title: Richard D. Wolff

texts:
<mask> (born April 1, 1942) is an American Marxian economist, known for his work on economic methodology and class analysis. He is Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and currently a Visiting Professor in the Graduate Program in International Affairs of the New School in New York. <mask> has also taught economics at Yale University, City University of New York, University of Utah, University of Paris I (Sorbonne), and The Brecht Forum in New York City. In 1988 <mask> co-founded the journal Rethinking Marxism. In 2010 he published Capitalism Hits the Fan: The Global Economic Meltdown and What to Do About It, also released on DVD. In 2012 he released three new books: Occupy the Economy: Challenging Capitalism, with <mask> (San Francisco: City Lights Books), Contending Economic Theories: Neoclassical, Keynesian, and Marxian, with Stephen Resnick (Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: MIT University Press), and Democracy at Work (Chicago: Haymarket Books). In 2019 he released his book Understanding Marxism (Democracy at Work).<mask> hosts the weekly 30-minute-long program Economic Update, which is produced by the non-profit Democracy at Work, which he co-founded. Economic Update is on YouTube, FreeSpeech TV, WBAI-FM in New York City (Pacifica Radio), CUNY TV (WNYE-DT3), and available as a podcast. <mask> is featured regularly in television, print, and internet media. The New York Times Magazine has named him "America's most prominent Marxist economist". <mask> lives in Manhattan with his wife and frequent collaborator, Harriet Fraad, a practicing psychotherapist. Early life and education
To escape Nazism, <mask>'s parents emigrated from Europe to the United States during World War II. His father, a French lawyer working until that point in Cologne, Germany, gained employment as a steelworker in Youngstown, Ohio

masks:
Richard David Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
David Barsamian
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff


title: Richard D. Wolff

type: original

texts:
 (in part because his European certification was not recognized in the United States), and the family eventually settled outside New York City.His mother was a German citizen. <mask>'s father was acquainted with Max Horkheimer. <mask> states that his European background influenced his world view:
"[E]verything you expect about how the world works probably will be changed in your life, that unexpected things happen, often tragic things happen, and being flexible, being aware of a whole range of different things that happen in the world, is not just a good idea as a thinking person, but it's crucial to your survival. So, for me, I grew up convinced that understanding the political and economic environment I lived in was an urgent matter that had to be done, and made me a little different from many of my fellow kids in school who didn't have that sense of the urgency of understanding how the world worked to be able to navigate an unstable and often dangerous world. That was a very important lesson for me." <mask> earned a BA magna cum laude in history from Harvard in 1963 and moved on to Stanford—he attained an MA in economics in 1964—to study with Paul A. Baran. Baran died prematurely from a heart attack in 1964 and <mask> transferred to Yale University, where he received an MA in economics in 1966, MA in history in 1967, and a PhD in economics in 1969.As a graduate student at Yale, <mask> worked as an instructor. His dissertation, "Economic Aspects of British Colonialism in Kenya, 1895–1930", was eventually published in book form in 1974. Career
<mask> taught at the City College of New York from 1969 to 1973. Here he started his lifelong collaboration with fellow economist Stephen Resnick, who arrived in 1971 after being denied tenure at Yale for signing an anti-war petition. Both would then be part, along with Samuel Bowles, Herbert Gintis, and

masks: Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff


title: Richard D. Wolff

texts: Rick Edwards, of the "radical package" that was hired in 1973 by the Economics Department at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where <mask> has been full professor since 1981. <mask> retired in 2008 but remains professor emeritus and that year joined The New School as a visiting professor. The first co-authored academic publication by <mask> and Resnick was "The Theory of Transitional Conjunctures and the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism," which laid out the pillars of the framework that they have worked on ever since.They formulated a non-determinist, class-analytical approach for understanding the debates regarding the transition from feudalism to capitalism. Their topics have included Marxian theory and value analysis, overdetermination, radical economics, international trade, business cycles, social formations, the Soviet Union, and comparing and contrasting Marxian and non-Marxian economic theories. <mask>'s work with Resnick took Louis Althusser and Étienne Balibar's Reading Capital as its point of departure and developed a subtle reading of Karl Marx's Capital Volumes II and III in their influential Knowledge and Class. For the authors, Marxian class analysis entails the detailed study of the conditions of existences of concrete forms of performance, appropriation, and distribution of surplus labor. While there could be an infinite number of forms of surplus appropriation, the Marxist canon refers to ancient (independent), slave, feudal, capitalist, and communist class processes. In 1989, <mask> joined efforts with a group of colleagues, ex- and then current students to launch Rethinking Marxism, an academic journal that aims to create a platform for rethinking and developing Marxian concepts and theories within economics as well as other fields of social inquiry. For more than two decades, he served as a member of the

masks: Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff


title: Richard D. Wolff

texts:
 editorial board of the journal.Currently, he continues to serve as a member of the advisory board of the journal. <mask> was a visiting professor in spring 1994 at University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne. <mask> continues to teach graduate seminars and undergraduate courses and direct dissertation research in economics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and, most recently, in the graduate program in international affairs (GPIA) at The New School. A founding member of the Green Party of New Haven, Connecticut, <mask> was the party's mayoral candidate in 1985. In 2011, he called for the establishment of a broad-based left-wing mass party in the United States. <mask>, especially since 2008, gives many public lectures throughout the United States and other countries. He is regular lecturer at the Brecht Forum.<mask> is often a guest on television and radio news programs, and, within the U.S., has appeared on a variety of programs, as well as writing for a number of publications and websites. <mask> hosts a weekly radio/TV show and podcast on economics and society, Economic Update, at WBAI in New York City. One of his students, George Papandreou, became Prime Minister of Greece serving from 2009 to 2011. <mask> remembers Papandreou as a student who "sought then to become both a sophisticated and a socialist economist." However, CUNY Economics professor Costas Panayotakis observed that "after being elected Greek prime minister in the fall of 2009 on a platform that excoriated austerity as the wrong kind of policy to be adopted at a time of deep economic crisis, George Papandreou has reversed himself and, faced with a debt crisis, called in the International Monetary Fund and imposed the most brutal austerity program the country has ever seen." Projects
<mask> is a co-founder of Democracy at Work, a non-profit that produces media and live

masks: Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff


title: Richard D. Wolff

texts:
 events to expose capitalism's systemic problems and to show how democratizing our workplaces solves them. The organization is based on his 2012 book, Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism.<mask> also hosts the nationally syndicated program Economic Update with <mask><mask>, which is produced by Democracy at Work. Personal life
In addition to his native English, <mask> is fluent in French and German. <mask> lives in New York City with his wife, Harriet Fraad, a psychotherapist. They have two children. <mask> is a distant relative of German political activist <mask>, to whom the first volume of Karl Marx's Das Kapital was dedicated. Works

Films

References

External links

 Democracy@Work, a YouTube series hosted by <mask>
 <mask><mask>'s UMASS webpage (with Stephen A Resnick)
 <mask>'s faculty profile at The New School
 Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics, Culture and Society
 Democracy at Work A social movement "for greater economic democracy" co-founded by Dr<mask>

Interviews

 Capitalism in Crisis: <mask> Urges End to Austerity, New Jobs Program, Democratizing Work. Democracy Now!March 25, 2013. The Empire Files: Understanding Marxism and Socialism with <mask>. The Real News, March 21, 2016. Poverty Has Always Accompanied Capitalism. Truthout. July 3, 2016. 1942 births
20th-century American economists
Economists from New York (state)
American people of French descent
American people of German descent
American Marxists
American communists
American socialists
American anti-capitalists
City College of New York faculty
Harvard College alumni
Living people
Marxian economists
Marxist theorists
American Marxist writers
New York (state) socialists
Stanford University alumni
The New School faculty
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
Writers from Youngstown, Ohio
Yale University alumni
Economists from Ohio
21st-century American

masks:
Wolff
Richard D
. Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wilhelm Wolff
Richard Wolff
Richard D
. Wolff
Wolff
. Wolff
Richard Wolff
Richard Wolff


title: Eduard Gafencu

texts:
<mask> (born February 9, 1993) is a Romanian professional kickboxer and boxer. He currently competes in the Colosseum Tournament, in which he is the reigning champion of the welterweight and super welterweight divisions. In February 2021, <mask> signed with Glory. Early life
<mask> played soccer from 7 to 14 years old, but quit after an injury. He also practiced swimming. <mask> then started boxing at the age of 15, but after a short while he switched to kickboxing. At the age of 16 and a half, he had his first fight and practiced kickboxing until the age of 21, culminating in a three-year hiatus.Professional kickboxing career
<mask> entered the professional circuit in 2017, after being initiated by the coach Gabriel Moț from Top Fighters Club and taken over from Arnold Nagy (Metalbox) by the Ruben Stoia Boxing Club. Colosseum Tournament
<mask> competed for various regional Romanian promotions, in the process amassing a record of 6–0. In 2018, <mask> had signed a contract with the Colosseum Tournament. He took part in a four-man super welterweight tournament to determine the Colosseum Tournament's first Colosseum Tournament World Super Welterweight Champion. <mask>

masks:
Eduard Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu


title: Eduard Gafencu

texts: faced Adrian Cibu on September 17, 2018, in the semi-final of the Super Welterweight Tournament. He won the fight in emphatic fashion via knockout in round one to progress to the final round of the tournament. <mask> faced Leonard Dorin's student Adelin Mihăilă at Colosseum Tournament 8 in the finals.<mask> won the match via knockout in the third round. The triumph also earned <mask> his first Performance of the Night award. <mask> faced Flavius Boiciuc on December 14, 2018 at Colosseum Tournament 10. He won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced the Fight Institute by Peter Aerts's Thomas Doeve on 	March 29, 2019 at Colosseum Tournament 11. He won the fight via knockout in round one. This win earned him his second Performance of the Night award.The tornado kick knockout has been also acknowledged by sites like Sherdog, MMA Fighting, MMAjunkie.com and others as the potential Knockout of the Year for 2019. <mask> moved down to the welterweight division. He faced the Bonjasky Academy's Ekrem Doruk for the inaugural Colosseum Tournament World Welterweight Championship on May 9, 2019, in the main event of Colosseum Tournament 12. He won the fight via knockout

masks: Gafencu Gafencu Gafencu Gafencu Gafencu Gafencu


title: Eduard Gafencu

texts:
 in the second round, becoming the first Colosseum Tournament fighter to win titles in two weight classes. This win earned him the Performance of the Night award for a third time. Dynamite Fighting Show
On January 23, 2020, it was announced that <mask> had signed a deal with Dynamite Fighting Show. In his debut fight for the promotion, <mask> faced the Hemmers Gym's Benjamin Masudi on March 5, 2020 at Dynamite Fighting Show 7.<mask> knocked down Masudi twice in the fight. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Return to Colosseum Tournament
In September 2020, it was announced that <mask> signed a deal to return to the Colosseum Tournament. In his return bout, <mask> was expected to face Adelin Mihăilă in rematch on October 23, 2020 at Colosseum Tournament 20. However on October 6, it was announced that Mihăilă pulled out due to his COVID-19 recovery, and he was replaced by Alexandru Ianţoc. <mask> won the fight via knockout in the second round. <mask> faced Anghel Cardoş in a 3-round non-title on February 26, 2021 at Colosseum Tournament 23.He lost the fight via decision. Fighting style
<mask> is regarded as one of Romania's best of the new generation of Romanian

masks:
Gafencu
Gafencu
Eduard Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu


title: Eduard Gafencu

texts:
 kickboxers. He earned public praise from Romanian legend Daniel Ghiță for his ring performances. <mask> was described by Ghiță as "the most talented kickboxer, at present, in the country". Championships and accomplishments

Kickboxing
Colosseum Tournament
Colosseum Tournament World Welterweight Championship (One, inaugural)
Colosseum Tournament World Super Welterweight Championship (One, inaugural)
Colosseum Tournament World Super Welterweight Championship Tournament Winner
Performance of the Night (Four times) vs. Adrian Cibu & Adelin Mihăilă, Thomas Doeve, Ekrem Doruk and Anghel Cardoş
First multi-divisional champion in Colosseum Tournament history
Dynamite Fighting Show
Fight of the Night (One time) vs. Benjamin Masudi
Russia Today
2019 Knockout of the Year vs. Thomas Doeve

Kickboxing record

|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2021-09-20 || Win ||align=left| Anghel Cardoş || Colosseum Tournament 27 || Oradea, Romania || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00 || 15-1
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2019-03-29 || Win ||align=left| Thomas Doeve || Colosseum Tournament 11 || Bucharest, Romania || KO (tornado kick) || 1 || 2:19 || 10-0
|-
!


title: Luciano Chessa

texts: <mask> (, born January 12, 1971, in Sassari, Italy) is a musician, performance/visual/installation artist, and musicologist. As a composer, conductor, pianist, and musical saw / Vietnamese dan bau soloist, <mask> has been active in Europe, the U.S., Australia, and South America. Compositions include a piano and percussion duet after Pier Paolo Pasolini’s "Petrolio", written for Sarah Cahill and Chris Froh and presented in 2004 at the American Academy in Rome, "Il pedone dell’aria" (“air walker”) for orchestra and double children choir, premiered in 2006 at the Auditorium of Turin's Lingotto and subsequently released on DVD, and two works in collaboration with artist Terry Berlier: "Louganis" for piano and TV/VCR combo (performed at the Monday Evening Concerts in 2010) and "Inkless Imagination IV" for viola, mini-bass musical saw, turntables, piano, percussion, FM radios, blimp and video projection (premiered at UC Davis’ Mondavi Center by the Empyrean Ensemble). Among his compositions should be mentioned a large orchestral work commissioned by the Orchestra Filarmonica di Torino, Italy and titled "Ragazzi incoscienti scarabocchiano sulla porta di un negozio fallito an.1902" (reckless children scribble on the door of a failed shop in 1902), "Movements", a multimedia work for 16mm film, dan bau and amplified film projectors produced in collaboration with filmmaker Rick Bahto, "Come un’infanzia", a guitar plus string quartet piece for the Left Coast Chamber Ensemble, and A Heavenly Act, an opera commissioned by SFMOMA and Opera Parallèle with a libretto by Gertrude Stein and video by Kalup Linzy. A

masks:
Luciano Chessa
Luciano Chessa


title: Luciano Chessa

texts: Heavenly Act premiered on 19 August 2011, at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco, in a staged production by the Ensemble Parallèle, conducted by Nicole Paiement and featuring Linzy. Recent premieres include "LIGHTEST", a SFMOMA commission presented on 16 November 2013, at the SF Columbarium, and "Set and Setting", a San Francisco Contemporary Music Players commission presented on 18 February 2014, at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts. Chessa's first record, "Humus" (1997), out on the Italian cult label Destination X, received excellent reviews in all the major Italian musical magazines (Fare Musica, Rumore, Il Mucchio Selvaggio) and was voted by Rockerilla’s critics as one of the 10 best international recordings of 1997.His  "Peyrano", which includes recordings produced in the 90s, has been re-released in March 2012 by the Swiss label Skank Bloc Records. <mask> has been performing futurist sound poetry for well over 10 years. His reading of Italian poetry to accompany a performance of the Grammy Award Nominated New Century Chamber Orchestra in San Francisco's Herbst Theatre in 2000 was granted with excellent reviews in the San Francisco press, and in 2001 he has given the modern premiere of Francesco Cangiullo's explosive Futurist sound poems "Piedigrotta" and "Serata in onore di Yvonne" to critical acclaim. From the year 1999 to 2004, he has been a member of the UC Davis Gospel Choir, where he served as assistant conductor to Calvin Lymos, the choir's principal director. As a musicologist, his areas of research competence include twentieth-century, experimental, and late


title: Luciano Chessa

texts:
 fourteenth-century music (Ars Subtilior). His research on Italian Futurism, which he has presented and published internationally, has shown for the first time the occult relationship between Luigi Russolo’s intonarumori and Leonardo da Vinci’s mechanical noisemakers. He is author of Luigi Russolo Futurist.Noise, Visual Arts, and the Occult, the first monograph ever to be dedicated to Russolo and The Art of Noises. Published by the University of California Press, the book has received enthusiastic reviews:

"With meticulous attention to primary sources, galvanised by daring leaps of imagination, [Chessa] reveals an array of unorthodox ideas, creative tensions, and contradictions within Russolo's milieu." [...]
"<mask>'s prose embodies the sheer pleasure of discovery through research." [...]
"The frenzied pace of <mask>'s writing retains a visionary edge throughout, and the book itself could be seen as an example of synthesis and dynamism." (The Wire, June 2012)

"The most comprehensive source of Russolo available in English." (Examiner.com)

"In Luigi Russolo, Futurist: Noise, Visual Arts, and the Occult, composer and San Francisco Conservatory music history professor <mask>a reconstructs Russolo’s life through ambitious archival research, uncovering and digesting esoteric and obscure texts to reverse-engineer how the artist’s eccentric interests influenced his creative output." (Brainpickings.org)

In 2018, he wrote a brief essay on Russolo's ongoing importance in contemporary music for the first ever Argentinean translation of Luigi Russolo's "L'arte dei Rumori", published in 2018 by Dobra Robota

masks:
Chessa
Chessa
Luciano Chess


title: Luciano Chessa

texts: Sylvano Bussotti's "VARIAZIONE RUSSOLO-Slancio d'angoli", and two new commissioned pieces by Margareth Kammerer and Teho Teardo. In March 2011 Chessa conducted the Orchestra of Futurist Noise Intoners in a sold out concert for Berliner Festspiele MaerzMusik Festival, which included "Gramophone Saraswati," a new piece by Amelia Cuni and Werner Durand.The Orchestra of Futurist Noise Intoners is currently touring internationally. In December 2011 <mask> conducted the project with the New World Symphony in their new Frank Gehry designed New World Center’s Concert Hall packed to capacity as part of a Performa-curated special event to celebrate the tenth anniversary of Art Basel | Miami Beach. The performance included Joan La Barbara’s "Striations" and the premiere of Lee Ranaldo’s "It All Begins Now (Whose Streets? Our Streets!)". Both pieces featured their respective composers performing alongside <mask> and the New World Symphony. In May 2013 at the Experimentation Center of the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires he presented a series of events to celebrate the Centennial of Russolo's Art of Noises. A double LP dedicated to the Orchestra of Futurist Noise Intoners and documenting the first phase of this project has been released on the label Sub Rosa in November 2013.In December 2013 <mask> conducted the Orchestra of Futurist Noise Intoners to a sold-out crowd at the RedCat in Los Angeles. In June 2014 <mask> performed three concerts with Futurist Sound Poetry at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, as part of the retrospective exhibit on Italian Futurism; his voice reading Marinietti's Manifesto

masks: Chessa Chessa Chessa Chessa


title: Luciano Chessa

texts:
 and Poetry to accompany Jen Sachs’ videos was experienced by all exhibit visitors, from February to September 2014. A new version of Cangiullo's Piedigrotta conceived for the Peter B. Lewis Theater of the Guggenheim Museum,  directed, and scored for 5 Neapolitan folk instruments  by Chessa, received a standing ovation on 9 June 2014. <mask> has been interviewed by the CBS (KPIX/KBHK) television channel as an expert on Italian 1990s hip-hop and by the BBC as Luigi Russolo's foremost scholar. He has been featured in Artforum, Art in America, in the Italian issue of Marie Claire and in the September 2010 Issue of Vogue Italia, and appears in Peter Esmonde's documentary on Ellen Fullman, 5 Variations on a Long String (2010). <mask> teaches at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, serves in the Advisory Board of TACET, the international research publication dedicated to Experimental Music of the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne, and collaborates with SF's Italian Cultural Institute. His music is published by RAI TRADE, the Italian National Broadcast Channels’ music publishing company, and Edizioni Carrara.Education
He holds a D.M.A. in Piano performance and a M.A. in Composition from the Conservatorio Giovanni Battista Martini in Bologna, Italy, a M.A. magna cum laude in History of Medieval Music from the University of Bologna, and a Ph.D. in Musicology and Music Criticism from the University of California at Davis. He taught and lectured at numerous institutions including St. John's College of Oxford, UK, Columbia University, Harvard University, Sydney's and Melbourne's Conservatories and

masks:
Luciano Chessa
Chessa


title: Christopher P. Monkhouse

texts:
<mask> (1947–2021) was an architectural historian, a scholar of the decorative arts, and a curator who worked in institutions across America. He was the founding curator of the Heinz Architectural Galleries at Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh and, in 2017, upon his retirement, he had held the post of Eloise W. Martin curator and Chair of the Department of European Decorative Arts at the Art Institute of Chicago for ten years. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Portland, Maine on 2 April 1947 to William A<mask>, M.D. and <mask>. He had two brothers, William and Frederick, who both predeceased him. <mask> attended Waynflete School, graduated from Deerfield Academy in 1965, and, in 1966, studied English country houses at the summer school run by the Attingham Trust at Attingham Park in Shropshire, England. From 1965 to 1969, <mask> read for a degree in History of Art (BA) at the University of Pennsylvania and, upon being awarded a Thouron British American Fellowship, he travelled to London to study for an MA at the Courtauld Institute of Art, undertaking his dissertation on 19th century railway hotels supervised by <mask>.It was during this time he first visited Ireland to study the hotels on the Grand Canal. He later wrote a chapter, Railway Hotels, for a 1979 book on railway architecture. Career
<mask> worked on his first exhibition while still at secondary school, curating a 1964 exhibit on Maine politics with two other members of Deerfield’s historical society and, as he later observed; “I had the good fortune to know what I wanted to do professionally very early in life. I curated my first art exhibition at Deerfield, and I have not deviated from that career track since.”

<mask>

masks:
Christopher Pruyn Monkhouse
Christopher Monkhouse
. Monkhouse
Agnes Pruyn Linder Monkhouse
Christopher
Monkhouse
Nikolaus Pevsner
Christopher Monkhouse
Monkhouse


title: Christopher P. Monkhouse

texts: remained in London after completing his master's degree and worked at the Victoria and Albert Museum, the world's largest museum of applied and decorative arts and design, before returning to the States in 1975 as visiting lecturer at Brown University. His first curatorial appointment was in the summer of 1976 when he became curator of European and American decorative arts at the Museum of Art at Rhode Island School of Design where he served for the next 15 years. One of the many exhibitions he curated, Gorham: Masterpieces in Metal was reviewed in the New York Times in 1983 and was described as ‘an impressive survey of Providence’s illustrious 152-year- old metal-fabricating industry’. From 1991 to 1995 <mask> was the founding curator of the Heinz Architectural Galleries at Carnegie Museum of Art and, reflecting his life-long interest in architecture, laid the foundations of an architectural resource that encompasses a collection of over 6000 objects.His own house in Ben Avon, Pennsylvania was also like a museum with the walls covered in architectural drawings. He moved his own extensive collection of art, antiques, books and architectural drawings to Minnesota when he was appointed James Ford Bell Curator of Decorative Arts, Sculpture, Architecture Design and Craft at the Minneapolis Institute of Art in 1995. One of the major exhibitions that <mask> curated was the 2004 exhibition Currents of Change: Art and Life Along the Mississippi River, 1850–1861, with Jason T. Busch and Janet L. Whitmore, in which he merged his interest in the poetry of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, a fellow Portland native, and the culture of the American Midwest. Lynsi Spaulding, in a review for the journal

masks:
Christopher Monkhouse
Monkhouse


title: Christopher P. Monkhouse

texts:
 Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide, said the exhibition offered ‘a fresh perspective of the River and the steamboat as the primary conduits for both the necessities of commerce and the propagation of artistic style’ and concluded that the curators were owed ‘a debt of gratitude for tackling such a complicated era and presenting the diverse themes with a sense of maturity and sensitive comprehension.’

In 2007 <mask> Martin Curator and Chair of the department of European Decorative Arts at the Art Institute of Chicago. Upon being approached to take up the post and appreciating that he was approaching the last decade of his career he asked himself; “Have I done everything I want to? This is a chance to work with an extraordinary collection in a great museum. Who could ask for anything more?” One of his tasks was to oversee the reinstallation of one of America’s top decorative arts collections in a new wing at the institute designed by Renzo <mask>; an architect whose work was well known to <mask> since the first exhibition he curated when the Heinz Architectural Galleries opened in 1993 was a show inspired by the work of Renzo <mask> incorporating computer technology; an innovative idea at the time.<mask>’s first visit to Ireland way back in the 1960s when, by the nature of his research, he became involved with the Irish Georgian Society coupled with his meeting Desmond Fitzgerald, 29th Knight of Glin, while he was working at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, fuelled his interest in Ireland and its art and craft. Over the years <mask> visited Ireland many times and continued a lifelong friendship with Desmond Fitzgerald with whom he often discussed the possibility of an exhibition of Irish

masks: Monkhouseoise Piano Monkhouse Piano Monkhouse Monkhouse


title: Christopher P. Monkhouse

texts: art. It is therefore not surprising that the culmination of his distinguished curating career was the much-acclaimed exhibition Ireland: Crossroads of Art and Design, 1690–1840, held at the Art Institute of Chicago, that “triumphantly put the visual arts of eighteenth-century Ireland onto the ‘world stage’." The exhibition opened to the public on St Patrick’s Day 2015, and was dedicated to the memory of the Knight of Glin, who was represented at the launch by his widow Olda and their daughters. In the year prior to the exhibition opening, <mask>, together with other members of staff, met the President of Ireland, Michael D. Higgins who visited the Art Institute of Chicago on the last day of a five-day official visit to the United States in April 2014. Generous with his time to friends and colleagues, Monkhouse was also a generous donator of gifts to various institutions over the years, for example, the Rhodes Island School of Design museum (RISD) has innumerable items donated by Monkhouse as diverse as a 1960 Lark Ladle by <mask> to an American button containing a portrait of a young man dating back to the 1800s. Another <mask> design was gifted by him to the Minneapolis Institute of Art as was a <mask>er pitcher, c.1875 and, reflecting his diverse interests and ‘boundless intellectual curiosity’, some embroidery items, amongst other things, were gifted to the Art Institute, Chicago.While he was studying in London at the Courtauld Institute of Art he also donated photographs to the Conway Library who are in the process of digitising their archive of primarily architectural images as part of the wider Courtauld Connects project. <mask> received the honour of being elected a fellow of the Society of

masks:
Christopher Monkhouse
John Prip
John Prip
Christopher Dress
Christopher Monkhouse


title: Christopher P. Monkhouse

texts:
 Antiquaries of London on 2 February 2018 and over his long career was involved with a number of historical and cultural societies such as the American Friends of Attingham, to whom he gave the Annual Fall Lecture in 2014, the Society of Architectural Historians, a member from 1966, and Victoria Mansion; acting on its professional advisory council, to name a few. Personal life
<mask> retired in 2017 after a long and illustrious career. He has been described as an ebullient tea-drinking story teller and was an avid collector. His homes full of his collections were important to him and one of the regrets, when he moved from Minnesota to Illinois, was that he had to sell his Marcel Breuer house in Saint Paul designed for the ecclesiastical designer Frank Kacmarcik. When he first visited it, <mask> said "As soon as I walked in the door, I just knew it was my house, I've never had a piece of architecture speak to me so quickly." Like Kacmarcik he filled its purpose built library with his collection of rare books and invited its former owner, a kindred spirit, to visit and, not unsurprisingly, bearing in mind their mutual interests, <mask> and Kacmarcik, who was by then a monk and in his late 80s, got on well.As <mask> said "It was nice that he saw in me as the rightful heir, he went to his grave knowing someone loved the house almost as much as he did." For all his travels, <mask> always retained ties to his birth state and had, for a long time, kept a summer home in Machiasport, an 18th-century Colonial house. When he retired, he moved his collection, for the final time, to a former sea-captain’s house in Brunswick. <mask> died from a stroke on January 12, 2021 at Gosnell Memorial Hospice House in

masks:
Christopher Monkhouse
Monkhouse
Monkhouse
Monkhouse
Monkhouse
Christopher Monkhouse


title: DJ JoN-E

texts:
 prominent Canadian television networks of turning the radio show in to a live dance music television program, appealing to ethnic music audiences around the country.While the idea gained interest from the networks, it was put on hold by Johney claiming that certain rules and restrictions of what we can do on the program by the networks would likely make the show unprofitable. Due to this, the pilot episode of "Desi Live TV" was never shot. Executive Producer - Radio
Johney Brar (DJ JoN-E) has created or assisted in development the following radio programs:

Notable Guests

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Lara Levi - CEO of Death Row Records

Sonjay Dutt - Professional Wrestler

John Leguizamo - Emmy Award-winning actor

Discography

BBC Soundcrew - Live to Air (2002)

BBC Soundcrew - BreakThrough (2003)

Various - Urban Bhangra (BBC Soundcrew (DJ JoN-E) - Sound Rab Di)

BBC Soundcrew (DJ JoN-E) - Got Yourself Desi Remixxx Feat Nas (2004)

BBC Soundcrew (DJ JoN-E) - Desi Live the Mixx CD Vol. 1 (March - 2005)

BBC Soundcrew - Punjabi MC VS Eminem Mashup (Single 2005) (Produced By <mask>)

BBC Soundcrew (DJ JoN-E & <mask>) - Desi Live the Mixx CD Vol. 2 (March - 2008)

References

External links
 Excalbur News Article on "Desi Live" and BBC Soundcrew
 Campus Life Magazine Article on BBC Soundcrew, "Desi Live" & DJ JoN-E

1984 births
Living people
Canadian DJs
Musicians from

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DJ Davy


title: Jane Jacobs

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Her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961) argued that "urban renewal" and "slum clearance" did not respect the needs of city-dwellers. <mask> organized grassroots efforts to protect neighborhoods from urban renewal and slum clearance – in particular plans by Robert Moses to overhaul her own Greenwich Village neighborhood. She was instrumental in the eventual cancellation of the Lower Manhattan Expressway, which would have passed directly through an area of Manhattan that later became known as SoHo, as well as part of Little Italy and Chinatown. She was arrested in 1968 for inciting a crowd at a public hearing on that project. After moving to Toronto in 1968, she joined the opposition to the Spadina Expressway and the associated network of expressways in Toronto that were planned and under construction. As a woman and a writer who criticized experts in the male-dominated field of urban planning, <mask> endured scorn from established figures. Routinely, she was described first as a housewife, as she did not have a college degree or any formal training in urban planning; as a result, her lack of credentials was seized upon as grounds for criticism.However, the influence of her concepts eventually was acknowledged by highly respected professionals such as Richard Florida and Robert Lucas. Early years
<mask> was born <mask> Butzner in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Bess Robison Butzner, a former teacher and nurse and John Decker Butzner, a physician. They were a Protestant family in a heavily Roman Catholic town. Her brother, John Decker Butzner, Jr., served as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. After graduation from Scranton High School, she worked for a year as the unpaid assistant to the women's page editor at the

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 Scranton Tribune. New York City
In 1935, during the Great Depression, she moved to New York City with her sister Betty. <mask>ner took an immediate liking to Manhattan's Greenwich Village, which deviated some from the city's grid structure.The sisters soon moved there from Brooklyn. During her early years in Manhattan, <mask> held a variety of jobs working as a stenographer and freelance writer, writing about working districts in the city. These experiences, she later said, "gave me more of a notion of what was going on in the city and what business was like, what work was like." Her first job was for a trade magazine, as a secretary, then an editor. She sold articles to the Sunday Herald Tribune, Cue magazine, and Vogue. She studied at Columbia University's School of General Studies for two years, taking courses in geology, zoology, law, political science, and economics. About the freedom to pursue study across her wide-ranging interests, she said:

For the first time I liked school and for the first time I made good marks.This was almost my undoing because after I had garnered, statistically, a certain number of credits I became the property of Barnard College at Columbia, and once I was the property of Barnard I had to take, it seemed, what Barnard wanted me to take, not what I wanted to learn. Fortunately my high-school marks had been so bad that Barnard decided I could not belong to it and I was therefore allowed to continue getting an education. Career
After attending Columbia University's School of General Studies for two years, Butzner found a job at Iron Age magazine. Her 1943 article on economic decline in Scranton was well publicized and led the Murray Corporation of America to locate a warplane factory there. Encouraged by this success, Butzner petitioned the

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 War Production Board to support more operations in Scranton. Experiencing job discrimination at Iron Age, she also advocated for equal pay for women and for the right of workers to unionize. Amerika
She became a feature writer for the Office of War Information and then a reporter for Amerika, a publication of the U.S. State Department in the Russian language.While working there she met Robert Hyde <mask>., a Columbia-educated architect who was designing warplanes for Grumman. They married in 1944. Together they had a daughter, Burgin, and two sons, James and Ned. They bought a three-story building at 555 Hudson Street. <mask> continued to write for Amerika after the war, while Robert left Grumman and resumed work as an architect. The <mask>es rejected the rapidly growing suburbs as "parasitic", choosing to remain in Greenwich Village. They renovated their house, in the middle of a mixed residential and commercial area, and created a garden in the backyard.Working for the State Department during the McCarthy era, <mask> received a questionnaire about her political beliefs and loyalties. <mask> was anti-communist and had left the Federal Workers Union because of its apparent communist sympathies. Nevertheless, she was pro-union and purportedly appreciated the writing of Saul Alinsky; therefore she was under suspicion. On 25 March 1952, <mask> delivered her response to Conrad E. Snow, chairman of the Loyalty Security Board at the United States Department of State. In her foreword to her answer, she said:

The other threat to the security of our tradition, I believe, lies at home. It is the current fear of radical ideas and of people who propound them. I do not agree with the extremists of either the left or the right, but I think they should be allowed to speak and to publish,

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 both because they themselves have, and ought to have, rights, and once their rights are gone, the rights of the rest of us are hardly safe...Architectural Forum
<mask> left Amerika in 1952 when it announced its relocation to Washington, D.C. She then found a well-paying job at Architectural Forum, published by Henry Luce of Time Inc. She was hired as an associate editor. After early success in that position, <mask> began to take assignments on urban planning and "urban blight". In 1954, she was assigned to cover a development in Philadelphia designed by Edmund Bacon. Although her editors expected a positive story, <mask> criticized Bacon's project, reacting against its lack of concern for the poor African Americans who were directly affected. When Bacon showed <mask> examples of undeveloped and developed blocks, she determined that "development" seemed to end community life on the street. When <mask> returned to the offices of Architectural Forum, she began to question the 1950s consensus on urban planning. In 1955, <mask> met William Kirk, an Episcopal minister who worked in East Harlem.Kirk came to the Architectural Forum offices to describe the impact that "revitalization" had on East Harlem, and he introduced <mask> to the neighborhood. In 1956, while standing in for Douglas Haskell of Architectural Forum, <mask> delivered a lecture at Harvard University. She addressed leading architects, urban planners, and intellectuals (including Lewis Mumford), speaking on the topic of East Harlem. She urged this audience to "respect – in the deepest sense – strips of chaos that have a weird wisdom of their own not yet encompassed in our concept of urban order." Contrary to her expectations, the talk was received with enthusiasm, but it also marked her as a threat to established

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 urban planners, real estate owners, and developers. Architectural Forum printed the speech that year, along with photographs of East Harlem. Rockefeller Foundation and Death and Life of Great American Cities
After reading her Harvard speech, William H. Whyte invited <mask> to write an article for Fortune magazine.The resulting piece, "Downtown Is for People", appeared in a 1958 issue of Fortune, and marked her first public criticism of Robert Moses. Her criticism of the Lincoln Center was not popular with supporters of urban renewal at Architectural Forum and Fortune. C.D. Jackson, the publisher of Fortune, was outraged and over the telephone, demanded of Whyte: "Who is this crazy dame?" The Fortune article brought <mask> to the attention of Chadbourne Gilpatric, then associate director of the Humanities Division at the Rockefeller Foundation. The foundation had moved aggressively into urban topics, with a recent award to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for studies of urban aesthetics that would culminate in the publication of Kevin A. Lynch's Image of the City. In May 1958, Gilpatric invited <mask> to begin serving as a reviewer for grant proposals.Later that year, the Rockefeller Foundation awarded a grant to <mask> to produce a critical study of city planning and urban life in the U.S. (From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, the foundation's Humanities Division sponsored an "Urban Design Studies" research program, of which <mask> was the best known grantee.) Gilpatric encouraged <mask> to "explor[e] the field of urban design to look for ideas and actions which may improve thinking on how the design of cities might better serve urban life, including cultural and humane value." Affiliating with The New School (then called The New School for Social Research), she

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 spent three years conducting research and writing drafts. In 1961, Random House published the result: The Death and Life of Great American Cities.The Death and Life of Great American Cities remains one of the most influential books in the history of American city planning. She coined the terms "social capital", "mixed primary uses", and "eyes on the street", which were adopted professionally in urban design, sociology, and many other fields. <mask> painted a devastating picture of the profession of city planning, labeling it a pseudoscience. This angered the male-dominated urban planning profession.<mask> was criticized with ad hominem attacks, being called a "militant dame" and a "housewife": an amateur who had no right to interfere with an established discipline. One planner dismissed <mask>'s book as "bitter coffee-house rambling". Robert Moses, sent a copy, called it "intemperate and also libelous... Sell this junk to someone else." Later, her book was criticized from the left for leaving out race and openly endorsing gentrification, which <mask> referred to as "unslumming". In 1962, she resigned her position at Architectural Forum to become a full-time author and concentrate on raising her children. In other political activities she became an opponent of the Vietnam War, marched on the Pentagon in October 1967, and criticized the construction of the World Trade Center as a disaster for Manhattan's waterfront. Struggle for Greenwich Village
During the 1950s and 1960s, her home neighborhood of Greenwich Village was being transformed by city and state efforts to build housing (see, for example, <mask>'s 1961 fight to build the West Village Houses in lieu of large apartment houses), private developers, the expansion of New York University, and by the urban renewal plans of

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texts: Robert Moses.Moses' plan, funded as "slum clearance" by Title I of the Housing Act of 1949, also called for several blocks to be razed and replaced with upscale high-rises. The plan forced 132 families out of their homes and displaced 1,000 small businesses—the result was Washington Square Village. As part of his efforts to revitalize the area, Moses had proposed the extension of Fifth Avenue through Washington Square Park in 1935. In the face of community opposition, Moses had shelved the project, but revived the idea in the 1950s. Moses argued that the Fifth Avenue extension would improve the flow of traffic through the neighborhood and provide access to the planned Lower Manhattan Expressway (LOMEX), which would connect the Manhattan Bridge and Williamsburg Bridge with the Holland Tunnel. In response, local activist Shirley Hayes created the "Committee to Save Washington Square Park", a coalition of dozens of local neighborhood groups that opposed the roadway extension. Raymond S. Rubinow eventually took over the organization, changing its name to the "Joint Emergency Committee to Close Washington Square to Traffic".<mask> had joined the committee under Hayes, but she took a more prominent role under Rubinow, reaching out to media outlets such as The Village Voice, which provided more sympathetic coverage than The New York Times. The committee gained the support of Margaret Mead, Eleanor Roosevelt, Lewis Mumford, Charles Abrams, and William H. Whyte, as well as Carmine De Sapio, a Greenwich Village resident and influential Democratic leader. De Sapio's involvement proved decisive. On 25 June 1958, the city closed Washington Square Park to traffic, and the joint committee held a ribbon tying (not cutting) ceremony. Plans for LOMEX expressway continued despite growing


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 community opposition in areas such as Little Italy. In the 1960s, <mask> chaired the Joint Committee to Stop the Lower Manhattan Expressway. The New York Times was sympathetic to Moses, while The Village Voice covered community rallies and advocated against the expressway.<mask> continued to fight the expressway when plans resurfaced in 1962, 1965, and 1968, and she became a local hero for her opposition to the project. She was arrested by a plainclothes police officer on April 10, 1968, at a public hearing during which the crowd had charged the stage and destroyed the stenographer's notes. She was accused of inciting a riot, criminal mischief, and obstructing public administration. After months of trials conducted in New York City (to which <mask> commuted from Toronto), her charge was reduced to disorderly conduct.New York: A Documentary Film devoted an hour of the eight-part, seventeen-and-a-half-hour series to the battle between Moses and <mask>. Robert Caro's biography of Moses, The Power Broker, gives only passing mention to this event, however, despite <mask>'s strong influence on Caro. In 2017, Caro told an interviewer about the difficulty in cutting more than 300,000 words from his initial manuscript: "The section that I wrote on <mask> disappeared. To this day, when someone says: 'There's hardly a mention of <mask>,' I think, 'But I wrote a lot about her.'Every time I'm asked about that, I have this sick feeling." Life in Toronto

Soon after her arrest in 1968, <mask> moved to Toronto, eventually settling at 69 Albany Avenue in The Annex from 1971 until her death in 2006. She decided to leave the U.S. in part because she opposed the Vietnam War, she worried about the fate of her two draft-age sons, and she did not want to continue fighting the New York City

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texts: government. She and her husband chose Toronto because it was pleasant and offered employment opportunities, and they moved to an area of Toronto that included so many Americans avoiding the draft that it was called the "American ghetto". She quickly became a leading figure in her new city and helped stop the proposed Spadina Expressway. A frequent theme of her work was to ask whether cities were being built for people or for cars. She was arrested twice during demonstrations.She also had considerable influence on the regeneration of the St. Lawrence neighborhood, a housing project regarded as a major success. She became a Canadian citizen in 1974 and later, she told writer James Howard Kunstler that dual citizenship was not possible at the time, implying that her U.S. citizenship was lost. In 1980, she offered a more urban perspective on Quebec's sovereignty in her book, The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Separation. <mask> was an advocate of a Province of Toronto to separate the city proper from Ontario. <mask> said, "Cities, to thrive in the twenty-first century, must separate themselves politically from their surrounding areas." She was selected to be an officer of the Order of Canada in 1996 for her seminal writings and thought-provoking commentaries on urban development. The community and urban sociology section of the American Sociological Association awarded her its Outstanding Lifetime Contribution award in 2002.In 1997, the city government of Toronto sponsored a conference entitled, "<mask> Jacobs: Ideas That Matter", which led to a book by the same name. At the end of the conference, the <mask> Jacobs Prize was created. It includes an annual stipend of $5,000 for three years to be given to "celebrate Toronto's original, unsung heroes – by

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texts: seeking out citizens who are engaged in activities that contribute to the city's vitality". <mask> never shied away from expressing her political support for specific candidates. She opposed the 1997 amalgamation of the cities of Metro Toronto, fearing that individual neighborhoods would have less power with the new structure. She backed an ecologist, Tooker Gomberg, who lost Toronto's 2000 mayoralty race, and she was an adviser to David Miller's successful mayoral campaign in 2003, at a time when he was seen as a longshot. During the mayoral campaign, <mask> helped lobby against the construction of a bridge to join the city waterfront to Toronto City Centre Airport (TCCA).Following the election, the Toronto city council's earlier decision to approve the bridge was reversed and bridge construction project was stopped. TCCA did upgrade the ferry service and the airport was still in operation as of 2019. In lieu of the bridge, a pedestrian tunnel broke ground in March 2012. The tunnel opened on 30 July 2015. <mask> also was active in a campaign against a plan of Royal St. George's College (an established school very close to the <mask> residence in Toronto's Annex district) to reconfigure its facilities. <mask> suggested not only that the redesign be stopped but that the school be forced from the neighborhood entirely. Although Toronto council initially rejected the school's plans, the decision later was reversed – and the project was given the go-ahead by the Ontario Municipal Board (OMB) when opponents failed to produce credible witnesses and tried to withdraw from the case during the hearing.She also had an influence on Vancouver's urban planning. <mask> has been called "the mother of Vancouverism", referring to that city's use of her "density done well" philosophy. <mask>

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 died in Toronto Western Hospital aged 89, on 25 April 2006, apparently of a stroke. She was survived by a brother, James Butzner (d. 2009); a daughter, Burgin <mask>, her sons, James and Ned of Vancouver, and by two grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. Upon her death her family's statement noted: "What's important is not that she died but that she lived, and that her life's work has greatly influenced the way we think. Please remember her by reading her books and implementing her ideas". Legacy
<mask> is credited, along with Lewis Mumford, with inspiring the New Urbanist movement.She has been characterized as a major influence on decentralist and radical centrist thought. She discussed her legacy in an interview with Reason magazine. While <mask> saw her greatest legacy to be her contributions to economic theory, it is in the realm of urban planning that she has had her most extensive effect. Her observations about the ways in which cities function revolutionized the urban planning profession and discredited many accepted planning models that had dominated mid-century planning. The influential Harvard Economist Edward Glaeser, known for his work on urban studies, acknowledged  that <mask> (1960s) had been prescient in attacking Moses for "replacing well-functioning neighborhoods with Le Corbusier-inspired towers". Glaeser agreed that these housing projects proved to be Moses' greatest failures, "Moses spent millions and evicted tens of thousands to create buildings that became centers of crime, poverty, and despair." She also was famous for introducing concepts such as the "Ballet of the Sidewalk" and "Eyes on the Street", a reference to what would later be known as natural surveillance.The concept had a huge influence on planners and architects such as Oscar Newman,

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texts: who prepared the idea through a series of studies that would culminate in his defensible space theory. The work of <mask> and Newman would go on to affect American housing policy through the HOPE VI Program, an effort by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development to demolish the high-rise public housing projects so reviled by <mask> and to replace them with low-rise, mixed-income housing. Throughout her life, <mask> fought to alter the way in which city development was approached. By arguing that cities were living beings and ecosystems, she advocated ideas such as "mixed use" development and bottom-up planning. Furthermore, her harsh criticisms of "slum clearing" and "high-rise housing" projects were instrumental in discrediting these once universally supported planning practices. <mask> is remembered as being an advocate for the mindful development of cities, and for leaving "a legacy of empowerment for citizens to trust their common sense and become advocates for their place". Despite the fact that <mask> mainly focused on New York City, her arguments have been identified as universal.For instance, her opposition against the demolition of urban neighborhoods for projects of urban renewal had "special resonance" in Melbourne, Australia. In Melbourne in the 1960s, resident associations fought against large-scale high-rise housing projects of the Housing Commission of Victoria, which they argued had little regard for the impact on local communities. <mask> fought an uphill battle against dominant trends of planning. Despite the United States remaining very much a suburban nation, the work of <mask> has contributed to city living being rehabilitated and revitalized. Because of her ideas, today, many distressed urban neighborhoods are more likely to be


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 gentrified than cleared for redevelopment. Samuel R. Delany's book Times Square Red, Times Square Blue relies heavily on The Death and Life of Great American Cities in its analysis of the nature of social relations within the realm of urban studies. <mask> Days
After the death of <mask> in April 2006, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced a Jane Jacobs Day, held on June 28, 2006.The City of Toronto proclaimed her birthday the following year, May 4, 2007, as Jane Jacobs Day. Jane's Walks

In connection with Jane Jacobs Day in Toronto, two dozen free neighborhood walks in the city were offered that weekend (5 May 2007) as an active memorial to <mask>, and they were dubbed Jane's Walks. Later, a Jane's Walk event was held in New York on September 29–30, 2007. In 2008, the event spread to eight cities and towns throughout Canada, and by 2016, Jane's Walks were taking place in 212 cities in 36 countries, on six continents. The interpretive walks typically apply ideas <mask> identified or espoused to local areas, which are explored on foot and sometimes by bicycle. The walks normally take place in early May, on or close to her May 4 birth anniversary. Walks are organized and led by local volunteers, coordinated by a headquarters office in Toronto.There are more than 200 walks offered in Toronto, alone, in 2016, taking place on May 6, 7, and 8. Exhibitions
In 2016, to mark the hundredth birth anniversary of <mask>, a Toronto gallery staged "Jane at Home", an exhibition running from April 29-May 8. Curated by <mask>'s son, <mask>, it offered glimpses of her home life, where she also worked. Her Toronto living room was represented, based on the one at her Albany Avenue house in The Annex, where she often spoke with noted thinkers and political leaders including Marshall

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 McLuhan, Paul Martin, and the Queen of the Netherlands. On display were her typewriter, original manuscripts, rediscovered photographs demonstrating her distinctive styles, and personal mementos. The exhibit included furniture from previous homes in New York (her dining room is set up) and from Scranton, Pennsylvania.<mask> at Home , Urbanspace Gallery, Toronto, 2016

In 2007, the Municipal Art Society of New York partnered with the Rockefeller Foundation to host an exhibit focusing on "<mask> Jacobs and the Future of New York," which opened at the society in September that year. The exhibit aimed to educate the public on her writings and activism and used tools to encourage new generations to become active in issues involving their own neighborhoods.An accompanying exhibit publication included essays and articles by such architecture critics, artists, activists, and journalists as Malcolm Gladwell, Reverend Billy, Robert Neuwirth, Tom Wolfe, Thomas de Monchaux, and William McDonough. Many of these contributors participated in a series of panel discussions on "Jane Jacobs and the Future of New York". Jane Jacobs Medal
As a tribute to <mask>, the Rockefeller Foundation, which had awarded grants to <mask> in the 1950s and 1960s, announced on February 9, 2007, the creation of the Jane Jacobs Medal, "to recognize individuals who have made a significant contribution to thinking about urban design, specifically in New York City". Recipients include:
 Barry Benepe, co-founder of the New York City Green Market program and a founding member of Transportation Alternatives, was awarded with the inaugural Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership and a $100,000 cash prize in September 2007. The inaugural Jane Jacobs Medal for New Ideas and Activism was awarded to Omar Freilla, the

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texts: founder of Green Worker Cooperatives in the South Bronx; Mr. Freilla donated his $100,000 to his organization. Peggy Shepard, executive director of West Harlem Environmental Action, received the 2008 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership and Alexie Torres-Fleming, founder of Youth Ministries for Peace and Justice, received the award for New Ideas and Activism. Both women received their medals and $100,000 awards at a dinner ceremony in September 2008 in New York City.Damaris Reyes, executive director of Good Old Lower East Side (GOLES), received the 2009 Jane Jacobs Medal for New Ideas and Activism. Richard Kahan, as founder and CEO of the Urban Assembly, which created and manages 22 secondary public schools located in many of the lowest income neighborhoods in New York City, received the 2009 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership. Both received $100,000, in addition to the medal. The 2010 recipients were Joshua David and Robert Hammond, whose work in establishing the High Line Park atop an unused elevated railroad line, led the foundation to award the 2010 Jane Jacobs Medal for New Ideas and Activism, along with $60,000 to each man. The 2010 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership was given to Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, for her longtime work as writer, park administrator, and co-founder of Central Park Conservancy. She received $80,000 as well. The Canadian Urban Institute offers an award to honor her, the <mask> Lifetime Achievement Award, to recognize a person "who has had significant impact on the health of their region consistent with <mask>'s belief that successful cities foster a place-based, community-centered approach."The 2011 winner was Eberhard Zeidler, while his daughter, Margie Zeidler, won the 2015 award. In 2012, Anne Golden took the prize "for her

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 long-standing leadership in public policy, her academic work and her varied leadership experience in business, not-for-profit and government sectors." William (Bill) Teron accepted the 2013 award "for his influential career in public policy and passionate advocacy for quality design and commitment to development in the Ottawa area." In 2014, Jack Diamond was recognized for his "contribution to improving the built form and advocacy for cities and the future of the Greater Toronto Area." In April 2014, Spacing was appointed the stewards of the Jane Jacobs Prize. Spacing, winners of the prize in 2010, has continued to provide the award with a new life and new ways of promoting (and finding) the winners. Other honors
 Jane Jacobs Way, West Village, New York City (Hudson Street and Eleventh Street, New York, New York)
 Jane Jacobs Park, 11 Wellesley Street West, Toronto (construction began in 2016)
 <mask> sculptural chairs, Victoria Memorial Square (St. John's Square), Toronto
 Jane Jacobs Toronto Legacy Plaque, 69 Albany Avenue, Toronto
 Jacobs' Ladder, rose bushes dedicated by Grassroots Albany (neighbors) in 1997, Toronto
 Jane Jacobs Street, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina
 Jane <mask> Street (Village of Cheshire) Black Mountain, North Carolina
 a Google Doodle marked the 100th anniversary of <mask>'s birth, on May 4, 2016, and was featured on Google's homepage in 15 countries on four continents
 a conference room at the offices of the New Economics Foundation in London is named in honor of <mask>

<mask> received the second Vincent Scully Prize from the National Building Museum in 2000.<mask> is the subject of the 2017 documentary film Citizen Jane: Battle for the City, which depicts her victories over Robert Moses and her philosophy of urban design. In popular culture
 A

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 fictionalized version of her is played by Alison Smith in a season 1 episode of the Amazon series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel. The community organizer played by Cherry Jones in Motherless Brooklyn has drawn comparisons to <mask>. The director, Edward Norton, has clarified that the composite character was partially based on <mask>, but more so on Hortense Gabel who was active a decade earlier. The URL of the Facebook group New Urbanist Memes for Transit-Oriented Teens (NUMTOT) is whatwouldjanejacobsdo. Criticism
The planners and developers she fought against to preserve the West Village were among those who initially criticized her ideas. Robert Moses has generally been identified as her arch-rival during this period.Since then, <mask>'s ideas have been analysed many times, often in regard to the outcomes that their influences have produced.Glaeser, Edward L. (2010) Taller Buildings, Cheaper Homes. The New York Times, 4 May 2010 6:02 amOuroussoff, Nicolai (2006) Outgrowing <mask>, Lev (2016) <mask>'s Tunnel Vision Why our cities need less <mask>. Literary Review of Canada, October 2016

In places such as the West Village, the factors that she argued would maintain economic and cultural diversity have led instead to gentrification and some of the most expensive real estate in the world. Her family's conversion of an old candy shop into a home is an example of the gentrifying trend that would continue under the influence of <mask>'s ideas. Gentrification also was caused, however, by "the completely unexpected influx of affluent residents back into the inner city". The extent to which her ideas facilitated this phenomenon was at the time unimaginable.For example, she advocated the preservation of older buildings specifically because their lack of economic value made them

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 affordable for poor people. In this respect, she saw them as "guarantors of social diversity". That many of these older structures have increased in economic value solely due to their age was implausible in 1961. Issues of gentrification have dominated criticism of <mask>'s planning ideas. Economist Tyler Cowen has criticized her ideas for not addressing problems of scale or infrastructure, and suggests that economists disagree with some of her approaches to development. For example, although her ideas of planning were praised at times as "universal", they are now thought inapplicable when a city grows from one million to ten million (as has happened many times in developing nations). Such arguments suggest that her ideas apply only to cities with similar issues to those of New York, where <mask> developed many of them.Works
<mask> spent her life studying cities. Her books include:

 The Death and Life of Great American Cities The Death and Life of Great American Cities is her single-most influential book and, possibly, the most influential book on urban planning and cities. Published in 1961, this book was widely read by both planning professionals and the general public. The book is a strong critique of the urban renewal policies of the 1950s, which, she claimed, destroyed communities and created isolated, unnatural urban spaces. In the book, she celebrates the diversity and complexity of old-mixed use neighborhoods while lamenting the monotony and sterility of modern planning. <mask> advocated the abolition of zoning laws and restoration of free markets in land, which would result in dense, mixed-use neighborhoods and she frequently cited New York City's Greenwich Village as an example of a vibrant urban community. Robert Caro has cited it as the strongest influence on

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 The Power Broker, his Pulitzer-winning biography of Robert Moses, although Caro does not mention <mask> by name in the book despite <mask>'s battles with Moses over his proposed Lower Manhattan Expressway.Caro reportedly cut a chapter about <mask> due to his book's length. Beyond the practical lessons in city design and planning that Death and Life offers, the theoretical underpinnings of the work challenge the modern development mindset. <mask> defends her positions with common sense and anecdotes. The Economy of Cities
The thesis of this book is that cities are the primary drivers of economic development. Her main argument is that explosive economic growth derives from urban import replacement. Import replacement is the process of producing goods locally that formerly were imported, e.g., Tokyo bicycle factories replacing Tokyo bicycle importers in the 1800s. <mask> claims that import replacement builds up local infrastructure, skills, and production.<mask> also claims that the increased production is subsequently exported to other cities, giving those other cities a new opportunity to engage in import replacement, thus producing a positive cycle of growth. In an interview with Bill Steigerwald in Reason Magazine, <mask> said that if she is remembered for being a great intellectual she will be remembered not for her work concerning city planning, but for the discovery of import replacement. Critics erroneously claim that her ideas parrot the idea of import substitution advanced earlier by scholars such as Andre Gunder Frank. Import substitution was a national economic theory implying that if a nation substituted its imports with national production, the nation would become wealthier, whereas Jacob's idea is entirely about cities and could be called urban import

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title: Jane Jacobs

texts: substitution. However, even this would lead to confusion since in practice, import substitution in India and Latin America were government subsidized and mandated, whereas <mask>'s concept of import replacement is a free market process of discovery and division of labor within a city. In the second part of the book, <mask> argues that cities preceded agriculture. She argues that in cities trade in wild animals and grains allowed for the initial division of labor necessary for the discovery of husbandry and agriculture; these discoveries then moved out of the city due to land competition.Another interpretation of history, generally and erroneously considered to be contradictory to <mask>'s is supported by Marxist archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe and in recent times, by another historical materialist Charles Keith Maisels These writers argue that agriculture preceded cities. The apparent opposition between Childe and <mask> theories rests in their definition of 'city', 'civilization', or 'urban'. Childe, like other materialists such as Maisels or Henri Lefebvre defines 'urban' or 'civilization' as Synoecism—as a literate, socially stratified, monolithic political community, whereas, as one can see from The Economy of Cities or from Cities and the Wealth of Nations, <mask> defines the city purely along the lines of geographically dense trade giving way to entrepreneurial discovery and subsequent improvements in the division of labor. Without the requirements of literacy, monumental building, or the signs of specialized civil and armed forces, 'cities' can be accurately be interpreted to exists thousands of years before when Childe and Maisels place them. However, the <mask> definition is supposition, since 'city' is defined simply as a large town or "a large human settlement"


title: Jane Jacobs

texts: indicating permanence. The earliest remains of mankind uncovered by archaeologists do not give us more information other than that they were hunter-gatherers as there is no evidence yet of farming or settlement, implying nomadic lifestyles until further discoveries are found. The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Sovereignty The Question of Separatism incorporated and expanded <mask>'s presentation of the 1979 Massey Lectures, entitled Canadian Cities and Sovereignty-Association.It was published in 1980 and reprinted in 2011 with a previously-unpublished 2005 interview with Robin Philpot on the subject in which she evokes the relative overlooking of that book among her usual readership. This was the first time <mask> was requested to discuss it in an interview. Columnist Richard Gwyn advanced that while not openly criticizing her, English-speaking Canadians readers thought she did not understood how Canadian politics worked and that she was not being helpful in a time of distress for national unity (the 1980 referendum was just defeated by a vote of 60%). The Question of Separatism was also not mentioned in the bibliography of her 2006 obituary in The Globe and Mail. <mask>'s book advances the view that Quebec's eventual independence is best for Montreal, Toronto, the rest of Canada, and the world; and that such independence can be achieved peacefully. As precedent, she cites Norway's secession from Sweden and how it enriched both nations. The origins of the contemporary secessionist-movement in the Quiet Revolution are examined, along with Canada's historical reliance on natural resources and foreign-owned manufacturing for its own economic development.<mask> asserts that such an approach is colonial and hence backward, citing by example, Canada buying its

masks: Jacobs Jacobs Jacobs Jacobs


title: Jane Jacobs

texts: skis and furniture from Norway or Norwegian-owned factories in Canada, the latter procedure being a product of Canadian tariffs designed specifically to foster such factories. The relevant public views of René Lévesque, Claude Ryan, and then Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau are also critically analyzed, an example being their failure to recognize that two respective, independent currencies are essential to the success of an independent Quebec and a smaller resultant Canada, an issue that is central to her book. <mask> stresses the need for Montreal to continue developing its leadership of Québécois culture, but that ultimately, such a need can never be fulfilled by Montreal's increasing tendencies toward regional-city status, tendencies foretelling economic, political, and cultural subservience to English-speaking Toronto. Such an outcome, <mask> believed, would in the long run doom Quebec's independence as much as it would hinder Canada's own future. She concludes with her observation that the popular equating of political secession with political and economic failure is the result of the Enlightenment, which perceived nature as a force for "standardization, uniformity, universality, and immutability." Since then, naturalists and their readers have gradually realized that nature is a force for diversity, and that, "diversity itself is of the essence of excellence." The right kind of secession, <mask> states, can lead to the right kind of diversity, and Quebec and Canada are capable of both, and must achieve both, to survive.Cities and the Wealth of Nations Cities and the Wealth of Nations attempts to do for economics what The Death and Life of Great American Cities did for modern urban planning, although it has not received the same critical attention. Beginning with a concise

masks: Jacobs Jacobs Jacobs


title: Jane Jacobs

texts: treatment of classical economics, this book challenges one of the fundamental assumptions of the greatest economists. Classical (and Neo-classical) economists consider the nation-state to be the main player in macroeconomics. <mask> argues that it is not the nation-state, rather it is the city that is the true player in this worldwide game. She restates the idea of import replacement from her earlier book The Economy of Cities, while speculating on the further ramifications of considering the city first and the nation second, or not at all. Systems of Survival Systems of Survival: A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics moves outside of the city, studying the moral underpinnings of work. As with her other work, she used an observational approach.This book is written as a Platonic dialogue. It appears that she (as described by characters in her book) took newspaper clippings of moral judgments related to work, collected and sorted them to find that they fit two patterns of moral behavior that were mutually exclusive. She calls these two patterns "Moral Syndrome A", or commercial moral syndrome, and "Moral Syndrome B", or guardian moral syndrome. She claims that the commercial moral syndrome is applicable to business owners, scientists, farmers, and traders. Similarly, she claims that the guardian moral syndrome is applicable to government, charities, hunter-gatherers, and religious institutions. She also claims that these Moral Syndromes are fixed, and do not fluctuate over time. It is important to stress that <mask> is providing a theory about the morality of work, and not all moral ideas.Moral ideas that are not included in her system are applicable to both syndromes. <mask> goes on to describe what happens when these two moral syndromes are mixed,

masks:
Jacobs
Jane Jacobs
Jane Jacobs


title: Jane Jacobs

texts: showing the work underpinnings of the Mafia and communism, and what happens when New York subway police are paid bonuses here – reinterpreted slightly as a part of the larger analysis. The Nature of Economies The Nature of Economies, a dialog between friends concerning the premise: "human beings exist wholly within nature as part of the natural order in every respect" (p. ix), argues that the same principles underlie both ecosystems and economies: "development and co-development through differentiation and their combinations; expansion through diverse, multiple uses of energy; and self-maintenance through self-refueling" (p. 82). <mask> also comments on the nature of economic and biological diversity and its role in the development and growth of the two kinds of systems. <mask>'s characters discuss the four methods by which "dynamically stable systems" may evade collapse: "bifurcations; positive-feedback loops; negative-feedback controls; and emergency adaptations" (p. 86). Their conversations also cover the "double nature of fitness for survival" (traits to avoid destroying one's own habitat as well as success in competition to feed and breed, p. 119), and unpredictability including the butterfly effect characterized in terms of multiplicity of variables as well as disproportional response to cause, and self-organization where "a system can be making itself up as it goes along" (p. 137). The book is infused with many real-world economic and biological examples, which help keep the book "down to earth" and comprehensible, if dense.Concepts are furnished with both economic and biological examples, showing their coherence in both worlds. One particularly interesting insight is the creation of "something from nothing" – an economy from nowhere. In the biological world, free

masks: Jacobs Jacobs


title: Jane Jacobs

texts:
 energy is given through sunlight, but in the economic world human creativity and natural resources supply this free energy, or at least starter energy. Another interesting insight is the creation of economic diversity through the combination of different technologies, for example the typewriter and television as inputs and outputs of a computer system: this can lead to the creation of "new species of work". Dark Age Ahead

Published in 2004 by Random House, Dark Age Ahead posits <mask>'s argument that "North American" civilization shows signs of a spiral decline comparable to the collapse of the Roman empire. Her discussion focuses on "five pillars of our culture that we depend on to stand firm", which can be summarized as the nuclear family and community; quality in education; free thought in science; representational government and responsible taxes; and corporate and professional accountability. As the title of this book suggests, <mask>'s outlook is far more pessimistic than that of her previous works.However, in the conclusion she admits: "At a given time it is hard to tell whether forces of cultural life or death are in the ascendancy. Is suburban sprawl, with its murders of communities and wastes of land, time, and energy, a sign of decay? Or is rising interest in means of overcoming sprawl a sign of vigor and adaptability in North American culture? Arguably, either could turn out to be true." While <mask> idealized U.S. democracy, Dark Age Ahead echoes the skepticism and disappointment that led to her emigration to Canada in 1968. Later, she would indicate that North American cultures, among others, were grounded in a "plantation mentality" that was culturally and ecologically unsustainable. Orthodox urbanism
<mask> asserts in her work, The Death and Life of Great


title: Jane Jacobs

texts:
 American Cities, that the sources of orthodox urbanism are:
 Garden Cities of Tomorrow, Ebenezer Howard
 The Culture of Cities, Lewis Mumford
 Cities in Evolution, Sir Patrick Geddes
 Modern Housing, Catherine Bauer
 Toward New Towns for America, Clarence Stein
 Nothing Gained by Overcrowding, Sir Raymond Unwin
 The City of Tomorrow and Its Planning, Le Corbusier

 Writings
 Constitutional chaff; rejected suggestions of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, with explanatory argument Compiled by <mask>ner, (1941) Columbia University Press; Compiled by <mask> (Née Butzner), Reprinted 1970 by Kennikat Press, Port Washington, New York.The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961) New York: Random House. The Economy of Cities (1969)
 The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Sovereignty (1980 Random House and 2011 Baraka Books)
 Cities and the Wealth of Nations (1985)
 The Girl on the Hat (Children's Book Illustrated by Karen Reczuch), (June 1990) Oxford University Press. Systems of Survival: A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics (1992)
 A Schoolteacher in Old Alaska – The Story of Hannah Breece (1995) Random House of Canada. The Nature of Economies (2000) New York: Random House, The Modern Library. Dark Age Ahead (2004)
 Vital Little Plans: The Short Works of <mask>'' (2016) New York: Random House. See also
 David Crombie
 Fred Gardiner
 Innovation Economics
 Urban secession
 Urban vitality

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 <mask>'s Order of Canada Citation
 <mask>'s Papers at John J. Burns Library, Boston College
 Jane Jacobs Oral History, 1997  Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation

 <mask>'s Legacy, City Journal online, July 31, 2009

1916 births
2006 deaths
American architecture

masks:
Jane Butz
Jane Jacobs
Jane Jacobs
Jane Jacobs
Jane Jacobs
Jane Jacobs


title: James Brian Tait

texts:
Group Captain <mask>Willie" <mask>,  (9 December 1916 – 31 August 2007) was an officer in the Royal Air Force during and after the Second World War. He conducted 101 bombing missions during the war, including the one that finally sank the German battleship Tirpitz in 1944. He succeeded Leonard Cheshire as commander of the famous 617 Squadron and with six gallantry decorations to his name, remains one of the most distinguished airmen in the history of the nations of the British Commonwealth. Early career
<mask> was born in Manchester and educated at Wellingborough School. After visiting a Schneider Trophy event in 1928, he decided to join the RAF. He graduated from the RAF College Cranwell and was commissioned as a pilot officer in the RAF on 1 August 1936 and joined No. 51 Squadron RAF, flying Whitley bombers.He was promoted to flying officer on 1 February 1938. Second World War
Tait was active on bombing operations with 51 Squadron in 1940, including several long-distance raids on Berlin and the first British air raid on Italy, crossing the Alps to bomb Turin, and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC). He was promoted to flight lieutenant on 1 February 1940. By the end of the year, he was commanding 51 Squadron. On 10 February 1941, he led the aircraft involved in Operation Colossus flying from Malta to drop paratroops in southern Italy. For this mission, he was awarded the DSO. He was given a temporary promotion to squadron leader on 1 March 1941, which was later made substantive with the same seniority.After Colossus, Tait joined 35 Squadron, the first squadron to be

masks:
James Brian "
Tait
Tait


title: James Brian Tait

texts: equipped with Handley Page Halifaxes. He was awarded the first bar to his DSO for his exploits in leading a daylight raid on Kiel on 30 June 1941. He was mentioned in despatches in September 1941. Tait was rested from operations and posted to a training unit, but managed nevertheless to fly on the three "Thousand Bomber Raids" in early 1942. In mid-1942, <mask> was appointed to command No. 78 Squadron RAF and was mentioned in despatches during his period in command. He was made a temporary wing commander on 1 June 1942.In March 1944, he became base operations commander at RAF Waddington where he continued to fly missions with RAAF Lancaster crews despite holding a non-flying job. He was given a substantive promotion to wing commander on 1 March 1944. He returned to operational duties in May 1944, becoming Master Bomber of 5 Group. His service in this role resulted in his being awarded a second bar to his DSO. He succeeded Leonard Cheshire as commander of No. 617 Squadron RAF in July 1944. 617 Squadron, the famous "Dambusters" squadron, specialised in low-level target marking and precision attacks.Under his command, the squadron bombed a series of V-1 storage sites and V-2 launching sites using Barnes Wallis's "Tallboy" 12,000 lb earthquake bomb. <mask> was awarded a bar to his DFC for pressing home a low-level attack in a daylight raid on the Kembs Barrage in Alsace against fierce defensive fire despite having a damaged aircraft. On 15 September 1944, <mask> led a force of 37 Avro Lancaster bombers of 617 Squadron and 9 Squadron on Operation Paravane. Flying from an airfield at

masks: Tait Tait Tait


title: James Brian Tait

texts:
 Yagodnik, near Arkhangelsk on the Kola Peninsula in northern Russia, they attacked the German battleship Tirpitz, in the Kaa Fjord. Despite smoke obscuring the target, the Tirpitz was so severely damaged the German High Command decided the ship could not be restored to seaworthiness. Tirpitz was therefore moved to Tromsø so its armament could be used as defensive artillery against an anticipated Allied invasion. The Germans were able to keep the ship's lack of seaworthiness a secret and so its destruction remained a high priority.<mask> led his force in a second attack on 28 October named Operation Obviate, this time from RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland (the ship's move having brought her within range). This raid was unsuccessful because of the heavy cloud obscuring the target shortly before the bombers arrived. On 12 November, <mask> led his force against the Tirpitz for a third and final raid, Operation Catechism. The Luftwaffe failed to intercept the British bombers, and three direct hits by "Tallboy" bombs left the ship capsized west of Tromsø, in the bay of Håkøybotn. In mid-December 1944, <mask>, having completed 101 missions, was grounded and assigned to train Canadian bomber crews. Like his predecessor at No. 617 Squadron, he was recommended for the Victoria Cross for his "sustained gallantry" over almost five years of operations.However, unlike Cheshire, he was awarded the third bar to his DSO. The citation for this award, published in a supplement to the London Gazette in January 1945, reads:

Post-war career
Tait remained in the RAF after the war, initially reverting to


title: Rod Laver

texts:
<mask>  (born 9 August 1938) is an Australian former tennis player. <mask> was the World No. 1 ranked professional in some sources in 1964, in all sources from 1965 to 1969 and in some sources in 1970, spanning four years before and three years after the start of the Open Era in 1968. He also was ranked the world No. 1 amateur in 1961 by Lance Tingay and 1962 by Tingay and Ned Potter. <mask>'s 198  singles titles are the most in tennis history. This included his all-time men's record of 10 or more titles per year for seven consecutive years (1964–70).He excelled on all of the court surfaces of his time: grass, clay, hard, carpet, and wood. <mask> won 11 Grand Slam singles titles, though he was banned from playing those tournaments for the five years prior to the Open Era. <mask> is the only player, male or female, to win a Grand Slam (winning all four major titles in the same calendar year) twice in singles, in 1962 and 1969; the latter remains the only time a man has done so in the Open Era. He is second of four male players to win each major title twice (preceded by Roy Emerson and followed by Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal). <mask> also won eight Pro Slam titles, including the "pro Grand Slam" in 1967, and he contributed to five Davis Cup titles for Australia during an age when the Davis Cup was deemed as significant as the four majors. The Laver Cup tournament and the <mask> Arena are named after him. Personal life
<mask> <mask> was born in Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia, on 9 August 1938.He was the third of four children of <mask>, a cattleman and butcher, and his wife Melba Roffey. In 1966, <mask>,

masks:
Rodney George Laver
Laver
Laver
Laver
Laver
Laver
Rod Laver
Rodney George
Laver
Roy Laver
Laver


title: Rod Laver

texts:
 aged 27, married Mary Benson in San Rafael, California. Born Mary Shelby Peterson in Illinois, she was a divorcee with three children. After their wedding ceremony, a group of well-known tennis players in attendance, including Lew Hoad, Ken Rosewall, Roy Emerson, Mal Anderson and Barry MacKay, stood outside the church with raised tennis rackets that formed an archway for the newlyweds to walk under. <mask> and Mary had a son and the family lived at various locations in California including Rancho Mirage, Corona del Mar, a ranch near Santa Barbara and Carlsbad. <mask> died in November 2012 at the age of 84 at their home in Carlsbad. Career

Amateur (1956–62)
<mask> was a teenager when he left school to pursue a tennis career that lasted 24 years.He was coached in Queensland by Charlie Hollis and later by the Australian Davis Cup team captain Harry Hopman, who gave <mask> the nickname "Rocket". <mask> was both Australian and US Junior champion in 1957. He had his breakthrough on the world stage in 1959, when he reached all three finals at Wimbledon, winning the mixed doubles title with Darlene Hard. As an unseeded player, he lost the singles final to Peruvian Alex Olmedo after surviving an 87-game semifinal against American Barry MacKay. His first major singles title was the Australian Championships in 1960, where he defeated fellow Australian Neale Fraser in a five-set final after coming back from two sets down and saving a Fraser championship point in the fourth set. <mask> captured his first Wimbledon singles crown in 1961 beating Chuck McKinley in straight sets in the final, which lasted just 53 minutes (one

masks:
Laver
Mary Laver
Laver
Laver
Laver
Laver


title: Rod Laver

texts: of the shortest men's singles Wimbledon finals on record). <mask> was ranked the world No.1 amateur in 1961 by Lance Tingay. In 1962, <mask> became the first male player since Don Budge in 1938 to win all four Grand Slam singles titles in the same year. He won an additional 18 titles, for a season total of 22. Among those titles were the Italian Championships and the German Championships, giving <mask> the "clay court triple" of Paris, Rome, and Hamburg that had been achieved previously only by Lew Hoad in 1956. At the Australian championships, <mask> beat Roy Emerson in the final. The biggest hurdle to <mask>'s winning the Grand Slam was the French Championships on slow clay, where <mask> won three consecutive five-setters beginning with the quarterfinals. In his quarterfinal with Martin Mulligan, <mask> saved a matchpoint in the fourth set with a backhand volley after coming to the net behind a second serve.In the final, <mask> lost the first two sets and was down 0–3 in the fourth set before coming back to defeat Emerson. At Wimbledon, his progress was much easier. <mask> lost only one set the whole tournament, to Manuel Santana in a quarterfinal, who held a set point for a two set lead. In the final, <mask> beat Mulligan in 52 minutes (a minute shorter than the previous year's final). At the US Championships, <mask> lost only two sets during the tournament and defeated Emerson again in the final. <mask> was ranked world number one amateur for 1962 by Tingay and Ned Potter. In February 1963, he appeared on the panel game show To Tell the Truth, where all four panelists identified him based on his knowledge of

masks: Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver


title: Rod Laver

texts:
 the history of tennis.Professional

Before the Open Era (1963–68)
In December 1962 <mask> turned professional after winning the Davis Cup with the Australian team. After an initial period of adjustment he quickly established himself among the leading professional players such as Ken Rosewall, Lew Hoad and Andrés Gimeno, and also Pancho Gonzales when Gonzales returned to a full-time schedule in 1964. During the next seven years, <mask> won the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships five times, including four in a row beginning in 1966. In the beginning of 1963, <mask> was beaten consistently by both Rosewall and Hoad on an Australasian tour. Hoad won the first eight matches against <mask>, and Rosewall won 11 out of 13. However, <mask> won the best-of-five set matches against Rosewall at Kooyong Stadium and at Adelaide's Memorial Stadium.By the end of the year, with six tournament titles, <mask> had become the No. 2 professional player behind Rosewall. In the first phase of the World Series tour, <mask> finished second, with a 25–16 record. The top two players Rosewall and <mask> then played a series of matches against each other to determine the champion. Rosewall won 14–4. Laver's gross earnings for 1963 were first among the pro players. In 1964, <mask> and Rosewall both won seven important titles (in minor tournaments <mask> won four and Rosewall won three), but <mask> won 17 of 24 matches against Rosewall and captured the two most prestigious titles, the US Pro Championships over Gonzales and the Wembley Championships over Rosewall.In Tennis Week, Raymond Lee described the Wembley match, where <mask> came from 5–3


title: Rod Laver

texts:
 down in the fifth set to win 8–6, as possibly their best ever and one that changed tennis history. Lee regards this win as the one that began and established <mask>'s long reign as world number one. The other prestige title, the French pro, was won by Rosewall. Rosewall finished top of the official points table in 1964 and after winning at Wembley, <mask> said "I’ve still plenty of ambitions left and would like to be the world's No. 1. Despite this win, I am not there yet – Ken is." In 1965, <mask> was clearly the No.1 professional player, winning 17 titles and 13 of 18 matches against Rosewall. In ten finals, <mask> won eight against the still dangerous Gonzales. <mask> won the Wembley Pro, beating Gimeno in the final. In 1966, <mask> won 16 events, including the US Pro Championships (beating Rosewall in a five-set final), the Wembley Pro Championship (beating Rosewall easily in the final), and eight other important tournaments. In 1967, <mask> won 19 titles, including the Wimbledon Pro (beating Rosewall in straight sets in the final), the US Pro Championships (beating Gimeno in the final), the Wembley Pro Championships (beating Rosewall in the final), and the French Pro Championship (beating Gimeno in the final), which gave him a clean sweep of the four most important professional titles, a professional Grand Slam. The Wimbledon Pro tournament in 1967 was the only professional event ever staged on Wimbledon's Centre Court before the Open Era began. During the Open Era (1968–76)
With the dawn of the Open Era in 1968, professional players were once again allowed to compete in Grand Slam events.<mask> became

masks: Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver


title: Rod Laver

texts: Wimbledon's first Open Era champion in 1968, beating the best amateur, American Arthur Ashe, in a semifinal and fellow-Australian Tony Roche in the final, both in straight sets. <mask> was also the runner-up to Ken Rosewall in the first French Open. In this first "open" year, there were only eight open events besides Wimbledon and the French Open, where professionals, registered players, and amateurs could compete against each other. The professionals mainly played their own circuit, with two groups – National Tennis League (NTL) and World Championships Tennis (WCT) – operating. <mask> was ranked No. 1 universally, winning the US Professional Championships on grass and the French Pro Championship on clay (both over John Newcombe). <mask> also won the last big open event of the year, the Pacific Southwest in Los Angeles on hard courts.Ashe regarded <mask>'s 4–6, 6–0, 6–0 final win over Ken Rosewall as one of his finest performances. <mask>'s post-match comment was, "This is the kind of match you always dream about. The kind you play at night in your sleep." <mask> ranked No. 1 for 1968 by the panel of journalists for the 'Martini and Rossi' Award, by a panel of 15 journalists, by World Tennis, by Lance Tingay, by Rino Tommasi, by Bud Collins and by The Times. In 1969, <mask> won all four Grand Slam tournaments in the same calendar year for the second time, sealing the achievement with a four-set win over Roche in the US Open final. He won 18 of the 32 singles tournaments he entered (still the Open Era titles record) and compiled a 106–16 win-loss record.In beating Newcombe in four sets in the Wimbledon final, he

masks: Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver


title: Rod Laver

texts: captured the title at the All England Club for the fourth consecutive time that he had entered the tournament (and reached the final for the sixth consecutive time as he had been runner-up in 1959 and 1960). He set a record of 31 consecutive match victories at Wimbledon between 1961 and 1970, which lasted until 1980 when it was eclipsed by Björn Borg. Unlike his first Grand Slam year in 1962, <mask> in 1969 played in events open to all the best professional and amateur players of the world. In the year's Grand Slam tournaments, <mask> had five five-set-matches, twice coming back from two sets down in early rounds. In the four finals, however, he lost a total of only two sets. His hardest match was a marathon 90-game semifinal against Roche at the Australian Open under tropical hot conditions. Other opponents at the Australian Open included Roy Emerson, Fred Stolle, and Andrés Gimeno.At the French Open, <mask> beat Gimeno, Tom Okker, and Rosewall. At Wimbledon, <mask> overcame strong challenges from Stan Smith, Cliff Drysdale, Ashe, and Newcombe. At the US Open on slippery grass courts, he defeated Dennis Ralston, Emerson, Ashe, and Roche. <mask> proved his versatility by winning the Grand Slam tournaments on grass and clay, plus the two most important hard court titles (South African Open at Ellis Park, Johannesburg and the US Professional Championships at Boston) and the leading indoor tournaments (Philadelphia US Pro Indoor and Wembley British Indoor). <mask> ranked No. 1 for 1969 by the panel of 13 international journalists for the 'Martini and Rossi' Award, by Tingay, by Collins,, by Tommasi, and by World

masks: Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver