title: Zalmay Khalilzad

texts:
 trash, and then found by scavenging bloggers. In 2015, he donated over $100,000 to the Atlantic Council, a US thinktank. <mask>'s political autobiography, The Envoy: From Kabul to the White House, My Journey Through a Turbulent World, was published by St. Martin's Press in 2016. Envoy for Afghan Reconciliation

In September 2018, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo named <mask> as the Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation, a newly created envoy with the mission of securing a peaceful resolution to the conflict in Afghanistan.As of March 2021, he has continued in this role under the new administration of Joe Biden. On May 18, 2021, at a U.S. House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee hearing on U.S. policy in Afghanistan, <mask> downplayed the prospect of a swift Taliban takeover when U.S. forces leave saying, "If they [Taliban] pursue, in my judgment, a military victory, it will result in a long war, because Afghan security forces will fight, other Afghans will fight, neighbors will come to support different forces." He later added at that same hearing, "I personally believe that the statements that the [Afghan] forces will disintegrate, and the Talibs will take over in short order are mistaken. The real choices that the Afghans will face is between a long war and negotiated settlement." Despite this statement, the 2021 Taliban offensive culminated in a swift Taliban takeover and the dissolution of the Afghan National Army. Ahmad Wali Massoud, a Taliban adversary who was also critical of the government of Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani, accused Khalizad of playing a role in orchestrating the Taliban's return to power in an interview which was published in TRT World on September 21, 2021. Massoud argued that the Taliban did not have the military

masks: Khalilzad Khalilzad Khalilzad


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

type: original

texts:
 capacity to retake Kabul without great assistance and also cast suspicion on growing U.S. efforts to use the Taliban to fight the terrorist group ISIS-K.Personal life
<mask> is an ethnic Pashtun. <mask>'s wife is author and political analyst Cheryl Benard. They met in 1972 while they were both students at the American University of Beirut. They have two children. References

External links

<mask> <mask> on United States Department of State

Articles
 Losing the Moment? The United States and the World After the Cold War
The Washington Post – Afghan Roots Keep Adviser Firmly in the Inner Circle
US Mission to the UN – United States Ambassadors to the United Nations
Current Biography August 2006 cover story
The New Yorker – American Viceroy
RFE/RL interview with <mask> <mask> (May 18, 2007)
Zalmay.com, a profile view
Profile: <mask>, The Center for Cooperative Research
Video: <mask> discusses Iraq, Afghanistan and the Middle East
The Long Shadow of a Neocon
What to Read on Afghan Politics 2010

|-

|-

1951 births
Living people
20th-century Muslims
21st-century American politicians
21st-century Muslims
Afghan emigrants to the United States
Afghan Muslims
American diplomats
Ambassadors of the United States to Afghanistan
Ambassadors of the United States to Iraq
American people of Pashtun descent
American Sunni Muslims
American University of Beirut alumni
Columbia University faculty
George W. Bush administration personnel
Members of the Council on Foreign Relations
Obama administration cabinet members
Pashtun people
People from Mazar-i-Sharif
Permanent Representatives of the United States to the United Nations
RAND Corporation people
Reagan administration personnel
United States National Security Council staffers
University of Chicago alumni
Washington, D.C.

masks: Khalilzad Khalilzad Zalmay Khalilzad Zalmay Khalilzad Khalilzad Khalilzad


title: Beverly Willis

texts:
<mask>  (born February 17, 1928) is an American architect who played a major role in the development of many architectural concepts and practices that influenced the design of American cities and architecture. <mask>' achievements in the development of new technologies in architecture, urban planning, public policy and her leadership activities on behalf of architects are well known. Her best-known built-work is the San Francisco Ballet Building in San Francisco, California. She is the co-founder of the National Building Museum, in Washington, D.C., and founder of the Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation, a non-profit organization working to change the culture for women in the building industry through research and education. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, daughter of Margaret Elizabeth Porter, a nurse, and <mask>, an oil industry entrepreneur and an agriculturalist. <mask>' brother, <mask> (1930–1999), served in the United States Army and later retired to the Fiji Islands. During World War II, at age 15, <mask> learned to fly a single-engine propeller plane in order to qualify for the Women's Air Service.<mask> then moved with her mother, now divorced, to Portland, Oregon, where <mask> graduated from high school. <mask> studied engineering at Oregon State University from 1946–48. She graduated from the University of Hawaii in 1954 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree with honors. Career

Willis Atelier
After graduating from the University of Hawaii, <mask> founded the Willis Atelier in Waikiki, where she continued the mural and fresco work begun in college under the training of Jean Charlot. In Charlot's studio, <mask> was introduced to the geometric and organic connections between art and nature, analyzing plants, buds, and flowers to discover nature's intrinsic

masks:
Beverly Willis
Willis
Willis
Ralph William Willis
Willis
Ralph Gerald Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis


title: Beverly Willis

texts:
 geometry. This understanding of the relationship between geometry, nature, and beauty would later influence her humanistic design approach to architecture. In 1956, <mask> pioneered a technique for sand cast mural panels, including a panel used in the Shell Bar at the Royal Hawaiian Hilton.The Shell Bar, also designed by <mask>, became a backdrop in the television series Hawaiian Eye. <mask> Willis Architects
In 1958, <mask> opened a design office in San Francisco, California. Her early career as a multi-media artist, in Honolulu, Hawaii, led to her work in retail store design, for which she was nationally recognized. In the late 1960s, when suburban expansion was booming, <mask> combined her retail experience with large-scale housing, that later evolved into designs for institutions, urban planning and development. She is best known for her innovative approaches to new and varied building uses, including: the San Francisco Ballet Building, the first building in the US designed exclusively for the used of a Ballet company and school; the Union Street Stores, that some historians describe as an initial contribution to the advancement of the Modern adaptive re-use of historical buildings movement; and the Manhattan Village Academy, a New York City Department of Education high school that was a prototype for new teaching concepts embodied in small or charter schools. <mask>'s innovations were based on extensive research and the resulting architectural designs were developed from specific, often new, building functions, giving each building an individualized appearance. Among <mask>'s most notable achievements was the in-house development and coding of the computer program, Computerized Approach to Residential Land Analysis, called CARLA, in 1970.In 1995, <mask> founded the Architecture Research Institute

masks: Willis Willis Beverly Willis Willis Willis Willis Willis


title: Beverly Willis

texts:
 to study the future development of global cities. In 1997, the National Building Museum published her book, "Invisible Images– The Silent Language of Architecture." Realizing that women's significant and distinguished contributions to architecture were not included in the historical narrative of architecture – and understanding that the future is based on the past – she founded the Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation, in 2002, with the mission of changing architecture culture through research and education. Willis and Associates Architects
Willis and Associates Architects was created and dedicated with the task of providing insurance and risk management solutions to architects and engineers. It was developed over 39 years ago and has served over 500 design firms around North America. Architecture
<mask>' architecture is rooted in a humanistic design approach that is reflected in the individualistic, functional plans of her buildings. <mask>' work extends from the belief that design can influence human behavior and that the spatial concepts of form, function, proportion, texture, and color visually communicate with the senses.At the core of <mask>' concept of a humanistic design is her belief that form follows function and a Vitruvian understanding of the relationship between design, nature, and proportion as expressed in De architectura. Her architecture portfolio spans diverse scales, from retail spaces to residences, commercial structures, and cultural facilities. One of her most notable design achievements, the San Francisco Ballet Building, was without precedent in the United States. At the time of its completion in 1984, the San Francisco Ballet Association Building was the first building in the United States to be designed and constructed exclusively for the use of a major ballet institution.

masks:
Beverly Willis
Willis
Willis


title: Beverly Willis

texts: The building, located within San Francisco's Civic Center District, went to serve as a model for the design of future American ballet companies and schools. In 1974, Willis & Associates, Inc., was awarded an architectural and engineering contract for the design and plan of the Aliamanu Valley Community for Military Housing in Honolulu, Hawaii. The project was a $110 million family-housing complex of 11,500 inhabitants, residing in 525 buildings on a 524-acre site.Though CARLA had been previously employed successfully, <mask>' firm faced a greater challenge presented by the Aliamanu site, located on a non-active volcanic crater floor in a one hundred year old flood plain of clay. Through the use of CARLA's analyses, <mask>' plan for Aliamanu projected earth-moving for the project at 40% less than the previous firm's plans, causing less destruction to the environment and lowering overall construction costs. Resulting from their technical achievements in the development of the proprietary computerized approach to residential land analysis known as CARLA, in 1976, Beverly Willis & Associates was awarded a federal building commission from the General Services Administration (GSA) in Washington, D.C., representing the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Though never built as a result of federal policy shifts in the regulation of computer data privacy, the project was conceived by the IRS as a prototype design that would be site-adapted for nine subsequent buildings in IRS regions across the country as part of an $800 million program. Among <mask>' other notable design achievements are the Union Street Stores, recognized as one of the pioneering projects in historic preservation and adaptive reuse projects in both San Francisco and the United States, and the Manhattan Village Academy in New York City. The Manhattan

masks: Willis Willis Willis


title: Beverly Willis

texts:
 high school received national recognition for its design and was published as one of the exemplary examples of architecture in education facilities by the American Institute of Architects. Service to the Profession
Willis' service to the profession are many.These include being a founding trustee of the National Building Museum, in Washington, D.C. In 1976, <mask> joined The Washington Post art and architecture critic Wolf von Eckhardt, architect Clothiel Woodward Smith, Smithsonian architecture historian Cynthia Fields, and attorney Herbert Franklin to create the National Building Museum. Housed in the former U.S. Pension Bureau's Headquarters, four blocks from the National Mall, the museum's mission is to “advance the quality of the built environment by educating people about its impact on their lives." She served on the U.S. Government delegation to the United Nations conference on Habitat I in 1976. She was the first women to be president of the California Chapter of the American Institute of Architects in 1979. (2015)
 American Institute of Architects New York Chapter (AIA-NY) Special Citation, awarded to <mask> at 2015 Annual Meeting (2015)
 Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Association of Professional Women in Construction (2011)
 Top Women in Real Estate Award, New York Resident Magazine (2010)
 American Planning Association's New York Metro Chapter's Lawrence Orton Award for Excellence in City and Regional Planning cited Rebuild Downtown Our Town, co-directed by <mask>. (2003)
 National Association of Home Builders, Merit Award, River Run Residence, St. Helena, California.(1985)
 California Council of the American Institute of Architects Merit Award, Margaret S. Hayward Playground Building, San Francisco, California. (1984)
 Gold Nugget Grand Award, Pacific Coast Builders Conference

masks:
Willis
Beverly Willis
Beverly Willis


title: Beverly Willis

texts:
 and Builders Magazine, for Best Recreational Facility, Margaret S. Hayward Playground Building, San Francisco, California. (1983)
 American Institute of Architects (AIA) Award of Merit, 1976 Homes for Better Living Awards Program, Vine Terrace Apartments, San Francisco, California. (1976)
 Award for Exceptional Distinction for Environmental Design for work on Union Street by the Governor of California. (1967)
 AIA Bay Area Award for Union Street Store Development at 1980 Union Street. (1967)
 Significant Achievement in Beautification Citation by Buildings Magazine for the Transamerica Title Building in Oakland, California. (1966)
 Merit Award in Office Renovation for the Campbell-Ewald Building, San Francisco, California by the American Institute of Building Design.(1965)

Honors
 Montgomery Fellowship, Dartmouth College (1992)
 Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts, Mount Holyoke College (1982)
 Fellowship American Institute of Architects (1980)
 U. S. Government Delegate to "Habitat I" the 1976 United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (1976)
 Phoebe Hearst Gold Medal Award for Distinguished Service to San Francisco (1969)

Exhibitions
 Women in American Architecture 1888–1988: The Exceptional One. Exhibit organized by the American Institute of Architects and the American Architectural Foundation exhibited in Washington DC; Denver, Colorado; and Los Angeles. The Outdoor Chair. Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Design, New York. (1988)
 The Outdoor Chair. Contract Design Center, San Francisco. (1987)
 Yerba Buena Gardens.San Francisco Museum, San Francisco. (1984)
 Group Oil Paintings Exhibit. Honolulu Gallery of Art Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii. (1956)
 One-Person Exhibit: Watercolors. Maxwell Gallery, San Francisco. (1952)

Scholarship

Books
 <mask>, <mask>.

masks: Willis Beverly


title: Beverly Willis

texts:
 Invisible Images: The Silent Language of Architecture, a Design Memoir.Washington, D.C.: National Building Museum, 1997. .
 <mask>, <mask> and Dr. Ronald S. Graybeal. "Computerized Financial Analysis," in Harry A. Golemon, ed. Financing Real Estate Development. New Jersey: Aloray, 1974.  .
 <mask>, <mask>. "The Environmental System Decision-Making Process" in Ravinder K Jain and Bruce L. Hutchings, eds. Environmental Impact Analysis: Emerging Issues in Planning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978.<mask>, <mask>. "Towards a Sustainable City: Rebuilding Lower Manhattan" in Mike Jenks and Nicola Dempsey, eds. Future Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities. Amsterdam; Boston: Architectural Press, 2005..
 <mask>, <mask>. "If It's Tuesday, It Must be Singapore" in Iris Miller and Robert A. Bosser, eds. Visions and Reflections on Utopia and Reality. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects, 1991.<mask>, <mask>. "Towards a Sustainable City" in Ulla Terlinden, ed. City and Gender: International Discourse on Gender, Urbanism and Architecture. Leske + Budrich, Opladen, Hanover, Germany. 2003. <mask>, <mask>, ed. The Architect and the Shelter Industry.Washington, D.C.: The American Institute of Architects, 1975. LCCN 75325678. Symposiums
 Grands Projets – Its Lessons and Legacies, a one-day retrospective assessment of the history of the Grands Projets in France, co-sponsored with The Cultural Services of the French Embassy, and hosted by the Guggenheim Museum. Working Neighborhoods: Failed Policies and Fresh Directions, a one-day assessment of new directions for development of working neighborhoods, co-hosted by the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture, and held in New York City and Oakland California. Papers

Architecture Research Institute
 Towards a Sustainable City: Rebuilding

masks: Willis Beverly Willis Beverly Willis Beverly Willis Beverly Willis Beverly Willis Beverly


title: Beverly Willis

texts:
 Lower Manhattan, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford 2004. The R.Dot Project: Rebuilding Lower Manhattan, Fifth International Architecture Symposium, Pontresina, Switzerland, September 12–14, 2002. Towards a Sustainable City, International Women's University Conference, Hanover, Germany, September 2000.Re-Examining the Courtyard Block: A Megacity Habitat for the New Working Family, Megacities 2000 Conference, Spring 2000, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Spatial Speculations. Embodied Utopias – Gender, Social Change, and the Built Environment Conference, 1999, University of Chicago Gender Center, sponsored by the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies. Megacities: Re-Examining the Sidewalk as Public Space. The Second International Symposium on Asia Pacific Architecture, Making of Public Spaces, University of Hawaii, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, April 1998. R.Dot
 Neighborhoods and Housing Lower Manhattan- A Mixed income Community, New York, April 14, 2004. Arts and Culture: Revitalizing Lower Manhattan Through Arts and Culture, New York, January 23, 2003.Retail Strategies for Revitalizing Lower Manhattan, New York, January 16, 2003. Design Program for the World Trade Center and Lower Manhattan, New York, October 7, 2002. Managed Streets – Street Life is Crucial to the Revitalization of Lower Manhattan, New York, June 15, 2002. Rebuilding Lower Manhattan and the World Trade Center, New York, February 19, 2002. Films
100 Women Architects in the Studio of Frank Lloyd Wright - "A Girl is a Fellow Here." Written and directed by <mask>. New York, NY: Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation, 2009.DVD-R. Built for Ballet – An American Original. Written by Meg Pinto. Directed by Tim Sakamoto. New York, NY: Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation, 2011. DVD-R. The Artist <mask> – Honolulu and San

masks:
Beverly Willis
Beverly Willis


title: Beverly Willis

texts:
 Francisco Years 1948–1968.Written, directed and edited born Mark Mitchell. New York, NY: Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation in collaboration with the Beverly Willis Archive, 2013. DVD-R. The Architect <mask> – San Francisco and New York Years 1958–1995. Written, directed and edited born Mark Mitchell. New York, NY: Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation in collaboration with the Beverly Willis Archive, 2013. DVD-R.Unknown New York: The City that Women Built. Directed by <mask>. New York, NY: Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation, 2018. The documentary is 17-minutes long and highlights the many female architects, engineers, and builders behind 234 projects in Manhattan. Philanthropy

Architecture Research Institute

In 1995, <mask> created the Architecture Research Institute as a think-tank to develop and advocate urban policies through interdisciplinary partnerships between academics, governments, corporations and the public. The Institute sought to “promote research in design and planning that informs public policies and strategies that create livable, compact, global cities that are eco-sustainable, walk-able and less automobile dependent." The Institute developed and advocated urban policies to make global cities more livable.After the collapse of the World Trade Center on 9/11, the Institute co-founded Rebuild Downtown Our Town (R.Dot) with Susan Szenasy, editor Metropolis Magazine. R.Dot mobilized hundreds of designers, professionals, and civilians to create a coordinated response to help guide the rebuilding effort and establish a planning framework for the city of New York. Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation

Displeased with the relative dearth of scholarship on women in the architecture history books, in 2002, <mask> and Heidi Gifford, established the Beverly Willis Architecture

masks:
Beverly Willis
Beverly Willis
Willis
Willis


title: Beverly Willis

texts:
 Foundation (BWAF), a nonprofit 501(c)(3) national research and educational organization, to advance the knowledge and recognition of women's contributions to architecture. The Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation's (BWAF) mission is “to change the culture of the building industry so that women's work, whether in contemporary practices or historical narratives, is acknowledged, respected and valued.” BWAF collaborates with museums, professional organizations and other groups in the areas of architecture, design, landscape, engineering, technology, real estate and construction. A  program of BWAF, is Emerging Leaders, which was recently created in 2017 to build a professional development opportunity once women are out of school for five to ten years. Women who are chosen to participate will get the chance to build relationships with significant senior women in architecture, engineering, construction, real estate, law, and financial services to advance their own career goals. They share common experiences and trade personal strategies for success.References

External links
 Pioneering Women of American Architecture, <mask> <mask>
 Beverly Willis Online Archive
 Grove Art Online
 American Women of Architecture Timeline
 <mask> at International Archive of Women in Architecture
 <mask> Willis Oral History at Regional Oral History Office UC Berkeley
 Beverly Willis Library at the National Building Museum
 Beverly Willis Architecture Project Images at ARTstor
 Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation
 American Institute of Architects
 National Building Museum

American women architects
1928 births
20th-century American architects
American architecture writers
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
University of Hawaiʻi alumni
Oregon State University alumni
Living people
20th-century American

masks:
Beverly Ann
Willis
Beverly Willis
Beverly


title: William Kissam Vanderbilt

texts:
<mask> "Willie<mask> I (December 12, 1849 – July 22, 1920) was an American heir, businessman, philanthropist and horsebreeder. Born into the <mask> family, he managed his family's railroad investments. Early life
<mask> I was born on December 12, 1849, in New Dorp, Staten Island in New York. His parents were <mask> (1821–1896) and <mask> (1821–1885), the eldest son of Commodore <mask>, an heir to his fortune and a prominent member of the <mask> family who was the richest American after he took over his father's fortune in 1877 until his own death in 1885. He was the third of eight children born to his parents. His siblings were <mask> (1843–1899), <mask> (1845–1924), <mask> (1852–1946), <mask> (1854–1952), <mask> (1856–1938), <mask> (1860–1936) and <mask> II (1862–1914). Career
<mask> inherited $55 million (equal to about $ billion today) from his father.He managed his family railroad investments. In 1879, after taking over P. T. Barnum's Great Roman Hippodrome which was on railroad property by Madison Square Park, he renamed the facility Madison Square Garden. Thoroughbred horse racing
<mask> was one of the founders of The Jockey Club. He was a shareholder and president of the Sheepshead Bay Race Track in Brooklyn, New York and the owner of a successful racing stable. In 1896, he built the American Horse Exchange at 50th Street (Manhattan) and Broadway. In 1911 he leased it (and eventually sold it to) the Shubert Organization who then transformed it into the Winter Garden Theatre. After his divorce from Alva, he moved to France where he built a château and

masks:
William Kissam
" Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt
William Kissam Vanderbilt
Maria Louisa Kissam
William Henry Vanderbilt
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt
Cornelius Vanderbilt II
Margaret Louisa Vanderbilt
Emily Thorn Vanderbilt
Florence Adele Vanderbilt
Frederick William Vanderbilt
Eliza Osgood Vanderbilt
George Washington Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt


title: William Kissam Vanderbilt

texts:
 established the Haras du Quesnay horse racing stable and breeding farm near Deauville in France's famous horse region of Lower Normandy.Among the horses he owned was the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame filly Maskette, purchased from Castleton Farm in Lexington, Kentucky for broodmare services at his French breeding farm. Together, they had three children:

 Consuelo <mask> (born March 2, 1877)
 <mask> <mask> (born on March 2, 1878)
 Harold Stirling <mask> (born on July 6, 1884)

Alva later coerced Consuelo into marrying Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough on November 6, 1895. Alva divorced <mask> in March 1895, at a time when divorce was rare among the elite, and received a large financial settlement reported to be in excess of $10 million (equal to about $ million today). The grounds for divorce were allegations of <mask>'s adultery. Alva remarried to one of their old family friends, Oliver Hazard Perry Belmont, on January 11, 1896. In 1903, <mask> married Anne Harriman (1861–1940), daughter of banker Oliver Harriman.She was a widow to sportsman Samuel Stevens Sands and to Lewis Morris Rutherfurd, Jr., son of the astronomer Lewis Morris Rutherfurd. Her second husband had died in Switzerland in 1901. She had two sons by her first marriage and two daughters by her second marriage. She had no children by Vanderbilt. Residences

Like other prominent Vanderbilts, he built magnificent houses. His residences included Idle Hour (1900) on Long Island and Marble House (1892), designed by Richard Morris Hunt, in Newport, Rhode Island. Hunt also designed Vanderbilt's

masks:
Vanderbilt
William Kissam
Vanderbilt II
Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt


title: William Kissam Vanderbilt

texts:
 660 Fifth Avenue mansion (1883).In 1907, <mask> and his second wife built Château Vanderbilt, a Louis XIII style manor house along with three thoroughbred race tracks in Carrières-sous-Poissy, an hour outside Paris and on the route to Deauville, famous for its horse racing. <mask> was a co-owner of the yacht Defender, which won the 1895 America's Cup and briefly owned the large steam yacht Consuelo. <mask> was a founder and president of the New Theatre. <mask> made significant charitable contributions to Vanderbilt University, a private university in Nashville, Tennessee named for his grandfather. Death and legacy
<mask> died in Paris, France, on July 22, 1920. His remains were brought home and interred in the <mask> family vault in the Moravian Cemetery in New Dorp, Staten Island, New York. <mask>'s portrait, painted by F. W. Wright from an original painting by Richard Hall between 1911 and 1921, was donated to Vanderbilt University in 1921; it is hung in Kirkland Hall.Founding member of the Jekyll Island Club aka The Millionaires Club on Jekyll Island, Georgia. References

Further reading
Case, Carole -  The Right Blood: America's Aristocrats in Thoroughbred Racing (2000) Rutgers University Press

External links

1849 births
1920 deaths
American railroad executives
American railway entrepreneurs
American racehorse owners and breeders
French racehorse owners and breeders
<mask>am
American people of Dutch descent
Businesspeople from Newport, Rhode Island
Vanderbilt University people
Burials at the Vanderbilt Mausoleum (Moravian Cemetery)
Former yacht owners of

masks:
Vanderbilt
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Vanderbilt
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William Kiss


title: Werner Hartenstein

texts:
<mask> (27 February 1908 – 8 March 1943) was a German naval officer during World War II who commanded the U-boat . He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross , the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. <mask> was credited with sinking 19 ships totaling , and with damaging three ships and a destroyer. Born in Plauen, <mask> joined the Reichsmarine (navy of the Weimar Republic) in 1928. After a period of training on surface vessels and service on various torpedo boats during the Spanish Civil War and the first year of World War II, he transferred to the U-boat service in 1941. In September 1942, <mask> torpedoed and sank the , then attempted to rescue the survivors. He was forced to abort the rescue when his U-boat came under attack by a B-24 Liberator bomber of the United States Army Air Forces.The event became known as the "Laconia incident" and resulted in the "Laconia Order", an order from the Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote to the entire German U-boat force that forbade rescuing the survivors of sunken ships. <mask> and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a US PBY Catalina aircraft on 8 March 1943. Early life and pre-war service
<mask> was born in Plauen in the Vogtland of the Kingdom of Saxony, then a federated state of the German Empire, on 27 February 1908. He was the second child of William Karl <mask>, an export merchant, and Selma <mask>, née Schlingensiepen. <mask> had one older sister, Thea Irena, and a younger sister, Charlotte. He celebrated his confirmation in 1923 and graduated from

masks:
Werner Hartenstein
Hartenstein
Hartenstein
Hartenstein
Hartenstein
Hartenstein
Adolf Hartenstein
Emma Hartenstein
Hartenstein


title: Werner Hartenstein

texts: a humanities-oriented secondary school in Plauen with his diploma (Abitur) in 1926. After graduation in 1926 he applied for a naval officer cadetship but was rejected at first, and instead studied two semesters of jurisprudence.He matriculated at the University of Freiburg (Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg) in Freiburg im Breisgau on 29 April 1927. Aged 20, <mask> re-applied for the cadetship, was accepted and began his naval career with the Reichsmarine on 1 April 1928 as a member of "Crew 28" (the incoming class of 1928). He underwent basic military training in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund (1 April 1928 – 30 June 1928). <mask> was then transferred to the training ship Niobe (1 July 1928 – 15 October 1928), attaining the rank of Seekadett (midshipman) on 11 October 1928. Following a 14-month stay on board the cruiser Emden (16 October 1928 – 3 January 1930) he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See (officer cadet) on 1 January 1930. Emden at the time was under the command of Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière, a U-boat commander during World War I. <mask> then underwent a number of officer training courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik, including navigational training cruises on the survey vessel Meteor, before transferring to the light cruiser Köln (1 October 1931 – 23 September 1934). His stay on Köln was occasionally interrupted to attend further training courses at Wilhelmshaven and Kiel-Wik.During this assignment on 30 January 1933, the Nazi Party, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, came to power in Germany, and began to rearm the navy.

masks: Hartenstein Hartenstein Hartenstein


title: Werner Hartenstein

texts:
 In 1935, the Reichsmarine was renamed the Kriegsmarine. <mask> served as first watch officer on the torpedo boat  from 30 September 1936 to 13 November 1938. He was promoted to Kapitänleutnant (captain lieutenant) on 1 June 1937. <mask> participated in several patrols in 1937 and 1938 on board Greif in Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War. For these services he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Bronze () on 6 June 1939. World War II

At the outbreak of World War II, <mask> continued to serve on torpedo boats.In this position, he completed 65 patrols in the North Sea, Norwegian waters, the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel in the first one and a half years of the war. <mask> took command of torpedo boat  on 20 November 1938. In October 1939 <mask> transferred and switched command of torpedo boat  with Kapitänleutnant Franz Kohlauf who took over command of Seeadler. On 30 March 1941, command of Jaguar was given to Kapitänleutnant Friedrich-Karl Paul and <mask> transferred to the U-boat force, and on 4 September 1941 was given command of U-156, a Type IXC U-boat. For his service on torpedo boats, <mask> was awarded the German Cross in Gold () on 2 February 1942. Karl Dönitz personally pinned the award on Harteinstein's leather jacket on 17 March 1942. U-156 was first assigned to the 4th U-boat Flotilla at Stettin as a training boat, then was transferred to the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient, France, on 31 December 1941.First patrol
<mask>'s first patrol (24 December 1941 – 10 January 1942) was an uneventful transfer patrol taking U-156 from Kiel to Lorient. U-156, together with  and ,

masks: Hartenstein Hartenstein Hartenstein Hartenstein Hartenstein Hartenstein Hartenstein Hartenstein


title: Werner Hartenstein

texts:
 transited through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, passing Brunsbüttel where they joined up with a pathfinder and . The convoy received aerial protection from Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aircraft and split up once they reached Cuxhaven. Passing south of the Shetland Islands, bypassing the Hebrides, U-156 slowly approached Rockall, where two weather buoys (, or WFB) were released: "WFB 33" on 7 January 1942 at , and "WFB 32" on 8 January 1942 at 02:44 at  in the Porcupine Bank. U-156 received a radio message on the evening of 8 January ordering <mask> to proceed at high speed to Lorient, where it arrived on 10 January 1942. Second patrol
On his second patrol (19 January 1942 – 17 March 1942) <mask> commanded a wolfpack of U-boats (Gruppe Neuland—Group New Land) during the Attack on Aruba in February 1942, attacking an oil refinery. U-156 along with  under the command of Günther Müller-Stöckheim and  under the command of Jürgen von Rosenstiel departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder in the early morning of 19 January 1942.<mask>'s orders were to conduct a simultaneous surprise attack of the Gruppe Neuland against the shipping traffic off Aruba and Curaçao. Besides U-156, U-67 and U-502, Gruppe Neuland also included the submarines  under the command of Nicolai Clausen and  under the command of Albrecht Achilles. On 16 February, after observing the area for a few days, U-156 came around to the refineries. There in front of her target were two Lago Company flat-bottom steamers,  and , both British-owned oilers. At 01:31, U-156 surfaced in San Nicolaas Harbour some  offshore and attacked


title: Werner Hartenstein

texts:
 the two British tankers at anchor. <mask>rnales. The torpedo attack was successful and Pedernales was hit amidships.Loaded with crude oil, the steamer immediately burst into flames, killing eight of her 26 crewmen and wounding her captain Herbert McCall. Oranjestad then began to lift anchor and steam away but she was too late and was hit by a second torpedo fired from U-156. She too burst into flames and sunk an hour later in about  of water. Fifteen of her 22 crewmen were killed. At 03:13, U-156 attacked the Texaco-owned tanker SS Arkansas which was berthed at Eagle Beach next to the Arend/Eagle Refinery. Just one of the torpedoes struck Arkansas and partially sank her but the damage was moderate and caused no casualties. Commander <mask> then steamed further around Aruba and directed his men to take to the deck guns and prepare for a naval bombardment of the large oil tank of the Lago Oil and Transport Company The crew of the 10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun forgot to remove the tampion from the barrel, so when <mask> ordered them to fire, the gun blew up.Gunnery Officer Dietrich von dem Borne was wounded badly, one foot having been severed. His comrade and trigger man Heinrich Büssinger was badly wounded as well and died several hours after the attack. <mask> ordered the 3.7 cm flak gun to continue the attack, causing only superficial damage. Third patrol

On Hartenstein's third patrol (22 April 1942 – 7 July 1942), U-156 sank 12 ships and damaged a further two, including the  on 25 May 1942. This achievement earned <mask> a reference on 6 June 1942 in the Wehrmachtbericht, a propaganda bulletin

masks: Hartensteinede Hartenstein Hartenstein Hartenstein Hartenstein


title: Werner Hartenstein

texts: issued by the headquarters of the Wehrmacht, the OKW. The mention was entered in the orders and decorations' section of a soldier's Service Record Book. U-156 along with U-502 again departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder on 22 April 1942 destined for the Caribbean Sea.Prior to the departure Dietrich von dem Borne, who had been severely wounded on the second patrol, was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See of the Reserve Gert Mannesmann. Chief engineer Wilhelm Polchau reported to Hartenstein on 6 May that the diesel compressor had malfunctioned. Hartenstein radioed  under the command of Robert-Richard Zapp to assist. On 10 May U-156 and U-66 rendezvoused and exchanged  of fuel oil for the necessary spare parts, and the fuel compressor was repaired. U-156 sighted the first steamer in the early afternoon on 12 May, the first of twelve ships—eleven merchantmen and one warship—attacked on this patrol, ten of which were sunk. U-156, positioned near Fort-de-France, was ordered to observe the traffic to and from Martinique. At roughly  offshore, the hydrophones detected a ship.<mask> attacked from a submerged position firing two torpedoes. One torpedo struck the bow of the Blakeley after a 25-second run-time. <mask> observed that the bow was completely blown away, but its engines kept running. The waters around Martinique were extremely shallow and <mask> decided not to pursue the destroyer. On 1 June 1942, <mask> was promoted to Korvettenkapitän (corvette captain). The first watch officer, Paul Just, left U-156 after returning from the third patrol. Just was replaced by Oberleutnant zur

masks: Hartenstein Hartenstein Hartenstein Hartenstein


title: Werner Hartenstein

texts:
 See Leopold Schumacher as new first watch officer.Just later became commander of ,  and . <mask> and the entire crew of U-156 received a hero's welcome by the residents of Plauen on 20 July 1942. The people lined the streets as the whole crew marched from the railway station to the City Hall for the official welcome reception. Fourth patrol and Laconia incident
On U-156's fourth patrol (20 August 1942 – 16 November 1942), <mask> sank and then organised the rescue of the survivors of RMS Laconia, resulting in the "Laconia incident" and "Laconia Order". U-156 together with  under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten departed from Lorient on 20 August 1942 heading for the Bay of Biscay. <mask>ter, west of Casablanca.Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position to avoid detection under the bright moonlight. Clan Macwhirter was hit by two torpedoes and sank, killing nine members of the crew and two gunners; 79 sailors survived the sinking. Two later sightings on 2 and 6 September did not lead to favourable attack positions. On 12 September 1942 U-156 was patrolling off the coast of West Africa midway between Liberia and Ascension Island roughly  south of Cape Palmas. At 11:37 the aft port lookout sighted a smoke stack at 230 degrees. Hartenstein followed the target, which was zigzagging at , until the general direction of the large ocean liner became evident. U-156 was running at  into a favourable attack position, and <mask> ordered the attack at 21:07.He slowed speed at 22:00 and ordered surfaced deflection shots from torpedo tubes I and III. After three minutes and six seconds the first torpedo

masks: Hartenstein Hartenstein Hartensteinhir Hartenstein


title: Werner Hartenstein

texts:
 detonated, then the second. He had hoped to capture the ship's senior officers, but to his surprise, Hartenstein saw over two thousand people struggling in the water. <mask> immediately began rescue operations. Laconia sank at 23:23. At 01:25 on 13 September 1942 <mask> radioed the Befehlshaber der U-Boote (BdU—commander of U-boats) requesting guidance and confirmation on how to proceed. The BdU responded at 03:45 ordering Wolf pack Eisbär, consisting of  under the command of Harro Schacht,  under the command of Erich Würdemann and  under the command of Georg von Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, to assist Hartenstein immediately.At 06:00 <mask> ordered that the following message be sent on the 25m wavelength:

"If any ship will assist the ship-wrecked Laconia crew, I will not attack providing I am not being attacked by ship or air forces. I picked up 193 men. 4°53 South/11°26 West – German submarine"

The message was repeated twice on the international 600m wavelength. The BdU later changed the order slightly and U-506, U-507 and the Italian submarine Capellini were dispatched. In parallel U-156 was assisting and supplying the survivors in the numerous lifeboats that kept arriving or were picked up. U-506 arrived at 11:32 on 14 September 1942, followed by U-507 in the afternoon of 15 September. Heading to a rendezvous with Vichy French ships under Red Cross banners, the U-boats were attacked by a U.S. Army B-24 Liberator bomber (343d Bomb Squadron; Lieutenant James D. Harden) at 12:32 on 16 September 1942.The attack ordered by Captain Robert C. Richardson III, which killed a number of people in the


title: Werner Hartenstein

texts: lifeboats and damaged U-156, forced <mask> to abandon the rescue operations. A majority of survivors were later rescued by British merchant ships and two Vichy French warships, the cruiser Gloire and the sloop Annamite, out of Dakar, Africa. This event later became known as the "Laconia incident" and led BdU Admiral Karl Dönitz to issue the "Laconia order" to his U-boat commanders that stated in part "No attempt of any kind must be made at rescuing members of ships sunk ..." At the end of the war, the Laconia Order was unsuccessfully used against Admiral Dönitz in his war crime trial. The prosecution failed when Fleet Admiral Nimitz testified that in the war with Japan the United States Navy had followed the same general policy as was set forth in the German admiral's directive. U-156 received a radio message on 17 September 1942 indicating that <mask> had become the 63rd member of the U-boat service and the 125th of the Kriegsmarine to be awarded Germany's highest military honour, the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (). <mask> issued a bottle of beer to each member of the crew and held a speech honouring the achievements of everyone on board, and telling them that he would wear the decoration in their name. On 19 September 1942, U-156 was roughly  south of Freetown and the crew was still repairing minor damage, when the lookout spotted a ship at 04:30.The target was the British ship Quebec City, en route from Cape Town to Freetown. Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position and hit Quebec City with one torpedo fired from tube VI. Hartenstein surfaced and approached the lifeboats and asked

masks:
Hartenstein
Werner Hartenstein
Hartenstein


title: Werner Hartenstein

texts:
 the survivors for the ship's name. Quebec City did not sink easily and U-156 fired 58 rounds from the 37 mm (1.46 in) flak gun and seven further shots from the 10.5 cm gun before Hartenstein ordered a cease fire. After a direct hit in the ship's stern ammunition magazine and an explosion, Quebec City slowly sank. According to William Clark, a member of Quebec Citys crew, Hartenstein made sure that the survivors had enough water and provisions and that Captain William Thomas had the exact coordinates. This account of that attack and the impression that the humanitarian actions of Hartenstein made is documented in the book by David Cledlyn Jones, The Enemy We Killed, My Friend.Jones himself disagrees, stating that <mask> was concerned about the survivors' well-being but did not inquire about provisions, nor did he offer additional food or water. <mask> did express that it would have been his wish to tow them at least some distance to the African coast, but explained that he was not able to do so as he recently had been attacked while attempting to aid survivors. Fifth patrol and death

During his fifth patrol (16 January 1943 – 8 March 1943), on 8 March 1943, <mask> and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a U.S. PBY Catalina aircraft (VP-53/P-1; Lieutenant E. Dryden), east of Barbados. The Catalina dropped four Mark 44 Torpex water-bombs at 13:15 from an altitude of  to  which straddled U-156. Two bombs were observed to hit the water  to  starboard and just aft of U-156, lifting it and breaking it in two, followed by an explosion. At least eleven survivors were seen


title: Werner Hartenstein

texts:
 swimming in the water. The Americans dropped two rubber rafts and rations, and five men were seen to reach one of the rafts.The USS Barney was dispatched from Trinidad to rescue the survivors. The search was abandoned on 12 March 1943. Korvettenkapitän Ernst Kals, chief of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient, sent a letter to <mask>'s parents on 23 April 1943 indicating that their son had been posted as missing in action as of 12 March 1943. U.S. officials announced the destruction of the U-boat on 10 May 1943. Ten months after his death a service of remembrance was held in Plauen on 15 January 1944. The service was attended by his parents, his sisters and other members of the family, the mayor of Plauen, Eugen Wörner, senior officials and councillors. The local press reported that "His parents have accepted that their loving son will not return home but is resting in peace with his Lord."<mask> was portrayed by German actor Ken Duken in the 2011 TV mini-series The Sinking of the Laconia. Awards
 Spanish Cross in Bronze (6 June 1939)
 The Return of Memel Commemorative Medal (26 October 1939)
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (16 November 1939)
 1st Class (27 April 1940)
 The Return of Sudetenland Commemorative Medal of 1 October 1938 (6 November 1940)
 Destroyer War Badge (24 December 1940)
 German Cross in Gold on 2 February 1942 as Kapitänleutnant on torpedo boat Jaguar/6. Torbedoboots-Flottille
 U-boat War Badge (1939) (17 March 1942)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 September 1942 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-156

Notes

Translation notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

masks:
Hartenstein
Werner Hartenstein


title: Ruth Prawer Jhabvala

texts:
<mask>  (7 May 19273 April 2013) was a German-born British and American Booker Prize-winning novelist, short story writer and two-time Academy Award-winning screenwriter. She is perhaps best known for her long collaboration with Merchant Ivory Productions, made up of director James Ivory and producer Ismail Merchant. After meeting <mask> in England, she married him and moved to India in 1951; <mask> was an Indian-Parsi architect. The couple lived in New Delhi and had three daughters. Jhabvala began then to elaborate her experiences in India and wrote novels and tales on Indian subjects. She wrote a dozen novels, 23 screenplays, and eight collections of short stories and was made a CBE in 1998 and granted a joint fellowship by BAFTA in 2002 with Ivory and Merchant. She is the only person to have won both a Booker Prize and an Oscar.Early life
<mask> was born in Cologne, Germany to Jewish parents Marcus and Eleanora (Cohn) <mask>. Marcus was a lawyer who moved to Germany from Poland to escape conscription and Eleanora's father was cantor of Cologne's largest synagogue. Her father was accused of communist links, arrested and released, and she witnessed the violence unleashed against the Jews during the Kristallnacht. The family was among the last group of refugees to flee the Nazi regime in 1939, emigrating to Britain. Her elder brother, Siegbert Salomon <mask> (1925–2012), an expert on Heinrich Heine and horror films, was fellow of The Queen's College and Taylor Professor of German Language and Literature at the University of Oxford. During World War II, Prawer lived in Hendon in London, experienced the Blitz and began to speak English rather than German. Charles Dickens' works and Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind kept her company through the war years, and she read the latter book while taking refuge in air raid shelters during the Luftwaffes bombing of London.She

masks:
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala
Cyrus Jhabvala
Jhabvala
Ruth Prawer
Prawer
Prawer


title: Ruth Prawer Jhabvala

texts:
 became a British citizen in 1948. The following year, her father committed suicide after discovering that 40 members of his family had been murdered during the Holocaust. Prawer attended Hendon County School (now Hendon School) and then Queen Mary College, where she received an MA in English literature in 1951. Literary career

Years in India
<mask> lived in India for 24 years from 1951. Her first novel, To Whom She Will, was published in 1955. It was followed by Esmond in India (1957), The Householder (1960) and Get Ready for Battle (1963). The Householder, with a screenplay by <mask>, was filmed in 1963 by Merchant and Ivory.During her years in India, she wrote scripts for the Merchant-Ivory duo for The Guru (1969) and The Autobiography of a Princess (1975). She collaborated with Ivory for the screenplays for Bombay Talkie (1970) and ABC After-school Specials: William - The Life and Times of William Shakespeare (1973). In 1975, she won the Booker Prize for her novel Heat and Dust, later adapted into a movie. That year, she moved to New York where she wrote The Place of Peace. Jhabvala "remained ill at ease with India and all that it brought into her life." She wrote in an autobiographical essay, Myself in India (published in London Magazine) that she found the "great animal of poverty and backwardness" made the idea and sensation of India intolerable to her, a "Central European with an English education and a deplorable tendency to constant self-analysis." Her early works in India dwell on the themes of romantic love and arranged marriages and are portraits of the social mores, idealism and chaos of the early decades of independent India.Writing about her in the New York Times, novelist Pankaj Mishra observed that "she was probably the first writer in English to see that India's Westernizing middle class, so preoccupied with marriage, lent itself well to Jane Austenish

masks:
Ruth Prawer
Jhabvala


title: Ruth Prawer Jhabvala

texts:
 comedies of manners." Life in the United States
Jhabvala moved to New York City in 1975 and lived there until her death in 2013, becoming a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1986. She continued to write and many of her works including In Search of Love and Beauty (1983), Three Continents (1987), Shards of Memory (1995) and East into Upper East: Plain Tales From New York and New Delhi (1998) portray the lives and predicaments of immigrants from post-Nazi and post-World War Europe. Many of these works feature India as a setting where her characters go in search of spiritual enlightenment only to emerge defrauded and exposed to the materialistic pursuits of the East. The New York Times Review of Books chose her Out of India (1986) as one of the best reads for that year. In 1984, she was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship. In 2005 she published My Nine Lives: Chapters of a Possible Past with illustrations by her husband and the book was described as "her most autobiographical fiction to date".Reception
Her literary works were well received with C.P. Snow, Rumer Godden and V.S. Pritchett describing her work as "the highest art", "a balance between subtlety, humour and beauty" and as being Chekhovian in its detached sense of comic self-delusion. Salman Rushdie described her as a "rootless intellectual" when he anthologized her in the Vintage Book of Indian Writing, and John Updike described her an "initiated outsider". Jhabvala initially was assumed to be an Indian among the reading public because of her perceptive portrayals of the nuances of Indian lifestyles. Later, the revelation of her true identity led to falling sales of her books in India and made her a target of accusations about "her old-fashioned colonial attitudes". <mask>'s last published story was "The Judge's Will", which appeared in The New Yorker on 25 March 2013.Merchant Ivory Productions

In 1963,


title: Ruth Prawer Jhabvala

texts: <mask> was approached by James Ivory and Ismail Merchant to write a screenplay for their debut The Householder, based on her 1960 novel. During their first encounter, Merchant later said Jhabvala, seeking to avoid them, pretended to be the housemaid when they visited. The film, released by Merchant Ivory Productions in 1963 and starring Shashi Kapoor and Leela Naidu, met with critical praise and marked the beginning of a partnership that resulted in over 20 films. The Householder was followed by Shakespeare Wallah (1965), another critically acclaimed film. There followed a series of films, including Roseland (1977), Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures (1978), The Europeans (1979), Jane Austen in Manhattan (1980), Quartet (1981), The Courtesans of Bombay (1983) and The Bostonians (1984). The Merchant Ivory production of Heat and Dust in 1983 won <mask> a BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay the following year. She won her first Academy Award for her screenplay for A Room with a View (1986) and won a second in the same category for Howards End six years later.She was nominated for a third Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay the following year for The Remains of the Day. Her other films with Merchant and Ivory include Mr. and Mrs. Bridge (1990), Jefferson in Paris (1995), Surviving Picasso (1996), A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries (1998) (the screenplay for which she co-authored with Ivory), The Golden Bowl (2000) and The City of Your Final Destination (2009), adapted from the eponymous novel by Peter Cameron and was her last screenplay. Le Divorce which she co-wrote with Ivory was the last movie that featured the trio of Merchant, Ivory and Jhabvala. In an interview for the British Film Institute, British actor James Wilby claimed that Jhabvala refused to write the screenplay of the 1987 film Maurice despite being "the normal writer" for Merchant-Ivory

masks: Jhabvala Jhabvala


title: Ruth Prawer Jhabvala

texts:
 films. Wilby surmised that Jhabvala may have been uncomfortable with the central subject matter of the film, based on a posthumously published novel by E.M. Forster, which depicted a gay relationship set in Edwardian England. Ivory was reportedly "quite upset" by Jhabvala's decision, given the fact that their friendship was "incredibly close." For her own part, Jhabvala apparently did provide notes for Maurice, but claimed she didn't wish to write the screenplay, as the novel was "sub-Forster and sub-Ivory."The Merchant-Ivory duo was acknowledged by the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest collaboration between a director and a producer, but Jhabvala was a part of the trio from the very beginning. She introduced the composer Richard Robbins, who went on to score music for almost every production by Merchant-Ivory beginning with The Europeans in 1979, to the duo after meeting him while he was the director of Mannes College of Music, New York. Madame Sousatzka (1988) was the one film she wrote that was not produced by Merchant Ivory. Selected filmography

Awards and nominations
Academy Awards

Golden Globe Awards

British Academy Film Awards

Writers Guild of America Awards

Honors
1975: Booker Prize – Heat and Dust
1979: Neil Gunn Prize
1984: MacArthur Fellowship
1984: London Critics Circle Film Awards – Screenwriter of the Year for: Heat and Dust
1990: New York Film Critics Circle - Best Screenplay: Mr. and Mrs. Bridge
2003: O. Henry Prize Winner for "Refuge in London"

Personal life
In 1951, Prawer married Cyrus Shavaksha Hormusji <mask>, an Indian Parsi architect and, later, head of the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi. The couple moved into a house in Delhi's Civil Lines where they raised three daughters: Ava, Firoza and Renana. In 1975, Jhabvala moved to New York and divided her time between India and the United States. In 1986, she became a


title: Ruth Prawer Jhabvala

texts:
 naturalized citizen of the United States.Death
Jhabvala died in her home in New York City on 3 April 2013 at the age of 85. James Ivory reported that her death was caused by complications from a pulmonary disorder. Reacting to her death, Merchant Ivory Productions noted that Jhabvala had "been a beloved member of the Merchant Ivory family since 1960, comprising one-third of our indomitable trifecta that included director James Ivory and the late producer Ismail Merchant" and that her death was "a significant loss to the global film community". Literary works

Novels and novellas

Short stories and collections

Critical studies and reviews of <mask>'s work

Anthologies and encyclopedias

Screenwriting

Other

References

Further reading

External links

1927 births
2013 deaths
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
Booker Prize winners
British screenwriters
English emigrants to India
English emigrants to the United States
English Jewish writers
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
Jewish novelists
MacArthur Fellows
English women writers
English people of Polish-Jewish descent
American short story writers
American women screenwriters
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Writers Guild of America Award winners
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners
Best Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Award winners
20th-century English novelists
21st-century English novelists
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century English women writers
21st-century American women writers
The New Yorker people
German emigrants to India
German emigrants to the United States
German people of Polish-Jewish descent
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People with acquired American citizenship
Writers from London
Deaths from lung disease
20th-century American women


title: Frank Calabrese Sr.

texts:
<mask>. (March 17, 1937 – December 25, 2012), also known as "<mask>", was a made man and a caporegime who ran major loansharking and illegal gambling operations for the Chicago Outfit. He is best known as a central figure in Operation Family Secrets and the subsequent Federal trial. <mask>, who was battling myriad ailments, died on Christmas Day 2012 at the Federal Medical Center, Butner, in North Carolina. Early life
<mask>. was born in Chicago, Illinois on March 17, 1937 to James and Sophie Calabrese. <mask> grew up on the West Side of Chicago, dropped out of school in the fourth grade and sold newspapers on Grand Avenue, he told jurors during a trial in 2007. He also told jurors that his family was so poor that they would eat oatmeal for dinner. Calabrese enlisted in the U.S. Army, however he went AWOL five days after boot camp.Career in the mob

Calabrese's arrest record dates from 1954, when he served two years in prison for a violation of the Dyer Act (auto theft). He was The Outfit's Chinatown, or 26th Street, crew boss who provided loans to hundreds of customers at exorbitant interest rates that varied from one percent to 10 percent per week. The federal government estimates that Calabrese's crew grossed more than $2,600,000. Calabrese instructed his crew members to, "do anything you have to do", to collect the loans. If a debtor did not have the money, the Calabrese crew would seize the debtor's car, home and business. Calabrese reported to Angelo J. LaPietra "The Hook", who was the ultimate boss of the 26th Street Crew and founder of the Italian American Club from where operations were handled. At one point, Calabrese gained control of an auto repair shop in River Grove, Illinois, when the owner, Matthew Russo, fell behind on a loan.In 1990, Calabrese entered an agreement with a car dealership in Elmhurst, Illinois, to direct car repair work to this

masks:
Frank Calabrese Sr
Frankie Breeze
Calabrese
Frank Calabrese Sr
Calabrese


title: Frank Calabrese Sr.

texts:
 mob-controlled repair shop in exchange for kickbacks. However, Russo had become an undercover government informant and recorded the mobsters at one meeting at the dealership. Calabrese and eight of his crew members—sons <mask> Jr., and <mask>, brother Nick Calabrese, Louis Bombacino, Philip Tolomeo, Kevin Kudulis, Terry Scalise and Philip Fiore— were eventually arrested. 1995 arrest and subsequent conviction
On July 28, 1995, Calabrese, his brother, Nick, and two sons, <mask> and Kurt, were all indicted by federal authorities and charged with using threats, violence, and intimidation to enforce their loansharking racket from 1978 until 1992. On March 21, 1997, Calabrese and his sons pleaded guilty to the charges, just weeks before they were set to go to trial. "I'm very sad that this brings my kids into something that should never have happened", Calabrese told U.S. district judge James F. Holderman. On October 15, 1997, Calabrese was sentenced by Holderman to 118 months in federal prison.He apologized to the court and his family for, "all the trouble I have caused." Operation Family Secrets trial
The investigation which led to the Family Secrets trial began when Calabrese's imprisoned son, <mask>., wrote to the FBI and volunteered to wear a wire on his father and uncle. He did not ask for sentence reduction or financial gain in exchange for doing it. Viewing this as a great opportunity, the FBI agreed to <mask>.'s proposal. During their imprisonment, <mask>. recorded his father admitting to multiple murders. Faced with the evidence gathered by his nephew, <mask>.'s brother Nicholas Calabrese also agreed to testify against the Chicago Outfit. On April 25, 2005, <mask> Sr. and a large number of high-profile Chicago Outfit gangsters were charged with murder, racketeering, extortion, and running an illegal gambling business as part of the federal-government

masks:
Frank Calabe
Kurt Calabrese
Frank
Frank Jr
Frank Jr
Frank Jr
Frank Sr
Frank Calabrese


title: Frank Calabrese Sr.

texts: initiated "Operation Family Secrets" investigation.The Family Secrets trial began on June 19, 2007. Among the prosecution witnesses were Calabrese's brother, Nick Calabrese, and <mask> Sr's. son, <mask> Jr. An unusual aspect of the Family Secrets trial was that several members of the Chicago Outfit took the stand in their own defense. Calabrese testified on August 16, 2007 that he was not a "made" member of the Chicago Outfit, but he acknowledged that he put out street loans and that he paid a mob boss some of the proceeds. On September 10, 2007, Calabrese and other Outfit defendants were convicted of a racketeering conspiracy that included murder, extortion, and loansharking. On September 11, 2007, during a court hearing to determine whether Calabrese and Vrchota were also guilty of various murders related to the case, Vrchota exclaimed, "Them are lies!" in response to a prosecutor's statement that Vrchota had left "a trail of bodies, literally."On September 27, 2007, jurors found that Vrchota had committed seven of the 18 murders in the indictment (of the 18 murders, Vrchota had been accused of taking part in 13 of them). After the verdict, news came out that a juror had alleged that on August 27, 2007, Calabrese had said or mouthed, "You are a fucking dead man", to Prosecutor T. Markus Funk. On April 10, 2008, Judge James Zagel denied a request to order a new trial in the case, saying that he did not believe that the threat had tainted jurors. However, the threat resulted in Calabrese being placed in highly restrictive lockdown during his stay in the Metropolitan Correctional Center in Chicago while awaiting sentencing. On January 28, 2009, Judge Zagel sentenced Calabrese, then 71, to life in prison for his crimes and called the acts he had committed, "unspeakable". On finding prosecutors had proven the murder allegations, the judge sentenced Calabrese for

masks:
Frank Calabe
Frank Calabe


title: Frank Calabrese Sr.

texts:
 all 13 slayings. Later criminal accusations
On June 8, 2011, Calabrese was indicted on charges of conspiracy to defraud the United States and attempting to prevent seizure of Calabrese's property.The charges were announced the next morning by the U.S. Attorney's Office in Chicago. Calabrese was accused of plotting with a former prison chaplain to recover a violin hidden in a Wisconsin house. Personal life and death
Calabrese and his first wife, Dolores, divorced in 1984. He had four children: <mask>., Kurt, Nick, and Emmilio, by a long time Cuban mistress from New York by the name of Flor Sosa. During an interview, Kurt stated that the youngest Calabrese son, Nick, did not get involved with their father's criminal enterprise, presumably due to the age difference between Nick and his two elder brothers. Calabrese resided in Oak Brook, Illinois, until his imprisonment in the mid-1990s. Calabrese died at the age of 75, on December 25, 2012, at the Federal Medical Center, Butner, North Carolina.The Federal Bureau of Prisons did not release details for the cause of death. References

External links
 Mob hitman gets life in Family Secrets case Chicago Tribune
 Kass, John (January 29, 2009). "Mob boss' tale offers peek at city's 'secrets'", Chicago Tribune
 Associated Press, (September 11, 2007) "5 Guilty in Chicago Mob Case". New York Times
 Associated Press, (September 28, 2007) "MIDWEST; Illinois: Chicago Mobsters Responsible For Murders". New York Times
 Davey, Monica (July 10, 2007). Memories of a Mob Past Are Dusted Off for a Trial New York Times
 IPSN: Illinois Police & Sheriff's News: Calabrese Street Crew Cops a Plea Illinois Police and Sheriff's News

1937 births
2012 deaths
20th-century criminals
American gangsters of Italian descent
American people convicted of murder
Chicago Outfit mobsters
People convicted of racketeering
People from Oak Brook,


title: James Whiteside McCay

texts: Lieutenant General Sir <mask>,  (21 December 1864 – 1 October 1930), who often spelt his surname M'Cay, was an Australian general and politician. A graduate of the University of Melbourne, where he earned Master of Arts and Master of Laws degrees, <mask> established a successful legal practice, McCay & Thwaites. He was a member of the Victorian Parliament for Castlemaine from 1895 to 1899, where he was a champion of women's suffrage and federation. He lost his seat in 1899 but became a member of the first Australian Federal Parliament in 1901. He was Minister for Defence from 1904 to 1905, during which he implemented long-lasting reforms, including the creation of the Military Board. As a soldier, <mask> commanded the 2nd Infantry Brigade in the landing at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915, during the Gallipoli Campaign of the Great War. He was later wounded in the Second Battle of Krithia and invalided to Australia, but returned to command the 5th Division, which he led in the Battle of Fromelles in 1916, dubbed "the worst 24 hours in Australia's entire history."His failures in difficult military operations made him a controversial figure who earned the disfavour of his superiors, while his efforts to succeed in the face of insurmountable obstacles earned him the odium of troops under his command, who blamed him for high casualties. In the latter part of the war he commanded the AIF Depots in the United Kingdom. After the war, <mask> resumed his old job as Deputy Chairman of the State Bank of Victoria and also served on a panel that deliberated on the future structure of the Army. He was chairman of the Fair Profits Commission, the War

masks:
James Whiteside McCay
McCay
McCay
McCay


title: James Whiteside McCay

texts:
 Service Homes Scheme of the Repatriation Commission, and the Repatriation Commission's Disposals Board. He commanded the Special Constabulary Force during the 1923 Victorian Police strike. Education and early life
<mask> was born on 21 December 1864 in Ballynure, County Antrim, Ireland, the oldest of ten children to the Reverend Andrew Ross <mask>, a Presbyterian minister, and his wife Lily Ann Esther Waring (née Brown). The family emigrated to Australia in 1865, settling in Castlemaine, Victoria.<mask> continued his theological studies while he was a minister in Castlemaine, earning a Master of Arts (MA) from the University of Melbourne in 1882 and a Doctor of Divinity from the Presbyterian Theological Faculty Ireland in 1887. Esther could speak seven languages. The two separated in 1891. <mask> attended Castlemaine State School. At the age of twelve he won a scholarship to Scotch College, Melbourne to the value of £35 per annum for six years. He was dux of the school in 1880. At Scotch College <mask> first met John Monash, who would be dux the following year, and would later become a close friend.<mask> entered Ormond College at the University of Melbourne in 1881, the year that the college first opened, and commenced studying for his Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. <mask> left the university without completing his degree in 1883 and took a job as a teacher at Toorak Grammar School. In 1885, he bought Castlemaine Grammar School. The school was co-educational; <mask> believed that girls should have the same opportunities as boys. Among its students who attended university with <mask>'s encouragement and support was Sussanah Jane

masks:
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Boyd McCay
Boyd McCay
James
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title: James Whiteside McCay

texts:
 Williams, who later became principal of Janet Clarke Hall at the University of Melbourne, and The Women's College at the University of Sydney. The job of running the school was soon delegated to <mask>'s mother and brother Adam. He returned to the university in 1892 and completed his Bachelor of Arts degree.He then embarked on a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree. In 1895, he was awarded an MA degree, majoring in mathematics. He completed his law degree the next year, with first class honours, in spite of rarely attending the lectures due to his work, political and military commitments. In 1895, he was admitted as a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court of Victoria and established a legal practice in Castlemaine. His practice had the first telephone in the town. He was awarded his Master of Laws (LLM) degree in 1897. In 1898, he went into partnership with William Thwaites, whose brother Walter married his sister.The firm's name was then changed to McCay & Thwaites. It would later hire one of the first women to become an articled clerk in Victoria. On 8 April 1896, <mask> married Julia Mary O'Meara, the daughter of a Roman Catholic Kyneton police magistrate. Sectarianism in Australia made such marriages uncommon, and the marriage was opposed by both their families. It produced two daughters, Margaret Mary ("Mardi") and Beatrix Waring ("Bixie"), born in 1897 and 1901, respectively. Political career

Victorian parliament
In August 1890, <mask> was elected to the local council of the Castlemaine Borough. When the prominent local Member of the Legislative Assembly, Sir <mask>, died in 1894, <mask> ran for his seat of Castlemaine in the

masks:
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James Patterson
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title: James Whiteside McCay

texts:
 resulting by-election.After a hard-fought campaign, <mask> won by just ten votes. <mask> devoted his maiden speech to what would be his defining cause as a state politician, women's suffrage:

On other issues, <mask> supported Federation, and was one of a number of young politicians who rallied around Alfred Deakin, threatening to bring down Sir George Turner's government if it attempted to block federation. <mask> opposed sending Victorian troops to fight in the Boer War, calling war in general an "anachronism". In 1899, <mask> was one of the young radicals who supported Allan McLean and crossed the floor to bring down the Turner government. McLean gave <mask> the portfolio of Minister for Education and Customs in his new ministry. At the time it was the custom for members who had accepted a ministerial appointment to re-submit themselves for election. In the subsequent by-election, <mask>'s opposition to the war in South Africa became an election issue.The war was now going badly for Britain. Feelings ran high and <mask> lost his seat. <mask> attempted to win his seat back at the general election in 1900 but lost again. Federal parliament
With Federation in 1901 came the opportunity to run for the new Parliament of Australia. <mask> contested the 1901 election as a Protectionist Party candidate for Corinella, the Federal electorate that encompassed the Castlemaine area. <mask>, who characterised himself as a liberal, supported the widest possible enfranchisement of women, the protection of industry and revenue through tariffs, and the White Australia policy. The war in South Africa was now in its final stages and the electorate

masks: McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay


title: James Whiteside McCay

texts: forgot or forgave <mask>'s "treason", electing him to the first Australian Parliament.As a backbencher, <mask> opposed amendments to the Defence Act 1903 proposed by Billy Hughes of the Australian Labor Party that called for peacetime conscription. He accepted its necessity in wartime, but only for service within Australia. <mask> believed that volunteers would always be plentiful, and he feared that peacetime conscription would result in militarism. He was re-elected unopposed in the 1903 election, the first in which Victorian women were eligible to vote. In 1904, <mask> moved an amendment to the Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904 to remove the clause that empowered the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration to give preference to trade unions. The debate became unexpectedly heated and resulted in the fall of Chris Watson's Labor government. The Free Trade Party's George Reid became Prime Minister and offered <mask> the post of Minister for Defence.<mask> became the sixth Minister for Defence in four years. His predecessor, Senator Anderson Dawson, had chaired a committee that had produced a detailed report recommending the abolition of the post of General Officer Commanding Australian Military Forces and the creation of a Council of Defence, a Naval Board and a Military Board. It fell to <mask> to implement the report's recommendations and create a five-man Military Board consisting of himself, a finance member and three military officers. <mask> preferred the senior member not be styled the Chief of the General Staff. This change would not be made until 1909. At the first meeting of the Council of Defence, <mask>

masks: McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay


title: James Whiteside McCay

texts:
 rejected the arguments of Captain William Rooke Creswell for the majority of the defence budget to be spent on supporting the British fleet. In 1905 the Reid government collapsed and <mask> became a backbencher once more.Since the Federal parliament sat in Parliament House, Melbourne, <mask> lived at the Stock Exchange Club in Collins Street, Melbourne while his family remained in Castlemaine. He maintained a liaison with a married woman, Ella Gavan Duffy. In the 1906 redistribution, <mask>'s electorate of Corinella was abolished and its territory divided between the electorates of Laanecoorie and Corio. <mask> decided to run in Corio against the sitting member, Richard Crouch, although he was also a Protectionist, but Crouch won convincingly. In 1910, the Commonwealth Liberal Party Senate candidate, Thomas Skene, died suddenly two days before the nomination date for the 1910 election. <mask> submitted himself as candidate but lost. Military career
<mask>'s military career began in 1884, when he enlisted in the 4th (Castlemaine) Battalion, Victorian Rifles.He was commissioned as a lieutenant on 29 October 1886, and was subsequently promoted to captain on 5 March 1889 and major on 13 March 1896. Following the forced resignation of the commander of the 8th Regiment for making a political speech touting McCay, <mask> was promoted to lieutenant colonel and assumed command of the regiment on 12 January 1900. Director of Military Intelligence
On 6 December 1907, on the recommendation of the Chief of Intelligence, Colonel William Throsby Bridges, the Minister for Defence, Thomas Ewing appointed <mask> as Director of Military Intelligence,

masks: McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay


title: James Whiteside McCay

texts:
 with the rank of colonel. In turn, <mask> turned to his former schoolmate, John Monash, whom he had appointed to the command of the Victorian section of the new Australian Army Intelligence Corps (AIC), with a promotion to the rank of lieutenant colonel on 28 March 1908. The AIC set about compiling information such as the suitability of lighthouses for signalling, the availability of railway rolling stock, and the number of civilian motor vehicles suitable for military use. A concerted effort was put into creating sets of detailed maps. <mask> and Monash became close friends.In 1912, McCay & Thwaites moved into offices at 360 Collins Street, where businesses associated with the Baillieu family were located. Monash moved his offices into the same building, and the two addressed each other as "Jack" and "Jim". On 5 March 1912, <mask> was appointed a commissioner of the State Bank of Victoria. In 1911, <mask> delivered a lecture at the Victorian United Services Institution entitled "The True Principles of Australia's Defence". He suggested that the Australian Army should be equipped to the same standard as the British Army and should be prepared to fight an enemy overseas rather than waiting for an invasion of Australia. On 11 April 1913, he resigned his position as Director of Military Intelligence and was placed on the unattached list. Great War

Gallipoli
On 2 August 1914, the government activated the preliminary stage of the war plan, which included the establishment of censorship.<mask> was recalled to duty as Deputy Chief Censor (Australia), answerable to the Chief Censor in London. <mask> organised a headquarters in Melbourne, and

masks: McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay


title: James Whiteside McCay

texts: established district offices in the other state capitals. Soon after the outbreak of the Great War on 4 August, Bridges, now a brigadier general, appointed <mask> to command the 2nd Infantry Brigade of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). He was succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel W. H. Tunbridge on 10 August, who in turn was succeeded by Colonel Monash on 17 August. <mask> was assigned two regular officers as his brigade major and staff captain, but was permitted to choose his four battalion commanders. All of <mask>'s choices were senior Militia commanders from Victoria. Three of them proved to be too old for the vigours of a modern campaign.The exception was his youngest appointment, Lieutenant Colonel Harold Edward Elliott of the 7th Infantry Battalion, a University of Melbourne educated lawyer like himself. The brigade assembled at Broadmeadows Camp where it commenced its training. On 21 October <mask> and his brigade headquarters embarked from Melbourne on the former P&O ocean liner RMS Orvieto, which also carried Major General Bridges and the staff of his 1st Division. After sailing through the Suez Canal, it arrived at Alexandria, Egypt on 4 December 1914. The brigade camped at Mena, on the outskirts of Cairo, where training resumed. War correspondent Charles Bean noted that <mask> "trained his command with conspicuous ability. He did a great deal of detail work himself, drawing his own orders, and sometimes training his own platoons."On 4 April 1915, the 2nd Brigade packed its camp and moved by rail to Alexandria, from whence it embarked for Gallipoli for the landing at Anzac Cove. <mask> arrived off Anzac Cove on the transport SS


title: James Whiteside McCay

texts: Novian on the morning of Anzac Day, 25 April 1915, with his headquarters and the 5th Infantry Battalion on board. Novian had difficulties reaching her berth and when she finally reached it there were no boats to unload her. <mask> therefore did not step ashore until about 06:00. There, he met Colonel Ewen Sinclair-Maclagan, the commander of the 3rd Infantry Brigade, who asked him to deploy the 2nd Infantry Brigade on the right, on the 400 Plateau, instead of the left as planned. <mask>Cay's Hill. The 2nd Infantry Brigade was soon involved in "the most costly struggle of the day".At 16:45 <mask> telephoned Bridges at 1st Division headquarters to ask for reinforcements. The Australian line was forced back on to the reverse slope, but did not break. The commander of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, General Sir Ian Hamilton, now decided to make his main effort at Cape Helles. The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps commander, Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood, was ordered to send a brigade from each of his two divisions to Helles to reinforce the British and French troops there. <mask>'s brigade and the New Zealand Infantry Brigade were chosen. They embarked for Helles on 6 May. On the evening of 8 May, during the Second Battle of Krithia, <mask> was given 35 minutes notice to conduct an advance across open ground in broad daylight.<mask> protested that there was insufficient time to organise this but was overruled by Hamilton. The brigade suffered heavily. <mask> led his men from the front, driving them on despite the futility of the attack. All of his staff were killed or wounded, and <mask>'s leg was broken by a bullet.

masks: McCay McCayc McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay


title: James Whiteside McCay

texts: The advance was also pointless, for it could have been conducted after dark without loss. As a result, his men regarded him as responsible for their fate. <mask> was evacuated to hospital in Alexandria.He rejoined his brigade at Anzac on 8 June but the wound had not fully healed and he was lame, walking with the aid of a stick. In the meantime, General Bridges had been mortally wounded on 18 May and the Australian government sent the Chief of the General Staff, Major General <mask> Legge, to replace him as commander of the 1st Division. <mask>, Monash and Colonel Harry Chauvel were all disappointed at being passed over for the command, and protested to Birdwood and the Australian government, but to no avail. However, Legge chose <mask> to command the 2nd Division, then forming in Egypt. Unfortunately, on 11 July, the day before he was due to leave for Egypt, <mask>'s leg snapped where the bone had been broken at Krithia. He was evacuated again, this time to Malta, and then to the United Kingdom, where he was visited by Sir George Reid, now the Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. <mask>'s wife Julia died while he was in hospital.Several weeks later his father died as well. <mask> was therefore sent back to Australia on compassionate leave. He arrived back in Melbourne on RMS Malwa on 11 November 1915, accompanied by his two teenage daughters and his brother Hugh, who had joined the ship in Adelaide, to a hero's welcome. For his service at Gallipoli, <mask> was mentioned in despatches for his "great promptitude in supporting the threatened flank of the covering force" during the landing and his "conspicuous gallantry" at

masks:
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James Gordon
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title: James Whiteside McCay

texts:
 Krithia. He was also appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath, and bestowed the Croix de Commander de la Légion d'honneur by the President of France. Western Front

The Minister for Defence, Senator George Pearce, appointed <mask> to the newly created post of Inspector General of the AIF on 29 November 1915, with the local rank of major general. <mask> was involved in recruiting campaigns, and inspected AIF units and reported on their training and equipment.He proposed a new training regime, with a national syllabus that increased the number of hours per week of training and the duration of training to twelve weeks. This led to strikes at the camps at Casula and Liverpool. Rioting soldiers clashed with police at Circular Quay and at Central Station striking soldiers were shot and one killed by soldiers sent to return them to Liverpool. As a result, new liquor laws were introduced, including six o'clock closing. Meanwhile, the Gallipoli Campaign had ended and the AIF in Egypt was in the process of doubling in size from two divisions to four. Birdwood wished to appoint two British generals to command the new divisions, but Senator Pearce opposed this, ordering that one be given to <mask>. On 22 March 1916, <mask> arrived back in Egypt to assume command of the 5th Division.He found that General Headquarters, Egyptian Expeditionary Force had ordered II Anzac Corps, of which the 5th Division was a part, to replace I Anzac Corps in the defence of the Suez Canal. Owing to a shortage of rolling stock, the 4th and 5th Divisions were ordered to undertake a three-day route march across the desert under service conditions, carrying their

masks: McCay McCay McCay McCay


title: James Whiteside McCay

texts:
 packs and weapons. This proved to be a greater test of staff and troops than anticipated, and many men dropped from thirst or exhaustion. Many of his men blamed <mask> for subjecting them to such a humiliating and severe trial. In June 1916, the 5th Division moved to the Western Front. Although the last to arrive in France, it would be the first to see serious action, a part of an ill-conceived plan by
Lieutenant General Sir Richard Haking, whose British XI Corps would attack a strong part of the line with inexperienced 5th Division and British 61st (2nd South Midland) Division. The resulting Battle of Fromelles was an unmitigated disaster.In one night, the 5th Division sustained 5,533 casualties, while the 61st Division lost 1,547. Haking was principally responsible but <mask> bore some of the blame. He made tactical errors; his order to vacate the first trench after it was cleared "undoubtedly contributed to the causes of failure". His refusal to permit a truce to recover wounded further damaged his popularity. For his part, <mask> was mentioned in despatches a second time. The 5th Division was out of action for some months. It finally moved with the rest of the I Anzac Corps to the Somme sector in October.After months of fighting and recent rain, the front line area was a devastated muddy morass. <mask> was ordered to undertake an attack with the 2nd Division's 7th Infantry Brigade at Flers, which cost 819 casualties and gained no ground. Once again, <mask>'s handling of his division showed poor planning and tactics. Moreover, at Flers he showed that he had not learned from the lessons of Fromelles. His relief was now only a matter

masks: McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay


title: James Whiteside McCay

texts:
 of time. Nonetheless, <mask> remained in command of the 5th Division until 18 December 1916 when he was granted medical leave in the United Kingdom for treatment on his leg, which the doctors diagnosed as neuralgia. Birdwood took the opportunity of removing <mask>, ostensibly on medical grounds.<mask> was mentioned in despatches a third time. United Kingdom

On the recommendation of Brigadier General Robert Anderson, the Commandant,
Administrative Headquarters, AIF, and against the opposition of Birdwood, Senator Pearce appointed <mask> as commander of the AIF Depots in the United Kingdom. These depots received and trained reinforcements arriving from Australia, and rehabilitated and retrained convalescents who were released from hospital. <mask> established his headquarters at Tidworth, in the heart of the Salisbury Plain where most of the Australian camps were located. He occupied this post for the remainder of the war, failing in bids to return to an active command at the head of the 5th Division, the Australian Corps, or the 3rd Division when Monash was promoted to corps commander. A bid to replace Birdwood as administrative commander of the AIF also came to naught. For his services in the United Kingdom, <mask> was mentioned in despatches a fourth time, made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1918, and a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1919.On 10 March 1919, <mask> handed over command of the AIF Depots in the United Kingdom to Major General Charles Rosenthal. After a farewell dinner hosted by Monash, he embarked for Australia, where his AIF appointment was terminated. In 1919,

masks: McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay McCay


title: James Whiteside McCay

texts:
 along with George Swinburne and Generals White and Legge, he produced a report on the organisation of the post-war Army. In 1920, he joined Generals Chauvel, White, Monash, Legge, and Hobbs to produce a second report on the subject. <mask> retired from the Army in 1926 with the honorary rank of lieutenant general. Later life
<mask> resumed his old job as Deputy Chairman of the State Savings Bank of Victoria on 10 June 1919, a few days after he returned to Melbourne. He also resumed his relationship with Ella Gavan Duffy.On 30 December 1919, the Premier of Victoria, Harry Lawson, <mask>'s successor in Legislative Assembly seat of Castlemaine and a former student at Castlemaine Grammar and Scotch College, appointed <mask> as chairman of the Fair Profits Commission, a consumer protection body set up to monitor prices and profits. After his term ended in 1921, he was appointed to the advisory board of the War Service Homes Scheme of the Repatriation Commission. He was also Chairman of its Disposals Board from 1921 to 1922. In 1922, the State Savings Bank of Victoria took over the construction of war service homes in Victoria. During the 1923 Victorian Police strike, Monash appointed <mask> to create, and later command the Special Constabulary Force that was established to carry out police duties during the strike. <mask> ran this organisation from the Melbourne Town Hall, and later the Repatriation Department offices, which were made available rent free by the Commonwealth Government. The Special Constabulary Force was wound up in May 1924.<mask>'s daughter Mardi matriculated from Sacré Cœur School in 1914 and earned Master of Arts and


title: James Whiteside McCay

texts: Diploma of Education degrees from the University of Melbourne. In 1922, she entered the Society of the Sacred Heart. She taught at Convent of the Sacred Heart, Rose Bay in Sydney (now Kincoppal-Rose Bay) until 1956 when she returned to Sacré Cœur as Mistress of Studies. Bixie also attended Sacré Cœur and the University of Melbourne, at Janet Clarke Hall, where she became only the third woman in Victoria to earn a Master of Laws degree, and was enrolled as a barrister on 10 June 1925. Like Joan Rosanove, she could not obtain room in the Selborne Chambers, as women were not allowed to do so, so she put up her plate in the building next door. <mask> followed his daughter and became a barrister, enrolling on 8 October 1925. In 1930, she married George Reid, a young barrister who later became Attorney-General of Victoria.<mask> became ill in 1930 with cancer. In his last months he destroyed all his papers. He died on 12 October 1930. He was survived by his daughters, now Reverend <mask> and Mrs George Reid, and six brothers and two sisters. He was given, at his request, a non-military funeral at Cairns Memorial Presbyterian Church in East Melbourne, and was buried at Box Hill Cemetery. For pallbearers he had Generals John Monash, Harold Edward Elliott, Cecil Henry Foott, R. E. Williams, and J. Stanley, along with Sir William McBeath, the chairman of the State Savings Bank; William Thwaites, his law partner; and businessman A. S. Baillieu. Among the other mourners was Generals Brudenell White and John Patrick McGlinn, who had been his deputy commander of AIF Depots in the United Kingdom; John Latham, the Leader of the Opposition; Dr W. S.

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Mother McCay


title: James Whiteside McCay

texts:
 Littlejohn, the headmaster of Scotch College and Sir John MacFarland, the Chancellor of the University of Melbourne.<mask> is a controversial figure in Australian history. Disagreement about his significance and reputation began before his death and continues to the present. General Sir Brudenell White considered <mask> to be "one of the greatest soldiers that ever served Australia, greater even than Monash." <mask>'s achievements included the creation of the Military Board and the Australian Army Intelligence Corps, and the development of the Staff Corps, "laying the foundations on which the Australian Army was built." In writing Volume III of the Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, which covered 1916, official historian Charles Bean exonerated <mask> of blame for Fromelles. This led to a public debate in the pages of The Bulletin in 1929 between critics of <mask> and his defenders, led by Elliott. A revival of interest in Australian military history and the rediscovery of graves at Fromelles in the 21st Century led to a number of books being written about the battle, which tended to be critical of <mask>.Notes

References

Further reading

1864 births
1930 deaths
19th-century Irish people
Australian generals
Australian military personnel of World War I
Australian people of Ulster-Scottish descent
Irish emigrants to Australia
Irish soldiers in the Australian Army
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Australian politicians awarded knighthoods
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Australian Companions of the Order of the

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title: Tomás Katari

texts:
<mask> or Catari (died January 15, 1781) was an Aymara peasant and cacique of northern Potosí who led a popular uprising in Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia) in the late 18th century. Conditions Before Rebellion
During the 1770s, the economic and political stability of the Macha community in Upper Peru was continuously disrupted. In 1772, the alcabala (sales tax) was increased from 2 percent to 4 percent. Then in 1774, aduanas (customhouses) were established and the acabala was applied to grain. The acabala was again increased in 1776 to 6 percent, the same year Upper Peru became part of the new Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata. Provincial officials began appointing outsider wealthy and/or mestizo caciques to indigenous townships, violating traditional practices of hereditary local cacique governance beneath Spanish rule. By the end of the decade, relations between the Indian communities and appointees of Spanish colonial officials saw increasing strain.Joaquín Alós purchased the position of regional corregidor and began his tenure in early 1778 by seizing the legal documentation and order of dismissal Macha commoners possessed against the wealthy appointed mestizo cacique, Blas Bernal. Alós proceeded to arrest <mask> <mask>, an illiterate Macha commoner who had sought Bernal's removal in the court of Charcas. He instructed Bernal to whip <mask> in the public square, warning that further legal appeals to the regional courts would merit severe punishment. Journey to Buenos Aires
In 1778, <mask> <mask>, alongside fellow peasant <mask> Acho, traveled from Macha by foot over 1000 miles to Buenos Aires, center of the new viceroyal administrative court. The magistrate, headed by reformist Viceroy Juan José de Vértiz, heard <mask>'s case upon his arrival in 1779 against both Bernal and Alós. The Viceroyalty sent <mask> back with a ruling that named him to the function of collecting tribute from Macha until a Charcas-designated judge could investigate the manner further, whereupon Bernal and

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title: Tomás Katari

texts:
 Alós would be removed from power and <mask> named the official cacique of Macha. <mask> as petitioner was protected by the court's ruling against further harms incited by local officials.Arrests & Subsequent Unrest
Upon return to the Chayanta province in 1779, <mask> was swiftly arrested by Alós. After 8 months in prison in Potosí, not long after being freed, <mask> marched with a group of supporters to Chuquisaca to denounce Alós once more. On June 10, 1780, <mask> was arrested outside the courthouse, where he had resolved to stay until the audiencia addressed his case. While imprisoned, members of the Macha community showed up on various occasions in Chuquisaca calling for <mask>'s liberation whilst coordinating a relative take-over of the Chayanta province. Prosecuting all officials that were involved in Katari's repression, Macha peoples executed cacique Bernal, elected local leaders to replace the old and complicit, and established territorial checkpoints at the edge of the province. During this time, Alós was ambushed by local Indians, whereupon he pledged to release <mask> imminently and decrease the forced sale of goods. When, on August 26, Alós did not return with <mask> and instead with a large militia to Pocoata, locals overwhelmed the militia and captured Alós, only freeing him on the condition that the Charcas court release <mask> and remove Alós from the province.The Katari Uprising & Death
On September 1, 1780, <mask> returned to Macha with the official judicial act from the audiencia that named him cacique, and that removed Alós from office. Before his release and expulsion on September 3, Alós was forced to write a letter demanding the official promulgation of the reduced forced sale of goods. Macha became the center of uprising as provincial communities, viewing them as not representative of their class, deposed of caciques, hereditary and appointed alike, and brought them to Katari to determine their proper course of justice. Preparations were made to store supplies

masks: Katari Katari Katari Katari Katari Katari Katari Katari Katari Katari