title: Todd Kohlhepp

texts:
 denied any involvement in the case. In December 2017, <mask> wrote to the Spartanburg Herald-Journal claiming that he had more victims who have not been discovered.Legal proceedings and guilty pleas
<mask> was charged with four counts of murder in relation to the Chesnee shootings, and one count of kidnapping in relation to Brown's abduction. He was later charged with three additional counts of murder for the murders of Carver and the Coxies, along with one additional count of kidnapping and three counts of possession of a weapon during the commission of a violent crime. <mask>'s next court appearance was scheduled for January 19, 2017, where <mask>'s attorney waived their right to appearance. According to a report by WLTX, relatives of the Chesnee shooting victims filed a wrongful death lawsuit against him. On December 1, it was announced that Brown also filed a civil lawsuit against him. On May 26, 2017, <mask> pleaded guilty to seven counts of murder, two counts of kidnapping and one count of criminal sexual assault and was sentenced to seven consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole in a plea bargain that spared him from capital punishment. Although his defense swore at his sentencing that there were no other victims to be found, <mask> has since repeatedly admitted there were at least two other murders.As of August 2018, he has yet to give authorities the details. <mask> is currently imprisoned in the Broad River Correctional Institution. In August 2020, some of <mask>'s belongings went to auction and the proceeds were donated to the victims' families. See also
 List of serial killers in the United States
 List of serial killers by number of victims

References

Notes

1971 births
Living people
21st-century American criminals
American male criminals
American mass murderers
American rapists
American real estate brokers
American serial killers
Male serial killers
Criminals from South Carolina
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by South Carolina
University of South Carolina Upstate alumni
People with borderline personality disorder

External links
 Buried


title: Frank Judd, Baron Judd

type: original

texts:
<mask>, <mask>,  (28 March 1935 – 17 April 2021) was a British Labour politician. He was a Senior Fellow of Saferworld NGO from 1994 to 2002, and from 2002 to 2015, a trustee. In 2007, he became a member of the Advisory Board at the Centre for Human Rights, and from 2014 to 2015, a member of the Commission on Diplomacy, at the London School of Economics. He was a member of the Unite and GMB trade unions. Early life
<mask> was born in Sutton in March 1935, the son of the late <mask>, CBE and <mask> (née Ashcroft), a JP. He was educated at the City of London School and the London School of Economics. At the age of 15, he joined the Labour Party, influenced by his mother's activism in the party and his father's internationalism.From 1957 to 1959, <mask> was on a Short Service Commission in the Royal Air Force's Education Branch. He became Secretary-General of the International Voluntary Service in 1960, and is credited with overseeing a significant period of expansion for the organisation. In 1966, <mask> left his position at IVS to begin a career in politics. Political career
<mask> contested the safe Conservative seat of Sutton and Cheam in 1959 (where his mother Helen had been the Labour candidate in 1945) and the marginal Portsmouth West in 1964, losing to the Conservative incumbent by just 497 votes. He became a Member of Parliament in 1966, after gaining Portsmouth West for Labour, in a general election which saw his party win a large majority in the House of Commons. The following year, he was made Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to the Minister of Housing and Local Government, a role he held until 1970. He narrowly held his seat at that year's general election, by just 955 votes, although Labour lost power to the Conservatives nationally.<mask> became PPS to the Leader of the Opposition, former prime minister Harold Wilson, holding this role from 1970 to 1972. He was a member of the British Parliamentary Delegation to the Council of Europe and the Western European Union from 1970

masks:
Frank Ashcroft Judd
Baron Judd
Frank Ashcroft Judd
Charles Judd
Helen Osborn Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd


title: Frank Judd, Baron Judd

texts:
 to 1973. In 1972, he joined Labour's Front Bench Defence Team, remaining there until 1974. At the February 1974 general election, <mask> stood for the new seat of Portsmouth North, created from parts of his old seat, winning it with a majority of only 320 votes. The election saw Labour return to government, and <mask> became Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Defence (Navy) at the Ministry of Defence, remaining in the post until 1976. That year, he was made Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Ministry of Overseas Development and became the Minister of State for that department, serving until the following year. From 1977 to 1979, he was the Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.When the government lost a vote of no confidence, a new general election was called in 1979, in which Labour were defeated by the Conservatives. In line with this national swing, <mask> lost his seat to the Conservative Peter Griffiths. <mask> was made a life peer on 10 June 1991 with the title <mask>, of Portsea in the County of Hampshire. In the Lords, he was opposition front bench spokesperson on foreign affairs (1991 to 1992), and on defence (1995 to 1997). He was also principal spokesperson on education (1992 to 1994) and overseas development co-operation (1994 to 1997). <mask> was a member of several committees in Parliament, including the Joint Committee on Human Rights from 2003 to 2007. He was again a member of the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly from 1997 to 2005, where he became rapporteur on Chechnya (from 1999 to 2004) and visited Grozny several times.<mask> was interviewed in 2012 as part of The History of Parliament's oral history project. From 2015 to 2019, he was a member of the EU Justice Sub Committee. Outside Parliament
<mask> was Director of Voluntary Service Overseas from 1980 to 1985, and Oxfam from 1985 to 1991. In 1990 and 1991, he was chairman of the World Economic Forum Conference in Geneva on the future of South Africa. In 1996, he became

masks:
Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd
Baron Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd


title: Frank Judd, Baron Judd

texts:
 National President of YMCA England, a role he held until 2005. From 2002 to 2012, he was President of the Friends of the Royal Navy Museum in Portsmouth, and was latterly its Honorary Life Vice-President. He was also active in the Friends of the Lake District as its President (2005–12), becoming a Patron in 2012, and in the governance of a number of universities.In 2013, he became a Life Member of the Court of Newcastle University. <mask> was a governor at LSE from 1982 to 2012, later being made Governor Emeritus. Honours
In 1995, <mask> became a Freeman of the City of Portsmouth. He was made an Honorary Fellow of the University of Portsmouth (formerly Portsmouth Polytechnic) in 1978, and the University of Lancaster in 2015. He received honorary doctorates from a number of universities: Bradford University in 1987, Portsmouth in 1997, De Montfort in 2006 (DLitt) and Greenwich in1999 (LLD). In 1988, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. Personal life and death
In 1961, <mask> married Christine Elizabeth Willington; they had two daughters.His recreations were listed in Who's Who as "relaxing in the countryside, family holidays, enjoying music, opera, theatre and film". He was a member of the Royal Over-Seas League club. He died in April 2021 at the age of 86. Publications

 Radical Future, 1967 (co-author)
 Fabian International Essays, 1970
 Purpose in Socialism, 1973
 Our Global Neighbourhood, 1995 (co-author)
 Imagining Tomorrow: rethinking the global challenge, 2000 (co-author)

<mask> also wrote articles and papers about current affairs. References

Times Guide to the House of Commons 1979

External links

 Interview with the History of Parliament oral history project

1935 births
2021 deaths
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Chairs of the Fabian Society
Labour Party (UK) life peers
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
People educated at the City of London School
Politics of Portsmouth
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
YMCA

masks: Judd Judd Judd Judd


title: Ivan Roubal

texts:
<mask> (May 12, 1951 – June 29, 2015) was a Czechoslovak serial killer who was convicted of five murders. Life

Youth
<mask> studied at an agricultural school and graduated in 1970. He worked at the Czechoslovak State Railways as a junior railroad engineer, train operator, worker at a heat-only boiler station, woodcutter and zootechnician. He married in 1973, his son being born the following year (he died in a traffic incident in 2012). In the late eighties of the 20th century, he briefly worked for the Jehovah's Witnesses. However, his expectations were not fulfilled, so he left before the revolution began and devoted himself to mysticism and occultism. He later extended his religious engagement to the Catholic Church.When his crimes were investigated, he demanded the testimony of cardinal Miloslav Vlk and Abbot of the Brevnov Monastery Jan Anastáz Opasek. See below. Murders
In 1991, <mask> rented a cottage at Čachrov called Fairy Tales. There he kept hens and pigs. He met there with František Heppner, who wanted to build a water saw. But in December 1991, Heppner disappeared with his Russian girlfriend. The reason for their disappearance was supposedly their departure to Germany.Nothing was suspected until <mask> began using their vehicle and sold their furniture. In addition, one of his sons supposedly said that his father killed both of them and had given their bodies to the pigs. The son recanted his claims in court. The court therefore ruled out that if the missing bodies can not be found, it can not be ruled out that those people lived. On July 26, 1992, taxi driver Vladimir Strnad disappeared. He was last seen with <mask>, both leaving Prague

masks:
Ivan Roubal
Ivan Roubal
Roubal
Roubal
Roubal


title: Ivan Roubal

texts:
 and driving their respective cars. The body was dumped in a septic tank in Zákupy.The following day, <mask> began to drive two cars. The body was found on May 25, 1993, being in such an advanced stage of decay that it was impossible to ascertain the cause of death. On December 10, 1992, Václav Horký, a bijou salesman, disappeared. After his disappearance, <mask> started using his vehicle and tried to sell his house. To this day, Horký has not been located. In 1995, the court declared him dead in absentia. On May 26, 1993, <mask> became acquainted with Josef Suchánek through classified advertising.He killed him and threw his body in a pond in Veselí nad Lužnicí. His apartment was then robbed. The body was not found until October 3 of the same year when the pond was drained. On November 12, 1993, Václav Dlouhý, who made a living through selling porn movies, was found dead in his apartment in Letňany. He was hogtied and the apartment was again robbed. <mask> later defended himself saying that Dlouhý regularly engaged in sadomasochistic practises. On March 8, 1994, <mask> committed his last murders.In the evening he came to the ZAPAP car rental office, which was located in the basement of Pod Zvonařkou 2238/4, Prague 2, where he met the owner Petr Kudrna, Peter Magdolen and the occasional visitor of the taxi driver Jiří Semerád. He tied them all together with their legs around their necks. He then robbed the office and disappeared. Kudrna and Magdolen were strangled with the weight of their own legs, but Semerád managed to get out of the bondage and call the police. On March 30, <mask> was arrested. Conviction
The trial began in 1996. Many scandals

masks: Roubal Roubal Roubal Roubal Roubal Roubal


title: Ivan Roubal

texts: surrounded it, one of them being that Judge Jiří Horký forgot to prolong <mask>'s detention and he had to be released on September 30, 1997 from the remand prison.Horký's mistake was fixed by police officers who arrested <mask> for suspicion of other crimes (death threats to witnesses, members of the Prison Service and prosecutors) before the prison gates in front of television cameras. In addition, it was suspected that <mask> would flee to Switzerland (there was a request for asylum lodged there). For misconduct, the judge was later punished by a disciplinary panel of the High Court with a twenty percent reduction in salary. In 1998, <mask> was cleared from the murder charges and sentenced to five years in jail for robberies at the ZAPAP car rental. Semerád, the survivor, was unable to determine if he was the killer. The end of the trial was accompanied by extensive security measures. Shortly before the judgment of <mask>, in the same courtroom two defendants were almost kidnapped.In the final speech, a public prosecutor who had asked for life for <mask>, announced anonymously that there was an explosive in the courthouse. The building was cleared and searched. It was only after an hour and a half that negotiations could continue. <mask> has repeatedly accused the police and justice of conspiracy, and even handed a copy of the letter to President Václav Havel to the judges in which he filed a motion to prosecute the Minister of Justice Vlasta Parkanová.<mask> himself described himself as "the life prisoner of Havel's conscience", and he has signed hundreds of complaints. He also has asked the court to bring cardinal Miloslav Vlk and Abbot of the

masks: Roubal Roubal Roubal Roubal Roubal Roubal Roubal Roubal


title: Ivan Roubal

texts:
 Břevnov Monastery Jan Anastáz Opasek in his case. <mask> continually denied any responsibility, but the court recognized him as guilty of the murders of Kudrna and Magdolen, for which he was sentenced to 22 years in 1999. He was later convicted of the murders of Suchánek, Strnad and Dlouhý (he was not charged for Heppner, his Russian girlfriend or Horký because their bodies were never found, and if ever found, the sentence would not change) and was sentenced to life imprisonment in 2000.<mask> stayed in jail with constant complaints. In 2010, he sued the VZP insurance company for refusing to provide self-supporting stockings for varicose veins. He also accused the prison service which, according to him, gave him improper treatment worsening his state of health. After each defendant, he claimed 200 thousand crowns as compensation. He also filed a lawsuit with the Ministry of Justice that the prison service had improperly imposed a five-day isolation on his prison service, allegedly not being able to get a job, so he could make money for special medical aids and alleged walking. His complaints were rejected in November 2012. With his murders, <mask> was one of the leading serial killers in the Czech Republic.Psychiatrists have found that <mask>'s IQ is 112. He died in jail in Karviná on June 29, 2015. See also
 List of serial killers by country

References

Literature

 Jaromír Slušný: Black Book of Czech Bestial Assassins, XYZ, Prague 2006, , pg. 160-176

External links

 The Museum of Evil - <mask> Case Miniseries
 <mask> at vrazi.cz

1951 births
2015 deaths
Czech serial killers
Czechoslovak serial killers
Male serial killers
Serial killers who died

masks:
Roubal
Roubal
Roubal
Roubal
Ivan Roubaloubal
Ivan Roubal


title: Tom Tully

texts:
<mask> (born Thomas Kane Tulley; August 21, 1908 – April 27, 1982) was an American actor. He began his career in radio and on the stage before making his film debut in Northern Pursuit (1943). Subsequently, he was nominated for an Academy Award for his supporting role in The Caine Mutiny (1954). In 1960, <mask> was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the film industry. Early years
<mask> was born in Durango in southwestern Colorado, the son of Thomas H. Tulley and Victoria Lenore Day Tulley. He served in the United States Navy, was a private pilot, and worked as a reporter for the Denver Post in Denver, before he entered acting with the expectation of better pay. Career

Stage
Tully debuted on Broadway in Call Me Ziggy (1937).His other Broadway credits include The Sun Field (1942), The Strings, My Lord, Are False (1942), Jason (1942), Ah, Wilderness! (1941), The Time of Your Life (1940), Night Music (1940), The Time of Your Life (1939), The White Steed (1939), and Chalked Out (1937). Radio
In the era of old-time radio, <mask> had the lead role of Joe in the serial Home of the Brave. He also played Jim Carroll in the serial Life Begins, Uncle Willie in the comedy My Mother's Husband, and Charles Martin in the serial Stella Dallas. He was a frequent guest actor on Gunsmoke, portraying a wide range of parts. Film
<mask>'s Hollywood film career spanned from the early 1940s until 1973. After a brief appearance in the film Carefree (1938), he next appeared in I'll Be Seeing You (1944) as the

masks:
Tom Tully
Tully
Tully
Tully
Tully


title: Tom Tully

texts:
 father of Shirley Temple's character.He received an Academy Award nomination for Actor in a Supporting Role for portraying the first commander of the Caine in the 1954 drama The Caine Mutiny, with Humphrey Bogart. His last feature film role was as a crooked gun dealer in Don Siegel's crime film Charley Varrick (1973), with Walter Matthau. Television
From 1954 through 1960, he played the role of police Inspector Matt Grebb on the CBS police drama, The Lineup, with co-star Warner Anderson. In repeats, The Lineup was known as San Francisco Beat. He made two appearances as Rob Petrie's (Dick Van Dyke) father on CBS's The Dick Van Dyke Show in 1964 and 1966. This role reunited <mask> with Jerry Paris from The Caine Mutiny. He also was a guest star on the Andy Griffith show during the seventh season.He played Walt, the milkman in the Episode, "Goodbye, Dolly." In 1962, he appeared on the NBC modern western series, Empire in the role of <mask> in the episode "Long Past, Long Remembered." Richard Jordan appeared in this episode too as Jay Bee Fowler. The series starred Richard Egan as New Mexico rancher Jim Redigo. In 1963, he was cast as Danny Mundt in "A Taste for Pineapple" of the ABC  crime drama, The Untouchables. That same year he portrayed Jethro Tate in "Who Killed Billy Jo?" on another ABC crime drama, Burke's Law, with Gene Barry.In 1964, <mask> had two appearances on CBS's Perry Mason. The first was as defendant Carey York in "The Case of the Arrogant Arsonist;" the second was as murder victim Harvey Scott in "The Case of the

masks:
Tully
Tom Cole
Tully


title: Tom Tully

texts:
 Nautical Knot." During the 1966 season of ABC's Shane western series, he made 17 appearances as <mask>. <mask> also guest starred twice in the western TV series Bonanza: in the 1965 episode "The Dilemma" as Sundown Davis and in the 1967 episode "The Sure Thing" as Burt Laughlin. Later, <mask> continued his acting in television dramas such as Mission: Impossible and The Rookies. Later years
In November 1969, <mask> traveled to South Vietnam, currently Vietnam, for the United Service Organization. His "handshake tour" took him to hospitals, radio interviews, and flight behind enemy lines, courtesy of the 173rd Airborne Brigade, to visit strategic military outposts such as the "Hawks Nest" in the Phum Valley.While in Vietnam entertaining troops, <mask> contracted a filarial worm, similar to the creature that causes elephantiasis. After returning to the United States, his condition worsened. Because a blood clot in a major vein shut off circulation, his left leg was amputated close to the hip. The amputation was performed in Laguna Beach, California, close to his home in San Juan Capistrano. Complications from his surgery caused pleuritis, deafness, and serious debilitation. At the time of his death, <mask> had completed a manuscript about his grandmother and grandfather, David F. Day, a Medal of Honor recipient in the American Civil War. Day enlisted in the army at age 14, served with the 57th Ohio Infantry, fought in the battles of Shiloh and Stones River, and was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for actions when he was

masks:
Tom Starett
Tully
Tully
Tully
Tully
Tully


title: Tom Tully

texts:
 just 16 years old.Day was the owner of the newspaper in Ouray, Colorado, formerly known as The Solid Muldoon, now the Durango Herald. Personal life
In 1930, <mask> married Helen Brown in Colorado. They had a daughter, and they were divorced on November 26, 1935. In 1938, he married actress Frances McHugh, to whom he remained wed until her death in 1953. On June 20, 1954, he married Ida Johnson in Los Angeles, and they remained married until his death. <mask> died of cancer at the age of 73 on April 27, 1982 at Hoag Memorial Hospital in Newport Beach, California. Partial filmography

The Sign of the Cross (1932) – Hoboken (1944 Re-Release Prologue) (uncredited)
Mission to Moscow (1943) – American Engineer in Russia (uncredited)
Northern Pursuit (1943) – Inspector Barnett
Destination Tokyo (1943) – Mike Conners
Reward Unlimited (1944, Short) – Peggy's Father
Secret Command (1944) – Colonel Hugo Von Braun aka 'Brownie' Brownell
The Town Went Wild (1944) – Henry Harrison
I'll Be Seeing You (1944) – Mr. Marshall
The Unseen (1945) – Sullivan
Kiss and Tell (1945) – Bob Pringle
Adventure (1945) – Gus
The Virginian (1946) – Nebraska
Till the End of Time (1946) – C.W.Harper
Lady in the Lake (1946) – Capt. Kane
Intrigue (1947) – Marc Andrews
Killer McCoy (1947) – Cecil Y. Walsh
Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! (1948) – Robert 'Roarer' McGill
Rachel and the Stranger (1948) – Parson Jackson
June Bride (1948) – Mr. Whitman Brinker
Blood on the Moon (1948) – John Lufton
Illegal Entry (1949) – Nick Gruber
A Kiss for Corliss (1949) – Harry P. Archer
The

masks: Tully Tully


title: Tom Tully

texts:
 Lady Takes a Sailor (1949) – Henry Duckworth
Where the Sidewalk Ends (1950) – Jiggs Taylor
Branded (1950) – Ransom
<mask>k (1951) – Dan Castello
Dick Turpin's Ride (1951) – <mask>
Texas Carnival (1951) – Sheriff Jackson
Return of the Texan (1952) – Stud Spiller
Love Is Better Than Ever (1952) – Mr. Charles E. Macaboy
Lure of the Wilderness (1952) – Zack Taylor
The Turning Point (1952) – Matt Conroy
Ruby Gentry (1952) – Jud Corey
The Jazz Singer (1952) – Dan McGurney
Trouble Along the Way (1953) – Father Malone
The Moon Is Blue (1953) – Michael O'Neill
Die Jungfrau auf dem Dach (1953) – Michael O'Neill
Sea of Lost Ships (1953) – Ice Patrol Capt. Holland
Arrow in the Dust (1954) – Crowshaw
The Caine Mutiny (1954) – Lieutenant Commander William H. De Vriess
Soldier of Fortune (1955) – Tweedie
Love Me or Leave Me (1955) – Frobisher
Behind the High Wall (1956) – Warden Frank Carmichael
Ten North Frederick (1958) – Mike Slattery
The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1960) – Capt. McClung
The Carpetbaggers (1964) – Amos Winthrop
McHale's Navy Joins the Air Force (1965) – Gen. Harkness
Coogan's Bluff (1968) – Sheriff McCrea
Charley Varrick (1973) – Tom

References

External links

1908 births
1982 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American amputees
American male film actors
American male radio actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Deaths from cancer in California
Male actors from Denver
People from Durango, Colorado
People from Greater Los Angeles
United States Navy officers
Military personnel from

masks:
Tomahaw
Tom King


title: Ramin Gurbanov

texts:
<mask> (Garagurbanlı) () is an Azerbaijani lawyer, scholar, and the current president of the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ) of the Council of Europe. He is also a judge of the Baku Court of Appeal, a member of the Management Board of the Union of Associations of Judges of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and the Head of the Department of International Law of the Institute of Law and Human Rights at the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. He is a Doctor of Law and Professor of the Department of Civil Law Disciplines at the Russian University of Economics. <mask> is the head of the Ministry of Justice working group on establishment and implementation of the e-court system in Azerbaijan, an expert of international projects in the field of evaluation and organization of court systems in Europe, and a coordinator for the World Bank and Azerbaijan Government's joint large-scale projects on the modernization of Azerbaijan's court system. He is also a member of the expert group on legal sciences (which is responsible for the verification and issue of scientific law degrees) of the High Attestation Commission under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Education
In 1990, <mask> graduated with a medal from Secondary School N134 in Baku. In 1995, he graduated with a diploma of honor from the Faculty of International Law and International Relations from Baku State University.From 1996 to 1998, he carried out his postgraduate studies in Baku State University. From 1997 to 2000, he continued his education in the military faculty of the Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University. In 2003, he graduated from the Academy of Public Administration and in 2006 from the Russian Law Academy of the Russian Federation. In 2002, he ran scientific research on judicial independence and human rights protection by US courts in the International Center for Human Rights of the School of Law at the Northwestern University. He also ran research on "The role of the US Department of Justice in the protection

masks:
Ramin Afad oglu Gurbanov
Gurbanov
Gurbanov


title: Ramin Gurbanov

texts:
 of human rights" in the Division on Civil Rights of the US Department of Justice. He successfully finalized his scientific research on the topic "Judges' education is an essential element of their personal independence" in the US Federal Judicial Center, which is the specialized training and educational center of US federal judges. Ramin is a certified KPI professional who successfully passed the training courses on "e-Governance Strategies for Courts' Management: time requirements, solutions, innovations" in the Singapore Judicial Institute as well as the advanced courses on "Judicial management, organization of work in courts and e-case management" organized by the International Law Institute and Georgetown University.Work experience
<mask> started working in 1995 as a legal consultant in the military division of the Ministry of Defense. From 1998 to 2013 he worked in the Ministry of Justice as an advisor; a senior advisor in the field of drafting the legislative acts, organization of court activity, work with courts and justice institutions; and the head of the General Department on Organization and Supervision of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Azerbaijan. He was a member of the group on the development of statutory documents regulating the activities of the Ministry of Justice as well as of the group on Application of Modern Information Technologies in the Justice Institutions. In the years 2013–2020, he worked as a judge in the Baku City Yasamal District Court. During those years, he delivered the highest number of judgments with acquittals in the country. As of 2020, he is a judge of the Criminal Division of the Baku Court of Appeal. In 2014, he worked as the head of the group of the Ministry of Justice on the establishment and implementation of the "e-Court" system in Azerbaijan.In recent years the international organizations awarded the "e-Court" and "e-Enforcement" systems, which were developed by the same group. In a sub-component of these systems, artificial intelligence was


title: Ramin Gurbanov

texts:
 implemented to deliver judgments instead of human judges. The modern functionalities of this system such as the mobile application of the "e-Court system", system on digital commercial disputes, the personal cabinet of court users, and the unified judicial portal have been implemented. In 2017 the new analytical module of the "e-Court system" was awarded for the first time within the Council of Europe's "Crystal Scales of Justice" competition. Work within the Council of Europe institutions
<mask> has been an official representative of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ) of the Council of Europe since 2005. CEPEJ is an advisory and analytical institution of the Council of Europe that specializes in increasing the efficiency and quality of justice in European countries. During past years, he participated in peer-evaluation missions to Switzerland, Estonia, Cyprus, Georgia and Slovakia, and presided over the groups to Lithuania, Latvia, Kazakhstan, Czech Republic, North Macedonia, and Moldova.In 2014, the CEPEJ meeting was held in Baku. In 2014–2018 <mask> was elected as one of the four members of the Bureau of the European Commission for the CEPEJ of Europe, and afterward was elected to the position of vice-president. On 4 December 2018 he was elected as president of the CEPEJ through secret ballot voting by the representatives from 47 member states of the Council of Europe. Cooperation with the World Bank
<mask> has been a coordinator of the World Bank (WB) large-scale transformation projects on the modernization of Azerbaijan court system since 2008; these projects are jointly implemented with the Government of Azerbaijan. These projects developed new standards on court infrastructure, organized the official opening ceremonies of the modern court buildings and complexes with participation of the Head of the State, designed and implemented "e-Court" and "e-Enforcement" systems, drafted the law on mediation in cooperation with the CEPEJ, piloted

masks: Gurbanov Gurbanov Gurbanov


title: Ramin Gurbanov

texts:
 mediation centers, and performed studies and made recommendations on modernizing the Bar Association, establishing private enforcement offices, juvenile justice, gender policy in the field of justice, and the quality of judgments. On the eves of the 20th and 25th anniversaries of cooperation between the Government of Azerbaijan and the World Bank, the projects have been awarded as the best administered and implemented WB projects in Azerbaijan. <mask> is also the Azerbaijan reporter for the Doing Business Report (indicator on contract enforcement).In 2019, Azerbaijan was ranked in 28th place among the 190 countries after being in 40th place the previous year. Scientific and pedagogical activity
Since 1996, <mask> has been engaged in scientific work on legal issues. He was a postgraduate researcher at the law faculty of Baku State University and afterwards the senior researcher in the Institute of Philosophy, Sociology and Law of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. In 2002, he defended his scientific dissertation "Combating the criminal water pollution: on materials of Kura and Araks rivers". In 2016 he received the scientific degree — doctor of law. His thesis of doctorate work is "Co-operation of the judicial authorities on the European continent: theoretical and practical issues". He specializes in the fields of international law, criminal law, European law, and human rights.Between 2011–2016, he worked as a senior scientific consultant in the Department on International Relations and International Law of the Institute of Philosophy, Sociology and Law of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. Since 2017, he has been a senior scientific consultant of the Department on International Law and currently heads this department. <mask> is a member of the group on legal sciences (responsible for the verification and issue of the scientific degrees in law) of the High Attestation Commission under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. <mask> has been engaged in pedagogical work since 2004.

masks: Gurbanov Gurbanov Gurbanov Gurbanov


title: Ramin Gurbanov

texts:
 Between 2004 to 2005, he worked as a teacher in the Department of Civil-Procedure Law at Odlar Yurdu University. He delivered lectures on training judges and prosecutors under the Judicial-Legal Council of Azerbaijan. Since 2009, he has been working as a lecturer at the Justice Academy, and in 2018 he was acting vice-directo.<mask> is a member of numerous international organizations, such as the American Bar Association (Chicago division), the Russian Association on International Law, and the Union of Associations of Judges of Azerbaijan. Publications
<mask> has written more than 98 scientific publications on different aspects of international, European, and criminal law, including those published in cooperation with European doctors of law Jean-Paul Jean, Jacques Buehler, and Francois Paychere. Among his publications are scientific studies of the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ) of the Council of Europe. European Judicial Systems. Efficiency and Quality of Justice, N20, 2014. — Strasbourg. European Judicial Systems: eastern Europe countries, N21, December 2015.— Strasbourg. European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice: high-quality justice for all member states, N22, 2015. — Strasbourg. European Judicial Systems: Use of information technology in European courts. N24. R. A. Kurbanov, R. A<mask> et al., Anthropological Methods of Formation of University Students' Spiritual and Moral Culture. // International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, Volume 11 Issue 18 (2016), р.11807–11817. The European Judicial Network and Eurojust as basic means of the cooperation of EU Member States in the area of criminal justice // SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, No.3. E-court system with the installation of business and artificial intelligence, predictive justice, and KPIs // Impact Azerbaijan, American Chamber of Commerce. CEPEJ as the consultative body of the Council of Europe, granted with the responsibility of developing and implementing common

masks:
Gurbanov
Gurbanov
. Gurbanov


title: Ramin Gurbanov

texts:
 standards in the sphere of the delivery of justice // On international legislation and comparative law, No.6(55), 2015. M. Schmitz, P. Gielen et d`autres, Avoirs Dematerializes et Execution Force Digital Assets and Enforcement // Conseil de l`Europe, Bruylant, Pratique de droit europeen (preface). Bruxelles.J. Mairimanoff, M. Becker, F. Oudin, A. Schumacher, C. Smets-Gary, Dictionnaire de la Mediation et d`Autres Modes Amiables // Bruylant, Collection Paradigme (preface). Suisse. Awards
<mask> was awarded several times for his contributions to the development of the justice system in Azerbaijan by the Minister of Justice of Azerbaijan. The Judicial-Legal Council of the Republic of Azerbaijan awarded him for his contributions to the effective and successful implementation of the World Bank projects on modernization of the Azerbaijan court system, for proper presentation of the country in the CEPEJ, and developing the "e-Court system", which was awarded within the Council of Europe's "Crystal Scales of Justice" competition. The decision of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences awarded <mask> for scientific productivity, active participation in the work of the Academy of Sciences, for "effective presentation of Azerbaijan science in the international fora, for the organization on a high level for the first time in the country of the international conference on artificial intelligence", and for the publication of the three-volume international encyclopedia on court systems. In December 2018, he was awarded the medal named after professor Rovshan Mustafayev. References

External links
 Гурбанов Рамин Афад оглы // ФГБОУ ВО "РЭУ им.Г. В. Плеханова". <mask> Qaraqurbanlı (Ramin Qurbanov) // The Judicial-Legal Council of Republic of Azerbaijan. <mask> Garagurbanlı (Ramin Gurbanov) // Council of Europe. 1974 births
Living people
Lawyers from Baku
Baku State University alumni
Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University alumni
Academy of Public Administration (Azerbaijan) alumni
Plekhanov Russian University of

masks: Gurbanov Gurbanov Ramin Ramin


title: Mike Rose (educator)

texts:
<mask> (14 May 1944–15 August 2021) was an American education scholar who studied literacy and the struggles of working-class America. <mask> was a Research Professor of Social Research Methodology in the UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies. <mask> was a graduate of Loyola Marymount University (B.A. ), the University of Southern California (M.S. ), and the University of California, Los Angeles (M.A. and Ph.D.). Early life

<mask> was born in 1944 in Altoona, Pennsylvania to Italian immigrants <mask> and <mask> (Meraglio) <mask>.At the age of seven, <mask> with his family relocated to a working-class neighborhood in South Los Angeles. <mask> drifted uneventfully through most of his early education. Through a mix up in test scores with another student with the same surname, <mask> was placed in a vocational education track upon entering high school at Our Lady of Mercy. After several years, a teacher looked at <mask>'s records and discovered that <mask> had been misplaced in the vocational track. <mask> was moved out of the vocational education track and began the following school year in the college prep track. Once in the college prep track, a dedicated English teacher his senior year, Jack MacFarland, soon pushed <mask> to reevaluate himself and helped him get admitted as a probationary student to Loyola University. This change in perspective proved to be a turning point for <mask> who would then go on to earn a bachelor's degree from Loyola University of Los Angeles and win a graduate fellowship in English at the University of California, Los Angeles.<mask> wrote a memoir essay about his awakening as a reader and writer entitled "I Just Wanna Be Average." Teaching Career

In time, <mask> became disaffected with academia and left graduate study to embark on a series of jobs teaching writing to underprivileged and underprepared students in inner-city Los Angeles. Over the next several years, <mask> would teach everything from elementary writing to basic adult literacy.

masks:
Mike Rose
Rose
Rose
Mike Rose
Tommy Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose


title: Mike Rose (educator)

texts:
 In time, <mask> accepted a position as a director at UCLA’s tutoring center where he was instrumental in shaping tutor training and policy. In 1981, <mask> received his PhD in education from UCLA and in 1994 was hired as a faculty member in the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies. <mask> has been teaching for nearly forty years. Contributions to the Field of Education

One of <mask>’s most significant contributions is his reevaluation of remedial writers.In his bestselling book, Lives on the Boundary, <mask> argues that remedial students lack literacy skills not through a shortage of intelligence but because of a history of poor education and a lack of supportive social and economic conditions. <mask> challenges educators to have increased confidence in such students and calls for greater equality in educational opportunities. In addition, <mask>’s work has questioned prevailing methods of teaching literacy to unprepared students. <mask> questions the effectiveness of skill and drill curricula that are primarily focused on grammar and usage. Instead, <mask> argues that basic writers should be pushed to engage in a meaningful composition that draws on critical thinking. During the last decade, <mask> has also written widely on the importance of public education in a democracy and on the need for a more humane philosophy of education that goes beyond economic benefit and learning as measured by standardized test scores. Most recently he has been writing about the intelligence involved in doing blue-collar work, like waitress, plumbing, welding, and calls into question our standard definitions of intelligence, the way we define "skilled" work, and the separation of the school curriculum into the "vocational" and the "academic."Awards

<mask>’s research has been widely recognized, and he is the recipient of the National Council of Teachers of English David H. Russell Award for Distinguished Research in the Teaching of English, the American Educational Research Association's

masks:
Rose
Rose
Mike Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose


title: John Diefenbaker

texts: <mask>   (; September 18, 1895 – August 16, 1979) was the 13th prime minister of Canada, serving from 1957 to 1963. He was the only Progressive Conservative party leader between 1930 and 1979 to lead the party to an election victory, doing so three times, although only once with a majority of the seats in the House of Commons. <mask> was born in southwestern Ontario in the small town of Neustadt in 1895. In 1903, his family migrated west to the portion of the North-West Territories which would soon become the province of Saskatchewan. He grew up in the province and was interested in politics from a young age. After service in World War I, Diefenbaker became a noted criminal defence lawyer. He contested elections through the 1920s and 1930s with little success until he was finally elected to the House of Commons in 1940.<mask> was repeatedly a candidate for the party leadership. He gained that position in 1956, on his third attempt. In 1957, he led the party to its first electoral victory in 27 years; a year later he called a snap election and spearheaded them to one of their greatest triumphs. Diefenbaker appointed the first female minister in Canadian history to his cabinet (Ellen Fairclough), as well as the first Indigenous member of the Senate (James Gladstone). During his six years as prime minister, his government obtained passage of the Canadian Bill of Rights and granted the vote to the First Nations and Inuit peoples. In 1962, <mask>'s government eliminated racial discrimination in immigration policy. In foreign policy, his stance against apartheid helped secure the departure of South Africa from the Commonwealth of Nations, but his indecision on whether to

masks:
John George Diefenbaker
Diefenbaker
Diefenbaker
Diefenbaker


title: John Diefenbaker

texts:
 accept Bomarc nuclear missiles from the United States led to his government's downfall.<mask> is also remembered for his role in the 1959 cancellation of the Avro Arrow project. In the 1962 federal election, the Progressive Conservatives narrowly won a minority government before losing power altogether in 1963. <mask> stayed on as party leader, becoming Opposition leader, but his second loss at the polls prompted opponents within the party to force him to a leadership convention in 1967. <mask> stood for re-election as party leader at the last moment, but only attracted minimal support and withdrew. He remained in parliament until his death in 1979, two months after Joe Clark became the first Progressive Conservative prime minister since <mask>. Diefenbaker ranks average among historians and the public. Early life

<mask> was born on September 18, 1895, in Neustadt, Ontario, to William Thomas <mask> and Mary Florence <mask>, née Bannerman.His father was the son of German immigrants from Adersbach (near Sinsheim) in Baden; <mask> was of Scottish descent and Diefenbaker was Baptist. The family moved to several locations in Ontario in <mask>'s early years. <mask> was a teacher, and had deep interests in history and politics, which he sought to inculcate in his students. He had remarkable success doing so; of the 28 students at his school near Toronto in 1903, four, including his son, <mask>, served as Conservative MPs in the 19th Canadian Parliament beginning in 1940. The <mask> family moved west in 1903, for <mask> to accept a position near Fort Carlton, then in the Northwest Territories (now in Saskatchewan). In 1906, William claimed a quarter-section,  of undeveloped

masks:
Diefenbaker
Diefenbaker
Diefenbaker
Diefenbaker
Diefenbaker
Diefenbaker
Diefenbaker
Mary Diefenbaker
John
William Diefenbaker
John
Diefenbaker
William Diefenbaker


title: John Diefenbaker

texts: land near Borden, Saskatchewan. In February 1910, the <mask> family moved to Saskatoon, the site of the University of Saskatchewan.William and <mask> felt that <mask> and his brother Elmer would have greater educational opportunities in Saskatoon. <mask> had been interested in politics from an early age and told his mother at the age of eight or nine that he would some day be prime minister. She told him that it was an impossible ambition, especially for a boy living on the prairies. She would live to be proved wrong. <mask> claimed that his first contact with politics came in 1910, when he sold a newspaper to Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier, in Saskatoon to lay the cornerstone for the University's first building. The present and future Prime Ministers conversed, and when giving his speech that afternoon, Sir Wilfrid commented on the newsboy who had ended their conversation by saying, "I can't waste any more time on you, Prime Minister. I must get about my work."The authenticity of the meeting was questioned in the 21st century, with an author suggesting that it was invented by Diefenbaker during an election campaign. In a 1977 interview with the CBC, <mask> recalled he saw injustice first-hand in his youth against French Canadians, Indigenous Canadians and the Métis. He said, "From my earliest days, I knew the meaning of discrimination. Many Canadians were virtually second-hand citizens because of their names and racial origin. Indeed, it seemed until the end of World War II that the only first-class Canadians were either of English or French descent. As a youth, l determined to devote myself to assuring that all Canadians, whatever their racial origin, were equal

masks:
Diefenbaker
Mary Diefenbaker
John
John Diefenbaker
John
Diefenbaker


title: John Diefenbaker

texts:
 loyal to him, initially refusing to rent office space to Diefenbaker. The new lawyer was forced to rent a vacant lot and erect a two-room wooden shack. Diefenbaker won the local people over through his success; in his first year in practice, he tried 62 jury trials, winning approximately half of his cases.He rarely called defence witnesses, thereby avoiding the possibility of rebuttal witnesses for the Crown, and securing the last word for himself. In late 1920, he was elected to the village council to serve a three-year term. <mask> would often spend weekends with his parents in Saskatoon. While there, he began to woo Olive Freeman, daughter of the Baptist minister, but in 1921, she moved with her family to Brandon, Manitoba, and the two lost touch for more than 20 years. He then courted Beth Newell, a cashier in Saskatoon, and by 1922, the two were engaged. However, in 1923, Newell was diagnosed with tuberculosis, and Diefenbaker broke off contact with her. She died the following year.<mask> was himself subject to internal bleeding, and may have feared that the disease would be transmitted to him. In late 1923, he had an operation at the Mayo Clinic for a gastric ulcer, but his health remained uncertain for several more years. After four years in Wakaw, <mask> so dominated the local legal practice that his competitor left town. On May 1, 1924, <mask> moved to Prince Albert, leaving a law partner in charge of the Wakaw office. Aspiring politician (1924–1929)
Since 1905, when Saskatchewan entered Confederation, the province had been dominated by the Liberal Party, which practised highly effective machine politics. Diefenbaker was fond of stating, in his later years,

masks: Diefenbaker Diefenbaker Diefenbaker Diefenbaker


title: John Diefenbaker

texts: that the only protection a Conservative had in the province was that afforded by the game laws. Diefenbaker's father, William, was a Liberal; however, <mask> found himself attracted to the Conservative Party.Free trade was widely popular throughout Western Canada, but Diefenbaker was convinced by the Conservative position that free trade would make Canada an economic dependent of the United States. However, he did not speak publicly of his politics. Diefenbaker recalled in his memoirs that, in 1921, he had been elected as secretary of the Wakaw Liberal Association while absent in Saskatoon, and had returned to find the association's records in his office. He promptly returned them to the association president. Diefenbaker also stated that he had been told that if he became a Liberal candidate, "there was no position in the province which would not be open to him." It was not until 1925 that Diefenbaker publicly came forward as a Conservative, a year in which both federal and Saskatchewan provincial elections were held. Journalist Peter C. Newman, in his best-selling account of the Diefenbaker years, suggested that this choice was made for practical, rather than political reasons, as Diefenbaker had little chance of defeating established politicians and securing the Liberal nomination for either the House of Commons or the Legislative Assembly.The provincial election took place in early June; Liberals would later claim that Diefenbaker had campaigned for their party in the election. On June 19, however, Diefenbaker addressed a Conservative organizing committee, and on August 6, was nominated as the party's candidate for the federal riding of Prince Albert, a district in


title: John Diefenbaker

texts:
 which the party's last candidate had lost his election deposit. A nasty campaign ensued, in which Diefenbaker was called a "Hun" because of his German-derived surname. The 1925 federal election was held on October 29; he finished third behind the Liberal and Progressive Party candidates, losing his deposit. The winning candidate, Charles McDonald, did not hold the seat long, resigning it to open a place for the Prime Minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King, who had been defeated in his Ontario riding. The Tories ran no candidate against King in the by-election on February 15, 1926, and he won easily. Although in the 1925 federal election, the Conservatives had won the greatest number of seats, King continued as Prime Minister with the support of the Progressives.Mackenzie King held office for several months until he finally resigned when the Governor General, Lord Byng, refused a dissolution. Conservative Party leader Arthur Meighen became Prime Minister, but was quickly defeated in the House of Commons, and Byng finally granted a dissolution of Parliament. <mask>, who had been confirmed as Conservative candidate, stood against King in the 1926 election, a rare direct electoral contest between two individuals who had or would become prime minister. King triumphed easily over <mask>, the Liberals won the federal election, and King regained his position as prime minister. Perennial candidate (1929–1940)

Diefenbaker stood for the Legislative Assembly in the 1929 provincial election. He was defeated, but Saskatchewan Conservatives formed their first government, with help from smaller parties. As the defeated Conservative candidate for Prince Albert City, he was given

masks: Diefenbaker Diefenbaker


title: John Diefenbaker

texts: charge of political patronage there and was created a King's Counsel.Three weeks after his electoral defeat, he married Saskatoon teacher Edna Brower. <mask> chose not to stand for the House of Commons in the 1930 federal election, citing health reasons. The Conservatives gained a majority in the election, and party leader R. B. Bennett became Prime Minister. <mask> continued a high-profile legal practice, and in 1933, ran for mayor of Prince Albert. He was defeated by 48 votes in an election in which over 2,000 ballots were cast. In 1934, when the Crown prosecutor for Prince Albert resigned to become the Conservative Party's legislative candidate, Diefenbaker took his place as prosecutor. Diefenbaker did not stand in the 1934 provincial election, in which the governing Conservatives lost every seat.Six days after the election, <mask> resigned as Crown prosecutor. The federal government of Bennett was defeated the following year and Mackenzie King returned as prime minister. Judging his prospects hopeless, <mask> had declined a nomination to stand again against Mackenzie King in Prince Albert. In the waning days of the Bennett government, the Saskatchewan Conservative Party president was appointed a judge, leaving <mask>, who had been elected the party's vice president, as acting president of the provincial party. Saskatchewan Conservatives eventually arranged a leadership convention for October 28, 1936. Eleven people were nominated, including <mask>. The other ten candidates withdrew, and Diefenbaker won the position by default.Diefenbaker asked the federal party for $10,000 in financial support, but the funds were refused, and the Conservatives were shut out of the

masks: Diefenbaker Diefenbaker Diefenbaker Diefenbaker Diefenbaker Diefenbaker


title: John Diefenbaker

texts:
 legislature in the 1938 provincial elections for the second consecutive time. <mask> himself was defeated in the Arm River riding by 190 votes. With the province-wide Conservative vote having fallen to 12 percent, Diefenbaker offered his resignation to a post-election party meeting in Moose Jaw, but it was refused. Diefenbaker continued to run the provincial party out of his law office and paid the party's debts from his own pocket. Diefenbaker quietly sought the Conservative nomination for the federal riding of Lake Centre, but was unwilling to risk a divisive intra-party squabble. In what Diefenbaker biographer Smith states "appears to have been an elaborate and prearranged charade", Diefenbaker attended the nominating convention as keynote speaker, but withdrew when his name was proposed, stating a local man should be selected. The winner among the six remaining candidates, riding president W. B. Kelly, declined the nomination, urging the delegates to select Diefenbaker, which they promptly did.Mackenzie King called a general election for March 25, 1940. The incumbent in Lake Centre was Liberal <mask> <mask>. Diefenbaker campaigned aggressively in Lake Centre, holding 63 rallies and seeking to appeal to members of all parties. On election day, he defeated <mask> by 280 votes on what was otherwise a disastrous day for the Conservatives, who won only 39 seats out of the 245 in the House of Commons—their lowest total since Confederation. Parliamentary rise (1940–1957)

Mackenzie King years (1940–1948)
Diefenbaker joined a shrunken and demoralized Conservative caucus in the House of Commons. The Conservative leader, Robert Manion, failed to win a place in the Commons

masks:
Diefenbaker
John Frederick
Johnston
Johnston


title: John Diefenbaker

texts: in the election, which saw the Liberals take 181 seats. The Tories sought to be included in a wartime coalition government, but Mackenzie King refused.The House of Commons had only a slight role in the war effort; under the state of emergency, most business was accomplished through the Cabinet issuing Orders in Council. Diefenbaker was appointed to the House Committee on the Defence of Canada Regulations, an all-party committee which examined the wartime rules which allowed arrest and detention without trial. On June 13, 1940, <mask> made his maiden speech in the House of Commons, supporting the regulations, and emphatically stating that most Canadians of German descent were loyal. In his memoirs, Diefenbaker wrote he waged an unsuccessful fight against the forced relocation and internment of many Japanese-Canadians, but historians say that the fight against the internment never took place. According to Diefenbaker's biographer, Denis Smith, the Conservative MP quietly admired Mackenzie King for his political skills. However, Diefenbaker proved a gadfly and an annoyance to Mackenzie King. Angered by the words of Diefenbaker and fellow Conservative MP Howard Green in seeking to censure the government, the Prime Minister referred to Conservative MPs as "a mob".When <mask> accompanied two other Conservative leaders to a briefing by Mackenzie King on the war, the Prime Minister exploded at <mask> (a constituent of his), "What business do you have to be here? You strike me to the heart every time you speak." The Conservatives elected a floor leader, and in 1941 approached former Prime Minister Meighen, who had been appointed as a senator by Bennett, about becoming party

masks: Diefenbaker Diefenbaker Diefenbaker


title: John Diefenbaker

texts: leader again. Meighen agreed, and resigned his Senate seat, but lost a by-election for an Ontario seat in the House of Commons. He remained as leader for several months, although he could not enter the chamber of the House of Commons. Meighen sought to move the Tories to the left, in order to undercut the Liberals and to take support away from the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF, the predecessor of the New Democratic Party (NDP)). To that end, he sought to draft the Liberal-Progressive premier of Manitoba, <mask>, to lead the Conservatives.Diefenbaker objected to what he saw as an attempt to rig the party's choice of new leader and stood for the leadership himself at the party's 1942 leadership convention. Bracken was elected on the second ballot; Diefenbaker finished a distant third in both polls. At Bracken's request, the convention changed the party's name to "Progressive Conservative Party of Canada." Bracken chose not to seek entry to the House through a by-election, and when the Conservatives elected a new floor leader, <mask> was defeated by one vote. Bracken was elected to the Commons in the 1945 general election, and for the first time in five years the Tories had their party leader in the House of Commons. The Progressive Conservatives won 67 seats to the Liberals' 125, with smaller parties and independents winning 52 seats. Diefenbaker increased his majority to over 1,000 votes, and had the satisfaction of seeing Mackenzie King defeated in Prince Albert—but by a CCF candidate.The Prime Minister was returned in an Ontario by-election within months. Diefenbaker staked out a position on the populist left of the PC party. Though most Canadians were

masks:
John Bracken
Diefenbaker


title: John Diefenbaker

texts:
 ballot. St. Laurent called an election for June 1949, and the Tories were decimated, falling to 41 seats, only two more than the party's 1940 nadir.Despite intense efforts to make the Progressive Conservatives appeal to Quebecers, the party won only two seats in the province. Newman argued that but for <mask>'s many defeats, he would never have become Prime Minister:

If, as a neophyte lawyer, he had succeeded in winning the Prince Albert seat in the federal elections of 1925 or 1926, ... <mask> would probably have been remembered only as an obscure minister in Bennett's Depression cabinet ... If he had carried his home-town mayoralty in 1933, ... he'd probably not be remembered at all ... If he had succeeded in his bid for the national leadership in 1942, he might have taken the place of <mask> on his six-year march to oblivion as leader of a party that had not changed itself enough to follow a Prairie radical ... [If he had defeated Drew in 1948, he] would have been free to flounder before the political strength of Louis St. Laurent in the 1949 and 1953 campaigns. The governing Liberals repeatedly attempted to deprive Diefenbaker of his parliamentary seat. In 1948, Lake Centre was redistricted to remove areas which strongly supported <mask>. In spite of that, he was returned in the 1949 election, the only PC member from Saskatchewan.In 1952, a redistricting committee dominated by Liberals abolished Lake Centre entirely, dividing its voters among three other ridings. <mask> stated in his memoirs that he had considered retiring from the House; with Drew only a year older than he was, the Westerner saw little prospect of advancement, and had received tempting offers

masks:
Diefenbaker
Diefenbaker
John Bracken
Diefenbaker
Diefenbaker


title: John Diefenbaker

texts: from Ontario law firms. However, the gerrymandering so angered him that he decided to fight for a seat. <mask>'s party had taken Prince Albert only once, in 1911, but he decided to stand in that riding for the 1953 election, and was successful. He would hold that seat for the rest of his life. Even though Diefenbaker campaigned nationally for party candidates, the Progressive Conservatives gained little, rising to 51 seats as St. Laurent led the Liberals to a fifth successive majority. In addition to trying to secure his departure from Parliament, the government opened a home for unwed Indian mothers next door to Diefenbaker's home in Prince Albert.Diefenbaker continued practising law. In 1951, he gained national attention by accepting the Atherton case, in which a young telegraph operator had been accused of negligently causing a train crash by omitting crucial information from a message. Twenty-one people were killed, mostly Canadian troops bound for Korea. Diefenbaker paid $1,500 and sat a token bar examination to join the Law Society of British Columbia to take the case, and gained an acquittal, prejudicing the jury against the Crown prosecutor and pointing out a previous case in which interference had caused information to be lost in transmission. Although <mask> had been devoted to advancing her husband's career, in the mid-1940s she began to suffer mental illness, and was placed in a private mental hospital for a time. She later fell ill from leukemia, and died in 1951. In 1953, Diefenbaker married Olive Palmer (formerly Olive Freeman), whom he had courted while living in Wakaw.<mask> became a great source of strength to her husband. There were no children born

masks:
Diefenbaker
Edna Diefenbaker
Olive Diefenbaker


title: John Diefenbaker

texts:
 January 1957, <mask> took his place as Leader of the Official Opposition. In February, St. Laurent informed him that Parliament would be dissolved in April for an election on June 10. The Liberals submitted a budget in March; Diefenbaker attacked it for overly high taxes, failure to assist pensioners, and a lack of aid for the poorer provinces. Parliament was dissolved on April 12. St. Laurent was so confident of victory that he did not even bother to make recommendations to the Governor General to fill the 16 vacancies in the Senate. Diefenbaker ran on a platform which concentrated on changes in domestic policies. He pledged to work with the provinces to reform the Senate.He proposed a vigorous new agricultural policy, seeking to stabilize income for farmers. He sought to reduce dependence on trade with the United States, and to seek closer ties with the United Kingdom. St. Laurent called the Tory platform "a mere cream-puff of a thing—with more air than substance". Diefenbaker and the PC party used television adroitly, whereas St. Laurent stated that he was more interested in seeing people than in talking to cameras. Though the Liberals outspent the Progressive Conservatives three to one, according to Newman, their campaign had little imagination, and was based on telling voters that their only real option was to re-elect St. Laurent. Diefenbaker characterized the Tory program in a nationwide telecast on April 30:

It is a program ... for a united Canada, for one Canada, for Canada first, in every aspect of our political and public life, for the welfare of the average man and woman. That is my approach to public affairs and has been throughout my life ... A Canada,


title: John Diefenbaker

texts:
 united from Coast to Coast, wherein there will be freedom for the individual, freedom of enterprise and where there will be a Government which, in all its actions, will remain the servant and not the master of the people.The final Gallup poll before the election showed the Liberals ahead, 48% to 34%. Just before the election, Maclean's magazine printed its regular weekly issue, to go on sale the morning after the vote, editorializing that democracy in Canada was still strong despite a sixth consecutive Liberal victory. On election night, the Progressive Conservative advance started early, with the gain of two seats in reliably Liberal Newfoundland. The party picked up nine seats in Nova Scotia, five in Quebec, 28 in Ontario, and at least one seat in every other province. The Progressive Conservatives took 112 seats to the Liberals' 105: a plurality, but not a majority. While the Liberals finished some 200,000 votes ahead of the Tories nationally, that margin was mostly wasted in overwhelming victories in safe Quebec seats. St. Laurent could have attempted to form a government, however, with the minor parties pledging to cooperate with the Progressive Conservatives, he would have likely faced a quick defeat at the Commons.St. Laurent instead resigned, making Diefenbaker prime minister. Prime Minister (1957–1963)

Domestic events and policies

Minority government
When <mask> took office as Prime Minister of Canada on June 21, 1957, only one Progressive Conservative MP, Earl Rowe, had served in federal governmental office, for a brief period under Bennett in 1935. Rowe was no friend of Diefenbaker — he had briefly served as the party's acting leader in-between Drew's


title: John Diefenbaker

texts:
 1958, four days after becoming the Liberal leader. In his first speech as leader, Pearson (recently returned from Oslo where he had been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize), moved an amendment to supply, and called, not for an election, but for the Progressive Conservatives to resign, allowing the Liberals to form a government. Pearson stated that the condition of the economy required "a Government pledged to implement Liberal policies".Government MPs laughed at Pearson, as did members of the press who were present. Pearson later recorded in his memoirs that he knew that his "first attack on the government had been a failure, indeed a fiasco". <mask> spoke for two hours and three minutes, and devastated his Liberal opposition. He mocked Pearson, contrasting the party leader's address at the Liberal leadership convention with his speech to the House:

On Thursday there was shrieking defiance, on the following Monday there is shrinking indecision ... The only reason that this motion is worded as it is [sic] is that my honourable friends opposite quake when they think of what will happen if an election comes ... It is the resignation from responsibility of a great party. <mask> read from an internal report provided to the St. Laurent government in early 1957, warning that a recession was coming, and stated:

Across the way, Mr. Speaker, sit the purveyors of gloom who would endeavour for political purposes, to panic the Canadian people ...They had a warning ... Did they tell us that? No. Mr. Speaker, why did they not reveal this? Why did they not act when the House was sitting in January, February, March, and April? They had the information ... You concealed the facts, that is


title: John Diefenbaker

texts:
 what you did. According to the Minister of Finance, Donald Fleming, "Pearson looked at first merry, then serious, then uncomfortable, then disturbed, and finally sick." Pearson recorded in his memoirs that the Prime Minister "tore me to shreds".Prominent Liberal frontbencher Paul Martin called Diefenbaker's response "one of the greatest devastating speeches" and "Diefenbaker's great hour". On February 1, Diefenbaker asked the Governor General, Vincent Massey, to dissolve Parliament, alleging that though St. Laurent had promised cooperation, Pearson had made it clear he would not follow his predecessor's lead. Massey agreed to the dissolution, and Diefenbaker set an election date of March 31, 1958. 1958 election

The 1958 election campaign saw a huge outpouring of public support for the Progressive Conservatives. At the opening campaign rally in Winnipeg on February 12 voters filled the hall until the doors had to be closed for safety reasons. They were promptly broken down by the crowd outside. At the rally, Diefenbaker called for "[a] new vision.A new hope. A new soul for Canada." He pledged to open the Canadian North, to seek out its resources and make it a place for settlements. The conclusion to his speech expounded on what became known as "The Vision",

This is the vision: One Canada. One Canada, where Canadians will have preserved to them the control of their own economic and political destiny. Sir <mask>. Macdonald saw a Canada from east to west: he opened the west. I see a new Canada—a Canada of the North.This is the vision! Pierre Sévigny, who would be elected an MP in 1958, recalled the gathering, "When he had finished that speech, as he was walking to the


title: John Diefenbaker

texts:
 international politics ... Diefenbaker flew home, a hero." Policy towards the United States

Ike and <mask>: the Eisenhower years

American officials were uncomfortable with Diefenbaker's initial election, believing they had heard undertones of anti-Americanism in the campaign. After years of the Liberals, one US State Department official noted, "We'll be dealing with an unknown quantity." Diefenbaker's 1958 landslide was viewed with disappointment by the US officials, who knew and liked Pearson from his years in diplomacy and who felt the Liberal Party leader would be more likely to institute pro-American policies.However, US President Dwight Eisenhower took pains to foster good relations with <mask>. The two men found much in common, from Western farm backgrounds to a love of fishing, and Diefenbaker had an admiration for war leaders such as Eisenhower and Churchill. Diefenbaker wrote in his memoirs, "I might add that President Eisenhower and I were from our first meeting on an 'Ike–John' basis, and that we were as close as the nearest telephone." The Eisenhower–Diefenbaker relationship was sufficiently strong that the touchy Canadian Prime Minister was prepared to overlook slights. When Eisenhower addressed Parliament in October 1958, he downplayed trade concerns that Diefenbaker had publicly expressed. Diefenbaker said nothing and took Eisenhower fishing. Diefenbaker had approved plans to join the United States in what became known as NORAD, an integrated air defence system, in mid-1957.Despite Liberal misgivings that Diefenbaker had committed Canada to the system before consulting either the Cabinet or Parliament, Pearson and his followers voted with the

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 strong relationship, by 1960 US officials were becoming concerned by what they viewed as Canadian procrastination on vital issues, such as whether Canada should join the Organization of American States (OAS). Talks on these issues in June 1960 produced little in results.Diefenbaker hoped that US Vice President Richard Nixon would win the 1960 US presidential election, but when Nixon's Democratic rival, Senator <mask>. Kennedy won the race, he sent Senator Kennedy a note of congratulations. Kennedy did not respond until Canadian officials asked what had become of Diefenbaker's note, two weeks later. Diefenbaker, for whom such correspondence was very meaningful, was annoyed at the President-elect's slowness to respond. In January 1961, Diefenbaker visited Washington to sign the Columbia River Treaty. However, with only days remaining in the Eisenhower administration, little else could be accomplished. Bilateral antipathy: the Kennedy administration

Kennedy and Diefenbaker started off well but matters soon worsened. When the two met in Washington on February 20, Diefenbaker was impressed by Kennedy, and invited him to visit Ottawa.Kennedy, however, told his aides that he never wanted "to see the boring son of a bitch again". The Ottawa visit began awkwardly. Kennedy accidentally left behind a briefing note suggesting he "push" Diefenbaker on several issues, including the decision to accept nuclear weapons on Canadian soil, which bitterly divided the Canadian Cabinet. Diefenbaker was also annoyed by Kennedy's speech to Parliament, in which he urged Canada to join the OAS (which Diefenbaker had already rejected), and by the President spending most of his time talking to


title: John Diefenbaker

texts:
 finest election. He was virtually alone on the hustings. Even such loyalists as Gordon Churchill had to stick close to their own bailiwicks, where they were fighting for their political lives. Though the White House maintained public neutrality, privately Kennedy made it clear he desired a Liberal victory.Kennedy lent Lou Harris, his pollster to work for the Liberals again. On election day, April 8, 1963, the Liberals claimed 129 seats to the Tories' 95, five seats short of an absolute majority. Diefenbaker held to power for several days, until six Quebec Social Credit MPs signed a statement that Pearson should form the government. These votes would be enough to give Pearson support of a majority of the House of Commons, and Diefenbaker resigned. The six MPs repudiated the statement within days. Nonetheless, Pearson formed a government with the support of the NDP. Later years (1963–1979)

Return to opposition
<mask> continued to lead the Progressive Conservatives, again as Leader of the Opposition.In November 1963, upon hearing of Kennedy's assassination, the Tory leader addressed the Commons, stating, "A beacon of freedom has gone. Whatever the disagreement, to me he stood as the embodiment of freedom, not only in his own country, but throughout the world." In the 1964 Great Canadian Flag Debate, Diefenbaker led the unsuccessful opposition to the Maple Leaf flag, which the Liberals pushed for after the rejection of Pearson's preferred design showing three maple leaves. Diefenbaker preferred the existing Canadian Red Ensign or another design showing symbols of the nation's heritage. He dismissed the adopted design, with a single red maple leaf and two red bars, as "a


title: John Diefenbaker

texts: flag that Peruvians might salute", a reference to Peru's red-white-red tricolour. At the request of Quebec Tory Léon Balcer, who feared devastating PC losses in the province at the next election, Pearson imposed closure, and the bill passed with the majority singing "O Canada" as Diefenbaker led the dissenters in "God Save the Queen". In 1966, the Liberals began to make an issue of the Munsinger affair—two officials of the Diefenbaker government had slept with a woman suspected of being a Soviet spy.In what Diefenbaker saw as a partisan attack, Pearson established a one-man Royal Commission, which, according to Diefenbaker biographer Smith, indulged in "three months of reckless political inquisition". By the time the commission issued its report, Diefenbaker and other former ministers had long since withdrawn their counsel from the proceedings. The report faulted Diefenbaker for not dismissing the ministers in question, but found no actual security breach. There were calls for <mask>'s retirement, especially from the Bay Street wing of the party as early as 1964. Diefenbaker initially beat back attempts to remove him without trouble. When Pearson called an election in 1965 in the expectation of receiving a majority, Diefenbaker ran an aggressive campaign. The Liberals fell two seats short of a majority, and the Tories improved their position slightly at the expense of the smaller parties.After the election, some Tories, led by party president Dalton Camp, began a quiet campaign to oust <mask>. In the absence of a formal leadership review process, Camp was able to stage a de facto review by running for re-election as party president on the platform of holding a


title: John Diefenbaker

texts:
 leadership convention within a year. His campaign at the Tories' 1966 convention occurred amidst allegations of vote rigging, violence, and seating arrangements designed to ensure that when Diefenbaker addressed the delegates, television viewers would see unmoved delegates in the first ten rows. Other Camp supporters tried to shout <mask> down. Camp was successful in being re-elected thereby forcing a leadership convention for 1967. Diefenbaker initially made no announcement as to whether he would stand, but angered by a resolution at the party's policy conference which spoke of "deux nations" or "two founding peoples" (as opposed to Diefenbaker's "One Canada"), decided to seek to retain his leadership. Although Diefenbaker entered at the last minute to stand as a candidate for the leadership, he finished fifth on each of the first three ballots, and withdrew from the contest, which was won by Nova Scotia Premier Robert Stanfield.Diefenbaker addressed the delegates before Stanfield spoke:
My course has come to an end. I have fought your battles, and you have given me that loyalty that led us to victory more often than the party has ever had since the days of Sir <mask>. Macdonald. In my retiring, I have nothing to withdraw in my desire to see Canada, my country and your country, one nation. Final years and death
<mask> was embittered by his loss of the party leadership. Pearson announced his retirement in December 1967, and <mask> forged a wary relationship of mutual respect with Pearson's successor, Pierre Trudeau. Trudeau called a general election for June 1968; Stanfield asked Diefenbaker to join him at a rally in Saskatoon, which Diefenbaker refused, although the

masks:
Diefenbaker
John A
Diefenbaker
Diefenbaker


title: John Diefenbaker

texts: two appeared at hastily arranged photo opportunities. Trudeau obtained the majority against Stanfield that Pearson had never been able to obtain against Diefenbaker, as the PC party lost 25 seats, 20 of them in the West.The former Prime Minister, though stating, "The Conservative Party has suffered a calamitous disaster" in a CBC interview, could not conceal his delight at Stanfield's humiliation, and especially gloated at the defeat of Camp, who made an unsuccessful attempt to enter the Commons. <mask> was easily returned for Prince Albert. Although Stanfield worked to try to unify the party, <mask> and his loyalists proved difficult to reconcile. The division in the party broke out in well-publicised dissensions, as when Diefenbaker called on Progressive Conservative MPs to break with Stanfield's position on the Official Languages bill, and nearly half the caucus voted against their leader's will or abstained. In addition to his parliamentary activities, <mask> travelled extensively and began work on his memoirs, which were published in three volumes between 1975 and 1977. Pearson died of cancer in 1972, and <mask> was asked if he had kind words for his old rival. Diefenbaker shook his head and said only, "He shouldn't have won the Nobel Prize."By 1972, <mask> had grown disillusioned with Trudeau, and campaigned wholeheartedly for the Tories in that year's election. <mask> was re-elected comfortably in his home riding, and the Progressive Conservatives came within two seats of matching the Liberal total. Diefenbaker was relieved both that Trudeau had been humbled and that Stanfield had been denied power. Trudeau regained his majority two years later in an election


title: John Diefenbaker

texts: that saw <mask>, by then the only living former Prime Minister, have his personal majority grow to 11,000 votes. In the 1976 New Year Honours, Diefenbaker was created a Companion of Honour, an accolade bestowed as the personal gift of the Sovereign. After a long illness, <mask> died on December 22, a loss which plunged Diefenbaker into despair. Joe Clark succeeded Stanfield as party leader in 1976, but as Clark had supported the leadership review, Diefenbaker held a grudge against him.Diefenbaker had supported Claude Wagner for leader, but when Clark won, stated that Clark would make "a remarkable leader of this party". However, Diefenbaker repeatedly criticized his party leader, to such an extent that Stanfield publicly asked Diefenbaker "to stop sticking a knife into Mr. Clark"—a request Diefenbaker did not agree to. According to columnist Charles Lynch, Diefenbaker regarded Clark as an upstart and a pipsqueak. In 1978, Diefenbaker announced that he would stand in one more election, and under the slogan "Diefenbaker—Now More Than Ever", weathered a campaign the following year during which he apparently suffered a mild stroke, although the media were told he was bedridden with influenza. In the May election Diefenbaker defeated NDP candidate Stan Hovdebo (who, after Diefenbaker's death, would win the seat in a by-election) by 4,000 votes. Clark had defeated Trudeau, though only gaining a minority government, and Diefenbaker returned to Ottawa to witness the swearing-in, still unreconciled to his old opponents among Clark's ministers. Two months later, Diefenbaker died of a heart attack in his study about a month before his 84th birthday.<mask> had extensively planned

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title: John Diefenbaker

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 his funeral in consultation with government officials. He lay in state in the Hall of Honour in Parliament for two and a half days; 10,000 Canadians passed by his casket. The Maple Leaf Flag on the casket was partially obscured by the Red Ensign. After the service, his body was taken by train on a slow journey to its final destination, Saskatoon; along the route, many Canadians lined the tracks to watch the funeral train pass. In Winnipeg, an estimated 10,000 people waited at midnight in a one-kilometre line to file past the casket which made the trip draped in a Canadian flag and Diefenbaker's beloved Red Ensign. In Prince Albert, thousands of those he had represented filled the square in front of the railroad station to salute the only man from Saskatchewan ever to become Prime Minister. His coffin was accompanied by that of his wife Olive, disinterred from temporary burial in Ottawa.Prime Minister Clark delivered the eulogy, paying tribute to "an indomitable man, born to a minority group, raised in a minority region, leader of a minority party, who went on to change the very nature of his country, and change it forever". <mask> and <mask> rest outside the Diefenbaker Centre, built to house his papers, on the campus of the University of Saskatchewan. Legacy

Some of Diefenbaker's policies did not survive the 16 years of Liberal government that followed his fall. By the end of 1963, the first of the Bomarc warheads entered Canada, where they remained until the last were finally phased out during <mask>'s brief government in 1984. Diefenbaker's decision to have Canada remain outside the OAS was not reversed by Pearson, and it was not until 1989, under the Tory

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Olive Diefenbaker
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title: John Diefenbaker

texts:
 building, the <mask> G. Diefenbaker Building. It also gave Diefenbaker's name to a human rights award and an icebreaking vessel. Harper often invoked Diefenbaker's northern vision in his speeches. Conservative Senator Marjory LeBreton worked in Diefenbaker's office during his second time as Opposition Leader, and has said of him, "He brought a lot of firsts to Canada, but a lot of it has been air-brushed from history by those who followed." Historian Michael Bliss, who published a survey of the Canadian Prime Ministers, wrote of Diefenbaker:
From the distance of our times, Diefenbaker's role as a prairie populist who tried to revolutionize the Conservative Party begins to loom larger than his personal idiosyncrasies. The difficulties he faced in the form of significant historical dilemmas seem less easy to resolve than Liberals and hostile journalists opined at the time. If Diefenbaker defies rehabilitation, he can at least be appreciated.He stood for a fascinating and still relevant combination of individual and egalitarian values ... But his contemporaries were also right in seeing some kind of disorder near the centre of his personality and his prime-ministership. The problems of leadership, authority, power, ego, and a mad time in history overwhelmed the prairie politician with the odd name. Honorary degrees
Diefenbaker received several honorary degrees in recognition of his political career:

See also

 List of people from Prince Albert
 Diefenbunker
 "Dief Will Be the Chief Again"

References

Explanatory notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Granatstein, J. L. Canada 1957-1967: The years of uncertainty and innovation (1986), the major scholarly


title: John Diefenbaker

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 survey
 McKercher, Asa. "Diefenbaker's World: One Canada and the History of Canadian–American Relations, 1961–63." The Historian 75.1 (2013): 94-120, online

 Robinson, H. Basil. Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (U of Toronto Press, 1989)

 Spencer, Dick.Trumpets and drums : <mask> on the campaign trail (1994) online

Online sources

Further reading
 Bothwell, Robert, Ian Drummond, and <mask>. "The Diefenbaker Years 1957-63." in Canada Since 1945 ( University of Toronto Press, 2018). pp 181-252; university textbook
 Boyko, <mask>. Cold fire: Kennedy's northern front (Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 2016)
 Carter, Mark. "Diefenbaker's Bill of Rights and the Counter-Majoritarian Difficulty: The Notwithstanding Clause and Fundamental Justice as Touchstones for the Charter Debate." Saskatchewan Law Review 82 (2019): 121+ online.Cavell, Janice, and Ryan M. Touhey, eds. Reassessing the Rogue Tory: Canadian Foreign Relations in the Diefenbaker Era (UBC Press, 2018). Empey, Sarah. "<mask>. Diefenbaker and Cross Border Relations During the Bomarc Missile Crisis." Waterloo Historical Review 8 (2016). online
 Hilliker, <mask>. "The Politicians and the 'Pearsonalities': The Diefenbaker Government and the Conduct of Canadian External Relations", in Canadian Foreign Policy: Historical Readings ed.J. L. Granatstein (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993), pp 152–167. Kyba, Patrick. Alvin: A Biography of the Honourable Alvin Hamilton, PC (Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, 1989), pp. 390pp
 McKercher, Asa. "No, Prime Minister: Revisiting Diefenbaker and the 'Pearsonalities'." Canadian Journal of History 52.2 (2017): 264-289. online
 McKercher, Asa. "Sound and

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title: John Diefenbaker

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 Fury: Diefenbaker, Human Rights, and Canadian Foreign Policy."Canadian Historical Review 97.2 (2016): 165-194. online
 McKercher, Asa. "The trouble with self-determination: Canada, Soviet colonialism and the United Nations, 1960–1963." The International Journal of Human Rights 20.3 (2016): 343-364. McMahon. Patricia I. Essence of Indecision: Diefenbaker's Nuclear Policy, 1957–1963 (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2009) online review
 Molinaro, Dennis. "'Calculated Diplomacy': <mask> and the Origins of Canada's Cuba Policy."in Our place in the sun (University of Toronto Press, 2016) pp. 75-95. Manulak, Daniel. "Blood Brothers: Moral Emotion, the Afro-Asian-Canadian Bloc, and South Africa's Expulsion from the Commonwealth, 1960–1." Canadian Historical Review (2021): e20200041. Morris-Hurl, Rebecca. "Diefenbaker's Canada: A Vision for Human Rights and Multiculturalism in the Speeches from the Throne."in Canada and Speeches from the Throne (2020). online
 Neary, Peter. "High Commissioner JJS Garner on Joey Smallwood versus <mask>, 1959." Newfoundland and Labrador Studies 32.1 (2017): 229-240. online
 Parker, Oliver. "Canadian Concerns of a Different Kind of Brexit: Britain's First Application to the EEC and Canada's Commonwealth Appeal." The Round Table 108.1 (2019): 81-85. Story, D. C. and R. Bruce Shepard, eds.Diefenbaker legacy: Canadian politics, law and society since 1957". (Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina, 1998). 13 essays by experts. Stevenson, Michael D. "George Drew, the Law of the Sea, and the Diefenbaker Government, 1957-1963." Diplomacy & Statecraft 31.2 (2020): 326-349. Urban, Michael Crawford. "A fearful asymmetry: Diefenbaker, the

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title: John T. Monroe

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<mask><mask> (May 6, 1822 – February 24, 1871) was an American politician who served as the 19th and 32nd Mayor of New Orleans in 1860–1862 and 1866–1867. Early life and career
He was born in Howard County, Missouri the son of Daniel Munro. <mask> went to New Orleans in 1837, working as a stevedore, and soon becoming a prominent labor leader. In 1858 he was elected Board of Assistant Aldermen, representing the 2nd Ward. Political career

First term
The 1860 campaign for mayor attracted little notice in New Orleans, as all attention was on the Presidential contest. There were three candidates; <mask><mask>, Alexander Grailhe, and Lucius W. Place. <mask>, the nominee of the Native American Party, represented the current administration.Grailhe, an independent, was essentially the anti-administration candidate, who he held responsible for the poor condition of the city. The newspapers of the time were filled with complaints about the stagnant gutters, the weeds that grew along the streets, and the air of general neglect. However, <mask> was elected with 37,027 votes. Grailhe received a much smaller number, and Place hardly any. Federal capture of New Orleans
There is a story about the Civil War that the white leadership of New Orleans was captured, but never surrendered. This is a letter written by William Preston <mask>:

"The capture of New Orleans in April 1862 by Captain David Farragut and General Benjamin Butler brought the name of mayor <mask> before the whole country and the people of the then confederate States and the United States. It soon spread to British journalism and into British Parliament."At the approach of the federal fleet, on the morning of April 25, Mayor <mask>, determined to hoist the flag of the State of Louisiana over the City Hall. At his request, his private secretary, Mr. Marion A. Baker, descended to the roof of the building and prepared to execute the

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. Monroe
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title: John T. Monroe

texts: mayor’s orders, with the instructions to await the issue of the possible conflict at Chalmette. "When he heard that the defenses had failed <mask> ordered the flag hoisted. "Forthwith, two officers of the United States Navy presented Farragut's formal demand for the city's surrender and to lower their flag. <mask> stated that be had no authority to surrender the city and that General Mansfield Lovell was the proper official to receive and to reply to that demand. He refused to lower the flag. "<mask> then sent for Lovell and while awaiting his arrival, conversation went on.Captain Bailey expressed regret at the wanton destruction of property, which he had witnessed and which he regarded as a most unfortunate mistake. To this, <mask> replied that the property was the Confederates' own and that they had a right to do as they pleased with it, and that it was done as a patriotic duty. "Subsequently, Lovell also refused to surrender the city or his forces and stated that he would retire with his troops and leave the decision to the civil authorities. The question of surrender being thus referred back to him, <mask> said he would submit the matter to the Council and that a formal reply would be sent as soon as their advice could be obtained. The Federal officers then withdrew, with an escort furnished by Lovell. "<mask> sent a message to the Council who met at 6:30 that evening. As civil magistrate, he held that he was incompetent to the performance of a military act.'We yield to physical force alone,' said the Mayor, 'and maintain our allegiance to the Government of the Confederate States. Beyond a due respect for our dignity, our rights and the flag of our country, does not, I think permit us to go.' "The Council, unwilling to act hastily, simply listened to the reading of this message and adjourned until 10:00 A. M. the next day. That evening, <mask> asked Baker and Police Chief

masks: Monroe Monroe Monroe Monroe Monroe Monroe Monroe


title: John T. Monroe

texts: McClelland, to go to the  as early as possible the next morning and explain to Farragut that the Council would meet that morning and a written answer to his demand would be sent as soon as possible after the meeting. "The Council met and listened to a second reading of the Mayor's message. Both the Council and the population of the city concurred in the sentiments expressed by <mask> and urged that he be act in the spirit manifested in his message. Anticipating such a result, a letter had already been prepared, reiterating the determination neither to lower the State flag nor to raise the United States flag.The Mayor’s secretary read this letter to the assembled Council and from expressions by some of the members, it seemed to be satisfactory, but shortly after Mr. Baker left, a message was brought to <mask>, asking his presence in the Council Chamber. "The object of this summons was to obtain his consent to the substitution of a letter written by Soulé and read by one of the members of the Council. Relations between the Mayor and the Council had not been of a most harmonious character and wishing to conciliate them at this unfortunate time, <mask> acceded to their wishes. "Before a copy of this letter could be made and sent to Farragut, two officers, Lieutenant Albert Kautz and Midshipman <mask>. Read were at the City Hall with a written demand for the 'unqualified surrender of the city, and the raising of the United States flag over the Mint, Custom-house and City Hall, by noon that day, Saturday, April 26 and the removal of all other emblems but that of the United States, from all public buildings.' <mask> acknowledged receipt of this last communication and promised a reply before two o'clock, if possible. In the meantime a large and excited crowd had gathered outside the City Hall. <mask>, fearing for the safety of the two Federal officers, had had the heavy doors of the City

masks:
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title: John T. Monroe

texts: Hall closed and ordered a carriage to be stationed at the corner of Carondelet and Lafayette streets.Escorted by two special officers and Baker, the federal officers were conducted to a rear entrance and to the waiting carriage, while <mask> occupied the crowd in the front. As the carriage drove away, some of the crowd started up St. Charles street with the expectation of heading it off. The driver was ordered to whip up his horses and to turn into Julia street and then drive posthaste to the river. The pursuers were armed, but the carriage went by so rapidly that they had no opportunity to fire and the party reached their ship without violence. "The police force being inadequate for the preservation of order, <mask> called upon the European Brigade for assistance. This organization was made up of foreign residents and commanded by General Paul Juge Jr. Juge then issued a proclamation, by order of the mayor. asking for the aid of all good citizens in the preservation of order.The mayor was thus constituted commander-in-chief of army and of the civic forces. The City Hall became sort of military headquarters. Requisitions were issued for arms, horses, provisions for the home brigade and orders for transportation for Confederate troops en route from outlying fortifications to Lovell’s headquarters at Camp Moore. Martial law reigned, and <mask> improvised a military court, Soulé being appointed Advocate. "A communication received from  Farragut, on Monday, stated that due to evidences of insubordination on the part of citizens and authorities, the fire of the fleet might be drawn on the city at any moment. 'The election is with you,' said Farragut, 'and it is my duty to notify you to remove the women and children within forty-eight hours, if I have rightly understood your determination.' Reading the message, Mr. <mask> said:  'As I consider this a threat to bombard the city, and as it

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title: John T. Monroe

texts: is a matter about which the notice should be clear and specific, I desire to know when the forty-eight hours began to run.'"'It begins from the time you receive this notice,' Captain Bell replied. "The mayor, looking at his watch, noted 'You see it is fifteen minutes past twelve,' and renewed his refusal to lower the flag of Louisiana. 'This satisfaction,' he said, 'you cannot obtain from our hands. We will stand your bombardment, unarmed, undefended, as we are.' "The forts surrendered and on April 29, 1862, Farragut dispatched a message in forming <mask> of his intention to take formal possession of the city and that he was about to raise the United States flag over the mint, customhouse and still insisted that the lowering of the flag over the City Hall should be the work of those who had raised it. "<mask> at once issued a proclamation asking all citizens to retire to their homes during acts of authority which would be folly to resist and impressed upon them the consolation that the flag was not to be removed by their authority, but by those who had the power to exercise it. "Farragut sent a detachment of sailors and marines ashore.Protected by two howitzers, the landing party, raised the flag over the customhouse, proceeded to Lafayette Square and the City Hall. The marines formed a line on the St. Charles street side of the Square near the railing then enclosing it, while the guns were drawn through the gates, into the middle of the street and placed so as to command the street either way. "The silent, angry crowd formed a compact mass both above and below the Square, many openly displaying arms. The Federal forces being stationed, Bell and Lieutenant Kautz entered the City Hall and the Mayor's office. Bell told <mask>: 'I have come in obedience to orders to haul down the State flag from this building,' <mask> replied:  'Very well, Sir, you can do it; but I wish to say that