title: Mozi

texts: "proletarian" background. The body in the Mozi is constructed by'xing (形, 'body') -xin (心, 'heart') - qi ( 氣, 'energy')'which is in accord with the Pre-Qin thinkers' understanding to the body. While xing refers to the flesh-bloody part of human being, the concept of xin focuses on the aspect of cognition and is closely related to the concept of shan (善, 'goodness'), ai (愛, 'love'), zhi (志, 'will') and xing. Some views claim that Mozi's philosophy was at once more advanced and less so than that of Confucius. Indeed the Mohists were radical political reformers who sought primarily to benefit the masses and challenge the practices of the ruling orthodoxy, often targeting a perceived wasteful aristocracy whom they referred to as "the gentlemen of the world." The Mohist idea of "universal love" embraced a broader idea of human community than that of the Confucians, arguing that the scope of individuals' moral concern should include all people. Opponents of this idea often claimed that "universal love" was akin to renouncing one's family, and indeed more strict Mohists living in Mohist communities as the school flourished may have exhibited such behavior.However, there is some scholarly debate over just how radical the provisions of universal love actually are, and, as can be seen from the example of Gongsun Hong above, the less radical components of the doctrine were eventually absorbed by mainstream thought. <mask> is also famous for his ideas about frugality, such as those concerning moderating expenses and eliminating wasteful ceremonies including music and funerals. A common misconception is that the Mohists eschewed all forms of art, but of course the Mohists' targets


title: H. R. Loyn

type: original

texts:
<mask> (16 June 1922 – 9 October 2000), FBA, was a British historian specialising in the history of Anglo-Saxon England. His eminence in his field made him a natural candidate to run the Sylloge of the Coins of the British Isles, which he chaired from 1979 to 1993. He was Professor of Medieval History in the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire and afterwards Professor of Medieval History at Westfield College in the University of London. Works
The Sylloge's natural emphasis is on Anglo-Saxon numismatics. Loyn's mastery of an extensive and specialised literature in an often-contentious area of history produced over four decades a series of cautious, even conservative syntheses of continuity and evolving changes in late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman England, universally well received in the academic press, which are still staples of student reading-lists. Aside from numerous articles, occasional lectures such as The "matter of Britain": A historian's perspective (a Creighton Trust lecture), and his main publications (see below), he edited The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. He has been praised for his "felicitous, economic writing style"

Selected publications
1953."The term ealdorman in the translations prepared at the time of King Alfred." English Historical Review 68 (1953): 513–25. 1955. "The imperial style of the 10th century Anglo-Saxon kings." History NS 40. 111-5. 1955."Gesiths and thegns in Anglo-Saxon England from the 7th to the


title: H. R. Loyn

texts: 10th century." English Historical Review 70. 529-49. 1957. "The king and the structure of society in late Anglo-Saxon England." History NS 42. 87–100.Reprinted in Society and peoples (1992). 1961. "The origin and early development of the Saxon borough, with special reference to Cricklade." Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 58:209. 7–15. 1961. "Boroughs and Mints AD 900–1066."In Anglo-Saxon Coins: Studies presented to F. M. Stenton, ed. <mask>.M. Dolley. 122-35. 1962. Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest (vol. I in The Social and Economic History of England, ed.Asa Briggs). 2nd ed. : Longmans, Harlow, 1991. 1963. The Making of the English Nation. From the Anglo-Saxons to Edward I. New ed.: 1991. 1965. The Norman Conquest. 3rd ed. : 1982. A synthesis for the general reader. 1966.Norman Britain. Drawings by the artist Alan Sorrell. 1966. <mask>, son of Godwin. Historical Association, 1066 commemoration 2. Bexhill-on-Sea and London. 1967.Alfred the Great. Oxford. 1971. Ed. A Wulfstan Manuscript. Introduction to a facsimile edition of a majorsource document for Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York. 1971."Towns in late Anglo-Saxon England: the evidence and some possible lines of enquiry." In England before the Conquest: studies in primary sources presented to Dorothy Whitelock, ed. Peter Clemoes and <mask>. Cambridge, 1971. 115-28. 1974. "Kinship in Anglo-Saxon England."Anglo-Saxon England 3. 197–209. 1974, with <mask> (eds.). British

masks:
R H
Harold
Kathleen Hughes
Harry Hearder


title: H. R. Loyn

texts: historical essays presented to Glanmor Williams, ed. R. R. Davies et al. Cardiff. 5–18. 1986. "Progress in Anglo-Saxon monetary history."In Anglo-Saxon monetary history: essays in memory of Michael Dolley, ed. M. Blackburn. Leicester. 1–10. 1987. "The beyond of Domesday Book." In Domesday studies.Papers read at the novocentenary conference of the Royal Historical Society and the Institute of British Geographers. Winchester, 1986, ed. James Clarke <mask>. Woodbridge. 1–13. 1987. "William's bishops: some further thoughts."Anglo-Norman Studies 10. 223-35. 1987. "A general introduction to Domesday Book." In Domesday Book Studies, ed. Ann Williams and R. W. H. Erskine. Cambridgeshire Domesday 3.1987. 1–21. 1989. "Rayleigh in Essex: its implications for the Norman settlement." In Studies in medieval history presented to R. Allen Brown, ed. C. <mask>-Bill et al. Woodbridge.235-40. 1990. "Epic and Romance." In England in the twelfth century. Proceedings of the 1988 Harlaxton Symposium, ed. Daniel Williams. Woodbridge.153-63. 1990. "1066: should we have celebrated?" Historical Research 63 (1990): 119–27. 1991. "Bede's kings. A comment on the attitude of Bede to the nature of secular kingship."In Eternal values in medieval life, ed. Nicole Crossley-Holland. Lampeter. 54–64. 1992. Society and peoples. Studies in the history of England and Wales, c.600–1200.London. 1992. "Kings, gesiths and thegns." In The age of Sutton Hoo: the seventh century in North-Western

masks: Holt Harper


title: H. R. Loyn

texts:
 Europe, ed. Martin Carver. Woodbridge, 1992. 75-9.1992. "De iure domini regis: a comment on royal authority in eleventh-century England." In England in the eleventh century. Proceedings of the 1990 Harlaxton symposium, ed. Carola <mask>. Harlaxton Medieval Studies 2. Stamford.17–24. 1994. "From witenagemot to concilium: the antecedents of the House of Lords." In The House of Lords: a thousand years of British tradition, ed. <mask> and John S. Moore. London. 21-7.1994. "Abbots of English monasteries in the period following the Norman conquest." In England and Normandy in the Middle Ages, ed. David Bates and Anne Curry. London. 95–103. 1995.The church and the law in Anglo-Saxon England. Vaughan paper 37. Leicester. 1997. "Llanfyllin. The charter and the laws of Breteuil." Montgomeryshire Collections 85 (1997): 13–21.2000. The English Church, 940–1154. Series The Medieval World. Harlow. .
2007. "Anglo-Saxon England." In A century of British medieval studies, ed. Alan Deyermond.British Academy centenary monographs. Oxford: OUP, 2007. 7–26. Notes

Further reading
Brooks, Nicholas. "<mask> Loyn, 1922–2000." Proceedings of the British Academy 120 (2003): 302–24. Nelson, Janet L. "<mask>yn and the context of Anglo-Saxon England."Haskins Society Journal 19 (2007): 154–70. Percival, John. "Professor <mask> <mask> (1922–2000)." Medieval Archaeology 45 (2001): 229–32. 1922 births
2000 deaths
Anglo-Saxon studies scholars
20th-century British historians
Fellows of the

masks:
Hicks
Robert Smith
Henry Royston
Henry Lo
Henry Royston
Loyn


title: David Brower

texts:
<mask> (; July 1, 1912 – November 5, 2000) was a prominent environmentalist and the founder of many environmental organizations, including the John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies, Friends of the Earth (1969), Earth Island Institute (1982), North Cascades Conservation Council, and Fate of the Earth Conferences. From 1952 to 1969, he served as the first Executive Director of the Sierra Club, and served on its board three times: from 1941–1953; 1983–1988; and 1995–2000 as a petition candidate enlisted by reform-activists known as the John Muir Sierrans. As a younger man, he was a prominent mountaineer. Early life
Brower was born in Berkeley, California. He was married to <mask> (1913 – 2001) whom he met when they were both editors at the University of California Press in Berkeley. Anne was the daughter of Francis L M. Hus and Frances Hus (1876 – 1952), while Frances was the daughter of John P. Irish. <mask>, <mask>'s son, authored a number of books, most notably The Starship and the Canoe about Freeman Dyson and his son George Dyson.Mountaineering achievements

Beginning his career as a world-class mountaineer with more than 70 first ascents to his credit, Brower came to the environmental movement through his interest in mountaineering. In 1933, Brower spent seven weeks in the High Sierra with George Rockwood. After a close call with a loose rock while climbing in the Palisades, he met Norman Clyde in the wilderness, who gave him some valuable climbing lessons. On that trip he also met Hervey Voge, who persuaded him to join the Sierra Club. On May 18, 1934, along with Voge, he began a ten-week climbing trip through the High Sierra, to survey climbing routes and maintain mountaineering records for the club. Previously, they had established several food caches along their planned route, which began at Onion Valley and ended at Tuolumne Meadows. In all, the pair climbed 63 peaks on this trip, including 32 first ascents.On the first day, they

masks:
David Ross Brower
Anne Hus Brower
Kenneth Brower
David Brower


title: David Brower

texts:
 climbed Mount Tyndall, Mount Williamson, and Mount Barnard. From June 23 to 26, the pair made eight first ascents in the Devils Crags along with Norman Clyde, and also climbed Mount Agassiz. Clyde called the Devils Crag climbs "one of the most remarkable mountaineering feats ever accomplished in the United States". In the Palisades range, the pair climbed Thunderbolt Peak, traversed to North Palisade by way of Starlight Peak, and descended the U-Notch Couloir. In the Sawtooth Range, they climbed The Doodad, the West Tooth, and Matterhorn Peak. Following a failed attempt in 1935 to make the first ascent of the remote, icy Mount Waddington in British Columbia, with a Sierra Club group, Brower added winter climbing to his expertise and made multiple first winter ascents of peaks in the Sierra Nevada. From October 9 to 12, 1939, a Sierra Club climbing team including <mask>, along with Bestor Robinson, Raffi Bedayn, and John Dyer, completed the first ascent of Shiprock, the erosional remnant of the throat of a volcano with nearly vertical walls on the Navajo reservation in northwestern New Mexico.This climb, rated YDS III, 5.7 A2, was the first in the United States to use expansion bolts for protection. Twelve previous attempts on Shiprock had failed, and it was known as "the last great American climbing problem". The Brower party's success was described as an "outstanding effort" by "probably the only group on the continent capable of making the climb". Brower made the first ascent of seventy routes in Yosemite and elsewhere in the western United States. World War II

In 1942, Brower edited and contributed to the Manual of Ski Mountaineering, published by the University of California Press and Cambridge University Press for use in training Allied mountain combat troops during World War II. Techniques described in this book were used by U.S. forces in the battles in the North Apeninnes and the Lake Garda Alps. The book was published in three later revised


title: David Brower

texts:
 editions.During World War II, he served as a lieutenant in the 10th Mountain Division, training its soldiers in mountaineering and cross-country skiing in Vermont and the state of Washington and earning a Bronze Star in action in Italy. Brower's role in the 10th Mountain Division is featured in the documentary film Fire on the Mountain. He served as a major in the Army Reserve for many years after the war ended. Career with Sierra Club

After the war, Brower returned to his job at the University of California Press, and began editing the Sierra Club Bulletin in 1946. He managed the Sierra Club annual High Trips from 1947 to 1954. Brower was named the first executive director of the Sierra Club in 1952, and joined the fight against the Echo Park Dam in Utah's Dinosaur National Monument. Taking advantage of his background in publishing, Brower rushed This is Dinosaur — edited by Wallace Stegner with photographs by Martin Litton and Philip Hyde — into press with publisher Alfred Knopf.Conservationists successfully lobbied Congress to delete Echo Park Dam from the Colorado River Storage Project in 1955, and the Sierra Club received much of the credit. Coffee table books

Brower began Sierra Club Books' Exhibit Format book series with This is the American Earth in 1960, followed by the highly successful In Wildness Is the Preservation of the World, with color photographs by Eliot Porter in 1962. These coffee-table books sold well and introduced the Sierra Club to new members interested in wilderness preservation. Brower published two new titles a year in the series, but they began to lose money for the organization after 1964, though many claim they were the primary cause of the Club's extraordinary growth and rise to national prominence. Financial management began to be a bone of contention between <mask> and the Club's board of directors. Membership rises, revenues drop

Under <mask>'s leadership from 1952 to 1969, the club's membership expanded

masks: Brower Brower


title: David Brower

texts:
 tenfold, from 7,000 to 70,000 members, becoming the nation’s leading environmental membership organization. Building on the biennial Wilderness Conferences which the Club launched in 1949 together with The Wilderness Society, Brower helped the Club win passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964.<mask> and the Sierra Club also led a major battle to stop the Bureau of Reclamation from building two dams that would flood portions of the Grand Canyon. In 1964, <mask> organized a dory river expedition led by Martin Litton with Philip Hyde and author Francois Leydet. The trip led to the book Time and The River Flowing which galvanized public opposition to the dams. In June 1966, the Club placed full-page ads in the New York Times and the Washington Post asking: "Should we also flood the Sistine Chapel so tourists can get nearer the ceiling?" The campaign brought in many new members. The Internal Revenue Service announced it was suspending the Club's non-profit 501(c)(3) charitable organization status. The board had set up the Sierra Club Foundation as an alternative for tax-deductible contributions, but revenues to the Club dropped, despite victories in blocking the Grand Canyon dams and a considerable increase in membership.Board conflict and resignation

As annual deficits increased, tension grew between <mask> and the Sierra Club board of directors. Another conflict grew over the Club's position on the Diablo Canyon Power Plant planned for construction by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) near San Luis Obispo, California. The Club had played a major role in blocking PG&E's plan for a nuclear power plant at Bodega Bay in the early 1960s, but that campaign had centered on the earthquake danger from the nearby San Andreas Fault, not out of opposition to nuclear power itself. The Club's board of directors had voted to support the Diablo Canyon site for the power plant in exchange for PG&E's moving its initial site from the environmentally sensitive Nipomo Dunes. In

masks: Brower Brower Brower


title: David Brower

texts:
 director of the Bureau of Reclamation. Brower so enjoyed being called the Archdruid that he later used the term in his e-mail address. FOE set up its headquarters in San Francisco, and opened an office in Washington, D.C.  Brower soon spun off two new organizations from the FOE Washington staff: the League of Conservation Voters in 1970, founded by Marion Edey, and the Environmental Policy Center in 1971. Brower's international contacts led to the founding of FOE International in 1971, a loose federation of sister organizations in some forty-four countries.Brower also started a publications program at FOE, which had initial success with The Environmental Handbook in the wake of Earth Day, but then began to lose money. Widens environmental campaigns

Although <mask>'s background was in the wilderness preservation wing of the conservation movement, he quickly led FOE to take on many of the issues raised by the new environmentalists. FOE campaigned against the Alaska pipeline, the supersonic transport airplane (SST), nuclear power, and the use of the defoliant Agent Orange in the Vietnam War. After Ronald Reagan was elected President in 1980, FOE led the opposition to Interior secretary James G. Watt's efforts to sell and lease public lands in the West and develop land adjacent to the National Parks. Resigns from board

Brower retired as executive director of FOE on its tenth anniversary in 1979, but continued as chairman of its board of directors. FOE's growing debt and tension between Washington lobbying and grassroots action led to a crisis between Brower and a majority of the board that recalled his conflict with the Sierra Club board. Facing staff cuts in 1984, Brower appealed over the board directly to the membership for emergency contributions.He was removed from the board for insubordination, but was reinstated when he threatened a lawsuit. In 1985 the board voted to close the San Francisco office and move to Washington, D.C..  A referendum of


title: David Brower

texts:
 the membership supported the board majority, and Brower resigned in 1986 to work through his Earth Island Institute. Later years with Earth Island Institute
Brower incorporated Earth Island Institute in 1982. After FOE moved its headquarters to Washington, D.C., in 1986, Brower developed Earth Island as a loosely structured incubator for innovative projects in ecology and social justice. Although he chaired the board of directors, Brower stayed in the background as co-directors <mask> and John Knox ran the organization. Projects were required to bring in their own funding, and often went their own way once well-established. Groups formed under Earth Island's umbrella include the Rainforest Action Network, the Environmental Project on Central America (EPOCA), and many others.Freed from administrative worries and budget controversies, Brower was able to continue to travel, speak and work on many of his long-standing concerns. In addition to his returning to the Sierra Club board for two separate terms, he also served on the Board of Directors for Native Forest Council from 1988 until his death in 2000. A supporter of Ralph Nader, Brower flew to Denver in June 2000 for the Green Party convention. The day before he died, Brower cast his absentee ballot for Nader. He died at his home in Berkeley, California, on November 5, 2000. A monument, Spaceship Earth, was erected in his honor at Kennesaw State University. The monument is meant to serve as a reminder to future generations about the precious nature of the planet.See also
<mask>er Center

References

Bibliography
<mask>, <mask>,  For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of <mask> (Salt Lake City: Gibbs-Smith, 1990). <mask>, <mask> with Steve Chapple, Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run (New York: HarperCollins, 1995). <mask>, <mask>, & the Sierra Club, eds., Wilderness: America's Living Heritage (New York Vail-Ballou Press, Gillick Press, 1961). Cohen, Michael P., The History of the Sierra Club,

masks:
David Philips
David Brow
Brower
David
David Brower
Brower
David
Brower
David


title: David Brower

texts:
 1892-1970 (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1988). Fox, Stephen, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement (Boston: Little, Brown, 1981). McPhee, John, Encounters with the Archdruid (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971). Turner, Tom, <mask>er: The Making of the Environmental Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015).Wyss, Robert. The Man Who Built the Sierra Club: A Life of <mask> (New York: Columbia University Press, 2016). Video resources
For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of <mask>er. Produced in 1989 by John de Graaf in cooperation with KCTS-Seattle. Distributed by Bullfrog Films, Oley, PA 19547. 58 minutes. Monumental: <mask>'s Fight for Wild America.Directed by Kelly Duane for Loteria Films, 2004. DVD, 78 min. External links
 <mask> Legacy at Earth Island Institute website
Online guide to the David Ross Brower Papers, The Bancroft Library

North Cascades Conservation Council
The Brower legacy
Whole Terrain link to Brower's articles published in Whole Terrain
Seattle Post-Intelligencer obituary
Guardian obituary
“<mask>: Speaks about "What Will it Cost the Earth" at Kelly Hall, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio (Part A) ,” 1970-04-19, WYSO, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC. Sierra Club executive directors
American conservationists
American environmentalists
American anti–nuclear power activists
American mountain climbers
American male ski mountaineers
American nature writers
American non-fiction outdoors writers
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American memoirists
American book editors
American print editors
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War II
Berkeley High School (Berkeley, California) alumni
Writers from Berkeley, California
1912 births
2000 deaths
Activists from the San Francisco Bay Area
Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area
20th-century American male writers
Military

masks:
David Brow
David Brower
David Brow
David Brower
David Brower
David Brower


title: Niccolò Riccardi

texts:
<mask> (born at Genoa, 1585; died at Rome, 30 May 1639) was an Italian Dominican theologian, writer and preacher, known today mostly for his role in the Galileo affair. Life
Physically he was unprepossessing, but he was encouraged by his parents who sent him to study with Tomas de Lemos (1545-1629) at University of Valladolid. He entered the Dominican Order and was invested with its habit in the Convent of St. Paul, where he studied philosophy and theology. After completing his studies he was made a professor of Thomistic theology at Pincia. While discharging his academic duties, he acquired a reputation as a preacher: Philip III of Spain named him "padre Mostro" ("The Marvel-Priest" or "the Monster-Priest"), a sobriquet by which he was subsequently known in Spain and at Rome. Whether this was due to his prodigious learning and culture, or to his obesity, is not certain. In Rome from 1621, he acquired the confidence of Pope Urban VIII.He was made regent of studies and professor of theology at the College of St. Thomas, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. On 13 January 1622 he was also made consultant to the Congregation of the Index. Under Pope Urban <mask>'s prestige as a man of culture continued to grow. He took part in the activities of the Accademia degli Umoristi and both Giovanni Andrea Rovetti and Marcello Giovanetti dedicated collections of sonnets to him, in 1625 and 1626 respectively. His literary activities overlapped significantly with his church responsibilities; In 1622 he was in charge of revising Tommaso Stigliani's Canzoniero to pass censorship, and in 1626 he was chosen to supervise the corrections to Giambattista Marino's Adone, which the Accademia degli Umoristi wanted to publish. After rejecting this censored version for printing, he worked on a further revised version in 1628 and 1629,

masks:
Niccolò Riccardi
VIII Riccardi


title: Niccolò Riccardi

texts:
 collaborating with Roberto Ubaldini, but this work was apparently never finished. Virginio Cesarini tried to arrange a meeting between him and Galileo, but although he enthusiastically endorsed "Il Saggiatore" for publication in 1623, he only met Galileo for the first time in May 1624.The two men corresponded thereafter – although no direct trace of their letters to each other remains, Galileo's surviving letters to Mario Guiducci and Giovanni Faber, include pleas to them to ask Riccardi to reply to him. In 1629 Urban VIII appointed him Master of the Sacred Palace to succeed <mask> Ridolfi, recently elected Master General of the Dominicans. Shortly after this, the same pontiff appointed him pontifical preacher. Following these promotions he gave up his literary interests to concentrate on liturgical and historic matters. He began the research for his history of the Council of Trent, of which there remains today only a synopsis and some notes. Between 1629 and 1631 he thought of k part in the Congregatn for the reform of the breviary. In 1635 he joined the newly-founded Accademia Basiliana, which explored links with the Greek church, and joined the Congregatio super Correctione euchologii Graecorum, which issued revised texts for the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.In 1638 he joined the congregation charged with drafting an authorised version of the Holy Scriptures in Arabic. Dispute with Tommaso Campanella
Riccardi maintained generally amiable relationships with the authors whose work he had to revise before the Church would authorise their publication; an exception was with fellow-Dominican Tommaso Campanella. Campanella was a man of outspoken heterodox beliefs; denounced to the Inquisition, he was arrested in Padua in 1594 and cited before the Holy Office in Rome, he was confined in a convent until 1597. He was soon in prison again, this time for


title: Niccolò Riccardi

texts:
 rebellion against Philip IV of Spain, King of Naples, where he remained for twenty-seven years until the personal intercession of Pope Urban VIII had him released. He was brought to Rome in 1626, where he became Urban VIII's consultant on astrology. <mask> first came into contact with Campanella's work in 1621, when he was called on to examine, with several other consultants, Atheismus triumphatus. The work was ostensibly an account of Campanella's personal journey from rationalism to sincere Christian belief, but the Church considered the arguments he put forward for atheism - before then refuting them - to be strongly persuasive.The Church thus feared that the work in fact promoted heresy while appearing to argue for orthodoxy. Permission to print was denied. When Campanella came to Rome several years later, he renewed his attempt to have the work printed. Riccardi was once again called on to work with others to review the manuscript, and again their response was negative. This time however Urban VIII intervened personally and ensured that Atheismus Triumphatus, together with Campanella's other works, were authorised for printing. Riccardi continued to work on revisions, but there were more delays before the work finally appeared in 1631, whereupon it was immediately seized and banned. Campanella now embarked on a campaign of vengeance against Riccardi, accusing him of being the cause of all the delays in publishing; exiled to France, he continued his harassment from there, writing directly to the Pope and to other people of influence, making ever wilder accusations about Riccardi for several years.There is no evidence that anyone took his claims seriously, but <mask> could do nothing but refuse to release the manuscripts Campanella had entrusted to him. Galileo’s Dialogue

Between 1630 and 1633 Riccardi became involved in a major controversy

masks: Riccardi Riccardi


title: Niccolò Riccardi

texts: involving Galileo Galilei. After Il Saggiatore in 1623, Galileo had not published any further work, and had particularly avoided the controversy around the ideas of Copernicus, about which he had been warned by Cardinal Bellarmine in 1616. In 1630 Giovanni Ciampoli, the Pope’s secretary, wrote to Galileo, sending the compliments of <mask>, recently appointed Master of the Sacred Palace, who now had authority over licensing books for printing. As Riccardi had endorsed Il Saggiatore for publication a few years previously, this seemed a positive sign that new opportunities to publish his ideas would become available to Galileo. Benedetto Castelli informed Riccardi that it was his appointment that had inspired Galileo to resume writing – which, given the size and complexity of the Dialogue was certainly not true. Riccardi responded to this piece of flattery with an assurance that Galileo could always count on him, which Castelli then reported back to Galileo in a letter on 9 February 1630 as a general assurance of Riccardi’s support.Galileo finished his manuscript of the Dialogue, came to Rome on 3 May 1630, and presented it to Urban himself. Urban may not have read much of it, but he crossed out Galileo’s working title, “De Fluxu et Refluxu Maris” on the grounds that it did not properly reflect the main purpose of the work  – a comparison of the world-views of Ptolemy and Copernicus. Besides requiring a new title, Urban reiterated that the subject was to be treated only hypothetically, and that his own favoured argument about God's infinite capacity to organise the universe any way he liked must be inserted at the end. He passed the manuscript to Riccardi for review, Galileo accepted the Pope’s conditions, and the manuscript was approved by Riccardi after only a few alterations had been made by his assistant. Galileo then left Rome and returned to


title: Niccolò Riccardi

texts: Florence, whereupon his plans took a turn for the worse. The founder of the Accademia dei Lincei, Prince Cesi, died, meaning Galileo no longer had a patron to cover the cost of publication. At the same time, an outbreak of the plague in Florence meant that Galileo could not longer send manuscripts to Rome for review.Instead, he decided to publish in Florence. <mask> wrote that he nevertheless expected Galileo to make the agreed amendments, after which a licence to publish in Florence or elsewhere could be issued. <mask> now began to vacillate. He knew that the Pope himself had encouraged Galileo to write his work, albeit within certain specified limits. Giovanni Ciampoli favoured publication. Riccardi's cousin was the wife of the Tuscan ambassador in Rome, and the Medici court certainly wanted the book published. At the same time, the Church's 1616 ruling against Copernicanism meant that anything that appeared to argue for it was problematic, and the Jesuit order was determined to oppose Galileo in every way.Uncertain how to proceed, Riccardi delayed for months. Eventually, in March 1631, he agreed that the Dialogue could be published, on condition that he retained the manuscript. As soon as he had finished reading and correcting each page, he would send it to the printer. He still insisted that Galileo would have to rewrite the preface and the conclusion to bring them into line with the Pope's views. In March 1631, Riccardi proposed that instead of Galileo sending him the entire manuscript - impossible because of the risk of it carrying the plague - he should send only the revised preface and conclusion, and the rest would be reviewed by the church authorities in Florence. Eventually the Tuscan ambassador's wife, his cousin, was able to broker an arrangement in April 1631 whereby Riccardi agreed to issue a licence to print, subject to certain written


title: Willard Scott

texts:
<mask>. (March 7, 1934 – September 4, 2021) was an American weather presenter, radio and TV personality, actor, narrator, clown, comedian, and author, with a career spanning 65 years. He is best known for his television work on the Today show as weather reporter who also presented a tribute greetings segment for people celebrating their 100th or above birthdays as well as select marriage anniversaries. He was the creator and original portrayer of Ronald McDonald. Early years
<mask> was born in Alexandria, Virginia, to parents <mask> and Thelma Phillips on March 7, 1934, and attended George Washington High School. He showed an interest in broadcasting as a 16-year-old, working in 1950 as an NBC page at WRC (AM), NBC's owned-and-operated radio station in Washington, D.C. <mask> then attended American University, where he worked alongside fellow student Ed Walker at WAMU-AM, the university's radio station (1951–1953). <mask> became a member of Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity while at American University and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy and religion in 1955. He also served in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1958 and was a seaman.Career

Joy Boys radio show
From 1955 to 1972, <mask> teamed with Ed Walker as co-host of the nightly Joy Boys radio program on NBC-owned WRC radio (this was interrupted from 1956 to 1958 when <mask> served on active duty with the Navy). <mask> routinely sketched a list of characters and a few lead lines setting up a situation, which Walker would commit to memory or make notes on with his Braille typewriter (Walker was blind since birth). In a 1999 article recalling the Joy Boys at the height of their popularity in the mid-1960s, The Washington Post said they

masks:
Willard Herman Scott Jr
Scott
Willard Herman Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott


title: Willard Scott

texts:
 "dominated Washington, providing entertainment, companionship, and community to a city on the verge of powerful change". The Joy Boys show played on WRC until 1972 when they moved to cross-town station WWDC for another two years. <mask> wrote in his book, The Joy of Living, of their close professional and personal bond which continued until Walker's death in October 2015, saying that they are "closer than most brothers". Washington, D.C., TV roles
<mask> spent the 1960s balancing his radio career with jobs as the host of children's television programs. He appeared on WRC Radio's sister station, WRC-TV, playing characters such as Commander Retro and Bozo the Clown.In 1970, <mask> began appearing on WRC-TV as a weekday weatherman. Ronald McDonald character

Another TV role he performed regularly from 1963 to 1966 and occasionally as late as 1971 was Ronald McDonald for the McDonald's franchise in Washington, D.C. <mask> wrote in his book The Joy of Living that he originally created the Ronald McDonald character at the local franchise's request, which had also sponsored the Bozo the Clown show on which he portrayed Bozo. In his book Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser claims that McDonald's replaced <mask> on account of his weight, supposedly concerned about McDonald's image. <mask> denied the claims and cited other commitments he had at the time. Brian Thompson, of "Whatever Happened to Pizza at McDonald's" fame, is campaigning to have a statue of <mask> as Ronald McDonald erected to replace a downed Confederate monument. NASA
<mask> worked as the narrator for NASA's weekly program called "The Space Story", with his contributions spanning from the Apollo Program to the Space Shuttle. The Today Show

<mask> was

masks: Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott


title: Willard Scott

texts: tapped by NBC in 1980 to become its weatherman for The Today Show, replacing Bob Ryan, who replaced him at WRC-TV until 2010.After being inspired by a viewer request, <mask> began his practice of wishing centenarians a happy birthday on-air in 1983. During the 1980s, <mask> routinely did weather reports on the road, interviewing locals at community festivals and landmarks. He also periodically performed on the program from Washington, D.C., which he still considered his home. In 1989, The Today Show co-host Bryant Gumbel wrote an internal memo critical of the show's personalities, a memo that was later leaked to the media. In the memo, Gumbel said <mask> "holds the show hostage to his assortment of whims, wishes, birthdays and bad taste…This guy is killing us and no one's even trying to rein him in." This garnered enough of a backlash that the next time they appeared on camera together <mask> kissed Gumbel on the cheek to show he'd forgiven him, and also later said he hoped the whole thing would go away. In 1992, <mask>, who was the first incarnation of Ronald McDonald, recorded a commercial for McDonald's arch-rival Burger King.He also was the spokesman for the Days Inn hotel chain, appearing in their commercials from 1993 until 1997. <mask> went into semi-retirement in early 1996 and was succeeded by Al Roker. He continued to appear two days a week on the morning program to wish centenarians a happy birthday (a tradition that continues to the present day). He appeared from the studio lot of WBBH, the NBC affiliate in Fort Myers, Florida. He was also the commercial voice of Smucker's jellies, which sponsored his birthday tributes on Today. <mask> also continued to substitute for Roker for over a decade

masks: Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott


title: Willard Scott

texts:
 afterward, an arrangement that mostly ended after NBC acquired The Weather Channel in 2008 and started using that channel's meteorologists as substitutes (Entertainment Studios would later acquire The Weather Channel from NBC Universal in 2018, three years after <mask> retired from television completely). <mask> announced his full retirement from television on December 11, 2015.Today held a tribute to <mask> on his final day (December 15, 2015) featuring taped highlights from his years with the show. The plaza outside Rockefeller Center was renamed <mask> Way in his honor. Several former Today staff came to bid farewell to <mask> including Tom Brokaw, Jane Pauley, Katie Couric, and Gene Shalit along with Barbara Bush. Other TV work

<mask> made occasional guest appearances as neighbor "Mr. Poole" on The Hogan Family, where his character was married to Mrs. Poole, played by Edie McClurg. From 1959 to 1962 <mask> portrayed Bozo the Clown in the children's television program on NBC Washington, D.C. affiliate WRC-TV. <mask> also hosted the NBC telecast of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade from 1987 to 1997. He was replaced by Matt Lauer in 1998.For several years in the 1980s, <mask> donned a Santa Claus costume for the broadcast of the National Tree-Lighting Ceremony in Washington, D.C. In 1990 and 1992, <mask> also hosted the Pillsbury Bake-Off on CBS (although under contract with CBS' rival NBC). Awards

Radio Reissues and Santa Claus
In 2001, American University reissued some of the old Joy Boys radio broadcasts of the 1960s on CDs. He also played Santa Claus at various White House events. Writings
<mask> published several fiction and non-fiction books:

The Joy of Living
Down Home Stories
<mask>’s

masks:
Scott
Scott
Scott
Willard Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Willard Scott


title: Willard Scott

texts:
 All-American Cookbook
America Is My Neighborhood
The Older the Fiddle, the Better the Tune
If I Knew It Was Going to Be This Much Fun, I Would Have Become a Grandparent First

He has also co-authored two books with Bill Crider:

Murder Under Blue Skies
Murder in the Mist

He preached a sermon at the 185th anniversary of his home church, First Baptist Church in Alexandria, Virginia, that was published in Best Sermons 2, edited by James W. Cox [Harper & Row, 1989]. Personal life
<mask> was married to Mary Dwyer <mask> from 1959 until her death in 2002. The couple had two children, Mary and Sally.On April 1, 2014, at age 80, <mask> married Paris Keena, whom he first met in 1977 while she was working at WRC-TV in Washington, D.C. They had been together as a couple since 2003. They lived on Sanibel Island, Florida. <mask> died of natural causes on September 4, 2021, at the age of 87. Filmography

As himself
Pillsbury Bake-Off (1990–1992) – Host
Walt Disney World 4 July Spectacular (1988) – Himself
The New Hollywood Squares (1987) – Himself
Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade (1987–1997) – Host
The Bob Braun Show (1982) – Himself
Today (1980–2015) – Himself

As actor
Bozo the Clown (1959–1962) – Bozo the Clown
Ronald McDonald (1963–1965)
The Hogan Family (1987–1989) – Peter Poole

References

External links

1934 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Baptists
21st-century American comedians
21st-century Baptists
American male comedians
American male television actors
American television personalities
American University alumni
Baptists from Virginia
Male actors from Alexandria, Virginia
McDonald's people
Military personnel from Virginia
NBC News
Radio personalities from Washington, D.C.
United States Navy sailors
Weather

masks:
Scott
Scott
Scott
Death Scott


title: Michael Reilly (quarterback)

texts:
<mask> (born January 25, 1985) is an American former football quarterback player who played in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for 11 seasons. He was the starting quarterback for the Eskimos when they won the 103rd Grey Cup and was named the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player. He was originally signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2009. He played college football at Central Washington. He was named the CFL's Most Outstanding Player in 2017. <mask> has also been a member of the Edmonton Eskimos, Pittsburgh Steelers, Green Bay Packers, St. Louis Rams and Seattle Seahawks. Early years
<mask> played three seasons for Kamiakin High School in Kennewick, Washington, before relocating to Kalispell, Montana.As a senior, he set a Flathead High School record with 2,280 yards. He originally signed with NAIA Montana Tech, but chose to walk on at Washington State University before transferring to Central Washington. College career
<mask> was a co-runner-up for the Harlon Hill Trophy, which is presented to the nation's top Division II football player, as a senior. He threw a touchdown pass in all 46 games of his college career, giving him the NCAA all-divisions record for consecutive games with a touchdown pass. This record would be tied in 2014 by Marshall's Rakeem Cato. <mask> completed 64 percent of his passes over his four years as a starter for 12,448 yards, 118 touchdowns and only 40 interceptions. After redshirting at Washington State as a 5th-string quarterback, <mask> decided he didn't want to bide his time waiting for playing time.Central Washington offered him a chance to start right away so he transferred. He was the 2008 Great

masks:
Michael Reilly
Reilly
Reilly
Reilly
Reilly
Reilly


title: Michael Reilly (quarterback)

texts:
 Northwest Athletic Conference Offensive Player of the Year after completing 65.2% of his passes (207 of 414) in 2008 for 3,706 passing with 37 TDs, six INTs and he rushed 103 times for 415 yards (4.0 avg.) with four touchdowns. He was also named First-team All Great NW for his efforts. He was also Third-team Little All-America. In 2007, he started all 13 games and completed 271 of 435 passes (62.3%) for 3,386 yards, 30 touchdowns and 10 interceptions while be named Second-team All-North Central. He also rushed 129 times for 266 yards (2.1 avg.)with three touchdowns. In 2006, he started all 11 games and was 231/351 (65.8%) for 2,660 yards 21 TDs and 12 Ints., rushed 137 times for 272 yards (2.0 avg.) with four touchdowns and was named Second team All-North Central. The year prior, 2005, he started all 10 games and was 223/353 (63.2%) for 2,686 yards 30 TDs and 11 interceptions and rushed 86 times for 310 yards (3.6 avg.) with three touchdowns, while being named First-team All-Great NW. Professional career

Pittsburgh Steelers
<mask> was eligible to be selected in the 2009 NFL Draft, but went undrafted. He signed a free agent contract with the Pittsburgh Steelers.<mask> completed 10-of-15 for 117 yards during the 2009 preseason, but was waived on September 5, 2009. Green Bay Packers
On November 19, 2009, <mask> was signed to the Green Bay Packers practice squad. St. Louis Rams
On December 9, 2009, he was signed off the Packers' practice squad by the St. Louis Rams. He was waived on May 4, 2010. Seattle Seahawks
<mask> was claimed off waivers by the Seattle Seahawks on May 4, 2010. He was waived on May 18, 2010. BC Lions
On July 26, 2010, it was announced

masks: Reilly Reilly Reilly Reilly


title: Michael Reilly (quarterback)

texts:
 that <mask> had signed a practice roster agreement with the BC Lions.On August 26, 2010, <mask> was activated by the Lions and spent the remainder of the year as the third-string quarterback. He dressed for all 18 games in 2011 as the third-string quarterback and shared in the Lions' 99th Grey Cup victory. He got his first pro start on October 19, 2012, against the Edmonton Eskimos due to an injury to Travis Lulay. <mask> completed 19 of 28 throwing attempts for 276 yards with two touchdowns and one interception, leading the Lions to victory of over the Edmonton Eskimos 39–19. The win clinched a first round bye for the BC Lions in the 100th Grey Cup Playoffs. Edmonton Eskimos
On January 31, 2013, <mask> was traded to the Edmonton Eskimos by the BC Lions; the trade included the exchange of the clubs' second round picks in the 2013 CFL Draft and the Lions receiving the Eskimos' second round pick in the 2014 CFL Draft. Entering the 2013 CFL season, <mask> was in open competition with Matt Nichols for the starting quarterback job.Nichols tore his ACL in preseason which made <mask> the starting QB for the season. On August 18, 2013, <mask> threw for over 500 yards in a losing cause, the fourth highest performance for yards passing in a single game in the history of the Eskimos football club. In his first season as a full-time starter in the CFL, <mask> threw for 4,207 yards, with 24 touchdowns and 18 interceptions. He also finished 5th in the league in rushing yards with 709. Despite his efforts, the Eskimos struggled all season finishing with a record of 4–14 and missing the playoffs. In the 2014 season, <mask> played in 15 regular season games, leading the

masks: Reilly Reilly Reilly Reilly Reilly Reilly Reilly Reilly Reilly


title: Michael Reilly (quarterback)

texts:
 Eskimos to the number two seed in the Western Division with a record of 12–6. After defeating the Saskatchewan Roughriders in the Western semi-finals, <mask> and the Eskimos were defeated by the Stampeders 43–18, ending their season.It was revealed after the game that <mask> had been playing with a broken bone in his foot and had been in great pain. The injury had been caused in a previous game during the regular season. <mask>'s third season with Eskimos was once again hampered by injuries, missing 8 games. He played in the first game of the season, and the last 9; winning 8 in a row to finish the season as the first seed in the West Division. <mask> completed 214 of 329 pass attempts for 2,449 yards with 15 touchdowns and 10 interceptions (passer rating of 89.8). On November 29, 2015, the Eskimos won the 103rd Grey Cup with a score of 26–20 over the Ottawa RedBlacks in Winnipeg, Manitoba. After the game, he received the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player award after completing 21-of-35 pass attempts for 269 yards, two touchdowns and no interceptions.On April 14, 2016, the Eskimos announced they had signed <mask> to a contract extension through the 2018 CFL season. The three-year deal is reportedly worth over $400,000 in 2016 and then bumps up to over $500,000 in following seasons. <mask> continued his stellar play in the following three seasons, throwing for over 5,500 yards each season while tossing 88 touchdowns and 43 interceptions. Set to become a free agent in February 2019, <mask> had a workout with the Jacksonville Jaguars in mid-December 2018. Return to BC Lions
On February 12, 2019, <mask> became a free agent and subsequently signed a four-year

masks: Reilly Reilly Reilly Reilly Reilly Reilly Reilly Reilly


title: Michael Reilly (quarterback)

texts:
 contract with the BC Lions later that day. Despite lofty expectations to start the season the Lions only won one of their first 11 games. <mask> was able to lead the Lions to four consecutive victories pulling the Lions into a playoff race with his former team.However, <mask> suffered a wrist injury early in Week 18 against the Eskimos who would win the match and eliminate the Lions from playoff contention. <mask> underwent surgery in the days following and was declared out for the remainder of the season. In November 2020, <mask> filed a grievance against the BC Lions claiming a portion of his salary was guaranteed, even though the 2020 season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He reached a settlement with the team and subsequently re-signed to a new contract through the 2022 season on December 17, 2020. After beginning the 2021 season with lingering injury issues, <mask> finished the year with 12 starts in 13 games played and passed for a league-leading 3,283 yards. On January 24, 2022, the BC Lions announced that <mask> had retired. Career statistics

References

External links

BC Lions bio
Edmonton Eskimos bio
Green Bay Packers bio
St. Louis Rams bio

1985 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
BC Lions players
Central Washington Wildcats football players
Edmonton Elks players
Green Bay Packers players
People from Kennewick, Washington
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Players of American football from Washington (state)
St. Louis Rams players
Seattle Seahawks players
Washington State Cougars football players
Canadian football quarterbacks
American players of Canadian football
Canadian Football League Most Outstanding Player Award

masks: Reilly Reilly Reilly Reilly Reilly Reilly


title: George W. Crawford

texts:
<mask> (December 22, 1798 – July 27, 1872) was a licensed attorney turned politician from Columbia County, Georgia. <mask> was appointed attorney general for the state in 1827, by Governor John Forsyth, serving in that capacity until 1831. <mask> also served five years in the General Assembly's lower house as a representative of Richmond County on a platform of states' rights. <mask> served in the U.S. House of Representatives, filling the seat vacated by Richard W. Habersham who died while in office. <mask> was elected Georgia's 38th governor – serving two terms from 1843 to 1847. He became the only Whig Party candidate in state history to occupy the Governor's Mansion. <mask> then served as United States Secretary of War from 1849 to 1850.<mask>'s time in President Zachary Taylor's cabinet was marred by speculation regarding a probate claim he settled for <mask>n's heirs. <mask> received a gratuity of substantial remuneration for his services' – <mask>'s political adversaries framed it as the Galphin Affair – marking the end of <mask>'s political aspirations. When President Taylor unexpectedly died while in office, <mask> resigned his position as Secretary of War and entered political retirement. In 1861, however, <mask> was elected a delegate from Richmond County to the state's Secession Convention which brought him out of retirement to answer the call of his constituents. By the convention's first order of business, <mask> was elected Permanent President of the Convention by which he presided over Georgia's decision to secede from the Union and join the Confederate States of America. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on December 22, 1798, in Columbia County, Georgia. He was the fourth son of Peter and Mary Ann

masks:
George Walker Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
George Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
George Galphi
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
George Walker
Crawford


title: George W. Crawford

texts: <mask>.His father was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War from Virginia who had settled in Georgia to claim a land share, known as a bounty grant, which the state of Georgia had set aside for "those who had fought for independence". <mask> acquired a sizable tract of land that he called Belair Plantation. The homestead was situated close to his uncle, <mask>. Peter's uncle Joel fathered <mask><mask>, soon becoming a politician renowned locally for his political service to the state and for two presidential bids – running in 1816, and then again in 1824. <mask> grew up on the family's estate, heavily influenced by his father, and his cousin <mask> as well. <mask>'s father was a practicing attorney and <mask> availed himself to the well-stocked personal library of his father while homeschooling his education. <mask> also entered Georgia politics himself – beginning as Columbia County's first clerk of courts and becoming a 10-term representative in the state legislature.<mask>'s cousin, <mask><mask>, was also becoming well known for his political service, and was the subject of local legend for two famous duels he had been a principal of. <mask> built on his homeschooling at the College of New Jersey's school of law (later becoming Princeton University). <mask> graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1820, and subsequently completed an internship under the tutelage of Richard Henry <mask>. <mask> was licensed to practice law in 1822, and started a legal practice in Augusta partnering with Henry H. Cumming. He went on to obtain a master's degree from the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, the founding college of the University of Georgia. After graduating Franklin, <mask> served from 1824 to 1825, as a second

masks:
Crawford
Peter Crawford
Joel Crawford
William H
. Crawford
George Crawford
William
George
George
Peter Crawford
George Crawford
William H
. Crawford
George Crawford
Crawford
Wilde
Crawford
Crawford


title: George W. Crawford

texts:
 lieutenant in the 10th Regiment of the Georgia Militia. In 1826, <mask> married Mary Ann MacIntosh, having four children of the marriage: <mask>, Sarah MacIntosh, Anna Elizabeth, and Charles.<mask><mask> embarked on his political career the following year, accepting a gubernatorial appointment to become Georgia's attorney general. Attorney General of Georgia
Governor John Forsyth appointed <mask> to succeed Thomas F<mask> as Georgia's attorney general in 1827. The following year, <mask> challenged Georgia state legislator  Thomas E. Burnside, Ambrose Burnside's uncle, to a duel over published defamation Burnside had written about <mask>'s father. The code duello
When <mask> read the anonymous letter to the editor published in The Augusta Chronicle he was incensed by the prose – sharply criticizing the political views of his father, then declining in health. <mask> regarded it as an attack on his father's good name. <mask> demanded the newspaper editor give him the author's name but the editor refused, protecting Burnside's identity by telling <mask> the letter was from a woman, and that for this reason, he would not release the person's name. Inexplicably, Burnside contacted <mask> telling him that he was the author.<mask> immediately challenged Burnside to a duel which Burnside accepted, although with reluctance. The code duello was waning in vogue but it was still held as a measure which an honorable man was obliged to endure. Burnside was aspiring his own political career which showed promise of upward mobility. Burnside felt he would be shamed with dishonor if he refused, and in his era, without honor there was no career in politics. Dueling had already been outlawed in Georgia so the two belligerents, with their

masks:
George Crawford
William Peter
George W
. Crawford
Crawford
. Wells
Crawford
Crawford
George Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford


title: George W. Crawford

texts:
 seconds, traveled together by train to Fort Mitchell, Alabama where the practice was still legal – to finish what by then had become a "well-publicized fight". Burnside seemed to have sensed the duel would not end in his favor, dispatching a letter to his wife on the eve of the fateful encounter:Fort Mitchell, Jan. 24, 1828Dear Wife and Mother:    Tomorrow I fight. I do it on principle.Whatever may be my fate, I believe I am right. On this ground I have acted and will act. I believe I shall succeed, but if I do not I am prepared for consequences. Kiss the children and tell them that if I fall my last thought was of them. Yours most affectionatelyThomas E. Burnside

<mask> shot Burnside dead in the infamous duel, prompting the state to pass new legislation; "forbidding persons involved in duels from holding office". The restriction only applied to duels fought after the law was enacted and did not affect <mask>'s career. He continued serving as attorney general until 1831, when he was succeeded by Charles J. Jenkins.Thomas E. Burnside was interred in the private burial ground of Colonel John Crowell, renowned for his participation in the War of 1812. The Colonel lived near the site where the duel had taken place and personally ensured every protocol of respect was accorded at Burnside's burial. Two weeks passed before Mrs. Burnside received word of her husband's demise. It was said that she nearly died herself from distraught upon receiving the news. She moved with her children to Dahlonega, Georgia, residing there until her death. <mask> carried regret for his role in what was called "a deplorable and unfortunate affair". He was known to have made anonymous financial contributions to Burnside's widow and children though

masks: Crawford Crawford Crawford


title: George W. Crawford

texts:
 he was remembered as saying it made no amends – and for having expressed lament shortly before his own death in 1872.Congressman
In 1837, <mask> was elected to the Georgia General Assembly as a member of the House of Representatives for Richmond County. There, <mask> distinguished himself as a fiscal conservative. He was elevated to the United States House of Representatives as a Whig to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Richard W. Habersham. His term there was short, only serving from January 7 to March 3, 1843. Governor of Georgia
<mask><mask> was the Whig Party's nominee for governor in 1843. <mask> defeated the Democratic nominee, Mark Anthony Cooper, by a vote of 38,813 to 35,325 succeeding Charles J. McDonald to become the first Whig candidate to serve as Georgia's governor (as of 2019, he remains the only Whig governor). The Whigs won a majority in both houses of the state legislature in 1843, as well.<mask> was reelected in 1845, defeating Democratic challenger Matthew H. McAllister by a margin of 1,751 votes. With the legislature's support, <mask> was able to effect the Whig's agenda which focused on debt reduction and fiscal restraint. <mask>'s administration was able to reduce expenditures more than $66,000 in its first year and nearly eliminate the state's debt of $500,000 before being succeeded by <mask>. Towns. Besides implementing sound budget policy, <mask> was able to expand educational opportunities in the state and hasten construction of the state-owned Western and Atlantic Railroad. <mask>'s administration established the Supreme Court of Georgia as well, which had failed to be institutionalized for decades of previous effort. He redrew the state's congressional maps, and reformed the state

masks:
Crawford
Crawford
George W
. Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
George W
Crawford
Crawford


title: George W. Crawford

texts:
 penitentiary – making it "a more economically sound institution". <mask> also succeeded at dismantling the Georgia Central Bank, an important Whig campaign endeavor for years.Secretary of War
When General Zachary Taylor became President of the United States in 1849, he appointed <mask> United States Secretary of War. As War Secretary, he was involved in settling a claim from the United States government for the Galphin family, descendants of <mask>n, an American businessman who specialized in Indian Trade. <mask> received a large payment for his services and several of his political foes seized upon the opportunity to suggest impropriety. <mask> was subsequently investigated by a commission and completely exonerated of any wrongdoing yet his critics continued casting aspersions. When Millard Fillmore became president after Taylor's sudden death while in office in 1850, <mask> resigned along with the rest of the Taylor administration, rather than work for Millard Fillmore. Georgia Secession Convention

In 1861, <mask> was elected as a delegate from Richmond County, Georgia to the state's Secession Convention. The delegation elected <mask> president of the convention by a unanimous vote and he oversaw the state's vote of secession.As the convention's president, <mask> is considered the author of Georgia's Ordinance of Secession, the official document announcing the state's formal intent to secede the federal Union – originally as an independent republic, ultimately to join the Confederate States of America. The delegation approved the ordinance January 19, 1861, with 208 voting in favor of secession and 89 opposed. The delegates signed the document in celebratory fashion two days later in the public square in front of the

masks:
Crawford
Crawford
George Galphi
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford


title: George W. Crawford

texts:
 statehouse in Milledgeville where the convention was assembled. <mask> survived to witness the consequences of enacting the ordinance, lamenting its cost in the shed blood of Georgia citizens rallied by the convention's call. <mask> was to be tried for inciting a rebellion due to his role in presiding over the state's secession and was excluded from eligibility for both Lincoln's and Johnson's amnesty proclamations because of his leadership status. <mask> escaped the harsh consequences of an adjudication of guilt in 1865, when Johnson approved his direct application for amnesty thereby restoring <mask> as a citizen of the United States in good stead – with full protection of his person and property against all forms of reprisal. Death and legacy
<mask> died on July 27, 1872, at his Belair estate, located near Augusta, Georgia.His funeral was held in St. Paul's Episcopal Church and he was buried in Summerville Cemetery located in Augusta. On November 16, 1943, the keel was laid for the SS George Walker Crawford, a liberty ship built by the J.A. Jones Construction Company in Brunswick, Georgia honoring <mask> for his service to the state of Georgia. The ship was launched January 1, 1944, and delivered into federal service January 13, 1944. <mask>'s biographer Len Cleveland said that in researching his material he observed that "<mask>'s entire political career was motivated by a traditional sense of duty rather than by deep political convictions". Robert Toombs spoke well of <mask>, Saying, "There are but few abler and no purer men in America, and he has administrative qualities of an unusually high order." See also

 List of signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession
 Confederate States of America, causes of secession

masks: Crawford Crawford Crawford Crawford Crawford Crawford Crawford Crawford Crawford


title: George W. Crawford

texts:
 "Died of states' rights"

References

External links

<mask><mask> at The New Georgia Encyclopedia
"Death of Ex-Governor <mask>", Federal Union (Milledgeville), August 7, 1872.From the Milledgeville Historic Newspapers Archive, Digital Library of Georgia. |-

|-

|-

|-

1798 births
1872 deaths
American slave owners
Members of the Georgia House of Representatives
Governors of Georgia (U.S. state)
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
United States Secretaries of War
Georgia (U.S. state) Attorneys General
Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers
American duellists
Georgia (U.S. state) Whigs
Taylor administration cabinet members
Whig Party state governors of the United States
Signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
Politicians from Augusta,

masks:
George W
. Crawford
Crawford


title: Domonic Brown

texts:
<mask> (born September 3, 1987), is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut with the Philadelphia Phillies in , after being named the Phillies' top prospect in  and the top prospect in all of MLB, in 2010 by Baseball America. Professional career

Minor leagues

2006–2007
<mask> was selected by the Phillies in the 20th round of the 2006 Major League Baseball Draft out of Redan High School in Stone Mountain, Georgia. Since he moved to the Atlanta area from Pasco High School in Dade City, Florida, <mask> had "fallen off some teams' radars" prior to the draft. He participated in a private batting session with Phillies representatives at a local park, and after making one adjustment to his swing, scouting director Marti Wolever "couldn't believe what [they] were seeing". <mask> planned to attend the University of Miami to play wide receiver for the Hurricanes, but the Phillies offered him a $200,000 signing bonus to choose baseball instead. After the draft, <mask> was assigned to the Phillies' Gulf Coast League (GCL) affiliate, where he batted .214 and collected one home run, seven runs batted in (RBI), and thirteen stolen bases—which tied him for the team lead with Adrian Cardenas—during the 2006 season.For 2007, he earned a promotion to the Williamsport Crosscutters of the New York – Penn League. He played in 74 games with Williamsport, batting in 39 runs and collecting 21 extra-base hits. His 27 walks were second on the team, and his .295 batting average was the team's best among players with more than 10 appearances. On defense, he played in the most games for the team in both center field and right field. His performance allowed him a late promotion to the advanced-A Clearwater Threshers, where he batted .444 with one home run and seven RBI in eleven plate appearances.

masks:
Domonic Larun Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown


title: Domonic Brown

texts:
 2008–2009
In 2008, <mask> played the entire season with the Phillies' A-level affiliate, the Lakewood BlueClaws. In 591 plate appearances (second on the team), <mask> collected a .291 batting average, 54 RBI, 23 doubles, and 9 home runs.He played 69 games in center field and 59 in right, amassing 208 putouts, 12 outfield assists, and participating in 4 double plays. Before the 2009 season, Baseball America ranked <mask> the 48th-best prospect in the country, as well as the top prospect in the Phillies' farm system. He played at three levels during the 2009 season, spending most of the season with Clearwater. He batted .303/.386/.517 for the Threshers, notching 12 doubles, 11 home runs, and 44 RBI in 66 games played. His batting average was tied for second-highest on the team, and his 11 home runs were tied for the third-highest total. He played in 65 of his 66 games in right field, making nine assists and five errors. After promotion to the Double-A Reading Phillies, <mask> batted .279 with 20 RBI and 8 stolen bases; he also hit three home runs and four triples (tied for the team lead).Including a short stint with the GCL Phillies, <mask> accumulated a .299 batting average for the year, along with a .377 on-base percentage and a .504 slugging percentage. His 14 home runs were the most in a single season in his minor league career to that point, as were his 44 extra-base hits. After the season, <mask>'s name was included in trade rumors related to pitcher Roy Halladay; however, the Phillies refused to part with him, including outfield prospect Michael Taylor instead. 2010

<mask> was invited to Major League spring training in 2010, during which MLB.com, Major League Baseball's official website, ranked him the 14th-best prospect in the minor leagues. In a game against the Tigers, he hit two home runs—one against Justin Verlander—and

masks: Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown


title: Domonic Brown

texts:
 added a bases-loaded infield single to collect a third RBI. Of his home run against Verlander, shortstop Jimmy Rollins said, "That was legit. Big league stuff.(Phillies manager Charlie Manuel)  was there that morning trying to teach him how to get to his power." First baseman Ryan Howard nicknamed <mask> the "Total Package", noting that "I've seen him take batting practice" and that "[he's] got pop to all fields". The game was his last in Major League camp, as he was sent down after its completion. Though it was speculated that he would begin the year with the Triple-A Lehigh Valley IronPigs, he was assigned to Reading for the start of the 2010 season, where he batted .333 in his first seven games. He drove in one of two runs for the Double-A club on an RBI triple to back Phillippe Aumont's no-hit bid on April 25. He was promoted to the IronPigs on June 25, after he batted .318 with 16 doubles, 3 triples, 15 homers, 47 RBI, and 12 stolen bases in 65 games. Chuck LaMar, the Phillies' assistant general manager, said that <mask> "is just now starting to scratch the surface on his ceiling as a potential Major League player", praising his hand–eye coordination and his power.He batted .405 in his first 12 games in Triple-A, hitting four home runs and batting in eleven. At midseason, <mask> was selected to represent the United States in the 2010 All-Star Futures Game. He started for the U.S. team, but left in the first inning after experiencing tightness in his hamstring muscle running from the batter's box on an infield single. <mask> was expected to return to the Lehigh Valley lineup after the All-Star break. Through July 27, he batted .327 with 20 home runs and 68 RBI between Reading and Lehigh Valley. Philadelphia Phillies
<mask> was called up to the Phillies on July 28, 2010, after Shane Victorino was placed on the disabled list. He

masks: Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown


title: Domonic Brown

texts:
 made his debut that night against the Arizona Diamondbacks, playing right field and batting sixth.He hit an RBI double in his first at-bat, scoring Jayson Werth, and scored his first run on a fielder's choice by Wilson Valdez. He notched his second hit with a single in his third at-bat, scoring again on a double by Carlos Ruiz. He batted in Raúl Ibañez with a sacrifice fly in the bottom of the seventh inning for his second career RBI, finishing with two hits in three official at-bats. <mask> received a standing ovation from the crowd prior to his first plate appearance; he later said that the experience "was great" and that he "wasn't thinking about that at all". On August 10, <mask> hit his first home run in a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers. 2011
<mask> entered the 2011 season as the number four prospect in baseball. During spring training, <mask> broke his right hamate bone and had surgery to remove the fractured hook.He was sent down to the Lehigh Valley IronPigs, the Phillies Triple-A minor league affiliate, on July 29, 2011, to open a roster spot for Hunter Pence. He would bat .261 in 41 games with 3 home runs and 15 RBIs total that season. <mask> was called back up to the Phillies' expanded roster in September, but only appeared twice. He was not on the Phillies playoff roster. 2012
<mask>'s 2012 season saw him play 56 games in the majors and 60 games in the minors for Philadelphia's Triple-A affiliate, the Lehigh Valley IronPigs (batting .286 with 5 HRs and 28 RBIs). He hit .235 with 5 homers and 26 runs driven in during his stint with the Major League club. He started the season off in the Triple-A minor leagues, as General Manager Ruben Amaro wanted <mask> to get regular playing time, rather than spotty and unpredictable playing time.He was called up to the majors in July, but did not play too well, hitting .235.


title: Domonic Brown

texts:
 <mask> suffered from several injuries in 2012, including right knee inflammation and a left hamstring injury. <mask> injured his right knee while running backward to make a catch; he played on the knee for a few weeks before an MRI revealed a knee strain. He returned with a knee brace, but soon after injured his left knee since he put too much weight on it to compensate for his right knee's weakness. <mask>'s play was considered mediocre by many. Ryan Dinger of Phillies Nation commented that <mask> "showed flashes of being the player everyone thinks he can be", but that "he was also plagued by long stretches of ineffectiveness". 2013
Going into his age-25 season in 2013, <mask> was slated to be the Phillies' starting left fielder after impressing in spring training.He won his first National League Player of the Week award from May 20 to 26. Then, he hit six home runs over the course of five games, two of which were in one game on May 29 against the Red Sox, and two of which were hit in one game again two days later on May 31 against the Brewers. <mask> won his second consecutive NL player of the week after he hit 7 home runs and knocked in 13 runs during the week May 27 to June 2. He was also awarded NL player of the month for May as he clubbed 12 home runs during the month. <mask> finished the season batting .272/.324/.494, with 27 home runs, and 83 RBI. He was selected as a reserve for the 2013 All-Star Game. 2014
Sporting News rated <mask> the worst defensive left fielder in the major leagues after three blatant blunders during June.He appeared in a career-high 144 games in 2014, batting .235 with 10 home runs and 63 RBI. 2015
<mask> moved back to his natural position, right field, for the 2015 season. He also sought to build on some momentum he built late in the season in an effort to live up to his perceived potential. On

masks: Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown


title: Domonic Brown

texts:
 October 19, 2015, <mask> was outrighted off of Philadelphia's 40-man roster. He ended the season with a .228 batting average, 5 home runs and 25 RBI in 63 games played. Toronto Blue Jays
On February 25, 2016, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays that included an invitation to spring training. Colorado Rockies
On January 31, 2017, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies organization.He was released on July 19, 2017. Mexican League
On March 3, 2018, <mask> signed with the Sultanes de Monterrey of the Mexican League. He was released on April 29. On June 26, 2018, he signed with the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos, with whom he batted .295/.366/.570. On July 3, 2020, <mask> was released by the Tecolotes. References

External links

1987 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
Águilas Cibaeñas players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Baseball players from Florida
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Clearwater Threshers players
Florida Complex League Phillies players
Honolulu Sharks players
Lakewood BlueClaws players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Leones del Escogido players
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball right fielders
Mexican League baseball left fielders
Mexican League baseball right fielders
Naranjeros de Hermosillo players
National League All-Stars
People from Stone Mountain, Georgia
People from Zephyrhills, Florida
Philadelphia Phillies players
Reading Phillies players
Scottsdale Scorpions players
Sportspeople from DeKalb County, Georgia
Sportspeople from the Tampa Bay Area
Sultanes de Monterrey players
Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos players
Williamsport Crosscutters players
Pasco High School (Florida) alumni
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century


title: Shabba Ranks

texts:
<mask> (born Rexton Rawlston Fernando Gordon; 17 January 1966) is a Jamaican dancehall musician. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, he was one of the most popular Jamaican musicians in the world. Throughout his prominence in his home country as a dancehall artist, he gained popularity in North America with his studio album, Just Reality, in 1990. He released two studio albums, As Raw as Ever and X-tra Naked, which both won a Grammy Award as Best Reggae Album in 1992 and 1993, respectively. He is notoriously popular for "Mr. Loverman" and "Ting-A-Ling", which were globally acclaimed and deemed his signature songs. Early life and family
<mask> was born in Sturgetown, St. Ann, Jamaica, and raised in Seaview Gardens, Kingston. He and his wife, Michelle, have two sons Rexton Jr and Jahwon.He currently resides in the New York City area. His father, Ivan Gordon, was a mason who died in 1990. His mother, Constance "Mama Christie" Christie, remained in Seaview after Shabba's success, feeding the community with money sent from her son after his emigration. She was the subject of the 2015 hit song Shabba Madda Pot from dancehall artist Dexta Daps. Career
He gained his fame mainly by toasting (or rapping) rather than singing, like some of his dancehall contemporaries in Jamaica. He was a protégé of deejay Josey Wales. His original stage name was Co-Pilot.His international career started in the late 1980s, along with a number of fellow Jamaicans including reggae singers Cocoa Tea and Crystal. Ranks also worked with Chuck Berry and American rappers KRS-One and Chubb Rock. He secured a recording contract with Epic Records in 1989. The

masks:
Shabba Ranks
Shabba Ranks


title: Shabba Ranks

texts: stylistic origins of the genre reggaeton can be traced back to the 1990 song "Dem Bow", from Ranks' album Just Reality. Produced by Bobby "Digital" Dixon, the Dem Bow riddim became so popular in Puerto Rican freestyle sessions that early Puerto Rican reggaeton was simply known as "Dembow". The Dem Bow riddim is an integral and inseparable part of reggaeton, so much so that it has become its defining characteristic. His biggest hit single outside of Jamaica was the reggae fusion smash "Mr. Loverman".Other big tracks include "Housecall" with Maxi Priest, "Slow and Sexy" with Johnny Gill, "Respect", "Pirates Anthem", "Trailer Load A Girls", "Wicked inna Bed", "Caan Dun", and "Ting A Ling". He won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album in 1992 for As Raw as Ever and in 1993 for X-tra Naked. In 1993, Ranks scored another hit in the Addams Family Values soundtrack to which he contributed a rap/reggae version of the Sly and the Family Stone hit "Family Affair". His third album for Epic, A Mi Shabba, was released in 1995. He was dropped by the label in 1996. Epic went on to release a greatest hits album, entitled Shabba Ranks and Friends in 1999. Ranks made a partial comeback in 2007 when he appeared on a song called "Clear The Air" by Busta Rhymes, which also featured Akon.<mask> released a single on Big Ship's Pepper Riddim called "None A Dem", in April 2011. In 2012, <mask> was featured on Tech N9ne's EP E.B.A.H. on the track "Boy Toy". In 2013, <mask> was also mentioned in A$AP Ferg's song "Shabba," and has a cameo near the end of the music video. He was featured in the remix alongside Migos and Busta Rhymes on 23 November

masks: Shabba Shabba Shabba


title: Shabba Ranks

texts:
 2013. In August 2013, he was reportedly working on a new album. Controversy
In 1992, during an appearance on Channel 4 music show The Word, he was asked to give his thoughts on the subject of the hit song, "Boom Bye Bye", by Buju Banton.<mask> held a copy of a Bible which he carried with him and stated that the "word of God" advocated the "crucifixion of homosexuals". He also alluded that he advocates the progression of the Jamaican people and freedom of speech but did not conclude that being against homosexuality would be in question of exclusion, according to bible laws. He was condemned for his comments by presenter Mark Lamarr, who said, "That's absolute crap and you know it." Following these comments, <mask> was dropped from a Bobby Brown concert as a performer and faced altercations with his label, Sony Music. Ranks subsequently apologized, after realizing that his comments might advocate "the killing of gays and lesbians and any human being in retrospect". Awards

Discography

Albums
1988 Rough & Rugged – split with Chaka Demus
1988 (CD:1990) Rappin' with the Ladies
1989 Best Baby Father
1989 Holding On – by Home T, Cocoa Tea & Shabba Ranks
1990 Just Reality
1990 Golden Touch
1991 As Raw as Ever – UK Number 51
1991 Mr. 4: Shabba at Showdown (DVD)
1987 Prince Jammy

References

External links
[ Shabba Ranks biography at the AMG website]
Shabba Ranks at Rolling stone.com

1966 births
Living people
People from Saint Ann Parish
Jamaican reggae musicians
Jamaican expatriates in the United States
Jamaican dancehall musicians
Reggae fusion artists
Ragga musicians
Grammy Award winners
Epic Records artists
Greensleeves

masks: Shabba Ranks


title: Meda Chesney-Lind

texts:
<mask> is a feminist criminologist and an advocate for girls and women who come in contact with the criminal justice system. She works to find alternatives to women's incarceration and she is an advocate for humanitarian solutions to crime and criminal justice problems in Hawaii. Chesney-Lind is concerned about the treatment of youth and women in the criminal justice system. Specifically, she focuses on and teaches courses on girls' delinquency and women's crime, issues of girls' programming and women's imprisonment, youth gangs, the sociology of gender, and the victimization of women and girls. She has spent more than two decades attempting to develop a better correctional system in Hawaii through publishing countless newspaper articles, books, and journal articles, as well as working with community-based agencies and giving talks to local organizations and legislators. She has also been credited with helping to direct national attention to services for delinquent girls. Chesney-Lind  received her B.A.in 1969 from Whitman College and both her M.A. (1971) and P.h.D. (1977) from the University of Hawaii at Honolulu. She is adjunct professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, professor and director of the Women's Studies Program at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa, and a senior research fellow at Portland State University. She is a leading scholar in feminist criminology. Research projects and grants
Chesney-Lind has received well over one million dollars in grants to fund research projects and initiatives which she was a part


title: Meda Chesney-Lind

texts:
 of, many times as the principal investigator. Grants she has received have ranged from $6,000-$422,121.She was the principal investigator for Hawaii's Youth Gang Response Evaluation (YGRE). For this project Chesney-Lind received well over $700,000 in installments between 1992 and 2005 for the ongoing evaluation of the YGRE and continual interviews and analysis with current youth gang members, research on the self-reported delinquency and gang membership of youth at risk in Hawaii. This initiative also funded the assessment of key programs within the youth gang responsive system. She also received a contract for a three-year pilot project (2003–2004) for which she was granted almost $40,000 to provide evaluation services to the Family Drug Court (first circuit) in the state of Hawaii. Dr. <mask> Chesney-Lind's most recent research grant ($15,000) has been to provide evaluation services to the Family Court's (first circuit) pilot project of developing a "girls' court" in 2005-2006. This court will address female delinquents with a history of offending on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Awards
<mask> Chesney-Lind has been awarded the University of Hawaii Board Of Regents' Medal for Excellence in Research.In 1996, the American Society of Criminology name her a Fellow. She has also received national and international awards including the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences' Bruce Smith, Sr. Award, the Distinguished Scholar Award from the Women and Crime Division of the American Society of Criminology, the Major Achievement Award from the

masks: Meda Meda


title: Meda Chesney-Lind

texts: the increased imprisonment of women is not a result of new crimes and that decreases in the prison population would not only save taxpayers money but could be achieved through policy changes. The authors end the book by explaining that if society can begin to stop relying on imprisonment for women we can begin to consider this approach for men as well. They explain that the majority of male offenders are also marginalized by racism and poverty and furthermore, that they are the brothers, fathers and sons of marginalized women.Article synopsis - "What About the Girls: Delinquency and Programming as if Gender Mattered". In this article <mask> Chesney-Lind discusses some of the problems with programming for girls who come in contact with the criminal justice system. She posits that despite increased arrests of young girls, they are almost always invisible when the delinquency problem is discussed and largely forgotten when programs for delinquents are designed. In this article Chesney-Lind argues: (1) that  girls in the justice system and invisible in terms of programming and that their risk factors differ than boys; (2) that programming is often based on a one issue at a time approach which ignores the interrelatedness of girls' problems; (3) that girls are triply marginalized, by their age, race and class, structural inequalities and institutional racism and programs must therefore empower and advocate for meaningful changes and (4) that although statistics show an increase in girls violence, often resulting in more punitive


title: Meda Chesney-Lind

texts:
 do not equate masculinity or femininity as individual attributes. Lastly, Chesney-Lind and Eliason posit that until male and female aggression is understood, not only in the context of patriarchy which oppresses both sexes but also within the social systems of racism, heterosexism and classism, increases in arrest rates, incarceration and the execution of masculinised women will continue.Bibliography (partial)
Bowker, L.H., (1978). Women, crime and the criminal justice system. Lexington, Mass. : Lexington Books. (Contributions by <mask> Chesney-Lind and Joy Pollock). Brown, L.M., Chesney-Lind, M. & Stein, N., (2007). Patriarchy matters: Toward a gendered theory of teen violence and victimization.Violence Against Women. 13, 1249-1273. Chesney-Lind, M., (1997). The female offender: Girls, women and crime. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Chesney-Lind, <mask> and Nikki Jones (eds).(2010). Fighting for Girls: Critical Perspectives on Gender and Violence.Albany, NY: SUNY Press. In press. Chesney-Lind, <mask>, (2006). Patriarchy, crime, justice: Feminist criminology in an era of backlash. Feminist Criminology. 1(1), 6-26. Chesney-Lind, M., (2007).Beyond bad girls: Feminist perspectives on female offending in The Blackwell companion to criminology (Sumner, C.  & Chambliss, W.J., eds). Malden: Blackwell Publishing. Chesney-Lind, M. & Eliason, M., (2006). From invisible to incorrigible: The demonization of marginalized women and girls. Crime, Media, Culture. 2(1), 29-47. Chesney-Lind, M. &  Hagedorn, J.M., (eds.)(1998). Female gangs in

masks: Meda Meda Meda


title: Meda Chesney-Lind

texts:
 America: Essays on gender, and gangs. Lakeview Press. Chesney-Lind, M. & Irwin, K., (2008). Beyond bad girls: Gender, violence and hype. New York: Rutledge. Chesney-Lind, M., Morash, M. & Irwin, K., (2007).Policing girlhood? Relational aggression and violence prevention. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 5(3), 328-345. Chesney-Lind, M., Morash, M. & Stevens, T., (2008). Girls' troubles, girls' delinquency, and gender responsive programming: A review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology.41 (1), 162-189. Chesney-Lind, M. & Pasko, L. (eds. ), (2004a). Girls, women and crime: Selected readings. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Chesney-Lind, M. & Pasko, L., (2004b).The female offender: Girls, women and crime (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Chesney-Lind, M. & Shelden, R.G., (1998). Girls, delinquency, and juvenile justice (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: West/Wadsworth. Davidson, S., (ed. ), (1982).Justice for young women: Close-up on critical issues. Tucson, Arizona: New Directions for Young Women, inc. (Introduction by <mask> Chesney-Lind). Gavazzi, S.M., Yarcheck, C.M. &  Chesney-Lind, M., (2006). Global risk indicators and the role of  gender in a juvenile detention sample. Criminal Justice and Behaviour. 33(5), 597-612.Mauer, M. & Chesney-Lind, M., (eds.) (2002). Invisible Punishment: The collateral consequences of mass imprisonment. New York: New Press. References

1947 births
Living people
American criminologists
Women criminologists
University of Hawaiʻi alumni
University of Hawaiʻi


title: Brooke Hart

texts:
<mask> (June 11, 1911 – November 9, 1933) was the eldest son of <mask>, the owner of the L. Hart & Son department store in downtown San Jose, California, United States. His kidnapping and murder were heavily publicized, and the subsequent lynching of his alleged murderers, Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes, sparked widespread political debate. The lynchings were carried out by a mob of San Jose citizens in St. James Park across from the Santa Clara County Jail, and were broadcast as a "live" event by a Los Angeles radio station. The killings of the suspects were tacitly endorsed by Governor James Rolph Jr., who said he would pardon anyone convicted of the lynching. Scores of reporters, photographers, and newsreel camera operators, along with an estimated 3,000 to 10,000 men, women, and children, were witness to it. When newspapers published photos, identifiable faces were deliberately smudged so that they remained anonymous; the following Monday, local newspapers published 1.2 million copies, twice the normal daily production. This incident is sometimes referred to as "the last lynching in California", although Clyde Johnson was lynched near Yreka in August 1935, and the last true California lynching is said to have occurred on January 6, 1947, in Callahan, but the name of the victim has never been released and the event cannot be confirmed in any printed news publications.Background

In 1933, 22-year-old <mask> was the heir to one of San Jose, California's best-known businesses, the L. Hart & Son department store, located at the southeast corner of Market and Santa Clara Street. <mask>'s grandfather and the store's namesake, <mask>, was an Alsatian immigrant who bought a mercantile shop known as the Cash Corner store in 1866. After Leopold's son, Alex J<mask> Sr. (known as A.J.) took over the business, it expanded to the landmark status it held in San Jose for four decades – becoming as much a part of the fabric of the city as Macy's was in New York

masks:
Brooke Hart
Alexander Hart
Brooke Hart
Brooke
Leopold Hart
. Hart


title: Brooke Hart

texts:
 City or Neiman Marcus was in Dallas. The Hart store was famous for its attentive customer service, and benefited from the deep loyalty of customers and employees alike. When the country found itself in the grip of the Great Depression, Hart's held onto its central place in the lives of San Jose's citizens, and continued to buy advertising in local publications. The <mask> family was one of the city's most prominent, and their influence was the source of many colorful stories: one such tale recounts that the artist who repainted the ceiling of Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph in the 1920s modeled the cherubs in his work on the family's children.<mask> had worked in his family's department store during much of his youth and was well-known and liked by the local community. After he graduated from Santa Clara University, his father, A.J., made him a junior vice president and began grooming him to take over when A.J. retired. Disappearance

Just before 6:00 p.m. on Thursday, November 9, 1933, <mask> retrieved his 1933 Studebaker President roadster, a graduation present from his parents, from a downtown San Jose parking lot behind the department store. He had agreed to chauffeur his father, A.J., who did not drive, to a meeting of the Chamber of Commerce at the San Jose Country Club. When <mask> did not turn up to collect his father, A.J. became concerned.As hours passed and there remained no sign of <mask>, the <mask> family's anxiety grew; <mask> was responsible and punctual, and his absence was entirely out of character. A.J. confessed his worry to Perry Belshaw, the manager of the San Jose Country Club, during dinner; after <mask>'s friend phoned to say the younger <mask> had missed an appointment at 8:00 p.m., A.J. called the police to determine if his son had been involved in an accident. According to the parking lot attendant, <mask> had left the lot heading east on Santa Clara Avenue at 6:05 p.m.; he was later spotted around 6:30 p.m. by a Hart store employee

masks:
Hart
Brooke Hart
Brooke Hart
Brooke
Brooke
Hart
Brooke
Brooke
Hart
Brooke


title: Brooke Hart

texts:
 at Santa Clara and Fourteenth. Finally, a rancher in Milpitas, seven miles north of San Jose, saw a man matching <mask>'s description standing alone next to an automobile on Evans Lane at approximately 7 p.m.; when the rancher returned, he saw the car still parked there at approximately 8:30 p.m. with no one else present. Ransom demands
At 9:30 that night, Aleese <mask>, the older of <mask>'s two younger sisters, answered the telephone at the family home and was informed by a "soft-spoken man" that <mask> had been kidnapped and that instructions for his return would be provided later.At 10:30, what sounded like the same man called and informed the other sister, Miriam, that her brother would be returned upon payment of . Delivery instructions would be provided the next day. According to phone company records, the kidnappers had tried to reach the <mask> home three times but the line was busy before they were finally connected. Belshaw lived near the site where the Studebaker had been parked and reported the abandoned car in Milpitas to the police at 11 p.m.; it was positively identified as <mask>'s. The San Jose Police Department, the Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office, and the U.S. Division of Investigation (the forerunner of the FBI) were quickly brought into the case. The phone calls were traced to locations in San Francisco; the call that connected was traced to the Whitcomb Hotel. However, the search initially focused on the hilly region surrounding Calaveras Dam and the city of Oakland; the call's origin was thought to be a decoy action.<mask>'s wallet was discovered in San Francisco on the guard rail of the tanker Midway, which had been refueling the Matson Lines passenger liner  when both ships were docked at Pier 32 from midnight to 5 a.m. It was assumed the wallet had been tossed from a porthole on the liner. Lurline was stopped and searched in Los Angeles when it arrived there on its way to Honolulu on November 11, but nothing was found. Police then

masks: Hart Hart Brooke Hart Hart Brooke Hart


title: Brooke Hart

texts: advanced an alternative theory: since Pier 32, from which Lurline had departed, was close to the sewer outfall, the heavily laden tanker might have dipped below the surface and picked up the wallet from where it had been discharged from the sewer, lifting it from the bay once a sufficient amount of fuel had been offloaded. One of the passengers detained during the three-hour search was Babe Ruth, who was traveling to Los Angeles to watch a football game between Southern California and Stanford. At the time, the Oakland Tribune named Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd a suspect in the kidnapping, as he was reportedly present in California. Floyd was later spotted in Almaden, near abandoned quicksilver mine shafts.While searching for Floyd or <mask> at the mine, a man claiming to be Floyd boarded a bus in Modesto and robbed passengers using a gun. The <mask> family chartered an airplane to look for cabins in the hills near Milpitas starting on November 12, following up a theory that <mask> had been first lured to the area where his car was abandoned, and the kidnappers then took him from there. Because the car's lights were left on, and there were signs of a scuffle, authorities believed <mask> had been overpowered in Milpitas. In addition, witnesses who had seen <mask> driving the Studebaker said that he was alone, although in some cases visibility was poor. A "compromise ransom" telegram from Sacramento arrived on November 12, suggesting that  would be sufficient. However, the family was not contacted again until Monday, November 13, when a letter, postmarked in Sacramento, arrived in the mail at the department store. It instructed A.J.to have a radio installed in the Studebaker (which already had a radio), because the ransom instructions would be broadcast over NBC radio station KPO. The kidnapper also instructed A.J. to be ready to drive the Studebaker to deliver the ransom, but A.J. had never learned to drive. On November 13, A.J. posted a $5,000 reward for his

masks: Hart Hart Brooke Brooke Brooke


title: Brooke Hart

texts:
 son's safe return, with a promise to drop any further investigation upon his return. To emphasize the validity of the reward offer, police announced they would not be tracing calls to the <mask> residence.However, this was a ruse to entrap the kidnappers; in fact, the telephone line continued to be tapped. On Tuesday, November 14, a second ransom note arrived, this time postmarked in San Francisco. It instructed A.J. to place the ransom in a black satchel and drive to Los Angeles. That night, A.J. took a call from a man claiming to be his son's kidnapper, who instructed him to take the night train to Los Angeles. The authorities staked out the train station and mistakenly arrested a bank teller out for an evening stroll.The next day, a sign was placed in a window of the Hart store stating that A.J. did not drive. A call was received that night again demanding that <mask> drive to deliver the ransom. <mask> demanded proof that his son was with the caller. The caller stated that <mask> was being held at a safe location. Because a phone tap had been placed on the Hart telephone, the call was traced to a garage in downtown San Jose, but the caller was gone by the time the authorities arrived. Arrests and confessions

Another demand arrived the following day, November 16, again ordering A.J.to drive with the ransom. That night, another call was received and the demand that A.J. drive was repeated. The call was traced to a payphone in a parking garage at Market near San Antonio, and Police Chief J.N. Black and Sheriff William Emig hurried to the scene just  from the San Jose Police station, where they arrested Thomas Harold Thurmond as he was hanging up, at about 8:00 p.m.

At 3:00 a.m., Thurmond, after hours of questioning, signed a confession in which he claimed to have bound <mask>'s hands with wire and tossed him off the San Mateo Bridge into San Francisco Bay sometime between 7:00 and 7:30 on the night of the kidnapping. He also identified an accomplice: John

masks: Hart Hart Hart Brooke Brooke