title: Roger Clemens

texts:
 the winning pitcher by the official scorer. <mask>'s fastball was clocked as high as 88 mph, and the Astros sent scouts to both of his outings with the Skeeters in consideration of a possible return to the team that season. <mask> joined the Kansas Stars, a group of 24 retired major leaguers and his son Koby, to compete in the 2016 National Baseball Congress World Series. The team was put together by Kansas natives Adam LaRoche and Nate Robertson, and featured eleven former All-Stars, including Tim Hudson, Roy Oswalt, and J. D. Drew as well as Clemens.Pitching just six days after his 54th birthday, <mask> started for the Kansas Stars in a game against the NJCAA National Team on August 10, 2016. He pitched  innings, allowing 3 runs with one strikeout in an 11–10 loss. On August 22, 2019, <mask> wore his Red Sox uniform and pitched in the Abbot Financial Management Oldtime Baseball Game, an annual charity event held at St. Peter's Field in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The 2019 game benefitted Compassionate Care ALS, in memory of longtime Fenway Park supervisor John Welch, who died from Lou Gehrig's Disease in December 2018. Facing mostly young college players, <mask> pitched two shutout innings in the game, then moved to first base. Pitching style
<mask> was a prototypical power pitcher with an aggressive edge for his entire career. This was especially the case when he was a young man.<mask> was said to throw "two pitches: a 98-mph fastball and a hard breaking ball. At 23, <mask> simply reared back and threw the ball past batters." Later in his career, <mask>

masks:
Clemens
Roger Clemens
Clemens
Clemens
Clemens
Clemens
Clemens
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Clemens


title: Roger Clemens

type: original

texts:
 developed a devastating split-finger fastball to use as an off-speed pitch in concert with his fastball. <mask> has jocularly referred to this pitch as "Mr. Splitty". By the time <mask> retired from Major League Baseball in 2007, his four-seam fastball had settled in the 91–94 mph range. He also threw a two-seam fastball, a slider in the mid 80s, his hard splitter, and an occasional curveball. <mask> was a highly durable pitcher, leading the American League in complete games three times and innings pitched twice.His 18 complete games in 1987 is more than any pitcher has thrown since. <mask> was also known as a strikeout pitcher, leading the AL in K's five times and strikeouts per nine innings three times. Controversies
<mask> has been the focal point of several controversies. His reputation has always been that of a pitcher unafraid to throw close to batters. <mask> led his league in hit batsmen only once, in 1995, but he was among the leaders in several other seasons. This tendency was more pronounced during his earlier career and subsequently tapered off. After the 2000 ALCS game against the Mariners where he knocked down future teammate Alex Rodriguez and then argued with him, Seattle Mariners manager Lou Piniella called <mask> a "headhunter."His beaning earlier that year of Mike Piazza, followed by throwing a broken-bat in Piazza's direction in the 2000 World Series, cemented <mask>'s surly, unapologetic image in the minds of many. In 2009, former manager Cito Gaston publicly denounced <mask> as a "double-talker" and "a complete asshole". <mask> was

masks: Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens


title: Roger Clemens

texts: ranked 14th all-time in hit batsmen after the 2020 season. 14th all time may be misleading, as his rate of hit batsmen per batter faced is not out of line with other pitchers of his era at 1 hit batsmen per 125 batters faced. Numbers reflect similar rate of hit batsmen to pitchers such as Nolan Ryan, Justin Verlander, Greg Maddux. Clemens has attracted controversy over the years for his outspoken comments, such as his complaints about having to carry his own luggage through an airport and his criticism of Fenway Park for being a subpar facility. On April 4, 2006, <mask> made an insulting remark when asked about the devotion of Japanese and South Korean fans during the World Baseball Classic: "None of the dry cleaners were open, they were all at the game, Japan and Korea".Toward the end of his career, his annual on-and-off "retirements" revived a reputation for diva-like behavior. <mask> has received criticism for getting special treatment from the teams that sign him. While playing for Houston, <mask> was not obliged to travel with the team on road trips if he was not pitching. His 2007 contract with the New York Yankees had a "family plan" clause that stipulated that he not be required to go on road trips in which he was not scheduled to pitch and allowed him to leave the team between starts to be with his family. These perks were publicly criticized by Yankee reliever Kyle Farnsworth. Most of <mask>'s teammates, however, did not complain of such perks because of <mask>'s success on the mound and valuable presence in the clubhouse. Yankee teammate Jason

masks: Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens


title: Roger Clemens

texts:
 Giambi spoke for such players when he said, "I'd carry his bags for him, just as long as he is on the mound."Steroid use accusations
In José Canseco's book, Juiced: Wild Times, Rampant 'Roids, Smash Hits & How Baseball Got Big, Canseco suggested that <mask> had expert knowledge about steroids and suggested that he used them, based on the improvement in his performance after leaving the Red Sox. While not addressing the allegations directly, <mask> stated: "I could care less about the rules" and "I've talked to some friends of his and I've teased them that when you're under house arrest and have ankle bracelets on, you have a lot of time to write a book." Jason Grimsley named <mask>, as well as Andy Pettitte, as a user of performance-enhancing drugs. According to a 20-page search warrant affidavit signed by IRS Special Agent Jeff Novitzky, Grimsley told investigators he obtained amphetamines, anabolic steroids and human growth hormone from someone recommended to him by former Yankees trainer Brian McNamee. McNamee was a personal strength coach for <mask> and Pettitte, hired by <mask> in 1998. At the time of the Grimsley revelations, McNamee denied knowledge of steroid use by <mask> and Pettitte. Despite initial media reports, the affidavit made no mention of <mask> or Pettitte.However, <mask>'s name was mentioned 82 times in the Mitchell Report on steroid use in baseball. In the report, McNamee stated that during the 1998, 2000, and 2001 baseball seasons, he injected Clemens with Winstrol. <mask>'s attorney Rusty Hardin denied the claims, calling McNamee "a

masks: Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens


title: Roger Clemens

texts: troubled and unreliable witness" who has changed his story five times in an attempt to avoid criminal prosecution. He noted that Clemens has never tested positive in a steroid test. Former U.S. Senator George Mitchell, who prepared the report, stated that he relayed the allegations to each athlete implicated in the report and gave them a chance to respond before his findings were published. On January 6, 2008, <mask> went on 60 Minutes to address the allegations.He told Mike Wallace that his longevity in baseball was due to "hard work" rather than illegal substances and denied all of McNamee's assertions that he injected Clemens with steroids, saying it "never happened". On January 7, <mask> filed a defamation lawsuit against McNamee, claiming that the former trainer lied after being threatened with prosecution. McNamee's attorneys argued that he was compelled to cooperate by federal officials and so his statements were protected. A federal judge agreed, throwing out all claims related to McNamee's statements to investigators on February 13, 2009, but allowing the case to proceed on statements McNamee made about Clemens to Pettitte. On February 13, 2008, <mask> appeared before a Congressional committee, along with Brian McNamee and swore under oath that he did not take steroids, that he did not discuss HGH with McNamee, that he did not attend a party at José Canseco's where steroids were the topic of conversation, that he was only injected with B-12 and lidocaine and that he never told Pettitte he had taken HGH. This last point was in contradiction to

masks: Clemens Clemens Clemens


title: Roger Clemens

texts:
 testimony Pettitte had given under oath on February 4, 2008, wherein Pettitte said he repeated to McNamee a conversation Pettitte had with Clemens. During this conversation, Pettitte said <mask> had told him that McNamee had injected Clemens with human growth hormone.Pettitte said McNamee reacted angrily, saying that <mask> "shouldn't have done that. "<ref name=tj>Quinn, T.J. "In court of public opinion, a Clemens verdict: Game over." ESPN.com,
December 12, 2008. Retrieved November 6, 2017.</ref>

The bipartisan House committee in front of which <mask> appeared, citing seven apparent inconsistencies in <mask>'s testimony, recommended that the Justice Department investigate whether Clemens lied under oath about using performance-enhancing drugs. In a letter sent February 27 to Attorney General Michael Mukasey, House Oversight and Government Reform Committee chairman Henry Waxman and ranking Republican Tom Davis said Clemens's testimony that he "never used anabolic steroids or human growth hormone warrants further investigation". As a result of the Mitchell Report, <mask> was asked to end his involvement with the Giff Nielsen Day of Golf for Kids charity tournament in Houston that he has hosted for four years. As well, his name has been removed from the Houston-based Roger Clemens Institute for Sports Medicine and will be renamed the Memorial Hermann Sports Medicine Institute.After Washington prosecutors showed "a renewed interest in the case in the final months of 2008", a federal grand jury was convened in January 2009 to hear evidence of <mask>'s possible

masks: Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens


title: Roger Clemens

texts:
 perjury before Congress. The grand jury indicted <mask> on August 19, 2010, on charges of making false statements to Congress about his use of performance-enhancing drugs. The indictment charges <mask> with one count of obstruction of Congress, three counts of making false statements and two counts of perjury in connection with his February 2008 testimony. His first trial began on July 13, 2011, but on the second day of testimony the judge in the case declared a mistrial over prosecutorial misconduct after prosecutors showed the jury prejudicial evidence they were not allowed to. <mask> was subsequently retried. The verdict from his second trial came in on June 18, 2012. <mask> was found not guilty on all six counts of lying to Congress in 2008, when he testified that he never took performance-enhancing drugs.In January 2016, after <mask> once again fell short of the votes required for election into the Hall of Fame, former major-league star Roy Halladay tweeted "No Clemens no Bonds" as part of a message indicating no performance-enhancing substance users should be voted into the Hall. <mask> countered by accusing Halladay of using amphetamines during his playing career. Adultery accusations
In April 2008, the New York Daily News reported on a possible long-term relationship between <mask> and country music singer Mindy McCready that began when she was 15 years old. <mask>'s attorney Rusty Hardin denied the affair and also stated that Clemens would be bringing a defamation suit regarding this allegation. Clemens's attorney admitted that a relationship

masks: Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens


title: Roger Clemens

texts: existed but described McCready as a "close family friend". He also stated that McCready had traveled on Clemens's personal jet and that <mask>'s wife was aware of the relationship. However, when contacted by the Daily News, McCready said, "I cannot refute anything in the story."On November 17, 2008, McCready spoke in more detail to Inside Edition about her affair with <mask>, saying their relationship lasted for more than a decade and that it ended when Clemens refused to leave his wife to marry her. However, she denied that she was 15 years old when it began, saying that they met when she was 16 and the affair only became sexual "several years later". In another soon-to-be-released sex tape by Vivid Entertainment she claimed that the first time she had sex with him was when she was 21. She also said that he often had erectile dysfunction. A few days after the Daily News broke the story about the McCready relationship, they reported on another Clemens extramarital relationship, this time with Paulette Dean Daly, the now ex-wife of pro golfer John Daly. Daly declined to elaborate on the nature of her relationship with the pitcher but did not deny that it was romantic and included financial support. There have been reports of Clemens having at least three other affairs with women.On April 29, 2008, the New York Post reported that Clemens had relationships with two or more women. One, a former bartender in Manhattan, refused comment on the story, while another, a woman from Tampa, could not be located. On May 2 of the same year, the Daily News reported a

masks: Clemens Clemens


title: Roger Clemens

texts:
 stripper in Detroit called a local radio station and said she had an affair with Clemens. He also gave tickets to baseball games, jewelry, and trips to women he was wooing. Other media

<mask> has appeared as himself in several movies and television episodes and has also occasionally acted in films. Perhaps best known was his appearance in the season three episode of The Simpsons ("Homer at the Bat"), in which he is recruited to the Springfield nuclear plant's softball team but is accidentally hypnotized into thinking he is a chicken; in addition to his lines, Clemens voiced his own clucking. <mask> has also made guest appearances as himself on the TV shows Hope & Faith, Spin City, Arli$$, and Saturday Night Live as well as the movie Anger Management, and makes a brief appearance in the movie Kingpin as the character Skidmark.He also is shown playing an actual game with the Houston Astros in the film Boyhood. He appeared in the 1994 movie Cobb as an unidentified pitcher for the Philadelphia A's. In 2003, he was part of an advertising campaign for Armour hot dogs with MLB players Ken Griffey Jr., Derek Jeter, and Sammy Sosa. Since 2005, <mask> has also appeared in many commercials for Texas-based supermarket chain H-E-B. In 2007, he appeared on a baseball-themed episode of MythBusters ("Baseball Myths"). He has also starred in a commercial for Cingular parodying his return from retirement. He was calling his wife, Debra Godfrey, and a dropped call resulted in his return to the Yankees.He released an early autobiography, Rocket Man: The <mask> Story written

masks:
Clemens
Clemens
Clemens
Roger Clemens


title: Roger Clemens

texts:
 with Peter Gammons, in 1987. <mask> is also the spokesperson for Champion car dealerships in South Texas. In April 2009, <mask> was the subject of an unauthorized biography by Jeff Pearlman, titled The Rocket that Fell to Earth-<mask> and the Rage for Baseball Immortality, that focused on his childhood and early career and accused Mike Piazza of using steroids. On May 12, <mask> broke a long silence to denounce a heavily researched expose by four investigative reporters from the New York Daily News, called American Icon: The Fall of <mask> and the Rise of Steroids in America's Pastime. <mask> went on ESPN's Mike and Mike show to call the book "garbage", but a review by Michiko Kakutani of The New York Times called the book "gripping" and compared it to the work of Bob Woodward. Awards and recognition
In 1999, while many of his performances and milestones were yet to come he ranked number 53 on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was elected by the fans to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. In 2005, the updated Sporting News list moved Clemens up to #15.By the end of the 2005 season, <mask> had won seven Cy Young Awards (he won the AL award in 1986, 1987, 1991, 1997, 1998, and 2001, and the National League award in 2004), an MVP and two pitching triple crowns. With his 2004 win, he joined Gaylord Perry, Randy Johnson, and Pedro Martínez as the only pitchers to win it in both leagues and became the oldest pitcher to ever win the Cy Young. He has also won the Sporting News Pitcher of the Year Award five times, was named an

masks:
Clemens
Clemens
Roger Clemens
Clemens
Roger Clemens
Clemens
Clemens


title: Roger Clemens

texts:
 All-Star 11 times, and won the All-Star MVP in 1986. In October 2006, <mask> was named to Sports Illustrateds "all-time" team. On August 18, 2007, <mask> got his 1,000th strikeout as a Yankee. He is only the ninth player in major league history to record 1,000 or more strikeouts with two different teams. <mask> has recorded a total of 2,590 strikeouts as a member of the Red Sox and 1,014 strikeouts as a Yankee.He also had 563 strikeouts for Toronto, and 505 strikeouts for Houston. <mask> was inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2014, and was inducted into the Pawtucket Red Sox Hall of Fame on June 21, 2019. National Baseball Hall of Fame consideration
In 2013 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, his first year of eligibility, <mask> received 37.6% of the votes cast by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA), falling well short of the 75% required for induction into the Hall of Fame. He has garnered more votes in subsequent elections without reaching the 75% threshold: he received 59.5% in 2019, 61.0% in 2020, and 61.6% in 2021. With the inductions of Greg Maddux and Tom Glavine in 2014 and Randy Johnson in 2015, <mask> is currently the only eligible member of the 300 win club not to be inducted into the Hall. He received 65.2% of the votes in his final year of eligibility, 2022. Despite falling off the ballot, <mask> is still eligible for induction through the Hall of Fame’s Today’s Game Committee.The committee is a 16-member electorate “comprised of members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame, executives, and veteran media members"

masks: Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens


title: Roger Clemens

texts:
 (hence the nickname of “veteran’s committee”) who consider retired players who lost ballot eligibility while still having made notable contributions to baseball from 1986-2016. Voting will be held in December 2022, and 12 votes are required for induction. Personal life
<mask> married Debra Lynn Godfrey (born May 27, 1963) on November 24, 1984. The couple has four sons: Koby Aaron, Kory Allen, Kacy Austin, and Kody Alec—all given "K" names to honor <mask>'s strikeouts ("K's"). Koby was at one time a minor league prospect for some MLB clubs. Kacy played college baseball for the Texas Longhorns and was drafted by the Blue Jays in the eighth round of the 2017 Major League Baseball draft. Kacy is an infielder who is currently a free agent.Kody also played college baseball for the Texas Longhorns and was drafted 79th overall by the Detroit Tigers in the third round of the 2018 Major League Baseball draft. Debra once left a Red Sox game, when <mask> pitched for another team, in tears from the heckling she received. This is documented in an updated later edition to Dan Shaughnessy's best-selling book, Curse of the Bambino. Debra also was quoted in the book as stating that it was the poor attitude of Red Sox fans that prevented the team from ever winning the World Series (this was quoted prior to the Red Sox' 2004 World Series victory). <mask> is a member of the Republican Party and donated money to Texas congressman Ted Poe during his 2006 campaign. Debra posed in a bikini with her husband for a Sports Illustrated pictorial regarding athletes and their wives. This

masks: Clemens Clemens Clemens Clemens


title: Roger Clemens

texts: appeared in the annual Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition'' for 2003.<mask> wore his Yankees uniform, with the jersey open. On February 27, 2006, to train for the World Baseball Classic, <mask> pitched in an exhibition game between the Astros and his son's minor league team. In his first at-bat, Koby hit a home run off his father. In his next at-bat, <mask> threw an inside pitch that almost hit Koby. Koby laughed in an interview after the game about the

masks: Roger Roger Roger


title: Mick (DJ)

texts:
<mask>, known by his stage name <mask> (sometimes styled as MICK) and formerly <mask>, is an American DJ and entrepreneur. He is an A-list DJ and spun private parties for celebrities including Kanye West, LeBron James, Jay-Z and Will Smith. In addition to his mix tape releases, he has performed in venues internationally, including New York City, Dubai, Tokyo, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles. As an entrepreneur, he has invested in various start-up companies including Localeur, in which he is also an advisor and consultant. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Youngstown, Ohio. He attributes his musical taste to the different songs he listened to as a child. His mother bought him records when he was young and he also learned to play the piano and drums while attending school.He attended John Carroll University where he earned both a bachelor's degree and MBA. While attending John Carroll, he worked as a radio DJ for WJCU 88.7, and later for Power 107.5 and Z107.9. While attending grad school, he decided to turn his music hobby into a career. After graduating college, he became the official DJ of the Cleveland Cavaliers. In 2008, decided to move to New York City and ended up moving to Brooklyn, New York. DJ and performance career

<mask> has performed in venues in the United States and internationally, including New York City, Dubai, Tokyo, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles. <mask> was the DJ at a private event for Jodie Foster at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival in Cannes, France.The same year he deejayed at the "Two Kings" influencer dinner held by LeBron James and Jay Z, an annual event that he has made several appearances at since 2008. <mask> expanded his

masks:
Mick Batyske
DJ MIK
Mick Boogie
Mick
Mick
Mick
Mick


title: Mick (DJ)

texts:
 performances in 2012 with a performance at Vibe's Magazine 20th Anniversary party. He was also in attendance for Super Bowl XLVII where he performed alongside The Roots at the annual Madden Bowl party, an event that he also performed for 2013. His 2012 birthday party was an event that featured a set that he personally performed and a performance by DMC of Run DMC. He also performed at Brian Atwood's New York Fashion Week party at the Four Seasons and a party for Aerosmith's Steven Tyler at The Darby in New York City. It was in 2012 that <mask> began a one-year deejay residency at Hyde, inside the Bellagio in Las Vegas, Nevada. During one of his sets over Memorial Day weekend in 2012, Jennifer Lopez debuted her single Goin' In.He also started touring internationally, including traveling with VH1 in India to promote its revamped VH1 India channel. He also performed at Entertainment Weekly's annual EMMY Award party in Los Angeles and on MTV during the MTV Video Music Awards' Rap Fix show. His private performances in 2013 included a party hosted by Jay-Z and Beyonce during the NBA All Star Weekend in Houston, Texas and the Miami launch event of a new Audemars Piguet watch, hosted by the company's brand ambassador LeBron James. Music and production career

<mask> began releasing mixtapes after college. His collaborations have included works with Jay-Z, Eminem and Peter Bjorn and John. His 2006 mixtape The Pre-Up, hosted by Eminem and The Alchemist (an early release of some tracks from Eminem Presents: the Re-Up), was cited by Rolling Stone as one of the top five hip hop mix CDs of the year. In 2007, he worked with Little Brother on the mixtape And Justus for

masks: Mick Mick


title: Mick (DJ)

texts:
 All.Also in 2007, <mask> collaborated with Busta Rhymes to pay tribute to deceased producer James "Dilla" Yancey on the mixtape Dillagence. Busta Rhymes referred to him as a "hiphop historian" for putting together the project. <mask> has presided over several critically acclaimed mash-ups, including Adele 1988 (which combines Adele's debut album with artists ranging from Naledge to Big Pooh) and Viva La Hova, which mashed up Jay-Z and Coldplay. In 2011, inspired by the A Tribe Called Quest documentary Beats, Rhymes, & Life, <mask> released Excursions: A Tribe Called Quest mixtape. In 2010, <mask> began the release of a yearly mixtape called Summertime in which he collaborates with his childhood idol DJ Jazzy Jeff. The series has featured new and unreleased material from Will Smith. The same year, <mask> started his twice-annual collaboration with Stylecaster called Sounds From The Front Row for New York Fashion Week.<mask> was hired by HBO in 2011 to produce and mix the How To Make It In America soundtrack with Scott Vener. In 2012, <mask> released a mix called Obamify, a compilation mix of Barack Obama's playlist on Spotify. Also in 2012, <mask> collaborated with photographer Jonathan Mannion to pay tribute to his childhood inspiration, The Beastie Boys, with a mixtape entitled Grand Royal. Gwyneth Paltrow also listed his remix "Lost Part 2" as one of her favorite songs to travel to. <mask> is the music supervisor and curated the soundtrack for NBA Live 14. He was also nominated for an award by the Guild of Music Supervisors in 2014. Select discography

Business career

<mask> is an entrepreneur and has invested in various startup companies.In 2007 he

masks: Mick Mick Mick Mick Mick Mick Mick Mick Mick Mick


title: Mick (DJ)

texts:
 co-founded Motivation Boutique, a hip-hop clothing store located in Ann Arbor, Michigan. It is located within the campus of the University of Michigan and launched an online store in 2009. He is also known for branding and marketing, having spoken at events such as South by Southwest, New York University, and Digital DUMBO. He has consulted on projects for HBO and scored national television commercials for Adidas. He also starred in a national TV commercial for Microsoft Bing that premiered during the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards. Additional appearances include City Girl Diaries and Rap Fix Live. As an investor, <mask> has been involved with the startup of numerous companies including Localeur, Dart, and Stublisher.<mask> brought his entrepreneurship and mixing together in 2013 with the release of SXSWi Interactive 2013. The mixtape featured 24 songs and chosen by leaders in the tech and entrepreneurial community, including social media consultant Gary Vaynerchuk. References

External links
MICK official website
<mask> in the media
<mask>'s Mixtape Discography at MixTapeKings.com
Press Play: DJ <mask> Interview with TheKoalition.com

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American hip hop DJs
Musicians from Youngstown, Ohio
John Carroll University

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Mick
Mick
Mick
Mick Boogie
Mick Boogie


title: Robert Downey Jr.

texts: <mask>. (born April 4, 1965) is an American actor and producer. His career has been characterized by critical and popular success in his youth, followed by a period of substance abuse and legal troubles, before a resurgence of commercial success later in his career. In 2008, <mask> was named by Time magazine among the 100 most influential people in the world, and from 2013 to 2015, he was listed by Forbes as Hollywood's highest-paid actor. At the age of 5, he made his acting debut in his father's film Pound in 1970. He subsequently worked with the Brat Pack in the teen films Weird Science (1985) and Less Than Zero (1987). In 1992, <mask> portrayed the title character in the biopic Chaplin, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor and won a BAFTA Award. Following a stint at the Corcoran Substance Abuse Treatment Facility on drug charges, he joined the TV series Ally McBeal, for which he won a Golden Globe Award.He was fired from the show in the wake of drug charges in 2000 and 2001. He stayed in a court-ordered drug treatment program and has maintained his sobriety since 2003. Initially, bond completion companies would not insure <mask>, until Mel Gibson paid the insurance bond for the 2003 film The Singing Detective. He went on to star in the black comedy Kiss Kiss Bang Bang (2005), the thriller Zodiac (2007), and the action comedy Tropic Thunder (2008); for the latter he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. <mask> gained global recognition for starring as Tony Stark / Iron Man in ten films within the Marvel Cinematic Universe, beginning with Iron Man (2008). He has also played

masks:
Robert John Downey Jr
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey


title: Robert Downey Jr.

texts:
 the title character in Guy Ritchie's Sherlock Holmes (2009), which earned him his second Golden Globe, and its sequel, Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (2011). Early life and family
<mask> was born in Manhattan, New York City, the younger of two children.His father, <mask> Sr., was an actor and filmmaker, while his mother, Elsie Ann (née Ford), was an actress who appeared in <mask> Sr.'s films. <mask>'s father was of half Lithuanian Jewish, one-quarter Hungarian Jewish, and one-quarter Irish descent, while <mask>'s mother had Scottish, German, and Swiss ancestry. <mask>'s original family name was Elias which was changed by his father to enlist in the Army. <mask> and his older sister Allyson grew up in Greenwich Village. As a child, <mask> was "surrounded by drugs." His father, a drug addict, allowed <mask> to use marijuana at age six, an incident which his father later said he regretted. <mask> later stated that drug use became an emotional bond between him and his father: "When my dad and I would do drugs together, it was like him trying to express his love for me in the only way he knew how."Eventually, <mask> began spending every night abusing alcohol and "making a thousand phone calls in pursuit of drugs". During his childhood, <mask> had minor roles in his father's films. He made his acting debut at the age of five, playing a sick puppy in the absurdist comedy Pound (1970), and then at seven appeared in the surrealist Western Greaser's Palace (1972). At the age of 10, he was living in England and studied classical ballet as part of a larger curriculum. He attended the Stagedoor Manor Performing Arts Training Center in

masks:
Downey
Robert Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Robert
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey


title: Robert Downey Jr.

texts:
 upstate New York as a teenager. When his parents divorced in 1978, <mask> moved to California with his father, but in 1982, he dropped out of Santa Monica High School, and moved back to New York to pursue an acting career full-time. <mask> and Kiefer Sutherland, who shared the screen in the 1988 drama 1969, were roommates for three years when he first moved to Hollywood to pursue his career in acting.Career

1983–1995: Early work and critical acclaim

<mask> began building upon theater roles, including in the short-lived off-Broadway musical American Passion at the Joyce Theater in 1983, produced by Norman Lear. In 1985, he was part of the new, younger cast hired for Saturday Night Live, but following a year of poor ratings and criticism of the new cast's comedic talents, he and most of the new crew were dropped and replaced. Rolling Stone magazine named <mask> the worst SNL cast member in its entire run, stating that the "<mask> Fail sums up everything that makes SNL great." That same year, <mask> had a dramatic acting breakthrough when he played James Spader's character's sidekick in Tuff Turf and then a bully in John Hughes's Weird Science. He was considered for the role of Duckie in John Hughes's film Pretty in Pink (1986), but his first lead role was with Molly Ringwald in The Pick-up Artist (1987). Because of these and other coming-of-age films <mask> did during the 1980s, he is sometimes named as a member of the Brat Pack. In 1987, <mask> played Julian Wells, a drug-addicted rich boy whose life rapidly spirals out of his control, in the film version of the Bret Easton Ellis novel Less Than Zero.His performance,

masks: Downey Downey Downey Downey Downey Downey Downey Downey


title: Robert Downey Jr.

texts:
 described by Janet Maslin in The New York Times as "desperately moving", was widely praised, though <mask> has said that for him "the role was like the ghost of Christmas Future" since his drug habit resulted in his becoming an "exaggeration of the character" in real life. Zero drove <mask> into films with bigger budgets and names, such as Chances Are (1989) with Cybill Shepherd and Ryan O'Neal, Air America (1990) with Mel Gibson, and Soapdish (1991) with Sally Field, Kevin Kline, and Whoopi Goldberg. In 1992, he starred as Charlie Chaplin in Chaplin, a role for which he prepared extensively, learning how to play the violin as well as tennis left-handed. He had a personal coach in order to help him imitate Chaplin's posture, and a way of carrying himself. The role garnered <mask> an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor at the Academy Awards 65th ceremony, losing to Al Pacino in Scent of a Woman. In 1993, he appeared in the films Heart and Souls with Alfre Woodard and Kyra Sedgwick and Short Cuts with Matthew Modine and Julianne Moore, along with a documentary that he wrote about the 1992 presidential campaigns titled The Last Party (1993). He starred in the 1994 films, Only You with Marisa Tomei, and Natural Born Killers with Woody Harrelson.He then subsequently appeared in Restoration (1995), Richard III (1995), Home for the Holidays (1995), Two Girls and a Guy (1997), as Special Agent John Royce in U.S. Marshals (1998), and in Black and White (1999). 1996–2001: Career setbacks
From 1996 through 2001, <mask> was arrested numerous times on charges related to drugs including cocaine, heroin, and marijuana. He went through

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texts: drug treatment programs unsuccessfully, explaining in 1999 to a judge: "It's like I have a shotgun in my mouth, and I've got my finger on the trigger, and I like the taste of the gun metal." He said he had been addicted to drugs since the age of eight, due to the fact that his father, also an addict, had been giving them to him. In April 1996, <mask> was arrested for possession of heroin, cocaine, and an unloaded .357 Magnum handgun while he was speeding down Sunset Boulevard. A month later, while on parole, he trespassed into a neighbor's home while under the influence of a controlled substance, and fell asleep in one of the beds.He received three years' probation and was ordered to undergo compulsory drug testing. In 1997, he missed one of the court-ordered drug tests and had to spend six months in the Los Angeles County jail. After <mask> missed another required drug test in 1999, he was arrested again. Despite <mask>'s lawyer, <mask>, assembling the same team of lawyers that had successfully defended O. J. Simpson during his criminal trial for murder, <mask> was sentenced to a three-year prison term at the California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison in Corcoran, California. At the time of the arrest, all of <mask>'s film projects had wrapped and were close to release. He had been hired to provide the voice of the devil on the NBC animated television series God, the Devil and Bob, but was fired when he failed to attend rehearsals. After spending nearly a year in the California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison, <mask>, on condition of posting a $5,000 bail, was unexpectedly freed when a

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texts: judge ruled that his collective time in incarceration facilities (from the initial 1996 arrests) had qualified him for early release.A week after his 2000 release, <mask> joined the cast of the hit television series Ally McBeal, playing a new love interest. He was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film. He also appeared as a writer and singer on Vonda Shepard's Ally McBeal: For Once in My Life album, and sang with Sting a duet of "Every Breath You Take" in an episode of the series. Despite the apparent success, <mask> claimed that his performance on the series was overrated and said, "It was my lowest point in terms of addictions. At that stage, I didn't give a fuck whether I ever acted again." In January 2001, <mask> was scheduled to play the role of Hamlet in a Los Angeles stage production directed by Mel Gibson. Before the end of his first season on Ally McBeal, over the Thanksgiving 2000 holiday, <mask> Griffin's Hotel and Givenchy Spa in Palm Springs, California, was searched by the police, who were responding to an anonymous 911 call.<mask> was under the influence of a controlled substance and in possession of cocaine and Valium. Despite the fact that, if convicted, he would have faced a prison sentence of up to four years and eight months, he signed on to appear in at least eight more Ally McBeal episodes. In April 2001, while <mask> was on parole, a Los Angeles police officer found him wandering barefooted in Culver City. He was arrested for suspicion of being under the

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texts: influence of drugs, but was released a few hours later, even though tests showed he had cocaine in his system. After this last arrest, Ally McBeal executives ordered last-minute rewrites and reshoots and fired <mask>, despite the fact that <mask>'s character had resuscitated Ally McBeals ratings. The Culver City arrest also cost him a role in the high-profile film America's Sweethearts, and the subsequent incarceration prompted Gibson to cancel his Hamlet production. In July 2001, <mask> pleaded no contest to the Palm Springs charges, avoiding jail time.Instead, he was sent into drug rehabilitation and received three years of probation, benefiting from California Proposition 36, which had been passed the year before with the aim of helping nonviolent drug offenders overcome their addictions instead of sending them to jail. The book Conversations with Woody Allen reports that director Woody Allen wanted to cast <mask> and Winona Ryder in his film Melinda and Melinda in 2005, but was unable to do so, because he could not get insurance on them, stating, "We couldn't get bonded. The completion bonding companies would not bond the picture unless we could insure them. We were heartbroken because I had worked with Winona before [on Celebrity] and thought she was perfect for this and wanted to work with her again. And I had always wanted to work with <mask> and always thought he was a huge talent." In a December 18, 2000, article for People magazine entitled "Bad to Worse", <mask>'s stepmother Rosemary told author Alex Tresnlowski that <mask> had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder "a few years ago" and added that this was "the

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 reason he has a hard time staying sober. What hasn't been tried is medication and intensive psychotherapy".In the same article, Dr. Manijeh Nikakhtar, a Los Angeles psychiatrist and co-author of Addiction or Self-Medication: The Truth, claimed she received a letter from <mask> in 1999, during his time at Corcoran II, asking for advice on his condition. She discovered that "no one had done a complete [psychiatric] evaluation [on him] ... I asked him flat out if he thought he was bipolar, and he said, 'Oh yeah. There are times I spend a lot of money and I'm hyperactive, and there are other times I'm down.'" In an article for the March 2007 issue of Esquire, <mask> stated that he wanted to address "this whole thing about the bipolar" after receiving a phone call from "the Bipolar Association" asking him about being bipolar. When <mask> denied he had ever said he was bipolar, the caller quoted the People article, to which <mask> replied, "'No! Dr. Malibusian said [I said I was bipolar] ... ', and they go, 'Well, it's been written, so we're going to quote it.'"<mask> flatly denied being "depressed or manic" and that previous attempts to diagnose him with any kind of psychiatric or mood disorder have always been skewed because "the guy I was seeing didn't know I was smokin' crack in his bathroom. You can't make a diagnosis until somebody's sober." 2001–2007: Resurgence
After five years of substance abuse, arrests, rehab, and relapse, <mask> was ready to work toward a full recovery from drugs and return to his career. In discussing his failed attempts to control his addictive behavior in the past, <mask> told Oprah Winfrey in

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texts: November 2004 that "when someone says, 'I really wonder if maybe I should go to rehab?' Well, uh, you're a wreck, you just lost your job, and your wife left you. Uh, you might want to give it a shot." He added that after his last arrest in April 2001, when he knew he would likely be facing another stint in prison or another form of incarceration such as court-ordered rehab, "I said, 'You know what?I don't think I can continue doing this.' And I reached out for help, and I ran with it. You can reach out for help in kind of a half-assed way and you'll get it and you won't take advantage of it. It's not that difficult to overcome these seemingly ghastly problems ... what's hard is to decide to do it." <mask> got his first post-rehabilitation acting job in August 2001, lip-syncing in the video for Elton John's single "I Want Love". Video director Sam Taylor-Wood shot 16 takes of the video and used the last one because, according to John, <mask> looked completely relaxed and "The way he underplays it is fantastic". <mask> was able to return to the big screen after Mel Gibson, who had been a close friend to <mask> since both had co-starred in Air America, paid <mask>'s insurance bond for the 2003 film The Singing Detective (directed by his Back to School co-star Keith Gordon).Gibson's gamble paved the way for <mask>'s comeback and <mask> returned to mainstream films in the mid-2000s with Gothika, for which producer Joel Silver withheld 40% of his salary until after production wrapped as insurance against his addictive behavior. Similar clauses have become standard in his contracts since. Silver, who was getting closer to <mask> as


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texts: he dated his assistant Susan Levin, also got the actor the leading role in the comedy thriller Kiss Kiss Bang Bang, the directorial debut of screenwriter Shane Black. After Gothika, <mask> was cast in a number of leading and supporting roles, including well-received work in a number of semi-independent films: A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints, Good Night, and Good Luck, Richard Linklater's dystopian, rotoscoped A Scanner Darkly (in which <mask> plays the role of a drug addict), and Steven Shainberg's fictional biographical film of Diane Arbus, Fur, where <mask>'s character represented the two biggest influences on Arbus's professional life, Lisette Model and Marvin Israel. <mask> also received great notice for his roles in more mainstream fare such as Kiss Kiss Bang Bang and Disney's poorly received The Shaggy Dog. On November 23, 2004, <mask> released his debut musical album, The Futurist, on Sony Classical, for which he designed the cover art and designed the track listing label on the CD with his son Indio. The album received mixed reviews, but <mask> stated in 2006 that he probably will not do another album, as he felt that the energy he put into doing the album was not compensated.In 2006, <mask> returned to television when he did voice acting on Family Guy in the episode "The Fat Guy Strangler". <mask> had previously telephoned the show's production staff and asked if he could produce or assist in an episode creation, as his son Indio is a fan of the show. The producers of the show accepted the offer and created the character of Patrick Pewterschmidt, Lois Griffin's long lost, mentally disturbed brother, for <mask>.

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texts:
 <mask> signed on with publishers HarperCollins to write a memoir, which in 2006, was already being billed as a "candid look at the highs and lows of his life and career". In 2008, however, <mask> returned his advance to the publishers, and canceled the book without further comment. In 2007, <mask> appeared in David Fincher's mystery thriller Zodiac, which was based on a true story. He played the role of San Francisco Chronicle journalist Paul Avery, who was reporting the Zodiac Killer case.2008–present: Marvel Cinematic Universe and further success

With all of the critical success <mask> had experienced throughout his career, he had not appeared in a "blockbuster" film. That changed in 2008 when <mask> starred in two critically and commercially successful films, Iron Man and Tropic Thunder. In the article Ben Stiller wrote for <mask>'s entry in the 2008 edition of The Time 100, he offered an observation on <mask>'s commercially successful summer at the box office:

In 2007, <mask> was cast as the title character in the film Iron Man, with director Jon Favreau explaining the choice by stating: "<mask> wasn't the most obvious choice, but he understood what makes the character tick. He found a lot of his own life experience in 'Tony Stark'." Favreau insisted on having <mask> as he repeatedly claimed that <mask> would be to Iron Man what Johnny Depp is to the Pirates of the Caribbean series: a lead actor who could both elevate the quality of the film and increase the public's interest in it. For the role, <mask> had to gain more than 20 pounds (9 kilograms) of muscle in five months to look like he "had the power to forge iron".

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texts:
 Iron Man was globally released between April 30 and May 3, 2008, grossing over $585 million worldwide and receiving rave reviews which cited <mask>'s performance as a highlight of the film.By October 2008, <mask> had agreed to appear as Iron Man in two Iron Man sequels, as part of the Iron Man franchise, as well as The Avengers, featuring the superhero team that Stark joins, based on Marvel's comic book series The Avengers. He first reprised the role in a small appearance as Iron Man's alter ego Tony Stark in the 2008 film The Incredible Hulk, as a part of Marvel Studios' depicting the same Marvel Universe on film by providing continuity among the movies. After Iron Man, <mask> appeared alongside Ben Stiller and Jack Black in the Stiller-directed Tropic Thunder. The three actors play a Hollywood archetypewith <mask> playing self-absorbed multi-Oscar-winning Australian method actor Kirk Lazarusas they star in an extremely expensive Vietnam-era film called Tropic Thunder. Lazarus undergoes a "controversial skin pigmentation procedure" in order to take on the role of African-American platoon sergeant Lincoln Osiris, which required Downey to wear dark makeup and a wig. Both Stiller and <mask> feared <mask>'s portrayal of the character could become controversial:

When asked by Harry Smith on CBS's The Early Show who his model was for Lazarus, <mask> laughed before responding, "Sadly, my sorry-ass self." Released in the United States on August 13, 2008, Tropic Thunder received good reviews with 83% of reviews positive and an average normalized score of 71, according to the review aggregator websites Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic,


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texts: respectively.It earned US$26 million in its North American opening weekend and retained the number one position for its first three weekends of release. The film grossed $180 million in theaters before its release on home video on November 18, 2008. <mask> was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Lazarus. Opening in late April 2009 was a film <mask> finished in mid-2008, The Soloist. The film was delayed from a November 2008 release by Paramount Pictures due to the studio's tight end-of-year release schedule. Critics who had seen the film in 2008 were mentioning it as a possible Academy Award candidate. <mask> picked up an Academy Award nomination for the 2008 release year for his role in Tropic Thunder.The first role <mask> accepted after Iron Man was the title character in Guy Ritchie's Sherlock Holmes. Warner Bros. released it on December 25, 2009. The film set several box office records in the United States for a Christmas Day release, beating the previous record-holder, 2008's Marley & Me, by nearly $10M, and finished second to Avatar in a record-setting Christmas weekend box office. Sherlock Holmes ended up being the 8th highest-grossing film of 2009. When <mask> won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for his role as Sherlock Holmes, he noted in his acceptance speech that he had prepared no remarks because "<mask> (his wife and Sherlock Holmes producer) told me that Matt Damon (nominated for his role in The Informant!) was going to win so don't bother preparing a speech". <mask> returned as Tony Stark

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texts: in the first of two planned sequels to Iron Man, Iron Man 2, which released in May 2010.Iron Man 2 grossed over $623M worldwide, becoming the 7th highest-grossing film of 2010. <mask>'s other commercial film release of 2010 was the comedy road film, Due Date. The movie, co-starring Zach Galifianakis, was released in November 2010 and grossed over $211M worldwide, making it the 36th highest-grossing movie of 2010. <mask>'s sole 2011 film credit was the sequel to the 2009 version of Sherlock Holmes, Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows, which opened worldwide on December 16, 2011. In 2012, <mask> reprised the role of Tony Stark in The Avengers. The film received positive reviews and was highly successful at the box office, becoming the third highest-grossing film of all time both in the United States and worldwide. His film, the David Dobkin-directed dramedy The Judge, a project co-produced by his production company Team Downey, was the opening film at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2014.<mask> played Tony Stark again in Iron Man 3 (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019) and three of his scenes from the first Avengers and Avengers: Endgame also appear in the first episode of Loki. <mask> hosted The Age of A.I., a YouTube documentary series released in 2019. In 2020, he starred in Dolittle, playing the titular character, depicted in the film as a 19th-century Welsh veterinarian who can communicate with animals. This was the second film from Team Downey. It was a box office disappointment, and

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texts:
 received negative reviews from critics, who called it "too long [and] lifeless." Upcoming projects
<mask> will appear in the sports comedy drama film All-Star Weekend, directed by Jamie Foxx. He will reprise his role as Holmes in a third film, initially scheduled for release on December 22, 2021, but later put on hold indefinitely according to director Dexter Fletcher.On July 15, 2021, it was announced that <mask> would co-star in the television adaptation of novelist Viet Thanh Nguyen's novel, The Sympathizer. Later in 2021, it was revealed that <mask> would play Lewis Strauss in Christopher Nolan's upcoming biographical film Oppenheimer. Other ventures

<mask> has sung on several soundtracks for his films, including for Chaplin, Too Much Sun, Two Girls and a Guy, Friends and Lovers, The Singing Detective, and Kiss Kiss Bang Bang. In 2001, he appeared in the music video for Elton John's song, "I Want Love". He released a CD in 2004 called The Futurist, and while promoting his film Tropic Thunder, he and his co-stars Ben Stiller and Jack Black were back-up singers "The Pips" to Gladys Knight singing "Midnight Train to Georgia". <mask>'s most commercially successful recording venture to date (combining sales and radio airplay) has been his remake of the 1973 Joni Mitchell Christmas song "River", which was included on the Ally McBeal tie-in album Ally McBeal: A Very Ally Christmas, released in 2000; <mask>'s character Larry Paul performs the song in the Ally McBeal episode "Tis the Season". Production company
On June 14, 2010, <mask> and his wife Susan opened their own production company called Team Downey.Their first project

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 was The Judge. Personal life

Relationships and family
<mask> started dating actress Sarah Jessica Parker in 1984 after meeting her on the set of Firstborn. The couple later separated in 1991 due to his drug addiction. He married actress and singer Deborah Falconer on May 29, 1992, after a 42-day courtship. Their son, Indio Falconer <mask>, was born in September 1993. The strain on their marriage from <mask>'s repeated trips to rehab and jail finally reached a breaking point; in 2001, in the midst of <mask>'s last arrest and sentencing to an extended stay in rehab, Falconer left <mask> and took their son with her. <mask> and Falconer finalized their divorce on April 26, 2004.In 2003, <mask> met producer <mask> (née Levin), an Executive Vice President of Production at Joel Silver's film company, Silver Pictures on the set of Gothika. Though Susan twice turned down his amorous advances, she and <mask> did quietly strike up a romance during production. Despite Susan's worries that the romance would not last after the completion of shooting because "he's an actor; I have a real job", the couple's relationship continued after production wrapped on Gothika, and <mask> proposed to Susan on the night before her thirtieth birthday. In August 2005, the couple were married, in a Jewish ceremony, at Amagansett, New York. A tattoo on one of his biceps reads "Suzie Q" in tribute to her. The <mask>s’ first child, a son named Exton Elias, was born in February 2012, and their second, a daughter named Avri Roel, was born in November 2014. <mask> has been a close friend of Mel Gibson since they starred in Air America.<mask> defended Gibson

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 during the controversy surrounding The Passion of the Christ, and said "nobody's perfect" in reference to Gibson's DUI. Gibson said of <mask>: "He was one of the first people to call and offer the hand of friendship. He just said, 'Hey, welcome to the club. Let's go see what we can do to work on ourselves.'" In October 2011, <mask> was being honored at the 25th American Cinematheque Awards; <mask> chose Gibson to present him with his award for his life's work and used his air time to say a few kind words about Gibson and explain why he chose him to present the award. Sobriety
<mask> says he has been drug-free since July 2003, and credited his wife with helping him overcome his drug and alcohol habits, along with his family, therapy, meditation, twelve-step recovery programs, yoga, and the practice of Wing Chun kung fu, the martial art he learned from Eric Oram, who is also a fight consultant in several of <mask>'s movies. Oram was <mask>'s personal fight coordinator in Avengers: Age of Ultron and Captain America: Civil War.In December 2015, <mask> received a full and unconditional pardon from Governor of California Jerry Brown for his prior drug convictions. Oram wrote a letter in support of <mask>'s pardon to Governor Brown. When asked why he was able to make his sobriety stick this time on The Oprah Winfrey Show, <mask> said, "It's really not that difficult to overcome these seemingly ghastly problems. What's hard is to decide to do it." Religious beliefs
<mask> has described his religious beliefs as "Jewish Buddhist", and he is reported to have consulted astrologers. In the past, <mask> has been interested in Christianity

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 and the Hare Krishna movement. Political views
In a 2008 interview, <mask> stated that his time in prison changed his political point of view somewhat, saying: "I have a really interesting political point of view, and it's not always something I say too loud at dinner tables here, but you can't go from a $2,000-a-night suite at La Mirage to a penitentiary and really understand it and come out a liberal.You can't. I wouldn't wish that experience on anyone else, but it was very, very, very educational for me and has informed my proclivities and politics ever since." However, when asked about the quote in a 2015 interview to promote Avengers: Age of Ultron, he denied that his previous statement reflected any longstanding beliefs on his part, and stated: "I wouldn't say that I'm a Republican or a liberal or a Democrat." <mask> serves on the board of the Anti-Recidivism Coalition. In January 2020, during the promotions of his film Dolittle, <mask> announced that he had made the decision to adopt a vegan diet, in response to the debate about the climate crisis, stating that "I'm a one-man carbon footprint nightmare colossus" and believes he can do his part to contribute. <mask> previously announced his opening of The Footprint Coalition, an organization he launched to reduce carbon footprints around the world using advanced technology. The Footprint Coalition promotes technologies that protect the environment such as French insect-farming startup Ynsect, the bio-based alternative to plastic manufacturer RWDC, and bamboo toilet paper manufacturer Cloud Paper.Filmography and awards

Discography

Studio album
 The Futurist


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 (2004)

Soundtrack appearances

References

External links

 <mask> Jr. Interview: The Game's Afoot at Los Angeles Times Magazine
 <mask>, Jr interview at www.reviewgraveyard.com

1965 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American Buddhists
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American people convicted of drug offenses
American people of German descent
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
American people of Scottish descent
American people of Swiss descent
American prisoners and detainees
American Wing Chun practitioners
Best Actor BAFTA Award winners
Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (television) winners
Film producers from California
Film producers from New York (state)
Jewish American male actors
Male actors from Los Angeles County, California
Male actors from New York City
New York (state) Democrats
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Greenwich Village
Volpi Cup winners
21st-century American

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<mask><mask> (born 2 January 1970 in Columbus Grove, Ohio) is a United States Marine who served in the War on Terror. He was awarded the Navy Cross for his actions on 23 and 24 March 2003 during the initial 2003  invasion of Iraq. He was hand picked to spearhead the rescue operation and recovery of the U.S. Army's 507th Maintenance Company on 23 March and subsequently was called upon again to take part in the rescue operation of US Army Private Jessica Lynch on 1 April 2003. He is also a recipient of the Bronze Star with Combat Distinguishing Device denoting Valor for his heroic actions from 5 to 28 August 2004 during the Battle of Najaf. Marine Corps career
<mask> was born on 2 January 1970 in Columbus Grove, Ohio and enlisted in the Marine Corps 11 July 1988. After graduating recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina,  Private First Class <mask> reported to Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California for training as an Assault Amphibian Crewman. Upon completion of school in January 1989, Private First Class <mask> received orders to report to Company A, 2nd Assault Amphibian Battalion at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina and deployed with Company A in the spring of 1989 to Okinawa before moving to H&S Company in the fall of the same year to deploy with UNITAS 31 throughout South America.Upon returning from South America, Lance Corporal <mask> immediately deployed to Southwest Asia with the battalion in January 1991 and participated in Operation Desert Storm. After returning to the states in July 1991, Corporal <mask> transferred to Company C for service as an Assault Amphibian Vehicle Crew Chief. He then deployed with the 26th

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texts: Marine Expeditionary Unit as a Section Leader in April 1993 and participated in Operation Provide Promise and Operation Deny Flight in Bosnia-Herzegovina. In January 1994, Sergeant <mask> received orders back to Camp Pendleton for duty as an instructor at the Assault Amphibian School. From January 1994 to October 1996, Sergeant <mask> served in a variety of billets at the school ranging from Crew Chief, Class Commander, Platoon Sergeant and Classroom Instructor and was named Instructor of the Year for two consecutive years at the school. He also attended the Basic Vehicle Repairman Course during this time and received a secondary military occupational specialty as an AAV mechanic. In October 1996, Sergeant <mask> graduated Drill Instructor School at MCRD San Diego and reported to Company G, 2nd Recruit Training Battalion, where he served as Drill Instructor, Senior Drill Instructor and Academics Instructor.During this period, Staff Sergeant <mask> was a two time Dan Daly award winner which is presented to the most inspirational Drill Instructor. From January 2000 to October 2002, Gunnery Sergeant <mask> returned to Camp LeJeune for duty as a Platoon Sergeant with Company D, 2nd Assault Amphibian Battalion. In October 2002, Gunnery Sergeant <mask> transferred to Company A for service as Platoon Sergeant for 3rd platoon and deployed in January 2003 to Operation Iraqi Freedom with Regimental Combat Team 2 and Task Force Tarawa. On March 23, 2003, Gunnery Sergeant <mask> was an Assault Amphibian Vehicle Platoon Sergeant who was leading an armored column into the city of Nasiriyah when he was called upon to rescue the remaining soldiers of the ill-fated US Army 507th Maintenance

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texts: Company led by Captain Troy King who was ambushed just hours earlier. After the Marine column rescued the soldiers, the attack continued into the streets of the city where, during a day of unrelenting and viscous house to house, street to street, close quarters urban combat he bolstered a defensive perimeter to repel numerous waves of Saddam Fedayeen attackers, directed tank and infantry fires, rescued or retrieved 7 more US Marines after their vehicle was destroyed by rocket propelled grenade fire and coordinated an air medical evacuation of all wounded and dead US troops during the fight for the Southern Bridge in the city. Gunnery Sergeant <mask> was also later involved in the rescue and recovery operation of US Army Private Jessica Lynch from the hospital in Nasiriya. During this battle, Gunnery Sergeant <mask> was awarded the Navy Cross for heroic actions in close quarters combat in the city as well as calmly calling in air strikes and Tank/Infantry fires to neutralize enemy targets in the midst of chaos.In an incredible show of determination and strength, it was witnessed by multiple Marines that Gunnery Sergeant <mask> personally carried a "6'4", 240 lb severely wounded Marine Corporal to safety over a distance of 200 yards under a hailstorm of small arms, machine gun and rocket propelled grenade fire, saving the man's life. In June 2003, Gunnery Sergeant <mask> received orders to transfer once again back to Camp Pendleton for service with Company A, 3rd Assault Amphibian Battalion as Company Operations Chief. In January 2004, First Sergeant <mask> reported for duty as Company First Sergeant, Company C, 1st Battalion, 4th Marines (1/4) and immediately deployed in May 2004

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texts: with BLT 1/4 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom II. He distinguished himself in combat once again during the battle of Najaf from 5 to 28 August 2004 earning the Bronze Star with combat distinguishing device for his heroic actions against the Mahdi Army of Moqtada al-Sadr. He is most notably remembered by his men for purposely exposing himself on numerous occasions to draw enemy sniper fire away from his men to allow them to maneuver and neutralize the enemy position, ultimately saving many Marines' lives, in addition to personally treating and carrying a Marine out of the Wadi A Salaam cemetery in his arms with a sucking chest wound over 100 meters under fire, saving his Marine's life. First Sergeant <mask> transferred to 1st Reconnaissance Battalion upon return to CONUS and served as both Company A and Company D First Sergeant simultaneously for a two-year period in addition to reactivating 1st Force Reconnaissance Company. Upon promotion to Sergeant Major in the fall of 2007, Sergeant Major <mask> was personally requested by the division to remain on as the Battalion Sergeant Major and deploy the Battalion once again to Iraq for combat operations.Sergeant Major <mask> transferred from the Battalion upon return to the United States in March 2010 and was assigned to the Assault Amphibian School. Sergeant Major <mask> transferred from the Assault Amphibian School in April 2011 and was assigned as the Regimental Sergeant Major of the 3rd Marine Regiment in Kaneohe Bay Hawaii. In July 2013, Sergeant Major <mask> was selected to serve as the Training and Education Command (TECOM) Sergeant Major located at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia and remained in that position until


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texts:
 his retirement form the United States Marine Corps

In 2010, Sergeant Major <mask> was honored by the Corps with an obstacle named in his honor at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina. "LeHew's Challenge" is an 8 ft high suspended log supported by two pedestals that is part of the famed 54-hour crucible event which culminates the basic training of a United States Marine. Every recruit, both male and female, hear from their drill instructors about the heroism displayed by then Gunnery Sergeant <mask> and the story is used to inspire Marine recruits to work together to overcome the obstacle and complete the task at hand. Sergeant Major <mask> was inducted into the Ohio Military Hall of Fame on 4 May 2012. Since his retirement, <mask> has become a major player in the world of MIA Search and Recovery operations for the United States of America and currently is the Chief Operating Officer for the World's most successful, private, MIA search and recovery organization, History Flight.In 2019 alone, this organization successfully located and recovered 86 missing US servicemen, in both the Pacific and European theaters of operation from World War Two and returned them to their families. Navy Cross citation
The President of the United States
Takes Pleasure in Presenting
The Navy Cross
To
<mask>. Lehew
Gunnery Sergeant, United States Marine Corps
For Services as Set Forth in the Following Citation:

Military Awards

See also

List of U.S. Marines

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Iraq War
People from Columbus Grove, Ohio
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United

masks:
LeHew
LeHew
LeHew
Justin LeHew
Justin D


title: Ángel Maturino Reséndiz

texts:
<mask> (August 1, 1960 – June 27, 2006), also known as The Railroad Killer, was a Mexican itinerant serial killer suspected in as many as 23 murders across the United States and Mexico during the 1990s. Some also involved sexual assault. He had become known as "The Railroad Killer" as most of his crimes were committed near railroads where he had jumped off the trains which he was using to travel around the country. On June 21, 1999, he briefly became the 457th fugitive listed by the FBI on its Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list before surrendering to the Texas authorities on July 13, 1999. He was convicted of capital murder in Texas and was executed in 2006 by lethal injection. Personal life
<mask> was born in Izúcar de Matamoros, Puebla, Mexico. Murders and methodology
By illegally jumping on and off trains within and across Mexico, Canada and the United States, generally crossing borders illegally, Reséndiz was able to evade authorities for a considerable time.He used many aliases, but was chiefly known and sought after as Rafael Resendez-Ramirez. United States government records show that he had been deported to Mexico at least four times since first entering the U.S. in 1973. Reséndiz killed at least 15 people with rocks, a pickaxe, and other blunt objects, mainly in their homes. He was sometimes referred to as The Railway Killer or The Railcar Killer. After each murder, he would linger in the homes for a while, mainly to eat. Reséndiz took sentimental items and also laid out the victims' driver's licenses to learn about their lives. He stole jewelry and other items and gave them to his

masks:
Angel Maturino Reséndiz
Ángel Leoncio Reyes Recendis


title: Ángel Maturino Reséndiz

texts:
 wife and mother, who lived in Rodeo, Durango, Mexico.Much of the jewelry was sold or melted down. Some of the stolen items that had been removed from his victims' homes were returned by his wife and mother after his surrender. Money was sometimes left at the scene. He raped some of his female victims; however, rape was probably a secondary intent. Most of his victims were found covered with a blanket or otherwise obscured from immediate view. Victims

<mask> was tried and sentenced to death for the Benton murder. Arrest and trial

Prior to surrendering at the El Paso bridge, the U.S. Border Patrol had arrested Resendez and deported him back to Mexico.Reséndiz's sister, Manuela, had seen her brother's FBI's Most Wanted Poster and feared that her brother might kill someone else, or be killed by the FBI, so she contacted the police. On July 12, 1999, a Texas Ranger, Drew Carter, accompanied by Manuela and a spiritual guide, met up with Reséndiz on a bridge connecting El Paso, Texas with Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Reséndiz surrendered to Carter. During a court appearance, Reséndiz accused Carter of lying under oath because Reséndiz's family was under the impression that he would be spared the death penalty. Reséndiz's ultimate fate, however, was decided by a jury, not Carter. In 1999, former Texas Attorney General Jim Mattox, wary of the controversy miring the many confessions and recantations by serial killer Henry Lee Lucas, remarked of Reséndiz, "I hope they don't start pinning on him every crime that happens near a railroad track." Mental health
On June 21, 2006, a Houston judge ruled that


title: Ángel Maturino Reséndiz

texts:
 for the sanctity of human life." Media
The Reséndiz case was featured in:
 I Survived Season 1 Episode 6 LMN (Survivor Holly Dunn shared the story of her attack and the murder of Christopher Maier.) The FBI Files, "Tracks of a Killer", on the Biography Channel (2003) Reséndiz was the focus of the December 11, 2010, episode of 48 Hours Mystery (CBS), "Live to Tell: The Railroad Killer", in which Holly Dunn shared the story of her attack and the murder of Christopher Maier.A series of 16 podcasts released between October 2018 and February 2019 by British journalist Alex Hannaford and produced by Peter Sale for AudioBoom entitled Dead Man Talking. Hannaford interviewed <mask> on tape in 2003 when Reséndiz said he had committed many more murders than those mentioned in his trial and that innocent people were in jail for his crimes. See also

 List of people executed in Texas, 2000–2009
 List of people executed in the United States in 2006
 List of serial killers by number of victims
 List of serial killers in the United States

Notes

References

External links
 The Rafael Resendez-Ramirez Case: A Review of the INS's Actions and the Operation of Its IDENT Automated Fingerprint Identification System (March 20, 2000) - U.S. Department of Justice
  - Alternate link

1960 births
2006 deaths
21st-century executions by Texas
Executed serial killers
FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives
Male serial killers
Mexican people convicted of murder
Mexican people executed abroad
Mexican rapists
Mexican serial killers
People convicted of murder by Texas
People executed by Texas by lethal injection
People from


title: Timmy Ryan

texts:
<mask> (7 May 1909 – 28 January 1995) was an Irish hurler who played as a midfielder for the Limerick senior team. Biographical overview
Born in Castleconnell, County Limerick, <mask> first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of twenty when he first linked up with the Limerick senior team. He made his senior debut in the 1930 championship. <mask> went on to play a key part for Limerick during a golden age for the team, and won three All-Ireland medals, five Munster medals and five National Hurling League medals. An All-Ireland runner-up on two occasions, <mask> also captained the team to the All-Ireland title in 1934. <mask> represented the Munster inter-provincial team at various times throughout his career, winning five Railway Cup medals. At club level he won thirteen championship medals with Ahane.Throughout his inter-county career, <mask> made a then record of 45 championship appearances for Limerick. His retirement came following the conclusion of the 1946 championship. In retirement from playing, <mask> became involved in team management and coaching. He was a selector and adviser with Ahane during their championship victory in 1955. <mask> is regarded as one of Limerick's all-time greatest hurlers. Playing career

Club
<mask> was just sixteen years-old when the Ahane club was formed in 1926. His first success came in 1928 when a 5–1 to 2–2 defeat of Kilmeedy gave him a junior championship medal.1929 also proved to be a successful year for <mask>. A 1–8 to 1–2 defeat of Cappamore gave him an intermediate championship medal. In 1931 <mask> was a key part of the Ahane team that reached the final of the senior championship. A 5–5 to 1–4 trouncing of Croom gave Ahane their first senior title, while it also gave <mask> his first championship medal. Ahane failed to retain their title, however, <mask>'s team

masks:
Timothy Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan


title: Timmy Ryan

texts:
 returned to the championship decider once again in 1933. A 1–7 to 1–1 defeat of Croom gave him his second championship medal. It was the beginning of a run of success, as Ahane went on to dominated club hurling in Limerick for the rest of the decade.Back-to-back defeats of Kildimo in 1934 and 1935, followed by four successive defeats of Croom brought <mask>'s championship medal tally to eight. Eight-in-a-row proved beyond Ahane, as Croom triumphed in 1940 and again in 1941. Ahane hurlers bounced back in 1942 to reach a tenth successive county decider. A 7–8 to 1–0 defeat of Rathkeale gave <mask> a ninth winners' medal in the hurling championship. This victory set Ahane off on another great run of success. Further defeats of Croom, Rathkeale (twice) and Granagh-Ballingarry yielded further championships in succession. These victories brought <mask>'s championship medal tally to a remarkable thirteen.Inter-county

Beginnings
<mask> joined the Limerick senior team in 1930, however, it would be another three years before the team emerged as a major force after a decade in the doldrums. <mask> lined out in his first Munster decider that year, as Limerick faced Waterford. With eight minutes left in the game, some spectators invaded the pitch and the match was abandoned. Since Limerick were winning by 3–7 to 1–2, the Munster Council declared them the champions and <mask> collected his first Munster medal. The subsequent All-Ireland final on 3 September 1933 saw a record crowd of 45,176 travel to Croke Park to see Limerick face Kilkenny. After being level at the interval, the game remained close in the second half until a solo-run goal by Johnny Dunne sealed a 1–7 to 0–6 victory for Kilkenny. Dominance
A successful league campaign throughout 1933–34 saw Limerick reach the decider against Dublin.In spite of home advantage, Limerick

masks: Ryan Ryan Ryan Ryan Ryan Ryan


title: Timmy Ryan

texts: had to battle hard for a 3–6 to 3–3 victory. It was <mask>'s first league medal. The subsequent provincial championship saw Limerick reach the decider, where they played Waterford for the second year in-a-row. The result was much the same, with <mask> collecting a second Munster medal following a 4–8 to 2–5 victory. The All-Ireland final on 2 September 1934 was a special occasion as it was the golden jubilee final of the Gaelic Athletic Association. Dublin were the opponents and a close game developed. After leading by a point at the interval, Limerick went five clear with time running out.Dublin fought their way back to secure a remarkable draw. The replay on 30 September turned out to be an even closer affair, with both sides level with two minutes to go. Points from Mick Mackey and Jackie O'Connell and a remarkable four goals from Dave Clohessy secured a 5–2 to 2–6 victory for Limerick. The win gave <mask> an All-Ireland medal, while he also had the honour of collecting the Liam MacCarthy Cup as captain. <mask> added a second league medal to his collection as captain in 1935, as Limerick retained their title in a straightforward league format. Limerick dominated the provincial series of games once again, and lined out in the decider against Tipperary. He collected a third Munster medal following a 5–5 to 1–4 victory.Kilkenny were Limerick's opponents in the subsequent All-Ireland final on 1 September 1935 and, once again, the game was a close affair. Limerick were the red-hot favourites as a record crowd of over 46,000 turned up to watch a hurling classic. In spite of rain falling throughout the entire game both sides served up a great game. At the beginning of the second-half Lory Meagher sent over a huge point from midfield giving Kilkenny a lead which they would not surrender. The game ended in controversial

masks: Ryan Ryan Ryan Ryan


title: Timmy Ryan

texts:
 circumstances for Mackey when Limerick were awarded a close-in free to level the game. Jack Keane issued an instruction from the sideline that <mask> was to take the free and put the sliotar over the bar for the equalising point. As he lined up to take it, Mick Mackey pushed him aside and took the free himself.The shot dropped short and into the waiting hands of the Kilkenny goalkeeper and was cleared. The game ended shortly after with Kilkenny triumphing by 2–5 to 2–4. Limerick began 1936 by retaining their league title, having won seven of their games and drawing one. It was <mask>'s third league medal. The team later embarked on a tour of the United States where they defeated a New York team made up of Irish expatriates. As a result of the tour Limerick were awarded a bye into the Munster final. Tipperary provided the opposition in the provincial final, however, a 5–3 haul from an injured Mick Mackey secured an 8–6 to 4–5 victory and a fourth successive Munster medal for <mask>.For the third time in four years the lure of a Kilkenny-Limerick clash brought a record crowd of over 50,000 to Croke Park for the All-Ireland decider on 6 September 1936. The first half produced a game that lived up to the previous clashes, and Limerick had a two-point advantage at half-time. Jackie Power scored two first-half goals, while a solo-run goal by Mackey in the second-half helped Limerick to a 5–6 to 1–5 victory. <mask> had won a second All-Ireland medal. Final success and decline
In 1937 <mask> captured another league title, his fourth overall. Limerick's bid for a record-equalling fifth successive Munster crown came to an end in the provincial decider when Tipperary were victorious. Limerick entered the record books in 1938 as the first team to win five consecutive National League titles.It is a record which has never been equalled.

masks: Ryan Ryan Ryan Ryan Ryan


title: Timmy Ryan

texts: <mask> played a key role in all five of the victories. A period of decline followed for Limerick, with many people believing that the team's best days were behind them. This certainly seemed the case in 1940 when it took two late goals from Jackie Power and a storming display by Mick Mackey to level the Munster semi-final with Waterford. Another late rally gave Limerick a victory in the subsequent replay. <mask>'s side put in another excellent performance in the Munster final to draw the game with reigning provincial champions Cork. At half-time in the replay Limerick looked like a spent force.Held scoreless for the entire thirty minutes, Mackey got the recovery underway in the second-half with a point from a seventy. He later moved back to the defence where Cork were running riot with goals. A pitch invasion scuppered the game for ten minutes, however, Limerick held on to win by 3–3 to 2–4 and <mask> collected a fifth Munster medal. The subsequent All-Ireland decider on 1 September 1940 brought Kilkenny and Limerick together for the last great game between the two outstanding teams of the decade. Early in the second-half Kilkenny took a four-point lead, however, a positional switch at midfield proved vital. Limerick hung on to win the game on a score line of 3–7 to 1–7. The win gave <mask> his third All-Ireland medal.Limerick took a back seat to Cork and Tipperary in the Munster series of games for the next few years. In 1944 Limerick squared up to Cork in the provincial final as the Leesiders were aiming for a fourth consecutive All-Ireland final victory. <mask> was a veteran hurler by now, however, he was still a key member of the Limerick team. An incredible game saw Cork come back to draw the game on a remarkable 4–14 to 6–7 score line. In the last fifteen minutes of the subsequent replay Limerick were up by four


title: Timmy Ryan

texts:
 points when a goal by Mick Mackey was disallowed as he was deemed to be fouled as he went through. The subsequent free hit the outside of the post and dropped wide. Only seconds remained when Cork's Christy Ring caught the sliotar and fired a fierce shot into the net to win the game.Following a defeat by Cork in the Munster decider in 1946, <mask> effectively retired from inter-county hurling. Inter-provincial
<mask> also lined out with Munster in the inter-provincial series of games, and enjoyed much success during an eight-year career. He was first included on the team in 1933, however, Leinster defeated Munster by 4–6 to 3–6 in the decider. Both sides renewed their rivalry the following year, with <mask>, who was now captain of the team, winning his first Railway Cup medal following a 6–3 to 3–2 victory. Munster made it two-in-a-row in 1935, with <mask> winning a second Railway Cup medal as captain. After defeat in 1936, Munster bounced back in 1937. A 1–9 to 3–1 defeat of Leinster in the decider, gave <mask> a third Railway Cup medal.It was the first of four successive final defeats of Leinster, with <mask> collecting further winners' medals in 1938 and 1939. <mask> made his last appearance for Munster in 1941, however, it ended in defeat. Honours

Team
Ahane
Limerick Senior Hurling Championship (13): 1931, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946

Limerick
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (3): 1934 (c), 1936, 1940
Munster Senior Hurling Championship (5): 1933, 1934 (c), 1935 (c), 1936, 1940
National Hurling League (5): 1933–34, 1934–35 (c), 1935–36 (c), 1936–37, 1937–38

Munster
Railway Cup (5): 1934 (c), 1935 (c), 1937, 1938, 1939

References

1909 births
1995 deaths
Ahane hurlers
Limerick inter-county hurlers
Munster inter-provincial hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship

masks: Ryan Ryan Ryan Ryan Ryan Ryan Ryan


title: Lin Zexu

texts:
<mask> (30 August 1785 – 22 November 1850), courtesy name Yuanfu, was a Chinese political philosopher and politician. He was head of states (Viceroy), Governor General, scholar-official, and under Emperor of the Qing dynasty best known for his role in the First Opium War of 1839–42. He was from Fuzhou, Fujian Province. <mask>uang Emperor endorsed the hardline policies and anti-drugs movement advocated by <mask>, but pushing all the responsibilities to <mask> for the resulting disastrous war. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Houguan (侯官; modern Fuzhou, Fujian Province) towards the end of the Qianlong Emperor's reign.His father, <mask> (), served as an official under the Qing government. He was the second son in the family. As a child, he was already "unusually brilliant". In 1811, he obtained the position of advanced Jinshi () in the imperial examination, and in the same year he gained admission to the Hanlin Academy. He rose rapidly through various grades of provincial service. He opposed the opening of China but felt the need of a better knowledge of foreigners, which drove him to collect material for a geography of the world. He later gave this material to Wei Yuan, who published the Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms in 1843.He became Governor-General of Hunan and Hubei in 1837, where he launched a suppression campaign against the trading of opium. Campaign to suppress opium

Soon after his arrival in Guangdong Province in the middle of 1839, <mask> wrote a memorial to Queen Victoria in the form of an open letter published in Canton, urging her to end the opium trade. He argued that China was providing Britain with valuable commodities such as tea, porcelain, spices and silk, with Britain sending only "poison" in return. He accused the foreigner traders of coveting profit and lacking morality. His memorial expressed a desire that the Queen would act "in accordance with decent feeling" and support his

masks:
Lin Zexu
Linog
Lin
Lin
Lin
Lin Binri
Lin


title: Lin Zexu

texts:
 efforts. He wrote:

The letter elicited no response (sources suggest that it was lost in transit), but it was later reprinted in the London Times as a direct appeal to the British public. An edict from the Daoguang Emperor followed on 18March, emphasising the serious penalties for opium smuggling that would now apply.In March 1839, <mask>uang Emperor to halt the illegal importation of opium by the British. He made changes within a matter of months. He arrested more than 1,700 Chinese opium dealers and confiscated over 70,000 opium pipes. He initially attempted to get foreign companies to forfeit their opium stores in exchange for tea, but this ultimately failed. <mask> resorted to using force in the western merchants' enclave. A month and a half later, the merchants gave up nearly 1.2 million kg (2.6 million pounds) of opium.Beginning 3 June 1839, 500 workers laboured for 23 days to destroy it, mixing the opium with lime and salt and throwing it into the sea outside of Humen Town. <mask> composed an elegy apologising to the gods of the sea for polluting their realm. <mask>uang Emperor, comments historian Jonathan Spence, "seemed to have believed that the citizens of Canton and the foreign traders there had simple, childlike natures that would respond to firm guidance and statements of moral principles set out in simple, clear terms." Neither <mask> nor the emperor appreciated the depth or changed nature of the problem. They did not see the change in international trade structures, the commitment of the British government to protecting the interests of private traders, and the peril to British traders who would surrender their opium. Open hostilities between China and Britain started in 1839 in what later would be called the "First Opium War". The immediate effect was that both sides, by the words of Charles Elliot and <mask>, banned all trade.Before this, <mask> had pressured the Portuguese government of Macau, so the British

masks: Linog Lin Lin Linog Lin Lin Lin


title: Lin Zexu

texts:
 found themselves without refuge, except for the bare and rocky harbours of Hong Kong. Soon, however, the Chinese forces faced a British naval fleet, which included the East India Company's steam warship Nemesis and improved weapons, and were soon routed. Exile in Xinjiang

<mask> made significant preparations for war against the possible British invasion. The British sailed north to attack Jiangsu and Zhejiang. The governors of these two provinces failed to heed a warning from <mask>, however, and were unprepared when the British easily landed and occupied Dinghai. <mask> became a scapegoat for these losses due to court politics. As punishment, he was exiled to the remote Ili region in Xinjiang.His position was then given to Qishan in September 1840. While in Xinjiang, <mask> was the first Chinese scholar to record several aspects of Muslim culture there. In 1850, he noted in a poem that the Muslims in Ili did not worship idols but bowed and prayed to tombs decorated with poles that had the tails of cows and horses attached to them. This was the widespread shamanic practice of erecting a tugh, but this was its first recorded appearance in Chinese writings. He also recorded several Kazakh oral tales, such as one concerning a green goat spirit of the lake whose appearance is a harbinger of hail or rain. The Qing government ultimately rehabilitated <mask>. In 1845, he was appointed Governor-General of Shaan-Gan (Shaanxi-Gansu).In 1847, he became governor-General of Yun-Gui (Yunnan-Guizhou). These posts were less prestigious than his previous position in Canton, thus his career never fully recovered from the failures there. Death and legacy

<mask> died in 1850 while on the way to Guangxi Province, where the Qing government was sending him to help put down the Taiping Rebellion. Though he was originally blamed for causing the First Opium War, <mask>'s reputation was rehabilitated in the last years of the Qing dynasty, as efforts

masks: Lin Lin Lin Lin Lin Lin Lin


title: Lin Zexu

texts: were made once more to eradicate opium production and trade. He became a symbol of the fight against opium, with his image displayed in parades, and his writings quoted approvingly by anti-opium and anti-drugs reformers. Despite the antagonism between the Chinese and the British at the time, the English sinologist Herbert Giles praised and admired <mask>: "He was a fine scholar, a just and merciful official and a true patriot." <mask>'s former home, situated in Fuzhou's historic Sanfang-Qixiang ("Three Lanes and Seven Alleys") district, is open to the public.Inside, his work as a government official, including the opium trade and other work where he improved agricultural methods, championed water conservation (including his work to save Fuzhou's West Lake from becoming a rice field) and his campaign against corruption are well documented. In China, <mask> is popularly viewed as a national hero. June 3—the day when <mask> confiscated the chests of opium—is unofficially celebrated as Opium Suppression Movement Day in Taiwan, whereas June 26 is recognized as the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in honour of <mask>'s work. Monuments to <mask> have been constructed in Chinese communities around the world. A statue of <mask> stands in Chatham Square in Chinatown, New York City, United States. The base of the statue is inscribed with "Pioneer in the war against drugs" in English and Chinese. A wax statue of <mask> also appeared in Madame Tussauds wax museum in London.More recently, <mask> has appeared as a character in River of Smoke, the second novel in the Ibis trilogy by Amitav Ghosh, which takes the Opium Wars as its setting to shed new light on a much-repressed history while offering a contemporary critique of globalisation. The novel takes place in 1838–1839, during which time <mask> arrived in Canton and tensions escalated between the foreigners and the Chinese officials. Three films have been made

masks: Lin Lin Lin Lin Lin Lin Lin Lin Lin Lin


title: Lin Zexu

texts:
 on his role in the Opium Wars such that he is now one of the symbols of modern China's resistance to European imperialism. His grandson Commodore <mask>g was an officer in the Beiyang Fleet and commanded one of China's two modern battleships purchased from Germany in the 1880s, Zhenyuan, during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895). He committed suicide with an opium overdose after the ship ran aground and had to be abandoned. <mask> descendants are living in Fuzhou, Fujian and surroundings, Jieyang (Puning), Meizhou, Guangdong and surroundings, various places in China and United States. <mask> is also remembered for a couplet he wrote after his exile which reflects his stoic acceptance: "海納百川，有容乃大。壁立千仞，無欲則剛。" ("The sea accepts the waters of a hundred rivers; its tolerance results in its grandeur.The cliff towers to a height of a thousand ren [unit of length roughly equal to a fathom]; its lack of desire gives it its resilience.") The first line of the couplet was chosen as the motto for Chinese Wikipedia. See also

 History of opium in China
 International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking
 7145 Linzexu
 Prohibition (drugs)

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Text of <mask>'s Letter to Queen Victoria (Alt)
Contemporary translation of the letter in The Chinese Repository volume 8, number 1, p. 9, published in May 1839: available at HathiTrust and at the Internet Archive
an image of the original letter is also available
 Lin Zexu Memorial

 "Lin Zexu" Encyclopædia Britannica Online

1785 births
1850 deaths
19th-century Chinese philosophers
Chinese political philosophers
Qing dynasty politicians from Fujian
People of the First Opium War
Political office-holders in Gansu
Political office-holders in Guangdong
Political office-holders in Hubei
Political office-holders in Yunnan
Politicians from Fuzhou
Viceroys of Huguang
Viceroys of Liangguang
Viceroys of Shaan-Gan
Viceroys of

masks:
Lin Taizen
Lin
Lin
Lin


title: Wei Guanzhi

texts:
<mask> (韋貫之) (760 – November 13, 821), né <mask> (韋純), courtesy name <mask> (貫之) or Zhengli (正理), was a Chinese politician and writer. He served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xianzong. Background
<mask> was born in 760, during the reign of Emperor Suzong. His family claimed ancestry from the Northern Zhou official <mask> (韋敻), through <mask>'s son, the Sui Dynasty general <mask> (韋世康). <mask>'s grandfather <mask> (韋希元) served as a county sheriff, while his father <mask> (韋肇) reached the position of deputy minister of civil service affairs. He had one older brother, <mask> (韋綬), and at least one younger brother, <mask>n (韋纁). During Emperor Dezong's reign
<mask> passed the imperial examinations when he was young, and early in the Zhenyuan era (785-805) of Emperor Suzong's grandson Emperor Dezong, he further passed a special examination for those considered talented and good-charactered, and thereafter was made Xiaoshu Lang (校書郎), a copyeditor at the Palace Library.After his term of service was over at the archival bureau, he was made the secretary general of Chang'an County, one of the two counties making up the Tang capital Chang'an. Near the end of Emperor Dezong's reign, the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region), Li Shi (李實), was very powerful, and whatever he recommended to Emperor Dezong would be done within several days. When someone recommended <mask> to Li, Li responded, "I have often heard of his talent, and he lives near me. I often wanted to meet him, and if I get a chance to, I will recommend him to the emperor." The person who recommended <mask> to Li relayed this to <mask>, but <mask>, while not

masks:
Wei Guanzhi
Wei Chun
Guanzhi
Wei Chun
Wei Xiong
Wei Xiong
Wei Shikang
Wei Chun
Wei Xiyuan
Wei Zhao
Wei Shou
Wei Xu
Wei Chun
Wei
Wei
Wei
Wei


title: Wei Guanzhi

texts:
 declining explicitly, never went to meet Li over a course of several years, and thus was not promoted during that time. During Emperor Xianzong's reign

Before chancellorship
Emperor Dezong died in 805, and was succeeded by his severely ill son Emperor Shunzong who, in turn, after reigning only a few months, passed the throne to his own son Emperor Xianzong. As Emperor Xianzong was named Li Chun, <mask> no longer used his original name and used his courtesy name of Guanzhi instead, to observe naming taboo.Shortly after Emperor Xianzong became emperor, <mask> was made an imperial censor with the title of Jiancha Yushi (監察御史). He submitted a petition asking that the position be given to his brother <mask>n instead. As a result, he was made You Bujue (右補闕), a consultant at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng), while <mask>n was made Jiancha Yushi. In 806, when Du Congyu (杜從郁), the son of the chancellor Du You, was set to be made Zuo Bujue (左補闕), a consultant at the examination bureau, <mask> and Cui Qun suggested that this was improper. Initially, Du Congyu's title was reduced to Zuo Shiyi (左拾遺), a lower rank, but still a consultant at the examination bureau, <mask> and Cui further clarified their rationale — that the consultants were there to suggest to the emperor corrections to make when the chancellors' governance were not proper, and they believed it improper for Du Congyu to be effectively casting judgment on his father's governance. Du Congyu thus was instead made the secretary general of the archival bureau. At a later point, he and Zhang Hongjing were in charge of a special imperial examination on strategies, and it was

masks:
Wei Chun
Wei Guanzhi
Wei Xu
Wei Xu
Wei Guanzhi
Wei