title: Brendon Hartley

texts:
 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicates fastest lap)

 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance. Complete Formula E results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Sportscars/GT results

Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results

Complete European Le Mans Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results

 As <mask> was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points. Rolex Sports Car Series results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap. Results are overall/class)

WeatherTech SportsCar Championship

1 The No. 7 of Starworks Motorsport withdrew from the 12 Hours of Sebring before Practice. Notes

External links

1989 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Palmerston North
People educated at Palmerston North Boys' High School
New Zealand racing drivers
Formula Renault Eurocup drivers
Italian Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Formula Renault 2.0 NEC drivers
A1 Grand Prix Rookie drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Formula 3 Euro Series drivers
Formula Ford drivers
Toyota Racing Series drivers
GP2 Series drivers
World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans winning drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
Rolex Sports Car Series drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
FIA World Endurance Championship drivers
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship drivers
New Zealand Formula One drivers
Toro Rosso Formula One drivers
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P1 Motorsport drivers
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Murphy Prototypes drivers
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Porsche Motorsports drivers
Toyota Gazoo


title: Anna Freud

type: original

texts:
<mask>  (3 December 1895 – 9 October 1982) was a British psychoanalyst of Austrian-Jewish descent. She was born in Vienna, the sixth and youngest child of <mask> and Martha Bernays. She followed the path of her father and contributed to the field of psychoanalysis. Alongside Hermine Hug-Hellmuth and Melanie Klein, she may be considered the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology. Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its normal "developmental lines" as well as incorporating a distinctive emphasis on collaborative work across a range of analytical and observational contexts. After the <mask> family were forced to leave Vienna in 1938 with the advent of the Nazi regime in Austria, she resumed her psychoanalytic practice and her pioneering work in child psychology in London, establishing the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic in 1952 (now the Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families) as a centre for therapy, training and research work. Life and career

Vienna years
<mask> was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary on 3 December 1895.She was the youngest daughter of Sigmund <mask> and Martha Bernays. She grew up in "comfortable bourgeois circumstances." <mask> appears to have had a comparatively unhappy childhood, in which she "never made a close or pleasurable relationship with her mother, and was instead nurtured by their Catholic nurse Josephine." She found it particularly difficult to get along with her eldest sister, Sophie, "the two young <mask>s developed their version of a common sisterly division of territories, 'beauty' and 'brains', and their father once spoke of her "age-old jealousy of Sophie." As well as this rivalry between the two sisters, <mask> had become "a somewhat troubled youngster who complained

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title: Anna Freud

texts: to her father in candid letters how all sorts of unreasonable thoughts and feelings plagued her". She may have suffered from depression which caused eating disorders. and  "she ... was repeatedly sent to health farms for thorough rest, salutary walks, and some extra pounds to fill out her all too slender shape".The close relationship between <mask> and her father was different from the rest of her family. She was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. <mask> wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899: "<mask> has become downright beautiful through naughtiness." In adolescence she took a precocious interest in her father's work and was allowed to sit in on the meetings of the newly established Vienna Psychoanalytical Society which <mask> convened at his home. Enrolled at the Cottage Lyceum, a secondary school for girls in Vienna, <mask> made good progress in most subjects. The steady flow of foreign visitors to the <mask> household inspired <mask> to emulate her father by becoming proficient in different languages and she soon mastered English and French and acquired some basic Italian. The positive experience she had at the Lyceum led to her initial choice of teaching as a career.After she left the Lyceum in 1912 she took an extended vacation over the winter months in Italy. This proved to be, for a period, a time of self-doubt, anxiety, and uncertainty about her future. She shared these concerns in correspondence with her father whose writings she had begun reading. In response he provided reassurance and in the Spring of 1913 he joined her for a tour of Verona, Venice and Trieste. A visit to Britain in the autumn of 1914, chaperoned by her father's colleague Ernest Jones, became of concern to <mask> when he learned of the latter's romantic interest. His

masks: Anna Freud Anna Freud Anna Freud Anna Freud


title: Anna Freud

texts:
 she had with her father (from 1918 to 1921 and from 1924 to 1929), their filial bond became further strengthened after <mask> was diagnosed with cancer of the jaw in 1923, for which he would need numerous operations and the long-term nursing assistance which <mask> provided. She also acted as his secretary and spokesperson, notably at the bi-annual congresses of the International Psychoanalytical Association which <mask> was unable to attend. Early psychoanalytic work: Child Development, Ego, and Defence Mechanisms

In 1922 <mask> presented her paper "Beating Fantasies and Daydreams" to the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society and became a member of the society. In 1923, she began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and by 1925 she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis, her approach to which she set out in her first book, An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis published in 1927. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continued her child analysis practice and contributed to seminars and conferences on the subject. In 1935, she became director of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute and the following year she published her influential study of the "ways and means by which the ego wards off depression, displeasure and anxiety", The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence.It became a founding work of ego psychology and established <mask>'s reputation as a pioneering theoretician. Among the first children <mask> took into analysis were those of Dorothy Burlingham. In 1925 Burlingham, heiress to the Tiffany luxury jewellery retailer, had arrived in Vienna from New York with her four children and entered analysis firstly with

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title: Anna Freud

texts:
 Theodore Reik and then, with a view to training in child analysis, with <mask> himself. <mask> and Dorothy soon developed "intimate relations that closely resembled those of lesbians", though <mask> "categorically denied the existence of a sexual relationship". After the Burlinghams moved into the same apartment block as the <mask>s in 1929 she became, in effect, the children's stepparent. London years
In 1938, following the Anschluss in which Nazi Germany occupied Austria, <mask> was taken to Gestapo headquarters in Vienna for questioning on the activities of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Unknown to her father, she and her brother Martin had obtained Veronal from Max Schur, the family doctor, in sufficient quantities to commit suicide if faced with torture or internment.However, she survived her interrogation ordeal and returned to the family home. After her father had reluctantly accepted the urgent need to leave Vienna, she set about organizing the complex immigration process for the family in liaison with Ernest Jones, the then President of the International Psychoanalytical Association, who secured the immigration permits that eventually led to the family establishing their new home in London at 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead. In 1941 <mask> and Burlingham collaborated in establishing the Hampstead War Nursery for children whose lives had been disrupted by the war. Premises were acquired in Hampstead, North London and in Essex to provide education and residential care with mothers encouraged to visit as often as practicable. Many for the staff were recruited from the exiled Austro-German diaspora. Lectures and seminars on psychoanalytic theory and practice were regular features of staff training. <mask> and Burlingham went on to publish a

masks: Freud Anna Anna Freud Anna Freud Freud


title: Anna Freud

texts: series of observational studies on child development based on the work of the Nursery with a focus on the impact of stress on children and their capacity to find substitute affections among peers in the absence of their parents.The Bulldog Banks Home, run on similar lines to the Nursery, was established after the war for a group of children who had survived the concentration camps. Building on and developing their war-time work with children, <mask> and Burlingham established the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic (now the Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families) in 1952 as a centre for therapy, training and research work. During the war years the hostility between <mask> and Melanie Klein and their respective followers in the British Psychoanalytic Society (BPS) grew more intense. Their disagreements, which dated back to the 1920s, centered around the theory of the genesis of the super-ego and the consequent clinical approach to the pre-Oedipal child; Klein argued for play as an equivalent to free association in adult analyses. <mask> opposed any such equivalence, proposing an educative intervention with the child until an appropriate level of ego development was reached at the Oedipal stage. Klein held this to be a collusive inhibition of analytical work with the child. To avoid a terminal split in the BPS Ernest Jones, its president, chaired a number of "extraordinary business meetings" with the aim of defusing the conflict, and these continued during the war years.The meetings, which became known as the Controversial Discussions, were established on a more regular basis from 1942. In 1944 there finally emerged a compromise agreement which established parallel training courses, providing options to satisfy the concerns of the rival groups

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title: Anna Freud

texts: that had formed which by then, in addition to the followers of <mask> and Klein, included a non-aligned group of Middle or Independent Group analysts. It was agreed further that all the key policy-making committees of the BPS should have representatives from the three groups. From the 1950s until the end of her life <mask> travelled regularly to the United States to lecture, teach and visit friends. During the 1970s she was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, and she studied deviations and delays in development. At Yale Law School, she taught seminars on crime and the family: this led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert J. Solnit on children's needs and the law, published in three volumes as Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973), Before the Best Interests of the Child (1979), and In the Best Interests of the Child (1986). The 1970s were also a time of emotional stress for <mask> as she endured a number of bereavements involving family members and close colleagues.Her favourite brother, Ernst, died in April 1970 while she was in America. In the following months she lost two of her American cousins, <mask> and Rosie Waldinger, and colleagues Heinz Hartmann and Max Schur. She suffered further distress following the death of her partner Dorothy Burlingham's eldest son and daughter, both of whom had had extensive period of analysis with her as children in Vienna and as adults in London. Robert Burlingham died in February 1970 of heart disease after a long period of depression. In 1974 Burlingham's daughter Mabbie arrived in London from her New York home seeking further analysis with <mask>, notwithstanding the latter's advice to continue in analysis with her New York analyst.

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title: Anna Freud

texts:
 Whilst at the family home in Hampstead she took an overdose of sleeping pills and died in hospital three days later. <mask> naturalised as a British subject on 22 July 1946.She was elected as a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1959 and in 1973 she was made an Honorary President of the International Psychoanalytic Association. <mask> died in London on 9 October 1982. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and her ashes placed in the "Freud Corner" next to her parents' ancient Greek funeral urn. Her life-partner Dorothy Burlingham and several other members of the <mask> family also rest there. In 1986 her London home of forty years was transformed, according to her wishes, into the Freud Museum, dedicated to the memory of her father. Contributions to psychoanalysis

<mask> was a prolific writer, contributing articles on psychoanalysis to many different publications throughout her lifetime. Her first publication was titled, An Introduction to Psychoanalysis: Lectures for Child Analysts and Teachers 1922–1935, and was the result of four different lectures she was delivering at the time, to teachers and caretakers of young children in Vienna.<mask>'s first article Beating Fantasies and Daydreams (1922), "drew in part on her own inner life, but th[at] ... made her contribution no less scientific". In it she explained how, "Daydreaming, which consciously may be designed to suppress masturbation, is mainly unconsciously an elaboration of the original masturbatory fantasies". Her father, Sigmund <mask>, had earlier covered very similar ground in A Child is Being Beaten – "they both used material from her analysis as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary papers" – in which he highlighted a female case where "an

masks:
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title: Anna Freud

texts: elaborate superstructure of day-dreams, which was of great significance for the life of the person concerned, had grown up over the masochistic beating-phantasy ... [one] which almost rose to the level of a work of art". Her views on child development, which she expounded in 1927 in her first book, An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis, clashed with those of Melanie Klein, "[who] was departing from the developmental schedule that <mask>, and his analyst daughter, found most plausible". In particular, <mask>'s belief that "In children's analysis, the transference plays a different role ... and the analyst not only 'represents mother' but is still an original second mother in the life of the child". became something of an orthodoxy over much of the psychoanalytic world. For her next major work in 1936, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence, a classic monograph on ego psychology and defense mechanisms, <mask> drew on her own clinical experience, but relied on her father's writings as the principal and authoritative source of her theoretical insights.Here her "cataloguing of regression, repression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against the self, reversal and sublimation" helped establish the importance of the ego functions and the concept of defence mechanisms, continuing the greater emphasis on the ego than that to be found in the work of her father – "We should like to learn more about the ego" – during his final decades. Special attention was paid in it to later childhood and adolescent developments – "I have always been more attracted to the latency period than the pre-Oedipal phases" – emphasizing how the "increased intellectual, scientific, and philosophical interests of this period represent attempts at


title: Anna Freud

texts: mastering the drives". The problem posed in adolescence by physiological maturation has been stated forcefully by <mask>: "Aggressive impulses are intensified to the point of complete unruliness, hunger becomes voracity... The reaction-formations, which seemed to be firmly established in the structure of the ego, threaten to fall to pieces". Selma Fraiberg's tribute of 1959 that "The writings of <mask> on ego psychology and her studies in early child development have illuminated the world of childhood for workers in the most varied professions and have been for me my introduction and most valuable guide" spoke at that time for most of psychoanalysis outside the Kleinian heartland. Arguably, however, it was in <mask>'s London years "that she wrote her most distinguished psychoanalytic papers – including 'About Losing and Being Lost', which everyone should read regardless of their interest in psychoanalysis". Her description therein of "simultaneous urges to remain loyal to the dead and to turn towards new ties with the living" may perhaps reflect her own mourning process after her father's recent death.Focusing thereafter on research, observation and treatment of children, <mask> established a group of prominent child developmental analysts (which included Erik Erikson, Elisabeth Geleerd, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who noticed that children's symptoms were ultimately analogue to personality disorders among adults and thus often related to developmental stages. Her book Normality and Pathology in Childhood (1965) summarised "the use of developmental lines charting theoretical normal growth 'from dependency to emotional self-reliance'". Through these then revolutionary ideas <mask> provided us with a comprehensive developmental theory and the concept of

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title: Anna Freud

texts:
 developmental lines, which combined her father's important drive model with more recent object relations theories emphasizing the importance of parents in child development processes. Nevertheless, her basic loyalty to her father's work remained unimpaired, and it might indeed be said that "she devoted her life to protecting her father's legacy". In her theoretical work there would be little criticism of him, and she would make what is still the finest contribution to the psychoanalytic understanding of passivity, or what she termed "altruistic surrender, excessive concern and anxiety for the lives of his love objects". Sigmund <mask>'s biographer Louis Breger observed that <mask>'s publications "contain few original ideas and are, for the most part, a slavish application of her father's theories." Jacques Lacan called <mask> "the plumb line of psychoanalysis".He stated that "the plumb line doesn't make a building, [but] it allows us to gauge the vertical of certain problems." According to her principal biographer, with psychoanalysis continuing to move away from classical Freudianism to other concerns, it may still be salutary to heed <mask>'s warning about the potential loss of her father's "emphasis on conflict within the individual person, the aims, ideas and ideals battling with the drives to keep the individual within a civilized community. It has become modern to water this down to every individual's longing for perfect unity with his mother ... There is an enormous amount that gets lost this way". Opinions on psychoanalysis: From a letter written by <mask>

In a perhaps not dissimilar vein, she wrote in 1954 that "With due respect for the necessary strictest handling and interpretation of the transference, I feel still that we should leave room somewhere

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 for the realization that analyst and patient are also two real people, of equal adult status, in a real personal relationship to each other'''. Selected works
 <mask>, <mask> (1966–1980). The Writings of <mask>: 8 Volumes.New York: Indiana University of Pennsylvania (These volumes include most of <mask>'s papers.) Vol. 1. Introduction to Psychoanalysis: Lectures for Child Analysts and Teachers (1922–1935)
 Vol. 2. Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (1936); (Revised edition: 1966 (US), 1968 (UK))
 Vol. 3.Infants Without Families Reports on the Hampstead Nurseries Vol. 4. Indications for Child Analysis and Other Papers (1945–1956)
 Vol. 5. Research at the Hampstead Child-Therapy Clinic and Other Papers (1956–1965)
 Vol. 6. Normality and Pathology in Childhood: Assessments of Development (1965)
 Vol.7. Problems of Psychoanalytic Training, Diagnosis, and the Technique of Therapy (1966–1970)
 Vol. 8. Psychoanalytic Psychology of Normal Development <mask> in collaboration with Sophie Dann: "An Experiment in Group Upbringing", in: The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, VI, 1951. In popular culture

In 2002, <mask> was honoured with a blue plaque, by English Heritage, at 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead in London, her home between 1938 and 1982. On 3 December 2014, <mask> was the subject of a Google Doodle.<mask>'s 119th Birthday. 3 December 2014. google.com

The final track on the 2001 eponymous debut album of indie-rock band The National is titled "Anna Freud".The novel Hysterical: <mask>'s Story, by Rebecca Coffey was published by She Writes Press in 2014. Her work and influence are mentioned in the 2002 documentary The Century of the Self. References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Anna Freud Centre
 Life and Work of <mask> Freud

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title: Anna Freud

texts:
 International Psychoanalytical Association
 Biography of <mask>
 Lost Girl by Doug Davis
 Commentary on <mask>'s The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense from 50 Psychology Classics'' (2003)
 <mask> correspondence/ from the Historic Psychiatry Collection, Menninger Archives, Kansas Historical Society
 Anna <mask> Profile on Psychology's Feminist Voices

1895 births
1982 deaths
Psychoanalysts from Vienna
British psychoanalysts
Jewish psychoanalysts
<mask>ians
British Ashkenazi Jews
Jewish emigrants from Austria to the United Kingdom after the Anschluss
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
History of mental health in the United Kingdom
Analysands of Sigmund <mask>
Analysands of Lou Andreas-Salomé
Object relations theorists
20th-century Austrian women writers
Golders Green Crematorium
19th-century Austrian women writers
Austrian women

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title: Andreas Dombret

texts:
<mask> (born January 16, 1960, in the United States) is German-American banker who served as member of the executive board of the Deutsche Bundesbank from 2010 until 2018. In that capacity, he held responsibility for Banking and Financial Supervision, Risk Controlling and the Bundesbank's Representative Offices abroad. Earlier in his career, Dombretwas the vice-chairman of Bank of America Global Investment Banking in Europe, the Middle East and Africa as well as head of the German, Austrian and Swiss branches. He holds dual German and American citizenship. Early life and education
Dombret completed his MBA at Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster and earned his doctorate at Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, where he wrote his dissertation on Takeover Premiums in M&A Transactions. Dombret is honorary professor at the European Business School in Oestrich-Winkel where he currently acts as visiting lecturer for the MBA graduate program in the courses Investment Banking and Capital Markets. Career
From 2010 until 2018, Dombret was a member of the executive board of the Deutsche Bundesbank, responsible for Banking Supervision, Risk Control, Economic Education, University of Applied Sciences and Technical Central Bank Cooperation and the Bundesbank's representatives abroad.In this capacity, he was also a member of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, the supervisory board of the Single Supervisory Mechanism of the European Central Bank as well as the German Financial Stability Committee. From 2005 to 2009, Dombret served as vice chairman of Bank of America Global Investment Banking in Europe, the Middle East and Africa as well as head of the German, Austrian and Swiss branches. Prior to joining Bank of


title: Andreas Dombret

texts:
 Studies (ICMB)/Geneva, member of the board
 Zeitschrift für das gesamte Kreditwesen, co-editor
 The International Economy, member of the advisory board of editors
 Central Banking , member of the advisory board

Awards
In 2007, Dombret was awarded the Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande). In 2012, Dombret was honoured with the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art. In 2013, he was awarded with the Hessian Order of Merit as well as with the Plaque of Honour of Frankfurt am Main. In 2016, Dombret was awarded the Weilburgpreis of the City of Baden, Austria, for his support of art and culture as well as the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon. In 2016, he was awarded the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to Anglo German economic and trade relations. In 2017, he obtained the silver cross of the Bundesland Niederösterreich (Lower Austria) for his support the Arnulf Rainer museum in Baden.In 2018, he was awarded the Chevalier de l'Ordre national du mérite of the French Republic. Donations
Dombret sponsors the <mask>t – Center for Students Initiatives (CSI) at the Westfälische Wilhelms University (WWU) in Münster and a graduation prize for one dissertation that best combines science and practice every year. For his merits for the university, <mask> was awarded with the WWU university medal in 2009. For his grant to the Arnulf Rainer museum in Baden (near Vienna) he was awarded with the "Grosse silberne Stadtwappen der Stadt Baden bei Wien" in January 2010. Publications
 <mask>, A.R. (ed) (2017): "Bankenaufsicht im Dialog 2017", Schriftenreihe zum Bundesbank Symposium Vol. 3, Frankfurt am Main.<mask>, A..R.; Gündüz, Yalin; Rocholl, Jörg

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title: Andreas Dombret

texts:
 (2017): Will German Banks earn their cost of capital? In: Discussion Paper No 01/2017, Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt. <mask>, A.R. (2017): European Financial Integration: Monetary Union, Banking Union, Capital Markets Union. In: Francioni, Reto / Schwartz, Robert A. (eds. ): Equity Markets in Transition.Springer, Cham, S. 565-573
 <mask>, A.R. (ed) (2016): "Bankenaufsicht im Dialog 2016", Schriftenreihe zum Bundesbank Symposium Vol. 2, Frankfurt am Main. <mask>, A.R. (2016): Blase oder nicht – wo steht der deutsche Wohnimmobilienmarkt? In: ifo Schnelldienst 16/2016, 69. Jg., S. 20-25
 Dombret, A.R.(2016): Baustelle europäische Bankenunion – gemeinsame Aufsicht, gemeinsame Abwicklung, gemeinsame Einlagensicherung? In: Zeitschrift für das gesamte Kreditwesen, 69. Jg., Nr. 13, S. 632 ff. <mask>, A.R. (ed) (2015): "Bankenaufsicht im Dialog 2015", Schriftenreihe zum Bundesbank Symposium, Frankfurt am Main. Dombret, A.R.(2013): "Criteria for Financial Stability – The European View", in <mask>, A.R./Lucius, O.(Hg. ): "Stability of the Financial System – Illusion or Feasible Concept? ", Cheltenham, UK und Northampton, USA, 2013. <mask>, A.R. (2013): "Solving the Too-Big-To-Fail-Problem for Financial Institutions", in: <mask>, A.R./Kenadjian, P. (Hg. ): "The Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive – Europe's Solution for 'Too Big To Fail'?", Berlin und Boston, 2013. References

External links
 Manager Magazine, 29.05.2005
 University of Münster

1960 births
Living people
University of Münster alumni
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg alumni
American bankers
Bank of America executives
Central bankers
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science

masks: Dombret Dombret Dombret Dombret Dombret Dombret Dombret


title: Mitch McConnell

texts: <mask> (born February 20, 1942) is an American politician and retired attorney serving as Senate minority leader since 2021 and as the senior United States senator from Kentucky, a seat he has held since 1985. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as Senate majority leader from 2015 to 2021, and as minority leader from 2007 to 2015. <mask> was first elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984 and is the second Kentuckian to serve as a party leader in the Senate. During the 1998 and 2000 election cycles, he was chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee. He was elected Majority Whip in the 108th Congress and re-elected to the post in 2004. In November 2006 he was elected Senate minority leaderthe post he held until Republicans took control of the Senate in 2015. <mask> holds conservative political positions, although he was known as a pragmatist and a moderate Republican early in his political career.He led opposition to stricter campaign finance laws, culminating in the Supreme Court ruling Citizens United v. FEC that partially overturned the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (McCain-Feingold) in 2010. <mask> worked to withhold Republican support for major presidential initiatives during the Obama administration, having made frequent use of the filibuster, and blocked many of President Barack Obama's judicial nominees, including Supreme Court nominee Merrick Garland. During the Trump administration, the Senate Republican majority under his leadership confirmed a record number of federal appeals court judges during a president's first two years and won confirmation battles on Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh and Amy Coney Barrett for the U.S. Supreme Court. While supportive of many of Trump's policies, <mask> was

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title: Mitch McConnell

texts:
 critical of Trump's attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election, and despite voting to acquit on Trump's second impeachment trial on reasons related to the constitutionality of impeaching a former president, deemed him "practically and morally responsible" for the 2021 United States Capitol attack. <mask> is married to former secretary of transportation and former secretary of labor Elaine Chao. In 2015 and 2019, Time listed <mask> as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. Early life and education (1942–1967)

<mask> was born on February 20, 1942, to Julia Odene "Dean" ( Shockley; 1919–1993) and <mask> "A.M." McConnell II (1917–1990).<mask> was born in Sheffield, Alabama, and grew up in nearby Athens, Alabama, where his grandfather, Robert Hayes <mask> Sr. and his great uncle <mask> <mask>, owned McConnell Funeral Home. He is of Scots-Irish and English descent. One of his ancestors fought on the American side in the American Revolutionary War. In 1944, at the age of two, <mask>'s upper left leg was paralyzed by a polio attack. He received treatment at the Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehabilitation. The treatment potentially saved him from being disabled for the rest of his life. <mask> said his family "almost went broke" because of costs related to his illness.In 1950, when he was eight, <mask> moved with his family from Athens to Augusta, Georgia, where his father, who was in the Army, was stationed at Fort Gordon. In 1956, his family moved to Louisville, Kentucky, where he attended duPont Manual High School. <mask> was elected student council president at his high school during his junior year. He graduated Omicron Delta Kappa from the University of Louisville with a B.A. in political science in

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McConnell
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Addison Mitchell
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title: Mitch McConnell

texts:
 1964 with honors. He was president of the Student Council of the College of Arts and Sciences and a member of the Phi Kappa Tau fraternity. <mask> attended the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, where Martin Luther King Jr. gave the "I Have a Dream" speech.In 1964, at the age of 22, he attended civil rights rallies, and interned with Senator John Sherman Cooper. He has said his time with Cooper inspired him to run for the Senate later in life. In 1967, <mask> graduated from the University of Kentucky College of Law, where he was president of the Student Bar Association. Early career (1967–1984)
In March 1967, shortly before the expiration of his educational draft deferment upon graduation from law school, <mask> enlisted in the U.S. Army Reserve as a private at Louisville, Kentucky. This was a coveted position because the Reserve units were mostly kept out of combat during the Vietnam War. His first day of training at Fort Knox, Kentucky, was July 9, 1967, two days after taking the bar exam, and his last day was August 15, 1967. Shortly after his arrival, he was diagnosed with optic neuritis and was deemed medically unfit for military service.After five weeks at Fort Knox, he was honorably discharged. His brief time in service has repeatedly been put at issue by his political opponents during his electoral campaigns. From 1968 to 1970, <mask> worked as chief legislative assistant to Senator Marlow Cook in Washington, D.C., managing a legislative department consisting of five members as well as assisting with speech writing and constituent services. In 1971, <mask> returned to Louisville, where he worked for Tom Emberton's candidacy for Governor of Kentucky, which was unsuccessful. <mask> attempted to run for a seat

masks: McConnell McConnell McConnell McConnell McConnell McConnell


title: Mitch McConnell

texts:
 in the state legislature but was disqualified because he did not meet the residency requirements for the office. He then went to work for a Louisville law firm,  Segal, Isenberg, Sales and Stewart, for a few years. During the same time period, he taught a night class on political science at the University of Louisville.In October 1974, <mask> returned to Washington to fill a position as Deputy Assistant Attorney General under President Gerald Ford, where he worked alongside Robert Bork, Laurence Silberman, and Antonin Scalia. In 1977, <mask> was elected the Jefferson County judge/executive, the top political office in Jefferson County, Kentucky, at the time, defeating incumbent Democrat Todd Hollenbach, III, 53% to 47%. He was re-elected in 1981 against Jefferson County Commissioner Jim "Pop" Malone, 51% to 47%, outspending Malone 3–1, and occupied this office until his election to the U.S. Senate in 1984. U.S. Senate (1985–present)

In his early years as a politician in Kentucky, <mask> was known as a pragmatist and a moderate Republican. Over time he shifted to the right and became more conservative. According to one of his biographers, <mask> transformed "from a moderate Republican who supported abortion rights and public employee unions to the embodiment of partisan obstructionism and conservative orthodoxy on Capitol Hill." <mask> has widely been described as an obstructionist.From 1997 to 2001, <mask> was chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee, the body charged with securing electoral victories for Republicans. On February 12, 1999, he was one of fifty senators to vote to convict and remove Bill Clinton from office. He was first elected as Majority Whip in the 108th Congress and was unanimously


title: Mitch McConnell

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 re-elected on November 17, 2004. Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, did not seek re-election in the 2006 elections. In November, after Republicans lost control of the Senate, they elected <mask> as the minority leader. After Republicans took control of the Senate following the 2014 Senate elections, <mask> became the Senate Majority Leader. In June 2018 he became the longest-serving Senate Republican leader in the history of the United States.<mask> is the second Kentuckian to serve as a party leader in the Senate (after Alben W. Barkley led the Democrats from 1937 to 1949) and is the longest-serving U.S. senator from Kentucky in history. <mask> has a reputation as a skilled political strategist and tactician. This reputation dimmed after Republicans failed to repeal the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) in 2017 during consolidated Republican control of government. <mask> regularly obtained earmarks for businesses and institutions in Kentucky, until the practice was banned by Congress in 2010. <mask> has received criticism for funding "temporary patches" to Kentucky's long-term healthcare problems, while simultaneously opposing and obstructing national programs that seek to improve healthcare more systematically, such as Obamacare and Medicaid expansion. Relationship with Obama administration
As the leading Republican senator, <mask> confronted and pressured other Republican senators who were willing to negotiate with Democrats and the Obama administration. According to Purdue University political scientist Bert A. Rockman, "pure party line voting has been evident now for some time... but rarely has the tactic of 'oppositionism' been so boldly stated as McConnell did."According to University of Texas legal scholar Sanford

masks: McConnell McConnell McConnell McConnell McConnell McConnell McConnell


title: Mitch McConnell

texts: Levinson, <mask> learned that obstruction and Republican unity were the optimal ways to ensure Republican gains in upcoming elections after he observed how Democratic cooperation with the Bush administration on No Child Left Behind and Medicare Part D helped Bush's 2004 re-election. Levinson noted, "<mask> altogether rationally... concluded that Republicans have nothing to gain, as a political party, from collaborating in anything that the president could then claim as an achievement." A number of political scientists, historians, and legal scholars have characterized <mask>'s obstructionism and constitutional hardball as contributors to democratic erosion in the United States. In October 2010, <mask> said "the single most important thing we want to achieve is for President Obama to be a one-term president." Asked whether this meant "endless, or at least frequent, confrontation with the president", <mask> clarified that "if [Obama is] willing to meet us halfway on some of the biggest issues, it's not inappropriate for us to do business with him." According to political scientists Jacob Hacker and Paul Pierson, "Facing off against Obama, [<mask>] worked to deny even minimal Republican support for major presidential initiativesinitiatives that were, as a rule, in keeping with the moderate model of decades past, and often with moderate Republican stances of a few years past." The New York Times noted early during Obama's administration that "on the major issuesnot just health care, but financial regulation and the economic stimulus package, among othersMr.<mask> has held Republican defections to somewhere between minimal and nonexistent, allowing him to slow the Democratic agenda if not defeat aspects of it." The Republican caucus


title: Mitch McConnell

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 threatened repeatedly to force the United States to default on its debt, <mask> saying he had learned from the 2011 debt-ceiling crisis that "it's a hostage that's worth ransoming." <mask> worked to delay and obstruct health care reform and banking reform, two of the most notable pieces of legislation that Democrats navigated through Congress early in Obama's tenure. Political scientists noted that "by slowing action even on measures supported by many Republicans, <mask> capitalized on the scarcity of floor time, forcing Democratic leaders into difficult trade-offs concerning which measures were worth pursuing.... Slowing the Senate's ability to process even routine measures limited the sheer volume of liberal bills that could be adopted." Use of the filibuster
One of <mask>'s most common tactics as minority leader to delay or obstruct legislation and judicial appointments has been the filibuster. A filibuster is an attempt to "talk a bill to death", forcing Senate leadership to abandon a proposed measure instead of waiting out the filibuster―or at least to delay the measure's passage.In the United States Senate, any senator may speak for unlimited duration unless a 60-person majority votes to invoke cloture, or end debate, and proceed to a final vote. Political scientists have referred to <mask>'s use of the filibuster as "constitutional hardball", referring to the misuse of procedural tools in a way that undermines democracy. Political scientists Hacker and Pierson describe the rationale behind McConnell's filibusters, "Filibusters left no fingerprints. When voters heard that legislation had been 'defeated', journalists rarely highlighted that this defeat meant a minority had blocked a majority. Not only did this strategy

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 produce an atmosphere of gridlock and dysfunction; it also chewed up the Senate calendar, restricting the range of issues on which Democrats could progress." In 2012, <mask> proposed a measure allowing President Obama to raise the debt ceiling, hoping some Democratic senators would oppose the measure, thus demonstrating disunity among Democrats. However, all Democratic senators supported the proposal, which led <mask> to filibuster his own proposal.In 2013, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid eliminated the filibuster for all presidential nominations except the Supreme Court. By that time, nearly half of all votes to invoke cloture in the history of the Senate had occurred during Obama's presidency. In April 2017, Senate Republicans led by <mask> eliminated the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations in order to end debate on the nomination of Neil Gorsuch. In August 2019, <mask> wrote an editorial for The New York Times, strongly opposing the elimination of the filibuster on legislation. Judicial nominees

Under Obama

Throughout Obama's tenure <mask> led Senate Republicans in what has been called "a disciplined, sustained, at times underhanded campaign to deny the Democratic president the opportunity to appoint federal judges". In June 2009, following President Obama's nominating Sonia Sotomayor as Associate Justice, <mask> and Jeff Sessions opined that Sotomayor's seventeen years as a federal judge and over 3,600 judicial opinions would require lengthy review and advocated against Democrats hastening the confirmation process. On July 17, <mask> announced that he would vote against Sotomayor's confirmation.In August, <mask> called Sotomayor "a fine person with an impressive story and a distinguished background" but added he

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texts: did not believe she would withhold her personal or political views while serving as a justice. Sotomayor was confirmed days later. In May 2010, after President Obama nominated Elena Kagan to succeed the retiring John Paul Stevens, <mask> said during a Senate speech that Americans wanted to make sure Kagan would be independent of influence from White House as an associate justice and noted Obama's referring to Kagan as a friend of his in announcing her nomination. <mask> announced his opposition to Kagan's confirmation, saying she was not forthcoming enough about her "views on basic principles of American constitutional law". Kagan was confirmed the following month. In 2014, Republicans gained control of the Senate, and <mask> became majority leader; he used his newly heightened power to start what was considered "a near blockade of Obama's judicial appointments." According to The New York Times, Obama's final two years as president saw 18 district court judges and one appeals court judge confirmed, the fewest since President Harry S. Truman.In comparison, the final two years of the presidencies of George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Ronald Reagan had between 55 and 70 district court judges each confirmed and between 10 and 15 appeals court judges confirmed. According to the Los Angeles Times, <mask> brought about an "extraordinary two-year slowdown in judicial confirmations," detailing 22 confirmations of Obama's judicial nominees, the lowest since President Truman in 1951–1952. The number of federal judicial vacancies more than doubled comparing the figure near the end of Obama's term to the figure at the end of George W. Bush's term. Later in a 2019 interview, <mask> credited himself for the large number of judicial vacancies


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 created in the last two years of Obama's presidency. On February 13, 2016, Supreme Court justice Antonin Scalia died. Shortly thereafter, <mask> issued a statement indicating that the U.S. Senate would not consider any Supreme Court nominee put forth by Obama. "The American people should have a voice in the selection of their next Supreme Court justice.Therefore, this vacancy should not be filled until we have a new president," <mask> said at the time. On March 16, 2016, President Obama nominated Merrick Garland, a Judge of the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals, to the Supreme Court. Under <mask>'s direction, Senate Republicans refused to take any action on the Garland nomination. Garland's nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress. In an August 2016 speech in Kentucky, <mask> made reference to the Garland nomination, saying that "one of my proudest moments was when I looked Barack Obama in the eye and I said, 'Mr. President, you will not fill the Supreme Court vacancy.'"In April 2018, <mask> said the decision not to act upon the Garland nomination was "the most consequential decision I've made in my entire public career". <mask>'s refusal to hold Senate hearings on Supreme Court nominee Merrick Garland during Obama's final year in office was described by political scientists and legal scholars as "unprecedented", a "culmination of [his] confrontational style", a "blatant abuse of constitutional norms", and a "classic example of constitutional hardball". Under Trump

In January 2017, Republican president Donald Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch to fill the Supreme Court vacancy left after Scalia's death. Gorsuch's nomination was confirmed on April 7, 2017, after <mask> eliminated the filibuster on Supreme


title: Mitch McConnell

texts: Court nominees. On July 18, 2018, with Andy Oldham's Senate confirmation, Senate Republicans broke a record for largest number of appeals court judiciary confirmations during a president's first two years; Oldham became the 23rd appeals court judge confirmed in Trump's term. <mask> said he considers the judiciary to be the item of Trump's first two years with the longest-lasting impact on the country. The record for the number of circuit court judges confirmed during a president's first year was broken in 2017, while the previous two-year record took place under President George H. W. Bush, and included 22 nominations.By March 2020, <mask> had contacted an unknown number of judges, encouraging them to retire prior to the 2020 election. He confirmed 260 federal judges over the course of Trump's four-year term, shifting the federal judiciary to the right. In July 2018, President Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh to replace the retiring Anthony Kennedy as an associate justice of the Supreme Court. <mask> accused Democrats of creating an "extreme" distortion of Kavanaugh's record during his hearing process. In September 2018, Christine Blasey Ford publicly alleged that she had been sexually assaulted by Kavanaugh in 1982. After a report came out of Democrats' investigating a second allegation against Kavanaugh, <mask> said, "I want to make it perfectly clear.... Judge Kavanaugh will be voted on here on the Senate floor." Kavanaugh was confirmed on October 6.<mask> afterward admitted the confirmation process was a low point for the Senate, but also downplayed reports of dysfunction in the Senate; he said claims that the Senate was "somehow broken over this [were] simply inaccurate". In October 2018, <mask> said if a Supreme Court


title: Mitch McConnell

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 vacancy were to occur during Trump's 2020 re-election year he would not follow his 2016 decision to let the winner of the upcoming presidential election nominate a justice. He noted that in 2016 the Senate was controlled by a party other than the president'sand argued that for that reason, the 2016 precedent was not applicable in 2020, when the presidency and Senate were both controlled by Republicans. In September 2020, following the death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg, he announced the Senate would vote on Trump's nominated replacement. On October 23, 2020, <mask> set in place the Senate debate for the confirmation of Amy Coney Barrett to fill Ginsburg's seat. Barrett was confirmed on October 26, 2020. Government shutdowns
The United States federal government shut down October 1–17, 2013, following a failure to enact legislation to fund the government.<mask> later vowed Republicans would not force the U.S. to default on its debt or shut down the government in 2014, when stop-gap funding measures were set to expire. He also said he would not allow other Republicans to obstruct the budget-making process. In July 2018, <mask> said funding for the Mexico–United States border wall would likely have to wait until the midterms had concluded. President Trump tweeted two days later that he was willing to allow a government shutdown to get funding. Several spending bills were approved that August; the approvals were seen as a victory for <mask> in his attempts to prevent another government shutdown. Shutdown of 2018–2019
From December 22, 2018, until January 25, 2019, the federal government was shut down when Congress refused to give in to Trump's demand for $5.7billion in federal funds for a U.S.–Mexico border wall. In December 2018, the

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 Republican-controlled Senate unanimously passed an appropriations bill without wall funding, and the bill appeared likely to be approved by the Republican-controlled House of Representatives and Trump.After Trump faced heavy criticism from some right-wing media outlets and pundits for appearing to back down on his campaign promise to "build the wall", he announced that he would not sign any appropriations bill that did not fund its construction. During this shutdown, <mask> blocked the Senate from voting on appropriations legislation, and said it was not his place to mediate between the Senate and Trump. Privately, <mask> had advised Trump against initiating the shutdown. Democrats criticized <mask> for not putting appropriations legislation up for a vote, noting that the Republican-controlled Senate had unanimously passed an appropriations bill without wall funding and that the Senate could override Trump's veto. By January 23, <mask> had blocked four Senate bills to reopen the government and a bill funding the Homeland Security Department through February 8. <mask> called for Democrats to support a Trump administration-backed measure that included $5.7billion in wall funding, together with a temporary extension of protections for DACA recipients, a Democratic priority. Privately, other Republican senators pressured <mask> to stop blocking appropriations legislation.The shutdown ended on January 25, when President Trump signed a three-week funding measure reopening the government until February 15 without any funds for a border wall. This was the longest government shutdown in American history. Relationship with Trump administration

<mask> initially endorsed fellow Kentucky senator Rand Paul during the 2016 presidential


title: Mitch McConnell

texts: campaign. Following Paul's withdrawal from the race in February 2016, <mask> endorsed presumptive nominee Donald Trump on February 4, 2016. However, <mask> disagreed with Trump on multiple subsequent occasions. In May 2016, after Trump suggested that federal judge Gonzalo P. Curiel was biased against Trump because of his Mexican heritage, <mask> responded, "I don't agree with what he (Trump) had to say. This is a man who was born in Indiana.All of us came here from somewhere else." In July 2016, after Trump had criticized the parents of Capt. Humayun Khan, a Muslim-American soldier who was killed in Iraq, <mask> said, "All Americans should value the patriotic service of the patriots who volunteer to selflessly defend us in the armed services." On October 7, 2016, following the Donald Trump Access Hollywood controversy, <mask> said, "As the father of three daughters, I strongly believe that Trump needs to apologize directly to women and girls everywhere, and take full responsibility for the utter lack of respect for women shown in his comments on that tape." In private, <mask> reportedly expresses disdain for Trump and "abhors" his behavior. In October 2017, White House chief strategist Stephen Bannon and other Trump allies blamed <mask> for stalling the Trump administration's legislation. In response, <mask> cited the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court to show that the Senate was supportive of Trump's agenda.After Joe Biden won the election of 2020 against Donald Trump, <mask> at first refused to recognize Biden as the winner of the election. In his public statements, <mask> did not repeat any of Trump's false claims of voter fraud, but did not contradict them, ignoring questions about evidence and instead

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 arguing that Trump had the right to challenge the results. At the same time that <mask> refused to recognize Biden, he did celebrate Republicans who won their races in the Senate and the House in the same elections. On December 15, one day after the electoral college vote, <mask> reversed his previous stance and publicly acknowledged Biden's win, stating "Today, I want to congratulate President-elect Joe Biden." On January 6, during the Electoral College vote count, <mask> spoke out against the efforts of Trump and his allies to overturn the election:

Later that day, he described the storming of the Capitol building (which occurred while the Electoral College votes were being counted) as a "failed insurrection" which "tried to disrupt our democracy". On April 10, 2021, Trump called <mask> a "dumb son of a bitch". Trump added: "I hired his wife.Did he ever say thank you?" Trump has continued to attack <mask> in personal terms since then, but the subject has demurred. First impeachment of Trump

On November 5, 2019, as the House of Representatives began public hearings on the impeachment of President Trump, <mask> said, "I'm pretty sure how [an impeachment trial is] likely to end.... If it were today, I don't think there's any questionit would not lead to a removal." On December 14, 2019, <mask> met with White House counsel Pat Cipollone and White House legislative affairs director Eric Ueland. Later that day, <mask> declared that for Trump's impeachment trial, he would be in "total coordination with the White House counsel's office" and Trump's representatives. He also declared that there was "no chance" the Senate would convict Trump and remove him from office.On December 17, 2019, <mask> rejected a request to call four

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 witnesses for Trump's impeachment trial because, according to <mask>, the Senate's role was to "act as judge and jury", not to investigate. Later that day, <mask> told the media: "I'm not an impartial juror [in this impeachment trial]. This is a political process. There's not anything judicial about it." After Trump's acquittal, <mask> was noted for his ability to block witnesses, to secure Trump's acquittal, and to maintain party unity during the impeachment process. Commentators noted that <mask> had kept Republican senators "marching in lockstep" throughout the process. Second impeachment of Trump

On January 12, 2021, it was reported that <mask> supported impeaching Trump for his role in inciting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, believing it would make it easier for Republicans to purge the party of Trump and rebuild the party.On January 13, despite having the authority to call for an emergency meeting of the Senate to hold the Senate trial, <mask> did not reconvene the chamber, claiming unanimous consent was required. <mask> called for delaying the Senate trial until after Joe Biden's inauguration. Once the Senate trial started, <mask> voted to acquit Trump on February 13, 2021, and said it was unconstitutional to convict someone who was no longer in office. The vote was a bipartisan majority (57–43) but not enough to pass the two-thirds threshold. After the vote <mask> lambasted and condemned Trump, despite his vote to acquit, in a 20-minute speech on the floor of the Senate, saying he believes Trump to be guilty of everything alleged by the House managers. He stated that:

Former President Trump's actions preceding the riot were a disgraceful dereliction of duty... There is no question that President Trump


title: Mitch McConnell

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 is practically and morally responsible for provoking the events of that day...If President Trump were still in office, I would have carefully considered whether the House managers proved their specific charge. <mask> also said that Trump remains subject to the country's criminal and civil laws, stating, "He didn't get away with anything yet." He also said why he voted to acquit: "ArticleII, Section4 must have force. It tells us the President, Vice President, and civil officers may be impeached and convicted. Donald Trump is no longer the president. Clearly that mandatory sentence cannot be applied to somebody who has left office. The entire process revolves around removal.If removal becomes impossible, conviction becomes insensible." In 2021, <mask> sought to organize Republican Senators into filibustering a bipartisan commission to investigate the storming of the Capitol on January 6. On May 28, 2021, <mask> voted against creating an independent commission to investigate the January 6 Capitol attack. COVID-19 response
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> initially opposed the Families First Coronavirus Response Act, calling it a Democratic "ideological wish list". He subsequently reversed his position when Trump endorsed the proposed package. The bill passed in the Senate by a vote of 90–8. <mask> also directed Senate Republicans in negotiations for two other COVID-19 response packages: the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020, and the CARES Act.The CARES Act was the largest economic stimulus package in U.S. history, amounting to 10% of total U.S. gross domestic product. It passed both houses of Congress with bipartisan support. Speaking on the Hugh Hewitt radio show on April 22,


title: Mitch McConnell

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 2020, <mask> suggested that states should be able to declare bankruptcy instead of receiving additional COVID-19 aid fundsfunds which he implied would be used to save insolvent state pension funds, instead of COVID-19 relief as intended. His comments were met with sharp criticism from various state and local officials. States currently cannot declare bankruptcy. After the passage of the CARES Act, <mask> waited several months before advancing any additional COVID-19 relief measures in the Senate, saying in May "I don't think we have yet felt the urgency of acting immediately," and that Congress should "[hit] pause" to evaluate how the allocated funds were working before approving more. In negotiations between congressional Democrats and White House officials for an additional aid package, <mask> was absent from the talks.On September 10, a pared-down COVID-19 relief bill crafted by <mask> failed to advance the Senate past a Democratic filibuster. Democrats panned the bill as "completely inadequate" given the scope of the crisis brought on by the COVID-19and as a partisan maneuver to help Republican senators up for reelection. <mask> called the bill a choice between "do[ing] something" and "do[ing] nothing", and said he was holding the procedural vote to get lawmakers on the record about their willingness to compromise on COVID-19 legislation. Voting rights
In January 2022, <mask> attracted controversy for saying that "African American voters are voting in just as high a percentage as Americans". Committee assignments
 Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry
 Subcommittee on Rural Revitalization, Conservation, Forestry, and Credit
 Subcommittee on Domestic and Foreign Marketing, Inspection, and Plant and Animal


title: Mitch McConnell

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 Health
 Subcommittee on Hunger, Nutrition and Family Farms
 Committee on Appropriations
 Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies
 Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies
 Subcommittee on Defense
 Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development
 Subcommittee on Military Construction and Veterans' Affairs, and Related Agencies
 Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
 Committee on Rules and Administration
 Select Committee on Intelligence (Ex officio)

Caucuses
 Senate Republican Conference

Political positions

<mask> has taken conservative stances for at least the last two decades up until 2016. During his Senate tenure, <mask> has led opposition to stricter campaign finance laws, culminating in the Supreme Court ruling that partially overturned the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (McCain-Feingold) in 2010. He has also led opposition against Obamacare, including efforts to delay or prevent the law's passage, and later efforts to repeal or replace it, including the American Healthcare Reform Act.<mask> has also opposed stronger gun control measures, and efforts to mitigate climate change. He has supported stronger border security, free trade agreements, and reductions in taxes, including the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. His foreign policy views have included support of sanctions on Cuba, Iran and Russia; opposition to the Iran nuclear deal; and support of Israel. He voted for the Iraq Resolution, which authorized military action against Iraq, and supported the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 in public. Earlier in his political career, however, during the 1960s and 1970s, <mask> held moderate stances, including support of


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 abortions, support of unions, and support of the civil rights movement. <mask> has criticized proposed legislation by House Democrats such as the Green New Deal and Medicare for All. In June 2019, Nancy Pelosi criticized <mask> for withholding votes on measures already passed by the Democratically controlled House, including the For the People Act of 2019, the Equality Act, the Paycheck Fairness Act, and others.Electoral history

1984

In 1984, <mask> ran for the U.S. Senate against two-term Democratic incumbent Walter Dee Huddleston. The election race was not decided until the last returns came in, when <mask> won by 3,437 votes out of more than 1.2 million votes cast, just over 0.4%. <mask> was the only Republican Senate challenger to win that year, despite Ronald Reagan's landslide victory in the presidential election. <mask>'s campaign was noted for a series of television campaign spots called "Where's Dee", which featured a group of bloodhounds trying to find Huddleston, implying that Huddleston's attendance record in the Senate was poor. He was the first Republican to win a statewide election in Kentucky since 1968, and benefited from the popularity of President Ronald Reagan, up for re-election, who was supported by 60% of Kentucky voters in the same year. 1990

In 1990, <mask> faced former Louisville Mayor Harvey I. Sloane, winning by 4.4%. 1996

In 1996, he defeated Steve Beshear by 12.6%, even as Bill Clinton narrowly carried the state.<mask>'s campaign ran television ads warning voters to not "Get BeSheared" and included images of sheep being sheared. 2002

In 2002, he was unopposed in the Republican primary. He then defeated Lois Combs Weinberg by 29.4%. 2008

In 2008, <mask> faced his closest contest since 1990. He


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 defeated Bruce Lunsford by 6%. 2014

In 2014, <mask> faced Louisville businessman Matt Bevin in the Republican primary. The 60.2% won by <mask> was the lowest voter support for a Kentucky U.S. senator in a primary since 1938.He faced Democratic Secretary of State Alison Lundergan Grimes in the general election, and defeated Grimes, 56.2–40.7%. 2020

In the November 2020 general election, <mask> faced Democratic nominee Amy McGrath, a former Marine fighter pilot; and Libertarian nominee Brad Barron, a businessman and farmer. During the campaign, <mask> and McGrath agreed to one hour-long, socially distanced debate on October 12. <mask> was elected to his seventh term on November3 when he defeated McGrath. With the 2020 win, <mask> has now won every county in Kentucky. Personal life

<mask> is a Southern Baptist, baptized at age 8. He was married to his first wife, Sherrill Redmon, from 1968 to 1980 and had three daughters, Porter, Eleanor (Elly), and Claire.Following her divorce from <mask>, Sherrill became a feminist scholar at Smith College and director of the Sophia Smith Collection. His second wife, whom he married in 1993, is Elaine Chao, Secretary of Labor under President George W. Bush and Secretary of Transportation under President Donald Trump. In 1997, he founded the James Madison Center for Free Speech, a Washington, D.C.-based legal defense organization. In February 2003, <mask> underwent a triple heart bypass surgery in relation to blocked arteries at National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. <mask> was inducted as a member of the Sons of the American Revolution on March 1, 2013. In 2018, the OpenSecrets website ranked <mask> one of the wealthiest members of the U.S. Senate, with a net worth of more than

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 $25 million. His personal wealth was increased after receiving a 2008 personal gift to him and his wife, given by his father-in-law James S. C. Chao after the death of <mask>'s mother-in-law, whose value has been estimated to be $5–25million.In May 2019, <mask>'s brother-in-law Gordon Hartogensis, who is married to Chao's sister Grace, was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as director of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC), a part of the Labor Department. <mask> voted to confirm. <mask> is on the Board of Selectors of Jefferson Awards for Public Service. In popular culture
<mask>'s detractors have called him by a number of nicknames, including "Moscow Mitch", "Cocaine Mitch", the "Grim Reaper", "Darth Vader", "Rich Mitch", "Nuclear Mitch", "Midnight Mitch", and "Old Crow". <mask> is known to embrace several of them; however, he objected strenuously to the nickname "Moscow Mitch". Host Jon Stewart repeatedly mocked <mask> on The Daily Show for his resemblance to a turtle or tortoise. <mask> has been portrayed by Beck Bennett in various sketches on Saturday Night Live.In 2017, <mask> was portrayed satirically on an episode of South Park. During the 2014 campaign season, <mask> was lampooned for posting campaign B-roll footage online for use by allied PACs. Various Internet posters satirically interspersed the B-roll with footage from sitcoms and movies, and popular music. The practiceeither of posting B-roll footage online for usage by PACs, or of lampooning the B-rollwas termed "McConnelling". In 2015 and 2019, Time listed <mask> as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. See also
 2010s in United States political history
 Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections

References

Further


title: Mitch McConnell

texts:
 reading

External links

 Senator <mask> official U.S. Senate website
 <mask> for Senate

 <mask>'s file at Politifact

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1942 births

20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American lawyers
21st-century American politicians
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Baptists from Alabama
Baptists from Kentucky
County judges in Kentucky
DuPont Manual High School alumni
Federalist Society members
Kentucky lawyers
Kentucky Republicans
Living people
People from Sheffield, Alabama
People with polio
Politicians from Louisville, Kentucky
Sons of the American Revolution
Southern Baptists
United States congressional aides
Republican Party United States senators from Kentucky
University of Kentucky College of Law alumni
University of Louisville alumni
Activists for African-American civil rights
American people of English

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Mitch McConnell


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<mask> (born February 5, 1949) is a scholar of Abraham Lincoln and the political culture of the American Civil War Era. He serves as director of Hunter College's Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute. <mask> previously spent twenty-three years as senior vice president for public affairs at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York before retiring in 2015. Early life and education
<mask> was born on February 5, 1949, in Queens, New York to Charles and <mask>, a construction contractor and homemaker, respectively. He attended Queens College of the City University of New York where he earned a bachelor of arts in 1969. <mask> married Edith Spiegel, a writer/publicist, in 1971. They had two children, Remy and Meg.<mask> is Jewish. <mask> began his career as a newspaper reporter and then editor of The Manhattan Tribune. He then served as press secretary to Congresswoman Bella S. Abzug (both on Capitol Hill and in campaigns for the U.S. Senate and mayor of New York), press secretary to 1977 mayoral candidate Mario Cuomo, a government speechwriter for New York City Mayor Abraham D. Beame, and for six years as public affairs director for WNET. From 1984 through 1992 <mask> worked in the administration of Governor Mario Cuomo (with whom he co-edited the 1990 book, Lincoln on Democracy). In 1992, <mask> joined The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York as chief communications officer. He was elevated to vice president in 1996 and senior vice president for public affairs in 2005 with responsibilities over government affairs, multi-cultural development, admissions, and visitor services. He remains a trustee of The Metropolitan Museum representing the New York City Comptroller.Since 2015, <mask> has served as director of Hunter College's Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute. History and Lincoln scholarship
In his work as a historian <mask> has authored, co-authored,

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Rose Holzer
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Holzer


title: Harold Holzer

texts: and edited more than 52 books, and contributed more than 550 articles to magazines and journals, plus chapters and forewords for 60 additional books. Many of his works have received awards, including the Gilder Lehrman Lincoln Prize and four other awards in 2015 for his book Lincoln and the Power of the Press. <mask> served for nine years as co-chairman of the United States Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission (ALBC), appointed to the commission by President Bill Clinton in 2000 and elected co-chair by his fellow commissioners. In June 2010, he was elected chairman of the ALBC's successor organization, The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation, which he led through 2016. <mask> has served as president of the Lincoln Group of New York, on the board of directors of the Abraham Lincoln Association and New York's Civil War Round Table, and on the editorial advisory boards of The Lincoln Herald, American Heritage, and Civil War Times. He was the founding vice chairman of The Lincoln Forum and currently serves as chairman.From 2012 to 2015, <mask> served as a Roger Hertog Fellow at the New-York Historical Society. In 2016-17 he served as Distinguished Visiting Scholar at The Zahava and Moshael Straus Center for Torah and Western Thought at Yeshiva University. He was also a script consultant to the Steven Spielberg film, Lincoln, and wrote the official young readers' companion book to the movie. A frequent guest on television, <mask> has appeared on C-SPAN's Washington Journal and its 2009 documentary special on The White House. He has also appeared on The History Channel, PBS, The Today Show, Bill Moyers Journal, CBS Sunday Morning, Morning Joe, The Lou Dobbs Show, History Detectives, and The Charlie Rose Show. C-SPAN has broadcast <mask>'s stage presentation "Lincoln Seen and Heard" with Sam Waterston and "Grant Seen and Heard" with Richard Dreyfuss among many

masks: Holzer Holzer Holzer Holzer Holzer


title: Harold Holzer

texts: others. In February 2005, President and Mrs. Bush hosted a special Lincoln's birthday-eve performance of "Lincoln Seen and Heard" with <mask> and Waterston, telecast live from the White House.During the Lincoln bicentennial, he appeared on such documentaries as "Stealing Lincoln's Body," "The Lincoln Assassination," "Looking for Lincoln," and "Lincoln: American Mastermind." <mask> is featured in Sean Conant's forthcoming documentary film, The Gettysburg Address, alongside Matthew Broderick, Laura Bush, and Tom Brokaw. <mask> also lectures throughout the country, and has curated seven museum exhibitions, including three shows of Lincoln art at the former Lincoln Museum in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He served as chief historian for the exhibition "Lincoln and New York" at the New-York Historical Society, October 2009-March 2010 and "Lincoln and The Jews," March–June 2015, also at the New-York Historical Society. He also co-organized "The First Step to Freedom," a multi-city, sesquicentennial exhibition of Lincoln's original Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which debuted at the Schomburg Library in Harlem on September 22, 2012. He has performed, throughout the nation, stage programs entitled "Lincoln Seen and Heard," "The Lincoln Family Album," "Lincoln in American Memory," and "Grant Seen and Heard"—combining period pictures with authentic words—with such actors as Sam Waterston, Liam Neeson, Richard Dreyfuss, Stephen Lang, Holly Hunter, André De Shields, Anna Deaveare Smith, Annette Bening, Alec Baldwin, F. Murray Abraham, and Dianne Wiest. His most recent programs are "The Real Lincoln-Douglass Debates" with Norm Lewis and Stephen Lang, performed at The Metropolitan Museum of Art and telecast on C-SPAN; and "Lincoln's Shakespeare" with Waterston, Lang, Kathleen Chalfant, Fritz Weaver, and John Douglas Thompson and performed in 2013 and 2014 at The Century

masks: Holzer Holzer Holzer


title: Harold Holzer

texts:
 Association and The Berkshire Playhouse.<mask>'s programs have been staged at such venues as the White House, the George H. W. Bush Presidential Library, the William J. Clinton Presidential Library, Lincoln Center in New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Library of Congress, the Lincoln Association of Los Angeles, The Lincoln Forum at Gettysburg, Ford's Theatre, site of the Lincoln assassination, and the U.S. Capitol. Awards
In 2008, <mask> received the National Humanities Medal from President Bush and The Lincoln Medal of Honor from the Lincoln Society of Springfield, Illinois, the state's highest honor. He also won a second-place 2005 Lincoln Prize (for Lincoln at Cooper Union). For his 2008 book Lincoln President-Elect, <mask> received awards from The Lincoln Group of New York, The Civil War Round Table of New York, and The Illinois State Historical Society. His young readers' book, Father Abraham: Lincoln and His Sons, won the first James Robertson Jr. Award for Civil War Children's Literature from The Civil War Round Table of New York. He has also won lifetime achievement awards from The Civil War Round Tables of New York, Chicago, and Kansas City, and from Lincoln groups in Washington and New York. He won the DAR History Award Medal in 2012.In 2013, he wrote the Lincoln-Emancipation essay for the official program for the re-inauguration of President Barack Obama. In addition to the Lincoln Prize for Lincoln and the Power of the Press: The War for Public Opinion, the book also won the Mark Lynton History Prize from the Columbia University School of Journalism, the Goldsmith Book Prize from The Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy at Harvard's Kennedy School, and The Hazel Dicken-Garcia Award for Distinguished Scholarship in Journalism History. The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
 2004: Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That


title: Harold Holzer

texts:
 Gabbard)
 2013: The Civil War in 50 Objects 2014: Lincoln and the Power of the Press: The War for Public Opinion 2015: President Lincoln Assassinated!! 2010: Lincoln Medal of Honor, Lincoln Society, Springfield, Illinois
 2010: Awards for Lincoln and New York exhibition from The Civil War Round Table of New York, The Lincoln Group of New York, and The Victorian Society. 2010: Barondess Award, The Civil War Round Table of New York, for Lincoln President-Elect''
 2011: James Robertson Jr. Award for Civil War Children's Literature, Civil War Round Table of New York
 2012: DAR History Award Medal
 2012: Honorary Degree (Doctor of Humane Letters), Centre College, Danville, KY
 2015: Lincoln Group of New York Achievement Award
 2015: Harry S. Truman Award from The Civil War Round Table of Kansas City
 2015: Gilder Lehrman Lincoln Prize
 2015: Hazel Dicken-Garcia Award for Distinguished Contributions to Journalism History
 2015: Mark Lynton History Prize, Columbia University School of Journalism
 2015: Goldsmith Prize from The Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy, Kennedy School at Harvard University
 2015: Boyd County High School chapter of the Rho Kappa National Social Studies Honor Society named Harold Holzer Scholar Award in Holzer's honor. References

External links
 Official Site of Harold Holzer
 Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission

 Booknotes interview with Holzer on The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, August 22, 1993.In Depth interview with <mask>, June 6, 2004
 C-SPAN Q&A interview with <mask> on Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter, 1860-1861, November 9, 2008

1949 births
Abraham Lincoln
American marketing people
American public relations people
Historians of Abraham Lincoln
Historians of the American Civil War
Living people
National Humanities Medal recipients
New York (state) Democrats
Winners of the

masks: Holzer Holzer


title: Robert Beatty

texts:
<mask> (19 October 1909 – 3 March 1992) was a Canadian actor who worked in film, television and radio for most of his career and was especially known in the UK. Early years
Born in Hamilton, Ontario, Beatty was the son of <mask> and Blanch Sarah Rutherford. He attended Delta Collegiate School and earned a bachelor of arts degree from the University of Toronto. He began his acting career in Britain in 1939. Stage
Beatty joined the Players' Guild of Hamilton after graduation from the University of Toronto. He went to London, England, in 1936 and joined the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. It was with the RADA that he made his English stage debut.In 1939 he appeared in the West End in N.C. Hunter's comedy Grouse in June. Film
Beatty's film credits include: San Demetrio London (1943), Another Shore (1948), Against the Wind (1948), Captain Horatio Hornblower R.N. (1951), The Square Ring (1953), Postmark for Danger (1955),  Something of Value (1957),The Amorous Prawn (1962), 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), Where Eagles Dare (1968), The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976), Superman III (1983), Minder on the Orient Express (1985) and Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987). Beatty appeared in two "critically acclaimed war propaganda films" in 1942 – 49th Parallel and  One of Our Aircraft Is Missing. Television
In the 1950s, he was host of the BBC programme Saturday Night Out, a live outside-broadcast magazine programme, in which he was known as "The Man with the Mike". In 1958, he played Detective Inspector Mike Maguire in the police series Dial 999 (a co-production between

masks:
Robert Rutherford Beatty
Charles Thompson Beatty


title: Robert Beatty

texts:
 Britain's ABC and the US company Ziv). He also appeared in Doctor Who ("The Tenth Planet" as General Cutler), Blake's 7 ("The Way Back" as Bran Foster), The Gathering Storm, Thriller (1976), The New Avengers, and Minder.He was in Franco Zeffirelli's TV mini-series Jesus of Nazareth and the American series of Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles. He portrayed Ronald Reagan in Breakthrough at Reykjavik (Granada Television UK 1987). Radio
Beatty reported descriptions of the Blitz from London to North America via the BBC during World War II. He played Philip Odell, a fictional Irish detective created by Lester Powell, between 1947 and 1961. The series debuted on BBC radio with the story "Lady in a Fog" in October 1947. The series was made available to overseas broadcasters by the BBC Transcription Services. His other radio credits included Shadow of Sumuru on the BBC Home Programme in 1945–46, Shadow Man on Radio Luxembourg in 1955, Destination – Fire!Stories of a Fire Investigator on the BBC Light Programme (1962-1966), General Sternwood in a BBC version of Raymond Chandler's The Big Sleep (1977), Pay Any Price (BBC 1982), The Mystery of the Blue Train (BBC 1985/1986), and as Henry Hickslaughter in Elizabeth Troop's Sony Award winning adaptation of Graham Greene's short story Cheap In August (1993). <mask> died March 3, 1992, in London and was cremated at Putney Vale Crematorium. Filmography

 Black Limelight (1939) as Extra (uncredited)
 Murder in Soho (1939) as Jack (uncredited)
 Dangerous Moonlight (1941) as Reporter with Carol (uncredited)
 49th Parallel (1941) as


title: Ruud Kuijer

texts:
<mask> (Schalkwijk, 8 June 1959) is a Dutch sculptor, particularly known for his Water works, a group of seven large-scale sculptures on the strip between Isotopenweg and the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal in Utrecht, The Netherlands. Life and work
After studying at St. Joost Academy of Art and Design in 's-Hertogenbosch from 1981 to 1984 and after having completed a postgraduate course at Jan van Eyck Academy in Maastricht from 1984 tot 1986, <mask> went to live and work in Utrecht. As a sculptor, <mask> became famous for his abstract sculptures in which he often incorporated recognisable shapes. The main focus of his work is the purely sculptural articulation of space which may or may not include references to content outside the sculpture. Tradition and recent sculpture tradition play a significant role in his work, as does the continual desire to transcend these. Originally the focus was on finding and using the plastic qualities and expressive possibilities offered by the properties of ordinary materials such as iron, screw thread, carpet, rope, wood and concrete. These materials have little or no history when it comes to art.In recent years concrete has been the dominant material. <mask> <mask> also works as a teacher. From 1992 to 1997 he taught at the Academy in Den Bosch and from 2007 to 2008 at the Academy of Arts in Berlin. Sculptures 1985-2003
Between 1985 and 2003 he produced various series of sculptures whereby his point of departure was the specific possibilities offered by the materials used. In the sculptures belonging to the group entitled 'Staan/Liggen/Hangen/Leunen' (Standing/Lying Down/Hanging/Leaning) (1985-1992), the primary

masks:
Ruud Kuijer
Ruud Kuijer
Ruud Kuijer
Ruud
Kuijer


title: Ruud Kuijer

texts:
 (structural) and secondary qualities (skin and colour) of various materials are coordinated and contrasted. These sculptures focus primarily on the concept of gravity: the individual weight of each separate part is rendered visible in the whole. The group entitled 'Gegalvaniseerd IJzer/Beton' (Galvanised Iron/Concrete) (1992-2001) is limited to the two materials stated.The galvanised iron comes from street furniture and other forms which, of course, have to be protected against rust. In this group, concrete is expressed simultaneously as a form and a link. The 'Draadeindsculpturen' (Threaded End Sculptures) (1996-2003) are an attempt to neutralise the rigid mechanics of nuts and bolts. The focus is on the inherent qualities of screw thread: it can act as both a line and a link. Physical concepts such as compressive and tensile force also become visible, particularly in combination with other forms or materials. Waterworks
Since 2001 <mask> has been working on a group of seven large-scale sculptures on the strip between Isotopenweg and the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal, at Lage Weide industrial estate in Utrecht. These monumental, concrete sculptures are 12 metres high and up to 14 metres long.They are made from a single piece and a single material. In other words, they are monolithic sculptures. They basically consist of two materials: concrete and reinforcing rods. The sculptures project has been specially made for the location. The group establishes relationships at a number of different levels with water and transport, and with the industrial surroundings of Lage Weide industrial estate. The sculptures contrast with the purely functional


title: Ruud Kuijer

texts: surroundings and add a human dimension to the immense and expansive area. Kuijer used forms based on the scale of our own body as a mould.The sculptures contain references to water, for example, a moulded rowing boat, surfboard and a garden pond. One specific possibility offered by concrete is making imprints. Water Work IV Overstag (Go About) uses, more so than in the other sculptures, the richly contrasting and expressive possibilities of the sculptor's skin. Between 2010 and 2013 a sloping embankment was created between the sculptures. This tailoring of the landscape links the sculptures together to form a tight-knit unit. From the point of view of urban planning this anchors the project firmly in the surroundings. Nowadays the sculptures are also illuminated at night.Water Work VII Cohesie (Cohesion) is the final element in the series and is also the tallest, at 12.70 metres high. This sculpture is located next to the Werkspoorbrug along the banks of the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal, at the crossing of the international rail and water links between our country and the rest of Europe. Two shapes in the sculpture contain a repeating motif of the coats of arms of the cities of Amsterdam, Utrecht and Basel. One shape is visible for passing ships and the other stands at eye level for passing train passengers. The whole project was unveiled in March 2013 as part of the celebrations to mark the 300th anniversary of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713-2013). Besides being an artist, <mask> <mask> is also a cultural entrepreneur in heart and soul. There are very few independently initiated sculpture projects of this scale in public spaces.For the Water Works

masks: Ruud Kuijer


title: Ruud Kuijer

texts:
 project, <mask> himself arranged the funding and support from businesses, constructed a large workshop himself and even arranged all the permits for the locations. Water Works is unconventional from the point of view of vision, scale and location, and that makes it unique in the Netherlands. The Water Works sculpture project led him to being awarded the Fentener van Vlissingen culture prize in 2004 and the Dutch Concrete Award in 2005. Gallery

Publications

 2018 Abstractie-Ruimte-Staal, about the work of André Volten. Catalog text at the exhibition Utopia of André Volten at museum Beelden aan Zee, The Hague. Waanders publishers, Zwolle
 2019 Ruud <mask>: Over Sculptuur, Notities van een maker en beschouwer. NAI010 publishers, Rotterdam
 2019 <mask> <mask>: On Sculpture, Reflections by a Maker and Observer.NAI010 publishers, Rotterdam
 2019 <mask> <mask>: Über Skulptur, Notizen eines Machers und Betrachters. Dutch Treat, Nick McCallum reporting for Channel 7 News, Melbourne, 25 November 2009, 1.33 min. 2009 Ruud Kuijer Sculptor, a film by the Amsterdamse Filmstichting
 The Waterwerken of <mask> <mask>, AVRO KunstUur, 7 February 2009, Nederland 2, rubric Van de straat
 2013 DocU Waterwerken, film by Jos <mask> and Caspar Haspels, RTV Utrecht, every hour in the weekend of the 5th and 6 October 2013

External links
Netherlands Institute for Art History website
 Artist's website
 Media files
 More media files can be found in the Ruud Kuijer category of Wikimedia Commons
 Personal website (more detailed information)
 Water Works website

1959 births
Living people
Dutch sculptors
Dutch male sculptors
People from Houten
AKV St. Joost

masks: Kuijer Kuijer Ruud Kuijer Ruud Kuijer Ruud Kuijer Kuijer


title: Freddie Lindstrom

texts: <mask> (November 21, 1905 – October 4, 1981) was a National League baseball player with the New York Giants, Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs and Brooklyn Dodgers from 1924 until 1936. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1976. At the age of 23, <mask> hit .358 for the Giants and was named The Sporting News Major League All Star team's third baseman ahead of Pittsburgh's Harold "Pie" Traynor. Two years later, he repeated the honor while scoring 127 runs and batting .379, second only to Rogers Hornsby among right-handed batters in National League history. In 1930, Giants manager John McGraw ranked <mask> ninth among the top 20 players of the previous quarter century. Babe Ruth picked him as his NL all-star third baseman over Traynor for the decade leading up to the first inter-league All Star game in 1933. Modern-day statistics guru Bill James, who rates Lindstrom No.43 on his all-time third basemen list, placed him among the top three under-21 players at that position and called the 1927 Giants infield of <mask>, Hornsby, Travis Jackson and Bill Terry the decade's best. From his rookie season in 1924 through 1930 as a Giants third baseman, a span of seven years during which he batted .328 and played brilliantly in the field, <mask> seemed headed for a place among the game's all-time greatest players. "Those hands of his (<mask>'s) are the talk of the baseball world. Sensational playing places him among greatest in game," wrote sports writer Pat Robinson of the New York Daily News in the spring of 1929, after Lindstrom finished second the previous year to St. Louis Cardinal first baseman Jim Bottomley in the National League's Most Valuable Player balloting. "The best third sacker in the National League, one of the greatest third basemen the game has ever produced," gushed William Hennigan in the New York World. "Lindstrom hit peaks of third basing never before

masks:
Frederick Charles Lindstrom
Lindstrom
Lindstrom
Lindstrom
Lindstrom
Lindstrom


title: Freddie Lindstrom

texts:
 attained during the final month of last season," added Ken Smith in the New York Evening Graphic. "An outstanding individual of the game, another Hornsby, Wagner, Cobb, or Speaker, this kid, ace fielder, hitter, thinker and runner."Joe Foley, in This Sporting Life, echoed a common theme among baseball writers during that stretch of <mask>'s career when he named his perfect team: "Sisler on first, Lajoie at second, Wagner at short, <mask> at third, Ruth, Speaker and Cobb in the outfield, Kling catching and Brown, Walsh, Bender and Mathewson taking turns pitching." In 1931, injuries - including a chronic bad back and broken leg - brought about his switch to the outfield where for several years he remained an above-average but no longer All Star player. He retired after 13 seasons in 1936. Early life
Born on Chicago's South Side not far from Comiskey Park, <mask> as a youngster was an ardent White Sox fan, often playing hooky from school to watch their games. He was devastated when his hero, Shoeless Joe Jackson, and other teammates were banned from baseball for allegedly throwing the 1919 World Series. Three years later, after a tryout with the Cubs didn’t pan out, he signed a contract at the age of 16 with the New York Giants. A sophomore at Chicago's Loyola Academy at the time, he was assigned to the Toledo Mud Hens where he played for two years with such future Giants teammates as Travis Jackson and Bill Terry.New York Giants
Called up in 1924 and eventually replacing the injured Heinie Groh at third base, 18-year-old <mask> batted .333 in the World Series including four hits in one game against Washington's Walter Johnson while playing errorless baseball in the field. The youngest player ever in a post-season game, he was described by Johnson after the fifth game as "a wonder, easily the brightest star in this series." But a bad-hop bouncer over his head in the 12th

masks: Lindstrom Lindstrom Lindstrom Lindstrom


title: Freddie Lindstrom

texts:
 inning of the seventh game gave the series to the Senators and became an enduring moment in baseball lore. "So they won it," <mask> later recalled. "(Giants pitcher) Jack Bentley, who was something of a philosopher, I think summed it up after the game. ‘Walter Johnson,’ Bentley said, ‘is such a loveable character that the good Lord didn't want to see him get beat again.’"

Playing in an era when fielders’ gloves were little more than padded strips of leather with a baseball-sized pocket in the palm, <mask> for three of the next four seasons led National League third basemen in fielding percentage. He also topped the league in assists in 1928, finishing second with 34 double plays and 506 total chances.All while posting 231 hits in both 1928 and 1930 including nine hits in a double header, a record never surpassed to this day. A million-dollar infield," said writer Arnold Hano of the late-1920s Giants quartet. "Fans would come early just to watch their fielding-practice magic." In an essay on Willie Mays’ famous 1954 back-to-the-plate catch off Cleveland's Vic Wertz, Hano claimed that an even more sensational play was <mask>'s full-length, leaping grab before crashing into the outfield wall in a 1932 Giants-Pirates game that the New York Herald Tribune later called "the greatest catch ever made in the Polo Grounds." During his nine seasons with the Giants, <mask> batted .318 (fourth on the team's all-time list in the 20th century), while demonstrating his ability to come through in the clutch with pennant-chasing  hitting streaks in September 1928 that raised his average from .342 to .358 and in 1930 from .354 to .379. As late as 1935 while playing center field for the Chicago Cubs, his .427 batting average during a stretch of 21 consecutive victories was credited by such Chicago newsmen as John P. Carmichael and Warren Brown as the main factor in the Cubs’ drive for the NL


title: Freddie Lindstrom

texts:
 championship. Often referred to as "the last of the great place hitters" on McGraw teams that emphasized advancing runners into scoring position rather than relying on the long ball, <mask> in 1931 was led to believe that he would succeed the long-time Giants manager."We’re making that change we spoke about next year," <mask>, recuperating from a broken leg, said he was told by Giants’ club secretary Jim Tierney. "McGraw is going out and we want to make you manager." Instead, for reasons that some traced to <mask>'s leadership role in a player revolt against their often dictatorial manager (a charge he consistently denied, although admitting that he often spoke out against the feisty skipper nicknamed Little Napoleon), club owner Horace Stoneham chose first baseman Bill Terry to replace McGraw. Although the two remained friends, Terry traded <mask> to Pittsburgh in 1933 because, Terry said, "Fred no longer has that burst of speed he used to have." Pirates, Cubs, and Dodgers
Playing in the outfield between Lloyd and Paul Waner, <mask> regained his elite status as a player by finishing second on the Pirates to shortstop Arky Vaughan by four percentage points with a .310 batting average (eighth highest in the National League), hitting 39 doubles and leading the league's center fielders with a .986 fielding average. But after one outstanding season, <mask> again found himself involved with a team expected to contend for a pennant struggling with controversy. First, George Gibson was fired as manager 51 games into the season with the Pirates mired in fourth place.His replacement, Pie Traynor, moved <mask> to left field and then to the bench after breaking his finger in a fungo game. At season's end, despite fielding .990 and again outhitting Lloyd Waner while playing in 43 fewer games, <mask> was traded to the Chicago Cubs where he quickly became what Cubs manager Charley Grimm

masks: Lindstrom Lindstrom Lindstrom Lindstrom Lindstrom Lindstrom Lindstrom Lindstrom