title: Michel Foucault

texts:
 practice that searches for the processes and events that led to our way of being – a questioning of who we "are" and how this "we" came to be. Such a "critical ontology of the present" shows that peoples′ current "being" is in fact a historically contingent, unstable and changeable construction. Foucault emphasizes that since the current way of being is not a necessity, it is also possible to change it.Critique also includes investigating how and when people are being enabled and when they are being oppressed by the current norms and institutions, finding ways to reduce limitations on freedom, resist normalization and develop new and different way of relating to oneself and others. <mask> argues that it is impossible to go beyond power relations, but that it is always possible to navigate power relations in a different way. Epimeleia heautou, "care for the self"
As an alternative to the modern "search" for the "true self", and as a part of "the work of freedom", <mask> discusses the antique Greek term epimeleia heautou, "care for the self" (ἐπιμέλεια ἑαυτοῦ). According to <mask>, among the ancient Greek philosophers, self-awareness was not a goal in itself, but rather something that was sought after in order to "care for oneself". Care for the self consists of what <mask> calls "the art of living" or "technologies of the self." The goal of these techniques was, according to <mask>, to transform oneself into a more ethical person. As an example of this, <mask> mentions meditation, the stoic activity of contemplating past and future actions and evaluating if these actions are in line with one's values and goals, and "contemplation of nature."Contemplation of nature is another stoic activity, that consists of reflecting


title: Michel Foucault

type: original

texts:
 on how "small" one's existence is when compared to the greater cosmos. Theory of knowledge

<mask> is described by Mary Beth Mader as an epistemological constructivist and historicist. <mask> is critical of the idea that humans can reach "absolute" knowledge about the world. A fundamental goal in many of <mask>'s works is to show how that which has traditionally been considered as absolute, universal and true in fact are historically contingent. To <mask>, even the idea of absolute knowledge is a historically contingent idea. This does however not lead to epistemological nihilism; rather, <mask> argues that we "always begin anew" when it comes to knowledge. At the same time <mask> is critical of modern western philosophy for lacking "spirituality".With "spirituality" <mask> refers to a certain type of ethical being, and the processes that lead to this state of being. <mask> argues that such a spirituality was a natural part of the ancient Greek philosophy, where knowledge was considered as something that was only accessible to those that had an ethical character. According to <mask> this changed in the "cartesian moment", the moment when René Descartes reached the "insight" that self-awareness was something given (Cogito ergo sum, "I think, therefore I am"), and from this "insight" Descartes drew conclusions about God, the world, and knowledge. According to <mask>, since Descartes knowledge has been something separate from ethics. In modern times, <mask> argues, anyone can reach "knowledge", as long as they are rational beings, educated, willing to participate in the scientific community and use a scientific method. <mask> is critical of this "modern" view of knowledge. <mask> describes two types of "knowledge":

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault


title: Michel Foucault

texts: "savoir" and "connaissance", two French terms that both can be translated as "knowledge" but with separate meanings for Foucault.By "savoir" <mask> is referring to a process where subjects are created, while at the same time these subjects also become objects for knowledge. An example of this can be seen in criminology and psychiatry. In these sciences, subjects such as "the rational person", "the mentally ill person", "the law abiding person", "the criminal", etc. are created, and these sciences center their attention and knowledge on these subjects. The knowledge about these subjects is "connaissance", while the process in which subjects and knowledge is created is "savoir". A similar term in Foucaults corpus is "pouvoir/savoir" (power/knowledge). With this term Foucault is referring to a type of knowledge that is considered "common sense", but that is created and withheld in that position (as "common sense") by power.The term power/knowledge comes from Jeremy Bentham's idea that panopticons wouldn't only be prisons, but would be used for experiments where the criminals′ behaviour would be studied. Power/knowledge thus refers to forms of power where the power compares individuals, measures differences, establishes a norm and then forces this norm unto the subjects. This is especially successful when the established norm is internalized and institutionalized (by "institutionalized" <mask> refers to when the norm is omnipresent). Because then, when the norm is internalized and institutionalized, it has effectively become a part of peoples' "common sense" – the "obvious", the "given", the "natural". When this has happened, this "common sense" also affects the explicit knowledge (scientific knowledge), <mask> argues.

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault


title: Michel Foucault

texts:
 Ellen K. Feder states that the premise "the world consists of women and men" is an example of this. This premise, Feder argues, has been considered "common sense", and has led to the creation of the psychiatric diagnosis gender identity disorder (GID).For example, during the 1970s, children with behavior that was not considered appropriate for their gender was diagnosed with GID. The treatment then consisted of trying to make the child adapt to the prevailing gender norms. Feder argues that this is an example of power/knowledge since psychiatry, from the "common sense" premise "the world consists of women and men" (a premise which is upheld in this status by power), created a new diagnosis, a new type of subject and a whole body of knowledge surrounding this new subject. Influence and reception
<mask>'s works have exercised a powerful influence over numerous humanistic and social scientific disciplines as one of the most influential and controversial scholars of the post-World War II period. According to a London School of Economics' analysis in 2016, his works Discipline and Punish and The History of Sexuality were among the 25 most cited books in the social sciences of all time, at just over 100,000 citations. In 2007, <mask> was listed as the single most cited scholar in the humanities by the ISI Web of Science among a large quantity of French philosophers, the compilation's author commenting that "What this says of modern scholarship is for the reader to decide—and it is imagined that judgments will vary from admiration to despair, depending on one's view". According to Gary Gutting, <mask>'s "detailed historical remarks on the emergence of disciplinary and regulatory biopower have been widely influential."Leo


title: Michel Foucault

texts: Bersani wrote that:"[<mask>] is our most brilliant philosopher of power. More originally than any other contemporary thinker, he has attempted to define the historical constraints under which we live, at the same time that he has been anxious to account for—if possible, even to locate—the points at which we might resist those constraints and counter some of the moves of power. In the present climate of cynical disgust with the exercise of political power, <mask>'s importance can hardly be exaggerated." <mask>'s work on "biopower" has been widely influential within the disciplines of philosophy and political theory, particularly for such authors as Giorgio Agamben, Roberto Esposito, Antonio Negri, and Michael Hardt. His discussions on power and discourse have inspired many critical theorists, who believe that <mask>'s analysis of power structures could aid the struggle against inequality. They claim that through discourse analysis, hierarchies may be uncovered and questioned by way of analyzing the corresponding fields of knowledge through which they are legitimated. This is one of the ways that <mask>'s work is linked to critical theory.His work Discipline and Punish influenced his friend and contemporary Gilles Deleuze, who published the paper "Postscript on the Societies of Control", praising <mask>'s work but arguing that contemporary western society has in fact developed from a 'disciplinary society' into a 'society of control'. Deleuze went on to publish a book dedicated to <mask>'s thought in 1988 under the title Foucault. <mask>'s discussions of the relationship between power and knowledge has influenced postcolonial critiques in explaining the discursive formation of colonialism, particularly in Edward Said's

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault


title: Michel Foucault

texts:
 work Orientalism. <mask>'s work has been compared to that of Erving Goffman by the sociologist Michael Hviid Jacobsen and Soren Kristiansen, who list Goffman as an influence on Foucault. <mask>'s writings, particularly The History of Sexuality, have also been very influential in feminist philosophy and queer theory, particularly the work of the major Feminist scholar Judith Butler due to his theories regarding the genealogy of maleness and femaleness, power, sexuality, and bodies. Critiques and engagements

Crypto-normativity

A prominent critique of <mask>'s thought concerns his refusal to propose positive solutions to the social and political issues that he critiques. Since no human relation is devoid of power, freedom becomes elusive—even as an ideal.This stance which critiques normativity as socially constructed and contingent, but which relies on an implicit norm to mount the critique led philosopher Jürgen Habermas to describe <mask>'s thinking as  "crypto-normativist", covertly reliant on the very Enlightenment principles he attempts to argue against. A similar critique has been advanced by Diana Taylor, and by Nancy Fraser who argues that "<mask>'s critique encompasses traditional moral systems, he denies himself recourse to concepts such as 'freedom' and 'justice', and therefore lacks the ability to generate positive alternatives." Genealogy as historical method
The philosopher Richard Rorty has argued that <mask>'s "archaeology of knowledge" is fundamentally negative, and thus fails to adequately establish any "new" theory of knowledge per se. Rather, <mask> simply provides a few valuable maxims regarding the reading of history. Rorty writes:

<mask> has frequently been criticized by historians for what they


title: Michel Foucault

texts:
 consider to be a lack of rigor in his analyses. For example, Hans-Ulrich Wehler harshly criticized <mask> in 1998. Wehler regards <mask> as a bad philosopher who wrongfully received a good response by the humanities and by social sciences.According to Wehler, <mask>'s works are not only insufficient in their empiric historical aspects, but also often contradictory and lacking in clarity. For example, <mask>'s concept of power is "desperatingly undifferentiated", and <mask>'s thesis of a "disciplinary society" is, according to Wehler, only possible because <mask> does not properly differentiate between authority, force, power, violence and legitimacy. In addition, his thesis is based on a one-sided choice of sources (prisons and psychiatric institutions) and neglects other types of organizations as e.g. factories. Also, Wehler criticizes <mask>'s "francocentrism" because he did not take into consideration major German-speaking theorists of social sciences like Max Weber and Norbert Elias. In all, Wehler concludes that <mask> is "because of the endless series of flaws in his so-called empirical studies ... an intellectually dishonest, empirically absolutely unreliable, crypto-normativist seducer of Postmodernism". Feminist critiques
Though American feminists have built on <mask>'s critiques of the historical construction of gender roles and sexuality, some feminists note the limitations of the masculinist subjectivity and ethical orientation that he describes.Sexuality
The philosopher Roger Scruton argues in Sexual Desire (1986) that <mask> was incorrect to claim, in The History of Sexuality, that sexual morality is culturally relative. He criticizes <mask> for assuming that there could be societies in which a

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault


title: Michel Foucault

texts:
 "problematisation" of the sexual did not occur, concluding that, "No history of thought could show the 'problematisation' of sexual experience to be peculiar to certain specific social formations: it is characteristic of personal experience generally, and therefore of every genuine social order." <mask>'s approach to sexuality, which he sees as socially constructed, has become influential in queer theory. <mask>'s resistance to identity politics, and his rejection of the psychoanalytic concept of "object choice", stands at odds with some theories of queer identity. Social constructionism and human nature
<mask> is sometimes criticized for his prominent formulation of principles of social constructionism, which some see as an affront to the concept of truth. In <mask>'s 1971 televised debate with Noam Chomsky, <mask> argued against the possibility of any fixed human nature, as posited by Chomsky's concept of innate human faculties. Chomsky argued that concepts of justice were rooted in human reason, whereas <mask> rejected the universal basis for a concept of justice.Following the debate, Chomsky was stricken with <mask>'s total rejection of the possibility of a universal morality, stating "He struck me as completely amoral, I'd never met anyone who was so totally amoral [...] I mean, I liked him personally, it's just that I couldn't make sense of him. It's as if he was from a different species, or something." Education and authority
Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa, while acknowledging that <mask> contributed to give a right of citizenship in cultural life to certain marginal and eccentric experiences (of sexuality, of cultural repression, of madness), asserts that his radical critique of authority was detrimental


title: Michel Foucault

texts:
 to education. Psychology of the self

One of <mask>'s claims regarding the subjectivity of the self has been disputed. Opposing <mask>'s view of subjectivity, it is possibly more reasonable to assume that other factors, such as biological, environmental, and cultural are explanations for the self. References

Sources

Further reading
 Artières, Philippe, Jean-François Bert, Frédéric Gros, and Judith Revel, eds. 2011.Cahier Foucault. France: L'Herne. Derrida, Jacques. 1978. "Cogito and the History of Madness." Pp. 31–63 in Writing and Difference, translated by Alan Bass.Chicago: Chicago University Press. Dreyfus, Herbert L. and Paul Rabinow. 1983. <mask>: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics (2nd ed). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <mask>, <mask>. "Sexual Morality and the Law,"  [originally published as "La loi de la pudeur"].Pp. 271–85 in Politics, philosophy, Culture. <mask>, <mask>, Ignacio Ramonet, Daniel Mermet, Jorge Majfud, and Federico Kukso. 2018. Cinco entrevistas a Noam Chomsky (in Spanish). Santiago: Aun Creemos en los Sueños. .
Garland, David. 1997."'Governmentality' and the Problem of Crime: Foucalt, Criminology, Sociology." Theoretical Criminology 1(2):173–214. Ghamari-Tabrizi, Behrooz. 2016. <mask> in Iran: Islamic Revolution and Enlightenment. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Deleuze, Gilles.1988. <mask>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved via U of Minnesota Press. Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. 1983. Anti-Oedipus.Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved via U of Minnesota Press. MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1990. Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry: Encyclopaedia, Genealogy, and Tradition. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. Merquior, J.

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title: Michel Foucault

texts:
 G. 1987.<mask>. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. A critical view of <mask>'s work. Olssen, M. 2009. Toward a Global Thin Community: Nietzsche, <mask> and the Cosmopolitan Commitment. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Press. Roudinesco, Élisabeth.2008. Philosophy in Turbulent Times: Canguilhem, Sartre, <mask>, Althusser, Deleuze, Derrida. New York City: Columbia University Press. Veyne, Paul. 2008. <mask>. Sa pensée, sa personne.Paris: Éditions Albin Michel. Wolin, Richard. 1987. Telos 67, <mask>'s Aesthetic Decisionism. New York: Telos Press Ltd. External links

 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on <mask>. By Johanna Oksala
 Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on <mask>.By Mark Kelly
 Foucault.info. Large resource site which includes extracts from <mask>'s work and a comprehensive bibliography of all of <mask>'s work in French
 Foucault News. Large resource site, which includes a blog with news related to Foucault research, bibliographies and other resources
 Foucault bibliographies. Bibliographies and links to bibliographies of, and relating to <mask>ult News site
 Progressive Geographies. Stuart Elden's blog and resource site. Includes extensive resources on Foucault
 Wikipedia Bibliography of Foucault's books in English

1926 births
1984 deaths
20th-century French historians
20th-century French philosophers
20th-century French writers
AIDS-related deaths in France
Anti-psychiatry
Atheist philosophers
Collège de France faculty
Continental philosophers
Critical theorists
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Epistemologists
Former Roman Catholics
French anti-fascists
French anti-capitalists
French anthropologists
French atheists
French literary critics
French political philosophers
French

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucaultca


title: Dennis Miller Bunker

texts: <mask> (November 6, 1861 – December 28, 1890) was an American painter and innovator of American Impressionism. His mature works include both brightly colored landscape paintings and dark, finely drawn portraits and figures. One of the major American painters of the late 19th century, and a friend of many prominent artists of the era, Bunker died from meningitis at the age of 29. <mask> was born in New York City to <mask>, the secretary-treasurer of the Union Ferry Company, and his wife, <mask> (sister of illustrator Sol Eytinge Jr.). In 1876 he enrolled at the Art Students League of New York and the National Academy of Design. By 1880 he was participating in the annual exhibitions of the National Academy, the American Watercolor Society, and the Brooklyn Art Association. In 1881 Bunker exhibited a watercolor at the Boston Art Club.He subsequently exhibited both oil paintings and watercolors at the Club in 1882 and 1883. In 1886, the American printmaker Louis Prang exhibited two of Bunker's works from his own collection at the Club. In 1882 Bunker left New York to study at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris, most notably with Jean-Léon Gérôme. In the spring of 1883, accompanied by fellow students Charles A. Platt and Kenneth R. Cranford, Bunker left Paris to travel through the French countryside and the coast of Normandy, returning to continue his studies in mid-October. The following year the three artists summered and painted in Brittany. By year's end Bunker had returned to New York City. In 1885 Bunker was elected to the Society of American Artists.In October of that year, at the recommendation of James Carroll Beckwith, he moved to Boston to teach at the Cowles Art School, where he was the chief instructor of figure and cast drawing, artistic

masks:
Dennis Miller Bunker
Life Bunker
Matthew Bunker
Mary Anne Eytinge Bunker


title: Dennis Miller Bunker

texts: atmospheric effects and tonal subtlety. No less subtle are the landscapes Bunker painted after returning to America; paintings done in South Woodstock, Connecticut (Pines Beyond the Fence, 1886, private collection) still favor dramatic value contrasts, with subjects carefully painted against a light sky, but the palette has grown lighter, the color more saturated. By 1887 Bunker completed his Portrait of Anne Page, a painting requiring much labor, but one of his most poignant works. In its restrained use of color, delicate modeling of form, and aesthetic elegance it is reminiscent of the works of Thayer and James McNeill Whistler. There soon followed the Boston commissions, portraits mostly of male sitters—still somber in tone, they are painted in a more confident manner, suggesting the influence of Sargent (Portrait of George Augustus Gardner, 1888, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston).That Bunker spent the summer of 1888 painting with Sargent is verified by personal correspondence, as well as through several pieces by the latter artist (<mask>er Painting at Calcot, 1888, Terra Foundation for American Art), but no paintings of the English sojourn by Bunker have survived; possibly he destroyed them in dissatisfaction. However, once back in Boston the experience came to fruition, for over the next two years Bunker produced a series of canvases which evidenced that he was one of the first American artists to fully understand and successfully practice impressionism. In the Greenhouse, ca. 1888, Chrysanthemums, 1888  (Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum), The Pool, Medfield, 1889 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), and Meadow Lands, 1890 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) all feature a rich palette, vertiginous compositions, and his unique "fish hook" shaped brush strokes. At the same time,


title: Dennis Miller Bunker

texts:
 Bunker's last figure pieces remained faithful to his academic training. Jessica, 1890 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), The Mirror, 1890 (Terra Foundation for American Art), and Eleanor Hardy Bunker, 1890 (Metropolitan Museum of Art) are characterized by a restricted color range and heightened elegance. Legacy
Although highly regarded during his lifetime, the 20th century assessment of American Impressionism was largely negative, and Bunker's work was all but forgotten soon after his death.His teachings influenced a number of painters (upon his resignation from the Cowles school, his students wrote a letter of appreciation, urging him to reconsider), among whom were William McGregor Paxton and Lilla Cabot Perry. It was a student of Paxton's named R. H. Ives Gammell who did the most to maintain Bunker's reputation, organizing two exhibitions at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in the 1940s, and publishing a biography in 1953. The current revival of interest in his work is the result of a less programmatic reassessment of 19th century art:

Thus, depending upon the viewpoint of the writer, Bunker can be seen as either a traditionalist or an innovator. In truth, he was both. Notes

References
 Hirshler, Erica E., et al., <mask> Bunker: American Impressionist, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1994. External links

 A finding aid to the <mask> Bunker papers, 1882-1943, bulk 1882-1890 at the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
Boston Art Club: Official website

19th-century American painters
American male painters
American Impressionist painters
Neurological disease deaths in Massachusetts
Infectious disease deaths in Massachusetts
Deaths from meningitis
1861 births
1890 deaths
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Artists from New York City
19th-century male

masks:
Dennis Miller
Dennis Miller


title: Nicholas Negroponte

texts:
<mask> (born December 1, 1943) is a Greek American architect. He is the founder and chairman Emeritus of Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Media Lab, and also founded the One Laptop per Child Association (OLPC). Negroponte is the author of the 1995 bestseller Being Digital translated into more than forty languages. Early life
Negroponte was born to Dimitrios Negropontis (), a Greek shipping magnate and alpine skier, and grew up in New York City's Upper East Side. He has three brothers. His elder one, <mask>, is the former United States Deputy Secretary of State. <mask> is an Emmy Award-winning filmmaker.<mask> is an artist and was President of the Drawing Center from 2002 to 2007. He attended Buckley School in New York, Fay School in Massachusetts, Le Rosey in Switzerland, and The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut, from which he graduated in 1961. Subsequently, he studied at MIT as both an undergraduate and graduate student in Architecture where his research focused on issues of computer-aided design. He earned a master's degree in architecture from MIT in 1966. Despite his accomplished academic career, Negroponte has spoken publicly about his dyslexia and his difficulty in reading. Career

MIT
Negroponte joined the faculty of MIT in 1966. For several years thereafter he divided his teaching time between MIT and several visiting professorships at Yale, Michigan and the University of California, Berkeley.In 1967, Negroponte founded MIT's Architecture Machine Group, a combination lab and think tank which studied new approaches to human–computer interaction. In 1985, Negroponte created the MIT Media Lab with Jerome B. Wiesner. As director, he developed the lab into a pre-eminent laboratory

masks:
Nicholas Negroponte
John Negroponte
Michel Negroponte
George Negroponte


title: Nicholas Negroponte

texts:
 it.'" Negroponte was reported to have said that in the fund-raising world these types of occurrences were not out of the ordinary, and they shouldn’t be reason enough to cut off business relationships. His comments supporting the donation from a convicted child sex offender reportedly left some of his listeners "stunned" and reduced one person present to tears. References

External links

  (November 2009)

 C-SPAN Q&A interview with Negroponte, November 25, 2007

 <mask>e Keynote at NetEvents, Hong Kong inc. first production olpc laptop December 2006
 <mask>e Q&A at NetEvents, Hong Kong December 2006
 <mask>e about books and OLPC on NECN
 Microsoft and Intel help deliver a $100 Windows 8.1 tablet
 <mask> Keynote at NetEvents, Hong Kong inc. first production olpc laptop December 2006

1943 births
Alumni of Institut Le Rosey
American business theorists
American computer scientists
American technology writers
American writers of Greek descent
Greek Orthodox Christians from the United States
Choate Rosemary Hall alumni
Futurologists
Greek academics
Living people
One Laptop per Child
MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni
MIT Media Lab people
People from the Upper East Side
People from Wallingford, Connecticut
Wired (magazine) people
Fay School alumni
Buckley School (New York City)

masks:
Nicholas Negropont
Nicholas Negropont
Nicholas Negropont
Nicholas Negroponte


title: Wu Sansi

texts:
<mask> (died August 7, 707), known posthumously as Prince Xuan of Liang (), was a Chinese prince and politician of the Tang and Wu Zhou dynasties. <mask> served as a chancellor and imperial prince during the reign of his aunt, Empress <mask> of Zhou, and was again a powerful chancellor during the second reign of Empress <mask>'s son, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang. He was aided in navigating the fraught period that followed Emperor Zhongzong's restoration by successive affairs with the influential consort Shangguan Wan'er and the powerful Empress Wei. Although he amassed significant authority and enjoyed the trust of Emperor Zhongzong, he was killed during an unsuccessful rebellion by the crown prince Li Chongjun in 707. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born. His father <mask> (武元慶) was a half-brother of <mask>—both had, as father, the early Tang Dynasty general <mask> (武士彠), but <mask> and his brother <mask> (武元爽) were born of <mask>o's first wife Lady Xiangli, while <mask> and her two sisters were born of <mask>o's second wife Lady Yang. After <mask>an became empress to Emperor Gaozong in 655, despite previous intrafamily unpleasantries—<mask> and <mask>ang, as well as <mask>'s nephews <mask>g (武惟良) and <mask> (武懷運) were often disrespectful of Lady Yang previously—Empress <mask>'s brothers and cousins were often promoted by Emperor Gaozong, with <mask> promoted to Zongzheng Shaoqing

masks:
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Zetian
Wu
Wu Sansi
Wu Yuanqing
Wu Zetian
Wu Shihuo
Wu Yuanqing
Wu Yuanshuang
Wu Shihu
Wu Zetian
Wu Shihu
Wu Zeti
Wu Yuanqing
Wu Yuanshu
Wu Shihuo
Wu Weilian
Wu Huaiyun
Wu
Wu Yuanqing


title: Wu Sansi

texts:
 (宗正少卿), the deputy minister of imperial clan affairs.However, sometime before 666, Empress <mask>, angry that her brothers and cousins did not appreciate the promotions, had them all demoted, with <mask> demoted to be the prefect of Long Prefecture (龍州, roughly modern Mianyang, Sichuan). After he arrived at Long Prefecture, he, in fear that Empress <mask> had further retaliation in the works, died. It is not completely clear, but it was likely that <mask> went to Long Prefecture with his father <mask>. He was later made a commanding general of the imperial guards. During Empress dowager <mask>'s regency
Emperor Gaozong died in 683, and was initially succeeded by his and Empress <mask>'s son Li Zhe the Crown Prince (as Emperor Zhongzong), but Empress <mask> retained power as empress dowager and regent. In spring 684, after Emperor Zhongzong showed signs of independence, she deposed him and replaced him with another son, Li Dan the Prince of Yu, but wielded power even more tightly thereafter. Sometime during her regency, <mask> became minister of defense (夏官尚書, Xiaguan Shangshu).Both he and his cousin <mask> (<mask>ang's son) advised Empress Dowager <mask> to find excuses to kill two senior members of the imperial Li clan—Emperor Gaozong's uncles Li Yuanjia (李元嘉) the Prince of Han and Li Lingkui (李靈夔) the Prince of Lu due to their senior status. (Eventually, after two other princes—Emperor

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Wu Yuanqing
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Wu Yuanshu
Wu


title: Wu Sansi

texts:
 Gaozong's brother Li Zhen the Prince of Yue and Li Zhen's son Li Chong the Prince of Langye unsuccessfully rose against Empress Dowager <mask> in 688, Empress Dowager <mask> took the opportunity to also force Li Yuanjia and Li Lingkui, as well as many other members of the Li clan, to commit suicide or to execute them.) <mask> and <mask> were also said to be often advocating that Empress Dowager <mask> take over the throne herself as "emperor." During <mask>'s reign
In 690, Empress Dowager <mask> had Emperor Ruizong yield the throne to her, and she took the throne as "emperor," establishing a new Zhou Dynasty and interrupting Tang. She created a number of her Wu clan relatives imperial princes, and <mask> was created the Prince of Liang and made the minister of civil service affairs (, Tianguan Shangshu). He did not appear to have as much power as <mask> (who became chancellor), but was nevertheless honored. For example, in 693, when <mask> made sacrifices to heaven and earth, she offered the sacrifices herself first, followed by <mask>, and then <mask>.It was said that he had done some studies in literature and history and was good at flattery. As the years went by, he often flattered <mask>'s successive lovers Huaiyi, Zhang Yizhi, and Zhang Changzong. In 694, <mask> led a group of non-Han chieftains in requesting that a massive iron pillar be erected to commemorate <mask>'s reign with text on

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Wu Chengsi
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Wu Zetian


title: Wu Sansi

texts: it to deprecate Tang and to praise Zhou, and <mask> agreed, putting the chancellor Yao Shu in charge of the project. It was said that the chieftains gathered up their wealth and bought iron, but the iron they bought was not enough, and so the people's farm equipment were requisitioned and melted for the project. In 695, <mask> was made the Minister of Rites and was put in charge of editing the imperial history. In 696, when Khitan attacked under the leadership of Li Jinzhong and Sun Wanrong, <mask> was put in command of one of the major armies defending against the Khitan attack, assisted by Yao. In 697, <mask> was given the designation Tong Fengge Luantai Sanpin (), making him a chancellor de facto, but about a month later, he was stripped of the chancellor designation.It was said that he and <mask> both had designs on being crown prince, and often had their associates try to persuade <mask> that in ages past, there had never been an emperor who had, as his heir, someone with a different family name. (At that time, <mask>'s crown prince was her son Li Dan (the former Emperor Ruizong).) In 698, however, at the suggestion of the chancellor Di Renjie, concurred in by Wang Jishan and Wang Fangqing, as well as <mask>'s close advisor Ji Xu and her lovers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, <mask> recalled Li Zhe the Prince of Luling (the former Emperor Zhongzong) from exile and soon, after Li Dan

masks:
Wu Zetian
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Chengsi
Wu Zetian
Wu Zetian
Wu Zetian
Wu Zetian


title: Wu Sansi

texts:
 offered to yield the position of crown prince to him, created him crown prince and changed his name to Li Xian and then to <mask>. In 698, <mask> made <mask> acting Neishi (), the head of the legislative bureau of government (, Fengge); the next year, he was made full Neishi. In 700, however, he was no longer chancellor and was made an advisor to Li Xian. He received the honorific title of Tejin (). In 702, <mask> considered launching a major attack against Eastern Tujue and she initially put <mask> in command, assisted by Jing Hui.She later changed the orders to have Li Dan in command, assisted by <mask>, his cousin <mask>ning the prince of Jiancheng, and the chancellor Wei Yuanzhong. However, the army was eventually not launched. In 704, at <mask>'s suggestion, <mask> constructed the vacation palace Xingtai () at Mount Wan'an (, near the capital Luoyang), at much expense and labor. During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign
<mask> was overthrown in a coup in 705 led by the officials Zhang Jianzhi, Cui Xuanwei, Jing Hui, Huan Yanfan, and Yuan Shuji. Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong were killed in the coup, and Emperor Zhongzong was restored to the throne; <mask>an was sent to a secondary palace under heavy guard, and while she also retained the title of "emperor," no longer had power. By that time, <mask> had been carrying out an affair with <mask>'s secretary and Emperor Zhongzong's concubine

masks:
Wu Xian
Wu Zetian
Wu Sansi
Wu Zetian
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu You
Wu Sansi
Wu Zetian
Wu Zetian
Wu Zeti
Wu Sansi
Wu Zetian


title: Wu Sansi

texts: Consort Shangguan Wan'er. Through her introduction, <mask> began an affair with Emperor Zhongzong's wife Empress Wei as well and also became a trusted advisor to Emperor Zhongzong who, while he was restored through the efforts of Zhang Jianzhi and his colleagues, feared them.In addition, <mask>'s son <mask>un (武崇訓) had been married to Emperor Zhongzong's and Empress Wei's daughter Li Guo'er the Princess Anle, who also had much power in her father's administration and had influence over her father and it is said that she used this power and influence in a corrupt manner and because of this, she gained a lot of wealth and had a extravagant luxurious and luxury life. Meanwhile, the coup leaders initially did not regard <mask> as a threat, and they brushed aside suggestions by two lower level officials participating in the coup, Xue Jichang (薛季昶) and Liu Youqiu. However, they soon realized that <mask>'s power was on the rise, and they unsuccessfully suggested Emperor Zhongzong to kill some of the more powerful <mask> clan members (which would have included <mask>) or to demote them—and indeed, he made <mask> Sikong (司空, one of the Three Excellencies) and chancellor again with the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin (同中書門下三品, a modification of the Tong Fengge Luantai Sanpin designation that <mask> used), although <mask> declined the titles. Meanwhile, Emperor Zhongzong designated 16 officials,

masks:
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Chongx
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Zetian
Wu Sansi


title: Wu Sansi

texts: including the coup leaders but also <mask> and his cousin <mask> (the husband of Emperor Zhongzong's sister Princess Taiping), as contributors to his return to the throne and gave them iron certificates that were supposed to guarantee that they would be spared of death penalties 10 times except for treason. Jing, fearful of <mask>'s power, retained the mid-level official Cui Shi to watch for <mask>'s moves—but Cui Shi, realizing that Emperor Zhongzong trusted <mask>si and feared the coup leaders, instead became <mask>si's associate, along with Zheng Yin, who suggested that <mask>si find some way to remove the five coup leaders, now all chancellors, from their posts. <mask>si and Empress Wei, in turn, argued to Emperor Zhongzong that the five coup leaders were overpowering in the government and should be given honorific titles but be removed from office. At their suggestion, Emperor Zhongzong created the five coup leaders princes and awarded them much wealth, but removed them from governmental posts, including chancellor positions—and soon sent Zhang Jianzhi and Cui Xuanwei out of the capital.<mask>, now in power, had much of <mask>an's policies, which the five coup leaders had reversed, reinstated. Meanwhile, to diffuse some of the popular sentiment against the <mask> clan, Emperor Zhongzong demoted their titles slightly, and <mask>'s title was reduced from Prince of Liang to the lesser title

masks:
Wu Sansi
Wu Youji
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu San
Wu San
Wu San
Wu San
Wu Sansi
Wu Zeti
Wu
Wu Sansi


title: Wu Sansi

texts: of Prince of Dejing. As Emperor Zhongzong also trusted Wei Yuanzhong (whom <mask>an had exiled in 703 but whom Emperor Zhongzong recalled upon his restoration to the throne), when <mask> died in late 705, <mask> tried to ingratiate Wei by writing into <mask>'s will a provision giving Wei an additional fief of 100 households. Wei, in gratitude, did not oppose the <mask> clan further from that point. In spring 706, <mask>, fearful that Jing, Huan, and Yuan were still in the capital, sent them out of the capital to serve as prefectural prefects. Meanwhile, an incident occurred that allowed <mask> to act further against the five coup leaders—as Emperor Zhongzong's son-in-law Wang Tongjiao (王同皎), himself a participant in the coup, was accused of plotting with Zhang Zhongzhi (張仲之), Zu Yanqing (祖延慶), and Zhou Jing (周璟) to kill <mask> and deposing Empress Wei. The alleged plotters were all killed, and <mask> and Empress Wei thereafter accused the five coup leaders of having been part of Wang Tongjiao's plot, and the five were demoted further, to more distant prefecture, with no possibility of return from exile.Meanwhile, <mask>, knowing that Emperor Zhongzong was very sensitive about any accusation of adultery by Empress Wei, intentionally had people post public accusations that she had been involved in adultery—and then framed the five coup leaders of doing so, and the five coup leaders, already in

masks:
Wu Zeti
Wu Zetian
Wu Sansi
Wu Zetian
Wu
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi


title: Wu Sansi

texts: exile, were stripped of all of their titles and honors. <mask>, at Cui Shi's suggestion, then sent the secret police official Zhou Lizhen (周利貞) to the Lingnan region, where the five had been exiled, to survey the area, but with instructions to have the five killed. When Zhou reached Lingnan, Zhang Jianzhi and Cui Xuanwei had already died, but he killed Huan, Jing, and Yuan in cruel manners. It was said that after news of the five coup leaders' deaths reached <mask>, he commented, "I do not know who are good people and who are bad people on this earth. I only know that people who are good to me are good, and people who are bad to me are bad." In spring 707, with an ongoing drought, Emperor Zhongzong sent <mask> and <mask> to Emperor Gaozong's and <mask>'s tomb to pray for rain, and when rain came, Emperor Zhongzong restored <mask>'s ancestral temple to near-imperial ancestral temple status. Meanwhile, Emperor Zhongzong had created his son Li Chongjun, by a concubine, crown prince, as Empress Wei's only son Li Chongrun had been killed by <mask> in 701, but Li Guo'er, encouraged by <mask>un, had designs on becoming crown princess, and repeatedly asked Emperor Zhongzong to make her crown princess.Both she and <mask>un also repeatedly insulted Li Chongjun, sometimes calling him "slave." In fall 707, Li Chongjun, in anger, started a rebellion with the generals Li Duozuo, Li Sichong (李思沖), Li

masks:
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Youji
Wu Zetian
Wu Zetian
Wu Zetian
Wu Chongx
Wu Chongx


title: Wu Sansi

texts:
 Chengkuang (李承況), Dugu Yizhi (獨孤禕之), and Shazha Zhongyi (沙吒忠義), as well as Emperor Zhongzong's cousin Li Qianli (李千里) the Prince of Cheng and Li Qianli's son Li Xi (李禧) the Prince of Tianshui. They attacked <mask>'s mansion and killed <mask>, <mask>un, and some of their relatives. Li Chongjun's subsequent attempt to reach the palace and arrest Consort Shangguan, Empress Wei, and Li Guo'er, however, were unsuccessful, and his troops collapsed; he was killed. Li Chongjun was beheaded, and his head was presented to <mask>'s and <mask>un's caskets. <mask> and <mask>un were buried in grand funerals, and <mask> was posthumously recreated the Prince of Liang with the posthumous name of Xuan (宣, "responsible"). After Emperor Zhongzong's death in 710, a coup led by Princess Taiping and Li Dan's son Li Longji the Prince of Linzi overthrew Empress Wei and restored Emperor Ruizong to the throne, and <mask>'s tomb was destroyed.In fiction and popular culture
 One of the protagonists in the Ming dynasty erotic novel Su'e pian. Portrayed by Eric Li in The Greatness of a Hero (2009). See also
 Prince of Liang

References

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 183. New Book of Tang, vol. 206. Zizhi Tongjian, vols.203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208. Tang dynasty imperial princes
Chancellors under <mask>an
Chancellors under Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
Tang dynasty generals
Tang dynasty historians
8th-century Chinese

masks:
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Chongx
Wu Sansi
Wu Chongx
Wu Sansi
Wu Chongx
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Zeti


title: Marc Andreessen

texts:
<mask>en Horowitz. He co-founded and later sold the software company Opsware to Hewlett-Packard. <mask> is also a co-founder of Ning, a company that provides a platform for social networking websites. He sits on the board of directors of Meta Platforms. <mask> was one of six inductees in the World Wide Web Hall of Fame announced at the First International Conference on the World-Wide Web in 1994. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Cedar Falls, Iowa, and raised in New Lisbon, Wisconsin.He is the son of Patricia and <mask>, who worked for a seed company. In December 1993, he received his bachelor's degree in computer science from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. As an undergraduate, he interned twice at IBM in Austin, Texas. He worked in the AIX graphics software development group responsible for the MIT X Window implementation and ports of the 3D language APIs:  SGI's Graphics Language (GL) and PHIGS. He also worked at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois, where he became familiar with Tim Berners-Lee's open standards for the World Wide Web. Andreessen and full-time salaried co-worker Eric Bina worked on creating a user-friendly browser with integrated graphics that would work on a wide range of computers. The resulting code was the Mosaic Web browser.Career
During his career, Andreesen has worked at Netscape, Opsware, founded Andreessen Horowitz and invested in many successful companies including, Facebook, Foursquare, GitHub, Pinterest, LinkedIn and Twitter. Netscape

After his graduation from UIUC in 1993, Andreessen moved to California to work at Enterprise Integration Technologies. Andreessen then met with Jim Clark, the founder of Silicon Graphics, who had recently exited the firm. Clark believed the Mosaic browser had great commercial possibilities and suggested starting an Internet software company. Soon, Mosaic Communications Corporation was in business in Mountain View, California, with Andreessen as co-founder and vice president of technology. The

masks:
Marc Lowell Andreesseness
Andreessen
Andreessen
Andreessen
Lowell Andreessen


title: Marc Andreessen

texts:
 University of Illinois was unhappy with the company's use of the Mosaic name, so Mosaic Communications changed its name to Netscape Communications, and its flagship Web browser was the Netscape Navigator. Netscape's IPO in 1995 put Andreessen into the public eye.He was featured on the cover of Time and other publications. Netscape was acquired in 1999 for $4.3 billion by AOL. <mask>'s hiring as its Chief Technology Officer was contingent on the completion of the acquisition. The same year, he was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35. Loudcloud

After AOL acquired Netscape in late 1998, Andreessen went on to found Opsware with Ben Horowitz, Tim Howes, and In Sik Rhee. Originally named Loudcloud, the company provided computing, hosting and software services to consumer facing internet and e-commerce companies. Loudcloud sold its hosting business to EDS and changed its name to Opsware in 2003, with <mask> serving as chairman.Acquired by Hewlett-Packard for $1.6 billion in 2007, it was one of the first companies to offer software as a service and to attempt cloud hosting. <mask> Horowitz

Between 2005 and 2009, <mask> and longtime business partner Ben Horowitz separately invested a total of $80 million in 45 start-ups that included Twitter and Qik. The two became well known as super angel investors. On July 6, 2009, Andreessen and Horowitz announced their Silicon Valley venture-capital firm Andreessen Horowitz. The firm had been scrutinized among several other venture capital firms for lack of diversity in its workforce. In an interview with New York Magazine, Andreessen stated the diversity discussion was valid, however, he believed the firm, as well as other venture capital firms of Silicon Valley, had been wrongly accused of intentionally discriminating against women and people of color. When asked specifically about the critique of ethnic and gender diversity in Silicon Valley, Andreessen responded that the issues were the "same thing."Investments
Begun with an

masks: Andreessen Andreessen Andreessen Andreessen


title: Marc Andreessen

texts:
 initial capitalization of $300 million, within three years the firm grew to $2.7 billion under management across three funds. <mask> Horowitz's portfolio holdings include Facebook, Foursquare, GitHub, Pinterest, Twitter, and Honor, Inc.

On September 1, 2009, an investor group that included Andreessen Horowitz acquired a majority stake in Skype for $2.75 billion, which was considered risky. The deal paid off in May 2011 when Microsoft bought Skype for $8.5 billion. In 2010, the firm assisted Silicon Valley attorney Ted Wang in creating the first free standardized seed round financing documents, the Series Seed Documents. <mask> first joined the eBay board of directors in 2008, and served on it for six years. In October 2014, <mask> announced his resignation from the board due to the company's decision to break off its online payments unit PayPal. The decision to cut ties with PayPal was a point of contention between Andreessen and investor Carl Icahn.Icahn advocated for the PayPal split while <mask> opposed the spin off, resulting in public disputes. <mask> was accused by Icahn of putting his own interests in front of what was best for shareholders. Icahn published his argument in an open letter that detailed alleged conflicts of interest in eBay's 2009 sale of Skype to a group of private investors, which included <mask>'s own firm. Industry influence
Andreessen advises the leaders of companies in which <mask> Horowitz invests, including Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook and Mark Pincus of Zynga. <mask> and Horowitz were ranked No. 6 on Vanity Fairs 2011 New Establishment List, no. 1 on CNET's 2011 most influential investors list and Nos.2 and 21, respectively, on the 2012 Forbes Midas List of Tech's Top Investors. In April 2012, <mask>en Horowitz General Partners Ben Horowitz, Peter Levine, Jeff Jordan, John O'Farrell, and Scott Weiss pledged to donate half of their lifetime incomes from venture capital to charitable organizations. In 2012, Andreessen was named in the Time 100, an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the

masks: Andreessen Andreessen Andreessen Andreessen Andreessen Andreessen Andreessen Andreessen Andreesseness


title: Marc Andreessen

texts:
 world assembled by Time. His essay "Software is eating the world" has been influential and highly cited. In 2013, Andreessen was one of five Internet and Web pioneers awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. In April 2020, early in the COVID-19 pandemic, Andreessen published an opinion article, "It's time to build", describing the United States' COVID-19 response and suggesting technological and cultural solutions to the problem. Ventures
Andreessen cofounded and was chairman of Ning, the third company he established after Netscape and Loudcloud.In September 2011, it was announced that Ning had been sold to Mode Media for a reported price of $150 million. <mask> joined Glam Media's board of directors following the sale. He is a personal investor in companies including LinkedIn and boutique bank Raine. <mask> serves on the board of Facebook, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Kno, Stanford Hospital, Bump Technologies, Anki, Oculus VR, OpenGov, Dialpad, and TinyCo. Hewlett Packard Enterprise announced in February 2018 that board member Andreessen would not seek reelection at the 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders on April 4. In his time at Hewlett Packard, Andreessen had been partially blamed for some of the company's failures, including the recruiting of Leo Apotheker as well as the acquisitions of Autonomy and Palm. He serves as advisor to Asana and director of CollabNet.Andreessen is a proponent of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency. Andreessen serves on an advisory board for Neom, Saudi Arabia’s plan to build a futuristic megacity in the desert. Criticism

In February 2016, Andreessen posted a tweet in response to India's decision to apply net neutrality to Facebook's proposed project Free Basics. The tweet suggested that anti-colonialism had been catastrophic for the Indian people. Andreessen later deleted the tweet following criticism from Indians and non-Indians alike (including Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg). Facebook spent millions advertising Free Basics to the Indian public. The project failed due to violations,

masks: Andreessen Andreessen


title: Marc Andreessen

texts:
 setting preferential tariffs in accessing content and setting up a "walled garden" on the internet.Andreessen was a supporter for the controversial British journalist Milo Yiannopoulos, whose verified status was revoked by Twitter in 2016 for abusive behavior and hateful conduct, growing into an ongoing controversy. <mask>en tweeted in support of Yiannopoulos. Conflict of interest
In April 2016, Facebook shareholders filed a class action lawsuit to block Zuckerberg's plan to create a new class of non-voting shares. The lawsuit alleges Andreessen secretly coached Zuckerberg through a process to win board approval for the stock change, while Andreessen served as an independent board member representing stockholders. According to court documents, Andreessen shared information with Zuckerberg regarding their progress and concerns as well as helping Zuckerberg negotiate against shareholders. Court documents included transcripts of private texts between Zuckerberg and Andreessen. Personal life
Andreessen married Laura Arrillaga in 2006.She is the founder of the Silicon Valley Social Venture Fund and daughter of Silicon Valley real estate billionaire John Arrillaga. They have one son together. In 2012, Andreessen expressed some support for Republican candidate Mitt Romney. During the 2016 primary season, he endorsed Republican candidate Carly Fiorina, but after Fiorina dropped out of the race, Andreessen switched his endorsement to the Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, citing the Republican nominee Donald Trump's immigration stance. Andreessen has a chapter giving advice in Tim Ferriss' book Tools of Titans. References

External links

1971 births
American computer programmers
American financial company founders
American technology company founders
American venture capitalists
Andreessen Horowitz
AOL employees
Arrillaga family
California Republicans
Directors of Facebook
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
Internet pioneers
Living people
Netscape people
People from Cedar Falls, Iowa
People from New Lisbon, Wisconsin
Silicon


title: Gōgen Yamaguchi

texts:
<mask> (山口剛玄; January 20, 1909 – May 20, 1989), also known as <mask>, was a Japanese martial artist and student of Gōjū-ryū Karate under Chōjun Miyagi. He was one of the most well-known karate-dō masters from Japan and he founded the International Karate-dō Gōjū Kai Association. Prior to his death, <mask> was decorated by the Emperor of Japan in 1968 with the Ranjū-Hōshō, らんじゅほうしょう(藍綬褒章), the Blue Ribbon Medal of the fifth order of merit, for his enormous contribution to the spread worldwide of the Japanese martial arts. For many years he was listed in the Guinness Book of Records regarding his rank and achievements. According to an obituary:

Early years
According to his autobiographical work: Karate Gojū-ryū by the Cat Tokyo, Japan (1963), <mask> was born on January 20, 1909 in Miyakonojō Shonai, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan, near Kagoshima City on the island of Kyūshū. In his 5th year of primary school <mask> commenced his karate-dō training under the guidance of Takeo Maruta, a carpenter joiner from Okinawa. Maruta was a Gōjū-ryū practitioner.<mask> <mask> was named Jitsumi <mask> by his father Tokutarō who was a merchant and later a schoolteacher and superintendent; his mother was Yoshimatsu. Jitsumi was their 3rd son, and there were ten children in this very large Japanese family. "The Cat"
<mask> <mask> was also famously known in the world of karate-dō as ‘the Cat’; he was a very small man, just over five

masks:
Jitsumi Gōgen Yamaguchi
Gōgen Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Gōgen Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Gōgen
Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Gōgen
Yamaguchi


title: Gōgen Yamaguchi

texts:
 feet (1.52 meters) and a mere 160 pounds (73 kg); however, he projected the impression of great bulk and an aura reminiscent of the samurai era. He was first dubbed 'the Cat' by American GIs for his gliding walk and flowing hair. He alone was primarily responsible for the spread of Gōjū-ryū throughout the world today whereby hundreds of thousands of practitioners have experienced some form of training within traditional and non-traditional karate dojo. According to <mask> <mask> himself when interviewed by French magazine Karate journalist Rolland Gaillac, April 1977 edition, he stated: "Even today, young man, if you were to face me in combat, I would be able to determine in a second the strength of your Ki. Immediately I would know if you were a good opponent.It is this quality, and no other, which has given me the name of The Cat." Early training in Kyoto

Gōgen then began the serious study of karate-dō with Sensei Takeo Maruta after his family relocated to Kyoto. Maruta was also a carpenter or joiner by trade and was himself a student of the legendary Chōjun Miyagi of Okinawa. <mask> <mask> studied directly with Chōjun Miyagi later in 1929, after he and his then-current teacher and friend Jitsuei Yogi wrote to Chōjun Miyagi and invited him to come to Japan. Gogen meets Chōjun Miyagi
Chōjun Miyagi visited the university dojo of Kansai, Osaka, Ritsumeikan, Kyoto, and Doshisha Universities, whilst Gōgen was

masks: Gōgen Yamaguchi Gōgen Yamaguchi


title: Gōgen Yamaguchi

texts:
 attending Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto. There he studied Law and in 1930 Yogi together with <mask> <mask> co-founded the , the first karate club at Ritsumeikan University. The Ritsumeikan Karate-dō Kenkyū-kai was the first university karate club in western Japan and was infamous for its hard style training and fierce karate fighters.Both Yogi and <mask> attended Ritsumeikan University during the time Chōjun Miyagi visited, and Chōjun Miyagi stayed in Yogi’s apartment. Chōjun Miyagi later gave <mask> <mask> the responsibility for spreading Gōjū-ryū in mainland Japan. In the early 1930s, <mask> designed what would become the legendary signature Gōjū-ryū fist. It is said to be modeled after the right fist of Chōjun Miyagi. Introduces Jiyū Kumite and Forms the All Japan Karate-dō Gōjū-kai Federation
After graduating from Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto in 1934, that same year <mask> designed and introduced Jiyū-kumite which has become known today as sport and tournament fighting kumite. In 1935 he officially formed the All Japan Karate-dō Gōjū-kai Association (which later split into the JKF Gojukai and the J.K.G.A.) Also in 1935 <mask> began his travels with the Japanese government as an intelligence officer and his first son Norimi Gōsei <mask> was born (Gōsei is the current leader of Gōjū-kai USA).World War II
During his military tour in Manchuria in World War II, <mask> was captured by the Soviet military in

masks: Gōgen Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Gōgen Yamaguchi Gōgen Gōgen Gōgen Yamaguchi Gōgen


title: Gōgen Yamaguchi

texts: 1942 and incarcerated as a prisoner of war in a Russian concentration camp; it was here that he battled and defeated a live tiger according to his autobiography (cited above). <mask> <mask> was originally targeted for hard labour in the POW camp; however, he had impressed even these hard-nosed Russians and who discovered who he was and requested that he teach karate-dō to the Russian soldiers, it was then that, 'the prisoner became the master of the guards, who became his students'. In 1945, Gōgen returned to Japan where he re-opened his initial karate-dō dojo in Nippori, which was later destroyed by fire, and advertised with a sign outside reading Gōjū-ryū-kai. Many people thought his school was closed forever and that he had been killed in the war; accordingly Gōgen held large exhibitions in Tokyo, which showcased the various Chinese and Japanese martial arts that he had experienced. His school reopened and moved at a later date to the Suginami-ku area of Tokyo. Here he quickly expanded throughout a network of independent Gōjū-ryū dojo. The rapid growth and expansion was reinforced by Gōgen's energetic and forceful persona, which resulted in a worldwide network of karate schools, which he alone built into a powerful martial arts empire.Mention must be made here of <mask> <mask>'s legendary discussion noted in his autobiography regarding his military duty in Manchuria during World War II, whereby <mask> was a

masks: Gōgen Yamaguchi Gōgen Yamaguchi Gōgen


title: Gōgen Yamaguchi

texts:
 prisoner of War of the Soviet Army in 1942 and incarcerated at a Russian concentration camp; it was here that he admitted having battled and defeated a live tiger, after he was locked in a cell with the beast which his captors expected would devour him. Certainly this admission has created much controversy; however, Russian sources from the time would need to be located in order to verify the extent of the veracity of this event. Registers the name Gōjū-Kai, opens his Honbu Dojo
<mask> <mask> established the Gōjū-kai Headquarters in Suginami-ku, Tokyo, Japan, nearby to the busy shopping precinct of Roppongi. By 1950 Gōjū-kai Headquarters was officially relocated to the Suginami Tokyo school which contributed to an almost tripling of membership to 450,000 according to his autobiography. Five years later he officially chartered the I.K.G.A. Later in 1964, <mask> <mask> along with other founder members Ōtsuka Hironori from Wadō-ryū; Nakayama Masatoshi from Shotokan; Mabuni Kenei and Iwata Manzao of Shitō-ryū, unified all the karate dojo in Japan to form the All Japan Karate-dō Federation which is still in existence today as the Japan Karate Federation (JKF). Gōjū-Kai spreads throughout the western world
By 1966, his organization comprised more than 200 dojo and clubs and 60,000 members within the Gōjū-kai system.His most notable students included Yamamoto Gonnohyoue and <mask> Gosei. Another notatable student was

masks: Gōgen Yamaguchi Gōgen Yamaguchi Yamaguchi


title: Gōgen Yamaguchi

texts:
 Mas Oyama who attained 8th Dan under <mask> Gogen before starting his own style the Kyokushin-kai. In Australia, Paul Starling (the most senior Caucasian pupil graded by <mask> <mask> in his lifetime) had been training for four years with Gōgen's first Australian student Mervyn Oakley. Deena Naidu the only South African graduate has been teaching Jun Goju Kai - Gogen Ha from the time he graduated out of the college. Even after the death of his teacher he continues to teach his system. Deena Naidu now Hanshi has been spreading the teachings of Gogen Sensei throughout the world. In Goshin kan there are no competitions or tournaments.Gogen Sensei was not in favour of competitions. Only traditional teachings are seen in Goshin kan school. Contributions to Budō
<mask> <mask>'s contributions to Gōjū-ryū karate-dō and to karate-dō in general have been enormous. Under his leadership and guidance the International Karate-dō Gōjū-kai Association (I.K.G.A) has developed and thrived. The organization has increased in popularity both in Japan and other Asian and Western countries throughout the world. By 2008 there were approximately 60-70 countries teaching the Gōjū-kai karate-dō principles and training methods. <mask> <mask> succeeded in unifying all the karate schools in Japan into a single union which resulted in the formation of The Federation of All Japan Karate-dō Organization (F.A.J.K.O.)in 1964. The Kokusai Budō

masks: Yamaguchi Gōgen Yamaguchi Gōgen Yamaguchi Gōgen Yamaguchi


title: Gōgen Yamaguchi

texts:
 Renmei - (The International Martial Arts Federation) in Japan, whose chairman was Prince Higashikuni of the Japanese Imperial Family appointed <mask> as a Shihan - master of that organisation's karate-dō division. <mask> added to the Gōjū system the Taikyoku kata forms, - training methods for the beginner students to prepare them for the more advanced kata. It has been argued that 'never before has a single man had such profound effect on the development and propagation of karate-dō'. (De Jong, Ingo, 1989). Goju-Kai Karate-do Hard and Soft in Harmony - Volume 1. Sweden, Jakobsbergs Tryckeri AB.<mask> <mask> visited Sydney and Melbourne, Australia on two occasions, in 1970 and 1972. Family

<mask> <mask> Kaiso died on May 20, 1989. He had been married twice, firstly to Midori with whom he had four children: Gōsei Norimi <mask> (b. 1935), Gōsen Kishio <mask> (1940-1990), Makiko <mask>, and Gōshi Hirofumi <mask> (b. 1942). He and his second wife, Mitsue, had one child, Gōkyōko Wakako <mask>. All of his children practiced karate-dō and became masters in their own right.The names commencing with gō (剛) were their karate names. Gōsei Norimi <mask> has his own organisation in the United States and Gōshi Hirofumi <mask> is the President of the International Karate-dō Gōjū-kai, with branches in 60 countries. Gōsen Kishio <mask> was the Vice President of Japan Airlines. Kishio, who died in the early 1990s, was deeply

masks: Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Gōgen Yamaguchi Gōgen Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Yamaguchi


title: Gōgen Yamaguchi

texts:
 involved in the running of the I.K.G.A whilst his youngest sister Wakako <mask> was an All Japan Kata Champion for a number of years. Makiko <mask> died from subarachnoid hemorrhage at a relatively young age during the late 1980s. References

Sources
 Alexander, George, The Cat, Gogen Yamaguchi 10th Dan Collectors Edition DVD, (2002). Bishop, Mark, Okinawan Karate: Teachers, Styles and Secret Techniques, (1999).Black Belt Magazine, College of Hard Knocks, Gogen <mask>'s Nippon Karate-dō Senmon Gakko. (Summer Edition 1974). Brennan, Kevin, Australasian Fighting Arts Magazine 1977 April Edition. Craig, DM, IAI: The Art Of Drawing The Sword
 De Jong, Ingo,Goju-Kai Karate-do Hard and Soft in Harmony Sweden, Jakobsbergs Tryckeri, (1989)
 Green, TA, Svinth JR, Modern Arts in the Modern World, (2003)
 Kanazawa, Hirokazu, Karate My Life, (2003). Kane et al., The Way of Kata: A Comprehensive Guide for Deciphering Martial Applications (2005)
 Kim, Richard, The Weaponless Warriors, (1974)
 Noble, Graham, The Life Story of Karate Master Gogen <mask>, Dragon Times. Palabrica, Sonny (1966), The "Cat". Gogen <mask>, Head of Gojuryu Karate, Has Become A Legend in His Time, Black Belt Magazine, 28-35
 Ratti, O; Westbrook, A, Secrets of the Samurai: A Survey of the Martial Arts of Feudal Japan, (1999.)Starling, Paul, The End of an Era, Gogen Yamabuchi- Obituary, Australasian Fighting Arts,Aug-Sept Issue, p.p. 68-70 (1989).

masks: Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Yamaguchi


title: Gōgen Yamaguchi

texts:
 Training in Japan, Ibid, 1977 April issue. Urban, Peter, The Karate Dojo, (reprint 1991.) Urban, Peter, The Karate dojo, (1967)
 Williams, Johnpaul, All Gojuryu Network: Chronological Timeline (1999) www.gojuryu.net. <mask> Gogen, Karate Gojū-ryū by the Cat. 1963 Rapid Print Co. Ltd Tokyo, Japan.<mask>, Gogen, Goju-ryū Karate do Kyohan, Rising Sun Productions (1999)
 <mask>, Goshi, Goju-ryū Karate A Visual Guide to Kumite Techniques Japan (1993)
 <mask> Gosei, Goju-ryū Karate do, Ohara Publications (1974)

External links
 Headquarters of IKGA Japan
 Headquarters of JKGA Japan
 Headquarters of IKGA Scandinavia and Europe
 Headquarters Sydney Australia
 Norimi Gosei Yamaguchi USA
 IKGA Brasil
 Article Graham Noble - Dragon Publications
 Goju-kai (IKGA) Fan Page
 剛柔会 Shuji Tasaki Hanshi Interview - www.gojuryu.net

1909 births
1989 deaths
Sportspeople from Kagoshima Prefecture
Japanese male karateka
Gōjū-ryū practitioners
Kansai University alumni
Ritsumeikan University alumni
Japanese military personnel of World War II
Japanese prisoners of war
World War II prisoners of war held by the Soviet

masks: Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Yamaguchii


title: Rupert Hamer

texts:
<mask>, AC, KCMG, ED (29 July 1916 – 23 March 2004), generally known until he was knighted in 1982 as <mask>, was an Australian Liberal Party politician who served as the 39th Premier of Victoria from 1972 to 1981. Early years
<mask> was born in Melbourne to Elizabeth Anne McLuckie and <mask>, a solicitor. His three siblings all achieved success in their fields: his sister was Alison Patrick (1921–2009), an internationally known historian of the French Revolution; his brothers were <mask> (1923–2002), a federal Liberal politician, and Alan, a Rhodes Scholar, chemist and Managing Director of ICI Australia. Hamer was educated at Melbourne Grammar School and Geelong Grammar School and graduated in law from the University of Melbourne, where he was resident at Trinity College from 1936. He was a member, with his brother Alan, of the College First XVIII Australian Rules football team, and was Secretary of the Student Club. He joined the Melbourne University Regiment of the Australian Army in 1935 and served with them until 1939. He was commissioned as an officer in August 1940 in 2nd/43rd Battalion AIF and served at Tobruk, Syria, El Alamein, New Guinea and in Normandy.After the war he became a partner in his family's law firm and was active in the Liberal Party. In 1944 he married April Mackintosh, with whom he had five children. He continued his military service and remained active in the Citizens Military Force joining the Victorian Scottish Regiment in 1948, of which he was Commanding Officer from 1954 to 1958. Parliamentary career
<mask> was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council for East Yarra Province in 1958. He was appointed to the cabinet of the long-serving Premier, Henry Bolte, in 1962, becoming Assistant Chief Secretary. He was Minister for Local Government from 1964 to 1971. After Deputy

masks:
Sir Rupert James Hamer
Dick Hamer
Hamer
Hubert Hamer
David Hamer
Hamer


title: Rupert Hamer

texts: spite of the setback, <mask> continued in office. He promoted some new younger ministers such as Lou Lieberman (Planning), Norman Lacy (Educational Services and The Arts) and Jeff Kennett (Housing) who continued to pursue a reformist liberal agenda particularly in human services, education, environment protection, planning and the arts. It reformed the administration of the highly centralised Department of Education in Victoria into a regionalised organisation with devolution of greater control to local schools. It established a Special Assistance Program to address illiteracy and innumeracy in primary schools. It introduced a Health and Human Relations Education curriculum and compulsory Physical Education in government schools. Also, it completed the construction of the Victorian Arts Centre, established the Australian Children's Television Foundation, established the Meat Market Craft Centre, acquired and established the Heide Museum of Modern Art, created Film Victoria and reconstituted the Victorian College of the Arts. However, during this period the conservative wing of the Liberal Party, which had always disliked Hamer's social liberalism, began to undermine his position.The leading conservative, Economic Development Minister Ian Smith, was sacked from Cabinet for disloyalty in March 1981. He was reinstated after pledging loyalty to Hamer, but resigned again in May. It was apparent by this stage that Hamer had lost the support of his party. He resigned in June, and was succeeded by Deputy Premier Lindsay Thompson. The following month he resigned from Parliament, and was knighted, becoming Sir <mask>. At the ensuing by-election, Prue Sibree retained his seat for the Liberals. At the election the following year the Liberals were defeated after 27 years in power.Hamer is the last non-elected

masks:
Hamer
Rupert Hamer


title: Silvano Maria Tomasi

texts:
<mask>. (born 12 October 1940) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who has served as the Special Delegate to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta since 1 November 2020. He was the Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in Geneva from 2003 to 2016. He previously worked in the Roman Curia, became an archbishop in 1996, and represented the Holy See as an apostolic nuncio in Africa from 1996 to 2003. Pope Francis raised him to the rank of cardinal on 28 November 2020. Early life
He was born in Casoni di Mussolente, Italy. On 31 May 1965 he was ordained as priest of the Congregation of the Missionaries of St. Charles (Scalabrini).He earned his Ph.D. in sociology from Fordham University. From 1970 to 1974 he was assistant professor of sociology at the City University of New York and the New School for Social Research. He co-founded the Center for Migration Studies, a think tank based in New York, and he founded and edited the journal International Migration Review. In 1973 he told the New York Times that poor Italian immigrants in New York did not take advantage of government assistance programs fearing "humiliation". He also authored a book on the historic legacy of New York's Italian parishes. From 1983 to 1987, he was Director of the newly created Office for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Refugees of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. On 27 June 1989  Pope John Paul II appointed him Secretary of the Pontifical Council for Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant Peoples.He was named titular Archbishop of Cercina and Apostolic Nuncio to Eritrea and Ethiopia on 27 June 1996, consecrated on 17 August 1996 by Cardinal Angelo Sodano, and named Apostolic Delegate to Djibouti on 1 October 1996. He was transferred to the titular see of Acelum on 24 April 1999. His title changed to Apostolic Nuncio to Djibouti on 23 December 2000. Geneva role
On 10 June 2003, <mask> was appointed Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United

masks:
Silvano Maria Tomasi C S
Tomasi


title: Silvano Maria Tomasi

texts: Nations in Geneva. He was widely criticised in September 2009 following a speech in which he praised the Church's record on child sex abuse in comparison with that of other organisations by arguing that "Of all priests involved in the abuses, 80 to 90 percent belong to this sexual orientation minority which is sexually engaged with adolescent boys between the ages of 11 and 17" and "As the Catholic church has been busy cleaning its own house, it would be good if other institutions and authorities, where the major part of abuses are reported, could do the same and inform the media about it." Tomasi "encouraged passage of an international protocol that would give children a direct line of communication to local and international authorities when they are victims of violence or their rights are violated.... Tomasi...said the measure "will become a significant instrument of the human rights system." The document would add to the protections provided in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.Speaking on 8 June 2011 at the U.N. International Labor Conference in Geneva, Archbishop Tomasi urged that all involved in "the burgeoning and mercurial economic system" work to foster fundamental principles that ensure respect for the common good and protection of the most vulnerable. In 2014 the U.N. Committee on the Rights of the Child issued a report described as "a scathing indictment of the Vatican’s handling of child sexual abuse cases involving clerics, releasing a report that included criticism of church teachings on homosexuality, gender equality and abortion" which was seen as an indictment of the Catholic Church's handling of child sexual abuse cases involving clerics, going beyond how the church managed abuse allegations to include criticism of its teachings on homosexuality, gender equality and abortion. Archbishop <mask> appeared before a U.N. committee in Geneva. Vatican officials said they were still studying the findings, but responded angrily


title: Silvano Maria Tomasi

texts:
 becomes possible justification for not only imposing sanctions of economic nature on the state or the group or the region that violates the basic human rights of people, but also to use force. All the force that is necessary to stop this evil and this tragedy." In 2015 <mask> said jihadists were committing "genocide" and must be stopped. He said: "What's needed is a co-ordinated and well-thought-out coalition to do everything possible to achieve a political settlement without violence. But if that's not possible, then the use of force will be necessary." He added: "We have to stop this kind of genocide. Otherwise we'll be crying out in the future about why we didn't so something, why we allowed such a terrible tragedy to happen."<mask> retired from the diplomatic service upon the announcement of the appointment of his successor in Geneva on 13 February 2016. He retains the title "Apostolic Nuncio". In the second half of 2016, <mask> managed the reorganization of several offices of the Roman Curia to form the new Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development, a "mammoth challenge" accomplished "with tact, diplomacy, trustworthiness and genuine affability". Cardinal
On 25 October 2020, Pope Francis announced he would raise him to the rank of cardinal at a consistory scheduled for 28 November 2020. At that consistory, Pope France made him Cardinal-Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere. On 1 November 2020, Pope Francis appointed <mask> his Special Delegate to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. See also
Cardinals created by Pope Francis

References

External links

 Interview (2016) at Zenit News

1940 births
Living people
People from Vicenza
Fordham University alumni
Scalabrinians
Officials of the Roman Curia
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops
Apostolic Nuncios to Eritrea
Apostolic Nuncios to Djibouti
Apostolic Nuncios to Ethiopia
Permanent Observers of the Holy See to the United Nations
Cardinals created by Pope Francis
21st-century Italian

masks: Tomasi Tomasi Tomasi Tomasi


title: Rajah Sulayman

texts:
Rajah <mask>, sometimes referred to as <mask> (Sanskrit: स्ललैअह्, Arabic: سليمان, Abecedario: Suláimán) (1558–1575), was the Rajah of Maynila, a fortified Tagalog Muslim polity on the southern half of the Pasig River delta, when a Spanish expedition arrived in the early 1570s. <mask> – along with his co-ruler Rajah Matanda of Maynila and Lakan Dula, who ruled the neighboring polity of Tondo – was one of the three reigning monarchs during the Spanish conquest of the Port of Manila and the Pasig River delta. Spanish accounts describe him as the most aggressive of the three rulers – a characteristic chalked up to his youth relative to the other two rulers. He was the rajah in the Pasig River Delta era. His adoptive son, baptised Agustin de Legaspi upon conversion to Christianity, was proclaimed the paramount ruler of Tondo upon the death of Lakan Dula, but he along with most of Lakan Dula's sons and most of <mask>'s adoptive sons were executed by the Spanish after being implicated in the 1587–1588 Tondo Conspiracy. This action helped the Spanish Empire to further solidify its grip on Luzon and most of the Philippine archipelago. Names
Spanish documents note that <mask>'s subjects called him Raja Mura or Raja Muda, "Young Raja", a reference to the fact that he was Raja Matanda's nephew and heir apparent.The Spaniards also called him Raja Solimano el Mow. Ancestry
According to the genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955, and asserted by Majul in 1973, <mask> was the 14th Raja of Manila since it was founded as a Muslim principality in 1258 by Rajah Ahmad when he

masks:
Sulayman
Sulayman III
Sulayman
Sulayman
Sulayman
Sulayman


title: Rajah Sulayman

texts:
 defeated the Majapahit Suzerain Raja Avirjirkaya. Spanish conquest of Manila (1570–1571)

Rajah <mask> was the ruler of Maynila along with Rajah Matanda when the invasion of Legazpi occurred. Manila was already influenced by neighboring Southeast Asian kingdoms. The area was already an entrepot of trade from China, Siam and other places. The Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi, searching for a suitable place to establish his capital after moving from Cebu to Panay due to Portuguese claim of the archipelago, sent Martín de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo on an expedition northwards to Luzon upon hearing of a prosperous kingdom there. Goiti anchored at Cavite and established his authority by sending a "message of friendship" to the states surrounding the Pasig River.<mask>, who had been given authority over these settlements by the ageing Rajah Matanda, was willing to accept the "friendship" from the Spaniards. However, he refused to cede his sovereignty, and had no choice but to waged war against the new arrivals' demands. As a result, Goíti and his army invaded the kingdoms in June 1570, sacked and burned the great city before returning to Panay. Tarik <mask> and the Battle of Bangkusay (1571)
Some controversy exists about the identity of the leader of the Macabebe people that initiated the Battle of Bangkusay in 1571. That chieftain is referred to by Filipino historians as Tarik <mask>. In some versions of the Battle of Bangkusay, Tarik <mask> of Macabebe and <mask> III of Manila are the same person, while other contend that they are two separate individuals. Spanish

masks: Sulayman Sulayman Sulayman Sulayman Sulayman Sulayman


title: Rajah Sulayman

texts:
 documents do not identify the leader of the Macabebe revolt by name, but record that he died during the 1571 Battle of Bangkusay, resulting in a Macabebe retreat and Spanish victory.<mask> III, on the other hand, is clearly recorded as participating in the Revolt of 1574, and thus cannot be the unnamed figure who died in 1571 at Bangkusay. The "Sulayman Revolt" (1574)
When López de Legazpi died in 1572, his successor, Governor-General Guido de Lavezaris, did not honour their agreements with <mask> and Lakan Dula. He sequestered the properties of both kings and tolerated Spanish atrocities. In response, <mask> and Lakan Dula led a revolt in the villages of Navotas in 1574, taking advantage of the confusion brought about by the attacks of Chinese pirate Limahong. This is often referred to as the "Manila Revolt of 1574" but is sometimes referred to as the "Sulayman Revolt" and the "Lakan Dula Revolt." Since it involved naval forces, the Sulayman Revolt is also known as the "First Battle of Manila Bay". Friar Geronimo Marín and Juan de Salcedo were tasked with pursuing conciliatory talks with the kingdoms.Lakan Dula and <mask> agreed to Salcedo's peace treaty and an alliance was formed between the two groups. Life after 1574
Some accounts from the American Colonial era claim that <mask> was killed during the revolt of 1574, but this once again seems to be the result of <mask> being confused with Tarik <mask> of Macabebe, who had died in the previous revolt in 1571. A review of genealogical documents deposited at the Philippines' National Archives notes that <mask> lived past

masks: Sulayman Sulayman Sulayman Sulayman Sulayman Sulayman Sulayman Sulayman


title: Rajah Sulayman

texts:
 the 1574 revolt, in which his son Rahang Bago was killed, and lived long enough to adopt the children of an unnamed sibling to be his descendants. <mask> is no longer mentioned in the accounts of events that took place from 1586 to 1588, which involved many members of his family. Descendants
According to Luciano P.R. Santiago's genealogical research, <mask> married his cousin, a princess from Borneo, and the two had at least two biological children: a son referred to as Rahang Bago (which means "new prince"; "Raxa el Vago" in the Spanish texts), and a daughter who would be baptized Doña María Laran. A legend cited by the government of Pasay in the 1950s also says <mask> had two children: a son named Suwaboy, and a daughter, Dayang-dayang (Princess) Pasay, who would inherit from her father the lands south of Manila now known as Pasay and Parañaque.However, Rahang Bago and his cousin Lumantalan were killed by the Spanish in November 1574, in the confusion that ensued during the attack of the Chinese Corsair, Limahong. According to Santiago's research, Doña María Laran had two daughters: Doña Inés Dahitim, the elder, who married Don Miguel Banal of Quiapo; and Doña María Guinyamat, who married a Don Agustín Turingan. Luciano P.R. Santiago theorizes that Don Miguel Banal was the son of the Don Juan Banal who was implicated in the Tondo Conspiracy of 1587. Santiago furthers that Don Miguel Banal and Doña Inés Dahitim are said to have begotten the second Filipino to be inducted into the Augustinian Order, Fray Marcelo Banal de San Agustín. The oral legend cited by the local

masks: Sulayman Sulayman Sulayman


title: Rajah Sulayman

texts:
 government of Pasay, in turn, says that Dayang-dayang Pasay married a local prince named Maytubig and settled in the place called Balite. The legend says that they had a daughter named Dominga Custodio, who grew up to donate all her lands to the Augustinian Order just before her death.Santiago, however, claims that aside from his biological children, <mask> had descendants by adoption. Santiago's genealogical research suggests that <mask> had at least one male sibling, who remained unnamed in the records, and who had died prior to the death of Rahang Bago in 1574. <mask> chose to adopt the sons of this sibling, who were identified in records as Agustín de Legaspi, Don Gabriel Taumbasan, and Don Jeronimo Bassi. All three adopted children of <mask> participated in the Tondo Conspiracy of 1587, and only Taumbasan was not executed, having instead been sentenced to exile in Mexico for four years. Others
According to Meranau history
 Rajah <mask>
 Rajah Indarafatra
 Rajah Umaka'an

Legacy
In Rizal Park in Manila, the Philippines erected a statue to commemorate Rajah <mask> as a hero against Spanish invasion. Also, Rajah Soliman Science and Technology High School in Binondo, Manila (one of two science high schools) is named after him. See also

 Agustin de Legazpi
 Maginoo
 Rajah
 Sultan
 Datu
 Lakan
 Philippine revolts against Spain
 Lacandola Documents

References

|-

Filipino paramount rulers
Filipino datus, rajas and sultans
History of the Philippines (900–1565)
People of Spanish colonial Philippines
People from Manila
1558 births
1575 deaths
Filipino Muslims
Filipino people


title: Julia Rivard

texts:
<mask><mask>) Dexter (born September 17, 1976) is a Canadian sprint canoer who competed in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Rivard and her teammates finished ninth in the K-4 500 m event at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. She has since become an entrepreneur in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and has held a number of positions in Canadian Olympic sport, Government Stewardship and in the Arts and Culture community. Sporting career
Born and raised in North Bay, Ontario, Rivard was a successful multisport athlete, especially as an alpine skier and swimmer. At one time she was ranked in the top ten in Canada in the 200m backstroke and 800m freestyle. She started her canoe-kayak career at the relatively late age of 19. She moved to Dartmouth, Nova Scotia shortly afterward to pursue her training.She was a member of the Canadian national kayak team for three years. Rivard's career highlights include a fourth-place finish in women's K-4 500m at the 1998 World Championships in Szeged, Hungary. In the 2000 World Cup events, she and her teammates won a pair of bronze medals, and also had a fourth- and a sixth-place finish. Her competitive career concluded with a ninth-place finish in the K-4 500 m event at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Rivard is a member of the North Bay Sports Hall of Fame and the 2000 North Bay Female Athlete of the year. Education
While still a national team athlete, Rivard completed a Bachelor of Recreation Administration degree at Dalhousie University in 2000. In 2003, she completed her Bachelor of Graphic Design at the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design (NSCAD University).She continues to pursue education in the field of communication with a specific interest in Semiotics and its application in international relations. Business
After graduation, Rivard founded an incubation center for independent creatives called Queen Street Studios in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.

masks:
Julia (
Rivard


title: Julia Rivard

texts: Queen Street Studios was a new business of the year finalist at the Halifax Chamber of Commerce's 2008 Halifax Business Awards, and was named one of the top ten Nova Scotia startups by the Nova Scotia Business Journal. In 2006 Rivard was nominated for the Globe and Mail's Top 40 Under 40. In 2008, Queen Street Studios merged with a successful web development firm called Norex.ca, a company that was founded in 1999 by Matt Rudderham, Farlan Dowell, & Brandon Kolybaba, taking on the position of Creative Director. Under <mask>'s leadership, developer Chris Troup led the Norex team in developing a medal counter widget for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The widget had over 3 million downloads during the games and was among the most successful Apple / Mac downloads during that period.Later, Norex designed a similar results application for the 2009 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships held in Dartmouth. The Norex group of companies was named the eighth fastest-growing company in Atlantic Canada by Progress Magazine in 2009, the sixth fastest-growing in 2010, and the second fastest-growing in 2011. Since then Norex re-branded to Code + Mortar  and <mask> currently sits on the board. <mask> was also a partner in Norex's sister company SheepDogInc.ca, Canada's first and most successful Google partner. In March 2010, SheepDogInc.ca  was one of only 40 partner companies to deploy a Google App, application called gTrax, in the launch of the Google Apps Marketplace. <mask> was brought in as Chief Executive Officer at SheepDogInc.ca and remained in that position until she sold her interest of the company in 2013. Today Norex is led by Managing Partner Jenelle Sobey with partners <mask> and Leah Skerry co-leading strategy as a members of the Board.Norex work has been recognized by the international Webby Awards for three years running representing their high standards and excellence

masks:
Julia
Julia
Rivard
Rivard
Julia Rivard


title: Julia Rivard

texts:
 in design and innovation. In addition to their websites, Norex has launched several successful innovation projects including SWELL a white-label crowdfunding platform for foundations, schools and not-for profits, Eyeread, a predictive assessment to help students learn how to read while offering teachers analytics to track their success and Pursu.it, a not-for-profit crowdfunding platform for athletes working to reach their dreams. In May, 2018 <mask> was recognized as one of the top 50 most influential Canadian women in STEM as a part of the Inspiring 50: Canada 2018. Most recently, <mask> co-founded Eyeread with a mission to raise global literacy through interactive video games designed to motivate learners to push their mastery of language learning. In 2016 Eyeread released Squiggle Park which later went on to be acquired and in 2019 they released Dreamscape which reached 3 million users in it first 24 months on the market. In February 2020, <mask> was elected as a member of the Board at Nova Scotia Power. Nova Scotia Power Inc. is a vertically integrated electric utility in Nova Scotia, Canada.It is privately owned by Emera and regulated by the provincial government via the Nova Scotia Utility and Review Board. Sport and community leadership
Since 2002 Rivard has continued her involvement in sport as a volunteer. She started at CanoeKayak Canada as athlete's representative on the Sprint High Performance Committee, and then moved onto the Executive Committee as Vice Chair Athlete Relations. She was Vice Chair of Marketing and a member of the CanoeKayak Canada Board of Directors for 13 years. She is a past Board member of Sport Nova Scotia and the Canadian Sport Centre Atlantic. She is currently a member-at-large (B Member) of the Canadian Olympic Committee. In an operational role, Rivard has been to both the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, and the 2010 Winter Olympic

masks: Julia Julia Julia


title: Julia Rivard

texts:
 Games in Vancouver as a Team Services Officer on the Canadian Mission Team.In that role she managed team operations at both Games. In 2008, Rivard accepted an appointment to the Board of Directors for the 2011 Canada Winter Games which were held in Halifax. As a member of the Board her primary responsibilities included the development of the Games Legacy Plan, which includes a uniquely successful Arts and Cultural legacy managed through the Nova Scotia Talent Trust focused on the support of outstanding young artists who display excellence in their field. Since 2011 Rivard has served as an alumni representative on the NSCADU Board of Governors. In 2013 <mask> was appointed to the position of the Vice-Chair of the NSCAD Board of Governors and throughout her term lead the strategic visioning and planning process. In 2012, Rivard was selected as a member of the Manitoba study group for the Governor General's Canadian Leadership Conference. In February 2013, Rivard was one of 41 Canadian Olympic builders honoured with a Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.These individuals were selected for their contributions "work[ing] tirelessly behind the scenes to advance sport excellence in Canada." In 2014 <mask> was presented with the BMO Award for Global Growth and Innovation and was selected as a Finalist for Halifax Business Person of the Year. Family
Rivard has four children: Oscar, born in 2002; Maximus, born in 2004; Phoenix, born in 2004; and Madeleine, born in 2014. <mask> is married to Steven Earle Dexter of Halifax, Nova Scotia. References

External links
 HIT Consultant: Top Promising Digital Health Companies to Watch
 Canada's East Coast Entrepreneurs Aim for Global Growth

1976 births
Canadian female canoeists
Canoeists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Information graphic designers
Living people
NSCAD University alumni
Olympic canoeists of Canada
Sportspeople from North Bay,


title: Samoa Joe

texts: <mask> (born March 17, 1979), is an American professional wrestler and color commentator, better known by the ring name <mask>. During his career, he has worked for WWE, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH). He established himself in ROH from the promotion's beginning in 2002, holding the ROH World Championship for a record 21 months from March 2003 to December 2004. Upon joining TNA in June 2005, he embarked on a 19-month-long undefeated streak, and went on to hold the TNA World Heavyweight Championship once, the TNA X Division Championship five times, the TNA World Tag Team Championship twice, and the TNA Television Championship once; completing the TNA Triple Crown and the TNA Grand Slam. He also wrestled internationally and on the independent circuit for various promotions, winning several titles, including the GHC Tag Team Championship with Magnus in Pro Wrestling Noah, and he was an inaugural NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Champion with Keiji Sakoda in Pro Wrestling Zero1. He left TNA in February 2015, briefly competing again in ROH and the independent circuit. <mask> officially debuted in WWE's developmental territory NXT in May 2015, and signed a full-time contract with the company in June; he went on to become the first-ever two-time NXT Champion, and the co-winner of the inaugural Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic (with Finn Bálor).After joining the main roster in January 2017 and being assigned to the Raw brand, he headlined several WWE pay-per-view events and contended for the Universal Championship, and later the WWE Championship during his time on the SmackDown brand.

masks:
Nuufolau Joel Seanoa
Samoa Joe
Joe


title: Samoa Joe

texts:
 In March 2019, <mask> won his only title on the main roster, the United States Championship. Following several injuries, he became a color commentator on Raw. He was released from his contract in April 2021, but was re-signed just two months later to be an on-screen authority figure on NXT and shortly after would return to in-ring competition to win the NXT Championship for the third time in his career before he was released once again in January 2022. Early life
Seanoa was born on March 17, 1979, and raised in Orange County, California. He resided mainly in Huntington Beach and spent time during his childhood in ʻEwa Beach, Hawaii. His family founded a Polynesian dance troupe in the United States called Tiare Productions.Seanoa made his stage debut at the 1984 Summer Olympics opening at the age of five. He became a California State Junior Judo Champion and was an all league football player while attending Ocean View High School. Before becoming a wrestler, Seanoa worked as a mortgage broker. Professional wrestling career

Training and early career (1999–2000)
<mask> was the first graduate of the UIWA West Coast Dojo, training under Cincinnati Red, along with Johnny Hemp and, occasionally, John Delayo. He debuted in December 1999 in a match against "Uncle" Jess Hansen just three months after beginning training. Ultimate Pro Wrestling (2000–2003)
<mask> quickly signed with former WWF developmental affiliate Ultimate Pro Wrestling (UPW), where he feuded with John Cena and made an appearance on WWF Jakked against Essa Rios. He tagged with Mike Knox at UPW Proving Ground on December 12, 2000 in the

masks: Joe Joe Joe


title: Samoa Joe

texts:
 Galaxy Theatre of Santa Ana, California and defeated the debuting Al Katrazz with Basil.He eventually captured the UPW Heavyweight Championship. He later became the longest reigning UPW Heavyweight Champion ever. When <mask> was in UPW, he met Bruce Prichard and Jim Ross, who told him that he would not have a future in pro wrestling. Pro Wrestling Zero-One (2001–2002)
In June 2001, <mask> made his way to Japan, wrestling for Shinya Hashimoto's Pro Wrestling Zero-One promotion, fighting in its Shingeki series of pay-per-views, as well as the annual Burning Heart tournaments. <mask> continued to work for the promotion throughout 2002, participating in a number of their biggest shows and tournaments. After forming a team with Keiji Sakoda, they became the inaugural NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Champions, though their reign is no longer officially recognized by the promotion. He worked as both <mask> and later <mask>, but ultimately chose to leave the promotion when he was asked to take on a more gimmicky character.Ring of Honor (2002–2008)
Back in the United States, <mask> joined the ranks of the East Coast-based Ring of Honor (ROH) promotion in 2002. He made his debut at "Glory by Honor" as Christopher Daniels's "hired assassin", brought in to take out Daniels's chief enemy, Low Ki. Originally booked for just the one match against Low Ki, <mask> impressed fans with his extremely stiff and hard-hitting style that resembled a mixed martial arts fighter more than a wrestler, which led to ROH booking him full-time. <mask> quickly rose through the ranks and became ROH Champion, defeating Xavier for the

masks:
Joe
Joe
Joe
Samoa Joe
King Joe
Joe
Joe
Joe