title: Newt Gingrich

texts: 2012, was teaching officers from all of the defense services. <mask> informally advised Defense secretary Donald Rumsfeld on strategic issues, on issues including the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and encouraging the Pentagon to not "yield" foreign policy influence to the State Department and National Security Council. <mask> is also a guiding coalition member of the Project on National Security Reform. <mask> founded and served as the chairman of American Solutions for Winning the Future, a 527 group established in 2007. The group was a "fundraising juggernaut" that raised $52 million from major donors, such as Sheldon Adelson and the coal company Peabody Energy. The group promoted deregulation and increased offshore oil drilling and other fossil-fuel extraction and opposed the Employee Free Choice Act; Politico reported, "The operation, which includes a pollster and fundraisers, promotes <mask>'s books, sends out direct mail, airs ads touting his causes and funds his travel across the country." American Solutions closed in 2011 after he left the organization.Other organizations and companies founded or chaired by <mask> include the creative production company Gingrich Productions, and religious educational organization Renewing American Leadership. <mask> is a former member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He is a fellow at conservative think tanks the American Enterprise Institute and Hoover Institution. He sometimes serves as a commentator, guest or panel member on cable news shows, such as the Fox News Channel. He is listed as a contributor by Fox News Channel, and frequently appears as a guest on various segments; he has also hosted occasional specials for the Fox News Channel. <mask> has signed the "Strong America Now" pledge committing to


title: Newt Gingrich

type: original

texts:
 promoting Six Sigma methods to reduce government spending. <mask> founded Advocates for Opioid Recovery together with former Rep. Patrick J. Kennedy and Van Jones, a former domestic policy adviser to President Barack Obama.Businesses
After leaving Congress in 1999, <mask> started a number of for-profit companies: Between 2001 and 2010, the companies he and his wife owned in full or part had revenues of almost $100 million. As of 2015, <mask> served as an advisor to the Canadian mining company Barrick Gold. According to financial disclosure forms released in July 2011, <mask> and his wife had a net worth of at least $6.7 million in 2010, compared to a maximum net worth of $2.4 million in 2006. Most of the increase in his net worth was because of payments to him from his for-profit companies. Gingrich Group and the Center for Health Transformation
The Gingrich Group was organized in 1999 as a consulting company. Over time, its non-health clients were dropped, and it was renamed the Center for Health Transformation. The two companies had revenues of $55 million between 2001 and 2010.The revenues came from more than 300 health-insurance companies and other clients, with membership costing as much as $200,000 per year in exchange for access to <mask> and other perks. In 2011, when <mask> became a presidential candidate, he sold his interest in the business and said he would release the full list of his clients and the amounts he was paid, "to the extent we can". In April 2012, the Center for Health Transformation filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, planning to liquidate its assets to meet debts of $1–$10 million. Between 2001 and 2010, <mask> consulted for Freddie Mac, a government-sponsored secondary home mortgage company, which was concerned about new

masks: Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich


title: Newt Gingrich

texts:
 regulations under consideration by Congress. Regarding payments of $1.6 million for the consulting, <mask> said that "Freddie Mac paid Gingrich Group, which has a number of employees and a number of offices, a consulting fee, just like you would pay any other consulting firm." In January 2012, he said that he could not make public his contract with Freddie Mac, even though the company gave permission, until his business partners in the Center for Health Transformation also agreed to that. Gingrich Productions
Gingrich Productions, which is headed by <mask>'s wife Callista <mask>, was created in 2007.According to the company's website, in May 2011, it is "a performance and production company featuring the work of <mask> and Callista <mask>. <mask> and Callista host and produce historical and public policy documentaries, write books, record audio books and voiceovers, produce photographic essays, and make television and radio appearances." Between 2008 and 2011, the company produced three films on religion, one on energy, one on Ronald Reagan, and one on the threat of radical Islam. All were joint projects with the conservative group Citizens United. In 2011, <mask> and Callista appeared in A City Upon a Hill, on the subject of American exceptionalism. As of May 2011, the company had about five employees. In 2010, it paid <mask> more than $2.4 million.Gingrich Communications
Gingrich Communications promoted <mask>'s public appearances, including his Fox News contract and his website, newt.org. By 2011 <mask> received as much as $60,000 for a speech, and did as many as 80 in a year. One of <mask>'s nonprofit groups, Renewing American Leadership, which was founded in March 2009, paid Gingrich Communications $220,000 over two years; the charity shared

masks: Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Newt Gingrich Newt Newt Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich


title: Newt Gingrich

texts:
 the names of its donors with <mask>, who could use them for his for-profit companies. Gingrich Communications, which employed 15 people at its largest, closed in 2011 when <mask> began his presidential campaign. Other
 Celebrity Leaders is a booking agency that handled <mask>'s speaking engagements, as well as those other clients such as former Republican National Committee chair Michael Steele and former Pennsylvania Senator Rick Santorum. Kathy Lubbers, the President and CEO of the agency, who is <mask>'s daughter, owns the agency. <mask> has shares in the agency, and was paid more than $70,000 by it in 2010.FGH Publications handles the production of and royalties from fiction books co-authored by <mask>. Political activity
Between 2005 and 2007, <mask> expressed interest in running for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination. On October 13, 2005, <mask> suggested he was considering a run for president, saying, "There are circumstances where I will run", elaborating that those circumstances would be if no other candidate champions some of the platform ideas he advocates. On September 28, 2007, <mask> announced that if his supporters pledged $30 million to his campaign by October 21, he would seek the nomination. However, insisting that he had "pretty strongly" considered running, on September 29 spokesman Rick Tyler said that <mask> would not seek the presidency in 2008 because he could not continue to serve as chairman of American Solutions if he did so. Citing campaign finance law restrictions (the McCain-Feingold campaign law would have forced him to leave his American Solutions political organization if he declared his candidacy), <mask> said, "I wasn't prepared to abandon American Solutions, even to explore whether a campaign was

masks: Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich


title: Newt Gingrich

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 realistic." During the 2009 special election in New York's 23rd congressional district, <mask> endorsed moderate Republican candidate Dede Scozzafava, rather than Conservative Party candidate Doug Hoffman, who had been endorsed by several nationally prominent Republicans.He was heavily criticized for this endorsement, with conservatives questioning his candidacy for president in 2012 and even comparing him to Benedict Arnold. Prior to President Donald Trump leaving office in December 2020, Trump appointed <mask> to the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee of the Pentagon as part of a series of shakeups where prominent Trump loyalists replaced former members. In February 2021, Biden-appointed Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin dismissed all appointments to the committee made by Trump, including <mask>. 2012 election

In late 2008, several political commentators, including Marc Ambinder in The Atlantic and Robert Novak in The Washington Post, identified <mask> as a top presidential contender in the 2012 election, with Ambinder reporting that <mask> was "already planting some seeds in Iowa, New Hampshire". A July 2010 poll conducted by Public Policy Polling indicated that <mask> was the leading GOP contender for the Republican nomination with 23% of likely Republican voters saying they would vote for him. Describing his views as a possible candidate during an appearance on On the Record with Greta Van Susteren in March 2009, <mask> said, "I am very sad that a number of Republicans do not understand that this country is sick of earmarks. [Americans] are sick of politicians taking care of themselves.They are sick of their money being spent in a way that is absolutely indefensible ... I think you're going to see a steady increase in the number of incumbents


title: Newt Gingrich

texts: who have opponents because the American taxpayers are increasingly fed up." On March 3, 2011, <mask> officially announced a website entitled "Newt Exploratory 2012" in lieu of a formal exploratory committee for exploration of a potential presidential run. On May 11, 2011, <mask> officially announced his intention to seek the GOP nomination in 2012. On June 9, 2011, a group of <mask>'s senior campaign aides left the campaign en masse, leading to doubts about the viability of his presidential run. On June 21, 2011, two more senior aides left. In response, <mask> stated that he had not quit the race for the Republican nomination, and pointed to his experience running for 5 years to win his seat in Congress, spending 16 years helping to build a Republican majority in the house and working for decades to build a Republican majority in Georgia.Some commentators noted <mask>'s resilience throughout his career, in particular with regards to his presidential campaign. After then-front-runner Herman Cain was damaged by allegations of past sexual harassment, <mask> gained support, and quickly became a contender in the race, especially after Cain suspended his campaign. By December 4, 2011, <mask> was leading in the national polls. However, after an abundance of negative ads run by his opponents throughout December, <mask>'s national polling lead had fallen to a tie with Mitt Romney. On January 3, 2012, <mask> finished in fourth place in the Iowa Republican caucuses, far behind Rick Santorum, Romney, and Ron Paul. On January 10, <mask> finished in fifth place in the New Hampshire Republican primary, far behind Romney, Santorum, Jon Huntsman, and Paul. After the field narrowed with the withdrawal from the race of Huntsman and Rick Perry, <mask> won the South


title: Newt Gingrich

texts: Carolina Republican primary on January 21, obtaining about 40% of the vote, considerably ahead of Romney, Santorum and Paul.This surprise victory allowed <mask> to reemerge as the frontrunner once again heading into Florida. On January 31, 2012, <mask> placed second in the Republican Florida primary, losing by a fifteen percentage point margin, 47% to 32%. Some factors that contributed to this outcome include two strong debate performances by Romney (which were typically <mask>'s strong suit), the wide margin by which the <mask> campaign was outspent in television ads, and a widely criticized proposal by <mask> to have a permanent colony on the moon by 2020 to reinvigorate the American Space Program. It was later revealed Romney had hired a debate coach to help him perform better in the Florida debates. <mask> did, however, significantly outvote Santorum and Paul. On February 4, 2012, <mask> placed a distant second in the Nevada Republican caucuses with 21%, losing to Romney who received over 50% of the total votes cast. On February 7, 2012, <mask> came in last place in the Minnesota Republican caucuses with about 10.7% of the vote.Santorum won the caucus, followed by Paul and Romney. On Super Tuesday <mask> won his home state, Georgia, which has the most delegates, in "an otherwise dismal night for him". Santorum took Tennessee and Oklahoma, where <mask> had previously performed well in the polls, though <mask> managed a close third behind Romney. On April 4, the Rick Santorum campaign shifted its position and urged <mask> to drop out of the race and support Santorum. On April 10, Santorum announced the suspension of his campaign. Following this announcement, The Newt 2012 campaign used a new slogan referring to <mask> as "the last conservative

masks: Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich


title: Newt Gingrich

texts:
 standing". Despite this, on April 19, <mask> told Republicans in New York that he would work to help Romney win the general election if Romney secured the nomination.After a disappointing second place showing in the Delaware primary on April 24, and with a campaign debt in excess of $4 million, <mask> suspended his campaign and endorsed front-runner Mitt Romney on May 2, 2012, on whose behalf he subsequently campaigned (i.e. stump speeches and television appearances). <mask> later hosted a number of policy workshops at the GOP Convention in Tampa presented by the National Republican Committee called "Newt University". He and his wife Calista addressed the convention on its final day with a Ronald Reagan-themed introduction. Because FEC regulations prevent campaigns from ceasing operations until they settle their debts, the <mask> <mask> campaign was never formally dissolved. In 2016, the campaign filed a proposal to shut down without paying back its outstanding debt to 114 businesses and consultants; the FEC rejected this proposal. By then, the campaign still owed $4.6 million in debt, with only $17,000 being raised by the campaign committee over the previous year.2016 election

<mask> supported Donald Trump more quickly than many other establishment Republicans. After having consulted for Trump's 2016 campaign, <mask> encouraged his fellow Republicans to unify behind Trump, who had by then become the presumptive Republican presidential nominee. <mask> reportedly figured among Trump's final three choices to be his running mate; the position ultimately went to Governor of Indiana Mike Pence. Following Trump's victory in the presidential election, speculation arose concerning <mask> as a possible secretary of state, chief of staff or advisor.

masks: Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Newt Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich


title: Newt Gingrich

texts:
 Eventually, <mask> announced that he would not be serving in the cabinet. He stated that he didn't have the interest in serving in any role related to the Trump administration, stressing that as a private citizen he would engage with individuals for "strategic planning" rather than job-seeking. In May 2017, he promoted a conspiracy theory that Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party had Seth Rich, an employee for the Democratic National Committee, killed during the 2016 presidential race.<mask> attended his wife's swearing-in as U.S. ambassador to the Holy See at the White House in October 2017. According to journalist Robert Mickens, <mask> <mask> served as the de facto ambassador or the "shadow ambassador" while Callista <mask>, as paraphrased by McKay Coppins of The Atlantic, "is generally viewed as the ceremonial face of the embassy". 2020 election
While ballots were being counted during the 2020 election, <mask> supported President Trump in his attempt to win re-election and called on him to stop the vote counts after allegations of fraud emerged. After the 2020 election, <mask> made false claims of election fraud and refused to acknowledge Joe Biden's victory. He called for the arrest of poll workers in Pennsylvania following the election. Political positions

<mask> is most widely identified with the 1994 Contract with America. He is a founder of American Solutions for Winning the Future.More recently, <mask> has advocated replacing the Environmental Protection Agency with a proposed "Environmental Solutions Agency". He favors a strong immigration border policy and a guest worker program. In terms of energy policy, he has argued in favor of flex-fuel mandates for cars sold in the U.S. and promoted the use of ethanol generally. <mask> has

masks: Gingrich Gingrich Newt Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich


title: Newt Gingrich

texts: taken a dim view of internationalism and the United Nations. He said in 2015, "after several years of looking at the UN, I can report to you that it is sufficiently corrupt and sufficiently inefficient. That no reasonable person would put faith in it." In 2007, <mask> authored a book, Rediscovering God in America.<mask>'s later books take a large-scale policy focus, including Winning the Future, and the most recent, To Save America. <mask> has identified education as "the number one factor in our future prosperity", and has partnered with Al Sharpton and Education Secretary Arne Duncan on education issues. Although he previously opposed gay marriage, in December 2012, <mask> suggested that Republicans should reconsider their opposition to it. In 2014, <mask> sent a letter to Dr. John Koza of National Popular Vote, Inc. endorsing the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact, under which participating states would award their Electoral College votes to the winner of the national popular vote of the United States. On July 14, 2016, <mask> stated that he believes that Americans of Muslim backgrounds who believe in Sharia law should be deported, and that visiting websites that promote the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant or Al-Qaeda should be a felony. Some observers have questioned whether these views violate the free speech and free exercise of religion clauses of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. On July 21, 2016, <mask> argued that members of NATO "ought to worry" about a U.S. commitment to their defense.He expanded, saying, "They ought to worry about commitment under any circumstances. Every president has been saying that the NATO countries do not pay their fair share". He also stated that, in the context of whether the United


title: Newt Gingrich

texts:
 States would provide aid to Estonia (a NATO member) in the event of a Russian invasion, he "would think about it a great deal". According to Science magazine, <mask> changed his view on climate change "from cautious skeptic in the late 1980s to believer in the late 2000s to skeptic again during the [2016] campaign." In January 2022, <mask> characterized the House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack as "basically a lynch mob" that was violating laws and trampling on civil liberties, suggesting committee members might be jailed if Republicans took control of the House in that year's election. Personal life

Marriages and children

Jacqueline May "Jackie" Battley
<mask> has been married three times. In 1962, he wed Jacqueline May "Jackie" Battley (February 21, 1936 – August 7, 2013), his former high school geometry teacher, when he was 19 years old and she was 26.They had two daughters: Kathy, who is president of Gingrich Communications, and Jackie Sue, who is an author, conservative columnist and political commentator. Throughout his congressional campaign in 1974, <mask> was having an affair with a young volunteer. An aide who worked with <mask> throughout the 1970s stated that "it was common knowledge that Newt was involved with other women during his marriage to Jackie." In the spring of 1980, <mask> filed for divorce from Jackie after beginning an affair with Marianne Ginther. Jackie later said in 1984 that the divorce was a "complete surprise" to her. In September 1980, according to friends who knew them both, <mask> visited Jackie in the hospital the day after she had undergone surgery to treat her uterine cancer; once there, <mask> began talking about the terms of their divorce, at which point Jackie threw him out of the room. <mask>

masks: Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich


title: Newt Gingrich

texts:
 disputed that account.Although <mask>'s presidential campaign staff continued to insist in 2011 that Jackie had requested the divorce, court documents from Carroll County, Georgia, indicated that Jackie had in fact asked a judge to block the process, stating that although "she has adequate and ample grounds for divorce ... she does not desire one at this time [and] does not admit that this marriage is irretrievably broken." According to L. H. Carter, <mask>'s campaign treasurer, <mask> said of Jackie: "She's not young enough or pretty enough to be the wife of the President. And besides, she has cancer." <mask> has denied saying it. Following the divorce, Jackie had to raise money from friends in her congregation to help her and the children make ends meet; she later filed a petition in court stating that <mask> had failed to properly provide for his family. <mask> submitted a financial statement to the judge, which showed that he had been "providing only $400 a month, plus $40 in allowances for his daughters. He claimed not to be able to afford any more.But in citing his own expenses, <mask> listed $400 just for 'Food / dry cleaning, etc. '—for one person." In 1981, a judge ordered <mask> to provide considerably more; in 1993, Jackie stated in court that <mask> had failed to obey the 1981 order "from the day it was issued." Jackie, a deacon and volunteer in the First Baptist Church of Carrollton, Georgia, died in 2013 in Atlanta at the age of 77. Marianne Ginther
In 1981, six months after his divorce from Jackie was final, <mask> wed Marianne Ginther. Marianne helped control their finances to get them out of debt. She did not, however, want to have the public life of a politician's wife.<mask>'s daughter Kathy described the marriage as "difficult".


title: Newt Gingrich

texts:
 Callista Bisek

In 1993, while still married to Marianne, <mask> began an affair with House of Representatives staffer Callista Bisek, more than two decades his junior. <mask> was having this affair even as he led the impeachment of Bill Clinton for perjury related to Clinton's own extramarital affair. <mask> filed for divorce from Marianne in 1999, a few months after she had been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. The marriage produced no children. On January 19, 2012, Marianne alleged in an interview on ABC's Nightline that she had declined to accept <mask>'s suggestion of an open marriage. <mask> disputed the account.In August 2000, <mask> married Callista Bisek four months after his divorce from Marianne was finalized. He and Callista live in McLean, Virginia. In a 2011 interview with David Brody of the Christian Broadcasting Network, <mask> addressed his past infidelities by saying, "There's no question at times in my life, partially driven by how passionately I felt about this country, that I worked too hard and things happened in my life that were not appropriate." In December 2011, after the group Iowans for Christian Leaders in Government requested that he sign their so-called "Marriage Vow", <mask> sent a lengthy written response. It included his pledge to "uphold personal fidelity to my spouse". Religion

Raised as a Lutheran, <mask> was a Southern Baptist in graduate school. He converted to Catholicism, the faith of his third wife Callista Bisek, on March 29, 2009.He said: "over the course of several years, I gradually became Catholic and then decided one day to accept the faith I had already come to embrace". He decided to officially become a Catholic when he saw Pope Benedict XVI, during the Pope's visit to the United States in 2008:


title: Newt Gingrich

texts:
 "Catching a glimpse of Pope Benedict that day, I was struck by the happiness and peacefulness he exuded. The joyful and radiating presence of the Holy Father was a moment of confirmation about the many things I had been thinking and experiencing for several years." At a 2011 appearance in Columbus, Ohio, he said, "In America, religious belief is being challenged by a cultural elite trying to create a secularized America, in which God is driven out of public life." The Catholic Church recognizes his third marriage as a valid marriage, based on an annulment granted for his second marriage and the passing of his wife from his first. Other interests

<mask> has expressed a deep interest in animals. <mask>'s first engagement in civic affairs was speaking to the city council in his native Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, as to why the city should establish its own zoo.He authored the introduction to America's Best Zoos and claims to have attended more than 100. <mask> has shown enthusiasm towards dinosaurs. The New Yorker said of his 1995 book To Renew America: "Charmingly, he has retained his enthusiasm for the extinct giants into middle age. In addition to including breakthroughs in dinosaur research on his list of futuristic wonders, he specified 'people interested in dinosaurs' as a prime example of those who might benefit from his education proposals." Space exploration has been an additional interest of <mask> since a fascination with the United States/Soviet Union Space Race started in his teenage years. <mask> wants the U.S. to pursue new achievements in space, including sustaining civilizations beyond Earth, but advocates relying more on the private sector and less on the publicly funded NASA to drive progress. Since 2010, he has served on the National

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title: Newt Gingrich

texts:
 Space Society Board of Governors.During the 2012 election campaign, Artinfo noted that <mask> has expressed appreciation for the work of two American painters. He has described James H. Cromartie's painting of the U.S. Capitol as "an exceptional and truly beautiful work of art"; in Norman Rockwell's work, he saw the embodiment of an America circa 1965, at odds with the prevailing sentiment of the modern day "cultural elites". CNN announced on June 26, 2013 that <mask> would join a new version of Crossfire re-launching in fall 2013, with panelists S. E. Cupp, Stephanie Cutter, and Van Jones. <mask> represented the right on the revamped debate program. The show was cancelled the following year. Books and film

Nonfiction

 The Government's Role in Solving Societal Problems, Associated Faculty Press, January 1982,
 Window of Opportunity, Tom Doherty Associates, December 1985,
 Contract with America (co-editor). Times Books, December 1994,
 Restoring the Dream, Times Books, May 1995,
 Quotations from Speaker Newt.Workman Publishing Company, July 1995,
 To Renew America, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, July 1996,
 Lessons Learned The Hard Way. HarperCollins, May 1998,
 Presidential Determination Regarding Certification of the Thirty-Two Major Illicit Narcotics Producing and Transit Countries, DIANE Publishing Company, September 1999,
 Saving Lives and Saving Money, Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, April 2003,
 Winning the Future, Regnery Publishing, January 2005,
 Rediscovering God in America: Reflections on the Role of Faith in Our Nation's History and Future, Integrity Publishers, October 2006,
 The Art of Transformation, with Nancy Desmond. CHT Press, November 2006,
 A Contract with the Earth, with Terry L. Maple. Johns Hopkins University

masks: Gingrich Gingrich Gingrich


title: Newt Gingrich

texts:
 Press, October 2007,
 Real Change: From the World That Fails to the World That Works, Regnery Publishing, January 2008. Drill Here, Drill Now, Pay Less: A Handbook for Slashing Gas Prices and Solving Our Energy Crisis, with Vince Haley. Regnery Publishing, September 2008,
 5 Principles for a Successful Life: From Our Family to Yours, with <mask> Cushman, Crown Publishing Group, May 2009,
 To Save America: Stopping Obama's Secular-Socialist Machine, with Joe DeSantis, Regnery Publishing, May 2010,
Ronald Reagan: Rendezvous with Destiny, Dunham Books, January 2011,
 A Nation Like No Other: Why American Exceptionalism Matters, Regnery Publishing, June 2011,
Breakout: Pioneers of the Future, Prison Guards of the Past, and the Epic Battle That Will Decide America's Fate, Regnery Publishing, November 2013,
 Understanding Trump, Center Street, June 2017,
 Trump's America: The Truth about Our Nation's Great Comeback, Center Street, June 2018,
 Trump vs China: America's Greatest Challenge, Center Street, October 2019,
 Trump and the American Future: Solving the Great Problems of Our Time, Center Street, June 2020,
 Beyond Biden: Rebuilding the America We Love, Center Street, November 2021,

Fiction
Gingrich co-wrote the following alternate history novels and series of novels with William R. Forstchen. (1996) Showdown: The Struggle Between the Gingrich Congress and the Clinton White House (Simon and Schuster, 1996)

 Gillon, Steven M. (2008) The pact: Bill Clinton, Newt Gingrich, and the rivalry that defined a generation (Oxford UP, 2008).Kabaservice, Geoffrey. (2012) Rule and ruin: the downfall of moderation and the destruction of the Republican party, from Eisenhower to the tea party (Oxford University Press, 2012)

 McSweeney, Dean and John E.


title: Newt Gingrich

texts:
 Owens, eds. (1998) The Republican Takeover of Congress (1998). Maraniss, David, and Michael Weisskopf. (1996) Tell Newt to shut up! : prizewinning Washington Post journalists reveal how reality gagged the Gingrich revolution (Simon & Schuster, 1996)
 Nagle, John Copeland, and William N. Eskridge. (1995) "<mask> <mask>, Dynamic Statutory Interpreter."University of Pennsylvania Law Review 143: 2209–2250 online
 Rae, Nicol C. (1998) Conservative Reformers: The Republican Freshmen and the Lessons of the 104th Congress (M.E. Sharpe, 1998)

 Steely,

masks: Newt Gingrich


title: Magnus Pääjärvi

texts:
<mask> (born 12 April 1991), surname also known as Pääjärvi-Svensson, is a Swedish professional ice hockey left winger who is currently playing for the Malmö Redhawks of the Swedish Hockey League. During his NHL career, Pääjärvi played for the Edmonton Oilers, St. Louis Blues and Ottawa Senators. He was drafted tenth overall by the Oilers in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft by the Edmonton Oilers. Early life
Pääjärvi is the son of former ice hockey player and coach Gunnar Svensson and Ingrid Maria Svensson-Pääjärvi, and the younger brother of Björn Svensson. <mask>vi was born in Sweden while his father Gunnar was the coach and manager of IK Vita Hästen. <mask> uses the surname, formerly a hyphenated surname, in honour of his maternal grandfather, who was Finnish. Playing career

SHL

Pääjärvi began playing ice hockey at the age of six.During the 2005–06 season, as a 14-year-old, he made his debut for Malmö Redhawks in the J20 SuperElit, and scored eight goals in eight games during TV-pucken, leding Skåne to a silver medal. He also scored two goals when Malmö won the final of the Swedish Championship for 16-year-olds. In the following season, he played a steadier role for Malmö in the J20 SuperElit, and again led Skåne to a silver medal in TV-pucken. In 2007, <mask> signed with Timrå IK, where his older brother, Björn Svensson, played for the senior team. On 24 September, <mask> made his Elitserien debut at the age of 16, five months and 12 days, becoming the fourth-youngest player in the Elitserien's history. In the game, he recorded an assist on Timrå's opening goal in the first period of play. His first career goal was a game winner in a 1–0 game against HV71 on 16 February 2008, assisted by linemate

masks:
Karl Magnus Svensson Pääjärvi
Magnus Pääjär
Magnus
Pääjärvi
Pääjärvi


title: Magnus Pääjärvi

texts:
 Anton Lander.<mask> was later drafted in the first round, tenth overall, by the Edmonton Oilers in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He was also selected 19th overall by the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL)'s Lokomotiv Yaroslavl in the 2009 KHL Entry Draft. <mask> was announced as a nominee for 2009–10 Elitserien Rookie of the Year on 20 January. NHL

Edmonton Oilers
On 2 June 2010, <mask> signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the Oilers ahead of the 2010–11 season. On 2 September, <mask> announced that he would be shortening his surname on his NHL jersey from "Pääjärvi-Svensson," as was hitherto written, to simply "Pääjärvi," and that he will wear the jersey number 91. On 23 September, in his first pre-season game with Edmonton, <mask> scored a hat-trick and registered an assist for four points as the Oilers defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning, 5–2. On 7 October, <mask> made his NHL regular season debut against the Calgary Flames.He then scored his first career NHL goal nine days later, on 16 October, against Flames goaltender Miikka Kiprusoff. Pääjärvi finished his rookie season with 34 points, finishing sixth on the team in scoring. In the 2011–12 season, after recording three points in 25 games and having sat-out as a healthy scratch for six games, Pääjärvi was assigned to Edmonton's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Oklahoma City Barons. During the 2012–13 NHL lockout, Pääjärvi remained with Oklahoma in the AHL. When play resumed in January 2013 for the 48-game 2012–13 season, Pääjärvi played in 42 games, scoring nine goals and seven assists for 16 points, while also spending further time during the season with the Barons. St. Louis Blues
On 10 July 2013, Pääjärvi was traded, along

masks: Pääjärvi Pääjärvi Pääjärvi Pääjärvi Pääjärvi Pääjärvi


title: Magnus Pääjärvi

texts:
 with a second-round pick, to the St. Louis Blues in exchange for left winger David Perron. Later in the off-season, on 2 August, Pääjärvi signed a two-year, $2.4 million contract with St. Louis.On 29 December 2014, the Blues placed Pääjärvi on waivers and, upon clearing, was assigned to St. Louis' AHL affiliate, the Chicago Wolves, where he remained until the end of the 2014–15 season. Prior to his demotion, he had played in ten games, registering just one assist. Following the 2014–15 NHL season, Pääjärvi became a restricted free agent under the NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement. The St. Louis Blues made him a qualifying offer to retain his NHL rights and, on 5 July 2015, Pääjärvi filed for Salary Arbitration. <mask> spent the majority of the 2015-16 season with the Blues, appearing in 48 games. Pääjärvi also skated in three playoff games. 2016-17 saw Pääjärvi have more of an even split, playing 32 games for the Blues and 26 for the Wolves.Again, Pääjärvi suited up for the Blues during the playoffs, scoring one goal and two assists. Ottawa Senators
On 25 January 2018, the Blues placed Pääjärvi on waivers, where he was claimed by the Ottawa Senators the following day. Pääjärvi finished out the season with 12 points in 79 games. On 30 May 2018, the Senators signed Pääjärvi to a one-year, $900,000 contract extension. In his second and final season with Ottawa in 2018–19, Pääjärvi registered his highest points totals since his 2011 rookie season, contributing with 11 goals and 18 points in 80 games. KHL
As a free agent leading into the 2019–20 season, Pääjärvi halted his NHL career to sign a two-year contract with Russian club, Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the KHL, on 22 October 2019. In the midst of his


title: Magnus Pääjärvi

texts:
 final year under contract in the 2020–21 season, Pääjärvi added 3 goals and 11 points in 26 appearances before he was traded to HC Dynamo Moscow in exchange for Teemu Pulkkinen on 30 November 2020.In 24 games with Dynamo, <mask> posted a further 4 goals and 8 points. International play

<mask> made his international debut for Sweden at age 14 with the under-16 team during the 2005–06 season; the following season, he became the scoring leader for the U16s. During the 2008 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships in Pardubice and Liberec, Czech Republic, at 16 years and eight months old, he became the youngest player ever to play for Sweden during a World Junior Hockey Championship. During the tournament, he scored one goal, and helped Sweden to the finals when assisting Mikael Backlund on Sweden's overtime game-winning goal against Russia in the semifinal. <mask> played in the 2010 World Championships, where he led the senior Swedish team in scoring and was selected to the tournament all-star team. He contributed to Sweden's win at the 2018 World Championships by scoring three goals. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Chicago Wolves players
HC Dynamo Moscow players
Edmonton Oilers draft picks
Edmonton Oilers players
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl players
Malmö Redhawks players
National Hockey League first round draft picks
Oklahoma City Barons players
Ottawa Senators players
People from Norrköping
St. Louis Blues players
Swedish expatriate ice hockey people
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Swedish ice hockey left wingers
Swedish people of Finnish descent
Timrå IK

masks: Pääjärvi Pääjärvi Pääjärvi


title: Patrick Cockburn

texts:
<mask> ( ; born 5 March 1950) is a journalist who has been a Middle East correspondent for the Financial Times since 1979 and, from 1990, The Independent. He has also worked as a correspondent in Moscow and Washington and is a frequent contributor to the London Review of Books. He has written three books on Iraq's recent history. He won the Martha Gellhorn Prize in 2005, the James Cameron Prize in 2006, the Orwell Prize for Journalism in 2009, Foreign Commentator of the Year (Editorial Intelligence Comment Awards 2013), Foreign Affairs Journalist of the Year (British Journalism Awards 2014), Foreign Reporter of the Year (The Press Awards For 2014). Early life and family
<mask> was born in Ireland and grew up in County Cork. His parents were the well-known socialist author and journalist <mask> and Patricia Byron (née Arbuthnot), author of the book Figure of Eight. He was educated at Trinity College, Glenalmond, an independent school in Perthshire, and then Trinity College, Oxford.He was a research student at the Institute of Irish Studies, Queens University Belfast, from 1972 to 1975. In 1981, <mask> married Janet Elisabeth ("Jan") Montefiore (14 November 1948), Professor of English Literature at the University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, daughter of the late Bishop Hugh Montefiore, and has two children, <mask> (4 January 1982) and <mask> (17 April 1987). His two brothers also became journalists, <mask>, who died in 2012, and <mask>, and a half-sister was mystery writer Sarah Caudwell. Journalists Laura Flanders and Stephanie Flanders are his nieces, daughters of his half-sister Claudia Flanders, and civil rights lawyer <mask> and actress Olivia Wilde are his nieces, daughters of Andrew and <mask>. Cockburn is a descendant of Sir <mask>, a British commander during the Burning

masks:
Patrick Oliver Cockburn
Cockburn
Claud Cockburn
Cockburn
Henry Cockburn
Alexander Cockburn
Alexander Cockburn
Andrew Cockburn
Chloe Cockburn
Leslie Cockburn
George Cockburn


title: Patrick Cockburn

texts:
 of Washington. Career

Newspaper correspondent
<mask> begun his career in 1979 shortly after leaving his PhD in Irish History at Queen's University Belfast due to the violence of the troubles that he began in 1972. He worked for the Financial Times as its Middle East correspondent until 1990, when he left and joined The Independent to cover the Gulf War.He befriended Robert Fisk in Belfast and the two remained in contact until Fisk's passing in October 2020. Writings
<mask> has written three books on Iraq. The first, Out of the Ashes: The Resurrection of Saddam Hussein, was written with his brother Andrew prior to the war in Iraq. The book was later re-published in Britain under the title Saddam Hussein: An American Obsession. Two more books were written by <mask> after the U.S. invasion, following his reporting from Iraq. The Occupation: War and Resistance in Iraq (2006) mixes first hand accounts with reporting. <mask>'s book is critical of the invasion as well as the Salafi fundamentalists who comprised much of the insurgency.The Occupation was nominated for the 2006 National Book Critics Circle award for nonfiction. The second, Muqtada: Muqtada al-Sadr, the Shia Revival, and the Struggle for Iraq was published in 2008. Muqtada is a journalistic account of the recent history of the religiously and politically prominent Sadr family, the rise of Muqtada, and the development of the Sadrist Movement since the 2003 U.S. invasion. He is also the author of The Jihadis Return: Isis and the New Sunni Uprising (2014), which has been translated into nine languages, and The Rise of Islamic State: Isis and the New Sunni Revolution (2015). Both are about how the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant was able to set up its own state in northern Iraq and eastern Syria. <mask> has written

masks: Cockburn Cockburn Cockburn Cockburn Cockburn


title: Patrick Cockburn

texts:
 a memoir, The Broken Boy (2005), which describes his childhood in 1950s Ireland, as well as an investigation of the way polio was handled – <mask> himself caught and survived polio in 1956. He has also published a collection of essays on the Soviet Union, titled Getting Russia Wrong: The End of Kremlinology (1989).He co-wrote the book Henry's Demons with his son, Henry, which explains their coming to terms with the latter's diagnosis with schizophrenia. <mask> also writes for CounterPunch and the London Review of Books. Views
<mask> is critical of embedded journalism, writing in the Independent in 2010 "...There is a more subtle disadvantage to "embedding": it leads reporters to see the Iraqi and Afghan conflicts primarily in military terms, while the most important developments are political or, if they are military, may have little to do with foreign forces". He later added "...Halfway through the Iraq war, one bureau chief lamented to me, saying: "The only fairly safe place for me to send young reporters, who haven't been to Iraq before, is on 'embeds', but then they drink up everything the army tells them and report it as fact." The best reporting in any single publication during the height of the sectarian slaughter in Iraq in 2006–07 was in The New York Times, which got round this dilemma by simply hiring experienced and highly regarded correspondents from other newspapers." On the relationship between the Covid-19 pandemic and wars, <mask> wrote in a blog for Verso in 2020 "None of the wars I covered then have ever really ended. What has happened, however, is that they have largely ended up receding, if not disappearing, from the news agenda.I suspect that, if a successful vaccine for Covid-19 isn’t found and used globally, something of the same sort could happen

masks: Cockburn Cockburn Cockburn Cockburn


title: Patrick Cockburn

texts:
 with the coronavirus pandemic as well. " Criticism
<mask> was criticised by Idrees Ahmad for an apparent claim made in his 2015 book The Rise of Islamic State about the Adra massacre of Alawites and Christians during the Syrian Civil War. Ahmad wrote that in the book <mask> was apparently claiming to be a witness to the massacre and that this claim disagreed with <mask>'s reportage at the time, in which he stated he learned of the killings via "a Syrian [Assad regime] soldier who gave his name as Abu Ali". Ahmad also questioned whether the massacre had taken place. <mask> said that he had not claimed to be a witness to the massacre. Rather, he charged, an "obvious error" had been, at best, misconstrued by Ahmad. <mask> said that it was his contemporary report that was correct, that he did not witness the massacre and admonished Ahmad for doubting the fact of the massacre, mentioning "reports from the AP and Reuters news agencies" describing the massacre by Islamic militants and quoting local witnesses.<mask>'s publisher explained the error arose from the publisher summarising but misunderstanding writings by <mask>, that <mask> had never claimed to be a witness and that the error would be corrected in subsequent printings of the book. The publisher criticised Ahmad for using a "minor" mistake "made evident by text that surrounds and contradicts it" to "impugn the integrity" of <mask>. Awards
2014 Foreign Reporter of the Year (The Press Awards). 2014 Foreign Affairs Journalist of the Year (British Journalism Awards UK Press Gazette)
2013 Foreign Commentator of the Year (Editorial Intelligence Comment Awards)
2011 Costa Book Awards (Biography), shortlist, Henry's Demons: Living with Schizophrenia, A Father and Son's Story (with <mask>)
2010 International Media Awards Peace

masks:
Cockburn
Cockburn
Cockburn
Cockburn
Cockburn
Cockburn
Cockburn
Cockburn
Cockburn
Henry Cockburn


title: Patrick Cockburn

texts:
 Through Media Award. 2009 Orwell Prize, coverage of Iraq and his son's schizophrenia. 2006 The National Book Critics Circle award, shortlist, for non-fiction. The Occupation: War and Resistance in Iraq.2006 James Cameron Prize
2005 Martha Gellhorn Prize

Books
 (1989), Getting Russia Wrong: The End of Kremlinology, Verso Books,
 (with <mask>, 1999), Out of the Ashes: The Resurrection of Saddam Hussein, HarperCollins. (British title: Saddam Hussein: An American Obsession, 2002.) (2005), The Broken Boy, Jonathan Cape,
 (2006), The Occupation: War and Resistance in Iraq, Verso Books,
 (2008), Muqtada: Muqtada al-Sadr, the Shia Revival, and the Struggle for Iraq, Scribner,  . (British title: Muqtada Al-Sadr and the Fall of Iraq, Faber and Faber, ; Muqtada Al-Sadr and the Shia Insurgency in Iraq, Faber and Faber, )
 (2011), Henry's Demons: Living with Schizophrenia, A Father and Son's Story Charles Scribner's Sons Scribner
 (2014), The Jihadis Return: ISIS and the New Sunni Uprising, OR Books, New York: 2014
Republished in 2015 as . (2016) Chaos and Caliphate: Jihadis and the West in the struggle for the Middle East, OR Books,
 (2016) The Age of Jihad: Islamic State and the Great War for the Middle East, Verso Books,
 (2020) War in the Age of Trump: The Defeat of Isis, the Fall of the Kurds, the Conflict with Iran, Verso Books,

References

External links
Articles at The Independent

People educated at Glenalmond College
Historians of the Iraq War
Historians of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
People from County Cork
British war correspondents
Writers on the Middle East
1950 births
Living people
Irish people of Scottish descent
Irish reporters and correspondents
Patrick
The Independent people
I (newspaper) Journalists
Financial Times people
British newspaper


title: Henry Kosgey

texts:
<mask> is a Kenyan politician who was a member of parliament for Tinderet Constituency and was a Minister for Industrialization. He was also the Chairman of the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM);The longest serving Mp for Tinderet who is also a renowned large scale owner of tea farms. Early life
<mask> was born on 14 July 1947 to Kipkosgey arap Moita and Martha Moek. Kosgey's father was a member of the Nandi sub-tribe of the Kalenjin community and his mother was from the Keiyo sub-tribe. Kosgey was raised in Nandi, Rift Valley Province where the family first lived in village called Kipkabos before later moving and settling in another village also in Nandi called Lelwak. Kosgey attended Lelwak Primary and later Kilibwoni Primary for his primary school education. For his "O" Level secondary education he attended Kapsabet High School.He then went to Strathmore College in Nairobi for his "A" Levels. Kosgey then studied at the University of Nairobi where he graduated with a degree in Chemistry. He later won a scholarship to attend Ballarat University in Australia, where he studied and obtained a postgraduate degree. Politics
Kosgey has been in Kenyan politics for more than 30 years serving both in Parliament and the Cabinet

Parliament
<mask> was first elected as MP of Tinderet Constituency in Rift Valley Province in 1979 under Daniel Arap Moi's Kenya African National Union (KANU) party. Kosgey won the seat in a hotly contested election where he defeated veteran vocal politician, Jean-Marie Seroney. Many thought that Kosgey who at the time was only 32 years old and a very shy public speaker, would not last very long and would soon be out of office. However Kosgey surprised all by working diligently for the people of Tinderet.He subsequently won re-election to Parliament on five occasions (1983, 1992, 1997, 2002 and 2007)

Kosgey is the second longest-serving Member of Parliament after current President Mwai Kibaki (first elected in 1963). However Kosgey spent the period 1988 to 1992 outside Parliament. During the infamous 1988 elections, nearly all sitting M.Ps were forced out of office by an

masks:
Henry Kiprono Kosgey
Henry Kiprono Kosgey
Kosgey


title: Henry Kosgey

texts:
 increasingly dictatorial regime. The controversial elections of that year precipitated a political crisis that eventually led to changes in the constitution to allow for more than one political party, paving the way for the historic 1992 multi-party elections. Despite the presence of different political parties in the 1992 elections, KANU remained the dominant party in the Rift Valley Province due to the fact that its party leader and incumbent President Moi came from the Province. Kosgey therefore stood on a KANU ticket and was overwhelmingly re-elected to Parliament by the people of Tinderet. However KANU only won a narrow majority of parliamentary seats in the 1992 elections.The party retained this narrow majority in the 1997 elections. In both cases Kosgey formed part of the KANU parliamentary majority. In the 2002 elections, although Kosgey once again won his Tinderet parliamentary seat, KANU lost its majority in parliament. The party also lost the presidential elections. Kosgey together with other members of KANU found themselves in the Opposition. While in Opposition, <mask> was able to re-invent himself as a popular national figure. When Raila Odinga and other key members of parliament formed a new party called Orange Democratic Movement, they elected Kosgey as the Party's National chairman.In the 2007 elections <mask> stood and was elected to Parliament by the people of Tinderet on an ODM ticket. He, and other members of ODM, supported and campaigned for the party's presidential candidate, Raila Odinga. Following the disputed 2007 elections, Raila's ODM and President Kibaki's Party of National Unity agreed to work together. Kosgey alongside other members of parliament passed the National Accord and Reconciliation Act of 2008. This provided for the formation of the Grand Coalition government that would ensure peace and work for the best interests of all Kenyans. Cabinet
During his political career, <mask> has served in the following ministerial positions:

1. 1979 to 1985: Minister for Transport and Communications
At the age of 32, Kosgey became one of Kenya's youngest ever Cabinet

masks: Kosgey Kosgey Kosgey


title: Henry Kosgey

texts:
 Ministers when he was appointed in 1979 to head the Ministry of Transport and Communications.The early 1980s was a period of rapid growth for Kenya's economy and as Minister, Kosgey was in charge of supervising the constructions of numerous roads; the setting up of Kenya Airways, Kenya Railways, Kenya Ports Authority following the disintegration of the East African Community. He also worked to modernise the telecommunications sector, making changes to what was then known as the Kenya Posts and Telecommunications Corporation (KPTC). 2. 1985 to 1987: Minister for Co-operative Development
Following a re-shuffle in 1985, Kosgey was moved to the less high-profile Ministry of Co-operative Development. As Minister, Kosgey was tasked with improving and developing the co-operative movement in Kenya. 3. 1987 to 1988: Minister for Culture and Social Services
In 1987, with only a few months remaining to the 1988 All Africa Games that were scheduled to take place in Kenya, Kosgey was moved to the Ministry of Culture and Social Services.The Ministry was in charge of organising the games. At the time there were numerous last minute preparations that needed to be done and Kosgey was given the responsibility of putting things in place. This was achieved, eventually resulting in the games taking place successfully. However, after the games, it was discovered that millions of shillings had been lost as a result of an advertising contract that had been awarded to a company owned by an American called Dick Berg. Berg had fled the country soon after the games concluded. Kosgey was accused of having been involved in the scandal. Kosgey denied the allegations claiming that the contract was awarded to Berg before he was moved to the ministry.A subsequent Commission of Inquiry cleared Kosgey of any wrongdoing. Nonetheless, the controversy tainted <mask>'s political career and continues to be cited by critics as examples of mistakes that he committed in the past. 4. 1988 to 1992: Not in Parliament or Cabinet. 1990 to 1992: served as chairman, Kenya National Assurance Company. In 1990 <mask> was appointed Chairman of the

masks: Kosgey Kosgey


title: Henry Kosgey

texts:
 Kenya National Assurance Company (KNAC). He served in this position until 1992 when he resigned to contest that year's elections.In 1996, KNAC collapsed due to a huge amount of debt. Critics accused <mask> of having mismanaged the company during the period when he was chairman. <mask> however maintains that he only headed the company for 2 years and that it collapsed 4 years after he left office. In addition, the 1990s was a period in Kenya's history where corruption and mismanagement had reached enormous proportions. The problems that affected KNAC affected numerous other state corporations because the underlying causes were systemic and not particular to any individual. 5. 1996 to 1997: Minister for Environment and Natural Resources:
<mask> was elected as a member of parliament in 1992 but spent the period 1992 to 1996 outside Cabinet in the back-bench.In 1996, during a mini re-shuffle he returned to the Cabinet when he was appointed Minister for Environment and Natural Resources. 6. 1998 to 1999: Minister for Tourism
After the 1997 elections, Kosgey was appointed Minister for Tourism. At the time Kenya's Tourism sector was going through a very difficult period due to bad publicity in the international media following the 1997 elections. Matters worsened in 1998 when Osama Bin Laden's Al Qaeda terrorist group bombed the American Embassy in Nairobi. Kosgey therefore had the difficult task of restoring confidence in the tourism industry while managing and improving Kenya's image abroad. 7.1999 to 2001: Minister for Science and Technology
In 1999 <mask> was moved and made Minister of Science and Technology, in the larger Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. He served in this position until 2001. 8. 2001 to 2002: Minister for Education
In 2001, he was made Minister for Education. Kosgey spent most of this period negotiating with teachers who were pushing for salary increases. 9. 2008 to March 2013: Minister for Industrialization (suspended from 4 January 2011 to 10 August 2012)
Following the disputed 2007 elections and the formation of the grand coalition government, <mask> was appointed

masks: Kosgey Kosgey Kosgey Kosgey Kosgey


title: Henry Kosgey

texts:
 Minister for Industrialization.Kosgey decided to step aside in January 2011 to face charges of abuse of office relating to the importation of vehicles older than 8 years. Following a lengthy court case, the High Court cleared Kosgey of any wrongdoing on 28 June 2012. On 10 August 2012 President Kibaki reinstated <mask> as Minister for Industrialization. Court case
On 4 January 2011 <mask> was arrested and charged in court over allegations that he authorised the importation of 113 vehicles that were older than 8 years. The law bars the importation of vehicles older than 8 years but gives the Minister powers to exempt imports from this rule. The law provides for the National Standards Council to advise the Minister on the issuance of such exemptions. It also states that the Minister should satisfy himself that it is in the national interests to grant the exemptions.Kosgey is accused of having exempted 113 vehicles from this rule without obtaining advice from the National Standards Council and without satisfying himself that it is in the national interests to give these exemptions, and by so doing abusing his office. He has denied the charges. During the trial the Prosecution made the case that the requirement to obtain advice from the NSC is mandatory and the fact that the Minister granted exemptions without such advice meant that he broke the law. They further argued that the exemptions were not motivated by any national interests as required by law. <mask>'s defence argued that the requirement to obtain advice is not mandatory. As for the issue of national interests, they stated that this is subjective and is a matter of opinion. They also argued that Kosgey was acting according to the precedent set by his predecessors.His immediate predecessor, former Minister Mukhisa Kituyi, issued approximately 3,000 exemptions using the same law and in exactly the same manner as Kosgey without obtaining any advice from the NSC. This fact is not disputed by the Prosecution who argued that two wrongs do not make a right. Kosgey's defence have also argued that the issuance of the exemptions did not result in


title: Henry Kosgey

texts:
 put forward a case alleging that Kosgey together with William Ruto and Joshua Sang were members of a network that organised violence in Kenya. Kosgey's lawyers presented his defence during the hearings and denied that Kosgey was a member of any illicit network, if indeed such a network existed. They argued that the Prosecution's case against Kosgey rests entirely on a single, anonymous witness, known only as witness 6.This witness claims that Kosgey attended planning meetings of the alleged network. Witness 6 is the only Prosecution witness to implicate Kosgey in this manner. Aside from the statement of witness 6, the Prosecution had no other evidence or proof of Kosgey's involvement in the planning of any violence. Kosgey's defence argued that the fact that the statement of witness 6 was not corroborated by any other source or any real material evidence means that it is unreliable. This view, they claim, is backed up by the ICC's own previous rulings and jurisprudence. According to Kosgey's defence, witness 6's statement amounts to hearsay and should therefore be dismissed. Kosgey's defence also complained that the Prosecution failed to carry out proper investigations in Kenya, noting that at no point did they interview or request to meet with Kosgey himself or even inform him that he was a suspect.They state that had this been done, Kosgey would have at least had an opportunity to understand the charges and offer exonerating and exculpatory evidence. On 23 January 2012 the International Criminal Court pre-trial chamber II declined to confirm any of the charges against Kosgey, citing insufficient prosecution evidence to sustain a full trial. Charges against his two co-accused were confirmed. Post 2013 Elections
On the general elections held on 4th March 2013, <mask> contested the Nandi County Senate seat on an ODM ticket. The seat was won by Stephen Sang who was the URP candidate. References

Living people
1947 births
Orange Democratic Movement politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Kenya)
Government ministers of Kenya
Kenya African National Union politicians
Kalenjin people
People


title: Joseph Rochefort

texts:
<mask> (May 12, 1900 – July 20, 1976) was an American naval officer and cryptanalyst. He was a major figure in the United States Navy's cryptographic and intelligence operations from 1925 to 1946, particularly in the Battle of Midway. His contributions and those of his team were pivotal to victory in the Pacific War. Early career
<mask> was born in Dayton, Ohio. In 1917, he joined the United States Navy while still in high school in Los Angeles, without obtaining a diploma. He enlisted in the Navy in 1918, lying that he was born in 1898 so as to appear almost 21 and eligible for the service. This adjustment lasted his entire career.He was commissioned as an ensign after a 14 June 1919 graduation from the US Navy's Steam Engineering School at Stevens Institute of Technology, and later in 1919 became engineering officer of the tanker USS Cuyama. A fellow officer observed that <mask> had a penchant for solving crossword puzzles and adept skills at playing the advanced card game auction bridge and recommended him for a Navy cryptanalysis class in Washington, D.C.

<mask>'s tours ashore included cryptanalytic training as an assistant to Captain Laurance Safford, and work with the master codebreaker Agnes Meyer Driscoll in 1924. He then served a stint as second chief of the Division of Naval Communications' newly created cryptanalytic organization, OP-20-G, from 1926 to 1929; training in the Japanese language from 1929 to 1932; and a two-year intelligence assignment in the Eleventh Naval District, San Diego, from 1936 to 1938. Until 1941, <mask> spent nine years in cryptologic or intelligence-related assignments and fourteen years at sea with the U.S. Fleet in positions of increasing responsibility. World War II

Pearl Harbor
In early 1941, Laurance Safford, again chief of OP-20-G in Washington, sent <mask> to

masks:
Joseph John Rochefort
Rochefort
Rochefort
Rochefort
Rochefort
Rochefort


title: Joseph Rochefort

texts:
 Hawaii to become officer in charge of Station Hypo ("H" for Hawaii in the Navy's phonetic alphabet at the time) in Pearl Harbor as <mask> was an expert Japanese linguist and trained cryptanalyst. <mask> handpicked many of HYPO's staff, and by the time of Pearl Harbor had gotten many of the Navy's best cryptanalysts, traffic analysts, and linguists including <mask>. <mask>'s team was assigned to break the Japanese Navy's most secure cypher system, the Flag Officers Code, while Navy cryptographers at Station CAST (Cavite in the Philippines) and OP-20-G in Washington (NEGAT, "N" for Navy Department) concentrated on the main fleet cipher, JN-25.<mask> had a close working relationship with Edwin T. Layton, whom he first met on the voyage to Tokyo where both men were sent to learn Japanese at the Navy's request. In 1941, Layton was the chief intelligence officer for Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet (CINCPAC). Both he and <mask> were denied access to decrypts of diplomatic messages sent in Purple, the highest level diplomatic cypher, in the months before the Japanese attack, on the orders of the director of the War Plans Division, Richmond K. Turner. Battle of Midway
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Navy cryptographers, with assistance from both British cryptographers at the Far East Combined Bureau (in Singapore; later Colombo, Kenya, Colombo), and Dutch cryptographers (in the Dutch East Indies), combined to break enough JN-25 traffic to provide useful intelligence reports and assessments regarding Japanese force disposition and intentions in early 1942. <mask> would often go for days without emerging from his bunker, where he and his staff spent 12 hours a day, or even longer, working to decode Japanese radio traffic. He often wore slippers and a bathrobe with his khaki

masks:
Rochefort
Rochefort
Joseph Finnegan
Rochefort
Rochefort
Rochefort
Rochefort


title: Joseph Rochefort

texts: uniform and sometimes went days without bathing. Station HYPO maintained the coming Japanese attack would be in the Central Pacific, and convinced Admiral Chester W. Nimitz (who replaced Kimmel).OP-20-G (with support from Station CAST) insisted it would be elsewhere in the Pacific, probably the Aleutian Islands, possibly Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea, or even the west coast of the United States. OP-20-G, which had been restructured (Safford having been replaced by Commander John Redman, a communications officer untrained in cryptanalysis) agreed the attack was scheduled for mid-June, not late May or early June, as <mask> maintained. Redman also said that <mask> was being "un-cooperative", and should concentrate on additive recovery. Admiral Ernest King, Nimitz's superior in Washington, was persuaded by OP-20-G. <mask> believed an unknown codegroup, AF, referred to Midway. One of the Station HYPO staff, Jasper Holmes, had the idea of faking a failure of the water supply on Midway Island. He suggested using an unencrypted emergency warning in the hope of provoking a Japanese response, thus establishing whether Midway was a target. <mask> took the idea to Layton, who put it to Nimitz.Nimitz approved, and the garrison commander was told by submarine cable to immediately radio in "plain-language" an emergency request for water as an explosion in the water desalination system meant that they had only enough water for two weeks. An apparently "follow-up" report was to be made in one of the strip-cipher code systems that the Japanese were known to have captured on Wake. As the plan was to convince Washington, Rochefort tactfully let Fleet Radio Unit, Melbourne (FRUMEL) notify the main objects of the deception (Washington) of the Japanese message by reporting a message from the AF Air Unit saying that they

masks: Rochefort Rochefort Rochefort Rochefort


title: Joseph Rochefort

texts: had only enough water for two weeks: "This will confirm identity of AF". Rochefort then sent a reminder on Friday. The Japanese took the bait. Within hours they broadcast instructions to load additional water desalination equipment, confirming Rochefort's analysis. Layton notes the instructions also "produced an unexpected bonus".They revealed the assault was to come before mid-June. In Washington, Admiral Ernest J. King, who disliked <mask> intensely, still was not convinced, however as to the date of the attack. The date-time data in Japanese naval messages was "superenciphered," or encrypted even before it was encoded in JN-25. HYPO made their all-out effort to crack this by searching the stacks of printouts and punched cards for five-digit number sequences. After finding low-grade codes, the team set about to unravel the cipher itself. Layton credits Lieutenant <mask> for discovering "the method that the Japanese had used to lock up their date-time groups."An intercept of 26 May with orders for two destroyer groups escorting invasion transports was analyzed with this table and "really clinched the pivotal date of the operation" as either 4 or 5 June. During May 1942, <mask> and his group decrypted, translated, reviewed, analyzed, and reported as many as 140 messages per day. During the week before Nimitz issued his final orders, "decrypts were being processed at the rate of five hundred to a thousand a day." When Nimitz recommended <mask> for a Navy Distinguished Service Medal, the recommendation was rejected by King who unfairly considered <mask> “one of the most unmilitary-looking officers he had ever encountered.<mask> also told Nimitz to stop the recommendation since it would only "make trouble". Other sources suggest <mask> received no official recognition during his lifetime because he was

masks:
Rochefort
Joseph Finnegan
Rochefort
Rochefort
Rochefort
” Rochefort
Rochefort


title: Joseph Rochefort

texts:
 made a scapegoat for the embarrassment of OP-20-G. Redman (whose brother was the influential Rear Admiral <mask>) complained to King about the operation of the Hawaii station; as a result, <mask> was reassigned from cryptanalysis to command the floating dry dock ABSD-2 at San Francisco. <mask> never served at sea again. The fact that <mask> received no higher recognition at the time is considered by some to have been an outrage and an example of King’s counterproductive personal vendettas.However, he was decorated with the Legion of Merit at the end of the War over King’s objection. <mask> headed the Pacific Strategic Intelligence Group in Washington after the war. He died in Torrance, California, aged 76. Awards
In 1985, <mask> was posthumously awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. In 1986, he was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In 2000, he was inducted into the National Security Agency, Central Security Service Hall of Fame. Legacy
On 6 January 2012, the CAPT Joseph J. Rochefort Building was dedicated at the NSA facility within a Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam Annex, Hawaii.Portrayals
In the 1976 movie Midway with Charlton Heston and Henry Fonda, <mask> was portrayed by Hal Holbrook. <mask> died a month after the movie premiered. In 2019 film Midway, he was portrayed by actor Brennan Brown. References

External links
 NSA online biography Please Note: incorrectly gives <mask>'s year of birth as 1898

1900 births
1976 deaths
Military personnel from Dayton, Ohio
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Battle of Midway
American cryptographers
Intelligence analysts
Pre-computer cryptographers
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Navy officers
American expatriates

masks:
Joseph Redman
Rochefort
Rochefort
Rochefort
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title: Mark Askwith

texts:
<mask> (born April 6, 1956) is a Canadian producer, writer, interviewer (and sometime-publisher/editor), and a familiar name in the fields of science fiction and comics. Early life

<mask> was born into a military household on April 6, 1956. His family moved about before settling in Ottawa, Ontario, when he was six years old. Here, <mask>'s mother subsequently ran a children's bookstore called the Bookery, through which he was able to gain access to a wide range of literature. He cites this exposure to all forms of literature - in particular The Adventures of Tintin album Explorers on the Moon and a "stash of superhero comics" - as a "pivotal event" in his young life, which clearly deeply imbued in him considerable enjoyment of such genres and titles. He has stated that he "didn't take comics seriously", until his friend, Peter, showed him 'The Tiny Perfect Collection', bringing to his knowledge a range of different comics (by such greats as Eisner, Steranko, Kaluta and Wrightson), during his first year at University. He graduated with a B.A.in English from Trinity College, University of Toronto. The Silver Snail

After working at Oberon Press, and Coach House Press, between 1982 and 1987, <mask> managed one of the premiere North American comic book stores - The Silver Snail in Toronto. Situated at that time opposite the Bakka-Phoenix Science Fiction Bookstore, it provided an opportunity to soak up the comics/Sci-Fi atmosphere, and allowed <mask> to meet legendary (and local) Science Fiction and comics authors, including Frank Miller and Bill

masks:
Mark Askwith
Askwith
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title: Mark Askwith

texts:
 Sienkiewicz. Leaving the Silver Snail in 1987, he started work on a Prisoner comic with Dean Motter (below), and worked in an art directorial supportive role on Ron Mann's comics documentary Comic Book Confidential (Sphinx Productions, 1988), an overview/history of the comic book medium in the US, from the 1930s to the '80s. The documentary featured interviews with such noteworthy individuals as Charles Burns, Art Spiegelman, Françoise Mouly, Frank Miller, Stan Lee, Will Eisner, Robert Crumb, Harvey Pekar, and William M. Gaines. The success of the documentary inspired <mask> to expand upon some of Mann's ideas into a television magazine programme which would similarly explore areas of fan interest (comics, Science Fiction, horror, etc.) largely through interviews and commentary.The programme was called Prisoners of Gravity. Prisoners of Gravity

In 1989, <mask> became a full-time television producer and writer, and one of his first programmes was Prisoners of Gravity. The brainchild of <mask>, Daniel Richler, and Rick Green (who also hosted the programme), Prisoners of Gravity was a Canadian news magazine program that explored speculative fiction, specifically science fiction, fantasy, horror and comics. Produced by TVOntario, the series ran for 139 episodes over five seasons. The establishing framework for the programme is not dissimilar to that of its similarly-targeted peer Mystery Science Theater 3000, both featuring a stranded host who ostensibly broadcast the programme themselves from isolation. The similarities largely end there, however.

masks: Askwith Askwith Askwith


title: Mark Askwith

texts:
 MST3K was a comedy programme that focused each episode on a particular film and provided running gag commentary on it.Prisoners of Gravity ran a series of interviews with authors and creators from the science fiction and comics communities, with the host linking the subject matter together and focusing down on a specific topic for that episode. Episodes from the first season (broadcast between August 1989 and March 1990, and now believed largely missing/wiped) reportedly focused on areas including UFOs, Star Trek and Comic book conventions. The subsequent four seasons (preserved, and available for viewing by appointment at The Merril Collection of Science Fiction, Speculation and Fantasy public library located in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada) often featured episodes on much more specific topics. These included "Will Eisner & The Spirit", "Watchmen", "Cyberpunk", "Ray Bradbury", "The Sandman", "Tolkien" and Jack Kirby" among many others. Many of the interviews for these programmes (including specific interviews with Watchmen creators Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons, and Sandman author Neil Gaiman) were apparently carried out by <mask> himself. Prisoners of Gravity first aired on TVOntario and ran for five seasons and 139 episodes before being canceled in 1994. Many of its episodes were subsequently syndicated, and have appeared (briefly) on PBS, The Discovery Channel and Space, of which <mask> is one of the founding producers.Space and CHUM/CTV

Space is effectively the Canadian equivalent of The Sci Fi Channel, an English language cable television

masks: Askwith Askwith


title: Mark Askwith

texts:
 specialty channel owned and operated by CTVglobemedia. It features mainly sci-fi and fantasy movies, documentaries and television series. <mask> was one of the founding producers of the channel, which was licensed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) in 1996, and debuted on October 17, 1997 at 6:00 p.m. EST, under the ownership of CHUM Limited. <mask> is particularly involved in the documentary side of things, and the so-called 'interstitial' materials which pepper the channels' output. The first of which was a comment on the channels first-broadcast film Forbidden Planet by noted Canadian Science Fiction author Robert J. Sawyer. He has produced - and appeared in - SPACE's HypaSpace Daily/Weekly, an entertainment news programme which looks specifically at the Science Fiction news. Books and comics

Having been inducted into the worlds of science fiction, fantasy and comics at a young age (<mask> cites in particular C.S.Lewis's Narnia books, works by Andre Norton and Robert A. Heinlein, Superhero comics and The Adventures of Tintin), and later rubbing shoulders with Science Fiction and comics authors at The Silver Snail and Bakka-Phoenix, <mask> has dabbled in writing himself, mostly comics. Most notably, his collaboration with Dean Motter in helping write the authorised "The Prisoner" sequel met with considerable critical and fan-approval. The four-part prestige-format mini-series, serialised between 1988 and 1989 has subsequently been collected in graphic novel format as Shattered Visage, still in print (since

masks: Askwith Askwith Askwith Askwith


title: Mark Askwith

texts:
 1990) and published by DC Comics/Warner Bros. in the US, and Titan Books in the UK. Other comics work includes:

 Andromeda (Silver Snail Comics, 1986) Written and published under the SSC imprint. Canadian Comics Cavalcade (Artworx, 1986)
 The True North (CLLDF, 1988) Written for the Canadian Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund. (See: Derek McCulloch)
 Sheet Music (Fantagraphics, 1988)
 "Raising the Roof!" (Bonus Book No.7) in Justice League International Vol. 1 #18 (DC, Oct 1988) Art by James Webb & <mask>
 "Sharks" in Taboo #2 (Spiderbaby Grafix, Jan 1989) Art by R.G. "Rick" Taylor
 "Davey's Dream" in Taboo #4 (Spiderbaby Grafix, Jan 1990) Art by R.G. "Rick" Taylor
 Caliber Presents #24 (Caliber, 1991?) Silencers #1-4 (Caliber Comics, Jul-?Oct? 1991) A mini-series (with Richard G. Taylor), subsequently collected as a limited edition trade, then reprinted in 2007 by Image. ()
 Ken Lashley's Legends (Draxhall Jump, 2002) Co-writer with Ken Lashley.Art by Ken Lashley, Marvin Mariano & Jason Azevedo
 "Joyride" in Batman: Gotham Knights #32 (DC Oct 2002) A short Batman: 'Black & White' story with M. W. Kaluta, as a backup to Devin Grayson's landmark "24/7" single issue story. Collected in Batman: Black & White 3 (May 2007) ()
 "Moebius: A Sketch" in Negative Burn Vol. 3 #1 (Desperado Publishing/Image May 2006) With Silencers artist Richard G. Taylor
 The Comic Eye #1 (Blind Bat, Dec 2007) "The Comic Eye is a unique collection of 50 biographical and fictional comic strips by 50 talented comic makers!" Other contributors include: Fred Hembeck • Brad W.


title: Mark Askwith

texts:
 Foster • Steve Skeates • Matt Feazell • Rob Walton • Michael T. Gilbert • Allen Freeman • Dave Sim • Rick Geary

Other

The Hugo Award-nominated novel Humans by Canadian science-fiction writer Robert J. Sawyer, published in 2003, carries this dedication:  "For <mask>, Master of Multiple Universes." <mask> is thanked by Alan Moore in his and Bill Sienkiewicz's Big Numbers comic, for, in <mask>'s words "read[ing] several articles about chaos theory in the mid- 80s and sav[ing] them", later to be forwarded to Mr Moore, as research for that, ultimately aborted comic series. He is credited for coming up with the name "Taboo" for Stephen R. Bissette's horror anthology, which was until then being called "The October Project". The title Taboo supposedly played a key part in inspiring Alan Moore (with Eddie Campbell) to write the landmark Jack the Ripper graphic novel From Hell.He adapted the anime television series of the Capcom game Power Stone into English. In recent years, due in part to his familiarity with the comics and Science Fiction scenes, and his role with SPACE, he has played a role in various events relating to those fields. On October 23, 2007, he hosted readings by Jasper Fforde, Spider Robinson, Robert J. Sawyer and Jay MillAr as part of the 2007 Toronto International Festival of Authors. On October 30, 2008 <mask> interviewed Neal Stephenson at The Ryerson Theatre in Toronto. This event is part of the 'This is Not a Reading Series' of book events hosted by Toronto's Pages Book Store. References

External links

 IFOA (International

masks:
Mark Askwith
Askwith
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title: Mark Askwith

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 Festival of Authors) Mini-biography
 <mask> at ''Who's Who of American Comic Books, 1928-1999

 J. D. LaFrance Interview with <mask>
 Jose Carlos Neves Interview with <mask>with
 Space Channel's webpage
 A Prisoners of Gravity fansite

1956 births
Canadian screenwriters
Canadian television producers
Canadian comics writers
Living people
Trinity College (Canada) alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Writers from

masks:
Mark Askwith
Mark Askwith
Mark Ask


title: William Berczy

texts:
<mask> (December 10, 1744 – February 5, 1813) was a German-born Upper Canada pioneer and painter. He is considered one of the co-founders of the Town of York, Upper Canada, now Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Biography
<mask> was born in Wallerstein, Swabia, Electorate of Bavaria (part of the Holy Roman Empire and now in Germany) as a son of the Wirklicher Hofrat (Albrecht Theodor Moll) and Johanna Josepha Walpurga Moll (née Hefele). <mask> was originally named Johann Albrecht Ulrich Moll, but following marriage changed his name. He studied at the Akademie der bildenden Künste in Vienna and at the University of Jena in Saxony. His early career was spent in several European countries, including Poland, Switzerland, and Italy. In 1792, <mask> sailed for the Americas, settling in Philadelphia, then setting up a business in York, Upper Canada (now Toronto).A few years later, his work took him to Lower Canada (Quebec). <mask> married, on November 1, 1785, Jeanne-Charlotte <mask> née Allamand (1760–1839) of Lausanne (canton of Bern, now - since 1803 - canton of Vaud), Switzerland. They had two sons, <mask> <mask> and Charles Albert <mask>. His son Charles Albert <mask> became the second postmaster of Toronto. <mask> helped John Graves Simcoe establish a settlement north of York, called German Mills with his migrants under the German Land Company, which later became the town of Markham. Berczy built homes in York and Markham, including Russell Abbey in York. Berczy painted.His two best known pictures are a

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title: William Berczy

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 full-length portrait of the Mohawk chief Thayendanegea (Joseph Brant) (c. 1807) and a group portrait of the Woolsey Family (1809). Although best known for his portraits, he also carried out religious paintings and architectural work, including plans for Christ Church Cathedral in Montreal in 1803, and was a surveyor. <mask> travelled to New York City during the War of 1812 and was stranded when attempting to travel. He first stayed in Middlebury, Vermont with friends, then to Albany, New York then to New York City from which he planned to travel to England. He fell ill while in New York and died while in the care of friends. He was buried in an unmarked grave at Trinity Church as <mask>ay. His wife moved in with her son <mask> and died on September 18, 1839 in Sainte-Mélanie, Lower Canada.<mask> was also survived by his other son, Charles Albert Berczy. Legacy
An elementary school in central Markham is named <mask>rczy Public School in his honour. The school, founded in 1967, has approximately 600 students in grades K-8. Also in honour of this founder, the then Town of Markham named one of its densely populated neighbourhoods after him, the Berczy Village. Berczy Creek is a tributary of the Rouge River in Markham. A bronze statue of Berczy will be situated in at Berczy Square, a park to be built at Berczy Village near Kennedy Road and 16th Avenue in Markham. Within Berczy Village is William Berczy Settlement Historical Cemetery.<mask> Berczy Boulevard is a major road from Major Mackenzie Drive to

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William
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title: William Berczy

texts:
 16th Avenue in Berczy Village, Berczy Gate is a short street near Highway 7 and Ninth Line and Berczy Creek Way is a short road near 16th Avenue and Warden Avenue in Markham. In Toronto a roadway called Leader Lane was renamed from Berczy Lane. There is also Berczy Street in Aurora running next to the train station. Berczy Park is a small park located behind the Gooderham Building at Front Street and Wellington Street in Toronto, Ontario. The park had been vacant for many decades and once used as a parking lot after the buildings on the site were demolished. A tree-lined city park emerged after the late 1980s and has undergone renovations from 2015 to 2016. Berczy Street Park and Berczy Street are found in Barrie, Ontario.<mask>-Strasse is a street named for him in Wallerstein, Bavaria. In 2016, <mask> was named a National Historic Person. In fiction
<mask> is the subject of John Steffler's biographical novel German Mills: A Novel Pertaining to the Life and Times of <mask> (Gaspereau Press, 2015). References

Further reading
 "<mask> Co-Founder of Toronto" written by John Andre in 1967 as a centennial project for the Borough of York. Hartmut Froeschle [Fröschle]: Adler auf dem Ahornbaum. Studien zur Einwanderung, Siedlung, Kultur-und Literaturgeschichte der Deutschen in Kanada. Herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Lothar Zimmermann.Toronto 1997 (Deutschkanadische Schriften, B. Sachbücher, Bd. 7), pp. 53–63: "Williem <mask>, ein deutschkanadischer Pionier". Hartmut Froeschle [Fröschle]: Berczy trifft

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title: William Berczy

texts:
 Goethe. In: Deutschkanadisches Jahrbuch / German Canadian Yearbook 15 (1998), pp. 89–97. Pioneers of the Don by Charles Sauriol 1995  (pp288–298 "The Story of the German Mills")
 Ronald J. Stagg: Berczy, Williem [...].In: Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Francess G. Halpenny, General Editor, vol. 5. 1801-1820. Toronto, Buffalo, London 1983, pp. 70–72. B[eate] Stock: Berczy, <mask> (Johann Albrecht Ulrich Moll). In: (K[laus] G[erhard]) Saur [Publisher]: Allgemeines Künstler-Lexikon.Die Bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker, Bd. 9. München, Leipzig 1994, pp. 255–256. External links

 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 German Pioneers of Toronto and Markham Township - The Story of <mask>rczy
 Article about Berczy Park in Toronto Star, Dec 22, 2008, giving more detail about his life: "Oasis amid skyscrapers has a magic of its own"
 Berczy and the early Settlement of Markham in History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario Vol 1 1885 page 114
 Berczy in the History of Markham
 The <mask>rczy Paintings
 ; also in French

1744 births
1813 deaths
18th-century Canadian painters
18th-century German painters
19th-century Canadian painters
19th-century German painters
19th-century male artists
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
Artists from Toronto
Canadian male painters
German emigrants to pre-Confederation Canada
German male painters
People from Donau-Ries
People from Markham, Ontario
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Pre-Confederation Ontario people
University

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William
William Be
William Be


title: Alvin E. Roth

texts:
<mask> (born December 18, 1951) is an American academic. He is the Craig and Susan McCaw professor of economics at Stanford University and the Gund professor of economics and business administration emeritus at Harvard University. He was President of the American Economics Association in 2017. <mask> has made significant contributions to the fields of game theory, market design and experimental economics, and is known for his emphasis on applying economic theory to solutions for "real-world" problems. In 2012, he won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences jointly with Lloyd Shapley "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design". Biography

<mask> was born in the New York City borough of Queens to <mask> and <mask>, who were both public high school teachers. <mask> followed his brother <mask> in attending the Science Honors Program at Columbia University, which offered classes to junior high school and high school students on Saturdays and entered Columbia's engineering school in the Fall of 1968 when he was 16, without having graduated from high school.<mask> graduated from Columbia University's School of Engineering and Applied Science in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in Operations Research. He then moved to Stanford University, receiving both his Master's and PhD also in Operations Research there in 1973 and 1974 respectively. After leaving Stanford, <mask> went on to teach at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign which he left  in 1982 to become the Andrew W. Mellon professor of economics at the University of Pittsburgh. While at Pittsburgh, he also served as a fellow in the university's Center for Philosophy of Science and as a professor in the Katz Graduate School of Business. In 1998, <mask> left to join the faculty at Harvard where he remained until deciding to

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Alvin Eliot Roth
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Alvin Roth
Ernest
Lillian Roth
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Ted Roth
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title: Alvin E. Roth

texts:
 return to Stanford in 2012. In 2013 he became a full member of the Stanford faculty and took emeritus status at Harvard. <mask> is an Alfred P. Sloan fellow, a Guggenheim fellow, and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.He is also a member of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the Econometric Society. In 2013, <mask>, Shapley, and David Gale won a Golden Goose Award for their work on market design. A collection of <mask>'s papers is housed at the Rubenstein Library at Duke University. Academic Work
In October 2012, <mask> was the co-recipient of the 2012 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, together with Lloyd S. Shapley, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences stated that it awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize jointly to <mask> and Shapley "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design." The citation went on to say:  <mask> recognized that Shapley’s theoretical results could clarify the functioning of important markets in practice. In a series of empirical studies, <mask> and his colleagues demonstrated that stability is the key to understanding the success of particular market institutions. <mask> was later able to substantiate this conclusion in systematic laboratory experiments.He also helped redesign existing institutions for matching new doctors with hospitals, students with schools, and organ donors with patients. These reforms are all based on the Gale-Shapley algorithm, along with modifications that take into account specific circumstances and ethical restrictions, such as the preclusion of side payments. Market Design
Roth made several fundamental contributions to market design from the 1990s through the current day on topics including kidney exchange, school choice, medical residency match, entry-level job market for economists and other

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title: Alvin E. Roth

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 markets. Describing the dynamism of market design, <mask> suggests that "As the conditions of the market change, the behavior of people change and that causes old rules to be discarded and new rules to be created." <mask> is also an active blogger on topics related to  market design: he manages the Market Design Blog. Kidney exchange

<mask> did foundational theoretical work on kidney exchange along with Tayfun Sonmez and Utku Unver,  and later on with Itai Ashlagi and other co-authors. <mask>, along with Tayfun Sonmez and Utku Unver, were one of the first to note the similarity between kidney exchange and one-sided matching described by Lloyd Shapley and Herbert Scarf.They adapted the David Gale’s top-trading-cycle algorithm to allow the one-sided matching with waiting-list options, and proposed efficient and incentive-compatible chain selection rules. The same team subsequently showed that efficient outcomes with good incentive properties can be found in computationally efficient ways when only pairwise kidney exchanges are considered. New England Program for Kidney Exchange

<mask> is a co-founder of the New England Program for Kidney Exchange, a registry and matching program that pairs compatible kidney donors and recipients. The program was designed to operate primarily through the use of two pairs of incompatible donors. Each donor was incompatible with her partner but could be compatible with another donor who was likewise incompatible with his partner. Francis Delmonico, a transplant surgeon at Harvard Medical School, describes a typical situation,

Because the National Organ Transplant Act forbids the creation of binding contracts for organ transplant, steps in the procedure had to be performed roughly simultaneously. Two pairs of patients means four operating rooms and four surgical teams acting in

masks: Roth Roth Roth Roth Roth


title: Alvin E. Roth

texts:
 concert with each other.Hospitals and professionals in the transplant community felt that the practical burden of three pairwise exchanges would be too large. While the original theoretical work discovered that an "efficient frontier" would be reached with exchanges between three pairs of otherwise incompatible donors, it was determined that the goals of the program would not be sacrificed by limiting exchanges to pairs of incompatible donors. A 12-party (6 donors and 6 recipients) kidney exchange was performed in April 2008. Global Kidney Exchange
Along with his long-time collaborator Dr Michael Rees, <mask> introduced the idea of global kidney exchange. Global kidney exchange is kidney exchange conducted between patients from different countries. Such exchange is especially beneficial when the cost of hemodialysis in the developed world exceeds that of kidney transplantation by an amount greater than the combined cost of transplantation, subsequent immunosuppression, and medical follow-up for a donor–recipient pair from a developing world country. <mask>, Rees and other co-authors proposed the implementation of global kidney exchange programs that leverage the cost savings achieved through earlier transplantation over dialysis for the developed-world kidney transplant candidates to fund the cost of kidney exchange between developed-world patient–donor pairs with immunological barriers and developing-world patient–donor pairs with financial barriers.The first such exchange was carried out in 2015. <mask> and coauthors have continued to contribute to ethical discussions and to practical operational designs that can facilitate global kidney chains. In 2021, a kidney exchange was conducted between Israel and the UAE where <mask> and his colleagues like Dr Michael Rees and Itai Ashlagi played key roles. School

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title: Alvin E. Roth

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 choice
<mask> helped redesign mechanisms for matching students to New York City high schools and Boston primary schools. New York City public school system
<mask> later helped design the market to match New York City public school students to high schools as incoming freshmen. Previously, the school district had students mail in a list of their five preferred schools in rank order, then mailed a photocopy of that list to each of the five schools. As a result, schools could tell whether or not students had listed them as their first choice.This meant that some students really had a choice of one school, rather than five. It also meant that students had an incentive to hide their true preferences. <mask> and his colleagues Atila Abdulkadiroğlu and Parag Pathak proposed David Gale and Lloyd Shapley's incentive-compatible student-proposing deferred acceptance algorithm to the school board in 2003. The school board accepted the measure as the method of selection for New York City public school students. Boston's public school system
Working with Atila Abdulkadiroğlu, Parag A. Pathak, and Tayfun Sonmez, <mask> presented a similar measure to Boston's public school system in 2003. Here the Boston system gave so much preference to an applicant's first choice that were a student to not receive her first or second choice, it was likely that she would not be matched with any school on her list and be administratively assigned to schools which had vacancies. Some Boston parents had informally recognized this feature of the system and developed detailed lists in order to avoid having their children administratively assigned.Boston held public hearings on the school selection system and finally in 2005 settled on David Gale and Lloyd Shapley's incentive-compatible student-proposing deferred acceptance algorithm. National


title: Alvin E. Roth

texts:
 Medical Residency Match

Roth's 1984 paper on the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) highlighted the system designed by John Stalknaker and F. J. Mullen in 1952. The system was built on theoretical foundations independently introduced by David Gale and Lloyd Shapley in 1962. <mask> proved that the mechanism used in NRMP was both stable and strategy-proof for unmarried medical residents but deferred to future study the question of how to match married couples efficiently. In 1990s, <mask> redesigned the matching program to, among other things, produce stable matches efficiently even with married couples. Along with <mask>, <mask> proposed a variation of the applicant-proposing deferred-acceptance algorithm modified to accommodate couples by resolving potential instabilities caused by the presence of couples sequentially, following the instability-chaining algorithm proposed by <mask> and John H. Vande Vate. The NRMP adopted the new algorithm in 1997.The algorithm is still in use in NRMP as of 2021. Moreover, it has been  adopted in entry-level labor markets for other organizations such as the Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers. Organ Donation
In a series of papers with Judd Kessler, <mask> investigates economic and psychological forces that influence organ donation decisions. They investigate how changes in the management of organ waiting lists and donor registration programs might impact donations. A notable insight from this work suggest that organ allocation policy giving priority on waiting lists to those who previously registered as donors has a significant positive impact on registration. In another paper, <mask> and Kessler found that giving potential donors more opportunities to donate organs while providing them with more information can increase registrations.

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