title: Rama

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 remembers and agrees to do so. She demands that <mask> be exiled for fourteen years to Dandaka forest. Dasharatha grieves at her request. Her son Bharata, and other family members become upset at her demand. <mask> states that his father should keep his word, adds that he does not crave for earthly or heavenly material pleasures, neither seeks power nor anything else. He talks about his decision with his wife and tells everyone that time passes quickly. Sita leaves with him to live in the forest, the brother Lakshmana joins them in their exile as the caring close brother.Exile and war

<mask> heads outside the Kosala kingdom, crosses Yamuna river and initially stays at Chitrakuta, on the banks of river Mandakini, in the hermitage of sage Vasishtha. During the exile, <mask> meets one of his devotee, Shabari who happened to love him so much that when <mask> asked something to eat she offered her ber, a fruit. But every time she gave it to him she first tasted it to ensure, it was sweet and tasty. Such was the level of her devotion. <mask> also understood her devotion and ate all the half-eaten bers given by her. Such was the reciprocation of love and compassion he had for his people. This place is believed in the Hindu tradition to be the same as Chitrakoot on the border of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.The region has numerous Rama temples and is an important Vaishnava pilgrimage site. The texts describe nearby hermitages of Vedic rishis (sages) such as Atri, and that <mask> roamed through forests, lived a humble simple life, provided protection and relief to ascetics in the

masks: Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama


title: Rama

type: original

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 forest being harassed and persecuted by demons, as they stayed at different ashrams. After ten years of wandering and struggles, <mask> arrives at Panchavati, on the banks of river Godavari. This region had numerous demons (rakshashas). One day, a demoness called Shurpanakha saw <mask>, became enamored of him, and tried to seduce him. <mask> refused her. Shurpanakha retaliated by threatening Sita.Lakshmana, the younger brother protective of his family, in turn retaliated by cutting off the nose and ears of Shurpanakha. The cycle of violence escalated, ultimately reaching demon king Ravana, who was the brother of Shurpanakha. Ravana comes to Panchavati to take revenge on behalf of his family, sees Sita, gets attracted, and kidnaps her to his kingdom of Lanka (believed to be modern Sri Lanka). <mask> and Lakshmana discover the kidnapping, worry about Sita's safety, despair at the loss and their lack of resources to take on Ravana. Their struggles now reach new heights. They travel south, meet Sugriva, marshall an army of monkeys, and attract dedicated commanders such as Hanuman who was a minister of Sugriva. Meanwhile, Ravana harasses Sita to be his wife, queen or goddess.Sita refuses him. Ravana gets enraged and ultimately reaches Lanka, fights in a war that has many ups and downs, but ultimately <mask> prevails, kills Ravana and forces of evil, and rescues his wife Sita. They return to Ayodhya. Post-war rule and death

The return of <mask> to Ayodhya was celebrated with his coronation. It is called <mask>heka, and his rule itself as <mask> rajya described to be a just and fair

masks: Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Ramahis Rama


title: Rama

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 rule. It is believed by many that when <mask> returned people celebrated their happiness with diyas (lamps), and the festival of Diwali is connected with <mask>'s return. Upon <mask>'s accession as king, rumors emerge that Sita may have gone willingly when she was with Ravana; Sita protests that her capture was forced.<mask> responds to public gossip by renouncing his wife and asking her to undergo a test before Agni (fire). She does and passes the test. <mask> and Sita live happily together in Ayodhya, have twin sons named Luv and Kush, in the Ramayana and other major texts. However, in some revisions, the story is different and tragic, with Sita dying of sorrow for her husband not trusting her, making Sita a moral heroine and leaving the reader with moral questions about <mask>. In these revisions, the death of Sita leads <mask> to drown himself. Through death, he joins her in afterlife. <mask> dying by drowning himself is found in the Myanmar version of  <mask>'s life story called Thiri Rama.Inconsistencies
<mask>'s legends vary significantly by the region and across manuscripts. While there is a common foundation, plot, grammar and an essential core of values associated with a battle between good and evil, there is neither a correct version nor a single verifiable ancient one. According to Paula Richman, there are hundreds of versions of "the story of <mask> in India, Southeast Asia and beyond". The versions vary by region reflecting local preoccupations and histories, and these cannot be called "divergences or different tellings" from the "real" version, rather all the

masks: Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama


title: Rama

texts:
 versions of <mask> story are real and true in their own meanings to the local cultural tradition, according to scholars such as Richman and <mask>jan. The stories vary in details, particularly where the moral question is clear, but the appropriate ethical response is unclear or disputed. For example, when demoness Shurpanakha disguises as a woman to seduce <mask>, then stalks and harasses <mask>'s wife Sita after <mask> refuses her, Lakshmana is faced with the question of appropriate ethical response. In the Indian tradition, states Richman, the social value is that "a warrior must never harm a woman".The details of the response by <mask> and Lakshmana, and justifications for it, has numerous versions. Similarly, there are numerous and very different versions to how <mask> deals with rumours against Sita when they return victorious to Ayodhya, given that the rumours can neither be objectively investigated nor summarily ignored. Similarly the versions vary on many other specific situations and closure such as how <mask>, Sita and Lakshmana die. The variation and inconsistencies are not limited to the texts found in the Hinduism traditions. The <mask> story in the Jainism tradition also show variation by author and region, in details, in implied ethical prescriptions and even in names – the older versions using the name Padma instead of <mask>, while the later Jain texts just use <mask>. Dating

In some Hindu texts, <mask> is stated to have lived in the Treta Yuga that their authors estimate existed before about 5,000 BCE. A few other researchers place <mask> to have more plausibly

masks: Rama Ramanu Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama


title: Rama

texts:
 lived around 1250 BCE, based on regnal lists of Kuru and Vrishni leaders which if given more realistic reign lengths would place Bharat and Satwata, contemporaries of <mask>, around that period.According to H. S. Sankalia, an Indian archaeologist, who specialised in Proto- and Ancient Indian history, this is all "pure speculation". The composition of <mask>'s epic story, the Ramayana, in its current form is usually dated between 7th and 4th century BCE. According to John Brockington, a professor of Sanskrit at Oxford known for his publications on the Ramayana, the original text was likely composed and transmitted orally in more ancient times, and modern scholars have suggested various centuries in the 1st millennium BCE. In Brockington's view, "based on the language, style and content of the work, a date of roughly the fifth century BCE is the most reasonable estimate". Appearance

Valmiki in Ramayana describes <mask> as a charming, well built person of a dark complexion (varṇam śyāmam) and long arms (ājānabāhu, meaning a person whose middle finger reaches beyond their knee). In the Sundara Kanda section of the epic, Hanuman describes <mask> to Sita when she is held captive in Lanka  to prove to her that he is indeed a messenger from <mask>:

Iconography
<mask> iconography shares elements of Vishnu avatars, but has several distinctive elements. It never has more than two hands, he holds (or has nearby) a bana (arrow) in his right hand, while he holds the dhanus (bow) in his left.The most recommended icon for him is that he be shown standing in tribhanga pose (thrice bent "S"

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title: Rama

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 shape). He is shown black, blue or dark color, typically wearing reddish color clothes. If his wife and brother are a part of the iconography, Lakshamana is on his left side while Sita always on the right of <mask>, both of golden-yellow complexion. Philosophy and symbolism
<mask>'s life story is imbued with symbolism. According to Sheldon Pollock, the life of <mask> as told in the Indian texts is a masterpiece that offers a framework to represent, conceptualise and comprehend the world and the nature of life. Like major epics and religious stories around the world, it has been of vital relevance because it "tells the culture what it is". <mask>'s life is more complex than the Western template for the battle between the good and the evil, where there is a clear distinction between immortal powerful gods or heroes and mortal struggling humans.In the Indian traditions, particularly <mask>, the story is about a divine human, a mortal god, incorporating both into the exemplar who transcends both humans and gods. As a person, <mask> personifies the characteristics of an ideal person (purushottama). He had within him all the desirable virtues that any individual would seek to aspire, and he fulfils all his moral obligations. <mask> is considered a maryada purushottama or the best of upholders of Dharma. According to Rodrick Hindery, Book 2, 6 and 7 are notable for ethical studies. The views of <mask> combine "reason with emotions" to create a "thinking hearts" approach. Second, he emphasises through what he says and what he does a union of "self-consciousness and action" to create an

masks: Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama


title: Rama

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 "ethics of character".Third, <mask>'s life combines the ethics with the aesthetics of living. The story of <mask> and people in his life raises questions such as "is it appropriate to use evil to respond to evil? ", and then provides a spectrum of views within the framework of Indian beliefs such as on karma and dharma. <mask>'s life and comments emphasise that one must pursue and live life fully, that all three life aims are equally important: virtue (dharma), desires (kama), and legitimate acquisition of wealth (artha). <mask> also adds, such as in section 4.38 of the Ramayana, that one must also introspect and never neglect what one's proper duties, appropriate responsibilities, true interests, and legitimate pleasures are. Literary sources

Ramayana
The primary source of the life of <mask> is the Sanskrit epic Ramayana composed by Rishi Valmiki. The epic had many versions across India's regions.The followers of Madhvacharya believe that an older version of the Ramayana, the Mula-Ramayana, previously existed. The Madhva tradition considers it to have been more authoritative than the version by Valmiki. Versions of the Ramayana exist in most major Indian languages; examples that elaborate on the life, deeds and divine philosophies of <mask> include the epic poem Ramavataram, and the following vernacular versions of <mask>'s life story:
Ramavataram or Kamba-Ramayanam in Tamil by the poet Kambar. (12th century)
Saptakanda Ramayana in Assamese by poet Madhava Kandali. (14th century)
Krittivasi Ramayan in Bengali by poet Krittibas Ojha. (15th century)
Ramcharitmanas in Hindi by sant


title: Rama

texts:
 Tulsidas. (16th-century)
Pampa Ramayana, Torave Ramayana by Kumara Valmiki and Sri Ramayana Darshanam by Kuvempu in Kannada;
Ramayana Kalpavruksham by Viswanatha Satyanarayana and Ramayana by Ranganatha in Telugu;
Vilanka Ramayana in Odia;
Eluttachan in Malayalam (this text is closer to the Advaita Vedanta-inspired rendition Adhyatma Ramayana).The epic is found across India, in different languages and cultural traditions. Adhyatma Ramayana
Adhyatma Ramayana is a late medieval Sanskrit text extolling the spiritualism in the story of Ramayana. It is embedded in the latter portion of Brahmānda Purana, and constitutes about a third of it. The text philosophically attempts to reconcile Bhakti in god <mask> and Shaktism with Advaita Vedanta, over 65 chapters and 4,500 verses. The text represents <mask> as the Brahman (metaphysical reality), mapping all attributes and aspects of <mask> to abstract virtues and spiritual ideals. Adhyatma Ramayana transposes Ramayana into symbolism of self study of one's own soul, with metaphors described in Advaita terminology. The text is notable because it influenced the popular Ramcharitmanas by Tulsidas, and inspired the most popular version of Nepali Ramayana by Bhanubhakta Acharya.This was also translated by Thunchath Ezhuthachan to Malayalam, which lead the foundation of Malayalam literature itself. Ramacharitmanas
The Ramayana is a Sanskrit text, while <mask>charitamanasa retells the Ramayana in a vernacular dialect of Hindi language, commonly understood in northern India. Ramacharitamanasa was composed in the 16th century by Tulsidas. The popular

masks: Rama Rama Rama Rama


title: Rama

texts:
 text is notable for synthesising the epic story in a Bhakti movement framework, wherein the original legends and ideas morph in an expression of spiritual bhakti (devotional love) for a personal god. Tulsidas was inspired by Adhyatma Ramayana, where <mask> and other characters of the Valmiki Ramayana along with their attributes (saguna narrative) were transposed into spiritual terms and abstract rendering of an Atma (soul, self, Brahman) without attributes (nirguna reality). According to Kapoor, <mask>'s life story in the Ramacharitamanasa combines mythology, philosophy, and religious beliefs into a story of life, a code of ethics, a treatise on universal human values. It debates in its dialogues the human dilemmas, the ideal standards of behaviour, duties to those one loves, and mutual responsibilities.It inspires the audience to view their own lives from a spiritual plane, encouraging the virtuous to keep going, and comforting those oppressed with a healing balm. The Ramacharitmanas is notable for being the Rama-based play commonly performed every year in autumn, during the weeklong performance arts festival of Ramlila. The "staging of the Ramayana based on the Ramacharitmanas" was inscribed in 2008 by UNESCO as one of the Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity. Yoga Vasistha

Yoga Vasistha is a Sanskrit text structured as a conversation between young Prince <mask> and sage Vasistha who was called as the first sage of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy by Adi Shankara. The complete text contains over 29,000 verses. The short version of the text is called Laghu

masks: Rama Rama Rama


title: Rama

texts:
 Yogavasistha and contains 6,000 verses. The exact century of its completion is unknown, but has been estimated to be somewhere between the 6 century to as late as the 14 century, but it is likely that a version of the text existed in the 1 millennium.The Yoga Vasistha text consists of six books. The first book presents <mask>'s frustration with the nature of life, human suffering and disdain for the world. The second describes, through the character of <mask>, the desire for liberation and the nature of those who seek such liberation. The third and fourth books assert that liberation comes through a spiritual life, one that requires self-effort, and present cosmology and metaphysical theories of existence embedded in stories. These two books are known for emphasising free will and human creative power. The fifth book discusses meditation and its powers in liberating the individual, while the last book describes the state of an enlightened and blissful <mask>. Yoga Vasistha is considered one of the most important texts of the Vedantic philosophy.The text, states David Gordon White, served as a reference on Yoga for medieval era Advaita Vedanta scholars. The Yoga Vasistha, according to White, was one of the popular texts on Yoga that dominated the Indian Yoga culture scene before the 12th century. Other texts
Other important historic Hindu texts on <mask> include Bhusundi Ramanaya, Prasanna raghava, and  Ramavali by Tulsidas. The Sanskrit poem Bhaṭṭikāvya of Bhatti, who lived in Gujarat in the seventh century CE, is a retelling of the epic that simultaneously illustrates the


title: Rama

texts:
 grammatical examples for Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī as well as the major figures of speech and the Prakrit language. Another historically and chronologically important text is Raghuvamsa authored by Kalidasa. Its story confirms many details of the Ramayana, but has novel and different elements. It mentions that Ayodhya was not the capital in the time of <mask>'s son named Kusha, but that he later returned to it and made it the capital again.This text is notable because the poetry in the text is exquisite and called a Mahakavya in the Indian tradition, and has attracted many scholarly commentaries. It is also significant because Kalidasa has been dated to between the 4th and 5th century CE, suggesting that the Ramayana legend was well established by the time of Kalidasa. The Mahabharata has a summary of the Ramayana. The Jainism tradition has extensive literature of <mask> as well, but generally refers to him as Padma, such as in the Paumacariya by Vimalasuri. <mask> and Sita legend is mentioned in the Jataka tales of Buddhism, as Dasaratha-Jataka (Tale no. 461), but with slightly different spellings such as Lakkhana for Lakshmana and <mask>-pandita for <mask>. The chapter 4 of Vishnu Purana, chapter 112 of Padma Purana, chapter 143 of Garuda Purana and chapters 5 through 11 of Agni Purana also summarise the life story of <mask>.Additionally, the <mask> story is included in the Vana Parva of the Mahabharata, which has been a part of evidence that the Ramayana is likely more ancient, and it was summarised in the Mahabharata epic in ancient times. Influence

<mask>'s story has had a major


title: Rama

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 socio-cultural and inspirational influence across South Asia and Southeast Asia. Few works of literature produced in any place at any time have been as popular, influential, imitated and successful as the great and ancient Sanskrit epic poem, the Valmiki Ramayana. – Robert Goldman, Professor of Sanskrit, University of California at Berkeley. According to Arthur Anthony Macdonell, a professor at Oxford and Boden scholar of Sanskrit, <mask>'s ideas as told in the Indian texts are secular in origin, their influence on the life and thought of people having been profound over at least two and a half millennia. Their influence has ranged from being a framework for personal introspection to cultural festivals and community entertainment. His life stories, states Goldman, have inspired "painting, film, sculpture, puppet shows, shadow plays, novels, poems, TV serials and plays."Hinduism

Rama Navami

Rama Navami is a spring festival that celebrates the birthday of <mask>. The festival is a part of the spring Navratri, and falls on the ninth day of the bright half of Chaitra month in the traditional Hindu calendar. This typically occurs in the Gregorian months of March or April every year. The day is marked by recital of <mask> legends in temples, or reading of <mask> stories at home. Some Vaishnava Hindus visit a temple, others pray within their home, and some participate in a bhajan or kirtan with music as a part of puja and aarti. The community organises charitable events and volunteer meals. The festival is an occasion for moral reflection for many Hindus.Some mark this day by vrata


title: Rama

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 (fasting) or a visit to a river for a dip. The important celebrations on this day take place at Ayodhya, Sitamarhi, Janakpurdham (Nepal), Bhadrachalam, Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta and Rameswaram. Rathayatras, the chariot processions, also known as Shobha yatras of <mask>, Sita, his brother Lakshmana and Hanuman, are taken out at several places. In Ayodhya, many take a dip in the sacred river Sarayu and then visit the Rama temple. Rama Navami day also marks the end of the nine-day spring festival celebrated in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh called Vasanthothsavam (Festival of Spring), that starts with Ugadi. Some highlights of this day are Kalyanam (ceremonial wedding performed by temple priests) at Bhadrachalam on the banks of the river Godavari in Bhadradri Kothagudem district of Telangana, preparing and sharing Panakam which is a sweet drink prepared with jaggery and pepper, a procession and <mask> temple decorations. Ramlila and Dussehra

<mask>'s life is remembered and celebrated every year with dramatic plays and fireworks in autumn.This is called Ramlila, and the play follows Ramayana or more commonly the Ramcharitmanas. It is observed through thousands of Rama-related performance arts and dance events, that are staged during the festival of Navratri in India. After the enactment of the legendary war between Good and Evil, the Ramlila celebrations climax in the Dussehra (Dasara, Vijayadashami) night festivities where the giant grotesque effigies of Evil such as of demon Ravana are burnt, typically with fireworks. The Ramlila festivities were declared by UNESCO as one of the


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 "Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity" in 2008. Ramlila is particularly notable in historically important Hindu cities of Ayodhya, Varanasi, Vrindavan, Almora, Satna and Madhubani – cities in Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. The epic and its dramatic play migrated into southeast Asia in the 1st millennium CE, and Ramayana based Ramlila is a part of performance arts culture of Indonesia, particularly the Hindu society of Bali, Myanmar, Cambodia and Thailand. Diwali

In some parts of India, <mask>'s return to Ayodhya and his coronation is the main reason for celebrating Diwali, also known as the Festival of Lights.In Guyana, Diwali is marked as a special occasion and celebrated with a lot of fanfare. It is observed as a national holiday in this part of the world and some ministers of the Government also take part in the celebrations publicly. Just like Vijayadashmi, Diwali is celebrated by different communities across India to commemorate different events in addition to <mask>'s return to Ayodhya. For example, many communities celebrate one day of Diwali to celebrate the Victory of Krishna over the demon Narakasur. Hindu arts in Southeast Asia

<mask>'s life story, both in the written form of Sanskrit Ramayana and the oral tradition arrived in southeast Asia in the 1st millennium CE. <mask> was one of many ideas and cultural themes adopted, others being the Buddha, the Shiva and host of other Brahmanic and Buddhist ideas and stories. In particular, the influence of <mask> and other cultural ideas grew in Java, Bali, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia and

masks: Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama


title: Rama

texts:
 Laos.The Ramayana was translated from Sanskrit into old Javanese around 860 CE, while the performance arts culture most likely developed from the oral tradition inspired by the Tamil and Bengali versions of Rama-based dance and plays. The earliest evidence of these performance arts are from 243 CE according to Chinese records. Other than the celebration of <mask>'s life with dance and music, Hindu temples built in southeast Asia such as the Prambanan near Yogyakarta (Java), and at the Panataran near Blitar (East Java), show extensive reliefs depicting <mask>'s life. The story of <mask>'s life has been popular in Southeast Asia. In the 14th century, the Ayutthaya Kingdom and its capital Ayuttaya was named after the Hindu holy city of Ayodhya, with the official religion of the state being Theravada Buddhism. Thai kings, continuing into the contemporary era, have been called <mask>, a name inspired by <mask> of Ramakien – the local version of Sanskrit Ramayana, according to Constance Jones and James Ryan. For example, King Chulalongkorn (1853-1910) is also known as <mask>, while King Vajiralongkorn who succeeded to the throne in 2016 is called <mask>.

Jainism

In Jainism, the earliest known version of <mask> story is variously dated from the 1st to 5th century CE.This Jaina text credited to Vimalasuri shows no signs of distinction between Digambara-Svetambara (sects of Jainism), and is in a combination of Marathi and Sauraseni languages. These features suggest that this text has ancient roots. In Jain cosmology, characters continue to be reborn as they evolve in their spiritual

masks:
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama V
Rama X
Rama


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 qualities, until they reach the Jina state and complete enlightenment. This idea is explained as cyclically reborn triads in its Puranas, called the Baladeva, Vasudeva and evil Prati-vasudeva. <mask>, Lakshmana and evil Ravana are the eighth triad, with <mask> being the reborn Baladeva, and Lakshmana as the reborn Vasudeva. <mask> is described to have lived long before the 22nd Jain Tirthankara called Neminatha. In the Jain tradition, Neminatha is believed to have been born 84,000 years before the 9th-century BCE Parshvanatha.Jain texts tell a very different version of the <mask> legend than the Hindu texts such as by Valmiki. According to the Jain version, Lakshmana (Vasudeva) is the one who kills Ravana (Prativasudeva). <mask>, after all his participation in the rescue of Sita and preparation for war, he actually does not kill, thus remains a non-violent person. The <mask> of Jainism has numerous wives as does Lakshmana, unlike the virtue of monogamy given to <mask> in the Hindu texts. Towards the end of his life, <mask> becomes a Jaina monk then successfully attains siddha followed by moksha. His first wife Sita becomes a Jaina nun at the end of the story. In the Jain version, Lakshmana and Ravana both go to the hell of Jain cosmology, because Ravana killed many, while Lakshmana killed Ravana to stop Ravana's violence.Padmapurana mentions <mask> as a contemporary of Munisuvrata, 20th tirthankara of Jainism. Buddhism
The Dasaratha-Jataka (Tale no. 461) provides a version of the <mask> story. It calls <mask> as <mask>-pandita. At the end of this Dasaratha-Jataka discourse, the

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title: Rama

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 Buddhist text declares that the Buddha in his prior rebirth was <mask>:

While the Buddhist Jataka texts co-opt <mask> and make him an incarnation of Buddha in a previous life, the Hindu texts co-opt the Buddha and make him an avatar of Vishnu. The Jataka literature of Buddhism is generally dated to be from the second half of the 1st millennium BCE, based on the carvings in caves and Buddhist monuments such as the Bharhut stupa. The 2nd-century BCE stone relief carvings on Bharhut stupa, as told in the Dasaratha-Jataka, is the earliest known non-textual evidence of <mask> story being prevalent in ancient India.Sikhism

<mask> is mentioned as one of twenty four divine incarnations of Vishnu in the Chaubis Avtar, a composition in Dasam Granth traditionally and historically attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. The discussion of <mask> and Krishna avatars is the most extensive in this section of the secondary Sikh scripture. The name of <mask> is mentioned more than 2,500 times in the Guru Granth Sahib and is considered as avatar along with the Krishna. Among people
In Assam, Boro people call themselves Ramsa, which means Children of Ram. In Chhattisgarh, Ramnami people tattooed their whole body with name of Ram. Worship and temples

Worship

<mask> is a revered Vaishanava deity, one who is worshipped privately at home or in temples. He was a part of the Bhakti movement focus, particularly because of efforts of 14th century North Indian poet-saint <mask>da who created the Ramanandi Sampradaya, a sannyasi community.This community has grown to become the largest Hindu monastic community in

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 modern times. This Rama-inspired movement has championed social reforms, accepting members without discriminating anyone by gender, class, caste or religion since the time of <mask>da who accepted Muslims wishing to leave Islam. Traditional scholarship holds that his disciples included later Bhakti movement poet-saints such as Kabir, Ravidas, Bhagat Pipa and others. Temples

Temples dedicated to <mask> are found all over India and in places where Indian migrant communities have resided. In most temples, the iconography of <mask> is accompanied by that of his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana. In some instances, Hanuman is also included either near them or in the temple premises. Hindu temples dedicated to <mask> were built by early 5th century, according to copper plate inscription evidence, but these have not survived.The oldest surviving <mask> temple is near Raipur (Chhattisgarh), called the Rajiva-locana temple at Rajim near the Mahanadi river. It is in a temple complex dedicated to Vishnu and dates back to the 7th-century with some restoration work done around 1145 CE based on epigraphical evidence. The temple remains important to <mask> devotees in the contemporary times, with devotees and monks gathering there on dates such as Rama Navami. Important Rama temples include:

 Rama temple, Ram Janmabhoomi, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh. Bhadrachalam Temple, Telangana. Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta, Andhra Pradesh. Ramateertham Temple, Andhra Pradesh.Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam
 Mudikondan Kothandaramar Temple, Tamil Nadu. Vijayaraghava Perumal temple, Tamil Nadu. Sri Yoga Ramar

masks: Ramanan Rama Rama Rama Rama Rama


title: Rama

texts:
 Temple Nedungunam, Tamil Nadu. Triprayar Sriramaswami Kshetram, Triprayar, Kerala. Kalaram Temple, Nashik, Maharashtra. Raghunath Temple, Jammu. Ram Mandir, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.Kodandarama Temple, Chikmagalur, Karnataka. Kothandarama Temple, Thillaivilagam, Tamilnadu. Kothandaramaswamy Temple, Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. Odogaon Raghunath Temple, Odisha. Ramchaura Mandir, Bihar. Sri Rama Temple, Ramapuram, Kerala. Vilwadrinatha Temple, Thiruvilwamala, Kerala.Popular culture

<mask> has been considered as a source of inspiration and has been described as Maryāda Puruṣottama Rāma (). He has been depicted in many films, television shows and plays. See also

 Ayodhya dispute
 Ram Mandir, Ayodhya
 Culture of India
 Genealogy of Rama
 Hindu philosophy
 Natyashastra
 Ram Nam
 Ram Statue
 Jai Shri Ram
 <mask>yan (1987 TV series)
 <mask> in Jainism
 <mask>tara
 Vaishnavism
 Erlang Shen

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

Ancient Indian culture
Asian rulers
Avatars of Vishnu
Ayyavazhi mythology
Buddhist gods
Characters in the Mahabharata
Characters in the Ramayana
Creator gods
Heavenly attendants in Jainism
Hindu given names
Hindu gods
Solar dynasty
Names of God in Hinduism
Salakapurusa
Savior gods
Names of God in

masks: Rama Rama Rama Ramaava


title: Norman Heatley

texts:
<mask> OBE (10 January 1911 – 5 January 2004) was an English biologist and biochemist. He was member of the team of Oxford University scientists who developed penicillin. <mask> developed the back-extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. Early life
He was born in Woodbridge, Suffolk, and as a boy was an enthusiastic sailor of a small boat on the River Deben, an experience which gave him a lifelong love of sailing. He attended school in Folkestone, followed by Tonbridge School, then went on to St John's College, Cambridge, where he studied Natural Sciences, graduating in 1933. His doctoral research in Cambridge led to a PhD in 1936, and he then moved to the University of Oxford, where he became a fellow of Lincoln College and joined a team working under Howard Florey that included Ernst Chain. Production problem
Alexander Fleming had first discovered penicillin by accident in 1928, but at that time believed it had little application.When Florey and his team recognised the potential of the discovery for combating bacterial infection, they faced the problem of how to manufacture penicillin in sufficient quantities to be of use. <mask>, although the junior member of the team, possessed a natural gift for ingenuity and invention. It was he who suggested transferring the active ingredient of penicillin back into water by changing its acidity, thus purifying the penicillin. Heatley recorded these trials, carried out on eight mice in May 1940, in his diary:
"After supper with some friends, I returned to the lab and met the professor to give a final dose of penicillin to two of the mice. The

masks:
Norman George Heatley
Norman Heatley
Heatley


title: Norman Heatley

texts:
 'controls' were looking very sick, but the two treated mice seemed very well. I stayed at the lab until 3:45 a.m., by which time all four control animals were dead." On returning home, he realised that in haste and darkness, he had put his underpants on back to front, and noted this in his diary too, adding "It really looks as if penicillin may be of practical importance."In order to conduct tests on human patients, even more of the drug had to be produced, and again it was <mask> who realised that the most effective vessel for this purpose was something like the porcelain bedpans in use at the Radcliffe Infirmary. These were in short supply because the ongoing World War II, so <mask> designed a modified version which was manufactured in the Potteries. With the help of these, the Oxford laboratory became the first penicillin factory, and subsequent tests on humans proved the efficacy of the new treatment. Even so, it was very difficult to produce enough for sustained treatment. Trials on humans
In December 1940, a 43-year-old police constable, Albert Alexander, was accidentally scratched by a rose thorn on his mouth, and was succumbing to septicaemia. Alexander was admitted to the Radcliffe Infirmary, where various conventional treatments all failed, and his case was brought to Florey and <mask>'s attention. Having previously tried penicillin only on mice, Heatley was concerned about the side effects large doses of penicillin might have.A patient in a terminal condition with nothing to lose was needed as a human volunteer, and Constable Alexander met this requirement. On 12 February 1941, Alexander was given an

masks: Heatley Heatley Heatley


title: Norman Heatley

texts:
 intravenous infusion of 160 mg (200 units) of penicillin. Within 24 hours, Alexander's temperature had dropped, his appetite had returned and the infection had begun to subside. However, owing to the instability of penicillin and the wartime restrictions placed on Florey's laboratory, only a small quantity was available, and although Florey and colleagues extracted any remaining penicillin from Alexander's urine, they had run out by the fifth day and Alexander died a month later. Florey and his team thereafter decided to work only on sick children, who did not need such large doses of penicillin, until their methods of production improved. Illinois and New Jersey
Eventually <mask> and Florey travelled to the United States in 1941 because they wanted to produce about one kilogram of pure penicillin, and persuaded a laboratory in Peoria, Illinois, to develop larger-scale manufacturing of it. In Peoria, <mask> was assigned to work with Dr. A.J.Moyer. Moyer suggested adding corn-steep liquor, a by-product of starch extraction, to the growth medium. With this and other subtle changes, such as using lactose in place of glucose, they were able to push up yields of penicillin to 20 units per milliliter. But their cooperation had become one-sided. <mask> noted, "Moyer had begun not telling me what he was doing." Florey returned to Oxford that September, but <mask> stayed on in Peoria until December; then for the next six months he worked at Merck & Co. in Rahway, New Jersey. In July 1942 he returned to Oxford, and was soon to learn why Moyer had become so secretive.When he published their research results, he omitted

masks: Heatley Heatley Heatley Heatley


title: Norman Heatley

texts:
 <mask>'s name from the paper, despite an original contract which stipulated that any publications should be jointly authored. Fifty years on, <mask> confessed that he was amused, rather than upset, by Moyer's duplicity. Later he was to learn that financial greed had led Moyer to claim all the credit for himself. To have acknowledged <mask>'s part of the work would have made it difficult to apply for patents, as he did, with himself as sole inventor. Achievement
As Sir Henry Harris put it succinctly in 1998:  Yet while Fleming, Florey and Chain jointly received the Nobel prize for their work in 1945, <mask>'s contribution was not fully recognized for another 45 years. It was only in 1990 that he was awarded the unusual distinction of an honorary Doctorate of Medicine from Oxford University, the first given to a non-medic in Oxford's 800-year history. Final years
<mask> died on 5 January 2004 at his home, 12 Oxford Road, Marston, Oxfordshire, which now bears a commemorative plaque in his honour.He was cremated in a cardboard coffin after a funeral service at St. Nicholas's Church, Marston, on 15 January. <mask> was survived by his wife, Mercy, and four children, Rose, Chris, Jonathan and Tamsin. Sources
<mask>, <mask> - Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (restricted access)
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (restricted access - includes photo)

References

1911 births
2004 deaths
British biologists
People from Woodbridge, Suffolk
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Fellows of Lincoln College, Oxford
English humanitarians
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Saint Felix

masks:
Heatley
Heatley
Heatley
Heatley
Heatley
Heatley
Heatley
Norman George


title: Paul Lodge

texts:
<mask> (born 13 February 1961) is an English former footballer and football manager. A midfielder, he played in every division of the Football League, as well as in the Conference, Northern Premier League, and League of Wales. He began his career at Everton in 1979, and had loan spells at Wigan Athletic and Rotherham United, before joining Preston North End in 1983. He moved on to Bolton Wanderers the following year, who in turn loaned him out to Port Vale. After spending time with Stockport County, he headed into semi-professional football in 1986 with Barrow. He moved on to Southport, Macclesfield Town, Witton Albion (winning the Northern Premier League Premier Division title in 1990–91), and Morecambe, before returning to Southport in November 1993. After another 100 league appearances for the club, he ended his career following spells with Lancaster City, Bangor City, Chorley, and Burscough.He began coaching with Southport in 1998, and also served as the club's caretaker-manager in 1999. He spent June 2001 to March 2002 as <mask>'s assistant at Stalybridge Celtic. He took on the management reins at St Helens Town in July 2003, but was sacked in January 2004. After coaching at Accrington Stanley, he spent two months in charge at Chorley in late 2006. He then returned to his coaching role at Accrington Stanley. Playing career
Tutored by Colin Harvey and Ray Minshull, <mask> started his career with Everton, as the "Toffees" hovered above the First Division relegation zone in 1979–80 and 1980–81. Manager Gordon Lee was then sacked, and was replaced by Howard Kendall, who took the club to just one place off European football in 1981–82.<mask> was loaned out to Larry Lloyd's Wigan Athletic and Emlyn Hughes's Rotherham United in 1982–83. He scored one goal in five Third Division games for the struggling "Latics", and played four Second Division for the soon to be relegated "Millers". His brief spells at Springfield Park and Millmoor failed to reignite his career, and he was transferred to Third Division side Preston North

masks:
Paul Lodge
Paul Futcher
Lodge
Lodge


title: Paul Lodge

texts:
 End later in the season, in a move that reunited him with Gordon Lee. <mask> had played 24 league games for Everton in his four years at Goodison Park. Lee left Deepdale in December 1983, and Alan Kelly went on to lead the "Lambs" to a mid-table finish in 1983–84. <mask> switched to league rivals Bolton Wanderers in the summer, but would feature just four times for John McGovern's "Trotters" in 1984–85. He was loaned to John Rudge's Port Vale in November 1984.He was only to play three Fourth Division games at Vale Park, before heading back to Burnden Park in January 1985. <mask> moved on to Les Chapman's Fourth Division Stockport County, and scored twice in 15 games for the "Hatters" in 1985–86, in a brief stay at Edgeley Park. <mask> dropped out of the Football League and joined Alliance Premier League side Barrow, before moving on to Northern Premier League side Southport in March 1986. He scored once in 13 games for the "Sandgrounders" in 1985–86. He made a massive 63 appearances in the 1986–87 season, scoring five goals. He played 26 games in 1987–88, before leaving Haig Avenue. <mask> played for Macclesfield Town and then joined Witton Albion.He made his debut for Witton on 10 September 1988 and scored four goals from 57 appearances in the 1988–89 season. He scored two goals in 58 games in the 1989–90 season and four goals in 59 games in the 1990–91 Northern Premier League Premier Division title winning season. He made a further six appearances in the 1991–92 season. He later played for Morecambe, before returning to Southport in November 1993. He scored once in 36 games in 1993–94, and then featured 46 times in the 1994–95 season under manager Brian Kettle. <mask> then played 47 times in 1995–96, and was appointed captain by new boss Billy Ayre. <mask> went on to play for Lancaster City, Bangor City, Chorley, and Burscough.Management career
<mask> returned to Southport as assistant manager to <mask> in 1998. He became caretaker-manager the following year after Futcher was sacked, before he returned to his assistant

masks:
Lodge
Lodge
Lodge
Lodge
Lodge
Lodge
Lodge
Lodge
Paul Futcher


title: Paul Lodge

texts:
 role under new boss Mark Wright. Futcher appointed him as his assistant at Stalybridge Celtic in June 2001, before the pair were sacked in March 2002. After working at St Helens College, he was appointed manager of North West Counties club St Helens Town in July 2003, but was sacked in January 2004 after his team lost ten of their previous eleven games. Town went on to finish 19th out of the 22 team division in 2003–04. <mask> then went on to coach at Accrington Stanley, and was promoted to the post of reserve team manager by John Coleman. <mask> was appointed manager of Northern Premier League side Chorley in September 2006.He signed ten young players in an attempt to mould a newer and more cost-effective team, but resigned after less than two months in charge after telling the media "..the players forced my hand. There was no pride from them, no fight..." The "Magpies" finished the 2006–07 season second-from-bottom. He later went on to work as a first team coach at Accrington Stanley, and also worked at Accrington and Rossendale College. Statistics
Source:

Honours
Witton Albion
Northern Premier League Premier Division: 1990–91

References

1961 births
Living people
Footballers from Liverpool
English footballers
Association football midfielders
Everton F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Rotherham United F.C. players
Preston North End F.C.players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
Southport F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
Witton Albion F.C.players
Morecambe F.C. players
Lancaster City F.C. players
Bangor City F.C. players
Chorley F.C. players
Burscough F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players
Cymru Premier players
English football managers
Southport F.C. managers
St Helens Town A.F.C.managers
Chorley F.C. managers
National League (English football) managers
Northern Premier League managers
Association football coaches
Accrington Stanley F.C. non-playing

masks: Lodge Lodge


title: Théodore Rousseau

texts:
<mask> (April 15, 1812December 22, 1867) was a French painter of the Barbizon school. Life

Youth
He was born in Paris, France in a bourgeois family. At first he received a basic level of training, but soon displayed aptitude for painting. Although his father regretted the decision at first, he became reconciled to his son forsaking business, and throughout the artist's career (for he survived his son) was a sympathizer with him in all his conflicts with the Paris Salon authorities. <mask> shared the difficulties of the romantic painters of 1830, in securing for their pictures a place in the annual Paris exhibition. The influence of classically trained artists was against them, and not until 1848 was <mask> presented adequately to the public. He had exhibited six works in the Salons of 1831, 1833, 1834 and 1835, but in 1836 his great work Paysage du Jura [La descente des vaches] was rejected by the Salon jury.He sent a total of eight further works to the Salon between 1836 and 1841; and yet none of them were accepted. Thereafter, he ceased sending work to the Salon until 1849, when all three of his submissions were accepted. He was not without champions in the press, and with the title of "le grand refusé" he became known through the writings of his friend Théophile Thoré, the critic who afterwards resided in England and wrote using the name Burger. During these years of artistic exile <mask> produced some of his best pictures: The Chestnut Avenue, The Marsh in the Landes (now in the Louvre), Hoar-Frost (now in America); and in 1851, after the reorganization of the Salon in 1848, he exhibited his masterpiece, The Edge of the Forest (also in the Louvre), a picture similar in treatment to, but slightly varied in subject from, the composition called A Glade in the Forest of Fontainebleau, in the Wallace Collection at Hertford House, London. Barbizon and maturity
Until this period <mask> had lived only occasionally at Barbizon, but in 1848 he took up his

masks:
Étienne Pierre Théodore Rousseau
Téodore Rousseau
Rousseau
Rousseau
Rousseau


title: Théodore Rousseau

texts:
 residence in the forest village, and spent most of his remaining days in the vicinity. He was now able to obtain fair sums for his pictures (but only about one-tenth of their value thirty years after his death), and the number of his admirers increased. He was still ignored by the authorities, for while Narcisse Virgilio Diaz was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1851, <mask> was left undecorated at this time, but was nominated and awarded the Cross soon afterwards.He would eventually become an Officer of the Legion of Honor. At the Exposition Universelle of 1853, where all <mask>'s rejected pictures of the previous twenty years were gathered together, his works were acknowledged to form one of the best of the many splendid groups there exhibited. But, after an unsuccessful sale of his works by auction in 1861, he contemplated leaving Paris for Amsterdam or London, or even New York. Later years

<mask> then suffered a series of misfortunes. His wife's mental health had worsened; his aged father became dependent on him for pecuniary assistance; his patrons were few. Moreover, while he was temporarily absent with his ill wife, a youth living in his home (a friend of his family) committed suicide in his Barbizon cottage. When he visited the Alps in 1863, making sketches of Mont Blanc, he became dangerously ill with inflammation of the lungs; and when he returned to Barbizon he suffered from insomnia and became gradually weakened.He was elected president of the fine-art jury for the 1867 Exposition; however, his disappointment at being denied the better awards may have affected his health, for in August he became paralyzed. He recovered slightly, but was again attacked several times during the autumn. In November his condition worsened, and he died in the presence of his lifelong friend, Jean-François Millet, on December 22, 1867. Millet, the peasant painter, for whom <mask> had the greatest regard, had been much with him during the last years of

masks: Rousseau Rousseau Rousseau Rousseau


title: Théodore Rousseau

texts:
 his life, and at his death Millet assumed charge of <mask>'s ill wife. <mask>'s other friend and neighbor, Jules Dupré, himself an eminent landscape painter of Barbizon, relates the difficulty <mask> experienced in knowing when his picture was finished, and how he, Dupré, would sometimes take away from the studio some canvas on which <mask> was laboring too long. <mask> was a good friend to Diaz, teaching him how to paint trees, for until a certain point in his career Diaz considered he could only paint figures. Work
<mask>'s pictures are always grave in character, with an air of exquisite melancholy.They are well finished when they profess to be completed pictures, but <mask> spent so much time developing his subjects that his absolutely completed works are comparatively few. He left many canvases with parts of the picture realized in detail and with the remainder somewhat vague; and also a good number of sketches and water-color drawings. His pen work in monochrome on paper is rare. There are a number of good pictures by him in the Louvre, and the Wallace collection contains one of his most important Barbizon pictures. There is also an example in the Ionides collection at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Paintings

References

Attribution:
  Endnotes:
 Alfred Sensier, Souvenirs sur Th. <mask> (Paris, 1872).E. Michel, Les Artistes célébres: Th. <mask> (Paris, 1891). J. W. Mollett, <mask> and Diaz (London, 1890). David Croal Thomson, The Barbizon School of Painters: Th. <mask> (London, 1892). Albert Wolff, La Capitale de l'art: Th. <mask> (Paris, 1886).E. Chesneau, Peintres romantiques: Th. <mask> (Paris, 1880). P Burty, Maîtres et petit-maîtres: Th. <mask> (Paris, 1877). Further reading
 (see index)

External links
Théodore <mask> - Rehs Galleries' biography on the artist. 1812 births
1867 deaths
19th-century French painters
Painters from Paris
French male painters
French Realist painters
Landscape artists
Officiers of the Légion

masks: Rousseau Rousseau Rousseau Rousseau Rousseau Rousseau Rousseau Rousseau Rousseau Rousseau Rousseau Rousseau Rousseau Rousseau Rousseau


title: M.J. Alexander

texts:
<mask> (born July 18, 1961, in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan) also known as M.J<mask>, is an American writer and photographer, playwright, poet, and lyricist who documents people and places of the American West, with an emphasis on the very young, the very old, and American Indian culture. She was inducted into the Oklahoma Journalism Hall of Fame in 2019. Documentary work
<mask> "combines the vision of an artist with the skills of a storyteller," according to the International Photography Hall of Fame. Her photographs have been featured in more than 20 solo shows since 2006, including at the Oklahoma State Capitol, the Red Earth Museum, and the Main Gallery of the International Photography Hall of Fame. Her iconic portrait of Thomas Jefferson Brown, 103, was named one of the top photographs in Oklahoma history by the editors of Oklahoma Today magazine. She is author and illustrator of two books: Salt of the Red Earth: A Century of Wit and Wisdom from Oklahoma’s Elders, portraits and interviews with 100 centenarians, including dozens born in Indian Territory and Portrait of a Generation - Children of Oklahoma: Sons and Daughters of the Red Earth featuring interviews with and environmental portraits of more than 250 Oklahomans from varied walks of life.The book launch and opening exhibit for Portrait of a Generation were hosted by the Oklahoma City Museum of Art; a collection of 36 of <mask>'s fine art portraits was shown in the OKCMOA Founders' Gallery in 2011. The book was a finalist in two categories and selected as top young adult book of the year at the 2011 Oklahoma Book Awards, sponsored by the Oklahoma Center for the Book. Critical acclaim

<mask> was honored at the 2009 UNESCO-sponsored World Humanity Photography Awards in Guangzhou, China, for her photographic series on Apache crown dancers. Of her ongoing portrait series of indigenous peoples, a reviewer wrote: "<mask>’s imagery moves beyond stereotypes to reflect not only a

masks:
Mary Jane Alexander
. Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander


title: M.J. Alexander

texts: difficult and challenging past but today’s American Indian renaissance and hopeful future…. [offering] deep connection to the ancient and modern and to human transience. Now and then the earth shifts and if we're looking, art such as this can bring indescribable joy in the simple act of connecting to the human spirit. Such is the gift of <mask>'s portraits.""M.J<mask> has a way of seeing the world that shows it to you," according to the writer Alice Walker. "The layers of it that are sometimes ignored or overlooked, especially in our country. A brilliant photographer." Suzanne Tate, executive director of the Oklahoma Arts Council, calls <mask> "a transcendent visual storyteller...Her distinct style and abilities as an artist make her an invaluable cultural asset." Heidi Evans of the New York Daily News calls the work "remarkable, moving photographs and words that reveal the inner lives and quiet power of ordinary people -- people you might otherwise pass by. M.J<mask> shows the poetry deeply rooted in the Oklahoma -- and American -- landscape." From a public radio feature on <mask>'s "Salt of the Red Earth" centenarian project: "Many of us who work in radio would say that hearing the undoctored human voice is about as intimate as you can get.But take one look at M.J<mask>’s stunning sepia-toned portraits of Oklahomans over 100 years old, and there’s a certain timeless quality that seems to capture the essence of who these people are for all eternity." From a 2010 feature on the release of her second book: "The true storytellers mine deep into the hearts and souls of their subjects...M.J<mask> knows well the power of storytelling that uses both words and images. This month sees the release of an extraordinary new book by the award-winning Oklahoma City photographer and writer, as she continues her exploration of the people who are the heart and soul of her adopted home state." <mask>'s writing and photo features have been recognized

masks:
Alexander
. Alexander
Alexander
. Alexander
Alexander
. Alexander
. Alexander
Alexander


title: M.J. Alexander

texts:
 with several awards from the Society of Professional Journalists. Her portraits of Alice Walker and Gloria Steinem were featured on the cover of the Fall 2009 issue of Ms. magazine, commemorating Steinem’s 75th birthday. A second portrait of Walker by <mask> was the cover photograph of the October 2010 Writer's Digest, and was discussed by Walker on her personal blog. Creative writing
<mask> is also a poet, playwright and lyricist.With her husband, composer Edward Knight, she has created two full-length musicals: Strike A Match (1999) and Night of the Comets (2001), both premiered at the Bass School of Music at Oklahoma City University. Cradle of Dreams, their work for chorus and orchestra, was commercially recorded by the Kiev Philharmonic and the Chamber Choir Kyiv. <mask> and Knight’s song cycle, Tales Not Told, is based on her poems exploring the viewpoints of six American ancestors of the composer: Helen Harvey Tiffany Paddock, Patience Brewster, Keziah Keyes Ransom,  Sarah Town Bridges Cloyce, Bessie Barton Paddock, and Mary Dyer. The work has been performed in New York, Oklahoma and California, including by the San Francisco Cabaret Opera, and published by Subito Music. The work was the subject of a doctoral dissertation by Catherine McDaniel at the University of Oklahoma. A national reviewer called the poems "beautiful" and the cycle "intriguing, heartfelt, and beautifully crafted." Europe
<mask> and Knight collaborated on the European debut of "Oklahoma," a 2018 retrospective encompassing 20 years of interviews and photographs.The exhibit included more than 100 images accompanied by a sound installation created by Knight in The Crypt Gallery of London: "As visitors' eyes adjusted to the darkness, their ears were enveloped by the sounds of Oklahoma: pulsating waves of buzzing cicadas, ethereal prairie birdsong, rising and falling winds. Flickering candles and the long plaintive note of a lone cello beckoned from within the

masks: Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander


title: M.J. Alexander

texts:
 catacombs. Six-foot-tall canvas portraits and diaphanous scrims with larger-than-life images of centenarians were suspended from the ceiling, standing sentry in the arches surrounding the perimeter. Aluminum prints...marched down the 50-foot-long brick entry corridor, offering windows of uninterrupted horizon beneath a kaleidoscope of skies." Reception to the work inspired the multimedia project "Quotelahoma," where <mask> combined image and text to create "mash-ups of decontextualized lyrics and Oklahoma photographs, combined with some modern signs, vernacular sayings and quotes excerpted from interviews from around the state." Her street-art posters were installed in urban centers of Europe, becoming part of what she termed a "multi-layered, multi-lingual urban artscape of protest and proclamation. The words and images were familiar … and yet not.What did they mean? Was it a code? Philosophy? Advice? Wisdom? It was not for me to say. The answer is as inscrutable and enigmatic as the place where the wind comes sweepin’ down the plain."<mask> is a dual citizen of Canada and the United States, raised in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. She attended a two-room schoolhouse before graduating from Vassar College and Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. She is a veteran of The Associated Press in New York City and former head of the journalism department of Saint Michael's College in Vermont. She has been honored by Lake Superior State University in her hometown of Sault Ste. Marie with the Kenneth J. Shouldice Achievement Award for "personal and professional successes." References

External links

American photojournalists
Canadian photojournalists
Vassar College alumni
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
American portrait photographers
American women photographers
People from Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
1961 births
Living people
Canadian women journalists
Photographers from Oklahoma
21st-century

masks:
Alexander
Background Alexander


title: Vladimir Kara-Murza

texts:
<mask>-Murza (, born 7 September 1981) is a Russian opposition politician and Boris Nemtsov’s protégé. He serves as vice-chairman of Open Russia, a NGO founded by Russian businessman and former oligarch Mikhail Khodorkovsky, which promotes civil society and democracy in Russia. He was elected to the Coordinating Council of the Russian Opposition in 2012, and served as deputy leader of the People's Freedom Party from 2015 to 2016. He is the author of two documentaries, They Chose Freedom and Nemtsov. As of 2021 he acts as Senior Fellow to the Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights. He was awarded the Civil Courage Prize in 2018. Early life, family, and education
<mask>-Murza was born in Moscow on 7 September 1981.He is the son of Russian journalist and television host <mask> Kara-Murza (1959–2019), an outspoken critic of Leonid Brezhnev and a supporter of reforms under Boris Yeltsin. His father was a great-grandson of Latvian revolutionary Voldemārs Bisenieks (1884–1938), and great-grand-nephew of Latvia's first Ambassador to Great Britain, Georgs Bisenieks (1885–1941; lv), both of whom were shot by the NKVD. The Latvian agronomist and publisher Jānis Bisenieks (1864–1923; lv) was their older brother. He is also related to Sergey Kara-Murza (born 1939), a Soviet/Russian historian, chemist and philosopher. They are members of the Kara-Murza family, descendants of a Tatar aristocrat who settled in Moscow and converted to Christianity in the 15th century AD. (The name in translation means "Black Lord".) Kara-Murza earned a BA and an MA degree in History at Cambridge University.With his wife, Yevgenia, he has three children. Work as a journalist, film-maker and author
Kara-Murza became a

masks:
Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara
Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara
Vladimir Alexeyevich


title: Vladimir Kara-Murza

texts:
 journalist at the age of 16. He worked as London correspondent for a succession of Russian media outlets: the newspapers Novye Izvestia  (1997–2000) and Kommersant (September 2000 to June 2003) and the radio station  Ekho Moskvy from September 2001 to June 2003. Kara-Murza then briefly became foreign affairs correspondent of Kommersant (July 2003 to April 2004) and Washington correspondent for the BBC (December 2004 to December 2005). In 2002, he was editor-in-chief of the London-based financial publication Russian Investment Review. In April 2004 he took over as the Washington bureau chief of the RTVi television network, a post he held for the next nine years. On 1 September 2012 he was dismissed from this job.They Chose Freedom, a documentary series (2005)

In 2005, Kara-Murza produced a four-part TV documentary, They Chose Freedom, dedicated to the history of the Soviet dissident movement. The documentary was based on interviews with Russian dissidents, including <mask>, Elena Bonner and Sergei Kovalev. It was first aired in October 2005. It has since been screened at various locations in Europe and North America, with subtitles added in English. On 24 March 2014, Kara-Murza, Anne Applebaum, and <mask> took part in a discussion following a London screening of the film. Reform or Revolution (published 2011)

In 2011, Kara-Murza published his first book, Reform or Revolution: The Quest for Responsible Government in the First Russian State Duma (in Russian only), which recounts the unsuccessful attempt by the Cadets or Constitutional Democratic Party to form a government during the brief existence of the first Russian Parliament or Duma from April to July 1906. Based on the original 1906

masks:
Vladimir Bukovsky
Vladimir Bukovsky


title: Vladimir Kara-Murza

texts:
 parliamentary record and contemporary newspaper reports, as well as memoirs by participants of the events, the book was launched in both Moscow and Saint Petersburg."Spotlight on Russia" blog (since 2010)
Since 2010 Kara-Murza has written a weekly blog, "Spotlight on Russia", for World Affairs Journal. In late 2014 and early 2015, he wrote about a number of anti democratic trends in Russia. President <mask>, for example, had resumed the Soviet practice of stripping dissidents of their Russian citizenship. As a result of this and other acts, Kara-Murza urged the Council of Europe not to restore Russia's voting rights, suspended since the annexation of Crimea. Kremlin SWAT teams, he wrote in December 2014, were breaking up opposition meetings. Putin's word was therefore "void of value", wrote Kara-Murza, citing as evidence the false statements made by the Russian President and his broken promises. "The End of Russia's Olympic Truce" (2014)
Putin had soft-pedaled his response to the opposition during the Sochi Olympics, warned Kara-Murza in an op-ed for The Wall Street Journal (26 February 2014).Now that the prestigious international event was ended the Russian president was rapidly returning to his former oppressive behaviour. Only hours after the closing ceremony in Sochi a Moscow court handed prison sentences to seven of the May 2012 Bolotnaya Square protestors. Pressure was brought to bear not only within Russia. Russia's nationwide TV had been broadcasting "hate-filled appeals to crush the protesters in Kiev" for several weeks early in 2014, noted Kara-Murza. For Putin, he explained, "maintaining the status quo in Ukraine was not primarily about preserving a post-Soviet sphere of influence


title: Vladimir Kara-Murza

texts:
 or recreating a Moscow-led empire". The Russian president feared that "a democratic, pro-European Ukraine" would set "a 'dangerous' precedent for Russia" and that it would be "only a matter of time" before Russian citizens began to demand similar levels of political and economic freedom. In the public eye

From 1999 to 2001, Kara-Murza was a member of the Democratic Choice of Russia party; from 2001 to 2008 he was a member of the Union of Right Forces.Between 2000 and 2003 he served as an advisor to State Duma opposition leader Boris Nemtsov. He has been in opposition to <mask> since 2000, backing liberal candidate Grigory Yavlinsky in the 2000 presidential election. Stands for election to the State Duma (2003)
Kara-Murza was a candidate for election to the Russian parliament, or State Duma, in the 2003 parliamentary election, running in Moscow's Chertanovsky district. His candidacy was endorsed jointly by the Union of Right Forces and Yabloko. During the campaign, various underhanded methods were used against Kara-Murza. The candidate from the United Russia ruling party <mask>v attempted to have him removed from the ballot; the lighting on Kara-Murza's campaign billboards and the sound during his televised debates were turned off; and unlawful carousel voting was discovered on election day. British journalist Andrew Jack named the Chertanovsky district in south Moscow as a case of electoral manipulation in Russia's 2003 vote in his book Inside Putin's Russia.According to the official results, Gruzdev received 149,069 votes (53.8%); Kara-Murza, 23,800 votes (8.6%); and Communist Party candidate Sergei Seregin, 18,992 votes (6.9%). Bukovsky for president, 2007–2008
In January 2004, he

masks:
Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Gruzde


title: Vladimir Kara-Murza

texts:
 co-founded the Committee 2008, an umbrella opposition group led by Boris Nemtsov and Garry Kasparov. In May 2007, Kara-Murza nominated the veteran human rights activist and writer <mask> as a democratic opposition candidate for the Russian presidency in the 2008 election. "The opposition needs a candidate for president – strong, uncompromising, decisive, with irreproachable political and, more importantly, moral authority," read the statement written by Kara-Murza on behalf of Bukovsky's campaign committee. "Russia needs its own Vaclav Havel, not a new successor from [the KGB].". From May to December 2007, Kara-Murza chaired Bukovsky's campaign committee, which included, among others, Academician Yuri Ryzhov, writer and satirist Victor Shenderovich, columnist Andrei Piontkovsky, lawyer Yuri Schmidt, human rights activist Alexander Podrabinek, and political analyst <mask>sky. In October 2007, Kara-Murza was one of organisers of the "Rally of Free People" held on Moscow's Triumfalnaya Square in support of Bukovsky's presidential nomination.On 16 December 2007 Bukovsky was duly nominated as a presidential candidate by 823 members of a voters' assembly in Moscow (the law required at least 500 people to support such a nomination). At the same meeting, Kara-Murza was elected as Bukovsky's plenipotentiary representative to Russia's Central Electoral Commission. On 22 December 2007 the Commission refusing to register Bukovsky as a candidate for the presidency, thereby denying Bukovsky access to the ballot. Russia's "extra-systemic" opposition
At the founding convention of Solidarnost, Russia's united democratic movement, in December 2008, Kara-Murza was elected to the movement's federal council,

masks:
Vladimir Bukovsky
Vladimir Pribylov


title: Vladimir Kara-Murza

texts:
 placing second out of 77 candidates, behind Nemtsov. He was re-elected to the Solidarnost council in 2010 and 2013. In 2012, he took part in the street protests in Moscow against Putin's rule, the largest pro-democracy demonstrations in Russia since 1991. In June 2012, Kara-Murza was elected to the federal council of the Republican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party, co-chaired by Boris Nemtsov, Mikhail Kasyanov, and <mask>.In October 2012, he was elected to the Coordinating Council of the Russian Opposition, placing 21st out of 169 candidates and receiving 20,845 votes. Institute of Modern Russia, 2012
Soon after, on 1 November 2012, Kara-Murza was hired by the Institute of Modern Russia as the organisation's senior policy advisor. "It is an honor for me to join this distinguished institute and contribute to its mission of keeping the spotlight on the situation in Russia and advocating for democracy, human rights, and the rule of law", said Kara-Murza, "These values should remain at the forefront of international relations." In this capacity he took part in panel discussions about Russia's future at the Heritage Foundation in February 2013 and in October 2013, with Pavel Khodorkovsky (son of the former entrepreneur and philanthropist Mikhail Khodorkovsky) and others, in a similar discussion hosted by the National Endowment for Democracy. Open Russia
Kara-Murza is a coordinator of the Open Russia Foundation, founded by Mikhail Khodorkovsky. The organisation was created with the goal of promoting civil society and democracy in Russia, while revoking Putin's grip on power. Launched in 2014, Open Russia has been instrumental in educating Russian citizens on western democracy, whilst


title: Vladimir Kara-Murza

texts:
 December 2012, the Magnitsky Act became United States law.Appeals for Canada and the EU to follow suit
Kara-Murza and Nemtsov called on Canada to pass a similar piece of legislation, then under consideration by the International Human Rights Subcommittee of the Canadian parliament's House of Commons. Writing for Macleans in December 2012, Michael Petrou reported Kara-Murza's visit to Ottawa to urge the passage of the proposed Canadian version of the Magnitsky law, a private member's bill introduced by Liberal MP Irwin Cotler: while it was the task of Russian opposition leaders, not foreigners, "to bring democratic change to Russia," Kara-Murza said, Western democracies could still help the cause of Russian democracy through legislation. Those in Russia who had abused and tormented Magnitsky "rule in the style of Zimbabwe or Belarus," wrote Petrou, paraphrasing Kara-Murza, "but prefer the West as a safe place to store their money, buy second homes, and send their children to school. And it is in the West where they are most vulnerable." In June 2013, in an interview with France 24 television, Kara-Murza discussed the proposed version of the Magnitsky law then being debated in the European Parliament. He spoke in favour of such laws, and noted that the list of persons covered by the U.S. law was being expanded. He distinguished between those in the European Parliament who were "friends of Russia" and those who were "friends of Putin".In March 2014, noting that the average Russian opposes intervention in Ukraine by the government of <mask>, Kara-Murza stated that the world "should respond to Putin's aggression" by imposing sanctions against its perpetrators. He called for the list of Russian


title: Vladimir Kara-Murza

texts:
 human-rights abusers who were already banned, under the Sergei Magnitsky Act, from travelling to the United States and keeping assets there to "be dramatically expanded to include senior Kremlin officials responsible for the attack on Ukraine and the crackdown against Russian citizens." He also expressed the hope that "the European Union would soon follow with its own version of the Magnitsky sanctions." "Those who commit acts of aggression and abuse the rights of their own citizens should not be entitled to the privileges and comfort of the democratic West," he said. 'Nemtsov List'

On 27 February 2015, Boris Nemtsov was executed with four shots from behind while he was sitting on a bridge near Red Square in Moscow. According to Bill Browder, <mask>. Kara-Murza is a protégé of Boris Nemtsov. In late April 2015, <mask>. Kara-Murza and Mikhail Kasyanov presented a list of eight names to members of the House of Representatives and the Senate of the US Congress.These were the TV presenters and other State-employed journalists and commentators who, Kara-Murza and Kasyanov explained, had created an atmosphere of "hatred, intolerance and violence" around the figure of opposition leader Boris Nemtsov in the months leading up to his murder one hundred yards from the Kremlin. Specifically, the named individuals had stated on nationwide television that Nemtsov was a traitor, an enemy of Russia, part of a "Fifth Column" within the country, and that he would have welcomed the invading German forces outside Moscow in 1941. Kara-Murza explained the appeal to U.S. legislators by saying that Russia's law-enforcement agencies, unfortunately, had declined to investigate these recorded and documented statements

masks:
Vladimir V
Vladimir V


title: Vladimir Kara-Murza

texts:
 unclear reasons, the FBI subsequently have not revealed details of their investigations into the substance that triggered Kara-Murza's illness, with one US Senator suggesting that it might be "classified".In February 2021, a Bellingcat joint investigation with The Insider and Der Spiegel said that Kara-Murza was followed by the same FSB unit that allegedly poisoned Alexei Navalny before he fell ill in 2015 and 2017. References

Works
Books

Articles

 Russian authorities just arrested an entire conference hall full of people. I was one of them. // The Washington Post, March 18, 2021

External links

Results of the Russian parliamentary elections, 7 December 2003
<mask>-Murza Jr, They Chose Freedom, 4-part TV documentary (in Russian, with English subtitles), 2005
"Film on Soviet Dissidents Presented at Harvard University", SPS.ru, 7 March 2006
"<mask> Will Run for President of Russia in 2008", Prima-News Agency, 28 May 2007

1981 births
Living people
Russian people of Latvian descent
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
People educated at The John Lyon School
Solidarnost politicians
21st-century Russian politicians
Union of Right Forces politicians
Yabloko politicians
People's Freedom Party politicians
2011–2013 Russian protests
Russian historians
Russian people of Tatar

masks:
Vladimir Kara
Vladimir Bukovsky


title: Brice Guidon

texts:
<mask> (born July 16, 1985), also known as "Nectar", is a French Muay Thai kickboxer. He is the W.P.M.F. European Heavyweight and World Super Heavyweight Muaythai Champion, and the 2011 United Glory World Series runner-up. He has competed in the GLORY, K-1, It's Showtime and SUPERKOMBAT promotions. Biography and career
<mask> was born on 16 July 1985. He started practicing boxing at the age of 9. He had his first professional fight at the age of 21.Guidon resides and trains at Nectar Boxing Camp in Tours, France and trains at Mejiro Gym, Amsterdam. He rematched Schilt at the opening stage of the sixteen-man 2012 Glory Heavyweight Grand Slam at Glory 4: Tokyo - 2012 Heavyweight Grand Slam in Saitama, Japan on December 31, 2012. Schilt was much more dominant this time, flooring Guidon with a left jab in the opening seconds of round two before finishing him with the same technique soon after. Schilt would then go on to beat three

masks:
Brice Guidon
Brice Guidon


title: Sun Xiu

texts:
<mask> (235 – 3 September 264), courtesy name Zilie, formally known as Emperor Jing of Wu, was the third emperor of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Early life
<mask> was born in 235 to Wu's founding emperor, <mask>, and one of his concubines, Consort Wang. In his youth, he was praised for his studiousness. About 250, <mask> arranged for a marriage between <mask> and Lady Zhu, the daughter of <mask>'s daughter <mask> and her husband Zhu Ju. In 252, just before <mask>'s death, he enfeoffed <mask> as the Prince of Langya, with his princedom at Hulin (虎林; in present-day Chizhou, Anhui). Later that year, after his younger brother <mask> became emperor, the regent Zhuge Ke did not want the princes to be based near the important military bases along the Yangtze River, so he moved <mask> to Danyang Commandery (丹陽郡; in present-day Xuancheng, Anhui). Unlike his brother <mask> (), <mask> did not resist Zhuge Ke's move.Once he was at Danyang Commandery, the commandery administrator Li Heng () found many excuses to bully him. <mask> could not endure Li Heng's bullying so he requested to be relocated elsewhere. <mask> then issued an order relocating him to Kuaiji Commandery (around present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang). In 255, at the instigation of <mask>'s sister <mask>, the regent <mask> had <mask>, <mask>'s half-sister and mother-in-law, executed. <mask> began to fear for his own safety, so he sent his wife Princess Zhu back to the imperial capital Jianye and offered to divorce her, but <mask> declined his request and sent Princess Zhu back to <mask>. In 258, after a

masks:
Sun Xiu
Sun Xiu
Sun Quan
Sun Quan
Sun Xiu
Sun Quan
Sun Luyu
Sun Quan
Sun Xiu
Sun Liang
Sun Xiu
Sun Fen
Sun Xiu
Sun Xiu
Sun Liang
Sun Xiu
Sun Luban
Sun Jun
Sun Luyu
Sun Xiu
Sun Xiu
Sun Jun
Sun Xiu


title: Sun Xiu

texts:
 failed coup against the regent <mask> (<mask>'s cousin and successor), <mask> was deposed and replaced with <mask> as the new emperor of Wu. Coup against <mask>
After his accession, <mask> ordered five new counties to be added to <mask>'s marquisate to appease him, in addition to enfeoffing <mask>'s brothers as marquises too.However, <mask> soon fell out with <mask> over a relatively small incident – he brought food and wine to the imperial palace and asked the emperor to dine with him, but the emperor refused. <mask> then went to dine with the general Zhang Bu instead and casually remarked that he could replace <mask> easily if he wanted to. Later Zhang Bu secretly reported <mask>'s dissatisfaction to <mask>. Although <mask> continued to pretend to be friendly towards <mask>, he began to discreetly prepare to defend himself against <mask>. At the same time, <mask> had become worried about his relationship with <mask>. So he requested permission to go to Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei) and oversee the defences at the border. Although <mask> approved <mask>'s request, he suspected that <mask> wanted to seize control of Wuchang and then rebel against him.Another official, Wei Miao (), also warned <mask> that <mask> might be plotting treason when he asked to leave for Wuchang. By this time, there were widespread rumours that <mask> was disloyal towards <mask>. <mask> then conspired with Zhang Bu and another general Ding Feng to assassinate <mask> at a feast during the Laba Festival (8th day of the 12th lunar month). <mask> got wind of the plot, but still attended the feast where he

masks:
Sun Chen
Sun Jun
Sun Liang
Sun Xiu
Sun Chen
Sun Xiu
Sun Chen
Sun Chen
Sun Chen
Sun Xiu
Sun Chen
Sun Xiu
Sun Chen
Sun Xiu
Sun Xiu
Sun Chen
Sun Chen
Sun Chen
Sun Xiu
Sun Xiu
Sun Chen
Sun Chen
Sun Xiu
Sun Chen
Sun Chen
Sun Xiu
Sun Xiu
Sun Chen
Sun Chen


title: Sun Xiu

texts:
 was captured by Zhang Bu and Ding Feng's soldiers. When <mask> begged for his life and pleaded to be exiled to Jiao Province or reduced to the status of a slave, <mask> refused to spare him and told him that he did not spare Teng Yin or Lü Ju either when he came to power in 256. <mask> then ordered <mask> to be executed along with his family members. Reign
As emperor, <mask> was known for being tolerant of differing opinions, as well as his studiousness.However, he did not appear to be a particularly capable emperor, either in military or domestic matters, and he entrusted most of the important affairs to Zhang Bu and Puyang Xing, neither of whom was particularly capable either. Both were also moderately corrupt. The government was therefore not efficient or effective. For example, in 260, with Puyang Xing's support, a costly project was started to create an artificial lake known as the Puli Lake near present-day Xuancheng, Anhui for irrigation purposes, even though many officials believed the project to be too costly and without any guarantee of success. Eventually, the project had to be abandoned when it became clear that it could not be completed. In the first year of his reign, the Nanking Imperial University was established, with Wei Zhao being the first president. In 260, <mask>, who had always been concerned about plots regarding his brother, deposed Emperor <mask>, acted after receiving false reports that <mask> had used witchcraft.He had <mask> demoted from the status of Prince of Kuaiji to Marquis of Houguan and sent him to his marquisate (in present-day Fuzhou, Fujian). <mask>

masks:
Sun Chen
Sun Xiu
Sun Xiu
Sun Chen
Sun Xiu
Sun Xiu
Sun Liang
Sun Liang
Sun Liang
Sun Liang


title: Sun Xiu

texts:
 died en route to Houguan – with the popular belief being that he committed suicide, but with some historians believing that <mask> poisoned him. The Wu official Xue Xu, who visited Wu's ally state Shu Han in 261, provided a description of Shu to <mask> upon his return as follows:

Historians largely believe that Xue Xu was not just referring to Shu, but rather using Shu's situation as an allegory to warn <mask> that Wu was in a similar situation. <mask> did not seem to have understood what Xue Xu meant. In 262, <mask> instated his wife Princess Zhu as the empress. He also designated his eldest son, <mask>, as the crown prince. In 263, due to the corruption of the commandery governor <mask> (), the people of Jiaozhi (交趾; present-day Hanoi, Vietnam) rebelled, and they were joined by the people in the neighbouring Jiuzhen (九真; modern Thanh Hóa, Vietnam) and Rinan (日南, modern Quang Tri, Vietnam) commanderies.The rebels also sought military assistance from Wu's rival state, Wei. (Wei and its successor state, the Jin dynasty, did provide assistance to the rebels. Besides, the rebellion was not suppressed until 271, some years well into the reign of <mask>'s successor, <mask>o.) In 263, when Wu's ally state Shu came under attack by their rival state Wei, they sought assistance from Wu. <mask>u sent two separate armies – one to attack Shouchun (present-day Shou County, Anhui) and the other to attack Hanzhong Commandery – to distract the Wei army and force them to withdraw from Shu. However, both armies never succeeded in their mission. The Shu emperor Liu Shan surrendered to Wei later that year,

masks:
Sun Xiu
Sun Xiu
Sun Xiu
Sun Xiu
Sun Xiu
Sun Wan
Sun Xu
Sun Xiu
Sun Ha
Sun Xi


title: Sun Xiu

texts:
 thus bringing Shu's existence to an end.When <mask> heard that some former Shu commanderies were at a loss on what to do after Liu Shan's surrender, he sent his troops in an attempt to conquer them for Wu. However, Luo Xian, a former Shu general stationed at Badong Commandery (巴東郡; around the present-day Three Gorges Dam), managed to hold his ground against the Wu invasion and eventually surrendered to Wei. In the summer of 264, <mask> became ill and could not speak, but could still write, so he wrote an edict summoning Puyang Xing to the imperial palace, where he entrusted the crown prince <mask> to Puyang Xing. <mask> died soon thereafter. Puyang Xing, however, did not follow <mask>'s dying wish and make <mask> the new emperor. Instead, after discussing with Zhang Bu, he decided to put an older and more mature emperor on the throne. (It is unknown how old <mask> was at the time of <mask>'s death, but since <mask> was 29 when he died, it was most likely that <mask> was still a child then.)On the recommendation of Wan Yu, Puyang Xing and Zhang Bu installed <mask>, a son of <mask> (crown prince during <mask>'s reign), on the throne. A tomb located in Dangtu County, Anhui is assumed to belong to <mask>u and Lady Zhu. Family

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
 List of Chinese monarchs

Notes

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi). Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu). Sima, Guang (1084).Zizhi Tongjian. 235 births
264 deaths
3rd-century Chinese monarchs
Eastern Wu emperors
Family of

masks:
Sun Xiu
Sun Xiu
Sun Wan
Sun Xiu
Sun Xiu
Sun Wan
Sun Wan
Sun Xiu
Sun Xiu
Sun Wan
Sun Hao
Sun He
Sun Quan
Sun Xi


title: Porter Moser

texts:
<mask> (born August 24, 1968) is a college basketball coach who is the current head coach of the University of Oklahoma men's basketball team. <mask> spent 10 years (2011–2021) at Loyola University Chicago, helping lead the Ramblers to the Final Four in 2018. Originally from Naperville, Illinois, <mask> attended and played varsity basketball at Benet Academy, and then Creighton University. <mask> previously held the head coaching position at Illinois State (2003–2007) and Arkansas-Little Rock (2000–2003). Prior to being hired at Loyola, <mask> was an assistant coach at Saint Louis under Rick Majerus for the 2007-08 season, and the associate head coach from 2008-11. Playing career

During his high school career, <mask> helped lead Benet Academy in suburban Lisle to a 70-14 (.833) record in three years on the varsity roster, playing for coach Bill Geist. The Naperville native led Benet to three West Suburban Catholic Conference titles and was a three-time all-conference and two-time all-area selection.As a senior, he was named Most Valuable Player in the West Suburban Catholic Conference. On May 6, 2017, he was inducted into the Illinois Basketball Coaches Association (IBCA) Hall of Fame. <mask> went on to play college basketball at Creighton University for coach Tony Barone, where he helped the Bluejays to a Missouri Valley Conference Championship and NCAA Tournament appearance in 1989. He played in 102 games including 27 starts, averaging 4.6 points and 1.7 assists per game during his collegiate career. Coaching

masks:
Porter Andrew Moser
Moser
Moser
Moser
Moser
Moser
Moser


title: Porter Moser

texts:
 career

Assistant
After graduating from Creighton, <mask> began his coaching career in the 1990–91 season as a graduate assistant at Creighton under Barone. Following Barone to Texas A&M, <mask> was an assistant there from 1991 to 1995 and helped Texas A&M make its first postseason appearance in seven years, in the 1994 National Invitation Tournament. After serving as an assistant at Milwaukee in the 1995–96 season, <mask> returned to Texas A&M for what would become Barone's final two seasons as head coach from 1996 to 1998.From 1998 to 2000, <mask> was an assistant coach at Arkansas–Little Rock, under Wimp Sanderson in his first season and Sidney Moncrief in his second. Arkansas–Little Rock
<mask>'s first head coaching job was with Arkansas–Little Rock from 2000 to 2003. Inheriting a 4-24 team, <mask> led the Trojans to an 18-11 record in his first season and finished with an overall 54-34 record. Statistically, the Trojans moved from last to first in the Sun Belt Conference in field goal percentage defense and three-point field goal percentage defense in <mask>'s first season in 2000–01. Illinois State
<mask> was the head coach at Illinois State from 2003 to 2007. After finishing the 2003-04 season 10-19, <mask> led Illinois State to a 17-13 overall record and sixth-place finish in the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC). However, Illinois State dropped to 9-19 in 2005-06 season, including a 1–9 finish.Despite an improvement to 15–16 in 2006-07 season, Illinois State lost in the first round of the MVC Tournament

masks: Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser


title: Porter Moser

texts:
 for the 3rd consecutive season. Seeking a change "in the overall direction of the program," Illinois State Athletics Director Sheahon Zenger fired <mask> and terminated the contracts of Moser's three assistant coaches on March 5, 2007. Saint Louis
Ranked in the top 50 Division I assistant coaches by Basketball Times in 2009, <mask> was an assistant coach at Saint Louis under Rick Majerus from 2007 to 2011, including as associate head coach from 2008 to 2011. In 2009–10, Saint Louis finished 23-13 and as CBI runners-up. Loyola–Chicago
On April 5, 2011, Loyola University Chicago named <mask> head coach of the Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team. <mask>'s hire followed the firing of Jim Whitesell, who went 109–107 in seven seasons. In his introductory press conference, <mask> said that he aspired to make Loyola–Chicago into a Horizon League contender similar to Butler.Under <mask>, Loyola–Chicago went 7–23 in the 2011–12 season and 15–16 in 2012–13 before moving from the Horizon League to the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) in 2013. In its first season in the MVC, Loyola–Chicago went 10–22. <mask>'s fourth season was his first at Loyola–Chicago with a winning record, at 24–13 (8–10 MVC) and the College Basketball Invitational title following a two-game sweep of Louisiana–Monroe. After a 15–17 season in 2015–16, Loyola–Chicago had its second winning season under <mask> in 2016–17 with an 18–14 (8–10 MVC) record. 2018 Final Four run

<mask> had his most successful season at Loyola–Chicago in 2017–18, with a 32–6


title: Porter Moser

texts:
 (15–3 MVC) record, MVC regular season and tournament titles, and appearance in the Final Four as a no. 11 seed. The MVC preseason poll picked Loyola–Chicago to finish third, with one vote picking Loyola–Chicago for first place.On December 6, 2017, Loyola–Chicago beat a top-five team for the first time since the 1984–85 season after a 65-59 away upset of no. 5 Florida. On March 4, 2018, Loyola–Chicago defeated <mask>'s former school Illinois State 65-49 in the MVC Tournament final to qualify for the NCAA Tournament for the first time since 1985. Entering the NCAA Tournament as a no. 11 seed, Loyola–Chicago had close upset victories in the first three rounds, 64-62 over no. 6 Miami (FL) in the Round of 64, 63-62 over no. 3 Tennessee in the Round of 32, and 69-68 over no.7 Nevada in the Sweet 16. The win over Nevada was the 30th overall win for Loyola–Chicago, enough for the most wins in program history. Loyola–Chicago advanced to its first Final Four since the 1963 national title year, after a 78-62 win over no. 9 Kansas State. Loyola became only the fourth no. 11 seed to reach the Final Four, after LSU in 1986, George Mason in 2006, and VCU in 2011. On March 31, Loyola–Chicago lost to no.3 Michigan 69-57 in their Final Four game held at the Alamodome in San Antonio. Prior to Final Four weekend, <mask> expressed hope that his team's run in the tournament would make it easier for other mid-major programs to earn at-large NCAA Tournament bids. Recruiting Chicago-area players
<mask> had success drawing recruits from

masks: Moser Moser Moser


title: Porter Moser

texts:
 the Chicago area talent pool. Former players Milton Doyle (Marshall), Donte Ingram (Simeon), Christian Negron (Elgin), and Cameron Krutwig (Jacobs) as well as current players Lucas Williamson (Whitney Young), Marquise Kennedy (Brother Rice) and Tom Welch (Naperville North) are all from the Chicago area. Oklahoma
On April 2, 2021, <mask> accepted the head coaching position at the University of Oklahoma, succeeding retired coach Lon Kruger. <mask> agreed to a 6-year contract with the Sooners. He was officially announced as the Sooners' head coach in a press conference on April 7.Broadcasting
During the 2019 NCAA Tournament, <mask> signed on with CBS and Turner as a guest TV studio analyst for the second round of the tournament. Head coaching record

Personal
<mask> has a wife, Megan, and four children, Jordan, Jake, Ben, and Max. See also
 List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach

References

External links
Oklahoma bio

1968 births
Living people
Basketball coaches from Illinois
Basketball players from Illinois
Benet Academy alumni
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Creighton Bluejays men's basketball coaches
Creighton Bluejays men's basketball players
Illinois State Redbirds men's basketball coaches
Little Rock Trojans men's basketball coaches
Loyola Ramblers men's basketball coaches
Milwaukee Panthers men's basketball coaches
People from Wilmette, Illinois
Saint Louis Billikens men's basketball coaches
Sportspeople from Cook County, Illinois
Texas A&M Aggies men's

masks: Moser Moser Moser Moser


title: Clément Janequin

texts:
<mask> (c. 1485 – 1558) was a French composer of the Renaissance. He was one of the most famous composers of popular chansons of the entire Renaissance, and along with Claudin de Sermisy, was hugely influential in the development of the Parisian chanson, especially the programmatic type. The wide spread of his fame was made possible by the concurrent development of music printing. Life
<mask> was born in Châtellerault, near Poitiers, though no documents survive which establish any details of his early life or training. His career was highly unusual for his time, in that he never had a regular position with a cathedral or an aristocratic court. Instead he held a series of minor positions, often with important patronage. In 1505 he was employed as a clerk in Bordeaux, to Lancelot du Fau, who eventually became Bishop of Luçon; he retained this position until du Fau's death in 1523, at which time he took a position with the Bishop of Bordeaux.Around this time he became a priest, though his appointments were rarely lucrative; indeed he always complained about money. After 1530 <mask> held a succession of posts in Anjou, beginning as a singing teacher to the choirboys at the cathedral at Auch, and progressing to maître de chapelle at the singing school at Angers Cathedral. Around this time he attracted the attention of Jean de Guise, the patron of Erasmus, Clément Marot, and

masks:
Clément Janequin
Janequin
Janequin


title: Clément Janequin

texts:
 Rabelais; it was a welcome career boost, and, in 1548, with the additional assistance of Charles de Ronsard (the brother of poet Pierre de Ronsard), he became curate at Unverre, not far from Chartres. During this time he lived in Paris. By 1555 he was listed as a "singer ordinary" of the king's chapel, and shortly thereafter became "composer ordinary" to the king: only one composer (Sandrin, also known as Pierre Regnault) had previously had this title. In his will, dated January 1558, he left a small estate to charity, and he complained again of age and poverty in a dedication to a work published posthumously in 1559. He died in Paris.Music and influence
Few composers of the Renaissance were more popular in their lifetimes than Janequin. His chansons were well-loved and widely sung. The Paris printer Pierre Attaingnant printed five volumes with his chansons. La bataille, which vividly depicts the sounds and activity of a battle, is a perennial favorite of a cappella singing groups even in the present day. Janequin wrote very little liturgical music: only two masses and a single motet are attributed to him, though more may have been lost. His 250 secular chansons and his (over 80) psalm settings and chansons spirituelles — the French equivalent of the Italian madrigale spirituale — were his primary legacy. The programmatic chansons for which <mask> is famous were long,


title: Clément Janequin

texts: sectional pieces, and usually cleverly imitated natural or man-made sounds.Le chant des oiseaux imitates bird-calls; La chasse the sounds of a hunt; and La bataille (Escoutez tous gentilz), probably the most famous, and almost certainly written to celebrate the French victory over the Swiss Confederates at the Battle of Marignano in 1515, imitates battle noises, including trumpet calls, cannon fire and the cries of the wounded. Onomatopoeic effects such as these became a commonplace in later 16th century music, and carried over into the Baroque era; indeed "battle music" was to become a cliché, but it first came into prominence with Janequin. In addition to the programmatic chansons for which he is most famous, he also wrote short and refined compositions more in the style of Claudin de Sermisy. For these he set texts by some of the prominent poets of the time, including <mask> Marot. Late in his life he wrote the Psalm settings based on Genevan tunes. Since there is no documentary evidence, the question of whether he sympathized with the Protestants remains unanswered. French composer Jehan Alain composed, as a tribute, a set of variations for organ on a theme attributed to Janequin (Variations sur un thème de Clément Janequin, 1937); although later scholarship has identified that particular piece as being an anonymous love song from a 1529 collection by Pierre Attaignant.List


title: Clément Janequin

texts:
 livre".Attaingnant, Paris 1543
 1544
 4 chansons in "15e livre". Attaingnant Paris 1544
 A chanson in "Le difficile des chansons Second livre". Jacques Moderne, Paris 1544
 1545
 2 chansons in "22e livre". Attaingnant, Paris 1545
 2 chansons in "16e livre". Attaingnant, Paris 1545
 2 chansons in "18e livre". Attaingnant, Paris 1545
 6 chansons in "17e livre". Attaingnant, Paris 1545
 Clément Janequin ... Libro primo.Gardane, Venezia 1545 [La Bataille, l'Alouette, les Cris de Paris, le Chant des oiseaux, le Rossignol]; reprinted in "Le premier livre de Clement Janequin". H. Scotto, Venice 1550
 Le 10e livre contenant la Bataille a 4 de C. Janequin avecq la 5e partie de Ph. Verdelot si placet. Tielman Susato, Antwerp 1545
 1547
 7 chansons in "23e livre". Attaingnant, Paris 1547
 5 chansons in "25e livre". Attaingnant, Paris 1547
 4 chansons in "24e livre". Attaingnant, Paris 1547
 1548
 A chanson in "26e livre".Attaingnant, Paris 1548
 8 chansons in "Secondo libro di canzoni francese à quatre voix del divino et eccellente musico <mask> et altri autori". Gardane, Venezia 1548; Scotto, Venice (second édition); Gardane Venice 1560 (third édition)
 1549
 6 chansons in "30e livre". Attaingnant, Paris 1549
 31e livre contenant XXX chansons nouvelles ... de la facture et composition de maistre Cl. Jennequin. Attaingnant, Paris, May 1549
 5 chansons in "33e livre". Attaingnant, Paris


title: Clément Janequin

texts:
 Contenant le chant des oyseaux, le chant de l'alouette, le chant du rossignol, la prise de Boulongne, la réduction de Boulongne, la meusnière de Vernon, Un jour voyant, Herbes et fleurs le tout à quatre parties nouvellement reveu. Nicolas Du Chemin, Paris August 1555
 Le caquet des femmes à 5 parties [...] nouvellement reveu et corrigé. Nicolas Du Chemin, Paris 1555
 1er livre des inventions musicales de M. Cl. <mask>. Contenant la Guerre, la Bataille de Metz, la Jalouzie. Le tout à 5 parties nouvellement reveu, corrigé.Nicolas Du Chemin, Paris, July 1555
 La Vénerie autrement dit la chasse [...] à 4 et à 7 parties, nouvellement reveue et corrigée par luy. Nicolas Du Chemin, Paris, September 1555
 Second livre de chansons et cantiques spirituels ... à quatre parties. Du Chemin, Paris, 1555
 1556
 Premier livre contenant plusieurs chansons spirituelles, avec les lamentations de Jérémie. Adrian Le Roy & Robert Ballard, Paris 1556
 5 chansons in "6e livre de chansons nouvellement composées". Adrian Le Roy & Robert Ballard 1556; 4 in the second édition of 1559; 3 in the third édition of 1569; 4 in the fourth édition of 1578
 2 chansons in "1er livre de chansons nouvellement mises en musique". M. Fezandat, Paris 1556
 2 chansons in "8e livre de chansons nouvellement composées". Adrian Le Roy & Robert Ballard, Paris 1556; 1557 (second édition); 1 in the third édition of 1559; 1572