title: Johann von Götzen

texts: in conjunction with Charles of Lorraine whose 5,000 strong army was evading the numerically superior French in the Franche-Comté. On 26 June 1638, <mask> appeared north of Breisach, he chose not to attack Bernard directly but instead diverted his troops towards Alsace in the hope of taking the local French garrisons. The French refused to crack, forcing Götzen and to fall back to Offenburg where he was joined by Federico Savelli's 2,500 troops. <mask>'s army was loading supplies onto barges at Rheinau, when Bernard drew 11,400 men from the siege lines, moving through Kenzingen and Lahr.It was only on 8 August, that <mask>'s scouts reported that he was approaching. <mask> placed his artillery on the Schuttern hill, with the rest of the army holding a ditch between the hill and Friesenheim. The  was but a short skirmish, Bernard quickly disengaged after realizing that the terrain did not favor him. Meanwhile, Savelli was leading two thirds of the army along with a supply column heading towards Wittenweiher, failing to take the necessary precautions he was spotted soon after the column emerged from the Kaiserwald forest. Savelli's was disoriented by a combination of musket and cannon fire and cut down by a cavalry charge that followed immediately. <mask> arrived just early enough to prevent a complete collapse of the army. Still the Battle of Breisach proved disastrous, only 3,000 remained under Bavarian colors by the time they retreated to Offenburg, the rest being killed, captured or deserting, 3,000 wagons of food and ammunition were also lost to the enemy.Savelli's court connections protected him

masks: Götzen Götzen Götzen Götzen Götzen


title: Johann von Götzen

type: original

texts:
 from a court martial, while the Bavarian morale fell significantly. Charles of Lorraine and <mask> made two more attempts to relieve Breisach on 15 September and 22 November, failing on both occasions due to a lack of coordination on Charles' part. Breisach fell on 19 December 1638, <mask> was scapegoated by Savelli and arrested. <mask> was pronounced innocent and released in August 1640, returning into Imperial service as Generalfeldmarschall. In 1643, he campaigned in Silesia, a year later he was transferred to Hungary where he fought against George Rákóczi I's army. In 1645, he was recalled to Bohemia which faced a Swedish invasion. On 5 March 1645, he was killed by musket fire while commanding the Imperial cavalry during the Battle of Jankau.<mask>'s actions at Breisach are defended by the titular character in the novel Simplicius Simplicissimus, written by Hans Jakob Christoffel <mask>elshausen who took part in the operation as a soldier. Notes
Footnotes

Citations

References

1599 births
1645 deaths
People from Lüneburg
Field marshals of Bavaria
German people of the Thirty Years' War
Field marshals of the Holy Roman Empire
Nobility of Brunswick-Lüneburg
German military personnel killed in

masks:
Götzen
Götzen
Götzen
Götzen
von Grimm


title: Narcisse Mouelle Kombi

texts:
<mask>, born on May 6, 1962 in Douala, is a Cameroonian academic and writer. Associate of public law and political science, professor at the University of Yaounde II, he was appointed Minister of Arts and Culture of Cameroon on October 2, 2015 in the government of Philemon Yang. Biography
His father <mask>, a trained teacher in ENI Nkongsamba, director of public schools, is also a native of the village of Bona'Anja (district of Yabassi, Nkam). His mother, Marthe Charlotte Malongo Djengue, of the Bonanjombe-Dénè-Wouri-Bossoua lineage, a social worker by profession, died in 1998. Her father-in-law <mask> (1900–1984), a merchant, is one of the first generations of German-speaking Cameroonians. Eldest of siblings of fifteen children, <mask> attended primary and secondary school in Nkongsamba, Mbanga and Douala, according to the assignments of her parents. It is at the polyvalent high school of Bonabéri in Douala that he obtained a baccalaureate C (mathematics and physics) in 1982.He enrolled the same year at the Faculty of Law and Economics of the University of Yaoundé, he obtained a bachelor's degree (1985) then, a master's degree in public law (1986). Studies
He then continued his studies in France, notably at the University of Strasbourg III where he obtained a Diploma of Advanced Studies (DAS) in international law and a certificate of English legal terminology in 1988; at the University of Paris II where he obtained a higher diploma in political science (1989) and at the University of Paris V where he supported in 1992 a doctoral thesis in law under the direction of Professor Edmond Jouve, with the honorable mention. In 1998, the same university awarded him the habilitation to direct research (HDR) in legal sciences. He prepares the aggregation at the Institute for the Development of Francophone Higher Education (IDESUF) of Bordeaux IV and is received in 2001, major in the competition of aggregation of public law and political science of the

masks:
Narcisse Mouelle Kombi
Mouelle Guillaume Kombi
Walther Heinrich Kombi
Narcisse Mouelle Kombi


title: Narcisse Mouelle Kombi

texts:
 African and Malagasy Council for the higher education (CAMES). He was an auditor at the Institute of Higher National Defense Studies of Paris in 2007. Career
Having served as a supernumerary jurist at the Division of Legal Affairs of UNESCO in Paris and as a public law instructor at the Versailles Academy (1991–1992), he began in May 1993 a teaching career at the Faculty of Sciences. legal and political University of Yaounde II where he will be assistant, lecturer, lecturer and professor.He also teaches at the Institute of International Relations of Cameroon (IRIC) and at the Joint Higher Defense Center, Yaounde War School. He is since 2003, visiting professor of international law at the University Jean-Moulin-Lyon-III. Since 2005, he has headed the Department of Public International and Community Law of the University of Yaounde II. Administrative and political responsibilities
<mask> <mask> <mask> has assumed or assumed various responsibilities in university administration and various functions in his country. Researcher at the General Secretariat of the Presidency of the Republic (1995–2003), Dean of the Faculty of Legal and Political Sciences of the University of Douala (2003–2005), Director of the Institute of International Relations of Cameroon (2005–2012), Member and President of the Sub-Commission on Civil and Political Rights of the National Commission for Human Rights and Freedoms (since 2006). Since 2012, he has been Vice-President of the African Association of International Law and is a member of the Cameroonian delegation to the United Nations Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed Commission and the Green tree Accord Commission on the Implementation of the Agreement. implementation of the judgment of the International Court of Justice in the case of the border dispute between Cameroon and Nigeria.He is Special Advisor to the Presidency of the Republic from 2011 to 2015. He is named in the government of Philemon Yang Minister of Arts and Culture on

masks: Narcisse Mouelle Kombi


title: Narcisse Mouelle Kombi

texts:
 October 2, 2015. <mask> <mask> <mask> is an alternate member of the central committee of the CPDM, the party of Paul Biya (since the Yaoundé congress of 2011). He has accomplished various political missions under the banner of this party since 1997 in the district of Yabassi, the department of Nkam or the Littoral region; and at the national level, as Vice-President of the Communication Sub-Commission established during various events or elections. He is among others, the initiator and the spokesman of the Appeal of the Cameroonian Intelligentsia in favour of the candidacy of the president Paul Biya to the presidential election of 2004. Publications
He is the author of thirty scientific publications including four books:

 The imperatives of international law, Yaoundé, CRA, 1996;
 Cameroon's foreign policy, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1996 ();
 Preventive war and international law, Paris, Dianoïa, 2006 ();
 Democracy in Cameroonian Reality, Paris, Dianoïa, 2013. ().In the literary field, he is the author of:

 Translated from events, poems, Douala, AfricAvenir Editions, 1986;
 Such a tragic Dawn, Poems, Douala, AfricAvenir Editions, 1986;
 The Imperfect of Exile, Yaoundé, Editions Clé, 2010;

Having used his pen as a freelance journalist in the years 1980–1990, he published dozens of articles in pan-African magazines such as Bingo or Amina of the press group directed in Paris by Michel de Breteuil. Distinctions and other activities

 Knight of the Order of the Value of Cameroon;
 International Poetry Prize of the International Circle of Thought and Arts (CIPAF), 1980;
 First Poetry Prize of the National Association of Poets and Writers of Cameroon (APEC), 1986;
 Delegate of the Ideal ICG, Joint Initiative Group working for the development of Ecotourism and Sustainable Agriculture in the Wouri Valley;
 Member of several learned societies. References

1962 births
Cameroon People's Democratic Movement politicians
Living people
Government ministers of


title: Hasan Prishtina

texts:
<mask> ( and <mask>), originally known as <mask> (27 September 1873 – 13 August 1933), was an Ottoman, later Albanian politician, who served as the 8th Prime Minister of Albania in December 1921. Biography

Family and early life
In his memoirs <mask> wrote that his family originated from Poljance in the Drenica region, where his ancestors gave valuable contribution to the Albanian culture and revolts against the Ottoman Empire. He wrote that his grandparent Haxhi Ali Berisha, who moved to Vıçıtırın/Vushtrri in 1871, was the son of Abdullah Ali Berisha. Haxhi's younger son, Ahmet was the father of <mask>. <mask> said that family's links to the Drenica region were celebrated with songs and other traditions. According to Ivo Banac and Miranda Vickers, <mask> was a member of the Serb Šišković clan of Vučitrn/Vushtrri, whom Serbs held as traitors. However, this claim is unfounded in facts and very contradictory with the history of the Berisha family, which was autochthonous in the province of Dukagjini, where Vucitrn/Vushtrri is also part.Archival research done by Muhamet Pirraku confirms <mask>'s writings, and points that some documents give an alternative name of Abdullah Ali Berisha, Mehmet. <mask> was born in 1873 in Vıçıtırın/Vushtrri and had one brother named Ymer. After finishing the French gymnasium in Thessaloniki, he studied politics and law in Istanbul. He was originally known as "<mask>". He initially supported the Young Turk Revolution of 1908. <mask> was elected to the Ottoman parliament in 1908 and became affiliated to the Young Turk (CUP) party. He changed his last name into <mask> in 1908, when he was elected as the Pristina delegate in the Ottoman parliament in Istanbul during the Second Constitutional Era.Actions by the Ottoman government

masks:
Hasan Prishtina
Vulçitrnli Hasan Bey
Hasan Berisha
Prishtina
Hasan
Prishtina
Hasan
Hasan Prishtina
Hasan
Hasan Berisha
Prishtina
Prishtina


title: Hasan Prishtina

texts:
 against rebels and civilians in Kosovo during 1909 led <mask> to publish an article titled "Albanians" in the Young Turk newspaper Tanin. He stressed that force was unproductive and unable to bring peace and security while reforms were needed following the example of Midhat Pasha. As a parliamentarian <mask> viewed the place of Albanians in the empire as partners entitled in the decision-making process which was partly based upon ethnic politics. He expressed that sentiment in an analogy delivered to parliament in early May 1911. <mask> defined the Ottoman state as a "joint stock company with common interest... owned by Turks, Albanians, and other peoples, [all] with equal shares" and without anyone "deserving preferential treatment". By late 1911, <mask> had joined the Freedom and Accord Party which was founded by him and ten others who were opponents of the Young Turks and advocated for Ottomanism, government decentralisation and the rights of ethnic minorities. In 1911 <mask> wrote a chapter on the revolt by Albanian highlanders (Malësors) and highlighted their important duties involving border defense in an edited book titled Musaver Arnavud (The Illustrated Albanian) in Ottoman Turkish by Dervish Hima.Albanian National Movement
During December 1911, <mask> and Ismail Qemali convened secret meetings of Albanian political notables in Istanbul that decided to organise a future Albanian uprising. Mehmed V dissolved parliament and called for new elections on 17 January 1912 with Prishtina going to Kosovo shortly thereafter to begin the organisation of the uprising. In the Ottoman elections of April 1912, the CUP won most parliamentary seats by rigging the election and prevented its Albanian critics like <mask> from retaining their positions. After the

masks: Prishtina Prishtina Prishtina Prishtina Prishtina Prishtina Prishtina


title: Hasan Prishtina

texts: Ottoman Government did not keep their promises for more rights and independence to the Albania nation, <mask> and several other prominent Albanian intellectuals started organizing the Albanian National Movement. He together with Isa Boletini and Bajram Curri took the responsibility to start the Albanian National Movement in Kosovo. In 1912, due to the deteriorating situation between Albanians and Ottoman authorities, <mask> alongside other Albanian leaders were present at a meeting in Junik on 20 May where a besa (pledge) was given to wage war on the Young Turk government. <mask> took an active part in the 1912 uprising in Kosovo and formulated the autonomy demands that were submitted to the Turkish government in August 1912, the so-called Fourteen Points of <mask>.Until August 1912, <mask> led the Albanian rebels to gain control over the whole Kosovo vilayet (including Novi Pazar, Sjenica, Priština and even Skopje), part of Scutari Vilayet (including Elbasan, Përmet, Leskovik and Konitsa in Janina Vilayet and Debar in Monastir Vilayet. Marshall Ibrahim Pasha was sent by the Ottomans to negotiate terms and on 9 August met with leaders of the uprising where <mask> presented the Fourteen Points and the commander then sent them to Istanbul and returned to his army. <mask> however retreated from insisting upon autonomy that disappointed some Albanian nationalists. On 18 August, the moderate faction led by <mask> managed to convince leaders Boletini, Curri, Riza Bey Gjakova and Idriz Seferi of the conservative group to accept the agreement with the Ottomans for Albanian sociopolitical and cultural rights. In assisting to formulate the Fourteen Points, in part secured by Kosovo Albanian military action against the Ottomans, <mask> in his role as a Kosovar

masks:
Hasan Prishtina
Prishtina
Prishtina
Hasan Prishtina
Prishtina
Prishtina
Prishtina
Prishtina
Prishtina


title: Hasan Prishtina

texts:
 notable and Albanian patriot balanced national and regional concerns. Albanian Independence and World War I
During the Balkan Wars he was arrested by commanders from the Kingdom of Serbia. In December 1913, after Albanian independence, he served as Minister of Agriculture, and in March 1914 was made minister of postal services in the government of Independent Albania led by Ismail Qemali.During the First World War he organized divisions of volunteers to fight for Austria-Hungary. In 1918, after the Serb recapture of Kosovo from Austria-Hungary, <mask>, together with Bajram Curri, fled to Vienna and later to Rome, where he was in contact with Croatian, Macedonian and Montenegrin opponents of the new Kingdom of Yugoslavia. <mask> became a head of the Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo in Rome in 1918. Political career

<mask> was in charge of the delegation of the Committee in December 1919 which represented Albanians for the protection of their rights in the Paris Peace Conference, where he requested the unification of Kosovo and Albania. The Kosovar delegation was, however, not given leave to participate in the debates. <mask> then returned to Albania where in January 1920 he helped organise the Congress of Lushnjë and in April 1921 became a member of parliament for Dibra. He took part in a coup d'état that year and served as Prime Minister for a brief five days from 7 to 12 December, but was forced out of office by Ahmet Zogu, who was a Minister of Interior at that time and regarded it as imperative to avoid conflict with Belgrade.Thereafter, <mask> helped organise uprisings in Kosovo and led several anti-government insurrections in Albania, the latter being easily suppressed by the administrations of Xhafer Bej Ypi and Ahmet Zogu. He

masks:
Prishtina
Hasan Prishtina
Hasan Prishtina
Prishtina
Hasan


title: Hasan Prishtina

texts:
 returned to Tirana during the Democratic Revolution of 1924 under Fan Noli, whom he accompanied to the League of Nations in Geneva. Exile and death
When Zogu took power in December 1924, <mask> was forced to leave Albania. As he could not return to Kosovo, he settled in Thessalonika where he purchased a large estate. <mask> was an enemy of Zogu, the two having attempted to assassinate one another. He was imprisoned by the Yugoslav police for a period, but was released in 1931. In 1933, he was killed by Ibrahim Celo in a cafe in Thessalonika, on the orders of the Yugoslav government.Legacy
<mask> is commemorated in Kosovo and Albania. In 1993, when a meeting commemorating the 60th anniversary of his death was convened in Mitrovica, Serbian police raided the place and showed machine guns to the participants. Out of 80 participants, 37 were arrested and the rest were beaten for 5 to 15 minutes by police. In 2012 a statue of Prishtina was elevated in Skopje in Skanderbeg Square . <mask> <mask> is honoured by the Albanians as an important national hero and freedom fighter. A primary school in Tirana and the University of Prishtina are named after him. On 2 May 2014, he was posthumously awarded the Order of Merit of the National Flag by the Albanian President Bujar Nishani.See also
 History of Albania
 List of prime ministers of Albania

References

Sources

Further reading

1873 births
1933 deaths
People from Glogovac
People from Kosovo vilayet
Kosovo Albanians
Politicians of the Ottoman Empire
19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
Kosovan politicians
People murdered in Greece
Prime Ministers of Albania
Prisoners and detainees of Yugoslavia
Albanians of the Ottoman Empire
Assassinations in Greece
Istanbul University Faculty

masks:
Prishtina
Prishtina
Hasan Prishtina
Hasan Bej
Prishtina


title: Geoffrey Gordon (composer)

texts:
<mask> (born 28 August 1968) is an American composer of classical music. Biography

<mask>'s list of works includes orchestral and chamber music—vocal and instrumental—as well as scores for theater, dance and film. His music has been called "darkly seductive" (The New York Times), "brilliant" (Boston Globe), "gripping...energetic expressiveness" (Bachtrack), "fascinating" (Milwaukee Journal), "wonderfully idiomatic" (Salt Lake Tribune), "haunting" (Strings Magazine) and "remarkable" (Fanfare). Chicago Tribune music critic John von Rhein called <mask>'s lux solis aeterna, premiered by the acclaimed Fulcrum Point New Music Project, "a cosmic beauty ... of acutely crafted music." And music critic Lawrence Johnson, of Classical Review, called <mask>'s work Tiger Psalms, a very impressive and significant world premiere ... the composer makes the music sing magnificently." A winner of the Aaron Copland Award, <mask> has twice served as composer-in-residence at the Aaron Copland House (2008–09). His work has been funded by the Barlow Endowment, the National Endowment for the Arts, Arts Council England, the Danish Arts Foundation, the United Performing Arts Fund, the Concert Artists Guild, the American Composers Forum, Meet the Composer, the MacArthur Foundation, the American Music Center, the Abelson Foundation, the Mary Flagler Cary Trust, the Cheswatyr Foundation, the Bush Foundation and New Music USA.He has been in residence at the La Napoule Arts Foundation in Cannes, and at the historic Cliff Dweller Club in Chicago. He has been nominated for the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center's Elise Stoeger Prize, and is the

masks:
Geoffrey Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon


title: Geoffrey Gordon (composer)

texts: recipient of the 2017 Mario Merz Prize in Music Composition. He has received financial and academic support from Boston University and the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. His works have been recorded on the Centaur, Ravello and Signum labels, among others. Many of his published works are available from Theodore Front Musical Literature. The Loeb Music Library at Harvard University, the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich and the music library of the National University of Singapore hold collections of his works. <mask>'s work has been commissioned by and for many of the finest ensembles in the world, including the Philharmonia Orchestra (London), the Copenhagen Philharmonic, the Malmö Symphony Orchestra, the Minnesota Orchestra, Britten Sinfonia, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Munich Philharmonic, the Dallas Symphony, the English Symphony Orchestra, the Milwaukee Symphony, the Buffalo Philharmonic, Boston Modern Orchestra Project, the Brno Philharmonic Orchestra, the JACK Quartet, Ensemble Meitar, Mogens Dahl Choir, the Parker Quartet, Third Angle Ensemble, Fulcrum Point New Music Project, Ensemble Aleph, Aguavá New Music Studio, Ensemble Zeitfluss, Great Noise Ensemble and the International Contemporary Ensemble.He has served as composer-in-residence at the International Centre for Composers in Visby, Sweden. He received the 2015 commission award from the American Music Project, through which his QUINTET for Clarinet and Strings (for the JACK Quartet and Anthony McGill, principal clarinet of New York Philharmonic) premiered to critical acclaim in New York City and Chicago. The English Symphony Orchestra


title: Geoffrey Gordon (composer)

texts: commissioned Saint Blue, a double concerto for trumpet, piano and strings (funded by the English Arts Council), which premiered at Elgar Concert Hall in Birmingham, England, in May 2015. A studio recording, featuring soloists Simon Desbruslais (trumpet) and Clare Hammond (piano), was released on the Signum Records label in August 2017. In December 2015, cellist Toke Møldrup premiered <mask>'s cello sonata, FATHOMS, after Shakespeare's The Tempest, at Carnegie Hall in New York City. (The Copenhagen Philharmonic commissioned <mask>'s Concerto for Cello and Orchestra, after Thomas Mann's Doktor Faustus, for Moldrup in 2014.) FATHOMS received its European premiere at St. John's Smith Square in London, in May, 2017.(New York Times music critic Corinna da Fonseca-Wollheim described FATHOMS as "engaging and colorful... extroverted storytelling.") His vocal/chamber work Winterleben, for French horn, mezzo-soprano and piano, commissioned for Los Angeles Philharmonic principal horn, Andrew Bain, was premiered at the Colburn School in August 2015 in Los Angeles, as part of the 47th International Horn Symposium. In October 2017, the Munich Philharmonic gave the world premiere performances of Chase, a concerto for trumpet and orchestra commissioned by the orchestra for their principal trumpet, Guido Segers, inspired by the works of Swiss sculptor Alberto Giacometti. He has been featured on the cover of M Magazine, and profiled on National Public Radio. His work has been broadcast on WFMT in Chicago and WNYC in New York. <mask> has served as an ASCAP representative in Washington, D.C., lobbying Congress on behalf of copyright

masks: Gordon Gordon Gordon


title: Geoffrey Gordon (composer)

texts:
 protection and composers' rights. He has served as composer-in-residence for the Boston-based Xanthos Ensemble and as a staff composer for the American Composers Orchestra in New York City.<mask> has also served as the music director and an on-air host for classical radio WFMR-FM. He currently divides time between the United States and the United Kingdom. List of works

Solo
 Three Summer Sketches 12′ (for solo piano; 2012)
 Bagatelle after Beethoven 3′ (for solo piano; 2012)
 Aria and Cadenza for solo violin 10′ (2001)
 Lorca Music per cello solo 10′ (1998)
 Impromptu for solo piano 7′ (1995)

Chamber
 QUINTET for Clarinet and Strings 30′ (2015)
 FATHOMS – Five Impressions of The Tempest, with Prelude 32′ (for solo cello and piano; 2015)
 THORN 15′ (for violin, horn, piano; 2014)
 XIX (after Gabrieli) 5′ (for symphonic winds and percussion; 2014)
 Duo Sonata 16′ (for two French horns and piano; 2013)
 Abaciscus (String Quartet No. 2) 18′ (2012)
 Flamingo (Five Views of the Calder Sculpture Chicago) 6′ (for flute, clarinet, cello, piano; 2010)
 Reliquary 25′ (for piano trio; 2010)
 Ink on Paper (String Quartet No. 1) 25′ (2009)
 TRIO (B clarinet, violin, cello) 10′ (2009)
 Echoes of Ferrara (alto recorder, dbl. 3 by Liszt;


title: Conrad Marca-Relli

texts:
<mask>-Relli (born Corrado Marcarelli; June 5, 1913 – August 29, 2000) was an American artist who belonged to the early generation of New York School Abstract Expressionist artists whose artistic innovation by the 1950s had been recognized across the Atlantic, including Paris. New York School Abstract Expressionism, represented by Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Marca-Relli and others became a leading art movement of the postwar era. Biography
Marcarelli (he changed the spelling later in life) was born in Boston. His parents Cosimo and Genovina Marcarelli were Italian immigrants from Benevento. Marcarelli moved to New York City when he was 13 where he grew up with his brother Ettore, and sisters Dora and Ida. In 1930 he studied at the Cooper Union for a year. He later supported himself by working for the Works Progress Administration, first as a teacher and then with mural painting divisions of the Federal Art Project during this period he won the Logan Medal of the Arts.He served in the US Army military service during World War II (1941–1945). Marca-Relli taught at Yale University from 1954 to 1955 and from 1959 to 1960, and at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1953, he bought a house near Jackson Pollock's home in Springs, East Hampton. As his career progressed, he increasingly distanced himself from the New York School. He lived and worked in many countries around the world, eventually settling in Parma, Italy with his wife, Anita Gibson, whom he married in 1951. <mask>-Relli died on August 29, 2000, in Parma, at the age of 87. Career
After the war Marca-Relli joined the "Downtown Group" which represented group of

masks:
Conrad Marca
Conrad Marca


title: Conrad Marca-Relli

texts: artists who found studios in lower Manhattan in the area bounded by 8th and 12th street between First and Sixth Avenues during the late 1940s and early 1950s.During the late 1940s and early 1950s, he was actively involved in the avant-garde art world in Greenwich Village. These artists were called the "Downtown Group" as opposed to the "Uptown Group" established during the war at The Art of This Century Gallery. His first one-man show was in New York City in 1948. In 1949 Marca-Relli was among the founders of  the "Artists' Club" located at 39 East 8th Street. He was selected by his fellow artists to show in the Ninth Street Show held on May 21 to June 10, 1951. The show was located at 60 East 9th Street on the first floor and the basement of a building which was about to be demolished. The artists celebrated not only the appearance of the dealers, collectors and museum people on the 9th Street, and the consequent exposure of their work but they celebrated the creation and the strength of a living community of significant dimensions.<mask>-Relli was among the 24 out of a total 256 New York School artists included in the Ninth Street Show and in all the following New York Painting and Sculpture Annuals from 1953 to 1957. These Annuals were important because the participants were chosen by the artists themselves. Marca-Relli's early cityscapes, still lifes, circus themes and architectural motifs are reminiscent of Italian surrealist painter Giorgio de Chirico. Throughout his career, Marca-Relli created monumental-scale collages. He combined oil painting and collage, employing intense colors, broken surfaces and expressionistic spattering. He also experimented with


title: Conrad Marca-Relli

texts:
 metal and vinyl materials. Over the years the collages developed an abstract simplicity, evidenced by black or somber colors and rectangular shapes isolated against a neutral backdrop.In 1967, the Whitney Museum of American Art gave him a retrospective show. The Archivio Marca-Relli, which was established by the artist and Galleria d'arte Niccoli in Parma in 1997, collects information about <mask>-Relli and archives his work for a future general catalogue. Fort Lauderdale, Florida
1979–1980: John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota, Florida
1981: Hokin Gallery, Chicago
1982: Phoenix Gallery, Washington, D.C.; G.M.B. oils; Text by H. Elkin; Exhibition: Niveau Gallery New York, 1947
Corrado di Marca-Relli, New Paintings; Exhibition: The New Gallery, New York, 1951
Marca-Relli: Pastes a painting; Parker Tyler in "ArtNews", November New York, 1955
Marca-Relli; Text by Gillo Dorfles; Exhibition: Galleria del Naviglio, Milano, 1957
Marca-Relli - Kootz; Text by W.Rubin; Exhibition: Kootz Gallery, New York, 1959
William C Agee, <mask>-Relli (New York, Published in the occasion of the personal exhibition at Whitney Museum of American Art by F.A. Praeger, 1967.) OCLC: 1555599
<mask>-Relli; Marlborough-Gerson Gallery, Marca-Relli Feb. 1970 (New York : Marlborough-Gerson Gallery; Associated galleries: Marlborough Fine Art (London) Ltd., Marlborough Galleria d'Arte, 1970) OCLC: 56224536
Conrad Marca-Relli; Cordier & Ekstrom, Marca-Relli, new constructions & collages on paper : March 23 to April 23, 1977 (New York : Cordier & Ekstrom, 1977) OCLC: 47714830
Conrad Marca-Relli; Santiago Amón; Galeria Joan Prats, Marca-Relli 1976-1978(Barcelona : Ediciones Polígrafa, [1978?])

masks:
Conrad Marca
Conrad Marca
Conrad Marca


title: Conrad Marca-Relli

texts:
 , ; OCLC: 6284061
<mask> Marca-Relli, Conrad Marca Relli : the early years, 1955-1962: February 3-27, 1979 (New York : Marlborough Gallery, 1979.)OCLC: 6059559
<mask>-Relli;  Alex Rosenberg Gallery, Conrad Marca-Relli, homage to la belle epoque : new works : October 5-31, 1983 (New York, N.Y. : Alex Rosenberg Gallery, [1983]) OCLC: 47715196
Marca-Relli; Text by Dore Ashton; Galleria d'Arte Niccoli, Parma, Italy 1990. Exhibition: October 6-November 26, 1990
 Reclaiming Artists of the New York School Toward a More Inclusive view of the 1950s, Exhibition: March 18-April 22, Baruch College CUNY, New York City, 1994 Mishkin Gallery
Marca-Relli:Tensioni Composte/Composite Tensions; Works from 1939 to 1997; Text by Bruno Corà; Pacini Editore and Galleria Open Art, Prato; 2004 [anthological exhibition, October 14, 2004 – January 8, 2005, Prato, Galleria Open Art]
<mask>-Relli; The New York Years 1945 - 1967; Text by Jasper Sharp; Knoedler & Company Publisher, New York, 2009; Exhibition: September 12 - November 14, 2009, New York, Knoedler & Company Gallery
Conrad Marca-Relli. City to town, essays by Carter Ratcliff 2011, Knoedler&Company Gallery publisher, New York, 2011; exhibition: May 5 - July 29, 2011
<mask>-Relli. The Springs Years 1953 - 1956, essays by Carter Ratcliff 2011, Pollock-Krasner House and Study Center publisher, New York, 2011; exhibition: May 5 - July 29, 2011
<mask>-Relli. The Architecture of Action, essays by David Anfam and Kenneth Baker, Ronchini Gallery publisher, London,  exhibition October 10 - November 24, 2012
Conrad Marca-Relli. Reconsidered, Essay by William C. Agee, Hollis Taggart Galleries publisher, New York, 2016; Exhibition: January 21

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Conrad
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Conrad Marca
Conrad Marca
Conrad Marca


title: Conrad Marca-Relli

texts:
 - March 5, 2015, Hollis Taggart Galleries, New York

Books
 Arnason, H. Harvard. Marca-Relli.New York: H. N. Abrams, 1963. <mask>-Relli; Daniel Giralt-Miracle, (Barcelona: Ediciones Polígrafa, 1976); , ; OCLC 2304947
 Marca-Relli 1976-1978, Santiago Amon, 1978. Publisher: Galeria Joan Prats, Barcelona. <mask>-Relli; Luca Massimo Barbero ed. ; Peggy Guggenheim Collection,  <mask>-Relli (Milano: Electa, ©1998) /; OCLC 40848684
 Marca-Relli, Klaus Wolbert and Anja Hespelt,Mathildenhőhe Darmstadt, 2000
Marika Herskovic, New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists, (New York School Press, 2000.) . pp. 8,12,16,25,37,234-37
 Marca-Relli, l'amico americano - sintonie e dissonanze con Afro e Burri, Marco Vallora 2002, Parma, Publisher: Galleria d'Arte Niccoli
 Marika Herskovic, American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey, (New York School Press, 2003.) .pp. 218–221
 <mask>-Relli, first monograph and catalogue raisonné, essays by David Anfam, Magdalena Dabrowski and Marco Vallora, Museum S.r.l./Bruno Alfieri editore, Milano, 2008;
Marika Herskovic, American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism Style Is Timely Art Is Timeless (New York School Press, 2009); , pp. 156–59

External links
 <mask>-Relli Biography and Images: Hollis Taggart Galleries

1913 births
2000 deaths
Abstract expressionist artists
American expatriates in Italy
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Artists from New York City
Federal Art Project artists
Modern painters
Artists from Boston
Yale University faculty
United States Army personnel of World War II
People from Springs, New York
American people of Italian descent
American emigrants to

masks:
Conrad Marca
Conrad Marca
Conrad Marca
Conrad Marca
Conrad Marca


title: Michelle Bolsonaro

texts:
<mask> (born 22 March 1982) is the current First Lady of Brazil. She is the third wife of the 38th President of Brazil <mask>. Biography

Family and education
Born and raised in Ceilândia, administrative region of the Federal District, <mask> is daughter of Maria das Graças Firmo Ferreira and Vicente de Paulo Reinaldo. Her father, born in Crateús, Ceará, is a retired bus driver, whose nickname, "Paulo Negão", became nationally known in <mask> speeches to defend himself from accusations of racism. She has a younger stepbrother, Diego Torres Reinaldo (b. 1988), who is a member of the Brazilian Air Force. <mask>'s father and stepmother Maísa are owners of an event confection and production small business.She has a high school diploma attained through adult education. She enrolled in university as a pharmacy student, but never took classes. She worked as a salesperson in a clothing store and as a supermarket cashier before working as parliamentary secretary. Chamber and relationship with <mask>
<mask> Paula worked as an employee of the Chamber of Deputies between 2006 and 2008. She started in the parliamentary office of Deputy Vanderlei Assis (PP-SP), whose term the Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry into the "Bloodsuckers Scandal" recommended be annulled on August 2006. Later, she became secretary to Deputy Marco Aurélio Ubiali (PSB-SP). On June 2007, <mask> was nominated for the same position in the Progressive Party (PP) leadership, staying until September.In this period, she had the first contact with her then-future husband, then Federal Deputy from the party, and this later became a date. At the time, she was 25 and he was 52. As she recorded later: "Everything began when we first saw [each other], in Jair's room. It didn't take too long for us to be certain

masks: Michelle de Paula Firmo Reinaldo Bolsonaro


title: Michelle Bolsonaro

texts:
 that we wanted to live a life together". When <mask> met Jair <mask>, he was already separated from his former spouse, Ana Cristina Valle, with whom he kept a union for 16 years. This was dissolved after a litigious lawsuit started in 2008. In 18 September 2007, <mask> became parliamentary secretary of Bolsonaro.Only nine days later, they signed a prenuptial agreement in the 1st Notary Public of Brasília. After around six months of relationship, they registered their civil union in November 2007, when she added the last name <mask> to hers. <mask> became, officially, <mask>'s third wife - the first had been Rogéria <mask>. As <mask>'s fiancée and wife, <mask> worked in his cabinet for one year and six months, period when she was promoted and had her wage raised gradually. Before joining <mask>'s office, she was classified in the CNE-13 (Special Nature Post), with a salary of R$2,900. With her hiring in her then-future husband's office, she was promoted to SP26s (Parliamentary Secretary), with a salary of R$6,010. Seven months later, newly married, <mask> was promoted by Jair <mask> to SP28s, receiving a salary of R$8,040.In 29 August 2008, the Supreme Federal Court prohibited the hiring of relatives as far as the third degree in public administration. This measure affected <mask>'s job, as the wife of a member of Parliament. Her consequent dismissal occurred on 3 November 2008, with administrative effect counted since 31 October of that year. Questions have been raised about checks deposited into <mask>'s bank account by Fabricio Queiroz who has been arrested for allegedly defrauding the government. Personal life
<mask>, who prefers to be called by her composite name, <mask> Paula, has two daughters: Letícia Aguiar, from a previous relationship, and Laura,

masks:
Michelle
Bolsonaro
Michelle
Bolsonaro
Michelle
Bolsonaro
Bolsonaro
Bolsonaro
Bolsonaro
Bolsonaro
Michelle Bolsonaro
Bolsonaro
Michelle Bolsonaro
Michelle
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Michelle de


title: Michelle Bolsonaro

texts:
 from her marriage with Jair <mask>. In 2010, <mask> gave birth to the couple's daughter, Laura. Her wedding with <mask>, which happened on November 28, 2007, occurred in a party house in Alto da Boa Vista, Rio de Janeiro.At the request of the bride herself, the 150 guest-ceremony was conducted by pastor Silas Malafaia, one of the leaders of the Assembly of God Victory in Christ (Advec), which <mask> was an active member and attendant of until 2016. The <mask> family lives in a gated community house in Barra da Tijuca, in Rio de Janeiro. In this neighborhood, <mask> has been attending and helping Attitude Baptist Church since she left Advec in 2016, after a temporary misunderstanding between Malafaia and Jair <mask> in the electoral campaign. Despite being a Catholic, <mask> attended the same church with his wife. On 30 July 2020, <mask> tested positive for COVID-19, days after her husband said he had recovered from the disease. <mask>'s presidential campaign

During most part of the Bolsonaro's electoral campaign, <mask> didn't get involved herself actively in rallies supporting her husband candidacy, keeping herself discreet and reserved to the media coverage, but following her husband's path in the backstage. Her first public appearance in an electoral ad happened in 25 October 2018, three days before the second round of the 2018 election between <mask> and Fernando Haddad.In the ad, she praised her husband as a "wonderful human being" and "playful". After the attack against <mask> in Juiz de Fora, in 6 September 2018, <mask> followed her husband during his surgical recovery in Albert Einstein Israeli Hospital, in São Paulo. Actions as First Lady
After the disclosure of the results of the second round of the presidential election, on the night of 28 October

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Michelle
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title: Michelle Bolsonaro

texts:
 2018, Jair <mask> finished his victory speech by thanking <mask> for her support, for having provided "peace, security and strength" for him to reach his objective, pointing out that he couldn't have made it without her. He also offered her a minute to speak, but she refused. The same night of 28 October, the first interview of <mask> for RecordTV was broadcast, made exclusively by journalist Eduardo Ribeiro, In it, the new First Lady affirmed she wanted to "make a difference" in favour of the country, that she "will keep doing her job helping disabled people" and demonstrated her will to "do missions in the Northeast sertão". <mask> has highlighted social causes related to people with disabilities, with visibility for rare diseases, digital inclusion, awareness of autism, inclusion of sign language in schools and other social projects. <mask> became the first Brazilian first lady to speak at the Palácio do Planalto parliamentary office during a presidential inauguration which she did in sign language.She is a member of the Ministry of the Deaf of the Baptist Church, where she acted as an interpreter of Brazilian Sign Language in services. In the traditional statement by the President of the Republic on Christmas Eve, on the night of 24 December 2019, for the first time, a First Lady spoke alongside the President on national radio and television broadcast. <mask>, who wore a red shirt with the name "Jesus", wished a blessed Christmas to all Brazilians and highlighted that "together, with love and dedication, we can build a more just, more inclusive and more supportive Brazil for all". References

External links

1982 births
Living people
People from Federal District (Brazil)
First Ladies of Brazil
Michelle
Brazilian Baptists
Spouses of Brazilian

masks:
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Michelle Bolsonaro
Bolsonaro
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Michelle


title: Abaji (Lebanese musician)

texts:
<mask> is an Armenian singer, songwriter, composer and multi-instrumentalist. Biography

Early life

<mask> was born in Beirut, from a Greek father, who left the Greek city of Smyrna in 1922
 and from an Armenian-Syrian mother from Istanbul. He spent part of his childhood and early teenage years in Lebanon capital city, where he discovered music. He started to play the folk guitar at the age of 11. He had both the influence of Greek music from his family's heritage and of Oriental music that he was exposed to in the streets of Istanbul. In February 1976 when <mask> was 17, the war in Lebanon forced him into exile. Upon his arrival in France, he started at a boarding school in a neighbourhood near Paris.That is when he began to write songs. <mask> says he was born again from that moment. As a teenager he was inspired by Cat Stevens, Bob Dylan, Fairuz and Ravi Shankar. He sees in Jimmy Page the perfect guitarist, for being able to experiment with both electric and acoustic guitars. Being attracted by experimentation and discoveries himself, <mask> has always found fascinating the way Page could make percussion with the strings and produce aerial sounds on an electric guitar. Before establishing his music career further, <mask> studied and has been specialised in Chinese medicine and Tai-Chi, which he has practiced for over forty years. He became a therapist working for the psychiatric emergency services in Paris, using his Tai-Chi and relaxation techniques with the patients.Music career

During <mask>'s debut years he met film score composer Gabriel Yared, who made an impact on his career . <mask> started to get known as the

masks: Abaji Abaji Abaji Abaji Abaji Abaji Abaji Abaji


title: Abaji (Lebanese musician)

texts:
 “Bedouin's Troubadour”» and began opening shows for artists such as Geoffrey Oryema, John Mc Laughlin and Suzanne Vega among others. The Artist

<mask> is an avid collector of instruments from all over the world. He owns over 300 instruments, which he has acquired in his travels and concert tours from countries such as: United States, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, India, Lebanon, Morocco, Costa Rica, Oceania and Central America as well as many other countries in Africa and Europe. He loves improvisation and experimenting  with new instruments. He sets himself to learn to play a new instrument every 4 to 5 months; he can play instruments such as: saz, zarb, flutes, bamboo saxophone, duduk. His passion of lutherie and ancient instruments has inspired him to invent a 5-string sitar-guitar that he plays with a violin bow.Albums

<mask>'s has a mix of Oriental and Blues music in his style. He writes lyrics in Arabic, English and French. His debut album Paris-Beyrouth was released in 1996 with Francis Varis playing the accordion. One of the album's songs, Zahra Hamra was chosen for the “Planète compilation” album by Radio France International. This debut album won him an invitation by guitarist Jean-Félix Lalanne to participate in the event “Autour de la Guitare”  in the Olympia venue in Paris. <mask> also collaborated on the album Desert Blues 2 with the song "Gibran" in tribute to poet Khalil Gibran released by Network Medien record label in 2002  which becomes an international success. In 2003 he released his second album Oriental Voyage with Network Medien record label.This is a tribute album to his great-grandmothers

masks: Abaji Abaji Abaji


title: Abaji (Lebanese musician)

texts:
 from Armenia and Greece. In this album he plays the oud, harp-guitar, bouzouki, sitar-guitar, daff, harmonica and flute in which songs such as Raml (Sand), Maa (Water), El Wahha (The Oasis) and Nejmet (Stars) can evoke the sounds of the desert. On his next album Nomad Spirit, Abaji invited Indian percussionist Ramesh Shotham with his Thavil , Moroccan oud and guembri player Majid Bekkas and Armenian duduk master Djivan Gasparyan to take part on the recording. Later on, he went on to tour to Germany together with Ramesh Shotham. In this album <mask> is inspired by the spiritual heritage of his great-grandfathers from Smyrna and Aleppo. In 2009, <mask> released the album Origine Orients where he sings in five languages: French, Arabic, Turkish, Greek and Armenian. This album is recorded in two days with only one take per track.<mask> usually gets himself involved thoroughly in all of the process of recording, mixing, and mastering. He got a special invitation to play Lahore, Pakistan with Qawwali musicians of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan’s family. His most recent album of 17 tracks Route & Roots was part recorded in Armenia with duduk player Vardan Grigoryan and part in Paris with Kurdish musician Mahmut Demir. This album takes him to tour in over 60 countries including South Africa, Vanuatu Island, Panama and Costa Rica. In 2010 <mask> played for the popular Tiny Desk Concert series by NPR Music at the Kennedy Center in Washington. He has also collaborated with Pakistani virtuoso singer Ustad Naseeruddin Saami. Film, TV, dance and theatre music

<mask> has worked as a music composer for TV shows, live shows and film.He recorded over

masks: Abaji Abaji Abaji Abaji Abaji


title: Abaji (Lebanese musician)

texts:
 35 albums including Elements, which has been used as score in several films and documentaries. The thematic of the albums varies including India, Exile, the Middle East, the Investigation series focused in a geographic area, among others. All of his music has been used either for global television shows or film scores. He regularly works for music agencies Kosinus and Cézame in Paris composing music for TV and films. <mask> has composed music for theatre and dance. He has produced various shows together with Lebanese dancer Nawal Raad. In 2016 the label 1 Revolution Music, directed by trailer music composer Yoav Goren, released <mask>'s work called Middle East Soundscapes.Discography
 1996 : Paris-Beyrouth
 2000 : Bedouin Blues
 2003 : Oriental Voyage
 2005 : Nomad spirit
 2005 : Les mille et une nuits (Musical accompaniment to stories told by Jihad Darwiche)
 2009 : Origine Orients
 2016 : Route&Roots

External links

 Official website
 Music related resources : Cézame - Kapagama
 Abaji sur MySpace
 Abaji sur ReverbNation

References

Living people
Lebanese oud players
Lebanese people of Armenian descent
Lebanese musicians
Musicians from Beirut
Lebanese people of Greek descent
Lebanese people of Syrian descent
1958

masks: Abaji Abaji


title: Jamie Zawinski

texts:
<mask> (born November 3, 1968), commonly known as jwz, is an American computer programmer, blogger and impresario. He is best known for his role in the creation of Netscape Navigator, Netscape Mail, Lucid Emacs, Mozilla.org, and XScreenSaver. He is also the proprietor of DNA Lounge, a nightclub and live music venue in San Francisco. Biography
<mask>'s programming career began at age 16 with Scott Fahlman's Spice Lisp project at Carnegie Mellon University. He then worked at AI startup Expert Technologies, Inc. followed by Robert Wilensky and Peter Norvig's AI research group at UC Berkeley, working on natural language processing. In 1990 he began working at Lucid Inc., first working on Lucid Common Lisp, and then on Lucid's Energize C++ IDE. Lucid decided to use GNU Emacs as the text editor for their IDE due to its free license, popularity, and extensibility, and <mask> led that project.As <mask> and the other programmers made fundamental changes to GNU Emacs to add new functionality, tensions over how to merge these patches into the main tree eventually led to the fork of the project into GNU Emacs and Lucid Emacs (now XEmacs). In 1992 he released the first version of XScreenSaver, a free and open-source collection now containing more than 240
screensavers. Initially released for Unix, it now supports macOS, iOS and Android as well. On Unix systems, it also provides the framework for blanking and locking the screen. He still maintains it, with new releases coming out several times a year. Netscape and Mozilla
Following Lucid's bankruptcy in 1994, <mask> was one of the initial employees of Mosaic Communications, later known as Netscape. At Netscape, he developed the Unix release of Netscape Navigator 1.0,
and later, Netscape Mail, the first mail reader (or Usenet reader) to natively support HTML.<mask> came up with the name "Mozilla" (originally the internal code-name of the web browser) during a staff meeting, as a reference to Godzilla and a portmanteau of "Mosaic killer". An easter egg he coded in the

masks:
Jamie Zawinski
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Zawinski
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title: Jamie Zawinski

texts:
 Netscape browser became quite well known during the early days of the World Wide Web: typing "about:jwz" into the address box would take the user to his home page, and would change the browser's logo animation to a fire-breathing dragon. Through his long-time support and advocacy for free software both inside and outside the company, <mask> is credited with having been the inspiration for Netscape's decision to open-source the source code of the browser in 1998. He was a founder of Mozilla.org, personally registering its domain name on the day of Netscape's open source announcement and helping design and run the organization through its first year. When Netscape was acquired by AOL in 1999, he wrote a bulletin explaining that Mozilla's work would continue with or without Netscape. And a year after the initial source code release, he resigned from Netscape and Mozilla, citing his disappointment that others involved in the project had decided to rewrite the code instead of incrementally improving it. DNA Lounge
Shortly after leaving Mozilla, he announced his purchase of DNA Lounge, a nightclub in San Francisco.<mask> purchased the nightclub in 1999 for approximately 5 million dollars and it was re-opened in July 2001, a process which he documented extensively in a blog named "DNA Sequencing". In 2016, he explored alternative funding ideas to keep the venue afloat during a downturn in attendance. Interviews and appearances
In 2000, Zawinski starred in the 60-minute-long PBS documentary Code Rush, which chronicles the creation of Mozilla.org and the release of the browser source code over the course of 1998. Zawinski features extensively in Josh Quittner's 1998 book Speeding the Net: The Inside Story of Netscape and How It Challenged Microsoft,
and in Glyn Moody's 2001 book, Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution. There is a chapter on Zawinski in Peter Seibel's 2009 book, Coders at Work: Reflections on the Craft of Programming. And in 2001, he was featured in California Dreamin': The Gold Rush, a

masks: Zawinski Zawinski


title: Jamie Zawinski

texts:
 documentary for German public television. Zawinski appears in several video installations at the Computer History Museum's exhibit, Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing.He was also featured in Sleep Mode: The Art of the Screensaver, a gallery exhibition curated by Rafaël Rozendaal at Rotterdam's Het Nieuwe Instituut in 2017. <mask>'s Law

<mask>'s Law of Software Envelopment, also known as <mask>'s Law, states:

Some have interpreted this as commenting on the phenomenon of software bloating with popular features:
<mask> himself has stated:

<mask> first attained prominence as a Lisp programmer, but most of his larger projects are written in C. Despite that, he has long been critical of languages lacking memory safety and automatic memory management. He has particularly proselytized against C++. In Peter Seibel's book Coders at Work: Reflections on the Craft of Programming, <mask> calls C++ an "abomination... the PDP-11 assembler that thinks it's an object system". Though he has written and published many utilities in Perl, he is not without his criticisms, characterizing Perl as "combining all the worst aspects of C and Lisp: a billion different sublanguages in one monolithic executable. It combines the power of C with the readability of PostScript." He has criticized several language and library deficiencies he encountered while programming in Java, specifically the overhead of certain fundamental classes but especially the marketing and politics behind it that led Sun to conflate the language, the class library, the virtual machine, and the security model all under the same name, "Java" – to, he says, the detriment of them all.Despite the positive aspects, ultimately Zawinski returned to programming in C "since it's still the only way to ship portable programs". References

1968 births
Living people
American male bloggers
American bloggers
Emacs
Free software programmers
American Internet celebrities
Mozilla developers
Mozilla people
Open source people
Netscape people
People from

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title: Sebastian Prödl

texts:
<mask> (born 21 June 1987) is an Austrian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back. A full international since 2007, he represented his nation at Euro 2008 and Euro 2016. Having started his career at Sturm Graz in 2006 he moved to Germany two years later where he played for Werder Bremen until 2015, and then Premier League club Watford F.C. for five years, before landing at Udinese in Italy. Club career

Sturm Graz
Aged 19, Prödl began his professional career playing for Sturm Graz in the Austrian Bundesliga making his debut on 9 December 2006 in a 3–0 loss against SV Mattersburg. He scored his first Sturm Graz goal against Rheindorf Altach on 9 May 2007 in a 1–0 win. Prödl went on to make sixteen appearances and scoring once in his first season.Prödl soon established himself in the first team at Sturm Graz and despite the international commitment and injury, He went on to score three goals in 27 appearances against SV Mattersburg, Red Bull Salzburg and Austria Kärnten. His performances soon attracted attention from Serie A and Bundesliga clubs. In response to the transfer speculation Sturm Graz placed a price tag of €5 million on him. Werder Bremen

On 15 July 2008, Prödl moved to Germany to play for Werder Bremen for a transfer fee of €2.5 million, signing a contract until 2012. Upon joining Werder Bremen, he said his aim at the club was to win trophies. Prödl made his Werder Bremen debut in the first round of the DFB-Pokal in a 9–3 win over Eintracht Nordhorn on 9 August 2008. A week later, he made his league debut for the club, in a 2–2 draw against Arminia Bielefeld.He made his Champions League debut, playing as a right-back, in a 1–1 draw against Inter Milan on 1 October 2008. By the first half of the season, he had appeared in 13 of 17 league matches,


title: Sebastian Prödl

texts: 2011 in a 2–2 draw against Bayer Leverkusen. Having suffered a knee injury and undergone surgery it was announced in March 2011 that Prödl would miss the remainder of the 2010–11 season. He ended season with 25 appearances. At the start of the 2011–12 season, Prödl remained a regular starter. He scored his first goal of the season in a 3–1 win over Mainz on 29 October 2011. On 21 January 2012, during a match against Kaiserslautern, he was substituted off with an injury in the 29th minute.After a successful surgery, it was announced that he would be out for six weeks. <mask> made his return against Hannover 96 on 11 March 2012 scoring in a 3–0 win. However, his return was short-lived as he suffered a hamstring injury which kept him out for two weeks. He made his return to the first team on 28 April 2012, in a 3–1 loss against Wolfsburg. Having made 16 appearances in the 2011–12 season, it was announced that Prödl had signed a new three-year contract with the club, which would keep him at the club until summer 2015. After playing two matches of the 2012–13 season, Prödl suffered injuries first to his thigh and then his head. Upon his return, he scored his first goal of the season in a 4–1 win over Hoffenheim on 2 December 2012.On 23 February 2013, he was sent-off in the 44th minute of a match against Bayern Munich for a foul on Mario Gómez; Werder Bremen went on to lose 6–1. He was given a two-match ban for the red card. In a match against Fortuna Düsseldorf on 13 April 2013 he was appointed captain and played the full 90 minutes of a 2–2 draw. Prödl finished the 2012–13 season with 28 caps. In the 2013–14 season, Prödl scored in the club's first match without Thomas Schaaf, which Werder Bremen lost 3–1 to Saarbrücken in the first round of DFB Pokal. In the opening game


title: Sebastian Prödl

texts:
 Werder Bremen had ended. He became Watford's first signing on their return to the Premier League. Upon joining the club, he was given number five shirt ahead of a new season. Prödl made his Watford debut in the opening game of the season, making his first start in a 2–2 draw against Everton. He remained as a first team regular at the start of the season until he was dropped to the bench in late October ahead of a match against Stoke City, and soon suffered a calf injury during international duty with Austria. As the 2015–16 season progressed towards the end, Prödl would be often be in and out of both in the starting eleven and substitute bench. He scored his first goal for Watford in a 3–1 defeat to West Ham United on 20 April 2016.In the last game of the season, he scored his second goal of the season, in a 2–2 draw against Sunderland. Despite being linked with a move to Serie A side Udinese, Prödl remained at the club and regained his first team place under the management of Walter Mazzarri. In a 3–1 win over Manchester United on 18 September 2016, he was praised for his performance and was named Man of the Match. In May 2017, he was named Watford's player of the season. In the 2018–19 and 2019–20 seasons he struggled with injuries and was unable to hold down a place in the starting lineup. On 31 January 2020, the last day of the 2019–20 winter transfer period, <mask> agreed the termination of his contract with Watford which was due to end in summer 2021. Udinese
On 4 February 2020, he signed a 1.5-year contract with Italian Serie A club Udinese.He did not make any appearances in official games for Udinese throughout his contract, appearing only in pre-season friendlies in the summer of 2020.

International career
In 2007, he was called to play for Austria. He served


title: Sebastian Prödl

texts:
 as captain of Austria's U-20 national team at the 2007 U-20 World Cup in Canada where he helped his team to a fourth-place finish. After the tournament was over he was the only Austrian voted into the U-20 World Cup line-up by Italian magazine Gazzetta dello Sport. After being called up to the national team for the first team in May 2007, Prödl made his senior debut for Austria on 30 May 2007 against Scotland. On 26 March 2008, Prödl scored two goals in an international friendly against the Netherlands. On 12 June 2008 during the Euro 2008 Austria vs. Poland game he was fouled in the 92nd minute in the penalty area and the referee, Howard Webb, awarded Austria a penalty kick, resulting in their only goal of the tournament. He represented the national team at Euro 2016.Personal life
<mask>'s cousin Viktoria Schnaderbeck is also a footballer who plays for Arsenal Women and the Austria women's national football team. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each <mask> goal. References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Graz
Austrian footballers
Association football defenders
SK Sturm Graz players
SV Werder Bremen players
SV Werder Bremen II players
Watford F.C. players
Udinese Calcio players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Premier League players
Bundesliga players
3. Liga players
Austria youth international footballers
Austria international footballers
UEFA Euro 2008 players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Austrian expatriate footballers
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in England
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in

masks: Prödl Prödl


title: Newt Gingrich

texts: <mask> (; né McPherson; born June 17, 1943) is an American politician and author who served as the 50th speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. A member of the Republican Party, he was the U.S. representative for Georgia's 6th congressional district serving north Atlanta and nearby areas from 1979 until his resignation in 1999. In 2012, <mask> unsuccessfully ran for the Republican nomination for President of the United States. A professor of history and geography at the University of West Georgia in the 1970s, <mask> won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in November 1978, the first Republican in the history of Georgia's 6th congressional district to do so. He served as House Minority Whip from 1989 to 1995. A co-author and architect of the "Contract with America", <mask> was a major leader in the Republican victory in the 1994 congressional election. In 1995, Time named him "Man of the Year" for "his role in ending the four-decades-long Democratic majority in the House".As House Speaker, <mask> oversaw passage by the House of welfare reform and a capital gains tax cut in 1997. <mask> played a key role in several government shutdowns, and impeached President Bill Clinton on a party-line vote in the House. The poor showing by Republicans in the 1998 congressional elections, a reprimand from the House for <mask>'s ethics violation, and pressure from Republican colleagues resulted in <mask>'s resignation from the speakership on November 6, 1998. He resigned altogether from the House on January 3, 1999. Political scientists have credited <mask> with playing a key role in undermining democratic norms in the United States and hastening political polarization and partisanship. Since leaving the House, <mask> has

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title: Newt Gingrich

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 remained active in public policy debates and worked as a political consultant. He founded and chaired several policy think tanks, including American Solutions for Winning the Future and the Center for Health Transformation.<mask> ran for the Republican nomination for president in the 2012 presidential election, and was considered a potential frontrunner at several points in the race. Despite an impressive late victory in the South Carolina primary, <mask> was ultimately unable to win enough primaries to sustain a viable candidacy, he withdrew from the race in May 2012 and endorsed eventual nominee Mitt Romney. <mask> later emerged as a key ally of Donald Trump, and was reportedly among the finalists on Trump's short list for running mate in the 2016 election. Since 2020, <mask> has supported Trump's false and disproven claims of voter fraud in the 2020 presidential election. Early life

<mask> was born as <mask> McPherson at the Harrisburg Hospital in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on June 17, 1943. His mother, Kathleen "Kit" (née Daugherty; 1925–2003), and biological father, <mask> McPherson (1923–1970), married in September 1942, when she was 16 and McPherson was 19. The marriage fell apart within days.He is of English, German, Scottish and Scots-Irish descent. In 1946, his mother married <mask> (1925–1996), who adopted him. <mask> was a career Army officer who served tours in Korea and Vietnam. In 1956, the family moved to Europe, living for a period in Orléans, France and Stuttgart, Germany. <mask> has three younger half-sisters from his mother, Candace and <mask>, and Roberta Brown. <mask> was raised in Hummelstown (near Harrisburg) and on military bases where his adoptive father was stationed. The family's religion was Lutheran.He also has a

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Gingrich
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Newton Leroy
Newton Searles
Robert Gingrich
Robert Gingrich
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Susan Gingrich
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title: Newt Gingrich

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 half-sister and half-brother, Randy McPherson, from his biological father's side. In 1960 during his junior year in high school, the family moved to Georgia at Fort Benning. In 1961, <mask> graduated from Baker High School in Columbus, Georgia, where he met, and later married, his math teacher. He had been interested in politics since his teen years. While living with his family in Orléans, France, he visited the site of the Battle of Verdun and learned about the sacrifices made there and the importance of political leadership. <mask> received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Emory University in Atlanta in 1965. He went on to graduate study at Tulane University, earning an M.A.(1968) and a Ph.D. in European history (1971). He spent six months in Brussels in 1969–70 working on his dissertation, Belgian Education Policy in the Congo 1945–1960. <mask> received deferments from the military during the years of the Vietnam War for being a student and a father. In 1985, he stated, "Given everything I believe in, a large part of me thinks I should have gone over." In 1970, <mask> joined the history department at West Georgia College, where he spent "little time teaching history." He coordinated a new environmental studies program and was removed from the history department "by 1976". During his time in the college, he took unpaid leave three times to run for the House of Representatives, losing twice before leaving the college.Serving professors were not allowed under the rules of the university system to run for office. He left the college in 1977 after being denied tenure. Early political career
<mask> was the southern regional director for Nelson Rockefeller in the 1968 Republican primaries. Congressional campaigns
In 1974, <mask> made his first

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title: Newt Gingrich

texts: bid for political office as the Republican candidate in  in north-central Georgia, which includes  many of the northern suburbs of Atlanta, portions of eastern Cobb County, northern Fulton County, and northern DeKalb County. He lost to 20-year incumbent Democrat Jack Flynt by 2,770 votes. <mask> ran up huge margins in the suburban areas of the district, but was unable to overcome Flynt's lead in the more urban areas. <mask>'s relative success surprised political analysts.Flynt had never faced a serious challenger; <mask> was the second Republican to ever run against him. He did well against Flynt although 1974 was a disastrous year for Republican candidates nationally due to fallout from the Watergate scandal of the Nixon administration, but also the impact of election of Georgia native Jimmy Carter. <mask> sought a rematch against Flynt in 1976. While the Republicans did slightly better in the 1976 House elections than in 1974 nationally, the Democratic candidate in the 1976 presidential election was former Governor of Georgia Jimmy Carter. Carter won more than two-thirds of the vote in his native Georgia. <mask> lost his race by 5,100 votes. As <mask> primed for another run in the 1978 elections, Flynt decided to retire.<mask> defeated Democratic State Senator Virginia Shapard by 7,500 votes. <mask> was re-elected five times from this district. He faced a close general election race once—in the House elections of 1990—when he won by 978 votes in a primary race against Republican Herman Clark and won a narrow 974 vote victory over Democrat David Worley in the general. Although the district was trending Republican at the national level, conservative Democrats continued to hold most local offices, as well as most of the area's seats in the General

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 Assembly, well into the 1980s. Congress
In 1981, <mask> co-founded the Military Reform Caucus (MRC) and the Congressional Aviation and Space Caucus. During the 1983 congressional page sex scandal, <mask> was among those calling for the expulsion of representatives Dan Crane and Gerry Studds. <mask> supported a proposal to ban loans from the International Monetary Fund to Communist countries and he endorsed a bill to make Martin Luther King Jr. Day a new federal holiday.In 1983, <mask> founded the Conservative Opportunity Society (COS), a group that included young conservative House Republicans. Early COS members included Robert Smith Walker, Judd Gregg, Dan Coats and Connie Mack III. The group gradually expanded to include several dozen representatives, who met each week to exchange and develop ideas. <mask>'s analysis of polls and public opinion identified the group's initial focus. Ronald Reagan adopted the "opportunity society" ideas for his 1984 re-election campaign, supporting the group's conservative goals on economic growth, education, crime, and social issues. He had not emphasized these during his first term. Reagan also referred to an "opportunity" society in the first State of the Union address of his second term.In March 1988, <mask> voted against the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 (as well as to uphold President Reagan's veto). In May 1988, <mask> (along with 77 other House members and Common Cause) brought ethics charges against Democratic Speaker Jim Wright, who was alleged to have used a book deal to circumvent campaign-finance laws and House ethics rules. During the investigation, it was reported that <mask> had his own unusual book deal, for Window of Opportunity, in which publicity expenses were covered by a limited


title: Newt Gingrich

texts: partnership. It raised $105,000 from Republican political supporters to promote sales of <mask>'s book. <mask>'s success in forcing Wright's resignation contributed to his rising influence in the Republican caucus. In March 1989, <mask> became House Minority Whip in a close election against Edward Rell Madigan. This was <mask>'s first formal position of power within the Republican party.He said his intention was to "build a much more aggressive, activist party". Early in his role as Whip, in May 1989, <mask> was involved in talks about the appointment of a Panamanian administrator of the Panama Canal, which was scheduled to occur in 1989 subject to U.S. government approval. <mask> was outspoken in his opposition to giving control over the canal to an administrator appointed by the dictatorship in Panama. <mask> and others in the House, including the newly minted Gang of Seven, railed against what they saw as ethical lapses during the nearly 40 years of Democratic control. The House banking scandal and Congressional Post Office scandal were emblems of the exposed corruption. <mask> himself was among members of the House who had written NSF checks on the House bank. He had overdrafts on twenty-two checks, including a $9,463 check to the Internal Revenue Service in 1990.In 1990, after consulting focus groups with the help of pollster Frank Luntz, GOPAC distributed a memo with a cover letter signed by <mask> titled "Language, a Key Mechanism of Control", that encouraged Republicans to "speak like Newt". It contained lists of "contrasting words"—words with negative connotations such as "radical", "sick," and "traitors"—and "optimistic positive governing words" such as "opportunity", "courage", and "principled", that <mask> recommended for use in describing

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title: Newt Gingrich

texts: Democrats and Republicans, respectively. Due to population increases recorded in the 1990 United States census, Georgia picked up an additional seat for the 1992 U.S. House elections. However, the Democratic-controlled Georgia General Assembly, under the leadership of fiercely partisan Speaker of the House Tom Murphy, specifically targeted <mask>, eliminating the district <mask> represented. Gerrymandering split <mask>'s territory among three neighboring districts. Much of the southern portion of <mask>'s district, including his home in Carrollton, was drawn into the Columbus-based 3rd district, represented by five-term Democrat Richard Ray. <mask> remarked that "The Speaker, by raising money and gerrymandering, has sincerely dedicated a part of his career to wiping me out."Charles S. Bullock III, a political science professor at the University of Georgia, said "Speaker Murphy didn’t like having a Republican represent him." At the onset of the decade, <mask> proved to be the only Republican representative of Georgia's 10 congressional districts until 1992, with the creation of Georgia's 4th congressional district and the Republican gains of Jack Kingston and Mac Collins. The Assembly created a new, heavily Republican 6th district in Fulton and Cobb counties in the wealthy northern suburbs of Atlanta—an area that <mask> had never represented. <mask> sold his home in Carrollton and moved to Marietta in the new district. His primary opponent, State Representative Herman Clark, who had challenged <mask> two years earlier, made an issue out of <mask>'s 22 overdraft checks in the House banking scandal, and also criticized <mask> for moving into the district. After a recount, <mask> prevailed by 980 votes, with a 51 to 49 percent result. His winning the

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 primary all but assured him of election in November.He was re-elected three times from this district against nominal Democratic opposition. In the 1994 campaign season, in an effort to offer an alternative to Democratic policies and to unite distant wings of the Republican Party, <mask> and several other Republicans came up with a Contract with America, which laid out 10 policies that Republicans promised to bring to a vote on the House floor during the first 100 days of the new Congress, if they won the election. The contract was signed by <mask> and other Republican candidates for the House of Representatives. The contract ranged from issues such as welfare reform, term limits, crime, and a balanced budget/tax limitation amendment, to more specialized legislation such as restrictions on American military participation in United Nations missions. Republican Revolution

In the November 1994 midterm elections, Republicans gained 54 seats and took control of the House for the first time since 1954. Long-time House Minority Leader Bob Michel of Illinois had not run for re-election, giving <mask>, the highest-ranking Republican returning to Congress, the inside track at becoming Speaker. The midterm election that turned congressional power over to Republicans "changed the center of gravity" in the nation's capital.Time magazine named <mask> its 1995 "Man of the Year" for his role in the election. Speaker of the House

The House fulfilled <mask>'s promise to bring all ten of the Contract's issues to a vote within the first 100 days of the session. President Clinton called it the "Contract on America". Legislation proposed by the 104th United States Congress included term limits for Congressional Representatives, tax cuts, welfare reform, and a balanced

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 budget amendment, as well as independent auditing of the finances of the House of Representatives and elimination of non-essential services such as the House barbershop and shoe-shine concessions. Following <mask>'s first two years as House Speaker, the Republican majority was re-elected in the 1996 election, the first time Republicans had done so in 68 years, and the first time simultaneously with a Democratic president winning re-election. As Speaker, <mask> sought to increasingly tie Christian conservatism to the Republican Party. According to a 2018 study, Christian conservatism had become firmly ingrained in the Republican Party's policy platforms by 2000.Yale University congressional scholar David Mayhew describes <mask> as profoundly influential, saying "In <mask>, we have as good a case as we are likely to see of a member of Congress operating in the public sphere with consequence." Role in political polarization
A number of scholars have credited <mask> with playing a key role in undermining democratic norms in the United States, and hastening political polarization and partisan prejudice. According to Harvard University political scientists Daniel Ziblatt and Steven Levitsky, <mask>'s speakership had a profound and lasting impact on American politics and health of American democracy. They argue that <mask> instilled a "combative" approach in the Republican Party, where hateful language and hyper-partisanship became commonplace, and where democratic norms were abandoned. <mask> frequently questioned the patriotism of Democrats, called them corrupt, compared them to fascists, and accused them of wanting to destroy the United States. <mask> furthermore oversaw several major government shutdowns. University of Maryland political scientist

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 Lilliana Mason identified  <mask>'s instructions to Republicans to use words such as “betray, bizarre, decay, destroy, devour, greed, lie, pathetic, radical, selfish, shame, sick, steal, and traitors” about Democrats as an example of a breach in social norms and exacerbation of partisan prejudice.<mask> is a key figure in the 2017 book The Polarizers by Colgate University political scientist Sam Rosenfeld about the American political system's shift to polarization and gridlock. Rosenfeld describes <mask> as follows, "For <mask>, responsible party principles were paramount... From the outset, he viewed the congressional minority party's role in terms akin to those found in parliamentary systems, prioritizing drawing stark programmatic contrasts over engaging the majority party as junior participants in governance." Boston College political scientist David Hopkins writes that <mask> helped to nationalize American politics in a way where Democratic politicians on the state and local level were increasingly tied to the national Democratic party and President Clinton. Hopkins notes that <mask>'s view

directly contradicted the conventional wisdom of politics... that parties in a two-party system achieve increasing electoral success as they move closer to the ideological center... <mask> and his allies believed that an organized effort to intensify the ideological contrast between the congressional parties would allow the Republicans to make electoral inroads in the South. They worked energetically to tie individual Democratic incumbents to the party's more liberal national leadership while simultaneously raising highly charged cultural issues in Congress, such as proposed constitutional amendments to allow prayer in public schools and to ban the burning of

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 the American flag, on which conservative positions were widely popular – especially among southern voters. <mask>'s view was however vindicated with the Republican Party's success in the 1994 U.S. midterm elections, sometimes referred to as the "Gingrich Revolution." Hopkins writes, "More than any speaker before or since, <mask> had become both the strategic architect and public face of his party."One consequence of the increasing nationalization of politics was that moderate Republican incumbents in blue states were left more vulnerable to electoral defeat. According to University of Texas political scientist Sean M. Theriault, <mask> had a profound influence on other Republican lawmakers, in particular those who served with him in the House, as they adopted his obstructionist tactics. A 2011 study by Theriault and Duke University political scientist David W. Rohde in the Journal of Politics found that "almost the entire growth in Senate party polarization since the early 1970s can be accounted for by Republican senators who previously served in the House after 1978" when <mask> was first elected to the House. <mask> consolidated power in the Speaker's office. Gingrich elevated junior and more ideologically extreme House members to powerful committees, such as the Appropriations Committee, which over time led to the obliteration of internal norms in the committees. Term limits were also imposed on committee chairs, which prevented Republican chairs from developing a power base separate from the Republican Party. As a result, the power of <mask> was strengthened and there was an increase in conformity among Republican congresspeople.Legislation

Welfare reform
A central pledge of President Bill Clinton's campaign was to reform the welfare system,


title: Newt Gingrich

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 adding changes such as work requirements for recipients. However, by 1994, the Clinton administration appeared to be more concerned with pursuing a universal health care program. <mask> accused Clinton of stalling on welfare, and proclaimed that Congress could pass a welfare reform bill in as little as 90 days. He insisted that the Republican Party would continue to apply political pressure on the President to approve their welfare legislation. In 1996, after constructing two welfare reform bills that Clinton vetoed, <mask> and his supporters pushed for passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, which was intended to reconstruct the welfare system. The act gave state governments more autonomy over welfare delivery, while also reducing the federal government's responsibilities. It instituted the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program, which placed time limits on welfare assistance and replaced the longstanding Aid to Families with Dependent Children program.Other changes to the welfare system included stricter conditions for food stamp eligibility, reductions in immigrant welfare assistance, and work requirements for recipients. The bill was signed into law by President Clinton on August 22, 1996. In his 1998 book Lessons Learned the Hard Way, <mask> encouraged volunteerism and spiritual renewal, placing more importance on families, creating tax incentives and reducing regulations for businesses in poor neighborhoods, and increasing property ownership by low-income families. He also praised Habitat for Humanity for sparking the movement to improve people's lives by helping them build their own homes. Balancing the federal budget

A key aspect of the 1994 Contract with America was the promise of a balanced federal budget.

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 After the end of the government shutdown, <mask> and other Republican leaders acknowledged that Congress would not be able to draft a balanced budget in 1996. Instead, they opted to approve some small reductions that were already approved by the White House and to wait until the next election season.By May 1997, Republican congressional leaders reached a compromise with Democrats and President Clinton on the federal budget. The agreement called for a federal spending plan designed to reduce the federal deficit and achieve a balanced budget by 2002. The plan included a total of $152 billion in bipartisan tax cuts over five years. Other major parts of the spending plan called for $115 billion to be saved through a restructuring of Medicare, $24 billion set aside to extend health insurance to children of the working poor, tax credits for college tuition, and a $2 billion welfare-to-work jobs initiative. President Clinton signed the budget legislation in August 1997. At the signing, <mask> gave credit to ordinary Americans stating, "It was their political will that brought the two parties together." In early 1998, with the economy performing better than expected, increased tax revenues helped reduce the federal budget deficit to below $25 billion.Clinton submitted a balanced budget for 1999, three years ahead of schedule originally proposed, making it the first time the federal budget had been balanced since 1969. Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997
In 1997, President Clinton signed into effect the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, which included the largest capital gains tax cut in U.S. history. Under the act, the profits on the sale of a personal residence ($500,000 for married couples, $250,000 for singles) were exempted if lived in for at least 2 years over the

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title: Newt Gingrich

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 last 5. (This had previously been limited to a $125,000 once-in-a-lifetime exemption for those over the age of 55.) There were also reductions in a number of other taxes on investment gains. Additionally, the act raised the value of inherited estates and gifts that could be sheltered from taxation. <mask> has been credited with creating the agenda for the reduction in capital gains tax, especially in the "Contract with America", which set out to balance the budget and implement decreases in estate and capital gains tax.Some Republicans felt that the compromise reached with Clinton on the budget and tax act was inadequate, however <mask> has stated that the tax cuts were a significant accomplishment for the Republican Congress in the face of opposition from the Clinton administration. <mask> along with Bob Dole had earlier set-up the Kemp Commission, headed by former US Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Jack Kemp, a tax reform commission that made several recommendations including that dividends, interest, and capital gains should be untaxed. Other legislation
Among the first pieces of legislation passed by the new Congress under <mask> was the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995, which subjected members of Congress to the same laws that apply to businesses and their employees, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. As a provision of the Contract with America, the law was symbolic of the new Republican majority's goal to remove some of the entitlements enjoyed by Congress. The bill received near universal acceptance from the House and Senate and was signed into law on January 23, 1995. <mask> shut down the highly regarded Office of Technology Assessment, and relied instead on what the


title: Newt Gingrich

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 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists called "self-interested lobbyists and think tanks". Government shutdown

<mask> and the incoming Republican majority's promise to slow the rate of government spending conflicted with the president's agenda for Medicare, education, the environment and public health, leading to two temporary shutdowns of the federal government totaling 28 days.Clinton said Republican amendments would strip the U.S. Treasury of its ability to dip into federal trust funds to avoid a borrowing crisis. Republican amendments would have limited appeals by death-row inmates, made it harder to issue health, safety and environmental regulations, and would have committed the president to a seven-year balanced budget. Clinton vetoed a second bill allowing the government to keep operating beyond the time when most spending authority expires. A GOP amendment opposed by Clinton would not only have increased Medicare Part B premiums, but it would also cancel a scheduled reduction. The Republicans held out for an increase in Medicare Part B premiums in January 1996 to $53.50 a month. Clinton favored the then current law, which was to let the premium that seniors pay drop to $42.50. The government closed most non-essential offices during the shutdown, which was the longest in U.S. history at the time.The shutdown ended when Clinton agreed to submit a CBO-approved balanced budget plan. During the crisis, <mask>'s public image suffered from the perception that the Republicans' hardline budget stance was owed partly to an alleged snub of <mask> by Clinton during a flight on Air Force One to and from Yitzhak Rabin's funeral in Israel. That perception developed after the trip when <mask>, while being questioned by Lars-Erik Nelson at a Christian Science

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 Monitor breakfast, said that he was dissatisfied that Clinton had not invited him to discuss the budget during the flight. He complained that he and Dole were instructed to use the plane's rear exit to deplane, saying the snub was "part of why you ended up with us sending down a tougher continuing resolution". In response to <mask>'s complaint that they were "forced to use the rear door," NBC news released their videotape footage showing both <mask> and Dole disembarking at Tel Aviv just behind Clinton via the front stairway. <mask> was widely lampooned for implying that the government shutdown was a result of his personal grievances, including a widely shared editorial cartoon depicting him as a baby throwing a tantrum. Democratic leaders, including Chuck Schumer, took the opportunity to attack <mask>'s motives for the budget standoff.In 1998, <mask> said that these comments were his "single most avoidable mistake" as Speaker. Discussing the impact of the government shutdown on the Republican Party, <mask> later commented that, "Everybody in Washington thinks that was a big mistake. They're exactly wrong. There had been no reelected Republican majority since 1928. Part of the reason we got reelected ... is our base thought we were serious. And they thought we were serious because when it came to a show-down, we didn't flinch." In a 2011 op-ed in The Washington Post, <mask> said that the government shutdown led to the balanced-budget deal in 1997 and the first four consecutive balanced budgets since the 1920s, as well as the first re-election of a Republican majority since 1928.Ethics charges and reprimand

Eighty-four ethics charges were filed by Democrats against <mask> during his term as Speaker. All were eventually dropped except for one:


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 claiming tax-exempt status for a college course run for political purposes. On January 21, 1997, the House officially reprimanded <mask> (in a vote of 395 in favor, 28 opposed) and "ordered [him] to reimburse the House for some of the costs of the investigation in the amount of $300,000". It was the first time a Speaker was disciplined for an ethics violation. Additionally, the House Ethics Committee concluded that inaccurate information supplied to investigators represented "intentional or ... reckless" disregard of House rules. The Ethics Committee's Special Counsel James M. Cole concluded that <mask> had violated federal tax law and had lied to the ethics panel in an effort to force the committee to dismiss the complaint against him. The full committee panel did not agree whether tax law had been violated and left that issue up to the IRS.In 1999, the IRS cleared the organizations connected with the "Renewing American Civilization" courses under investigation for possible tax violations. Regarding the situation, <mask> said in January 1997, "I did not manage the effort intensely enough to thoroughly direct or review information being submitted to the committee on my behalf. In my name and over my signature, inaccurate, incomplete and unreliable statements were given to the committee, but I did not intend to mislead the committee ... I brought down on the people's house a controversy which could weaken the faith people have in their government." Leadership challenge

In the summer of 1997, several House Republicans attempted to replace him as Speaker, claiming <mask>'s public image was a liability. The attempted "coup" began July 9 with a meeting of Republican conference chairman John Boehner of Ohio and Republican leadership chairman Bill Paxon of


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 New York. According to their plan, House Majority Leader Dick Armey, House Majority Whip Tom DeLay, Boehner and Paxon were to present <mask> with an ultimatum: resign, or be voted out.However, Armey balked at the proposal to make Paxon the new Speaker, and told his chief of staff to warn <mask>. On July 11, <mask> met with senior Republican leadership to assess the situation. He explained that under no circumstance would he step down. If he was voted out, there would be a new election for Speaker. This would allow for the possibility that Democrats, along with dissenting Republicans, would vote in Democrat Dick Gephardt as Speaker. On July 16, Paxon offered to resign his post, feeling that he had not handled the situation correctly, as the only member of the leadership who had been appointed to his positionby <mask> of elected. <mask> accepted Paxon's resignation and directed Paxon to immediately vacate his leadership office space.Resignation
In 1998, <mask>'s private polls had given his fellow Republicans the impression that pushing the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal would damage Clinton's popularity and result in the party winning a net total of six to thirty seats in the House of Representatives. At the same time <mask> was having an affair with a woman 23 years his junior. But instead of gaining seats, Republicans lost five, the worst midterm performance in 64 years by a party not holding the presidency. Other ethics violations including an unpopular book deal, added to his unpopularity even though he himself was reelected in his own district. The day after the election, a Republican caucus ready to rebel against him prompted his resignation of the speakership. He also announced his intended and eventual full departure from the House a few weeks later.

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 In January 1999 he resigned his seat.When relinquishing the speakership, <mask> referred to other Republicans when he said he was "not willing to preside over people who are cannibals". Writing a retrospective on his career at that point, The New York Times in November 1998 described <mask> as "an expert in how to seize power, but a novice in holding it" further opining that he "illustrate[d] how hard it is for a radical, polarizing figure to last in leadership". In December 1997, <mask> flirted with a potential run for president in the 2000 election, but his party's midterm performance and his subsequent resignation led to him dropping any plans to do so. Post-speakership
<mask> has since remained involved in national politics and public policy debate. McKay Coppins of The Atlantic summarized time with <mask> in 2018:

[<mask>] is dabbling in geopolitics, dining in fine Italian restaurants. When he feels like traveling, he crisscrosses the Atlantic in business class, opining on the issues of the day from bicontinental TV studios and giving speeches for $600 a minute. There is time for reading, and writing, and midday zoo trips—and even he will admit, "It's a very fun life."Policy

In 2003, he founded the Center for Health Transformation. <mask> supported the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, which created the Medicare Part D federal prescription drugs benefit program. Some conservatives have criticized him for favoring the plan, due to its cost. However, <mask> has remained a supporter, stating in a 2011 interview that it was a necessary modernization of Medicare, which was created before pharmaceutical drugs became standard in medical care. He has said that the increase in cost from medication must be seen as


title: Newt Gingrich

texts: preventive, leading to reduced need for medical procedures. In a May 15, 2011, interview on Meet the Press, <mask> repeated his long-held belief that "all of us have a responsibility to pay—help pay for health care", and suggested this could be implemented by either a mandate to obtain health insurance or a requirement to post a bond ensuring coverage. In the same interview <mask> said "I don't think right-wing social engineering is any more desirable than left-wing social engineering.I don't think imposing radical change from the right or the left is a very good way for a free society to operate." This comment caused backlash within the Republican Party. In 2005, with Hillary Clinton, <mask> announced the proposed 21st Century Health Information Act, a bill which aimed to replace paperwork with confidential, electronic health information networks. <mask> also co-chaired an independent congressional study group made up of health policy experts formed in 2007 to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of action taken within the U.S. to fight Alzheimer's disease. <mask> has served on several commissions, including the Hart-Rudman Commission, formally known as the U.S. Commission on National Security/21st century, which examined national security issues affecting the armed forces, law enforcement and intelligence agencies. In 2005 he became the co-chair of a task force for UN reform, which aimed to produce a plan for the U.S. to help strengthen the UN. For over two decades, <mask> has taught at the United States Air Force's Air University, where, as of 2010, he was the longest-serving teacher of the Joint Flag Officer Warfighting Course.In addition, he is an honorary Distinguished Visiting Scholar and Professor at the National Defense University and, as of