title: Robin Vos

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<mask><mask> (born July 5, 1968) is an American Republican politician and the 79th speaker of the Wisconsin State Assembly, serving in that role since 2013. He has been a member of the Assembly since 2005, representing most of the southern half of Racine County. <mask> is also president of National Conference of State Legislatures. <mask> came to prominence for his role in shepherding legislation to weaken bargaining rights and labor unions in Wisconsin while Scott Walker was governor, which culminated in the 2012 Wisconsin gubernatorial recall election. During the governorship of Tony Evers, a Democrat, <mask> has sought to curb the governor's powers. During the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> blocked Evers's efforts to increase the safety and accessibility of elections, sought to hinder public health measures to mitigate the pandemic, such as mask mandates, and opposed vaccine requirements by private businesses. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1968, in Burlington, Wisconsin, in Racine County.He graduated from Burlington High School in 1986. <mask> attended the University of Wisconsin–Whitewater, where he studied political science and public relations. While at Whitewater, he roomed with Reince Priebus, who later became chairman of the Republican Party of Wisconsin, chairman of the Republican National Committee, and White House chief of staff. In 1989, Wisconsin governor Tommy Thompson appointed <mask> as a student representative on the University of Wisconsin board of regents. <mask> graduated in 1991.

Business career and early political career
After graduation, <mask> worked as a legislative assistant to state representatives Jim Ladwig and Bonnie Ladwig. In 1994, <mask> was elected to the Racine county board of supervisors. He remained on the board for the next 10 years.Also in 1994, <mask> worked as district director for U.S. representative Mark Neumann of Wisconsin. In 1996 <mask> purchased the RoJos Popcorn Company in Burlington. In 2020, his popcorn business, Robin J. Vos Enterprises, received more than $150,000 in coronavirus relief

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title: Robin Vos

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 from the Paycheck Protection Program. Vos has an ownership stake of $4.8 million in rental properties in Whitewater, Wisconsin. In 2021, <mask> led Republican efforts in the Wisconsin legislature to redirect COVID-19 relief payments so that they would go directly to landlords, such as <mask>, rather than renters. Wisconsin state legislature
In 2004, <mask> ran for the Wisconsin state assembly to succeed Ladwig in the 63rd district. He was unopposed in the 2004 primary and general elections.After Republicans won full control of state government in Wisconsin in 2010, <mask> rose to prominence pushing the controversial budget restructuring act alongside governor Scott Walker. The law curtailed collective bargaining rights and public education funding in Wisconsin, and led to massive protests around the state, culminating in the 2012 Wisconsin gubernatorial recall election. In 2013, <mask> was elected speaker of the Wisconsin assembly. Between 2014 and 2018 he received about $57,000 in travel and perks from lobbyists and organizations. He said he was certain he had followed ethics rules with his travel. <mask> supports deregulating the payday loan industry. He opposes Medicaid expansion and spearheaded Republican efforts to block Medicaid expansion in Wisconsin.<mask> argued against Medicaid, saying "Trapping people in the life of poverty is not something that there's ever the right amount of money to do." In 2016 <mask> endorsed Marco Rubio for the Republican nomination for president. After Rubio dropped out of the race, Vos endorsed Ted Cruz. In August 2016, <mask> wrote in a column on a conservative website that he was "embarrassed" that Donald Trump was "leading our ticket" as the presumptive Republican nominee; the next month, <mask> said that he was "proud" to support Trump's candidacy due to his belief that Trump would energize Republican voters. In February 2019 Vos defended Brian Hagedorn, a judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals running for a seat on the Wisconsin Supreme Court, amid reports that Hagedorn had founded a school in 2016 that

masks: Vos Vos Vos Vos Vos Vos Vos Vos Vos Vos


title: Robin Vos

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 allowed for the expulsion of students and faculty if they were gay. <mask> said he believed Hagedorn could rule fairly on LGBT issues. In July 2019 <mask> was widely criticized for refusing to prohibit overnight floor sessions or allow Democratic lawmaker Jimmy Anderson, who is paralyzed and uses a wheelchair, to phone into committee meetings.He later accused Anderson of political grandstanding and attempting to sabotage him as <mask> took on his new national role as head of the National Conference of State Legislatures. In November 2020, <mask> was reelected by 16 percentage points. In November 2020, days after the unofficial count of the 2020 presidential election showed Joe Biden winning Wisconsin by 20,000 votes, <mask> directed an investigatory committee to review how the election was administered. This came as Trump made false claims of election fraud. <mask> also made misleading claims about the election process. In May 2021, <mask> appropriated $680,000 in taxpayer money to fund an investigation into fraud in the 2020 election; there was no evidence of substantial fraud in the election and all lawsuits that claimed fraud were dismissed by courts. When asked whether it was a conspiracy theory that the 2020 election was stolen, <mask> said it was not.In February 2021, <mask> sent a letter to the governor asking him to order that flags on state buildings be lowered in honor of right-wing radio host Rush Limbaugh, who had recently died. Lauded by conservatives, Limbaugh was a divisive figure criticized for his derogatory comments about women, racial minorities and LGBT people, as well as on-air promotion of conspiracy theories and falsehoods. <mask> praised Limbaugh as "a pioneer in talk radio, a best-selling author and a commentator who inspired generations to become active in politics." In October 2021, <mask> defended a heavily pro-Republican gerrymandered redistricting map for Wisconsin. Curbing the powers of the Evers administration
<mask> has been described as having a significant role in countering Governor Tony Evers. After Evers, the

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title: Robin Vos

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 Democratic nominee, won the 2018 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, defeating incumbent governor Scott Walker, <mask> was the first public official to propose curbing the incoming governor's powers. He claimed it was to restore a balance of power between the governor and the legislature, despite having previously voted to expand gubernatorial power.<mask> also said the changes were intended to lock in laws passed by Republicans and to prevent the incoming Democratic administration from fulfilling its campaign pledges, particularly a pledge to withdraw Wisconsin from a lawsuit seeking to overturn the federal Affordable Care Act. The Republican-led legislature was called into a December lame duck session and passed laws decreasing the powers of the incoming governor, limiting early voting, and giving the legislature more control. Walker then signed the bills. Christopher Beem of the McCourtney Institute of Democracy at Pennsylvania State University described Wisconsin Republicans' power grab as a "deeply undemocratic act" that, while possibly legal, eroded democratic norms by frustrating the expressed will of a majority of the electorate, immediately after an election, to make it "more difficult for the incoming administration to undertake actions that the majority has just shown that it wants." In June 2019, the Wisconsin Supreme Court rejected a challenge brought by the League of Women Voters and other groups to the laws enacted in the December 2018 lame-duck session, ruling in a 4–3 decision that extraordinary sessions are constitutional. In 2021, Politico wrote that <mask> was effectively a shadow governor of Wisconsin as he and the Republican majority in the state senate had used their powers "to block, thwart or resist almost every significant move made by Democratic Gov. Tony Evers."COVID-19 pandemic

In April 2020, amid the coronavirus pandemic, <mask> opposed calls by Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers, a Democrat, to delay the state's primary election from early April to late May, to make it a mail-in election, and to mail ballots to all

masks: Vos Vos Vos Vos


title: Robin Vos

texts: registered voters. The legislature adjourned without taking action on any of those proposals. When the governor then issued a last-minute emergency order to suspend in-person voting, <mask> and the state senate majority leader appealed the order to the state supreme court, which overturned it, and the election was held as scheduled. Due to the coronavirus pandemic, it was estimated that many voters would be effectively disenfranchised, and in-person voting was also considered a public health risk. According to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "<mask> had no answer to how local election officials are supposed to keep people safe as a massive shortage of poll workers has resulted in the closure or reduction of polling locations, forcing more people to vote at a single site." <mask> said, "If you are bored at home and sick of watching Netflix, volunteer to go and help at the polls." On election day, <mask> served as an election inspector.While dressed in full-body personal protective equipment, he said it was "incredibly safe" to vote at the polls. <mask> later clarified that the city he was volunteering for required that he wear the protective equipment. Because the Republican-controlled Wisconsin Legislature did not timely waive a requirement that unemployed Wisconsinites wait a week before they can be reimbursed unemployment benefits, Wisconsin lost $25 million in federal funding from the CARES Act. <mask> and Senate Majority Leader Scott Fitzgerald had been warned that this would happen if the waiver was not passed in time. In October 2020, during the pandemic, <mask> and Fitzgerald filed a brief in support of a lawsuit by the right-wing law firm Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty that sought to block a statewide mandate, issued by Governor Evers, requiring the wearing of face masks in indoor public places to prevent the spread of the virus. Evers issued the mandate at a time when cases and hospitalizations in Wisconsin were surging, straining the state's hospital systems. The legislature could have convened a session to terminate the health

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title: Robin Vos

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 emergency declaration and strike down Evers's mandate, but Wisconsin Republicans opted to go to court instead, so as to prevent vulnerable Republican legislators from having to vote against face mask mandates just before an election.A state judge rejected the attempt to strike down Evers's order, finding that state law "gives the governor broad discretion to act whenever conditions in the state constitute a public health emergency" and considering the fact that "The legislature can end the state of emergency at any time, but so far, it has declined to do so." In March 2021, after Congress passed a $1.9 trillion COVID-relief stimulus package, <mask> suggested that Wisconsin should reject the federal government's assistance to provide the unemployed with unemployment benefits for their first week of unemployment. In November 2021, <mask> said that members of the bipartisan Wisconsin Elections Commission (WEC) should "probably" face felony charges for easing some of the regulations around voting in nursing homes during the COVID-19 pandemic. <mask> opposes vaccine requirements for private businesses' employees and customers. In December 2021, he criticized vaccine requirements for health care workers, blaming the requirements for bed shortages at hospitals. Memberships
<mask> is second vice-chair of the board of directors of the State Legislative Leaders Foundation. A member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), <mask> is the group's former Wisconsin state chair.Electoral history

Wisconsin Assembly (2004–present)

References

External links
Representative <mask> - Speaker at Wisconsin Legislature
 National Conference of State Legislatures website
 Vos for Assembly (Campaign site)

 RoJo's Popcorn (Family business)

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1968 births
21st-century American politicians
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
County supervisors in Wisconsin
Living people
United States congressional aides
Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
People from Burlington, Wisconsin
Speakers of the Wisconsin State Assembly
University of Wisconsin–Whitewater

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title: Sanford Wallace

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<mask> 'Spamford' <mask>  (born c. 1968) is an internet spammer. He initially started sending junk faxes before coming to notoriety in 1997, promoting himself as the original "Spam King". <mask>'s prolific spamming has resulted in encounters with the United States government, anti-spam activists, and large corporations such as Facebook and MySpace. Early career
In the late 1990s, his company, Cyber Promotions, aka Cyberpromo, was widely blacklisted as a source of unsolicited email. <mask>'s high-profile pro-spam stance and unrepentant persistence earned him the derisive nickname 'Spamford'. Prior to his email spam ventures, <mask> had gained notoriety in other questionable marketing circles, as a heavy utilizer of junk fax marketing, a practice outlawed in the United States since 1991. In 1995, <mask> formed Cyber Promotions, entering the spam market.Thanks to a self-marketing campaign, Cyberpromo rapidly became the most successful seller of email marketing—as well as the number one source of unsolicited email. In 1996 he was sued by Concentric Network, an ISP, and entered into a consent decree not to use their network again. After Cyberpromo failed to become a legitimate business, <mask> returned to junk faxing in late 1997. <mask>'s company brought a number of spam-blocking evasion tactics to the fore of the spam battle. False return addresses, relaying, and multihoming were among the questionable practices used by Cyberpromo to ensure the penetration of their advertising. Retirement and reemergence
In April 1998, <mask> publicly announced that he was quitting the spam business. Cyberpromo was converted to what he claimed was an "opt-in" email marketing company and renamed GTMI.The revised company was plagued by major financial problems, as well as the spectre of its former self, with large numbers of people unconvinced of <mask>'s change of heart. <mask> pulled out of the new venture

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title: Sanford Wallace

texts: quickly. GTMI's problematic origin led to its rapid demise. After <mask>'s internet connection was disconnected for spamming in 1999, he filed a lawsuit against anti-spam activist Mark Welch, but abandoned the suit a month later. , <mask> was working as a DJ in New Hampshire, making weekly appearances at area nightclubs. <mask> performed under the name DJ MasterWeb. He was also the owner of a night club in New Hampshire called Plum Crazy, which filed for bankruptcy in 2004.It appears that <mask> did not leave the Internet marketing business entirely. In 2001 he was linked to a website, passthison.com, which utilized multiple-window launching to snag Web viewers, an advertising practice rarely seen outside of the online pornography industry. <mask> was also involved in another opt-in project, SmartBotPRO.NET, which is now apparently also defunct. On October 8, 2004, the Federal Trade Commission filed suit against <mask> and his company, SmartBOT, for infecting computers with spyware then offering a solution to remove the problem for $30. In January 2005, it was announced that <mask> had agreed to stop distributing the software until the charges with the FTC are settled. Subsequently, a default judgment was issued against <mask> forbidding him and associates from distributing spyware or any other software without consumer's consent. In March 2006, the FTC filed a suit again against <mask> and SmartBOT for practices similar to the 2004 suit.This time <mask> and his co-defendants were ordered to pay $5,089,550.48 in fines. In 2007, MySpace filed suit against <mask> for phishing and spamming. <mask> had used automated software not allowed by MySpace to create 11,000 fake profiles, in order to direct MySpace users to other websites. In July 2007, US District Judge Audrey B. Collins issued an order prohibiting <mask> from creating or maintaining MySpace profiles, and from using MySpace to post

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title: Sanford Wallace

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 public comments, or send private messages. In April 2008, the California Central District Court issued a default judgment against <mask> in MySpace's lawsuit, after <mask> failed to turn over documents or appear in court. On January 26, 2008, The Register reported that the FTC has asked the Judge overseeing the 2006 settlement to find <mask> and partner Walter Rines in civil contempt of court for their use of malware and social engineering on MySpace to promote porn and gambling sites. In May 2008 <mask> and Rines were ordered to pay $230 million to MySpace by the L.A. District Court when they failed to appear for trial.Facebook sued <mask> in California District Court for posting spam messages on members' walls. <mask> has already been fined $4 million for installing ad-related spyware on peoples' computers, and was fined $230 million for his activities on MySpace, according to MediaPost. <mask> filed for bankruptcy in June 2009. On October 29, 2009, federal judge Jeremy D. Fogel awarded Facebook $711 million in damages. Although Facebook believed it was unlikely to collect due to <mask>'s bankruptcy, the presiding judge in the case also recommended criminal contempt charges against <mask>, which carry the possibility of incarceration. On August 4, 2011, <mask> was indicted by a federal grand jury in San Jose, California, on various counts of electronic mail fraud, intentional damage to a protected computer, and criminal contempt. The indictment followed a two-year investigation by the FBI into his alleged infiltration of Facebook accounts in order to spam its users.<mask> denied the charges and was released on $100,000 bail. In August 2015, <mask> pleaded guilty to electronic mail fraud and criminal contempt of court as well as admitting to mass spamming in 2008 and 2009. He also pleaded guilty to violating a court order to not access Facebook's computer network. Conviction
In June 2016,

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title: Sanford Wallace

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 <mask> was sentenced to thirty months in prison and ordered to pay hundreds of thousands of dollars in restitution for bombarding Facebook users. U.S. District Court Judge Edward J. Davila also sentenced <mask> to mental health treatment and five years of probation once he is released. Judge Davila barred <mask> of possessing or using any computer without the permission of the probation order. He pleaded guilty to one count of fraud and related activity in connection with electronic mail and one count of criminal contempt of court.<mask> served his sentence in Colorado, where he was assigned Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate number 16075-111. He was released from prison on May 21, 2018, after serving 21 months. See also
Oleg Nikolaenko
Leo Kuvayev

References

External links
 Mike Hammer and Brian Shapiro interview with <mask> September 7, 2016

News articles
 <mask> mini-bio and interviews from archive.org, originally at AnnOnline
 CNET: Return of the Spam King November 20, 1997
 CNET: Spam site killed under threats January 19, 1998
 Wired: <mask>: Back to the Fax? January 23, 1998
 FTC files case against spyware companies October 7, 2004
 U.S. files first suit against Internet 'spy ware' October 8, 2004
 Notorious Net marketer to halt spyware ads January 4, 2005
 FTC Orders Former Spam King To Pay $4 Million For Spyware Scam May 4, 2006
 MySpace files phishing and spam suit against <mask> March 27, 2007
 Spamford Wallace's MySpace riches come under attack January 26, 2008
 MySpace Wins Record $230m in Case Against 'Spam King' May 14, 2008

Court cases
 Concentric Network Corporation v Cyber Promotions
 Cyber Promotions v AOL
 Cyber Promotions v CompuServe
 Cyber Promotions v Earthlink Wallace case archives
 <mask> v. Welch (1999)
 Spamford Wallace banished from MySpace

1968 births
21st-century American criminals
American computer criminals
American people convicted of fraud
Email

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title: Frederick C. Finkle

texts:
<mask><mask> (May 3, 1865 - April 7, 1949)  was an American consulting engineer and geologist. He was Chief Engineer or Consulting Engineer on eighteen major dams to impound water for domestic use, power and irrigation in California and other Western States. Background
<mask><mask> was born in Viroqua, Wisconsin. He was the son of Thurston (born Torstein Finkelsen) and Sophie Amalie (born Michelet) <mask>. His father and grandparents emigrated to the U.S. in 1850 from Vestre Slidre in the Oppland, Norway. His mother's family also emigrated in 1850 from Lillehammer, Norway. His mother’s family had emigrated from Metz, France to Norway in the 17th century.<mask> <mask> (baptized as <mask> <mask>) was educated at the district grammar schools and high school of Westby, and Viroqua, Wisconsin. He  graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1887, where he majored in hydraulics and geology. He could speak, write and read eight languages including English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian. He also had a thorough knowledge of classical Latin and Greek. Career

Early years
He began his career  in California as a hydraulic engineer and geologist in January, 1887. Between 1887 and 1914, He served as:
Chief Engineer of North Riverside Land & Water Co., 1887 to 1890, in San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, Calif.
City Engineer of San Bernardino, Calif., 1890 to 1892
Chief Engineer of water resources and sanitation for California State Public Institutions, 1894 to 1895
Chief Engineer of Redlands Electric Light & Power Co., 1895 to 1896
Chief Engineer of Southern California Power Co., and California Power Co., 1896 to 1901
Chief Hydraulic Engineer and Geologist for Southern California Edison Co., Ltd., 1901 to 1908
Consulting Engineer and Geologist for

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title: Frederick C. Finkle

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 contributed articles to some of the "Water Supply and Irrigation Papers" published by the United States Geological Survey, and to the National Irrigation Congress, Engineering Magazine and Engineering News-Record. He was a vigorous and vocal opponent of Prohibition who wrote to President Hoover urging him to support modifying the restrictive liquor laws that he believed were adversely affecting the vitality and economic life of the nation.Civic affiliations
President of the Southwest Chamber of Commerce, later Southside Chamber of Commerce  (1924 to 1925)
Member of the  Los Angeles Rapid Transit  Commission  1925 to 1926)
Vice President of the  Harbor District Chambers of Commerce  (1928 to 1931) and its President during the year 1941
Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers,  American Association of Engineers, American Water Works Association, and a life member of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers

Personal life
He was married in 1889 to Louisa Thoma Beckstead. He had two children by this marriage, William and Roy. Later he married Priscilla Ann Jones in 1901. There was one child from this union, <mask>, Jr. In 1924, he married <mask> Billette. They adopted a daughter Yvette <mask>. At the time of his death, he resided in Beverly Hills, California and was survived by his wife Henrietta.References

Other sources
 Biographical Encyclopedia of the World (1948), pages 135-6
 Who's Who in America (1948–49), page 797

Related reading
 Mulholland,  <mask> Mulholland and the Rise of Los Angeles (University of California Press, 2002)

1865 births
1949 deaths
American geologists
People from Viroqua, Wisconsin
People from Beverly Hills, California
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Engineers from Wisconsin
American people of Norwegian descent
Engineers

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Catherine William


title: Madhaviah Krishnan

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<mask> (30 June 1912 – 18 February 1996), better known as M<mask>, was a pioneering Indian wildlife photographer, writer and naturalist. Early life

M<mask> was born in Tirunelveli on 30 June 1912 and was the youngest of eight siblings. His father was a Tamil writer and reformer A<mask> who worked with the Salt and Abkari Department of the Government of Madras. His father's writings included one of the first realistic Tamil novels, Padmavathi Charithram published in 1898 and an English novel Thillai Govindan published in 1916. His father voluntarily retired from Government service and started a press from which he published a Tamil magazine called Panchamritam. When his father died in 1925, he was taken care of by his eldest sister, Lakshmi. Krishnan studied in the Hindu High School and developed an interest in literature, art and nature.His family lived in Mylapore, and in those days it was covered in shrub and teemed with bird life, jackals and blackbucks. Krishnan even had a pet mongoose. In 1927 Krishnan joined the Presidency College and graduated with a BA in 1931. He also took a keen interest in botany, taught by Professor P. F. Fyson. He accompanied Fyson on field trips to the Nilgiris and the Kodaikanal hills and also acquired watercolour painting techniques from Professor Fyson's wife. Krishnan did not do well in his education and jobs were not easy. One of his older brother's who was married to the daughter of Sir T. Vijayaraghavacharya of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa, took Krishnan to his father-in-law for advice.Krishnan was told that unless he managed to do well in studies, he could not be helped. Writing
For a while he made a living by writing to small magazines and publishing some of his drawings and

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 allow a mere government to pay for him. He however accepted the Padma Shri from the Indian Government in 1970. In some of his writings he was critical and opinionated and was not well known for his diplomacy.He would refuse to let editors change his texts and that was his condition when asked to contribute a column. He fiercely argued that the usage Himalaya was correct and that a redundant 's' at its end did not respect its Sanskrit origin. Honours

<mask> was awarded the Padma Shri by the Indian government in 1960 for his work. and the prestigious Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship in 1968. His birth centenary in 2012, was commemorated by the Madras Naturalists' Society, Prakriti Foundation and the IIT Wildlife Club. The Madras Naturalists' Society which featured most of Krishnan's writings in their journal Blackbuck in the 1990s gives away the "M<mask> Memorial Nature Writing Award" annually. Notes

References
 Baskaran, S. T.(ed.) (2002) Mazhiakalamum Kuyilosaiyum. Ma. KrishnanIyarkaiyiyal katturaikal. Kalachuvadu Pathipagam. Pages 208. A collection of his Tamil writings including his line drawings.Ramachandra Guha (ed). 2000. Nature's Spokesman : M. Krishnan and Indian wildlife. Delhi, Oxford University Press. .
 Chandola, Ashish, Shanthi Chandola, T.N.A. Perumal (compilers) (2006) Eye in the Jungle/M. Krishnan. Hyderabad, Universities Press. .External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060505102642/http://ncf-india.org/pubs/Madhusudan%202001.pdf
 https://web.archive.org/web/20061201232624/http://in.news.yahoo.com/060505/48/641nx.html

Indian wildlife photographers
1912 births
1996 deaths
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows
20th-century Indian photographers
People from Tirunelveli district
Photographers from

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title: Nicholas Bayard

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<mask> (c. 1644–1707 or 1709) was a government official and slave trader in colonial New York. Bayard served as the mayor of New York City from 1685 to 1686. He is historically most notable for being Peter Stuyvesant's nephew and for being a prominent member of the <mask> family, which remained prominent in New York City history into the 20th century. Early life
<mask> was born in Alphen, Holland, the son of a Huguenot refugee to <mask> (c. 1615–c. 1647) and Ann Stuyvesant (1613–1683), the sister of Governor Petrus Stuyvesant. In May 1647, he accompanied his widowed mother to America. Three other children, Balthazar (who married Maria Lockerman in 1664), Petrus (who married Blandina Kierstede in 1674) and Catharine (who married William De Meyer), also arrived in New Amsterdam.His Aunt <mask> (c. 1615–1687), the sister of <mask>, married Director General Stuyvesant, and thus there was a double relationship between the families. Career
In 1664, Stuyvesant, whose patronage supported Bayard's career, appointed him clerk of the Common Council, and soon afterward became private secretary to Stuyvesant and received the additional appointment of surveyor of the province. After the re-conquest of New York by the Dutch in 1672, <mask> became secretary of the province. Under the second English regime, in 1685, when Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick, was governor, Bayard was mayor of New York; prior to 1680, New York mayors served one-year terms but thereafter they served two-year terms, with few exceptions. <mask> was one of the exceptions and served only one year. As a member

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title: Nicholas Bayard

texts:
 of the governor's council, <mask> drew up the Dongan Charter that was granted in 1686. In 1688, he received, at the head of the regiment of militia of which he was colonel, the restored but cordially detested Governor Edmund Andros.As one of the three resident members of the governor's council, and commander-in-chief of the militia of the province, he was the object of popular hatred during Leisler's Rebellion, and fled to Albany to escape assassination. Returning to attend an only son on his sickbed, he was arrested and briefly imprisoned. He was released upon the arrival of the new governor, Henry Sloughter, who put down the rebellion and sat on the Common Council. A Narrative of an Attempt made by the French of Canada upon the Mohaque's Country, by Colonel <mask> and his friend Lieut.-Colonel Charles Lodowick was published in London in 1693. <mask> was a slaveholder and owner of slave ships throughout much of his adult life. According to Alan J. Singer, he
was the mayor of New York City under the English from 1685 to 1686 and a nephew of Dutch colonial superintendent Peter Stuyvesant, the largest private slaveholder in the Dutch colony.Samuel was a member of the colonial assembly and related through marriage to the prominent slaveholding Van Cortlandt, Van Rensselaer, and Schuyler families. <mask> and then Samuel owned and operated sugar mills processing slave-produced commodities in the city. The Bayard’s owned stakes in at least eight slave-trading ships. There are Bayard Streets in lower Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island, and in the Westchester County towns

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title: Nicholas Bayard

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 of New Rochelle and Larchmont. Aside from his sizeable farm in the "Out Ward" of New York, Bayard received a license from the notoriously corrupt Governor Benjamin Fletcher in 1694 to buy 4,000 acres along the Schoharie Creek from the Indians, for some £100. When Fletcher chartered his staunch ally's purchase in 1695, the original 4,000 acres became a tract forty miles long and thirty miles broad on both sides of the Schoharie Creek, some 768,000 acres, the Manor of Kingsfield. The Indians were unhappy and repudiated the deal.They found an ally in Governor Bellomont, who replaced Fletcher in 1697 and revoked some of Fletcher's most outrageous land grants, including <mask>'s. Colonel <mask> did not relinquish his claim on these lands and went to London to clear his title before the Lords of Trade. Accused in 1702 of high treason before Chief Justice William Atwood, on the basis of a remonstrance signed by him and others, as libelous, he was sentenced to death; but after the death of the New York governor and the removal of Atwood on a corruption charge, the proceedings were annulled by an order in council, and he was reinstated in his property and honors. Personal life
On 23 May 1666, he married Judith Verlet or Varleth, daughter of Casper Varleth whose brother <mask>h was Ambassador to Virginia from New Amsterdam. Together, they were the parents of:

 <mask> (1669–1746), a member of the Colonial Assembly who married Margaretta Van Cortlandt (b. 1674), daughter of Stephen Van Cortlandt and his wife, Gertruj Schuyler, daughter of Philip Pieterse Schuyler, and established

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title: Nicholas Bayard

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 the Bayard family in colonial New York, on 12 March 1696. The Bayard Farm
Many historic buildings in SoHo and elsewhere in lower Manhattan stand on land formerly belonging to his Bayard Farm.This includes Sullivan Street. The old <mask> house, erected in 1751 by a later <mask>roix into a new site for his popular resort, known as "Vauxhall Gardens." The only other residences within sight in pre-Revolutionary days were the Robert De Lancey mansion, on the east side of the Bowery, and Peter Stuyvesant's seat to the north. Not far distant rose "Bayard's Mount", fortified as "Bunker's Hill" in the early stage of the American Revolution. Descendants
Through his son Samuel, he was the grandfather of <mask>, who married Elizabeth Rynders (b. 1673), granddaughter of Jacob Leisler, July 3, 1729, <mask>, who married Peter Kemble (1704-1789), a prominent New Jersey businessman and politician, and <mask>, who married Alida Vetch, and served as the 39th Mayor of New York City. He was the great-grandfather of <mask> (b.1736), who married Catharine Livingston (1743–1775), daughter of Peter Van Brugh Livingston (1710–1792) and Mary Alexander, on April 20, 1762, <mask>, who married Jeremiah Van Rensselaer (1738–1810), son of Johannes Van Rensselaer (1708–1793) and Engeltie "Angelica" Livingston (1698–1746/47) in 1760. References
Notes

1640s births
1700s deaths
American members of the Dutch Reformed Church
American slave owners
American slave traders
<mask>
Mayors of New York City
People from Alphen aan den Rijn
People of colonial New York
People of New Netherland
Year of birth

masks:
Bayard
Nicholas Bayardac
Nicholas Bayard
Gertrude Bayard
Stephen Bayard
Nicholas Bayard
Judith Bayard
Nicholas


title: Yechezkel Landau

texts:
<mask>  (8 October 1713 – 29 April 1793) was an influential authority in halakha (Jewish law). He is best known for the work Noda Biyhudah (נודע ביהודה), by which title he is also known. Biography
<mask> was born in Opatów, Poland, to a family that traced its lineage back to Rashi, and attended yeshiva at Ludmir and Brody. In Brody, he was appointed dayan (rabbinical judge) in 1734. In 1745 <mask> became rabbi of Yampol. While in Yampol, he attempted to mediate between Jacob Emden and Jonathan Eybeschütz in a debate—"The Emden-Eybeschütz Controversy"—that "had disrupted Jewish communal life for many years". Emden had accused Eybeschuetz of being a crypto Sabbatean, primarily based on amulets Eybeschuetz had written, which Emden believed contained Sabbatean kabbalah.<mask> proposed a compromise, in which all amulets allegedly written by Eybeschuetz would be hidden away, and Eybeschuetz would accept to refrain from producing any amulets in the future. Furthermore, all accusations against Eybeschuetz would stop, and no further polemics would be published. <mask>'s role in the Emden - Eybeschuetz controversy is described as "tactful" and brought him to the attention of the community of Prague—where, in 1755, he was appointed rabbi. He also established a yeshiva there; Avraham Danzig, author of Chayei Adam, is amongst his best known students. <mask> was highly esteemed not only by the community, but also by others; and he stood high in favor in government circles. Thus, in addition to his rabbinical tasks, he was able to intercede with the government on various occasions when anti-Semitic measures had been introduced. Though not opposed to

masks:
Yechezkel ben Yehuda HaLevi Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau


title: Yechezkel Landau

texts:
 secular knowledge, he objected to "that culture which came from Berlin", in particular Moses Mendelssohn's translation of the Pentateuch.His son, <mask> (1752 – 31 October 1834, Prague), was chief dayyan of Prague. <mask> was the champion of Orthodox Rabbinism, and when, at the end of the eighteenth century, the Austrian emperor planned the establishment of Jewish theological seminaries, <mask> was one of the rabbis that objected thereto. He had a controversy on this subject with Baruch Jeiteles (Phinehas Hananiah Argosi di Silva), who, under the title of Ha-Oreb, published (Vienna, 1795) <mask>'s letter to him and his own rejoinder. <mask> published his responsa under the title of Shibat Ẓiyyon (Prague, 1827). He edited his father's Ahabat Ẓiyyon and Doresh le-Ẓiyyon (ib. 1827), adding to the former work four homilies of his own, and to the latter a number of halakic discourses. [Jewish Encyclopedia]

Works
His main work of responsa, titled Noda Biyhudah (נודע ביהודה, "Known in Judah", a reference to Psalms 76:2 and his father's name), is one of the principal sources of Jewish law of his age.Famous decisions include those limiting autopsy to prevent a clear and present danger in known others. This collection was esteemed by rabbis and scholars, both for its logic and for its independence with regard to the rulings of other Acharonim as well as its simultaneous adherence to the writings of the Rishonim. Other works
Dagul Mervavah on the Shulkhan Arukh (cf. Song of Solomon 5:10)
Tziyun le-Nefesh Chayah (abbreviated as Tzelach, named in reference to his mother, whose name was Chayah) on the Talmud. Drushei HaTzlach, a collection of

masks:
Samuel Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau


title: Yechezkel Landau

texts:
 sermons. Ahavas Tzion
Doresh LeTzion

Notable views

Returning to the Talmud
Landau was disturbed by the increasing influence of non-Talmudic sources on the Jewish community. He believed that many kabbalistic concepts were being understood in a heretical fashion, and was especially concerned with the prospect of the kabbalistic ideology of the Sabbatean movement infiltrating the populace.<mask> frequently spoke against teaching Kabbalah to the masses, and was echoed in this regard by his student, Elazar Fleckeles, who praised the government for instituting laws limiting the study of kabbalah. In his responsa, when asked about matters that had no source in the Talmud, <mask> would often respond, "it is not my way to study any issue which is not discussed in the Talmud". He responded in such a manner to inquiries about the ethical will of Rabbi Yehuda haChasid, which contains various instructions not found in the Talmud, a question about the proper manner of writing certain letters in the Torah scroll according to kabbalistic literature, and other similar questions. Opinion on the Zohar
In his sefer Derushei HaTzlach, <mask> argued that the Zohar can not be considered reliable, since it only came into the hands of the Jewish people many hundreds of years after Rashbi's death, and thus lacks an unbroken mesorah as to its authenticity, among other reasons. Clashes with the haskalah movement
<mask> condemned the haskalah movement in harsh terms. In numerous public sermons, he campaigned against the study of heretical philosophy. He particularly singled out Hartwig Wessely for criticism after the publication of the latter's Divrei Shalom

masks: Landau Landau Landau Landau


title: Yechezkel Landau

texts:
 V'emes, which advocated abandoning the traditional Jewish educational system, in favor of one with an emphasis on secular studies.Opposition to Chasiddus
<mask> was a staunch opponent of the nascent Hasidic movement. In one response, he writes "...In this generation of ours [people] have abandoned God’s Torah and the source of living waters–the two Talmuds, Bavli and Yerushalmi–to dig for themselves broken cisterns. And in the haughtiness of their hearts they exalt themselves; each one says "I am the one who sees, to me the gates to heaven have opened, and on my account the world is sustained". These [people] are the destroyers of the generation and of this orphaned generation I say that God's ways are just, and the righteous shall walk in them, and the Chasidim shall stumble in them [This is an alteration of Hoshea 14:14, in which the prophet says that sinners will stumble in them.]..." Opposition to the Sabbatean movement
According to Sid Z. Leiman and Maoz Kahana, although <mask> was extremely active in combating the Sabbatean movement, he believed the most effective means of eradicating it would be to aggressively counter overt Sabbateanism, while ignoring those Sabbateans who stayed hidden. Simultaneously, Landau sought to weaken the appeal of kabbalah (the study of which often lured people to the Sabbatean movement). Thus, <mask> aimed to deprive the Sabbateans of any platform, and cause the Sabbatean movement to wither on its own.Besides the specific debate over the status of Jonathan Eybeschuetz, Jacob Emden expressed strong disagreement with <mask>'s approach, advocating instead for a far more aggressive anti Sabbatean


title: Harold Taylor Wood Grant

texts:
Vice-Admiral <mask>,  (March 16, 1899 – May 8, 1965) was a Canadian naval officer and a post-war Chief of the Naval Staff. The son of Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, <mask>, <mask> entered the Royal Canadian Navy as a cadet in 1914. He spent most of the First World War in training until 1917, when he became a midshipman aboard a British Royal Navy ship. Considered an above average officer, he was earmarked for early promotion during the interwar period and by 1938, commanded the destroyer . During the Second World War, <mask> was sent to command the British cruisers  and  as training in preparation for the Canadian acquisition of the ship type later in the war. During his time in command of Enterprise, he took part in the Battle of the Bay of Biscay, earning his Distinguished Service Order, the invasion of Normandy and bombardment of Cherbourg where he was wounded. He then commanded the Canadian cruiser  until war's end.Following the war, <mask> served as a staff officer and deputy to the Chief of the Naval Staff, Howard E. Reid. <mask> succeeded Reid as Chief of the Naval Staff on September 1, 1947 and was made vice admiral. He commanded the Royal Canadian Navy through the early years of the Cold War and the Korean War, during which a series of personnel unrest, the restructuring of the navy, and the beginning of the anti-submarine warfare specialisation took place. <mask> retired from the navy on December 1, 1951. Early life
<mask> was born on March 16, 1899 in Halifax, Nova Scotia to Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia MacCallum <mask> and Laura MacNeill <mask>. He had one sister and five brothers, one of whom was John Moreau <mask>. He studied at the Royal Naval College of Canada at Halifax from 1914 to 1917.As a cadet,

masks:
Harold Taylor Wood Grant
MacCallum Grant
Harold Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Parker Grant
Grant


title: Harold Taylor Wood Grant

texts:
 <mask> was often ill but considered of good character and graduated with a first-class certificate. Naval career

Early career
During the First World War, <mask> was sent to the British Royal Navy for further training and was a midshipman with  in February 1917. He then served aboard  and  in the Atlantic and North Sea. In 1919, <mask> was promoted to sub-lieutenant and posted aboard  that saw service in the Baltic Sea. He returned to Canada in 1923. That year he was posted to  based at Halifax and  based at Vancouver, British Columbia the following year. Beginning in 1927, <mask> served in several Royal Navy warships including the battleships  and .He returned to Canada again in 1934. Considered an above average officer by senior Canadian officers Leonard W. Murray and George C. Jones, <mask> was earmarked for early promotion and reached the rank of commander in 1935. <mask> chose navigation as his specialty and attended Royal Navy staff courses. Upon his return to Canada, he was appointed to . In 1932, he married Christian Mitchell of Halifax, from an old Haligonian family and a secretary to the deputy minister of Defence. He served as Director of Canadian Naval Plans and Director of Naval Reserves. It was during this period that the Chief of the Naval Staff, Percy W. Nelles rebuked <mask>, having thought his promotion had gone to his head and earned a reprimand for poor behaviour.In 1936, <mask> was sent back overseas to join the staff of the Royal Navy Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet and take further staff courses. In 1938, he returned to Canada and was appointed commanding officer of the destroyer . Second World War

At the outbreak of the Second World War, <mask> was a member of the command staff of the Atlantic Coast.

masks: Grant Grant Grant Grant Grant Grant Grant Grant Grant


title: Harold Taylor Wood Grant

texts: Promoted to captain in 1940, he became Director of Naval Personnel. It was during this period that <mask> suggested that the expansion of the navy be halted to consolidate and train the existing personnel. He was overruled. <mask> was then sent east where he appointed Captain (D) in St. John's in command of the destroyers assigned to the Newfoundland Escort Force.Six months later he was made commanding officer of the Royal Navy cruiser  in March 1943. This was done by Nelles to give Canadian officers experience with larger ships as the Royal Canadian Navy was intending to acquire cruisers and aircraft carriers as the war continued. Six months later, he shifted his command to the cruiser . He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for "gallantry and skill and good service in command of HMS Enterprise in an action with enemy destroyers". On December 28, 1943, in the Bay of Biscay, Enterprise and fellow light cruiser,  took on 11 German destroyers. The two ships sank three German ships, damaged several other German ships and chased the rest of the German ships into a French port. He was Mentioned in Despatches for his service during the D-Day invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944.During the invasion, Enterprise conducted shore bombardment in support of the invasion forces at Utah Beach. He was awarded the Bronze Star Medal by the United States for his actions during the naval bombardment of Cherbourg on June 25, 1944, during which he was wounded in an exchange with shore batteries. After leaving Enterprise, <mask> returned to Royal Canadian Navy service and commissioned the cruiser  and deployed to the Pacific. However, the surrender of Japan ended the war before Ontario could arrive and instead <mask> and the cruiser helped

masks: Grant Grant Grant Grant


title: Harold Taylor Wood Grant

texts:
 re-establish British control over Hong Kong. <mask> was awarded the Companion of the Order of the British Empire in January 1946. Chief of the Naval Staff
<mask> was promoted rear admiral in February 1946 and was appointed Chief of Administration Services and Supply in Ottawa, Ontario. He served as deputy to Chief of the Naval Staff Howard E. Reid, but for the most part, influenced the policy of the time more than Reid.Following the end of the war, the Royal Canadian Navy was greatly reduced in size, with fewer ships and those ships in service only partially manned. <mask> had a tendency to promote regular force officers over those of reserve backgrounds. He also maintained that senior officers did not require formal staff training. <mask> was considered "blunt, arbitrary, a firm decision-maker and a sea-dog to the core." By the time of <mask>'s promotion to vice admiral, appointment as the Chief of the Naval Staff and successor to Reid on September 1, 1947, the Minister of National Defence, Brooke Claxton sought to focus the navy's efforts on anti-submarine warfare (ASW) defence. <mask> approved of Canada's new commitments to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). However, he disapproved of Claxton's interference in naval affairs and some of these, including the re-arrangement of ranks within Canada's armed forces was one of the factors that led to a series of personnel unrest in 1949.Following the unrest, a commission was set up by Claxton headed by Rear-Admiral Rollo Mainguy. <mask> wanted the commission to be internal, but Claxton refused. Mainguy was <mask>'s man on the commission while Claxton chose Louis Audette, a former naval reservist who disliked <mask>. The report latter found that several deficiencies in


title: Harold Taylor Wood Grant

texts:
 morale, training and leadership. It also affirmed that a Canadian identity for the navy should be expanded. <mask> had already put in motion several initiatives to correct them, with the exception of the Canadian identity. <mask> initially refused to support this recommendation and it was only  with Claxton's pushing that <mask> acted on it.In 1950, the Korean War began and the Royal Canadian Navy was the only Canadian force able to send units immediately to the Korean Peninsula. At the same time, <mask> was pushing for increased support for naval aviation and the new s. The Korean War allowed <mask> to seek funds for naval expansion and seven of the  St. Laurents were authorised, along with increased personnel and active ships. The first of the St. Laurents,  was launched on November 30, 1951. On December 1, <mask> retired. The launch of St. Laurent established Canada's naval identity for the remainder of the Cold War as an ASW-specialised force. <mask> was succeeded as Chief of the Naval Staff by Vice-Admiral Rollo Mainguy. After retiring, he continued with naval life, serving as the president of the Royal Canadian Naval Benevolent Fund from 1956 to 1963.<mask> died in Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa, Ontario on May 8, 1965. He was buried at Fairview Cemetery in Halifax. He was survived by his wife and three children. Citations

Sources

1899 births
1979 deaths
Canadian admirals
Canadian military personnel from Nova Scotia
Operation Overlord people
Canadian military personnel of World War I
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
Canadian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Canadian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
People from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Royal Canadian Navy officers
Commanders of the Royal

masks: Grant Grant Grant Grant Grant Grant Grant Grant


title: Sheridan Smith

texts:
<mask> OBE (born 25 June 1981) is an English actress, singer and presenter. <mask> came to prominence after playing a variety of characters on sitcoms such as The Royle Family (1999–2000), Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps (2001–2009), Gavin & Stacey (2008–2010), and Benidorm (2009). She played the role of Joey Ross on the drama series Jonathan Creek (2009–2013) and went on to receive acclaim for starring in a succession of television dramas, such as Mrs Biggs (2012), Cilla (2014), The C Word (2015), Black Work (2015), and The Moorside (2017). Her feature film credits include Tower Block (2012), Quartet (2012), and The Huntsman: Winter's War (2016). <mask> has performed in the West End musicals Little Shop of Horrors (2007), Legally Blonde (2010), Funny Girl (2016), and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat (2019). She released her debut album, <mask>, in 2017. Her second album, A Northern Soul, was released in 2018.In late 2006, <mask> started voicing Lucie Miller for Doctor Who, as part of the BBC7 Big Finish audio range, alongside Paul McGann's Eighth Doctor, in the story Blood of the Daleks. <mask> is the recipient of two Laurence Olivier Awards, a British Academy Television Award, a National Television Award and a BPG Award, as well as two International Emmy Award nominations. She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to drama. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born on 25 June 1981 in Epworth, the only daughter of Marylin <mask> and the late <mask> (1936–2016). Her grandfather was a banjo player in Yorkshire and later played as a

masks:
Sheridan Smith
Smith
Smith
Sheridan
Smith
Smith
Sheridan Sian
Smith
Smith
Colin Smith


title: Sheridan Smith

texts:
 trio with his daughters. <mask> studied dance at the Joyce Mason School of Dancing from an early age. She later attended South Axholme Comprehensive School; she was a member of the National Youth Music Theatre from 1995 to 2001, performing a number of understudy roles in productions such as Bugsy Malone, Pendragon, and Into the Woods.She completed her further education at John Leggott College in Scunthorpe. Career

Film and television
From 1999 to 2000, <mask> played Emma in The Royle Family. She played Janet Keogh in the long-running series Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps from 2001 until 2009. In February 2003, she appeared in "Immediate Care", an episode of The Royal, where she played the part of Francesca Wheeler, a teenage girl who was suffering from leukemia. In 2004, she made a one-episode appearance in Mile High as Suzy, an airport cleaner who impersonates a flight attendant in an attempt to become cabin crew. She also featured in The Comic Strips 2005 episode "Sex Actually" as Angie. <mask> played Cleo Martin in Love Soup (2005) and starred as Michelle, a hypocritical nutritionist, in three series of the sitcom Grownups (2006–2009).She has also appeared on The Lenny Henry Show as M.E. Westmocott, a role spoofing the various medical examiners on CSI. In the 2009 Two Pints of Lager Comic Relief special, which crossed over with Grownups, she played her characters from both series. <mask> has also appeared in a number of other shows including the BBC's Eyes Down, in which she played Sandy, and smaller parts in shows such as The Bill and Fat Friends. She featured as Rudi: <mask>'s little sister in the second and

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smithy


title: Sheridan Smith

texts: third series of the BBC Three sitcom Gavin & Stacey. She guest starred in the Christmas 2008 episode of Lark Rise to Candleford. Since 2009, she has played Joey Ross in special seasonal episodes of Jonathan Creek, namely "The Grinning Man" (2009), "The Judas Tree" (2010), and "The Clue of the Savant's Thumb" (2013).She played Brandy in the third series of Benidorm. During 2010, <mask> acted as a mentor to the contestants of the BBC show Over the Rainbow. Sky Arts' Chekhov Comedy Shorts also featured <mask> in 2010 when she starred as Natasha in The Proposal. She appeared in the 2011 film Hysteria, about the invention of the vibrator. For the factual hospital series Bizarre ER, she took over narration duties from Freema Agyeman. She appeared in the 2012 ITV film adaptation of Daphne du Maurier's novel The Scapegoat. In September 2012 <mask> played the title role in Mrs Biggs, a five-part series on ITV.In 2013, she appeared in the Channel 4 series Dates. In January 2014, she starred in the two-part BBC drama The 7.39. In March 2014, she appeared in the ITV crime drama The Widower as the first wife of serial killer Malcolm Webster. Later that year, she featured in the series Who Do You Think You Are? and played Cilla Black in the three-part ITV drama series Cilla. In 2015 she starred as cancer patient Lisa Lynch in the one-off BBC drama The C Word and as policewoman Jo Gillespie in the three-part ITV drama Black Work, which was nominated for a National Television Award in 2016. <mask> narrated the reality series Bear Grylls: Mission Survive from 2015.The show was nominated for a National Television Award in 2016 but was cancelled

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: Sheridan Smith

texts: after two series. In February 2017, she starred in The Moorside, a BBC drama based on the kidnapping of Shannon Matthews in 2008. She appeared in her own ITV music special in November 2017. Titled <mask>, the one-off special presented by Alexander Armstrong saw her performing some of the songs from her album, and talking about her life. In December 2017, <mask> starred as evil step-mum Sheila in the television adaptation of David Walliams' children's book, Ratburger. It was broadcast on Sky One. In January 2019, she began appearing as Sam in ITV drama series Cleaning Up.In January 2021, <mask>aul's Drag Race UK. Later in 2021, she presented the BBC dog-grooming competition Pooch Perfect. In January 2022, <mask> starred as Jenna in The Teacher, a drama series about a drinking, hard-smoking, hard-living teacher who is accused of sleeping with one of her students. Critics generally were positive of <mask>, with one reviewer for The Independent praising her performance as "so much flair and vulnerability" and rating the show 4/5 stars. <mask>'s theatre credits include the musical Into the Woods at London's Donmar Warehouse, and Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew and A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park. She also played Audrey in the stage production of Little Shop of Horrors at the Menier Chocolate Factory, London, from November 2006, with the production then transferring to the Duke of York's Theatre in March 2007. Following a successful run the production moved again at the end of June 2007 to the New Ambassadors Theatre, where its played until September 2007.<mask> was nominated for the 2008

masks:
Sheridan
Smith
SmithuP
Smith
Smith
Theatre Smith
Smith


title: Sheridan Smith

texts: Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Musical for her performance in the show. <mask> appeared as Vanessa in Tinderbox: a Revenge Comedy by Lucy Kirkwood at the Bush Theatre, Shepherd's Bush, in April 2008. <mask> originated the role of Elle Woods in the musical version of Legally Blonde in its transfer from Broadway to London's West End in December 2009. Ex-Blue boyband member Duncan James played opposite <mask> until June 2010, when he was replaced by Richard Fleeshman. Other cast members <mask> has performed alongside include Aoife Mulholland as Brooke, Denise Van Outen as Paulette, Peter Davison as Professor Callahan and Alex Gaumond as Emmett Forrest. Her performance was well received, The Daily Telegraph describing her as: "blessed with vitality, warmth, great comic timing and sudden moments of touching vulnerability. She is infinitely more likeable than Reese Witherspoon in the film."<mask> was originally supposed to leave Legally Blonde on 23 October 2010, but she extended her run to 8 January 2011, when Susan McFadden took over the role. For her role in Legally Blonde, <mask> won the WhatsOnStage.com Theatregoers' Choice Award for Best Actress in a Musical. She was also nominated for the Natasha Richardson Award for Best Actress and was the winner of the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Musical. Between March and June 2011, she appeared in Trevor Nunn's production of Flare Path at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket as Doris, a former barmaid married to a Polish count in the RAF. The production was part of the playwright Terence Rattigan's centenary year celebrations and

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: Sheridan Smith

texts: also starred Sienna Miller and James Purefoy. For this role she won the 2012 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role, the 2011 Natasha Richardson Award for Best Actress and the BroadwayWorld UK Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play. As well as her role in Legally Blonde, <mask> also performed the title role in the workshop productions of a new musical adaptation of Bridget Jones' Diary.On 5 April 2012, it was announced that <mask> had decided to pull out of the musical, and would no longer be playing the title role, delaying the production of the show. From September to November 2012, <mask> played the title role in Hedda Gabler at the Old Vic, winning the 2013 Theatregoers' Choice Award for "Best Actress in a Leading Role" in a Play. Shortly before collecting her award at the ceremony on 17 February 2013, <mask> performed the original song "Stagey and Proud", which was written by Chris Passey and Amy Carroll. From September to November 2013, she starred alongside David Walliams in a West End production of A Midsummer Night's Dream, as part of Michael Grandage's season of plays at the Noël Coward Theatre. <mask> starred in a new London production of the musical Funny Girl. It previewed at the Menier Chocolate Factory from 20 November 2015, opened on 2 December and ran until 6 March 2016. The show then transferred to the Savoy Theatre in the West End for a 12-week run, but extended through 8 October 2016.<mask> states in The Stage that she is married to the job. <mask> continued with the role throughout its UK Tour. <mask> played the Narrator in a new production of Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber's

masks:
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Sheridan Smith
Smith
Smith


title: Sheridan Smith

texts:
 Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat at the London Palladium over the 2019 summer season with Jason Donovan as The Pharaoh and Jac Yarrow as Joseph. <mask> played companion Lucie Miller alongside Paul McGann's Eighth Doctor in a radio series of Doctor Who, produced by Big Finish and transmitted on BBC 7 from New Year's Eve 2006; the plays returned in a second series released on CD and scheduled for BBC 7 broadcast. A third series of adventures for Lucie and the Doctor aired in March 2009, as weekly half-hour downloads followed by a Christmas Special. Lucie Miller made her final appearances in the fourth series, ending in 2011. She also narrated two Big Finish Short Trips stories, "The Curse of the Fugue" and "Flashpoint."<mask> has reprised her role as Lucie Miller opposite McGann's Eighth Doctor in The Further Adventures of Lucie Miller, released in July 2019. <mask> also appeared as Ruby Ruggles in the 2008 radio serial The Way We Live Right Now, and took over the role of Tamsin Trelawny in series 2 of Elephants to Catch Eels on BBC Radio 4. Personal life
<mask> has spoken about her anxiety, panic attacks, and difficulties with alcohol. She was  in a relationship with Jamie Horn, an insurance broker, between 2018 and 2021. Together they have a son, born in May 2020. Discography

Albums

Singles

Filmography

Film

Television

Non-acting television

Theatre

Awards and nominations

Music

Classic BRIT Awards

Theatre

BroadwayWorld UK Awards

Evening Standard Awards

Laurence Olivier Awards

Manchester Theatre Awards

Whatsonstage.com Audience Awards

Television

AACTA Awards

BAFTA TV Awards

Emmy Awards

National

masks:
Radio Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


title: Marshall Pinckney Wilder

texts:
<mask> (September 19, 1859 – January 10, 1915) was an American actor, monologist, humorist and sketch artist. Early life

<mask> (sometimes spelled Marshal) was born along the north shore of Seneca Lake at Geneva, New York, the son of Dr. <mask> and the former Mary A. Bostwick. He shared the same name as his great-uncle, a distinguished amateur pomologist and floriculturist who helped found the Boston Horticultural Society and American Pomological Society. His father was an 1843 graduate of the Geneva Medical College and for a number of years an attending physician at Flower Hospital at the New York Medical College and a member of the New York Homeopathic Medical Society. While still a boy, <mask>'s family moved to Rochester where he became popular for his talent as a storyteller and apparent gift as a clairvoyant. It was also at Rochester that <mask> received his early inspiration for a later vocation after attending a public reading at Corinthian Hall. In his youth he worked as a pin-boy at a bowling alley and storeroom clerk for a summer resort, before moving to New York City  around the age of twenty.He found employment as a file boy with a commercial firm. <mask> started augmenting his income by giving humorous monologues for 50 cents a performance. Career

These early performances held in the drawing rooms of wealthy New Yorkers gained him the notoriety to soon join the ranks of full-time entertainers. In 1883 <mask> traveled to London where he became a favorite of the British Royal Family. While still the Prince of Wales, King Edward VII became an admirer of <mask> and over the years would attend nearly twenty of his performances. In 1888, <mask> joined The Lambs Club. His career eventually branched into vaudeville and in 1904 embarked on a round the world tour.In describing his monologues the Syracuse Herald wrote in a 1907 article: "His pathos, his humor, his indescribable droll and uplifting optimism keeps bubbling forth all through the evening". <mask>, who always signed his correspondence "Merrily yours", authored three books over his career: The People I've

masks:
Marshall Pinckney Wilder
Marshall Pinckney Wilder
Louis de Valois Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder


title: Marshall Pinckney Wilder

texts:
 Smiled With (1899), The Sunnyside of the Street (1905), and Smiling Around the World (1908); and edited a number of volumes of The Wit and Humor of America and The Ten Books of the Merrymakers. The Washington Post wrote in 1915 of his coping with physical disabilities (dwarfism and kyphosis), "<mask> coaxed the frown of adverse fortune into a smile." Though nearly forgotten today, <mask> was heralded in his lifetime and did not let his dwarfism be an excuse for cheap entertainment. <mask> shunned offers by showmen like P.T. Barnum to instead become an established legitimate stage actor and sketch artist. He made his earliest motion picture appearance in 1897, for which he received $600,  and his last in 1913.<mask> also left recordings of his routines. At the end of each performance <mask> was known to seek out everyone involved in the show to shake their hand always with a generous tip in his palm. <mask> was until his final curtain call a headliner earning a five-figure annual income. At one point in his career <mask> was willing to take a cut in pay in order to play a vaudeville circuit he felt catered to an audience that better appreciated his humor. This did not happen, however, because of booking issues. Marriage

In 1903 <mask> married Sophie Cornell Hanks, the daughter of a New Jersey dentist. Sophie was a writer and dramatist who collaborated with <mask> on his books.Their daughter Grace was born in 1905 around the time the couple returned from the world tour. <mask>. followed a year or so later. On December 20, 1913, Sophie died at the age of 35 in New York City after a brief illness and failed operation. She was in the city to give dramatic readings of her new book, The Golden Lotus. Death

Following the loss of his wife, <mask>'s health began to decline and a little over a year later fell ill while in St. Paul, Minnesota, for an engagement. His death there on January 10, 1915, was attributed to heart disease complicated by pneumonia. The funeral service was held a few days later at the Stephen Merritt Mortuary Chapel in New York.The writer and artist Elbert

masks:
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Marshall Wilder
Wilder
Marshall Jr
Wilder


title: Marshall Pinckney Wilder

texts:
 Hubbard wrote an obituary for <mask> which declared <mask> "picked up the lemons that Fate had sent him and started a lemonade-stand." <mask> was survived by his children, who shared the bulk of his quarter-million-dollar estate, and a sister, Jennie Cornelia <mask>, who also had some success as an entertainer of diminutive stature. During the Great Depression <mask> served as director of the Puppets and Marionettes department of the Public Works Administration (PWA) Drama Division. She would later serve in a similar capacity as a social worker in New York City  and with community puppet theaters in California. According to one of his obituaries, puppetry was a childhood interest of her father's who would entertain his neighbors with Punch and Judy shows charging two cents admission or a nickel for reserved seating. <mask><mask> Jr. (1913–1964) became a pioneer in the development of television when in 1931 he participated in the first successful transmission of a signal to a ship stationed some 50 miles offshore. And later during World War II was one of the technicians who helped develop what today are called smart bombs by engineering a television camera small enough to fit into the nosecone of a bomb or unmanned aircraft that could be directed by remote control.Filmography

<mask><mask> (1897)
Actor's Fund Field Day (1910)
<mask><mask> (1912)(as himself)
Chumps (1912)
The Five Senses (1912)
The Pipe (1912)
The Greatest Thing in the World(1912)
Professor Optimo (1912)
Mockery (1912)
The Godmother (1912)
The Curio Hunters (1912)
The Widow's Might (1913)

References

External links

portrait gallery of <mask><mask>(NY Public Library, Billy Rose collection)
<mask><mask> speaking in 1908 recording

1859 births
1915 deaths
19th-century American male actors
American male stage actors
American male silent film actors
American non-fiction writers
Actors with dwarfism
American expatriate male actors in the United Kingdom
Entertainers with dwarfism
Vaudeville performers
Male actors from New York (state)
Writers from New York (state)
20th-century American male actors
People from

masks:
Wilder
Wilder
Marshal Wilder
Wilder
Grace Wilder
Marshall P
. Wilder
Marshall P
. Wilder
Marshall P
. Wilder
Marshall P
. Wilder
Marshall P
. Wilder


title: Pearl Bergoff

texts:
<mask> (April 23, 1875 or 1878-August 11, 1947) was an American strikebreaker noted for violent tactics from the early 1900s through the 1930s. Early life

<mask> was born in Detroit, Michigan. His birth date is given as April 23, 1875 in his 1918 draft registration and a 1920 passport application and the same date in 1878 in a 1924 passport application. At his death in 1947, The New York Times reported that he gave his age to the hospital as 62, but that other sources indicated he was 68. He was named <mask> because his mother wanted a girl. His father Julius, who was born in Germany, was an itinerant fish-trader and land speculator, and abandoned the family was <mask> was 13. Career
<mask> worked as a spotter on the Metropolitan Street Railway in Manhattan.His job was to watch conductors to verify that they recorded all the fares they accepted. He opened the Vigilant Detective Agency in 1905. <mask> was in the employ of strikebreaker James A. Farley (1874–1913) in 1906, working as the bodyguard to Stanford White, when White was murdered by Harry Kendall Thaw at Madison Square Garden. By selling his diary of the sensational crime to the New York World, <mask> raised the money to fund the company founded with his brother Leo, the Bergoff Brothers Strike Service and Labor Adjusters, which was established in 1907, with offices in the Schubert Building at 39th Street and Broadway in Manhattan. The company's early strikebreaking actions were characterized by extreme violence. A 1907 strike of garbage cart drivers resulted in numerous confrontations between strikers and the strikebreakers, even when protected by police escorts. Strikers sometimes pelted the strikebreakers with rocks, bottles, and bricks launched from tenement rooftops.When longshoremen went on strike in 1907, the steamship companies hired Bergman, who brought in black and Italian immigrant strikebreakers.

masks:
Pearl Louis Bergoff
Bergoff
Pearl
Bergoff
Bergoff
Bergoff
Bergoff


title: Pearl Bergoff

texts:
 <mask> relied on thugs from the Monk Eastman gang to "ride herd on the assembled scabs." Pressed Steel Car Strike of 1909

In 1909, the Pressed Steel Car Company at McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, fired forty men, and eight thousand employees representing sixteen nationalities walked out under the banner of the Industrial Workers of the World. The company hired Bergoff's agency, who in turn hired strikebreaking toughs from the Bowery, and shipped vessels filled with unsuspecting immigrant workers directly into the strike zone. Other immigrant strikebreakers were delivered in boxcars, and were not fed during a two-day period. Later they worked, ate, and slept in a barn with two thousand other men. Their meals consisted of cabbage and bread.At the end of August a gun battle erupted, leaving six dead, six dying, and fifty wounded. Public sympathy began to swing away toward the strikers. There were violent confrontations between strikers and strikebreakers, but also between strikebreakers and guards when terrified workers demanded the right to leave. One Austro-Hungarian immigrant who managed to escape informed his government that workers were being held against their will, resulting in an international incident. In addition to kidnapping, strikebreakers complained of deception, broken promises about wages, and tainted food. Early in September the company acknowledged defeat and negotiated with the strikers. Twenty-two had died in the strike.But <mask>'s business was not hurt by the defeat; he boasted of having as many as ten thousand strikebreakers on his payroll. He was getting paid as much as $2,000,000 per strikebreaking job by large industrial clients. Even before the strike was over, and then in more detail in 1911, the strikebreakers appeared before federal panels to describe their own living and working conditions after they were brought to the conflict. Held inside

masks: Bergoff Bergoff


title: Pearl Bergoff

texts:
 the plant or in boxcars against their will, fleeced, stolen from, physically threatened, and given rotten food, one hearing witness collapsed and was diagnosed with ptomaine poisoning. By August 28, 200 of the strikebreakers had responded by banding together in their own improvised union. They had quit work and were camping on the nearby banks of the Ohio River in an attempt to collect back wages, naming Chief of Police Farrell of the Coal and Iron Police and <mask>'s lieutenant Sam Cohen as those most responsible. Lawyer for the strikebreakers was the ambitious William N. McNair, who alleged that this treatment amounted to peonage.(McNair would later serve one term as Mayor of Pittsburgh in 1934.) During these hearings, <mask> explained that "musclemen" under his employ would "get... any graft that goes on", suggesting that was to be expected "on every big job." Other testimony indicated that <mask>'s "right-hand man", described as "huge in stature, weighing perhaps 240 pounds", surrounded himself with thirty-five guards who intimidated and fleeced the strikebreakers, locking them into a boxcar prison with no sanitation facilities when they defied orders. Subsequent career
<mask> settled in Bayonne, New Jersey, built the biggest office building in the city (which still stands), and sent strikebreakers to the Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–1916. He was hired to break a strike at the Erie Railroad in 1920, for which he was paid $2 million. He also broke strikes of street cleaners and the Interborough Rapid Transit and Brooklyn Rapid Transit in New York City. <mask> once said that he had earned $10 million, and his annual salary from 1914 to 1924 was reputed to have been $100,000, plus dividends of $200,000 to $400,000.<mask>'s business declined around 1923. He went into the land business in Florida, then returned to New Jersey and strikebreaking around 1930 with

masks:
Pearl Bergoff
Bergoff
Bergoff
Bergoff
Bergoff
Bergoff


title: Pearl Bergoff

texts:
 renewed success. A sympathetic article in the January 1935 Fortune lists a few of the "172 strike jobs" <mask>'s firm had handled, with notes such as "1907, Munson Steamship Line stevedores. First fatality" and "1910, Philadelphia Rapid Transit, motormen, conductors. Streetcar strikes are most fun; strikebreakers pocket fares." In September 1934, <mask> was hired in response to a textile workers strike in Georgia and duly took two-hundred men to the South. When Georgia Governor Eugene Talmadge found out that <mask> and his men were in the state, he had the Georgia National Guard detain and deport them to New York.In December 1935 <mask> was the subject of a book-length exposé by the labor editor of the New York Post, Edward Levinson. The book was called I Break Strikes!. Labor leader Walter Reuther credited this examination of <mask>'s practices as a major impetus to the creation of the La Follette Committee. <mask>'s involvement in the violent Remington Rand strike of 1936–1937 resulted in his program of anti-union activities, the "Bergoff Technique", being republished and repackaged as the Mohawk Valley formula. It also resulted in the federal indictments of James Rand Jr. and <mask> for violation of the 1936 Byrnes Act prohibiting the movement of strikebreakers across state lines. Both men were acquitted on November 18, 1937. But it would be his last major engagement.With his business model outlawed, and his private detective license subsequently revoked by the state of New York, <mask> retired from public view. Personal life
He died on August 11, 1947 in New York City. He was survived by his wife, Libby, a son and a daughter. See also

Anti-union violence
History of union busting in the United States
Mohawk Valley formula
Union busting

References

1947 deaths
Labor disputes in the United States
Labor detectives
People from Bayonne, New Jersey
People from

masks: Bergoff Bergoff Bergoff Bergoff Bergoff Bergoff Bergoff Bergoff


title: Vern Gosdin

texts:
<mask> (August 5, 1934 – April 28, 2009) was an American country music singer. He had 19 top-10 solo hits on the country music charts from 1977 through 1990. Three of these hits went to Number One: "I Can Tell By the Way You Dance (You're Gonna Love Me Tonight)", "Set 'Em Up Joe", and "I'm Still Crazy". Career

Early years
As the sixth child in a family of nine, <mask> began singing in Bethel East Baptist Church in his birth place of Woodland, Alabama, United States, where his mother played piano. <mask> and two brothers sang gospel on Birmingham radio station WVOK. <mask> later moved to Chicago, Illinois, where he operated the D&G Tap. He idolized The Louvin Brothers and The Blue Sky Boys as a young man.1960s – West Coast Country music movement
In 1961, <mask> moved to California, where he joined the West Coast Country music movement, first as a member of the Golden State Boys, which became The Hillmen, and included Chris Hillman. Gosdin then formed The Gosdin Brothers with brother Rex. The duo appeared on the charts in the late 1960s with a song titled "

" on the Bakersfield International label, then with "Till The End" on Capitol Records. During the same time period, the Gosdin Brothers were featured on Hillman's former Byrds mate Gene Clark's first solo album, the 1967 well-regarded Gene Clark with the Gosdin Brothers, singing backing vocals on all of the tracks behind the lead vocals of Clark and lead guitars of Clarence White, Glen Campbell, and Bill Rinehart (later of the Merry-Go-Round). 1970s – Retirement and comeback
<mask> retired from performing

masks:
Vernon Gosdin
Vern Gosdin
Gosdin
Gosdin
Gosdin
Gosdin


title: Vern Gosdin

texts:
 during the 1970s and moved to Cartersville, Georgia, where he operated a glass company. In 1976, he signed with Elektra Records and his first hit was a remake of "Hangin' On", which featured Emmylou Harris on harmony vocals and peaked at No. 16.His next single, "Yesterday's Gone", which also featured Harris, became his first Top 10 hit in 1977. Several more hits followed between 1977 and 1979 with the biggest of these hits being a remake of "Till the End" and a cover of The Association's "Never My Love" which also featured harmony vocals from Janie Frickie. 1981–1983: Today My World Slipped Away
In 1981, <mask> signed with Ovation Records and scored a Top 10 hit with "Dream of Me". After Ovation Records closed their doors later in 1981, <mask> signed with A.M.I. Records where he scored a Top 10 hit in 1982 with "Today My World Slipped Away". (This song later became a number-three hit for George Strait). First released by Gosdin in 1983, "Tennessee Courage" was written by Louis Brown, Gosdin and Max D. Barnes.The song would also be recorded by Keith Whitley and many others over the years and is considered a favorite among fans of traditional country music. Barnes and Brown were both notable Nashville songwriters each with hundreds of songwriting credits; Barnes would eventually win over 42 songwriting awards in his career. Brown would go on to write as a staff writer for 'Tree Publishing' and 'Stoney Lonesome Music Publishing', both headquartered on Music Row in Nashville, Tennessee. <mask>, meanwhile, signed with Complete Records in the early 1980s, and, in

masks: Gosdin Gosdin Gosdin


title: Vern Gosdin

texts:
 1984, released There Is A Season, picked by the Los Angeles Times as best country album of the year. The early 1980s also found a great combination of talent as <mask> traveled from coast to coast opening shows for George Jones. 1983–1985: If You're Gonna Do Me Wrong (Do It Right) and There Is a Season
<mask> made the top 10 consistently in the early 1980s, really hitting his stride when he teamed with Barnes as a songwriting collaborator. The pair specialized in songs of cheating and barroom romance, often delivering an over-the-top emotionalism that got Gosdin compared to George Jones.In 1983, <mask> had two top 5 hits — "If You're Gonna Do Me Wrong (Do It Right)" and "Way Down Deep" with the former earning him a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Performance, Male. The following year, he had his first No. 1 single with "I Can Tell by the Way You Dance (You're Gonna Love Me Tonight)", which had previously been recorded by Gary Morris. On September 22, 1985, Gosdin appeared at the original Farm Aid concert at the University of Illinois' Memorial Stadium. 1987–1989: Chiseled in Stone
After Compleat Records went bankrupt, <mask> signed with Columbia in 1987. He immediately had success with "Do You Believe Me Now", and scored another No. 1 hit with a tribute to Ernest Tubb called "Set 'Em Up Joe".<mask>'s "Chiseled in Stone", co-written with Barnes, won the Country Music Association's Song of the Year award in 1989 and earned them a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Country Song. 1989–1990: <mask>'s 1989 album, Alone, was a concept

masks:
Gosdin
Gosdin
Gosdin
Gosdin
Gosdin
Alone Gosdin


title: Vern Gosdin

texts:
 album in a traditional country style. It chronicled the dissolution of <mask>'s marriage and included his final number-one hit: "I'm Still Crazy". From 1989 to 1991, he released a number of songs and three more made the Billboard top 10: "Right in the Wrong Direction", "That Just About Does It" and "Is It Raining at Your House". "Raining" has been covered by Brad Paisley and Lorrie Morgan, and "That Just About Does It" by Willie Nelson. Later years
<mask> suffered a stroke in 1998, but he continued writing and singing up until his death. In 2009, <mask> collaborated with Joe Sins of the country music duo The Sins to write and record his final four songs.<mask>, who suffered a stroke in early April, died at a Nashville hospital the evening of April 28, 2009, at the age of 74. His remains were buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Nashville, Tennessee. Discography

References

Bibliography
Hines, Geoffrey (1998). "<mask> Gosdin". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press.pp. 206–7. External links
 CMT.com: <mask> Gosdin
 <mask> Gosdin remembrance in the Tripwire

1934 births
2009 deaths
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
People from Randolph County, Alabama
Elektra Records artists
Columbia Records artists
A&M Records artists
Ovation Records artists
20th-century American singers
Country musicians from Tennessee
Country musicians from Alabama
20th-century American male singers
Burials at Mount Olivet Cemetery (Nashville)
Singer-songwriters from Alabama
Singer-songwriters from

masks:
Gosdin
Gosdin
Gosdin
Death Gosdin
Vern
Vern
Vern


title: Atma Jayaram

texts:
<mask> (31 August 1915 - 19 March 1990) was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between November 1971 to August 1975. His tenure was during one of the most turbulent political periods of modern India. He served under then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Early life

Born in Colombo to Dr. T.<mask> (1881-1940), young <mask> had a privileged upbringing. Dr. <mask> was one of the few licensed medical practitioners of the time and was fairly wealthy, however he began life from a poor family. He was married at the end of the 19th century, and his wife died shortly after giving birth to a daughter. His subsequent marriage in 1912-1913 brought him two sons and a daughter, <mask> being the younger of the two brothers.<mask>'s younger sister and mother died before the age of five. <mask> and his brother Dayaram were educated at some of Ceylon's (Sri Lanka) most well known institutions. <mask> <mask> studied at Trinity College, Kandy, graduating in 1932. He pursued a degree in science at the Ceylon University College and graduated in 1935. Upon finishing his academics, he received admission into the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge studying physics in 1936. During his three-year Tripos, he attended Pembroke College. He studied under Lord Ernest Rutherford, the Nobel Prize Laureate who had gained acclaim for the discovery of the atomic nucleus.After graduating in 1939, he returned to Colombo. Career

Indian Police Service
After returning to Sri Lanka, <mask> attempted the civil services exam, however due to his Indian origins, was not allowed to work for the civil service. Following this, he joined the Imperial Police in India, then under British rule. His first posting was in Tenali in the Madras Presidency, now Andhra Pradesh, in 1940. Over the next few years he was posted throughout the presidency before being called to join the Intelligence Bureau in 1948 under Sir N.P. Smith and T.G. Sanjeevi Pillai.Pillai was to become the first Indian to head the Intelligence Bureau. Intelligence Bureau
<mask> served with the

masks:
Atma Jayaram
Katakam Jayaram
Atma
Jayaram
Atma
Atma
Atma
Atma
Jayaram
Jayaram
Jayaram


title: Atma Jayaram

texts:
 IB during the 1950s and early 1960s. He was posted in Cairo and Beijing and was known to be on an acquaintance of Kim Philby, one of the members of the infamous Cambridge Five. In Cairo, journalist David Holden often called on him and his wife. In 1962, he returned to India to work at headquarters. He worked in the IB as an assistant director till 1968. In 1968, <mask> was appointed Inspector General of Andhra Pradesh, the official head of police in the state.He served till 1971 when Indira Gandhi on the recommendation of RAW Chief R. N. Kao was made the Director of the Intelligence Bureau. Director of the Intelligence Bureau

Soon after becoming director, the 1971 War broke out. RAW and the IB had to work together. Kao and <mask> were extremely close friends, and both ensured that their respective agencies worked together during the course of the Bangladeshi liberation. <mask> served as the director during the breakout of the Indian Emergency but retired on 31 August 1975 after his 60th birthday. Director General of Punjab, S.N. Mathur took over as director.Emergency
On 12 June 1975, Justice Jagmohanlal Sinha of the Allahabad High Court found the Prime Minister guilty on the charge of misuse of government machinery for her election campaign. Protests led by J.P.Narayan, Raj Narain, Satyendra Narayan Sinha and Morarji Desai flooded the streets of Delhi close to the Parliament building and the Prime Minister's residence. According to the first interim report of the Shah Commission on 11 March 1978, no reports were filed by the Intelligence Bureau between 12 and 18 June, suggesting a state of emergency. Chapter 5.28 of the report says that on 18 June a top secret note between Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and the Director of Intelligence, which suggest constant surveillance of the Congress' political opponents. On the evening of 25 June 1975 Mrs. Gandhi wrote to President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed recommending a proclamation of emergency. The letter was made public under chapter 5.52 of the Shah Commission report. Chapters 5.57, 5.58 and

masks: Jayaram Jayaram Jayaram


title: Atma Jayaram

texts:
 5.59 of the report say that <mask>, S.L.Khurana(Home Secretary) and H.R. Gokhale(Minister for Law and Justice) learnt of the Emergency only on the morning of June 26. Chapter 5.60(g) states that"While the Director of Intelligence, the Home Secretary, Cabinet Secretary(B.D. Pande) and the secretary to the Prime Minister(Parmeshwar Narayan Haksar) had not been taken into confidence, Shri R.K. Dhawan, the then additional private secretary to the Prime Minister had been associated with the preparation and promulgation of the emergency from the early stage". This statement suggested that the four officials, including <mask> had possibly opposed Mrs. Gandhi's decision to impose emergency. Due to this opposition, it is possible that Mrs. Gandhi asked <mask> to resign after being given a one-year extension earlier that month. Facts are currently unknown, but it is likely that Mrs. Gandhi would have preferred to have the police force on her side during the Emergency.Anecdotes
A.S Dulat, former director of RAW called him “A gentleman’s gentleman”. Like Kao, <mask> was known to have an extremely sharp mind and was considered a no nonsense intelligence chief. Dulat commented that during an intelligence meeting, an officer had made a mistake. <mask> addressed everybody with a quick remark, “Gentleman, a cat has nine lives, an intelligence officer has one,” reiterating the fact that the IB could not afford to make mistakes. Surendra Pathania, former Director General of Maharashtra, commented that <mask> had a great sense of style. Pathania, a junior officer at the time, called on <mask> at 9, Tuglak Road(the Director's official residence) and was surprised to see him in dark pink trousers. "He was effortlessly stylish and junior officers like us were always welcome at 9, Tuglak Road."See also
Bangladesh Liberation WarEmergencyIntelligence Bureau

References

Directors of Intelligence Bureau (India)
1990 deaths
1915 births
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Alumni of Trinity College, Kandy
Cavendish Laboratory
Sri Lankan people of Indian

masks: Jayaram Jayaram Jayaram Jayaram Jayaram Jayaram Jayaram


title: Joe Tipton

texts:
<mask> (February 18, 1922 – March 1, 1994) was an American professional baseball player. He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1948 through 1954 with the Cleveland Indians, Chicago White Sox, Philadelphia Athletics, and the Washington Senators. In 417 career games, <mask> recorded a batting average of .236 and accumulated 29 home runs, and 125 runs batted in (RBI). Born and raised in Georgia, <mask> played amateur baseball until the Cleveland Indians signed him. He spent two years in the minor leagues before serving in World War II. He played two more years in the minor leagues upon his return, then made his MLB debut with the Indians in 1948. The Indians traded him to the White Sox in 1949, then the White Sox sent him to the Philadelphia Athletics in 1950.<mask> spent two and a half years with the Athletics before returning to Cleveland. After spending a season with the Washington Senators, he played and managed in the minor leagues for a few seasons before being banned from the minor leagues. After the ban, he moved to Birmingham, Alabama where he died in 1994. Early life and career
<mask> was born and raised in McCaysville, Georgia as the fifth of seven children. His birthplace was on the Tennessee border, so it was originally registered as Copperhill, Tennessee. <mask> attended Epworth High School and Copperhill High School in Tennessee, where he played on the high school basketball and football teams. He moved to Shannon, Georgia at the age of 16 in order to pursue a career in baseball.<mask> began his playing career in the Textile League with Brighton Mills in Shannon in 1938, and spent the next three years with the Talladega team. While with Talladega, he

masks:
Joe Hicks Tipton
Tipton
Tipton
Tipton
Tipton
Tipton
Tipton


title: Joe Tipton

texts:
 was spotted by a scout from the Cleveland Indians organization, who signed <mask> to a professional contract. After being signed by the Indians, <mask> made his professional debut with the Appleton Papermakers of the Wisconsin State League, where he had a .298 batting average and 11 home runs in 59 games. He spent most of the year there, and played in ten games with the Flint Arrows of the Michigan State League. In 1942, <mask> was promoted to the Charleston Senators, the Indians' Class C minor league affiliate. In one of his first games with the Senators, <mask> hit two triples and a home run to give his team the win by a score of seven to four. In 81 games with the team, Tipton had a .313 batting average.Military service
Before the 1943 season began, <mask> joined the military to serve in World War II. He served in the United States Navy and was part of the Pacific Theater of Operations from 1943 to 1945. During his time in the Pacific, he served on the . The ship was hit by kamikaze attack in January 1945; <mask> emerged unscathed from the attack. After the end of the war, <mask> returned to baseball. He spent the 1946 season with the Harrisburg Senators, and had a .327 batting average in 104 games. In 1947, he was promoted to the Wilkes-Barre Barons of the Eastern League.That season, he had a .375 batting average, which led the league. The following season, <mask> joined the Cleveland Indians for spring training. By the end of March, he was considered a sure thing to make the major league roster. Major League career
The Cleveland Indians decided to keep only two catchers on the roster for the 1948 Cleveland Indians season, and manager Lou Boudreau chose <mask> to back up Jim

masks: Tipton Tipton Tipton Tipton Tipton Tipton Tipton Tipton Tipton


title: Joe Tipton

texts: Hegan. He made his major league debut on May 2, and a month later, in a game on June 6, he had five hits in five plate appearances to give Cleveland a win against the Philadelphia Athletics. <mask> played in 47 games over the course of the season and had a .289 batting average. He also played in one game during the 1948 World Series, striking out in his only appearance.After the World Series, Indians owner Bill Veeck wanted to improve the pitching staff. Despite finding <mask> to be worthy of a starting job and despite Veeck considering trading Hegan instead, <mask> was traded to the Chicago White Sox for <mask>. Early in the season, White Sox manager Jack Onslow accused <mask> of tipping pitches after a loss to the St. Louis Browns and fined him $500. The two then fought and <mask> threatened to leave the team, but they buried the hatchet a short time later. He played in 67 games during the season, and ended the year with a .204 batting average and three triples. On October 19, 1949, the White Sox traded <mask> to the Philadelphia Athletics for Nellie Fox. Fox played 14 years for the White Sox and went on to become a Hall of Famer, and as a result the trade is considered one of the most lopsided in baseball history.During spring training for the Athletics, <mask> battled Mike Guerra and <mask> for the starting job at catcher. All three ended up splitting time over the course of the season. <mask> finished the year hitting .266 with six home runs and 20 RBIs in 64 games. Jimmy Dykes took over as Athletics' manager in 1951, and had high hopes for <mask> heading into the season, saying that he "is a lot better catcher than most people think." In May, <mask> was hit in the head by a

masks:
Tipton
Tipton
Tipton
Joe Haynes
Tipton
Tipton
Tipton
Tipton
Joe Astroth
Tipton
Tipton
Tipton


title: Joe Tipton

texts:
 stray baseball bat during a game, and spent some time in the hospital as a result. He split time with Astroth and Ray Murray during the season, but appeared in a career-best 72 games, hitting .239 with 51 walks. After the season ended, <mask> was part of Lefty O'Doul's American baseball team that toured Japan.To start the 1952 season, <mask> was rumored to be the subject of a trade involving the Boston Red Sox and two of their players, but the deal never materialized. <mask> missed part of May with a kidney infection, and struggled upon returning, hitting .191 in 23 games. In late June, he was waived by the Athletics and picked up by the Indians. He spent the rest of the year with them, and finished with nine home runs, 30 RBIs, and a .225 average in 66 games. <mask> remained the backup catcher to Hegan during the 1953 season. He battled a myriad of injuries throughout the season, including a bruised hand, a broken thumb, a split finger, and losing a fingernail. He finished the year with a .229 batting average in 47 games.On January 20, 1954, <mask> was traded to the Washington Senators for Mickey Grasso in an exchange of catchers. Manager Bucky Harris traded for <mask> in hopes that he would compete for the starting job due to his defense. <mask> served as the backup catcher to Ed Fitz Gerald in 1954. He made his last MLB appearance on September 26, and in 54 games he had a .223 average. Later life
The New York Giants purchased the contracts of <mask> and Wayne Terwilliger on January 14, 1955, who sent them to the minor league Minneapolis Millers. While Terwilliger played for the Millers that year, <mask> had planned to retire from baseball, and never played a game for Minneapolis.