concert work. Tagliaferro and <mask> later recorded the work for the gramophone; the recording has been reissued on CD.In 1931 <mask> wrote the music for the opérette Brummell. In 1933 he became Le Figaro'''s music critic. In the same year, Ciboulette was filmed for the cinema. The young director Claude Autant-Lara made a fairly free adaptation of the stage work, with Simone Berriau in the title role; it

masks: Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn


title: Reynaldo Hahn

texts: opened in Paris in November 1933, and was well received. <mask>'s only major commission for the Paris Opéra was the work based on The Merchant of Venice that he had begun composing during the war. Le marchand de Venise, with a verse libretto by Miguel Zamacoïs, premiered in March 1935. It was received with enthusiasm, and although it was not revived in Paris during <mask>'s lifetime it had several new productions later.Guitry and <mask> worked together on another show, O mon bel inconnu (O My Beautiful Stranger, 1933), starring Arletty. The reviewer in Lyrica commented "Is it operetta? No; comic opera? Not that, either; vaudeville? Not in the least. So what is it? I don't know, but it is unpretentious and it is charming".He added, "Neither of the two authors, so admirably gifted, gave the best of themselves, but the crumbs they nonchalantly let fall from their table are still enough to compose a nice meal". <mask> composed the music for two other musical comedies during the 1930s as well as a considerable quantity of incidental music for plays and films. In the second half of the decade <mask> was again prominent as a conductor, directing performances of The Magic Flute, The Seraglio and The Marriage of Figaro. His fidelity to Mozart was remarked on in the press: after years of productions at the Opéra-Comique in which the composer's recitatives in Figaro were replaced by spoken dialogue, <mask> used a new, more scholarly text edited by Adolphe Boschot. In the concert hall he formed musical partnerships with younger performers; in addition to Tagliafero, he regularly accompanied Ferrant and the soprano Ninon Vallin.


title: Reynaldo Hahn

texts:
 When the Germans occupied Paris in 1940, <mask> left for the south of France and then for neutral Monaco. He was less at risk there from Nazi anti-Semitic persecution, but narrowly avoided being killed by the explosion of a stray shell from a British submarine aimed at a German warship moored near his rooms on the front at Monte Carlo.He returned to Paris in February 1945, and was elected to the Institut de France's Académie des Beaux-Arts, and appointed director of the Paris Opéra. His last concert work, the Concerto provençal, was premiered in a broadcast by Radiodiffusion Française on 30 July 1945 and given in concert the following April. In 1946, together with Tagliafero and Vallin, <mask> made a concert tour, performing in London, Geneva, Brussels, Marseilles and Toulon. He was taken ill and an operation was performed to treat a brain tumour, which his doctors believed might have been caused by the explosion in Monte Carlo. <mask> died in Paris on 28 January 1947, at the age of 72. He was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery, near the grave of Proust. Works

Graham Johnson writes that <mask> "was never truly of the twentieth century"; he was for many years regarded chiefly as evoking the spirit of fin de siècle Paris.He was not in sympathy with the more obviously modern music of the early decades of the 20th century, but he moved with the times. According to a 2020 analysis:

<mask>'s biographer Jacques Depaulis writing in 2006, comments that many composers suffer a period of neglect after their deaths and are then rediscovered, a process known in France as "la traversée du désert" – crossing the desert. In 1947 a


title: Reynaldo Hahn

texts:
 British newspaper remarked that <mask> "is hardly remembered today outside the boundaries of France". In 1961, 14 years after the composer's death, the musicologist Hans Heinz Stuckenschmidt dismissed <mask> as "a talented gossip who had a gift for grinding out operettas and little, tastefully performed ballads in limitless quantities". {{refn|Lionel Salter pointed out in Gramophone that as to "limitless quantities", <mask> wrote about the same number of mélodies as Debussy, and far fewer than Fauré.<ref>Salter, Lionel. "Hahn Songs", Gramophone", August 1988</ref>|group=n}} In the last decades of the 20th century there was a revival in interest in <mask>'s music: Johnson (2002) refers to "an ever-widening range of his mélodies to be heard regularly on the concert platform". Mélodies
<mask> is best known for his songs.He wrote just over 100; most were composed in the thirty-year period from 1888 to the end of the First World War, after which the demand for songs with piano accompaniment diminished and he turned to other forms. His style, in his early songs, reflects the influence of Massenet, but he regarded Gabriel Fauré as the supreme master of the mélodie, and favoured some of Fauré's chosen poets, including Victor Hugo, Théophile Gautier and Paul Verlaine. He was only thirteen when he wrote the Hugo setting "Si mes vers avaient des ailes", later included in his first collection of 20 Mélodies (1895). Johnson writes that the song displays all the distinguishing marks of the composer's style:

His first published set of songs was Chansons grises (Songs in Grey, 1890), which included a setting of Verlaine's "La bonne


title: Reynaldo Hahn

texts: chanson" that the poet preferred to Fauré's well known version of it. The commentator James Day observes that the songs in the set display "a maturity quite remarkable in a sixteen-year-old – and an empathy with the poet quite unexpected in a musician of any age". After Chansons grises <mask> composed further song cycles over the next 25 years. Rondels (1898–99), with words by Charles d'Orléans, Théodore de Banville and Catulle Mendès, was an example of the composer's fascination with the past, setting original and modern versions of the old rondel verse form.In Études latines (1900) <mask> set ten verses by Leconte de Lisle, evoking Graeco-Roman antiquity. In three of the songs the soloist and pianist are joined by a chorus. <mask> again experimented with combinations of voices in Venezia (1901), a set of six lyrics in Venetian dialect, in which the final song is a duet for tenor and soprano with chorus. For Les feuilles blessés (The Injured Leaves, 1901–1906) <mask> turned to a contemporary poet, Jean Moréas, known for his symbolist verse. In 1907 <mask> returned to older forms with Chansons et madrigaux, setting words by d'Orléans, Jean-Antoine de Baïf and others, in a cycle of six songs for four voices. Love Without Wings (1911) is a set of three verses in English by Mary Robinson, and <mask> again set English texts in Five Little Songs (1915), with verses by Robert Louis Stevenson. Grove lists a final cycle, Chansons espagnoles (1947).In addition to the song cycles, two collections of <mask>'s mélodies, comprising twenty songs each, were published during his lifetime. Both sets include some songs previously