title: Jacques du Chevreul

texts: was born a year earlier than René Descartes, and died a year before Descartes as well. Unlike Descartes, <mask>ul was always associated with a university, specifically the University of Paris and the College of Harcourt. He was the son of a magistrate, a civil officer or judge who administers the law. Descartes’ father was also a magistrate, adding to their similarities. <mask> Chevreul's father held a Master's of Law from Poitiers.Although his father studied law, <mask> decided to take his career in a different direction. He started his education in humanities and philosophy in which he received a master's degree (Master of Arts) from the University of Paris in 1616. After receiving his master's degree, unlike many of his peers, he decided to continue his education in the higher faculty of theology and received the degree of Bachelor of Divinity in 1619. <mask> held Aristotelian views on mathematics and began a teaching career in 1620 at Harcourt, which is another commune in the Normandy region of northern France. He taught primarily philosophy, but also some mathematics. The duration of the philosophy course was two years, and it consisted of a year of Logic and Ethics followed by another year of Metaphysics and Physics. From the 1620s to the 1640s, <mask> <mask> was a professor at the University of Paris.In the years 1623 through 1626 and 1633 through 1634, <mask>ul taught the Logic and Ethics curriculum. In the years 1628 through 1629 and 1634 through 1635, <mask>ul taught the Metaphysics and Physics curriculum. Two years prior to his death, <mask>ul also worked at the Collège Royal as a professor of philosophy. <mask> <mask> died in the year 1649 in Paris, France.Although he did not publish his philosophy lectures, he did publish two mathematical texts. The mathematical curriculum in the early 17th century was divided into the quadrivium, the four liberal arts of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy together with optics and other mathematically based disciplines. During his

masks:
du Chevre
Jacques du
Du Chevreul
Du Chevreul
Jacques du
Chevreul
du Chevre
du Chevre
du Chevre
Jacques du
Chevreul


title: Jacques du Chevreul

type: original

texts:
 time at the University of Paris, <mask>ul published two mathematical works, Arithmetica in 1622 and Sphaera in 1623. The basis of astronomical teaching at the time was the textbook genre known as the Sphere.Sphaera
This publication consists of ten chapters in which six chapters commentate on the four-part mathematical textbook Sphere written by Sacrobosco. <mask> Chevreul diverged from the basic structure of work done by commentators originating in the Middle Ages by dividing his commentary into 10 chapters rather than the expected four parts. The four parts of the original Sphereare as follows:

Part I consists of a discussion of the sphere, such as defining its center and axis, as well as a discussion on the shape of the universe and the number of concentric spheres in it. Part II contains a list of some of the circles marked on the surface of the various spheres. Part III includes a list of astronomical signs with a discussion of their risings and settings and day inequalities. Part IV contains a discussion of the causes of motion and eclipses. Several of the chapters corresponded with the four parts:

Chapters 1 and 2 of <mask>ul's book, De definitionibus and De figura mundi, summarize Part 1 of Sacrobosco's Sphere.Chapter 3, De ordine partium, contains mostly new material and covers Copernicus and the Copernican topic of the arrangement of the spheres. Chapters 5 and 7, De circulis coelestibus and De eclipsibus, cover the same topics as Parts II and IV of Sacrobosco's Sphere. Chapter 9, De accidentibus sphaerae, includes sections of Part III, in particular astronomical signs and periods such as days and nights. Four other chapters discuss information beyond the original four-part Sphere. The four new chapters are chapters four, six, eight, and ten. The ten chapters of Sphaera are as follows:

Chapter 1 De definitionibus

In this chapter, <mask>ul explains why the shape of the world is spherical, providing four arguments. The first argument is that a sphere is the ideal shape as it

masks:
du Chevre
Jacques du
du Chevre
du Chevre


title: Jacques du Chevreul

texts:
 has largest volume.A sphere is also suitable for circular motion and rotation along its axis. His second argument states that spheres are needed because they do not allow for vacuums to pierce through itself. Since vacuums are not on Earth, the shape must be something that does not allow vacuums to exist within it. <mask>'s third argument states that since heavy object fall toward the center and light object move away from the center, a sphere is created. His last argument of this chapter states that stars are fixed in place and each have a unique distance from Earth. Chapter 2 De figura mundi

In this chapter, <mask> applies his conclusions from the previous chapter to state that the Earth is spherical. Du Chevreul states some additional evidence such as the fixed stars rising and setting throughout the day.Du Chevreul also mentions how as one moves further north, stars move closer to the horizon. He also mentions that there is a circular shadow on the moon during an eclipse as arguments for a spherical Earth. Chapter 3 De ordine partium

This chapter discusses <mask>ul's comments on the Copernican system. Du Chevreul begins by describing the Copernican system and then states that this system is faulty. Du Chevreul references Plato, Aristotle, and scriptures from the Bible as examples against the Copernican system. He then states that the Copernican system also defies physics because the Earth is a single body but it requires to two motions, a diurnal and an annual motion. Du Chevreul also objects to Copernican idea that the Earth moves closer and further away from the fixed stars.According to this theory, these stars would change brightness depending on closeness of the Earth which is something that has not been seen. However, <mask>ul does not dispute Copernicus on his idea that the sun is the center of the universe instead of the Earth. <mask> states that Mercury and  orbiting the sun is not contradictory to physics or biblical scriptures. Du Chevreul completes this chapter discussing

masks:
Du Chevreul
du Chevreul
du Chevre
du Chevre
Du Chevreul


title: Jacques du Chevreul

texts:
 parallax, namely how there is a parallax for planets but not for fixed stars. Chapter 4 De stellis

Chapter four discusses <mask>ul's belief of what constitutes the heavens. Du Chevreul states that he does not know for certain what material the heavens are made from, but theorizes that stars are simply condensed sections of the heavens. In particular, he believes that stars are likely denser and rarer parts of the heavens.According to <mask>ul, the extent of the density of certain stars is related to the amount of light is released. This theory protects the idea that the heavens are unchangeable, or incorruptible, given that qualities such as hot, cold, dry, and moist can not be seen within the heavens. This theory was proposed in Aristotelian physics which is also upheld in the Bible. Chapter 5 De circulis coelestibus

Du Chevreul then separates stars into two categories, fixed and wandering. Wandering stars include the seven planets that are observed by Aristotle, Plato, and others up to present time. These planets or stars include Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, Mercury, the Sun, and the moon. Additionally, there are the four planets, known as the Medician stars, that orbit Jupiter as well as two planets that orbit Saturn, known as Saturnines, that were discovered by Galileo.Including these 13 celestial bodies, there are 30 others that <mask>ul recognizes called the Bourbon stars, which circle the sun. These stars were also named by Jean Tarde. Chapter 6 De caelorum numero

Chapter 6 "The Number of Heaven" is about his personal thoughts on the number of heavens, which differed from many other astronomers before him. Prior astronomers, in particular Plato and Aristotle, believed the number of heavens to be at minimum eight due to their different motions. Another astronomer, Eustachius a Sancto Paulo, believed there were seven planetary heavens: the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Neptune. He also had firmament as the eighth sphere, the crystal heaven for a ninth and

masks:
du Chevre
du Chevre
du Chevre


title: Jacques du Chevreul

texts:
 tenth, the primum mobile as an eleventh, and ending with the Empyrean heaven being located above it in his 1609 Summa philosophica quadripartita. Unlike the astronomers before him, <mask>ul only counts five planetary heavens.He only counts Saturn, Jupiter, Mars and the heavens of the moon and the sun. He doesn't include the heavens of the newest planets of the time, Venus and Mercury. He did not include Venus and Mercury because as seen in the optical tube, Mercury and Venus can be found above, below, and next to the Sun and thus circle around the Sun. <mask> believed that no other interpretation of this phenomenon would be possible in nature due to the requirement of a vacuum. <mask> notes that Venus and Mercury are placed above the Sun by notable astronomers Plato and Aristotle while astronomers Ptolemy, Regiomontanus, and Sacrobosco placed the planets below the Sun. <mask> <mask> believed that the correct placement of Venus and Mercury required an optical instrument, and thus only astronomers of his generation could see that Venus and Mercury orbited the Sun. Du Chevreul's five heavens are, from center to outskirts: 1.The Moon, 2. The Sun, surrounded by the Bourbon stars, Mercury, and Venus, 3. Mars, 4. Jupiter, surrounded by four Medicean stars, and 5. Saturn, with two concentric orbs. The firmament is located above the planetary heavens, with the celestial waters above the heavens and lastly the Empyrean Heaven; both of which are required by the Sacred Scriptures. Chapter 7 De eclipsibus

Chapter 7 "Of Eclipses" talks about the same things as The Traditional Part 2 and Part 4.Chapter 8 De eccentricis et epicyclis

Chapter 9 De accidentibus sphaerae

Chapter 9 "From accidentibus sphere" includes part of the Traditional Part 3, which is about astronomical signs and periods such as days and nights. Chapter 10 De calculo ecclesiastico

<mask> <mask>’s Depiction of the Universe
The seventeenth century, a two-dimensional model drawn by <mask>ul was meant to be grasped as a solid, however

masks:
du Chevre
Du Chevreul
Du Chevreul
Jacques du
Chevreul
Jacques du
Chevreul
du Chevre


title: Jacques du Chevreul

texts:
 the technology was not available to make a three-dimensional layout. <mask> <mask>'s eccentric-epicycle geocentric template of the universe had elements like previous astronomers Ptolemy and Aristotle and modifications based on Galileo's telescopic observations. The model, created in 1623 had, unlike other geocentric models of its time, sunspots rotating about the sun, in the form of the Bourbon Planets suggested by Jean Tarde. Planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn were also in rotation around the earth. Two planets Jupiter and Saturn, had each been given moons surrounding them, with Jupiter having four and Saturn given two. The sunspots that <mask>ul incorporated into his depiction caused mixed interpretations between professions.Some mathematicians did not acknowledge such claims while schoolmen widely around France had followed Tarde's suggestion and thought the sunspots were small planets, as in <mask>ul's depiction. In the traditional view of that time no modifications he made to his earlier model needed to be significantly changed although <mask> did make changes to Mercury and Venus planet phases, the moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and the handles that surrounded the planet Saturn. Du Chevreul also accounted for the lunar spots/sunspots as celestial matter condensations and rarefactions. Through the modifications, <mask>ul's depiction of the universe maintained its spherical form, its central earth, and epicyclic-eccentric model. Du Chevreul on the Shape and Position of the Earth
Du Chevreul argued that the shape of the Earth was spherical for many reasons in Sphaera:

 Its fitness: A sphere has a larger capacity than other shapes and it can rotate around its axis because it is well accommodated to circular motion. The Earth is massive and contains so much within it. It also rotates on its axis.Therefore, it must be a sphere. Its necessity: If the world were not spherical, a vacuum would have to exist. Vacuums do not exist in earth's nature; therefore it must be a shape

masks:
Jacques du
Chevreul
du Chevre
du Chevre
Jacques
du Chevre


title: Jacques du Chevreul

texts:
 that is impenetrable. The nature of things: Based on natural events such as gravity, the movement of the earth's crust, and meteorological events such as cloud formation, it can be concluded that the Earth must have a spherical shape. The appearances: Stars are fixed, and yet each has a unique distance from the earth. Additionally, stars rise and set during the night, and their distance with respect to the horizon changes as one changes his/her position on the Earth. During a lunar eclipse, the Earth's shadow is circular in shape.<mask> rejected the Copernican theories on the system of the universe for many reasons. First, he believed that the Earth was at the center of the universe and did not orbit. He used the teachings of Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers and astrologers who asserted this geocentric idea and cited Plato in the Timaeus and Phaedo and Aristotle in the De caelo. Second, he looked to passages in the Bible for theological support. One passage stated that when God created the Earth, he did not intend for it to move. Another passage referenced the miracle witnessed by the biblical character Joshua in which God halted the movement of the sun and the moon. The use of Biblical Scriptures was consistent with the 1616 condemnation of Copernicanism by the Catholic Church as well as <mask>'s own views on religion and astronomy.<mask> also argued that Copernicus's theories were inconsistent with the physics concerning the motion of a simple body because Copernicus believed the simple body- the Earth- would have two motions however simple bodies can only have a single and simple motion. Even though he claimed that Earth was at the center of the universe, <mask> also claimed that Venus and Mercury orbited the Sun. The root of this theory was his claim that spots seen on the Sun are actually Venus and Mercury rather than the fact that they have phases like the moon. Du Chevreul on the Heavens
On the heavens, particularly on the question of whether or not they can change,

masks:
Du Chevreul
du Chevreul
Du Chevreul
du Chevreul


title: Jacques du Chevreul

texts:
 <mask>ul took a probabilistic approach, and theorized that the brightness of the stars indicated how dense and how rare they were. He classified stars into two categories: stars that did not move (fixed) and stars that did move (wandering). He classified the planets, the Sun, and the Moon as wandering stars. Following in the steps of Aristotle and Plato, he confirmed that there are seven wandering stars: Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury, and the Moon.However, he also counted the four Medician stars that orbit Jupiter, which were discovered by Galileo, and he counted the two planets that orbit Saturn. Therefore, he counted thirteen planets in all. <mask>ul believed that Aristotle's observations should in general be taken into consideration; however there were some points where <mask>ul disagreed with him such as the number of levels in the heavens. According to Aristotle, along with Plato, the number of levels of the heavens was at least eight, which included Saturn, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, the Moon, and the stars. <mask>ul had a different theory in which he counted only five levels: Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, and the Moon. Unlike his predecessors who either argued that Venus and Mercury were above the Sun or below it, <mask>ul asserted all of the above. Since Venus and Mercury orbit the Sun, <mask>reul deduced, they could be found both above and below it.Thus, Venus and Mercury were located within the Sun's level and did not have levels of their own. The following are <mask>ul's levels of the heavens in order, with Earth located at the center:

 The Moon
 The Sun, in which Mercury and Venus circulate around the sun
 Mars
 Jupiter, in which the four Medicean stars circulate around Jupiter
 Saturn, in which two planets circulate around Saturn

Keeping in line with biblical scriptures, <mask>ul claimed that above all these levels was the celestial waters and where God resigned, known as the Empyrean Heaven. <mask> <mask>'s Thoughts on other Astronomers

masks:
du Chevre
du Chevre
du Chevre
du Chevre
du Chevre
du Chev
du Chevre
du Chevre
Jacques du
Chevreul


title: Jacques du Chevreul

texts: <mask> Chevreul's observations were in line with Galileo's observations as he accepted all of the 1610-1613 telescope findings. These findings were: more stars, four moons around Jupiter, the “handles” of Saturn from Starry Messenger (1610), as well as “sunspots” and phases of Venus from Letters on Sunspots (1613). Instead interpreting the “handles” of Saturn as two moons that orbit around Saturn and sunspots as small planets orbiting the Sun. <mask> <mask> modified Aristotelianism to account for Galileo's observations, however does not specifically credit Galileo. Du Chevreul also accepted Galileo's other observations that cooperated with Aristotelian astronomy, as seen in the chapter covering eccentric and epicyclic orbs, De ordine partium.Eccentrics are crucial because the parallax, their distances from the center of the world, of planets are changeable, or vary as shown through astronomical observations. Epicycles are also necessary because planets can slow down or speed up, as seen through astronomical observations. <mask> <mask> agreed with Galileo's observations with one exception. Galileo discovered that the moon had mountains and valleys that were similar to those of the earth. <mask>'s response to this was that if the moon did have mountains and valleys, then the moon would also have areas of empty space, which nature does not allow. Instead, <mask> believed that what Galileo had seen were actually the varying densities of the moon and Galileo did not make a direct observation, instead making an inference based on a false assumption. Just as a star's brightness indicates its density and rarity, so does the variance of brightness on the moon.Another astronomer's observations that <mask> <mask> rejected were those of Tycho Brahe. He not only rejected the Tychonic description of the heavens, but he also rejected Brahe's theory that Mars was below the Sun. <mask> <mask> argued that Mars cannot be located below the Sun, because for that to occur the heavens would have to be

masks:
Jacques du
Jacques du
Chevreul
Jacques du
Chevreul
du Chevreul
du Chevreul
Jacques du
Chevreul
Jacques de
Chevreul


title: Jacques du Chevreul

texts:
 permeable which directly contradicts the appearances. He continued on in his section on the matter of the world and denied the language that Tycho followers used. For example, the verbiage that the stars wander in the heavens like fish swimming in water was contrary to what <mask> <mask> believed. Additionally, to accept Brahe's theories of the universe was to reject eccentrics and epicycles, as well as the planetary heavens being liquid and permeable, which <mask>ul was not willing to do as it entailed making more adjustments to traditional astronomy. He argued for the existence of eccentrics because observations had shown that as planets orbited, their distance from the center of the universe varied.Epicycles, he claimed, revealed the idea that the planets vary in their speed as they orbit around the center of the universe. His model of epicycles and eccentrics was three dimensional and spherical. This was consistent with the Aristotelean and Ptolemaic models which were popular in Paris during the 1600s. In Paris during the 1640s and 1650s, the Tychonic system became popular and thus the universe became a three heaven model. This consisted of the planetary heaven being liquid and permeable, the solid firmament (or sphere of fixed stars), and lastly the Empyrean. <mask> Chevreul produced a unique take on astronomy by maintaining the most traditional Aristotelian astronomy possible while formally rejecting the Tychonic system. He also integrated and adjusted for the observations being made during the time, particularly from Galileo.He incorporated the moons of Jupiter and Saturn, the phases of Venus and Mercury, and sunspots into his system while keeping epicycles and eccentrics. While he rejected the Copernican system due to its contradiction to both physics and the Scriptures, he did not reject the arrangement of the Earth and the Moon around the Sun as it was like a terrestrial orb with the Moon contained similarly to an epicycle with the four elements. References

17th-century French

masks:
Jacques du
Chevreul
du Chevre
Jacques du


title: Alexander Smirnov (figure skater)

texts:
<mask> (, born 11 October 1984) is a Russian retired pair skater. <mask> teamed up with Yuko Kavaguti in May 2006. They are two-time European champions (2010, 2015), two-time World bronze medalists (2009, 2010), two-time ISU Grand Prix Final bronze medalists (11–12 and 15–16), and three-time Russian national champions (2008–2010). In 2015, they became the first pair in history to complete two quadruple throw jumps in one program and the first to land a quadruple throw loop

Early career
<mask> began skating at the age of 3½. His first coach was Larisa Yakovleva. At the age of 16, <mask> moved from Tver to St. Petersburg and switched to pair skating. He trained with Nikolai Velikov and former pair skater <mask>.He skated with her daughter for a while, but they never competed. At the age of 20, he teamed up with singles skater, Alexandra Danilova, who was 14 years old. They only competed together twice in local competitions in Russia where they placed third and eighth. He then partnered with another singles skater, Ekaterina Vasilieva. With Vasilieva they were the 2006 Russian Junior Champions and 6th at the 2006 World Junior Championships. The couple broke up after one season together. Partnership with Kavaguti

In May 2006, <mask> teamed up with Japanese skater Yuko Kavaguti to compete for Russia.He said, "We often trained at the same rink and I could see how hard she works. I thought I was a hard worker but after watching her I was really amazed by her work level." They train at the Yubileyny Sports Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russia. They initially worked with Velikov but Kavaguti had been training with Tamara Moskvina since 1998 and

masks:
Alexander Viktorovich Smirnov
Smirnov
Alexander Smirnov
Smirnov
Lyudla Smirnova
Smirnov


title: Alexander Smirnov (figure skater)

texts:
 preferred to stay with her. They began training with Moskvina in September 2006. 2006–07 season
Their first Grand Prix competition was the Cup of Russia where they won the bronze medal. They also competed at the Coupe de Nice in France and won gold.Kavaguti dislocated her shoulder after a fall on a quad throw in 2006 and occasionally suffered recurring problems for several years after. During practice on 25 December 2006, Kavaguti broke her ankle, forcing the pair to withdraw from the 2007 Russian Championship and the 2007 European Championship. They competed at the 2007 World Championships in Tokyo, Japan. This was their first worlds as a pair; and his first worlds as a senior skater. They came in 4th after the short program, 10th in the long program and 9th overall. 2007–08 season
Kavaguti/<mask> competed in the Cup of Russia where they once again took the bronze medal. They won a bronze medal at Skate Canada.At the Cup of Nice they place 1st in both the short and long program and won the gold for the second year in a row. At their first Grand Prix Final they placed 6th in the short program after having a two-point deduction for an illegal element. In the finals they got a one-point deduction for a fall on the throw quad Salchow and came in 5th place overall. The pair won their first Russian Championship in 2008 by winning the short and long program. They won by 10.43 points over Mukhortova/Trankov in spite of a three-point deduction for stopping the program due to injury. Kavaguti fell and dislocated her shoulder after a throw quadruple Salchow. She attempted to continue the program despite the pain, however <mask>, seeing that she

masks: Smirnov Smirnov


title: Alexander Smirnov (figure skater)

texts:
 had trouble raising her arm, stopped the program.After the two-minute pause permitted by the rules, the pair completed the program and won their first national title, having completed two triple toeloops, a triple twist, and a throw triple loop. Their first European Championships were held in Zagreb, Croatia in January 2008. During the long program they landed the throw quad Salchow but a fall on a triple jump and planned double Axel that was turned into a single was only enough for a bronze medal. The 2008 World Championship was held in Gothenburg, Sweden. Kavaguti/<mask> received a personal best short program score of 71.42 which placed them in third place. They landed a throw quad Salchow and several elements received a level four but they dropped to fourth place only 1.45 points out of third. 2008–09 season
Kavaguti/<mask> once again won their third gold at the Coupe de Nice.At Skate Canada they won their first international competition at an ISU Grand Prix competition. They then competed at the Cup of Russia where they were 2nd after the short program and 1st in the free skate. They finished 2nd overall. The pair went their 2nd Grand Prix Final where they placed 6th in the short program and 5th in the free skate. They once again finished in 5th place. Kavaguti/<mask> defended their title at the 2009 Russian National Championships. Although in second going into the free skate they easily beat the second place team of Mukhortova/Trankov by over 15 points.At the 2009 European Championship the pair who was in 3rd place after the short improved on the previous year's placement with a silver medal. At the 2009 World Championships in Los

masks: Smirnov Smirnov Smirnov


title: Alexander Smirnov (figure skater)

texts:
 Angeles, California, Kavaguti/<mask> were in second place after the short program. In the free skate Kavaguti fell hard on her cheek after a throw quad salchow but got up seconds later and the pair continued to skate. They earned their first world bronze medal losing the silver to Dan Zhang / Hao Zhang by 0.13. They were selected to compete on behalf of Russia in the ISU's first ever World Team Trophy in Japan. The pair was 2nd in the short program and free skate and finished 2nd overall. The Russian team finished in 5th place.2009–10 season

Kavaguti/<mask> were chosen to compete at the NHK Trophy in Japan. After the short program they were in 1st place ahead of Qing Pang / Jian Tong. In the free skate Kavaguti once again fell on the quad throw once again dislocating her shoulder. The program was stopped for a two-minute medical break and the pair decided to continue. Despite a three-point deduction for the fall and 'Interruption in Excess' due to the medical break, they won the silver. At the Cup of Russia they got 2nd place in the short program and free skate, winning the silver medal behind Pang/Tong. They once again scored enough points in the Grand Prix series to make it to the Grand Prix Finals where they placed 6th in short program and 5th in the free skate.For the third year in a row they finished in 5th place. Kavaguti/<mask> skated in their third Russian Championship and placed first with both programs to win their third consecutive championship over Mukhortova/Trankov by over 11 points. They skated at the 2010 European Championships in Tallinn, Estonia and were second after the short with less than one point separating the


title: Alexander Smirnov (figure skater)

texts:
 top three pairs. They skated a nearly flawless free skate with Kavaguti stepping out of the triple toe loop being the only mistake. In the middle of the program Kavaguti's shoulder dislocated but she was able to get it back into place and carry on with the rest of the program. They won the European Championship; receiving a score of 139.29 which was a world record free skate score. Kavaguti/<mask> competed in their first Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada.They were 3rd after the short program with a season's best score of 74.16, only 2.5 points behind the 1st place team of Shen/Zhao. During the warm-up the pair was told by their coach not to attempt the quad throw. The first throw was a triple salchow; Kavaguti put her hand down and stumbled coming out of the jump. <mask> stepped out of the double Axel and because there was no speed to complete the second Axel, the pair didn't complete the sequence. Kavaguti fell on the final throw dislocating her shoulder. The pair continued but failed to achieve full levels on many of the elements. Although they were in 1st place, there were still three pairs left to skate.They placed 4th overall. They were the highest placing Russian pair skaters. The 2010 World championships were held in Torino, Italy. Much like the World Championships in 2009, they were second after the short program and after a fall they dropped to third in the free skate; less than a point out of 2nd place. This was their second consecutive world bronze medal. 2010–11 season

In April 2010, Kavaguti had surgery on her shoulder. <mask> was also suffering with a groin injury and received treatment in Germany.After his return he


title: Alexander Smirnov (figure skater)

texts: sprained his ankle. The couple was off the ice for three months. They were assigned to compete at Skate Canada and Cup of Russia during the 2010–11 Grand Prix season, but due to the injuries of the pair they withdrew from Skate Canada. Kavaguti/<mask> competed at their only Grand Prix competition at the 2010 Cup of Russia where they were first in the short program and won the free skate by over 17 points. This was their 5th medal at the Cup of Russia. They have won more medals at this competition than any other pair. Despite their win, they did not have enough points to compete at the Grand Prix Finals because of their withdrawal from Skate Canada.At the 2011 Russian Championships they were second after the short. A mistake on the side by side jumps and an awkward lift left them almost 4.50 points out of first place. In the long program they skated last and held on to second place. In Bern, Switzerland at the 2011 European Championships, Kavaguti/<mask> were in second place behind Savchenko/Szolkowy after the short program. In the free skate they skated last; even though they won the free skate they could not make up the 2.82-point deficit to win the gold and settled for silver. Both of their programs earned them season's best scores. The 2011 World Championships were originally scheduled to be held in Tokyo in March but due to the devastating earthquake and tsunami, the competition was moved to Moscow in late April.Kavaguti/<mask> skated last out of 22 teams in the short program; but a fall by <mask> on a step sequence left them in 5th place going into the free skate. During the free skate they received a score of 124.82 with a fall on a

masks: Smirnov Smirnov Smirnov Smirnov


title: Alexander Smirnov (figure skater)

texts:
 throw being the only mistake. They finished in 4th place. 2011–12 season
For the 2011–2012 season, Kavaguti/<mask> took up the new option to compete at three Grand Prix events. They easily won their first event at the 2011 Cup of China finishing first in both the short program and free skate to win the event with a total score of 186.74. Their next event was at the 2011 NHK Trophy in Sapporo, Japan. In the short program, Kavaguti's fall on an under-rotated triple toe loop combined with several elements receiving lower levels left the pair in 5th place with a score of 55.02.They placed first in the free skate and won the gold medal with a total score of 177.51 over reigning World Champions Aliona Savchenko / Robin Szolkowy. The win qualified them for the Grand Prix Final. At the 2011 Cup of Russia, the pair were second after the short program with a score of 65.17. They finished second with a total score of 197.84. It was their sixth consecutive medal at the Cup of Russia. At the Grand Prix Final, they placed fourth in the short program with a score of 61.37 and third in the free skate with 126.40, winning the bronze medal with a total of 187.77. It was the pair's first-ever medal at the Grand Prix Final.On 20 December 2011, Moskvina said they had requested to be excused from the 2012 Russian Championships to allow <mask> to heal from a knee injury which arose before the Grand Prix Final. On 4 January 2012, <mask> had emergency surgery to remove his appendix and an intestinal hernia. Since he was unable to recover in time for the pair to compete at the European Championships in Sheffield, Great Britain from 23 to 29 January they were


title: Alexander Smirnov (figure skater)

texts:
 replaced by Ksenia Stolbova / Fedor Klimov. At the 2012 World Championships in Nice France, Kavaguti/<mask> were skating well during their short program until a bad fall at the end of a lift put them in 11th place with a score of 59.59. This was 12 weeks to the day after Smirnov's surgery. During their free program, an aborted lift received no points and the couple earned a score of 122.83 and earned 4th place in the free skate. With the errors of the two lifts in both programs they were unable to medal and earned a combined total of 182.42 and were in 7th place, 7.28 points away from a medal.2012–13 season
In the summer of 2012, <mask> underwent surgery on the meniscus in his right knee. After August test skates, the pair decided to replace their planned short program to Cats with one set to a Strauss waltz. Kavaguti/<mask>'s first Grand Prix competition of the year was the 2012 Cup of China. Placing second in both the short and the long, they won silver behind China's Pang/Tong. This was their second consecutive medal at this event; they had previously won the gold. At the 2012 Trophée Eric Bompard in France, they were first in the short program with a score of 66.78. Although they placed second the free skate with a score of 121.21 behind Canada's Megan Duhamel / Eric Radford, they had enough points going into the free skate to win their first gold in France.At the 2012 Grand Prix Final, Kavaguti/<mask> scored 58.02 after the short program due in part to a fall by Kavaguti on a throw and errors by both on the triple toe loops. In the free skate, Kavaguti/<mask> skated first. Although their only mistake was a doubled triple toe loop by

masks: Smirnov Smirnov Smirnov Smirnov Smirnov


title: Alexander Smirnov (figure skater)

texts:
 Kavaguti, low levels on some of the elements placed them in 5th in the free skate with a score of 120.70. They were 6th place over all. Kavaguti/<mask> then competed at the 2013 Russian Championships in Sochi, Russia. They skated first in the short program and earned a level three on their triple twist, a level two on their death spiral and all other elements received a level four. They received a score of 70.19 and were in second place going into the free skate.They had a nearly flawless free skate with Kavaguti's hand touching the ice on a throw jump being the only mistake. They scored 137.18 and behind champions Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov with a total score of 207.37. At the 2013 European Championships Kavaguti/<mask> had a disastrous short program with <mask> falling on the triple toe loop and Kavaguti stepping out of the triple loop throw. A bad ending to the death spiral along with low levels left them in 5th place with a score of 56.20. In the free skate <mask> singled a double axel and then fell. They were fifth in the free skate with a score of 119.28 and finished fifth overall. It was the first time in five appearances that they failed to medal at Europeans.Kavaguti/Smirnov competed at the 2013 World Championships in London, Ontario. They were 4th in the short program with a season's best score of 69.98. During the free skate the pair was completing the final lift when <mask> hit the boards and abandoned the lift resulting in the element receiving a zero. Moskvina said the arena was unusually narrow. With no credit given for the lift they dropped from 4th to 6th with a final score of 191.59. 2013–14 season
For the


title: Alexander Smirnov (figure skater)

texts:
 2013–14 Grand Prix series, Kavaguti/<mask> were assigned to the NHK Trophy and Skate Canada, both events that they had previously won. In October 2013, <mask> suffered a ruptured patellar tendon in a fall while competing at the Panin Memorial in Saint Petersburg.They withdrew from their assignments and missed the season. In April 2014, the pair said they planned to compete in 2014–15. 2014–15 season
Kavaguti/<mask> returned to competition at a Challenger Series event, the 2014 Nebelhorn Trophy, winning the gold medal with a total of 195.89 points and a quadruple Salchow throw in their free skate. They won gold at the 2014 Skate America, their first Grand Prix assignment of the season. In the free skate, they successfully landed a quadruple Salchow throw and scored 140.00 points, a new personal best. They took silver at the 2014 NHK Trophy and finished sixth at the Grand Prix Final. The team then placed third at the 2015 Russian Championships before winning their second European title at the 2015 European Championships.They capped off the season with a fifth-place finish at the 2015 World Championships. 2015–16 season
Kavaguti/<mask> started the 2015–16 season with gold at a Challenger Series event, the 2015 Mordovian Ornament, and then gold at their first Grand Prix assignment of the season, the 2015 Cup of China, where they upset home favorites Wenjing Sui / Han Cong. They set a personal best overall score of 216.00 points and landed two quadruple throws in the free skate in China. At their next GP event, the 2015 Rostelecom Cup, they won the silver medal behind teammates Ksenia Stolbova / Fedor Klimov and qualified for the 2015–16 Grand


title: Alexander Smirnov (figure skater)

texts:
 Prix Final. In December, they won the bronze medal at the GP Final in Barcelona after placing second in the short and third in the free skate. At the end of the month, they took silver at the 2016 Russian Championships after placing second in both segments. On 20 January 2016, Kavaguti sustained a ruptured tendon in practice, resulting in the pair's withdrawal from the 2016 European Championships.2016-17 season and after
On 29 November - 1 October 2016, Kavaguti/Smirnov returned to international competition in an ISU Challenger Series at the 2016 Ondrej Nepela Trophy where they won the silver medal behind teammates Evgenia Tarasova and Vladimir Morozov. On 22 September 2017, their coach Tamara Moskvina revealed that Kavaguti/Smirnov have retired from competition. Awards and titles
 Order of the President of the Russian Federation For services to the development of physical culture and sports, high athletic achievements at the XXI Olympic Games 2010 in Vancouver (5 March 2010)
 The Best in the Sport of St. Petersburg (February 2010)
Honored Master of Sports of Russia (2009)

Personal life
<mask> was born in Tver, Russia. In November 2006, he earned a diploma in municipality management, and began studying sport theory at a sports university. He married Ekaterina Garus in August 2010. On 16 October 2014 his wife gave birth to their first son. He also has a son from a previous relationship.Programs

With Kavaguti

With Vasilieva

Results
GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix

With Kavaguti

Detailed results
(Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships – Worlds, Europeans, and Junior


title: Maurice MacGonigal

texts:
<mask> (22 January 1900 – 31 January 1979) was an Irish landscape and portrait painter and influential teacher. Life
<mask> was born in Ranelagh, Dublin on 22 January 1900. His parents were Francis and <mask> (née Lane). His father was a painter and decorator from Sligo. MacGonigal was the only son, and the third child. He was educated at Synge Street Christian Brothers School, and in 1915 was apprenticed to the stained-glass studios of Joshua Clarke. His father was a partner in this studio at 33 North Frederick Street, and Clarke was MacGonigal's uncle and he worked alongside his cousin, Harry Clarke.During this time, MacGonigal learnt decorative design and drawing. In 1917, MacGonigal was enlisted into Na Fianna Éireann by Bulmer Hobson, serving as an IRA dispatch rider during the War of Independence reporting to Sean Dowling in C Coy, 4th Battalion, Dublin Brigade. He was arrested and interned from 8 December 1920 in Kilmainham Gaol, and was later moved to Ballykinlar camp, County Down. While in Ballykinlar he was elected prisoners' intelligence officer. MacGonigal was released in 1921, and immediately resigned from all republican organisations to concentrate on his art. On 6 August 1940, he married Aida Kelly. The couple had two sons, Muiris Diarmuid Mac Conghail born 1941, and Ciaran MacGonigal born 1945.They lived at various homes across Dublin, in the city centre as well as Booterstown, Ranelagh, and Rathgar. MacGonigal died in Baggot Street hospital, Dublin on 31 January 1979. He is buried at Gorteen graveyard, Roundstone, County Galway. A large studio palette that once belonged to William

masks:
Maurice MacGonigal
Maurice MacGonigal
Caroline MacGonigal


title: Nick Ramsay

texts:
<mask> (born 10 June 1975) is a British politician who served as the Member of the Senedd (MS) for Monmouth from 2007 to 2021. Originally a member of the Welsh Conservatives, he served as Shadow Minister of Finance under Conservative Leader in the Senedd, Paul Davies, but lost the position in January 2021 under the new leadership of Andrew RT Davies. <mask> sat as an Independent member before unsuccessfully seeking reelection as an Independent in the 2021 Senedd election. <mask> defected to the Liberal Democrats in February 2022. Early life
<mask> was born in 1975 and is originally from Cwmbran. He was educated at Croesyceiliog Comprehensive School and Durham University where he graduated in English and Philosophy. He later gained a Postgraduate Diploma in Applied Linguistics from Cardiff University.Professional career
Between 1999 and 2001, <mask> worked as a driving instructor in Monmouthshire and the South Wales Valleys. Political career
<mask> contested the Labour Party stronghold of Torfaen at the 2003 Assembly election, and then the UK Parliament constituency of the same name at the 2005 United Kingdom general election. He also served as a Monmouthshire County Councillor for the ward of Mardy, which had previously been in Labour hands for over 20 years. <mask> succeeded David TC Davies as an Assembly Member for Monmouth, and was appointed shadow minister for Local Government in the Third Assembly Term. <mask> stood for leadership of the Conservative group in the summer of 2011 and joined the Conservative Shadow Cabinet as shadow minister for Business, Enterprise, Technology and Science as well as chairing the Business and Enterprise Committee. After <mask> lost his seat in May 2011, <mask> stood for leadership of the Welsh Conservative Senedd Group against South Wales Central AM, Andrew RT Davies. Davies was elected leader with

masks:
Nick Ramsay
Ramsay
Ramsay
Nicholas Ramsay
Ramsay
Ramsay
Ramsay
Nick
Nick Bourne
Ramsay


title: Nick Ramsay

texts:
 53.1% of the membership vote.<mask> joined the shadow cabinet under Conservative Leader, Paul Davies MS, in the position of shadow minister of Finance and to chair the Public Accounts Committee. In January 2021, Andrew RT Davies was named as the new leader of the Welsh Conservatives in the Senedd and sacked <mask> as finance spokesperson. On 2 January 2020 it was reported that <mask> had been suspended from the Welsh Conservatives and his parliamentary group following what was described as a "police incident" at his home the previous evening. He was held in police custody for 24 hours before being released without charge, but continued to be suspended from the party pending an investigation. On 13 February, <mask> confirmed that he had been reinstated to the Welsh Conservative Party Group in the Senedd and had dropped his legal challenge against the decision by group leader Paul Davies to suspend him. Following a period of nearly seven months <mask> was reinstated to the Conservative party in July 2020 no further comment was made by the Police or the Conservative party. <mask> left the Conservative Party in March 2020 and sat as an Independent member.In 2019 <mask> had been adopted by the Monmouth Conservative Association as its chosen candidate for the elections to the Senedd (due in 2021) but was deselected in December 2020. He stood as an Independent candidate and lost to the Conservative candidate, Peter Fox. S025
In 2008 <mask> spent much of his time on the Special Assembly Procedure Committee, and in particular the "S025," which re-considered the Robeston Wathen by-pass proposed by the Welsh Assembly Government. These types of Orders and challenges are rare occurrences. The last one which was heard in Parliament was in 1999. Alcohol-related problems
In 2011, while a contender for the leadership of the Welsh Conservatives,

masks: Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay


title: Nick Ramsay

texts: <mask> had to apologise after being barred from a pub following a charity pub quiz in aid of Help for Heroes. The landlord is quoted as saying that he resigned his membership of the party over the issue as "<mask> heckled the quizmaster repeatedly, telling him that his questions were rubbish.He challenged the quizmaster, a local antiques dealer, to bid £100 for a rugby jersey in an auction we held on the same evening for the charity. He was quite rude and objectionable and his comments didn't go down well – I think he'd had a few beers." In 2012, <mask> was criticised for missing a committee session; after an evening's drinking in Cardiff at a leaving party for a Labour member of staff at a Cardiff Bay pub before heading into town at closing time for a late city centre bar. He failed to notify the clerk that he was ill until two hours after the meeting was due to start. when an email was received by the clerk from a member of <mask>’s staff to say he had been taken ill during the night. <mask> was not in the Assembly chamber for the majority of the afternoon’s session, but arrived at 5.25pm to vote on a Liberal Democrat motion of no confidence in Health Minister Lesley Griffiths. In 2014, <mask> was accused of having been drunk during a debate in the Assembly.The Assembly’s Presiding Officer had to launch an investigation after she received a complaint alleging that a Tory AM appeared "drunk" and made "slurred, incoherent and insolent" contributions to a debate on mental health in the Senedd, but he denies being drunk. <mask>, who also celebrated his birthday that day, had intervened twice during a speech by health minister Prof Mark Drakeford AM, who at one point told him he would pursue the matters raised directly with him outside the confines of the debate. An online clip demonstrated the awkwardness of the debate. Presiding

masks:
Ramsay
Nick Ramsay
Ramsay
Ramsay
Ramsay
Ramsay
Ramsay


title: Nick Ramsay

texts:
 Officer, Dame Rosemary Butler, did not support the claim and no further action was taken. In 2020, <mask> was accused of involvement in a further alcohol-related incident when he was seen drinking alcohol on Senedd premises during a period when this was not legal due to coronavirus public health measures. Charitable donation
<mask> criticised the proposed £10,000 pay rise for assembly members prior to the 2016 election and stated that he would donate his pay rise to charity. The Western Mail reported in 2019 that <mask> had not responded to questions that asked which charity his pay raise had been donated to.The editor of the Monmouthshire Beacon stated that, at a meeting with <mask> in 2018, <mask> said he did not wish to make a public announcement at this stage because of the nature of the charity and that the money is tied with an ongoing charitable project which will be announced later in the year. As of March 2019, no announcement had been made. Legal actions against the Conservative Party
<mask> has brought legal action against the Conservative Party on two occasions. The first was against Paul Davies, leader of the Conservative Group in the Senedd, when Davies had suspended him from the group after he was arrested following a ‘police incident’ at his home on New Year’s Day 2020 and held in police custody for 24 hours. Eight members of the 11-strong assembly group had supported the suspension. On 13 February, <mask> confirmed that he had been reinstated to the Welsh Conservative Party Group in the Senedd and had dropped his legal challenge against the decision to suspend him. Davies was ordered to pay legal costs plus nominal damages fee of £2 to <mask>, according to a High Court order.<mask> remained suspended from the Conservative Party. Further legal action followed Monmouth Conservative Association arranging to meet on 23

masks: Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay


title: Nick Ramsay

texts:
 November to discuss a petition that called for <mask>'s selection as a candidate to be discussed again. <mask> and his lawyers claimed the move was "unconstitutional" and warned party members could face legal costs and damages. The Party argued that the association believed it was acting within party rules as per their constitution. <mask> attempted to withdraw his legal challenge at the last minute which meant the High Court hearing went ahead. The judge ordered <mask> to pay £25,000 in costs to Monmouth Conservative Association. At the virtual hearing at Bristol Civil Justice Centre, <mask>'s injunction application was withdrawn, and a judge said if the application to injunct had been made it would have failed.In December 2020, Conservative Party members in Monmouth told <mask> that they did not want him to be their candidate for the May 2021 election. He lost a vote of the constituency's party association and the party opened a candidate selection process. Defection to the Liberal Democrats
On 8 February 2022, <mask> defected to the Liberal Democrats and was announced as a candidate for Monmouthshire County Council in the upcoming local elections. He said: "The Conservative Party is not the party I once joined. They have lost the trust of the people, and are unable to manage our country. They have failed the fundamental test of competence. I can think of little of them with which I agree."References

External links
National Assembly for Wales Member profile
Page at the Conservative Party website

1975 births
Living people
Councillors in Wales
Alumni of St John's College, Durham
Alumni of Cardiff University
Conservative Party members of the Senedd
Wales AMs 2007–2011
Wales AMs 2011–2016
Wales MSs 2016–2021
People educated at Croesyceiliog School
Monmouth, Wales
Conservative Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Liberal Democrats (UK)

masks: Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay Ramsay


title: Zhao Nanqi

texts:
This is a Chinese and Korean name; the family name is <mask> (Cho). <mask> (; 20 April 1927 – 17 June 2018), or Cho Nam-gi in Korean, was a three star General of the People's Republic of China and Vice Chairman of the  Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1998 to 2003, and Vice-chairman of the 5th National People's Congress. Born in Japanese-ruled Korea, he moved to Jilin, China as a child. He distinguished himself as a logistics officer of the People's Volunteer Army during the Korean War. After the war, he served in the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Jilin Military District and as Vice Governor of Jilin province. He later served in top leadership positions in the PLA as Director of the General Logistics Department (1987–1992), member of the Central Military Commission, and President of the PLA Academy of Military Science (1992–1995). He attained the top military rank of three star General in 1988.From 1998 to 2003 he served as a Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Early life
Cho Nam-gi (<mask> in Mandarin Chinese) was born on 20 April 1927 in Cheongwon County in Korea under Japanese rule (in present-day Cheongju, North Chungcheong Province, South Korea). Because of Japanese colonial policies that required Koreans to use Japanese-style names, he also used the Japanese surname Toyoda (豊田). In 1939, <mask>'s family moved to Manchukuo, the Japanese-controlled puppet state in Northeast China, and settled in Yongji County, Jilin Province. When Japan surrendered in 1945 at the end of World War II, Chinese rule was restored in Northeast China and Korea regained its independence. Many Koreans in China returned to Korea, but <mask>'s family stayed and was recognized as Chaoxianzu (Chinese of Korean ethnicity). <mask> met General Zhou Baozhong of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army, who recruited him into the army and sent him to study at Northeast Military and Political University, where he learned to speak, read and write Chinese.He participated in the

masks:
Zhao
Zhao Nanqi
Zhao Nanqi
Zhao
Zhao
Zhao


title: Zhao Nanqi

texts:
 land reform movement in Jilin and joined the Communist Party of China in February 1947. Korean War
When China resolved to intervene in the Korean War in October 1950, <mask> was deployed to Korea because of his proficiency in the Korean language. He served in the logistics department of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) alongside Mao Anying, the son of Chairman Mao Zedong. <mask> evacuated the cave where the PVA headquarters were located just before American planes bombed it and killed Mao Anying in November 1950. <mask> distinguished himself during the celebrated Battle of Triangle Hill in October 1952, when the unit under his command braved American aerial bombing and transported 30,000 grenades from Andong, China to the 15th Corps in the front line within 15 hours. He was also responsible for constructing the building in which the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed in 1953. After the armistice, <mask> was sent to study at the PLA Logistics Academy.Because of his wartime experience, he was promoted to become a lecturer at the academy after only one year of study, and was asked to write a report of his experience and lessons learned during the war. In 1957, he was appointed the director of the PVA office overseeing the withdrawal of the Chinese forces from Korea. He left North Korea together with the last PVA troops in 1958. After returning to China, he was received by Mao Zedong and Marshal Zhu De. Later career
After the Korean War, <mask> served in the Yanbian Military Subdistrict as a political officer and attained the rank of colonel in 1965. He was persecuted during the early Cultural Revolution, but was rehabilitated and appointed as Political Commissar of the Tonghua Military Subdistrict in 1973. He was later promoted to Deputy Political Commissar and then Commissar of the Jilin Military District.In the 1980s, <mask> was the only Chinese military leader who concurrently served in important provincial civilian positions. He became Vice Governor of Jilin Province in April 1980 and was

masks: Zhao Zhao Zhao Zhao Zhao Zhao


title: Zhao Nanqi

texts:
 appointed Deputy Party Committee Secretary of Jilin in October 1981, serving until 1985. In March 1985, <mask> was promoted to Deputy Director of the People's Liberation Army General Logistics Department (GLD). He was promoted again to Director of the GLD in 1987 and was appointed a member of the Central Military Commission in April 1988. When the People's Liberation Army restored military ranks (which had been abolished in 1965) in September 1988, <mask> was among the 17 PLA officers to attain the rank of full general (shang jiang), and the only one from an ethnic minority. From 1992 to 1995, he served as President of the PLA Academy of Military Science. From 1998 to 2003, <mask> served as vice-chairman of the 9th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) National Committee.He paid an official visit to North Korea in June 1998 and paid his respects to the grave of Mao Anying. In April 2000, he paid an official visit to South Korea; it was the first time he returned to his place of birth since he left at the age of 12. <mask> was a member of the 12th, 13th and 14th Central Committees of the Communist Party of China. He also served as vice-chairman of the Nationalities Committee of the 5th National People's Congress. Personal life
<mask> was married to Lin Chunshu (林春淑), a fellow Korean War veteran. Death
<mask> died in Beijing on 17 June 2018, at the age of 91. References

1927 births
2018 deaths
Chinese politicians of Korean descent
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Jilin
People's Liberation Army generals from Jilin
Korean emigrants to China
People from Cheongju
Chinese military personnel of the Korean War
Political office-holders in Jilin
People's Republic of China politicians from Jilin
Members of the 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative

masks:
Zhao
Zhao
Zhao
Zhao
Zhao
Zhao Nanqi


title: Judi Chamberlin

texts:
<mask> (née Rosenberg; October 30, 1944 – January 16, 2010) was an American activist, leader, organizer, public speaker and educator in the psychiatric survivors movement. Her political activism followed her involuntary confinement in a psychiatric facility in the 1960s. She was the author of On Our Own: Patient-Controlled Alternatives to the Mental Health System, which is a foundational text in the Mad Pride movement. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in Brooklyn in 1944. She was the only daughter of Harold and Shirley Jaffe Rosenberg. The family later changed their name to Ross. Her father was a factory worker when she was a child  and later worked as an executive in the advertising industry.Her mother was employed as a school secretary. Chamberlin graduated from Midwood High School. After graduation, she had no plans of attending college and worked as a secretary instead. Psychiatric experience

In 1966, at the age of twenty-one and recently married, Chamberlin suffered a miscarriage and, according to her own account, became severely depressed. Following psychiatric advice, she voluntarily signed herself into a psychiatric facility as an in-patient. However, after several voluntary admissions  she was diagnosed with schizophrenia and involuntarily committed to a psychiatric ward at Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York state for a period of five months.As an involuntary patient, she witnessed and experienced a range of abuses. Seclusion rooms and refractory wards were used for resistive patients, even when their forms of resistance were non-violent. The psychiatric medication she was given made her feel tired and affected her memory. As an involuntary patient she was unable to leave the facility and became, she said, "a prisoner of the system". The derogation of her civil liberties that she experienced as an inmate provided the impetus for her activism as a

masks:
Judi Chamberlin
Judi Chamberlin
Judith Rosenberg


title: Judi Chamberlin

texts:
 member of the psychiatric survivor movement. Activism

Following her discharge, <mask> became involved in the nascent psychiatric patients' rights movement. In 1971 she joined the Boston-based Mental Patients Liberation Front (MPLF), and she also became associated with the Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation at Boston University .Her affiliation with this center facilitated her role in co-founding the Ruby Rogers Advocacy and Drop-in-Centers, which are self-help institutions staffed by former psychiatric patients. and was also a founder and later a Director of Education of the National Empowerment Center. The latter is also an ex-patient run organization that provides information, technical assistance, and support to users and survivors of the psychiatric system. Its mission statement declares its intent is to "carry a message of recovery, empowerment, hope and healing to people who have been labeled with mental illness". She was also involved with the National Association for Rights Protection and Advocacy and was an influential leader in the Mad Pride movement. <mask> met David Oaks in 1976, when he was the chief executive of MindFreedom International. They were both members of the Mental Patients Liberation Front.She later became a board member of MindFreedom International, an umbrella organization for approximately one hundred grass roots groups campaigning for the human rights of people labeled "mentally ill."

In 1978, her book On Our Own: Patient Controlled Alternatives to the Mental Health System was published. It became the standard text of the psychiatric survivor movement, and in it Chamberlain coined the word "mentalism." She used the word "mentalism" also in a book chapter in 1975. She was a major contributor to the National Council on Disability's report From Privileges to Rights:  People Labeled with Psychiatric Disabilities Speak for

masks: Chamberlin Chamberlin


title: Judi Chamberlin

texts:
 Themselves, which was published in 2000. The report argued that psychiatric patients should enjoy the same basic human rights as other citizens and that patient privileges contingent on good behavior within the psychiatric system, such as the ability to wear their own clothes, leave the confines of a psychiatric facility, or receive visitors, should instead be regarded as basic rights. <mask> was elected as co-chair of the World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry (WNUSP) at the launching conference and General Assembly in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 2001, and served in this capacity until the next General Assembly in 2004. During this period she also served on the Panel of Experts advising the United Nations special rapporteur on disability, on behalf of WNUSP in its role as a Non-governmental organization, representing psychiatric survivors.She appears in the 2011 disability rights documentary Lives Worth Living. Personal life
Her marriages to <mask>, Ted Chabasinski, and Howard Cahn ended in divorce. Chamberlin met Chabasinski, also an early member of the psychiatric survivor movement, in 1971 at the initial meeting of the Mental Patients Liberation Project in New York City. From 2006 until her death, Chamberlin's partner was Martin Federman. She has one daughter, <mask>, and three grandchildren, Edward, Kyle, and Vivian. Death
<mask> died from chronic lung disease at her home in Arlington, Massachusetts on January 16, 2010.<ref name=WPObit>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/20/AR2010012004742.html|title=Obituaries: Judi Chamberlin Disability Rights Advocate|newspaper=Washington Post|date=January 21, 2010}}</ref>

Published works
  Chapter Five: When People Go Crazy. <mask>, <mask> (1993).'Erfahrungen und Zielsetzungen der nordamerikanischen Selbsthilfebewegung' (pp. 300–317). In: Kerstin

masks:
Chamberlin
Robert Chamberlin
Julie Chamberlin
Chamberlin
Chamberlin
Judi


title: Judi Chamberlin

texts:
 Kempker / Peter Lehmann (Eds. ), Statt Psychiatrie. Berlin: Antipsychiatrieverlag. <mask>, <mask> (2004). Preface to: Peter Lehmann (ed.), Coming off Psychiatric Drugs: Successful withdrawal from neuroleptics, antidepressants, lithium, carbamazepine and tranquilizers (pp. 11–13). Berlin / Eugene / Shrewsbury: Peter Lehmann Publishing. (UK),  (USA). E-Book in 2018. <mask>, <mask> (2014). Πρόλογος.στο: Πέτερ Λέμαν & Άννα Εμμανουηλίδου (επιμ. ), Βγαί νοντας από τα ψυχοφάρμακα – Εμπειρίες επιτυχημένης διακοπής νευροληπτικών, αντικαταθλιπτικών, σταθεροποιητών διάθεσης, Ριταλίν και ηρεμιστικών'' (σ. 16–21). 2η διορθωμένη και βελτιωμένη έκδοση. Θεσσαλονίκη: εκδ. Νησίδες. . Awards
1992: Distinguished Service Award of the President of the United States, National Council on Disability
1992: David J. Vail National Advocacy Award, Mental Health Association of Minnesota
1995: N. Neal Pike Prize for Services to People with Disabilities, Boston University School of Law

See also
 MindFreedom International
 Psychiatric survivors movement
 World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry
 National Council on Disability
 National Empowerment Center
 Anti-psychiatry
 Psychiatric survivors movement
 Involuntary commitment
 Biopsychiatry controversy
 Involuntary treatment

References

External links
National Empowerment Center
Judi Chamberlin's virtual memorial
MindFreedom International: Tribute to <mask> Chamberlin (David Oaks)
Judi's Tribute Book
Robin Pape: Biography of Judi Chamberlin in: Biographical Archive of Psychiatry (BIAPSY), 2015.<mask> <mask> Papers, 1944-2010 (bulk 1970-2006): Digital archives collection maintained by the UMass Amherst Special Collections and University Archives

1944 births
People with schizophrenia
2010 deaths
Psychiatric survivor activists
People from Brooklyn
People from Arlington, Massachusetts
Midwood High School alumni
Activists from New

masks: Chamberlin Judi Chamberlin Judi Judi Judi Chamberlin


title: Hughie Jennings

texts:
<mask> (April 2, 1869 – February 1, 1928) was an American professional baseball player, coach and manager from 1891 to 1925. <mask> was a leader, both as a batter and as a shortstop, with the Baltimore Orioles teams that won National League championships in , , and . During those three seasons, <mask> had 355 runs batted in and hit .335, .386, and .401. <mask> was a fiery, hard-nosed player who was not afraid to be hit by a pitch to get on base. In 1896, he was hit by pitches 51 times – a major league record that has never been broken. <mask> also holds the career record for being hit by pitches with 287, with Craig Biggio (who retired in 2007) holding the modern-day career record of 285. <mask> also played on the Brooklyn Superbas teams that won National League pennants in 1899 and 1900.From 1907 to 1920, <mask> was the manager of the Detroit Tigers, where he was known for his colorful antics, hoots, whistles, and his famous shouts of "Ee-Yah!" from the third base coaching box. <mask> suffered a nervous breakdown in 1925 that forced him to leave Major League Baseball. He died in 1928 and was posthumously inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1945. Early years
Born in Pittston, Pennsylvania, <mask> was the son of Irish immigrants, James and Nora, who according to Jack Smiles's biography of <mask>, Ee-yah: The Life and Times of <mask> <mask>, Baseball Hall of Famer (page 7), arrived in Pittston in 1851. <mask> worked as a breaker boy (young boys who separated the coal from the slate) in the local anthracite coal mines. He drew attention playing shortstop for a semi-professional baseball team in Lehighton, Pennsylvania in 1890.He was signed by the Louisville Colonels of the American Association in . He stayed with the Colonels when they joined the National League in  and was traded

masks:
Hugh Ambrose Jennings
Jennings
Jennings
Jennings
Jennings
Jennings
Jennings
Jennings
Jennings
Jennings
Hughie
Jennings
Jennings


title: Hughie Jennings

texts:
 on June 7,  to the Baltimore Orioles. Baltimore Orioles: 1893–1899
<mask> played with the Orioles for parts of seven seasons and became a star during his years in Baltimore. The Baltimore Orioles teams of 1894, 1895, and 1896 are regarded as one of the greatest teams of all time. The teams featured Hall of Fame manager Ned Hanlon and a lineup with six future Hall of Famers: first baseman Dan Brouthers, second baseman John McGraw, shortstop <mask>, catcher Wilbert Robinson, right fielder "Wee Willie" Keeler, and left fielder Joe Kelley. Amidst all those great players, <mask> was appointed captain in 1894, his first full season with the team. During the Orioles' championship years, <mask> had some of the best seasons ever by a major league shortstop.In 1895, he hit .386, scored 159 runs, collected 204 hits, knocked in 125 runs, and stole 53 bases. In 1896, his performance was even better, as he hit .401 (2nd best in the National League) with 209 hits, 121 RBI, and 70 stolen bases. The fiery <mask> was also known as one of the most fearless players of his time, allowing himself to be hit by pitches more than any other player. In one game, he was hit by a pitch three times. In 1896, he was hit by pitches 51 times—a Major League record that still stands. In just five seasons with the Orioles from 1894 to 1898, <mask> was hit by pitches an unprecedented 202 times. During one game, <mask> was hit in the head by a pitch from Amos Rusie in the 3rd inning, but managed to finish the game.As soon as the game ended, <mask> collapsed and was unconscious for three days. <mask> was also one of the best fielding shortstops of the era. He led the National League in fielding percentage and putouts three times each. He had as many as 537 assists and 425 putouts in single seasons during his prime. His 425

masks: Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings


title: Hughie Jennings

texts:
 putouts ties him with Donie Bush for the single season record for a shortstop. In 1895, he had a career-high range factor of 6.73–1.19 points higher than the league average (5.54) for shortstops that year. He once handled 20 chances in a game, and on another occasion had 10 assists in a game.In 1898, he threw his arm out, and his career as a shortstop came to an end. After that, <mask> was forced to move to first base. Brooklyn Superbas and Philadelphia Phillies: 1899–1903
In 1899, when manager Ned Hanlon moved to the Brooklyn Superbas, several of his star players, including <mask>, Joe Kelley, and Willie Keeler followed. While <mask> was never the same after the injury to his arm in 1898, he contributed to Brooklyn's National League pennants in  and . In 1901, <mask> was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies. However, his failing arm cut his career short, as he never played in more than 82 games or hit above .272 in two seasons with the Phillies. <mask> played 6 games for the Superbas in 1903, effectively ending his playing career, with the exception of 9 at bats during his tenure as the manager of the Detroit Tigers.Cornell Law School and an off-season law practice
While playing for the Orioles in the 1890s, <mask> and John McGraw both attended classes at St. Bonaventure University. After the 1899 season, <mask> was accepted to Cornell Law School. He managed the Cornell University baseball team while studying law and concluded that he was well-suited to being a manager. While at Cornell, he joined the Phi Delta Theta fraternity chapter there. <mask> continued as a scholar-athlete until the spring of 1904, when he left campus early to manage the Orioles. Though he never finished his law degree at Cornell, <mask> passed the Maryland bar exam in 1905 and started a law practice. <mask>

masks: Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings


title: Hughie Jennings

texts:
 practiced law in Baltimore and in Scranton, Pennsylvania.He continued to work at his law practice during the off-seasons through the remainder of his baseball career. The "Ee-Yah" years: 1907–1920

In , <mask> was hired as manager of a talented Detroit Tigers team that included future Hall of Famers Ty Cobb and Sam Crawford. <mask> led the Tigers to three consecutive American League pennants, in –-. However, <mask>' teams lost the 1907 and 1908 World Series to the "Tinker to Evers to Chance" Chicago Cubs and the 1909 Series to Honus Wagner's Pittsburgh Pirates. <mask> continued to manage the Tigers through the  season, though his teams never won another pennant. During his years as Detroit's manager, <mask> became famous for his antics, mostly in the third base coaching box, which variously included shouts of "Ee-Yah", and other whoops, whistles, horns, gyrations, jigs, and grass-plucking. The "Ee-Yah" whoop became his trademark and was accompanied with waves of both arms over his head and a sharp raising of his right knee.In 1907, he was suspended for taunting opponents with a tin whistle. The "Ee-Yah" shouts continued and became such a trademark that <mask> became known as <mask> "Ee-Yah" <mask>, and Detroit fans would shout "Ee-Yah" when <mask> appeared on the field. (See also Jack Smiles, Ee-yah: The Life And Times Of <mask> <mask>, Baseball Hall Of Famer)

Behind the antics was a great coaching mind. Connie Mack called <mask> one of the three greatest managers in history, along with John McGraw and Joe McCarthy. One of his greatest challenges, and accomplishments, during his years in Detroit was to manage the unmanageable—Ty Cobb. <mask> recognized Cobb's talent and his complicated psychological makeup and concluded the best strategy would be to let Cobb be Cobb. <mask>

masks: Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Hughie Jennings Jennings Hughie Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings


title: Hughie Jennings

texts:
 reportedly called Cobb aside one day and said, "There isn't anything about baseball I can teach you.Anything I might say to you would merely hinder you in your development. The only thing for you to do is go ahead and do as you please. Use your own judgment.. . . . . Do what you think is best and I'll back you up." In , during a game in which "pick-ups" played for the Tigers when the regular team went on strike to protest the suspension of Cobb after an incident involving a fan in the stands whom Cobb assaulted, <mask>, who also sent his coaches in as substitute players, came to bat himself once as a pinch hitter. According to one source, when the umpire asked him for whom he was batting, <mask> answered, "None of your business." The umpire noted on his lineup sheet, "<mask>--batted for exercise." While <mask> was fiery, hard-nosed, colorful, and even eccentric, he insisted he had always played the game honestly.When a scandal arose in  concerning whether Ty Cobb and Tris Speaker had fixed a  game between the Detroit and the Cleveland Indians while <mask> was the manager, <mask> initially spoke of how easy it would be to fix a game and issued a "no comment" on the specific game. After his "no comment" drew negative publicity, <mask> issued a statement to the press in December 1926 denying knowledge of the matter and adding, "My slate has been clean base ball for 35 years... Whatever I have done in base ball has been of such a nature that I would be ready any time to go before anyone and place my case before them." After the 1920 season, <mask> stepped down as the Tigers' manager. His 1,131 wins was the most in Tigers history until Sparky Anderson passed him in 1992. New York Giants: 1921–1925
<mask> signed on as a coach with his old friend, John McGraw, who was managing the New York


title: Hughie Jennings

texts:
 Giants. <mask> and McGraw, who met as teammates on the Orioles, became close friends. <mask> was the best man at McGraw's wedding and a pallbearer following the death of McGraw's 23-year-old wife in 1899.McGraw and <mask> staged a reunion year after year on their birthdays. <mask> won two World Series as a coach in  and . When McGraw became ill, <mask> filled in as the Giants' manager for parts of  and . His overall managing record was 1184-995. Managerial record

A lifetime of tragic accidents
<mask>' life was filled with several tragic accidents. There was the beaning incident in Philadelphia that left him unconscious for three days. While attending Cornell, he fractured his skull diving head-first into a swimming pool at night, only to find the pool had been emptied.In December 1911, <mask> came close to death after an off-season automobile accident. While driving a car given to him by admirers, <mask>' car overturned while crossing a bridge over the Lehigh River near Gouldsboro,  southeast of Scranton. In the crash, <mask> again fractured his skull, suffered a concussion of the brain, and broke both legs and his left arm. For several days after the accident, doctors were unsure if <mask> would survive. The physical abuse and blows to the head undoubtedly took their toll. During the 1925 season, McGraw was ill, and <mask> was put in full charge of the Giants. The team finished in second place and the strain caught up with <mask>, who suffered a nervous breakdown when the season ended.According to his obituary, <mask> "was unable to report" to spring training in 1926 due to his condition. <mask> retired to the Winyah Sanatorium in Asheville, North Carolina. He did return home to Scranton, Pennsylvania, spending much of his time recuperating in the Pocono Mountains. In early 1928,

masks: Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings


title: Hughie Jennings

texts:
 <mask> died from meningitis in Scranton, Pennsylvania at age 58. <mask> was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1945 as a player. See also

 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball player-managers
 List of Major League Baseball managers by wins
 1909 Detroit Tigers season

Notes

Further reading
Kashatus, William C.  Diamonds in the Coal Fields: 21 Remarkable Baseball Players, Managers and Umpires from Northeast Pennsylvania (McFarland, 2002). Smiles, Jack.Ee-yah: The Life and Times of <mask> <mask>, Baseball Hall of Famer (McFarland, 2005). External links

1869 births
1928 deaths
19th-century baseball players
Allentown (minor league baseball) players
American people of Irish descent
Baltimore Orioles (IL) managers
Baltimore Orioles (IL) players
Baltimore Orioles (NL) players
Baseball players from Philadelphia
Brooklyn Superbas players
Cornell Big Red baseball coaches
Cornell Law School alumni
Detroit Tigers managers
Detroit Tigers players
Georgia Bulldogs baseball coaches
Lancaster (minor league baseball) players
Louisville Colonels players
Major League Baseball player-managers
Major League Baseball shortstops
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Mansfield University of Pennsylvania alumni
Maryland lawyers
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
New York Giants (NL) coaches
New York Giants (NL) managers
Pennsylvania lawyers
Philadelphia Phillies players
People from Pittston, Pennsylvania
Semi-professional baseball players
Baseball players from Baltimore
Baseball players from Louisville, Kentucky
Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky
St. Bonaventure Bonnies baseball coaches
St. Bonaventure University alumni
Neurological disease deaths in Pennsylvania
Infectious disease deaths in Pennsylvania
Deaths from meningitis
19th-century

masks: Jennings Jennings Hughie Jennings


title: Vladimir Ghika

texts:
<mask> or Ghica (25 December 1873 – 16 May 1954) was a Romanian diplomat and essayist who, after his conversion from Romanian Orthodoxy to Roman Catholicism, became a priest. He was a member of the princely Ghica family, which ruled Moldavia and Wallachia at various times from the 17th to the 19th century. He died in prison in May 1954 after his arrest by the Communist regime. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on Christmas Day of 1873 in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). His father was <mask>, diplomat, minister plenipotentiary in Turkey ; his mother Alexandrina was born Moret de Blaremberg (van Blarembergue) in a Flemish-Russian family ; he had four brothers and a sister: Gregory, Alexander, George and Ella (who both died at an early age), and <mask> (future ambassador and minister of foreign affairs). He was the grandson of the last Prince sovereign of Moldavia, Prince <mask>, who ruled from 1849–1856. He was raised with the Eastern Orthodox faith.In 1878, in order to give a good education to the children, the family moved to Toulouse in France. There, they frequented the Protestant community, because the Orthodox church was not represented in the area. Ghika received his Degree in Law in 1895, after which he attended the Paris Faculty of Political Science. At the same time, he frequented courses of Medicine, Botany, Art, Literature, Philosophy, and History. <mask> returned to Romania due to an attack of angina pectoris and continued his studies in Romania. Ghika was an alumnus of the College of St. Thomas, the future Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas Angelicum, in Rome. In 1898, he enrolled in the Faculty of

masks:
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika
John Ghika
Demetrius Ghika
Gregory V Ghika
Ghika


title: Vladimir Ghika

texts:
 Philosophy and Theology.At the Angelicum, <mask> completed a licentiate in Philosophy and a Doctorate in Theology in 1905. Soon after, he converted to the Catholic faith in 1902. Pilgrimage

<mask> wanted to become a priest or monk, but Pius X advised him to give up the idea, at least for a while, and to dedicate himself to secular apostolate instead. He became one of the pioneers of the lay apostolate. After returning to Romania, he dedicated himself to works of charity and opened the first free clinic in Bucharest called Mariae Bethlehem. He also set the foundation for a great hospital and sanatorium named after Saint Vincent de Paul, founded the first free hospital in Romania and the first ambulance, thereby becoming founder of the first Catholic charity work in Romania. He was dedicated to patient care while participating in health services in the Balkan War in 1913, without the fear of cholera in Zimnicea.He was also in charge of diplomatic missions among the Avezzano earthquake victims of tuberculosis of Hospice of Rome during World War I. On 7 October 1923, <mask> was ordained a priest in Paris by Cardinal Dubois, Archbishop of the city. He served as a priest in France until 1939. Shortly after <mask> was ordained, the Holy See authorized him to celebrate the Byzantine Rite. Prince <mask> thereby became the first bi-ritual Romanian priest. On 13 May 1931, the Pope appointed <mask> to be an Apostolic Protonotary, but he was reluctant to accept it. He worked worldwide, including Bucharest, Rome, Paris, Congo, Tokyo, Sydney, and Buenos Aires, among others.Later, in jest, Pope Pius XI called him an "apostolic vagabond".

masks: Ghika Ghika Ghika Ghika Ghika Ghika


title: Vladimir Ghika

texts:
 Imprisonment and death
On 3 August 1939, he returned to Romania, where he was caught in the Second World War. He refused to leave Romania at that time so that he could be with the poor and sick. However, he left eventually for the same reason in Bucharest when they started Allied bombing. After the Communists came to power, he also refused to leave on the royal train, for the same reasons. He was arrested on 18 November 1952, because of his support for the Catholic Church in communion with Rome and his opposition to the schismatic church that the regime was creating. He was charged for "high treason" and threatened, beaten, tortured and processed.Eventually, he was imprisoned at Jilava on 16 May, and he died in 1954 due to the treatment to which he was subjected. Beatification

Monsignor <mask> was proposed for beatification by Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bucharest, based on a dossier with his biography, submitted to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in the Vatican. On 27 March 2013, Pope Francis declared <mask> had been a martyr. He was beatified on 31 August 2013. Education
1893 – School of Toulouse (France)
1893–1895 – Faculty of Political Sciences in Paris; attending courses in Medicine, Botany, Art, Literature, Philosophy, History, and Law
1895-1898 – Continued his studies in private
1898–1905 – Faculty of Philosophy and Theology; obtained a Degree in Philosophy and a Doctorate in Theology
1904–1906 – Continues to study History

Writings
Although he had culture and capacity, he avoided producing personal writings. He wrote only because he was forced by circumstances and needs. He did research work in the Vatican

masks:
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika


title: Vladimir Ghika

texts:
 archives, publishing some of the results in the Revue Catolique.He also wrote magazine articles in Literary Talk, La Revue Hebdomadaire, Les Études, Le Correspondant, La Revue des Jeunes, and La Documentation Catholique. His short personal meditations were subsequently published in various editions as Pensées pour la suite des jours. Writings published in French
Méditation de l'Heure Sainte, first edition, 1912
Pensées pour la suite des jours, first edition, 1923
Les intermèdes de Talloires, 1924
La Messe Byzantine dite de Saint Jean-Chrystome. Nouvelle traduction française adaptée à l'usage courant des fidèles du rite Latin avec commentaire et introduction par le prince <mask>. <mask>, 1924
La visite des pauvres: manuel de la dame de Charité : conférences, first edition, 1923
Roseau d'Or (Chroniques – Volume VIII), a collection of thoughts (such Pensées pour la suite des jours), 1928
La Sainte Vierge et le Saint Sacrement, 1929
Vigia (book IV), a collection of thoughts (such Pensées pour la suite des jours), 1930
La Femme adultère. Un prologue, un acte, un épilogue. 2e édition, 1931
La souffrance, first edition, 1932
La Liturgie du prochain, first edition, 1932
La Présence de Dieu, first edition, 1932
Derniers témoignages [seem] Mgr <mask>. Presentes par Yvonne Estienne, 1970; posthumous publication that collects various other unpublished thoughts

Writings published in Romanian
Our Lady and the Holy Sacrament.Speech delivered by Monsignor <mask> opening in November 1928 Eucharistic Congress in Sydney, Australia
Adulteress. Gospel Mystery comprising a prologue, an act, an epilogue. Pieasă theater
Thoughts For the Days

masks:
Vladimir I
Ghika
Vladimirhika
Ghika


title: Vladimir Ghika

texts:
 Ahead
Spiritual Conversation
Interludes in Talloires
Last witness, <mask>, pref. Yvonne Estienne
Posthumous fragments. Institute of previously unpublished archive
"<mask> Ghika" (translation of documents unpublished)

Legacy
In 1970, the Fraternity of the Transfiguration was founded; the Fraternity's spirituality stems from <mask>. Bibliography
Biography
<mask>. Profesor de speranță, Francisca Băltăceanu, Andrei Brezianu, Monica Broșteanu, Emanuel Cosmovici, Luc Verly, prefață de IPS Ioan Robu, Editura ARCB, București 2013.<mask>, professeur d'espérance, Francesca Baltaceanu et Monica Brosteanu, préface de Mgr Philippe Brizard, Cerf, 2013
<mask>. Prințul cerșetor de iubire pentru Cristos, Anca Mărtinaș, Editrice Velar, Editura ARCB, București 2013. <mask>. Il principe mendicante di amore per Cristo, Anca Mărtinaș, Editrice Velar, Editrice ELLEDICI, Gorle, 2013. Monseniorul: amintiri și documente din viața Monseniorului Ghika în România, Horia Cosmovici, Editura Galaxia Gutenberg, Târgu Lăpuș, 2011. Mgr <mask>. Prince, prêtre et martyr, Charles Molette, AED, Paris, 2007.<mask>. L'Angelo della Romania, in Il nono libro dei Ritratti di santi', Antonio Maria Sicari o.c.d., Jaka Book, 2006.Monseniorul: amintiri din viața de apostolat, Horia Cosmovici, Editura MC, București, 1996.Principe, sacerdore e martire. <mask>, Jean Daujat, Edizioni Messaggero di Padova, Padova, 1996.Prince et martyr, l’apôtre du Danube, Mgr <mask>, Hélène Danubia, Pierre Tequi, Paris, 1993.La memoire des silence, <mask>ka 1873–1954, Élisabeth de Miribel, Librarie Artème Fayard, 1987.Une flamme dans le vitrail. Souvenirs sur Mgr. Ghika, Yvonne Estienne,

masks:
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghi


title: Vladimir Ghika

texts:
 Editions Du Chalet, Lyon,1963.<mask>, Prince et Berger, Susane-Marie Durand, Castermann, 1962.Une âme de feu, monseigneur <mask>, Michel de Galzain, Éditions Beauchesne, 1961.L’apôtre du XX-em siècle, <mask>, Jean Daujat, La Palatine-Plon, 1956.Les Convertis du 20e siècle – Du Palais à l'autel et à la geôle. Le Prince Vladimir Ghika, de Pierre Gherman, Bruxelles, 1954. Monseniorul Vladimir Ghika -Schita de portret European de Stefan J. Fay – Continent 2006

Studies„Rugați-vă toți pentru mine...” Monseniorul Vladimir Ghika și martiriul său, Florina-Aida Bătrînu, ARCB, București, 2013.O lumină în întuneric: Monseniorul Vladimir Ghika, Mihaela Vasiliu, ARCB, București, 2012.Une lumière dans les ténébres.Mgr <mask>, Mihaela Vasiliu, Cerf, Paris, 2011.Mgr <mask> apôtre et martyr. Actes du colloque à la mémoire de Mgr <mask>. Octobre 2010, Paris, ABMVG, Paris 2011.A trăit și a murit ca un sfânt! Mons. <mask> 1873–1954, ed. Ioan Ciobanu, ARCB, București, 2003. References

External links

 <mask>
 Blog Postulation
 Archdiocese of Bucharest
 Lagrasse Canons
 To My Brother in Exile'' (2009)
  Serban Nichifor,  Missa Beatus <mask> (2017)

Romanian Roman Catholic priests
Romanian beatified people
Romanian diplomats
Romanian essayists
<mask>
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy
Romanian anti-communist clergy
Romanian people who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in Romanian detention
1873 births
1954 deaths
Romanian people of Albanian descent
Beatifications by Pope Francis
20th-century Christian martyrs
20th-century venerated Christians
Members of the Romanian Academy elected posthumously
Pontifical University of

masks:
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir Ghika
Vladimir


title: Chris Berman

texts:
<mask> (born May 10, 1955), nicknamed "Boomer", is an American sportscaster. He has been an anchor for SportsCenter on ESPN since 1979, joining a month after its initial launch, and hosted the network's Sunday NFL Countdown program from 1985 to 2016. He has also anchored Monday Night Countdown, U.S. Open golf, the Stanley Cup Finals, and other programming on ESPN and ABC Sports. <mask> calls play-by-play of select Major League Baseball games for ESPN, which included the Home Run Derby until 2016. A six-time honoree of the National Sports Media Association's National Sportscaster of the Year award, <mask> was instrumental in establishing ESPN's lasting popularity during the network's formative years. He is well known for his various catchphrases and quirky demeanor. In January 2017, ESPN announced that <mask> would be stepping down from several NFL-related roles at the network, but would remain at the company.In May 2021, <mask> signed a multiyear contract with ESPN to continue to host NFL PrimeTime. Early life
<mask> was born in Greenwich, Connecticut, the son of Peggy Shevell (née Tenenbaum), who worked as a reporter-researcher for Time magazine, and James Keliner <mask>, a corporate executive vice president. <mask> grew up in Irvington, New York. He was raised Jewish. During his childhood, he went to Camp Winnebago in Fayette, Maine. He enrolled at the Hackley School in 1970, and graduated Brown University in 1977 with a degree in history, where he was the sports director of the school's radio station, WBRU. Career (1977–present)

<mask>'s sportscasting career began at Hartford's WVIT-TV as a weekend sports anchor.He joined ESPN in 1979, a month after its founding, and has been with the network ever since. He is one of ESPN's longest-tenured employees, and the only remaining SportsCenter anchor from 1979. He spent 31 years as the host of both

masks:
Christopher James Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman


title: Chris Berman

texts: Sunday NFL Countdown, and ten years hosting  Monday Night Countdown. In addition, during the NFL season, he hosts the evening SportsCenter (airing generally at either 7:30 PM Eastern Time or 11 PM Eastern Time) along with Herm Edwards, who replaced Tom Jackson for the 2016 season. <mask> often appears on Sportscenter at night (midnight to 1 a.m.) hosting brief segments called "<mask>'s two-minute drill". From 1988-1989, he hosted ESPN's first game show, Boardwalk and Baseball's Super Bowl of Sports Trivia. By 1993, <mask> was described as the leader of the ESPN team and one of the most recognizable sportscasters in the business."The true test is when <mask> is on, turn down your TV and open your window. You will hear him. The microphone is nothing but a prop," said fellow ESPN anchor Keith Olbermann. In December 2008, the Associated Press ran a long retrospective on <mask>'s 30-year career with ESPN. "He is our most important person," said Norby Williamson, ESPN's vice president of production. "He is the face of ESPN," he added. At the time, <mask> noted that his contract with ESPN would expire on his 55th birthday, and that he did not see himself broadcasting into his 60s.In April 2010, however, ESPN extended <mask>'s contract for an undisclosed period of time, only noting that it was a multi-year deal. The contract was eventually revealed to expire at the end of 2016. Between 1995-2006, <mask> hosted Monday Night Football as well as live coverage of three Super Bowls for ABC Sports. He continued to host MNF when ESPN got the rights in 2006. <mask> was a season ticket holder for the Hartford Whalers, and was a strong supporter of the team's staying in Connecticut. He occasionally makes reference to the team, sometimes even by humming the team's theme song, Brass Bonanza. <mask> has also become a strong backer of the Buffalo Bills in recent

masks:
Berman
Chris Berman
Berman
Chris
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman


title: Chris Berman

texts: years.In an interview with Buffalo Bills reporter and play-by-play voice John Murphy on July 26, 2012, <mask> acknowledged that you could call him a "Bills Booster". This sentiment is also echoed in <mask>'s on-air phrase, "No one circles the wagons like the Buffalo Bills!" In addition, he has been involved with several events relating to the Bills, such as team founder Ralph Wilson's induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and Bruce Smith's Bills Hall of Fame induction in September 2016. <mask> signed a new contract in January 2017 for a reduced schedule, but remains at ESPN. On October 29, 2018, <mask> served as the on-field emcee for Thurman Thomas's number retirement ceremony. In May 2019, <mask> called a three-game series for the Boston Red Sox Radio Network alongside longtime Red Sox broadcaster Joe Castiglione. In 2019, <mask> and Tom Jackson re-united for a revival of NFL Primetime, streamed exclusively on ESPN+.In addition, they have also hosted the "fastest three minutes" segments on the Monday Night Football halftime show. <mask> signed a multiyear contract with ESPN in May 2021 to continue to host NFL PrimeTime. In the ESPN contract announcement, <mask> said "ESPN has been almost two-thirds of my life. I'm honored that what I do still works." <mask> is well known for his various catchphrases and player nicknames. His mid-play prediction of a touchdown run as "He could...go...all...the...way!" is perhaps his most famous phrase, and one of the first he adopted.It was featured on the Jock Rock, Volume 2 compilation album. His home run calls of "Back, back, back, back...Gone! ", which he implements most commonly during the MLB Home Run Derby, are drawn from Red Barber. A "Whoop!" is uttered during highlights when a player makes a quick move or causes someone to miss or make a mistake. "Tick, tick, tick, tick tick tick tick..."

masks:
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Style Berman


title: Chris Berman

texts:
 during a post-game recap, for a play or moment in which the clock is a factor. When a large player such as a lineman runs with the football, <mask> describes him as "rumblin', bumblin', stumblin'".<mask> is known for integrating puns into player nicknames, dubbing former Minnesota Twins pitcher Bert Blyleven "Bert Be Home Blyleven". <mask> adopts the persona of his alter ego, "The Swami," to make predictions on Sunday NFL Countdown. For seven consecutive years "The Swami" predicted a Super Bowl between the San Francisco 49ers and the Buffalo Bills, one or the other – but never both – making it during that span. In other media
<mask> appeared in Adam Sandler's 1998 comedy The Waterboy as well as Sandler's The Longest Yard in 2005, playing himself as the play-by-play announcer of the prison football game. <mask> also appeared as himself in Necessary Roughness in 1991, The Program in 1993 (though was a little out of place doing college football), Little Big League in 1994, as well as Eddie and Kingpin in 1996. He made a cameo appearance in the 1995 Hootie and the Blowfish video for the single "Only Wanna Be With You." <mask> made a cameo in the 2013 comedy Grown Ups 2.<mask> appears in Nutrisystem commercials with Don Shula, Dan Marino, Terry Bradshaw, and Mike Golic, using some of his trademark phrases and nicknames to show how much weight they lost. He also appears in commercials for repair insurer Carshield. Personal life

<mask> married Katherine "Kathy" Alexinski in 1983. She died in a traffic collision in Woodbury, Connecticut on May 10, 2017. <mask> was driving drunk when she crashed into the back of another vehicle, killing the other driver. The couple has two children. Honors

National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association National Sportscaster of the Year (1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1996, 2001)
American Sportscasters Association

masks:
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Katherine Berman