title: Dwight D. Eisenhower

texts: until Reagan would another president leave office with so strong a sense of having accomplished what he set out to do.Although conservatism in politics was strong during the 1950s, and <mask> generally espoused conservative sentiments, his administration concerned itself mostly with foreign affairs (an area in which the career-military president had more knowledge) and pursued a hands-off domestic policy. <mask> looked to moderation and cooperation as a means of governance. Although he sought to slow or contain the New Deal and other federal programs, he did not attempt to repeal them outright. In doing so, <mask> was popular among the liberal wing of the Republican Party. Conservative critics of his administration thought that he did not do enough to advance the goals of the right; according to Hans Morgenthau, "<mask>'s victories were but accidents without consequence in the history of the Republican party." Since the 19th century, many if not all presidents were assisted by a central figure or "gatekeeper", sometimes described as the president's private secretary, sometimes with no official title at all. <mask> formalized this role, introducing the office of White House Chief of Staff – an idea he borrowed from the United States Army.Every president after Lyndon Johnson has also appointed staff to this position. Initially, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter tried to operate without a chief of staff, but each eventually appointed one. As president, <mask> also initiated the "up or out" policy that still prevails in the U.S. military. Officers who are passed over for promotion twice, are then usually honorably but quickly discharged, in order to make way for younger, and more able officers. (As an army officer, <mask> had been stuck at the


title: Dwight D. Eisenhower

type: original

texts: rank of major for 16 years in the interwar period.) On December 20, 1944, <mask> was appointed to the rank of General of the Army, placing him in the company of George Marshall, Henry "Hap" Arnold, and <mask>, the only four men to achieve the rank in World War II. Along with Omar Bradley, they were the only five men to achieve the rank since the August 5, 1888 death of Philip Sheridan, and the only five men to hold the rank of five-star general.The rank was created by an Act of Congress on a temporary basis, when Public Law 78-482 was passed on December 14, 1944, as a temporary rank, subject to reversion to permanent rank six months after the end of the war. The temporary rank was then declared permanent on March 23, 1946, by Public Law 333 of the 79th Congress, which also awarded full pay and allowances in the grade to those on the retired list. It was created to give the most senior American commanders parity of rank with their British counterparts holding the ranks of field marshal and admiral of the fleet. This second General of the Army rank is not the same as the post–Civil War era version because of its purpose and five stars. <mask> founded People to People International in 1956, based on his belief that citizen interaction would promote cultural interaction and world peace. The program includes a student ambassador component, which sends American youth on educational trips to other countries. During his second term as president, <mask> distinctively preserved his presidential gratitude by awarding individuals a special memento.This memento was a series of specially designed U.S. Mint presidential appreciation medals. <mask> presented the medal as an expression of his appreciation and the medal is a keepsake reminder for the

masks:
Eisenhower
Douglas MacArthur
Eisenhower
Eisenhower
Eisenhower


title: Dwight D. Eisenhower

texts:
 recipient. The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed by the United States Mint, through the Philadelphia Mint. The medals were struck from September 1958 through October 1960. A total of twenty designs are cataloged with a total mintage of 9,858. Each of the designs incorporates the text "with appreciation" or "with personal and official gratitude" accompanied with <mask>'s initials "D.D.E." or facsimile signature.The design also incorporates location, date, and/or significant event. Prior to the end of his second term as president, 1,451 medals were turned in to the Bureau of the Mint and destroyed. The <mask> appreciation medals are part of the Presidential Medal of Appreciation Award Medal Series. Tributes and memorials

The Interstate Highway System is officially known as the "Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways" in his honor. It was inspired in part by <mask>'s own Army experiences in World War II, where he recognized the advantages of the autobahn system in Germany. Commemorative signs reading "Eisenhower Interstate System" and bearing <mask>'s permanent 5-star rank insignia were introduced in 1993 and now are displayed throughout the Interstate System. Several highways are also named for him, including the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290) near Chicago.the Eisenhower Tunnel on Interstate 70 west of Denver, and Interstate 80 in California. Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy is a senior war college of the Department of Defense's National Defense University in Washington, DC. <mask> graduated from this school when it was previously known as the Army Industrial College. The school's building on Fort Lesley J.

masks: Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower


title: Dwight D. Eisenhower

texts:
 McNair, when it was known as the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, was dedicated as Eisenhower Hall in 1960. <mask> was honored on a US one dollar coin, minted from 1971 to 1978. His centenary was honored on a commemorative dollar coin issued in 1990. In 1969 four major record companies – ABC Records, MGM Records, Buddha Records and Caedmon Audio – released tribute albums in <mask>'s honor.In 1999, the United States Congress created the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, to create an enduring national memorial in Washington, D.C. In 2009 the commission chose the architect Frank Gehry to design the memorial. The memorial will stand on a four-acre site near the National Mall on Maryland Avenue, SW across the street from the National Air and Space Museum. In December 1999 he was listed on Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th century. In 2009 he was named to the World Golf Hall of Fame in the Lifetime Achievement category for his contributions to the sport. In 1973, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Honours

Awards and decorations

Freedom of the City
<mask> received the Freedom honor from several locations, including:

  Freedom of the City of London on June 12, 1945
  Freedom of the City of Belfast on August 24, 1945
  Freedom of the City of Edinburgh in 1946
  Freedom of the Burgh of Maybole in October 1946

Honorary degrees
<mask> received many honorary degrees from universities and colleges around the world.These included:

Promotions

Note: <mask> relinquished his active duty status when he became president on January 20, 1953. He was returned to active duty when he left office eight years later. Family tree

See also
 "And I don't care


title: Dwight D. Eisenhower

texts:
 what it is", phrase by <mask>, 1952, on religion
 Atoms for Peace, a speech to the UN General Assembly in December 1953
 Committee on Scientists and Engineers
 Eisenhower baseball controversy
 <mask> dollar
 <mask> method for time management
 Eisenhower National Historic Site
 <mask> on U.S. Postage stamps
 <mask> Presidential Center
 Ike: Countdown to D-Day – a 2004 American television film about the decisions <mask> made as Supreme Commander that led to the successful D-Day invasion of World War II
 Pact of Madrid
 People to People Student Ambassador Program
 Pressure – a 2014 British play on <mask>'s part in the meteorological decisions leading up to D-Day; he was played in the premiere production by Malcolm Sinclair
 Kay Summersby

General:
 Historical rankings of presidents of the United States
 History of the United States (1945–1964)
 List of presidents of the United States by previous experience

References

Bibliography

General biographies

 Krieg, Joann P. ed. (1987). <mask><mask>, Soldier, President, Statesman. 24 essays by scholars. , popular history., popular history

Military career

 <mask>, <mask> (1986). <mask> at War 1943–1945, New York : Random House. . A detailed study by his grandson. <mask>, John S. D. (2003). General Ike, Free Press, New York. , by his son. Hatch, Alden. General <mask> (1944) online, early popular biography.Irish, Kerry E. "Apt Pupil: <mask> and the 1930 Industrial Mobilization Plan", The Journal of Military History 70.1 (2006) 31–61 online in Project Muse. Civilian career

 <mask>, Richard V. (2002). The <mask> Presidency, 1953–1961
 <mask> T., ed. (1954). Presidential Nominating Politics in 1952. 5 vols., Johns Hopkins Press. <mask>, Robert A.(1981). <mask> and the Cold War.

masks:
Eisenhower
Eisenhower
Eisenhower
Eisenhower
Eisenhower
Eisenhower
Eisenhower
Dwight D
. Eisenhower
Eisenhower
David
Eisenhower
Eisenhower
Eisenhower
Dwight Eisenhower
Damms
Eisenhower
David Paul
Divine
Eisenhower


title: Dwight D. Eisenhower

texts:
 Gellman, Irwin F. (2015). The President and the Apprentice: <mask> and Nixon, 1952–1961. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Greenstein, Fred I. (1991).The Hidden-Hand Presidency: <mask> as Leader. Basic Books. Harris, <mask>. "<mask> and the New Deal: The Politics of Preemption", Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, 1997. Harris, Seymour E. (1962). The Economics of the Political Parties, with Special Attention to Presidents <mask> and Kennedy.Lasby,  Clarence G<mask>'s Heart Attack: How Ike Beat Heart Disease and Held on to the Presidency (1997). Mason, Robert. "War Hero in the White House: <mask> and the Politics of Peace, Prosperity, and Party." in Profiles in Power (Brill, 2020) pp. 112–128. Medhurst, Martin J. (1993).<mask><mask>: Strategic Communicator. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Mayer, Michael S. (2009). The Eisenhower Years Facts on File. Newton, Jim. (2011) <mask>: The White House Years
 Pach, Chester J., and Richardson, Elmo (1991). Presidency of <mask><mask>.University Press of Kansas. Watry, <mask>. (2014). Diplomacy at the Brink: <mask>, Churchill and Eden in the Cold War. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. General history

Primary sources
 Boyle, Peter G., ed. (1990). The Churchill–Eisenhower Correspondence, 1953–1955.University of North Carolina Press. Boyle, Peter G., ed. (2005). The <mask> correspondence, 1955–1957. University of North Carolina Press. Butcher, Harry C. (1946). My Three Years With <mask> The Personal Diary of Captain Harry C. Butcher, USNR, candid memoir by a top aide.online
 <mask>, <mask>. (1948). Crusade in Europe, his war memoirs. <mask>, <mask>. (1965). The White House Years: Waging Peace 1956–1961, Doubleday and Co.
 Eisenhower Papers 21-volume scholarly edition;

masks:
Eisenhower
Eisenhower
Douglas B
Dwight Eisenhower
Eisenhower
. Eisenhower
Dwight Eisenhower
Dwight D
. Eisenhower
Eisenhower
Dwight D
. Eisenhower
David M
Eisenhower
Eden Eisenhower
Eisenhower
Eisenhower
Dwight D
Eisenhower
Dwight D


title: Dimitri Fampas

texts:
<mask> (Δημήτρης Φάμπας, <mask>) (22 December 1921 – 3 May 1996) was a Greek classical guitarist and composer. Life and career
<mask> was born in Milina, a small village on Mount Pelion near Volos, Greece. As a child, he played traditional music on lute and mandolin. In 1939, he pursued musical studies in Athens. He studied Advanced Musical Theory with Theodore Vavayiannis and counterpoint with Costa Kydoniatis at the Athens Conservatory. He studied with Nicholas Ioannou, and by 1953, he received a diploma in classical guitar performance cum laude from the National Conservatory of Greece. In 1955 and 1956, he received a scholarship from the Italian government to study guitar with Andrés Segovia and Emilio Pujol at the Academia Chigianna in Siena.In 1959, he attended classes with Segovia once more, this time at the Academy of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, receiving a scholarship from Segovia himself. <mask>ini-G. Cassado concerto, and he played the world premier recording of the Concerto para tres Hermanas by Carlo Pizzini with the National Radio Symphony Orchestra of Greece. He often performed live TV recitals in Greece, Spain, and US. <mask> taught at the National Conservatory of Athens.Thousands of guitarists have been taught by <mask> and his disciples in the course of fifty years. Some 38 prizes in international guitar competitions have been won by <mask>' pupils. Among his most noted

masks:
Dimitris Fampas
Dimitris Fabas
Fampas
Fampasher
Dimitri Fampas
Fampas
Fampas


title: Dimitri Fampas

texts:
 pupils are Evangelos Assimakopoulos and Liza Zoe, Eleftheria Kotzia, Kyriakos Tzortzinakis, <mask>, Notis Mavroudis, Yiannis Manolidakis, Evangelos Boudounis, Spiros Diamantis and Kostas Grigoreas. <mask> created two guitar orchestras, one for young players and another for advanced guitarists, with which he made numerous concert appearances and tours in Greece during 1979–1989. He was a member of the jury in international guitar competitions and he offered master-classes and lectures in numerous seminars and festivals. He lectured on the history of the classical guitar over the Greek National Radio and TV, the BBC, and on several stations in Hungary, in Czechoslovakia, in the US and elsewhere. He has served as president of the Union of Conservatory Professors of Greece, as a member of the Greek Composers' Union, as a member of the Greek National Board of Music/IMC and UNESCO.His life and artistic contribution are mentioned in the National and International Who's Who, in the Cambridge dictionary of biographies of famous men and scholars as well as in the Guitar dictionaries and music history books of Japan, England, Poland, GDR, Italy and Greece, the Encyclopedias of Papyrus Larouse, and Harris Patsis. Music
<mask> composed over two hundred solos, studies and dances, enriching the guitar literature. <mask>' compositions proved popular, and they became standard guitar repertory. His guitar

masks:
Eva Fampas
Dimitri Fampas
Fampas
Fampas


title: Dimitri Fampas

texts: music, often romantic and lyrical, richly dominated by Greek traditional elements, colors and rhythms, expresses his love for the guitar and for his country, as well as his passionate personality. His work has been published by the publishing houses of Ricordi (Milan and São Paulo), Max Eschig (Paris), Columbia (U.S.), Lathkil (Bakewell, Derbyshire, UK), Mel Bay (Pacific, Missouri), Ph. Nakas and Papagrigoriou-Nakas (Athens), and M. Nikolaidis / Orpheus Editions (Athens). <mask> also recorded theatre and film music by Greek composers such as Mikis Theodorakis, Manos Hatzidakis, Argiris Kounadis and Stavros Xarhakos.Through the 1960s and early '70s <mask> collaborated as a soloist to many theatrical and film music productions, being the first Greek classical guitarist to perform on stage and to record theatrical music soundtracks. <mask>' early life was depicted in The Tales of Faith by Denis Ronda. For his artistic contribution to music and to society, he was honoured with numerous awards and medals by cultural associations, music clubs and municipalities. Audiovisual material on <mask> has been presented and broadcast by national Greek TV, including a 45-minute interview with G. Sgourakis for the series Monograma which focused on outstanding Greek artists and scientists. The Guitar Friends Association <mask> (member of the Greek National Music Council, and the IMC of UNESCO), is a

masks:
Dimitri Fampas
Fampas
Legacy Fampas
Dimitri Fampas
Dimitri Fampas


title: Dimitri Fampas

texts:
 non-profit cultural society founded in 1999 under the initiative of the guitarist-professor <mask> dedicated to serving <mask>' legacy and music, encouraging new talented artists and promotion of Greek guitar music. On 11 January 2006, <mask>' archives, including original music, editions, lectures, concert programmes and newspapers as well as a collection of unpublished recordings and photos concerning his life and career, were donated to the Benaki Museum of Athens. Compositions

Guitar solo
 "Triplet Memory To Emilio Pujol"
 "Reverie"
 "Valsa de Brasilia to Ronoel Simoes" (1st Version)
 "Vals" (revised)
 "Danse Syrtos"
 "Danse Ballos"
 "A Heart-Felt Conversation", to Andrés Segovia for his 90th birthday
 "Suite No.3, sur une forme ancienne"
 "Prelude-Bourrée-Allemande-Aria Mélancolique-Loure 1 & 2"
 "Jeux d'enfants" (Kavatina No 1)
 "Conte" (Kavatina No. 1)
 "Poeme" (Kavatina No. 10) to Notis Mavroudis
 "Danse imaginaire" (Kavatina No 1) to Liza Zoi
 "Karagouna", Greek dance
 "Vlacha", Greek dance
 Greek Dance "Sousta" (2 versions)
 "Vision"
 "The Country of Centaurs" (Greek Suite)
 "Tsamikos Dance" (Greek Suite)
 "Ravines" (Greek Suite)
 "Syrtaki Dance" (Greek Suite)
 "Boléro"
 "March of Spain"
 "Suite No. 2 for a Beloved Family" (to Jeni, to Eva, to Evangelos)
 "Admiration" (Kavatina No. 2)
 "Little Waltz" (Kavatina No. 2)
 "Sensations" (Kavatina No. 2)
 24 Concert Studies (1–12 to Ida

masks:
Eva Fampas
Dimitri Fampas
Dimitri Fampas


title: Dimitri Fampas

texts:
 Presti / 13–24 to Andrés Segovia)
 23 Melodies for Children and Young Guitarists ("A Dream", "Guahira Danse", "Tsamikos Dance", "For Eva", "Milina", "Varcarola", "Prelude", "Petit Vals", are included)
 "Romantza"
 "Greek Song"
 "Evgenoula", Theme with Variations
 9 Sentimental Preludes
 Sentimental Suite (6 songs dedicated to his fiancée)
 Melodies for Young Guitarists, 2nd Collection ("Minuet", "Tender Moments", "The Girl in Green", "The Phone-Call", "Song without Words No.1 & 2", "A Waltz for a Great Woman", others)
 "A Lafkos' Faire"
 "Segovia's Portrait"
 "The Windsong"

Guitar duo
 "Fantasy"
 "Greek Dance of Corfou"
 "Greek Song of Thessaly"
 "Danse Ballos"
 "Petit Vals"

Guitar ensemble
 "Greek Fiesta for 3 Guitars" (A Fair of Pilion)
 "Tzeni Variations for 3 Guitars" (Suite for a Beloved Family)
 "The Layiarni" (Variations on the Traditional Greek Song) for Voice and Guitar Orchestra
 "Ode to Peace for Voice and 3 Guitars", based on the poem 'Peace' by J. Ritsos
 "Songs for Voice and Guitar", lyrics by L. Raftopoulos & B. Spilios

References

External links
Dimitri Fampas
Guitar Friends Association Dimitris Fampas
Biographer of Dimitri Fampas
Book on <mask>as

1921 births
1996 deaths
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century classical composers
Composers for the classical guitar
Greek classical guitarists
Greek classical composers
20th-century guitarists
People from Magnesia


title: Mark Thomas

texts:
<mask> (born 11 April 1963) is an English comedian, presenter, political satirist and journalist from south London. He first became known as a guest comic on the BBC Radio 1 comedy show The Mary Whitehouse Experience in the late 1980s. He is best known for political stunts on his show, The <mask> Thomas Comedy Product on Channel 4. <mask> describes himself as a "libertarian anarchist". Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born in South London. His mother was a midwife and his father a self-employed builder (and ex-lay preacher). <mask> was educated at Macaulay Church of England Primary School, Victoria Rise, Clapham until 1974, where his party trick was to recite the first verses of the four gospels from memory.He then won a scholarship to attend the independent Christ's Hospital School, where he attained O-levels and A-levels in English, history, and politics and economics. At school, <mask> was influenced by his drama teacher, Duncan Noel-Paton, and by Bertolt Brecht's play The Caucasian Chalk Circle, in which the audience's sympathies are swayed from one view of a political argument to the other; speaking of this to The Guardian in 1999, he said "I was amazed that a play could make you change your mind". In a 2016 interview, he stated that he became an atheist at the age of 12, and subsequently developed an interest in radical politics during his teenage years, including anarchism, Marxism and Trotskyism. He went on to be awarded a degree in Theatre Arts at Bretton Hall College. During his time at Bretton Hall, he made his debut as a performer, co-writing and performing satirical sketches at Wakefield Labour Club. Career
After graduating, <mask> subsequently embarked on his comedy career, initially supporting himself through working on building sites with his father. <mask>' early exposure to comedy was through watching and listening to Dave Allen, Steptoe and Son, The Goon Show and Tony Hancock; his

masks:
Mark Clifford Thomas
Mark
Thomas
Mark Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


title: Mark Thomas

texts: biggest influence was hearing a recording of Alexei Sayle: "It was like someone had kicked the door in – just listening to that tape and thinking that someone could do this stuff".He also cited the playwright Trevor Griffiths as an early influence, describing him as "an absolute genius". He went on to write material for Dave Allen. Prior to his most renowned vehicle, The Mark Thomas Comedy Product, <mask> was a frequent guest comic on the BBC Radio 1 show The Mary Whitehouse Experience, where he would do a routine about a specific topic of the week and involve studio audience members in the discussions. He would also occasionally play parts in sketches written by the show's main performers. He then became the resident stand-up comic on Saturday Zoo, a Channel 4 comedy series first screened in 1993 and appeared on an episode of Have I Got News for You. He co-presented the highly successful Radio 1 comedy talk show Loose Talk with Kevin Day, and is a founder member of the London Comedy Store's hard hitting Cutting Edge show. His political comedy show, The Mark Thomas Comedy Product (later renamed as simply The Mark Thomas Product, to reflect its increasing political agenda) on Channel 4 earned him criticism from politicians but was seen by critics as a crucial investigative tool.In one edition, <mask> investigated the practice of avoiding inheritance tax by declaring art, furniture, homes and land available for public viewing. After discovering that Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Nicholas Soames was claiming tax relief on a "three-tier mahogany buffet with partially reeded slender balustrade upright supports" on this basis, but without making any arrangements for the furniture to be inspected by the public, <mask> invented a 'National Soames Day' on which hundreds of people made appointments to see the furniture. Soames subsequently decided to pay the tax on the item and Gordon Brown, then Chancellor of the

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas


title: Mark Thomas

texts: Exchequer, changed the law. In 2015, <mask> told The Independent'''s Adam Jacques: "I try to find the good in my enemies. It's not unusual to be able to get on with people despite what they are doing being awful. The only person I have met who I considered to be without any redeeming features was […] Nicholas Soames. […] He was such a pantomime baddie."Leaving Channel 4 was a mutual decision, following a series of disputes over how far the channel would go in its broadcasting, one of which concerned the channel's reluctance to support actions concerning corporate accountability and corporate manslaughter laws—a cause he had campaigned for—which coincided with the Queen Mother's funeral. He declined to take part in a proposed Celebrity Guantanamo Bay 'reality TV' show. <mask> has appeared at numerous comedy benefit nights, and is a well established stand-up comedian in the UK. He is the chairman of the Ilısu Dam Campaign, a campaign which was successful in temporarily blocking the development of a large-scale hydroelectric dam in southeast Turkey that campaigners claim will lead to the displacement of up to 78,000 people, mostly Kurds, without adequate compensation or consultation, as well as to environmental and cultural destruction. Recently, <mask> has been working with War on Want in India and investigating and filming alleged human rights violations in Colombia (by, amongst others, Coca-Cola) where trade unions are targeted by militia allegedly controlled by the government. He wrote a regular column for the New Statesman between 2001 and 2007. The parliamentary committee which oversees weapons exports, the House of Commons Quadripartite Select committee, commended him for his undercover work, which led to official warning letters being issued to a number of companies.His work in this area is covered in As Used on the Famous Nelson Mandela: Underground Adventures in the Arms and Torture Trade, a book


title: Mark Thomas

texts: chronicling his experiences undercover, his political activism and his projects designed to find and report loopholes in arms trading laws, which culminated in a controversial un-broadcast Newsnight report about the Hinduja brothers. Whilst promoting this book on his latest tour, <mask> organised mass lone demonstrations, in protest of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005. A parliamentary act that prevents any demonstrations within London's Parliament Square zone without prior police approval. The last event attracted over 100 individual protesters at the same time. In 2006, he was added to the Guinness Book of Records for most demonstrations held on one day: 20 individual protests in 20 different locations. Although he actually performed 21 protests the first and last took place at the same location, so it was agreed that only 20 would count towards the record. His record was later beaten in 2010 by the Freman College Amnesty group, who held 23 demonstrations.In 2008, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Bradford, for services to peace and for his work as a comedian, political activist, presenter and investigative journalist, especially for his effective campaigning on the ethics of the arms trade. The university has a long-standing Department of Peace Studies. In 2009, <mask> launched the Huddersfield Policy postcard campaign, petitioning the Queen with protests against the prospect of a state funeral for Margaret Thatcher. For his 'It's The Stupid Economy' UK tour in 2009, <mask> played 55 shows over 14 weeks between March and end July, and encouraged each audience to come up with their own policies (silly or serious) that would somehow make their lives better, forming a "People's Manifesto". Each audience then got to vote on their favourite policy of that evening and the winning suggestion then formed part of his manifesto which he will then campaign for and attempt to actually


title: Mark Thomas

texts: make at least some of the suggestions become reality. In April 2010, <mask> was awarded £1200 compensation for a search carried out by police in 2007. He had been unlawfully subject to a stop-and-search without adequate cause, after speaking at an anti-arms rally.During 2010 <mask> decided to go rambling in the Middle East and walked the entire length of the Israeli Separation Barrier, crossing between the Israeli and the Palestinian side. His touring show entitled "Walking The Wall" (2011) was shortlisted for the Amnesty International Freedom of Expression award and his book Extreme Rambling recounted the story. <mask> revealed in 2013 that he had discovered, through a Data Protection request, that he had been under police surveillance as a result of his investigative journalism for Channel 4 and the New Statesman and put on the domestic extremist database. He cautioned other journalists, "I apologise for the boastful tone but the police have monitored public interest investigations in my case since 1999. More importantly if the police are keeping tabs on a lightweight like myself then they are doing the same and more to others. This is more than supposition as I know of other NUJ members on the database." The following year, <mask> and five journalists and photographers who had also been under surveillance by the London Metropolitan Police Service's National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit (NDEDIU) began legal action against the force.The NDEDIU's reports obtained by <mask> described him as a "general rabble rouser and alleged comedian" and stated, "<mask> stops. Has quantity of cress on rear of his cycle." He told The Independent's Adam Lusher, "The police's powers of observation are to be admired, I did indeed have cress on my bike. [But] Is it really suitable to spend taxpayers' money observing the movement of cress?" In January 2020, <mask> returned to the stage with his new show '<mask>:

masks:
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Mark Thomas
Thomas
Mark Thomas


title: Mark Thomas

texts:
 50 Things About Us' where he states little-known facts about the UK with his trademark mix of stand-up, storytelling and research. For Fun. (2011)
 100 Acts of Minor Dissent (2015)
 The Liar’s Quartet: Bravo Figaro!, Cuckooed, The Red Shed – Playscripts, Notes and Commentary (2017)
 50 Things About Us: What We Really Need to Know About Britain (2020)

Awards
 Time Out Comedy Award (1990)
 Perrier Comedy Award nominee (1992)

In addition to being recognised for his comedy career, <mask> has been awarded various citations for his political campaigning, including:
 Kurdish National Congress Medal of Honour (2002)
 International Service Award for the Global Defence of Human Rights (2004)
 MediActivist Awards (2005)
 Former Guinness World Record Holder for Most Number of Political Demonstrations in 24 Hours

He was also made an honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of Bradford on 3 December 2008, in recognition of his peace campaigning and services to comedy.Politics
As a part of his television series, <mask> stood as an Independent candidate for the safe-Labour parliamentary seat of Hemsworth in a 1996 by-election. He came eighth of ten candidates with 122 votes as the election was won by Labour's Jon Trickett. In his 4 March 2002 New Statesman column, <mask> placed a bounty on the head of US President George Bush to the value of £4,320 (his total earnings writing for the magazine to that point). In February 2009 British entertainers David Baddiel, Bill Bailey, Morwenna Banks, Sanjeev Bhaskar, Jo Brand, Russell Brand, Rob Brydon, Jimmy Carr, Jack Dee, Omid Djalili, Sean Lock, Lee Mack, Alexei Sayle, Meera Syal, <mask> said in an open letter printed in The Times newspaper of the Baháʼí leaders to be on trial in Iran: "In reality, their only "crime", which the current regime finds intolerable, is that they hold a religious belief that is different from the majority.... we register our solidarity with all those

masks:
Mark Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Mark Thomas


title: Mark Thomas

texts:
 in Iran who are being persecuted for promoting the best development of society ...(and) with the governments, human rights organisations and people of goodwill throughout the world who have so far raised their voices calling for a fair trial, if not the complete release of the Baháʼí leaders in Iran." Echoing the comments earlier in the month made by two hundred and sixty seven non-Baháʼí Iranian academics, writers, artists, journalists and activists from 21 countries including Iran who signed an open letter of apology posted to Iranian.com and stating they were "ashamed" and pledging their support in Baháʼís achieving the rights detailed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights for the Baháʼís in Iran. See Persecution of Baháʼís. Prior to the 2015 UK general election, he was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas.In December 2019, along with 42 other leading cultural figures, <mask> signed a letter endorsing the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership in the 2019 general election. The letter stated that "Labour's election manifesto under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership offers a transformative plan that prioritises the needs of people and the planet over private profit and the vested interests of a few." See also
 Ilısu Dam Campaign
 Robert Newman
 Southeastern Anatolia Project
 Corporate crime
 Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (see "Protests near Parliament" section)The People's Manifesto''

References

External links
 Official website
 <mask>: Taking comedy seriously — BBC profile

People educated at Christ's Hospital
Alumni of Bretton Hall College
English activists
English anarchists
English libertarians
English male comedians
English comedy writers
English humorists
English male journalists
English atheists
English republicans
People from Balham
1963 births
Living people
Pranksters
20th-century English comedians
21st-century

masks:
Thomas
Mark Thomas


title: Gary Deegan

texts:
<mask> (born 28 September 1987) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for League of Ireland Premier Division club Drogheda United. Beginning his career in his native Ireland, he played in the Scottish Premiership for Hibernian and various clubs in all three divisions of the English Football League. Career

Ireland
<mask> started his career with Shelbourne. He made one competitive appearance for their first team, as a second-half substitute in a UEFA Intertoto Cup game against FK Vetra of Lithuania at Tolka Park on 24 June 2006, a match Shelbourne comfortably won 4–0. Soon after, <mask> was sent on loan to First Division strugglers Kilkenny City in July 2006 to gain experience and regular first team football. <mask> left Shelbourne during the winter of 2006 following their financial meltdown and subsequently joined Longford Town in February 2007. <mask> immediately broke into Longford's starting XI, making 35 league and cup appearances over the course of the season while scoring 3 goals.Following a difficult season on and off the pitch, Longford were relegated to the First Division, but Deegan helped Longford to the 2007 FAI Cup Final, which he missed due to a suspension. <mask> signed for Galway United on a full-time basis on 24 January 2008, but was released on 9 July due to financial difficulties at Galway. <mask> was not to stay out of football for long as Pat Fenlon swooped to sign Deegan for Dublin club Bohemians until the end of the 2008 season. He made his debut for the Gypsies in a 3–0 win over Cobh Ramblers at Dalymount Park on 1 August. He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 win over former club Galway on 22 August. <mask> made himself a regular in the Bohs' starting XI and his tremendous form was rewarded when he was named the Soccer Writers Association of Ireland (SWAI) Player of the Month for September. The good times continued as a 2–1 win over Drogheda United secured the league title for Bohemians and a winners medal for Deegan.<mask>'s outstanding form was rewarded when he was voted on to the Eircom League of Ireland

masks:
Gary Richard Deegan
Deegan
Deegan
Deegan
Deegan
Deegan
Deegan
Deegan
Deegan


title: Gary Deegan

texts:
 Premier Division Team for 2008, receiving 28% of the votes for the centre midfield position. <mask> began the 2009 season well for Bohs with some powerful performances in midfield. He also excelled in Bohs UEFA Champions League qualifying tie against Red Bull Salzburg.FC Red Bull Salzburg 1 - 1 Bohemian FC However <mask> and Bohs would depart that competition, cruelly losing 2–1 on aggregate. Worse was to come for <mask> as he got sent off twice in the space of three weeks and served a lengthy suspension. However, he returned for the final games of the season and picked up his second League of Ireland winners medal as Bohs pipped deadly rivals Shamrock Rovers to the title by four points. <mask>'s talent was rewarded at the season's end when he was voted on to the 2009 PFAI Team of the Season. Coventry City
It was announced on 21 December 2009 he would be signing for English Championship club Coventry City on 4 January 2010 on a three and a half-year deal.<mask> made his debut for Coventry as a second-half substitute against Barnsley on 9 January 2010. He scored his first goal for Coventry on his second start for the club against Queens Park Rangers in a 1–0 win for Coventry on 13 February 2010. His second goal for the club was a late equaliser in the M69 derby on 21 March 2010, with the match finishing 2–2. During the 2010–11 pre-season <mask> suffered a stress fracture of the ankle, putting him out of action for the duration of the season, only to come on as a substitute in the final game of the season in a 2–2 draw against Norwich City. In 2012 <mask> was the subject of controversy after tweeting a pro-IRA slogan. He was banned for two weeks by the club, pending the outcome of an internal investigation. Hibernian
<mask> signed for Hibernian, managed by Pat Fenlon (which the pair worked together at Bohemians), in August 2012 on a one-year deal.After joining, Fenlon said that he believed Deegan would become a fan favourite at the club. Deegan made his debut, making his first start and playing 90 minutes, in a 1–1 draw against Edinburgh derby rivals Heart of Midlothian.

masks: Deegan Deegan Deegan Deegan Deegan Deegan Deegan Deegan


title: Gary Deegan

texts:
 He helped the club improve its form in the early part of the 2012–13 season, but Deegan then suffered a broken jaw when he was the victim of an unprovoked attack in Edinburgh city centre. Deegan resumed training exercises in late November. A 27-year-old man was charged with assault in connection with the incident in December. Deegan said that his injury left him only able to eat soup for five weeks. Deegan made his return, coming on as a substitute, in a 3–2 loss against Motherwell on 15 December 2012.<mask> scored his first Hibs goal with a 30-yard strike in the fifth round of the Scottish Cup in a 1–0 victory over Aberdeen. He left Hibs at the end of his contract, after failing to secure a regular first team place. Northampton Town
On 25 July 2013, <mask> joined Northampton Town on a one-year deal after a successful trial. Southend United
<mask> joined Southend United on 22 August 2014 on a free transfer. He made his début for the club against AFC Wimbledon and throughout the 2014–15 season established himself as a favourite among the fans due to the commitment and passion that he displayed on the pitch as well as his iconic beard. On 4 August 2015 <mask> signed a one-year contract with an option for a second year. In May 2016, <mask> had his contract extended after the clause was triggered, although the following day, Southend announced that his contract had been terminated by mutual consent after Deegan wanted manager Phil Brown to guarantee him first team football, which Brown refused to do.Shrewsbury Town
After leaving Southend, Deegan joined fellow League One side Shrewsbury Town. Despite being a first-team regular under Micky Mellon and his successor Paul Hurst as Shrewsbury avoided relegation, he was transfer-listed halfway through his two-year contract at the club, although Hurst commented "he's a man and true to his word... there's been no falling-out". Deegan left the club by mutual consent on 31 May 2017. Cambridge United
<mask> signed a two-year contract at League Two side Cambridge United on 1 June 2017, following his departure from Shrewsbury Town the

masks: Deegan Deegan Deegan Deegan Deegan Deegan


title: Gary Deegan

texts:
 previous day. He was offered a new contract by Cambridge United at the end of the 2018–19 season. In July 2019 it was announced that he was suffering from blood poisoning. Return To Shelbourne
<mask> signed a contract at League of Ireland Premier Division side Shelbourne on 31 December 2019, following his departure from Cambridge United just minutes after it was announced both parties had agreed to terminate <mask>’s contract.He scored 3 goals in 18 league appearances as Shelbourne were relegated from the Premier Division only one season after being promoted to it. His contract ran out and he was released by the club in October 2020. Drogheda United
On 12 December 2020, less than a year after signing with Shelbourne, <mask> signed a one year deal with League Of Ireland First Division champions and newly promoted Premier Division outfit Drogheda United. Tim Clancy, the manager of the Boynesiders, was reunited with his former teammate at Hibernian. Career statistics

Irish career statistics unavailable

Footnotes

a. Appearances in the Football League Trophy. b.One appearance in the League Trophy, and two appearances in the Football League Two play-offs. c. Appearances in the EFL Trophy. Honours
Galway United
Connacht Senior Cup (1): 2008

Bohemians
League of Ireland (2): 2008, 2009
FAI Cup (1): 2008

Southend United
Football League Two play-offs: 2014–15

Notes

References

External links

1987 births
League of Ireland players
Galway United F.C. (1937–2011) players
Kilkenny City A.F.C. players
Living people
Longford Town F.C. players
Association footballers from Dublin (city)
Shelbourne F.C. players
Bohemian F.C.players
Drogheda United F.C. players
Association football midfielders
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Coventry City F.C. players
English Football League players
Hibernian F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C.players
Scottish Premier League players
Republic of Ireland expatriate association footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Irish expatriate sportspeople in

masks:
Deegan
Deegan
Gary Deegan


title: Christopher Anstey

texts:
<mask> (31 October 1724 – 3 August 1805) was an English poet who also wrote in Latin. After a period managing his family's estates, he moved permanently to Bath and died after a long public life there. His poem, The New Bath Guide, brought him to fame and began an easy satirical fashion that was influential throughout the second half of the 18th century. Later he wrote An Electoral Ball, another burlesque of Bath society that allowed him to develop and update certain themes in his earlier work. Among his Latin writing were translations and summaries based on both these poems; he was also joint author of one of the earliest Latin translations of Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, which went through several editions both in England and abroad. Life
Anstey was the third child and only son of the Rev. Dr. <mask>, the rector of Brinkley in Cambridgeshire, and his wife Mary Thompson, born on 31 October 1724 in Trumpington.He was educated at Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, where he distinguished himself for his Latin verses. He became a fellow of his college in 1745 but the degree of M.A. was withheld from him in 1749 owing to his defiance of the university authorities and the offence caused by an address that is said to have begun "Doctors without doctrine, artless masters of arts, and bachelors more worthy of the rod than the laurel..." He joined the Middle Temple in 1746, but was not called to the bar. In 1754, having succeeded to the prosperous family estates (including Anstey Hall in Trumpington), Anstey withdrew from the university. Two years later, he married Ann Calvert (1732–1812), daughter of Felix Calvert and the sister of his friend John Calvert of Albury Hall, Hertfordshire. For a considerable time Anstey lived the life of a country squire, cultivating letters as well as his estates, but publishing little of any note for many years. His family grew to include thirteen children, eight of

masks:
Christopher Anstey
Christopher Anstey


title: Christopher Anstey

texts:
 take account of the way Vincent Bourne's poems had already demonstrated how Latin could be adapted to express contemporary reality. Preferring the latter's approach, for the most part, <mask>'s version tries to remain faithful to Gray's text and certainly retains the historical English names rather than making Roman substitutes. It was published anonymously in 1762 and was later to appear in the 1768 and 1775 Irish editions of Gray's poems, along with an Italian and two other Latin versions of the Elegy. In 1778 there appeared an emended translation in which the introductory lines were signed C. A. et W. H. R. This was subsequently reprinted in Venice in 1794 and from there made its way into Alessandro Torri's multilingual anthology of translations of the Elegy, published in Verona in 1817. In later years Anstey went on to translate himself.First there was his version of "Letter XIV" from The New Bath Guide, that was only included in the posthumous collected edition of his work. This was a 'humorous and whimsical' tour de force with both internal and end-rhymes, exactly fitting the spirit of the original. Secondly, there was the résumé of the themes in his later The Election Ball in a 1777 Latin epistle to its would-be illustrator Coplestone Warre Bampfylde, of which an English adaptation, 'translated and addressed to the ladies', appeared separately in the same year. Anstey's other translation during that time was of the fables of John Gay, undertaken originally for the guidance of his sons, whom he was preparing for entrance into Eton. This was published anonymously in a badly edited state, then subsequently revised for a new edition in 1798. However, reviewers complained of its rigid metres and 'diffusion extended into weakness' as being badly fitted to the sprightly octosyllabics of Gay's original. It had too much of the schoolroom about it.In English
Anstey was principally known for his long epistolary poem,


title: Christopher Anstey

texts:
 Moore could himself get round, much too late, to writing his own sequel, The Fudges in England. That too was set, according to its preface, in "a well-known fashionable watering place". But though the work sold well, the critical response was muted. "Mr Moore’s poetical rabies is incurable" commented the reviewer of The Dublin University Magazine. A modern judgment, comparing Moore's original work and its sequel, finds that while "in the first Fudge saga, the influence of Anstey is less evident", the story line of the second is much more derivative. In any case, writers seem to have decided by now that enough was enough and no further imitations of Anstey followed.20th century
A later tribute came from John Betjeman in 1973. As a trustee of the Bath Preservation Trust since the 1940s, he protested the depredations of philistine developers in "The Newest Bath Guide", quoting from and addressing Anstey. Its final couplet demonstrates how much Betjeman was indebted to him for his own art of satirical rhyming:
Goodbye to old Bath! We who loved you are sorry
They're carting you off by developer's lorry. Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography
 <mask>, John, The Poetical Works of the Late <mask>, Esq: With Some Account of the Life and Writings of the Author, London 1808
 Bishop, Philippa, "The Sentence of Momus: satirical verse and prints in 18th century Bath", in Bath History 5, 1994, pp. 51–79

 Cossic, Annick (ed), The New Bath Guide, International Academic Publishers 2010

External links

 <mask> at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)

1724 births
1805 deaths
People from East Cambridgeshire District
18th-century English poets
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
Members of the Middle Temple
High Sheriffs of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire
English male poets
18th-century English male writers
18th-century Latin-language writers
New

masks:
Anstey
Christopher Anstey
Christopher Anstey


title: Jessica Hardy

texts:
<mask> (born March 12, 1987) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in breaststroke and freestyle events. <mask> earned a bronze medal in the 4×100-meter freestyle and a gold medal in the 4×100-meter medley relays at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She has won a total of twenty-eight medals in major international competition, fourteen gold, nine silver, and five bronze spanning the Olympics, World and the Pan Pacific Championships. From 2008 to 2009, <mask> served a 12 month suspension from swimming competition due to an anti-doping rule violation at the 2008 Olympic Trials. She returned to competition in 2009, setting new long course world records in the 50-meter breaststroke and 100-meter breaststroke at the 2009 U.S. Open Swimming Championships. Personal life
<mask> was born in Orange, California, in 1987, the daughter of <mask> and Denise Robinson. Her mother swam collegiately for Indiana State University for one week and is currently a psychotherapist.She is a 2005 graduate of Wilson Classical High School in Long Beach and was Swimming World'''s Female High School Swimmer of the Year in 2004 and 2005. <mask> attended the University of California, Berkeley, where she competed for coach Teri McKeever's California Golden Bears swim team for two years. She was a four-time NCAA Champion, and met her husband Dominik Meichtry, a Swiss swimmer and 3-time Olympian, at Berkeley. She gave up her eligibility and turned professional in 2007, to train with coach Dave Salo for Trojan Swim Club of the University of Southern California. In 2016, she announced that she would now be training with Mark Schubert at the Golden West Swim Club in Huntington Beach, CA. She also completed her Bachelors of Science degree from Arizona State University in 2016. She married Dominik Meichtry on October 5, 2013.In September 2017, the couple announced that they were expecting

masks:
Jessica Adele Hardy Meichtry
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
George Hardy
Hardy


title: Jessica Hardy

texts:
 their first child, to be born in the spring of 2018. In 2015, she released an autobiography, titled Swimming Toward the Gold Lining: How <mask> turned her wounds into wisdom. The book "covers her journey from trials to triumph, from wounds to wisdom, and from setbacks to comebacks. You know her name, but you won’t know her true story until you’ve read [the] book." She also has a long history of philanthropy work with organizations such as the USA Swimming Foundation, the Jessie Rees Foundation, the Special Olympics, Surf Aid International, the Long Beach Water Department, and volunteering as an athlete representative on the Olympic Internal Operations Committee, the USA Swimming Steering Committee, and the USA Swimming Athletes’ Executive Committee. 2005–08
At the 2005 World Aquatics Championships, a long course meet, <mask> competed in two individual breaststroke events and in the 4×100-meter medley relay. She won silver in all of those events.<mask> broke Leisel Jones' world record in the semifinals of the 100-meter breaststroke on July 25 before ultimately finishing second in the finals two days later. In the 4×100-meter medley relay, on July 30, <mask> won a silver medal with Natalie Coughlin, Rachel Komisarz, and Amanda Weir. On July 31, <mask> placed second in the 50-meter breaststroke, finishing behind Jade Edmistone of Australia. At the 2006 Short Course World Championships in Shanghai, <mask> competed in two individual breaststroke events and swam in the heats of the 4×100-meter medley relay. At the conclusion of the meet, she won a silver and bronze medal. In the 50-meter breaststroke on April 6, <mask> won a bronze medal, finishing behind Jade Edmistone and Brooke Hanson of Australia. <mask> then competed in the heats of the 4×100-meter medley relay (with Mary Mohler, Elaine Breeden, and Amanda Weir) on April 7, and won a silver medal after

masks:
Jessica Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy


title: Jessica Hardy

texts:
 the United States placed second in the finals.On April 8, <mask> finished in fourth place in the 100-meter breaststroke. At the 2007 World Aquatics Championships, a long course meet, <mask> competed in two individual breaststroke events and in the 4×100-meter medley relay. She won a gold and silver medal at this competition. In her first event, the 100-meter breaststroke, on March 27, <mask> placed fourth. <mask> then swam in the heats of the 4×100-meter medley relay (with Leila Vaziri, Dana Vollmer, and Amanda Weir) on March 31, and won a silver medal after the United States placed second in the finals. On April 1, <mask> won the gold in the 50-meter breaststroke. At the 2008 Short Course World Championships in Manchester, England, <mask> won a total of three gold medals.In her first event, the 50-meter breaststroke, on April 10, <mask> won gold with a world record time of 29.58. In the 4×100-meter medley, on April 11, <mask> teamed with Margaret Hoelzer, Rachel Komisarz, and Kara Denby to win gold in a world record time of 3:51.36. Going into the final of the 100-meter breaststroke, <mask> was the clear favorite for gold. She topped the heats with a time of 1:05.31 and broke the championship record in the semifinals with a time of 1:04.63 both on April 11. In the final of the 100-meter breaststroke, on April 12, <mask> won gold with a time of 1:04.22, and broke her own championship record. Positive drug test
At the 2008 U.S. Olympic Team Trials, <mask> qualified for the USA Olympic Team. A few weeks later, on July 23, 2008, <mask> was notified that the second of her three tests from the Trials came back as positive for low levels of clenbuterol; this notification subsequently leaked to the media.Her attorney confirmed on July 24, 2008, that <mask>'s "A" and "B" samples from a test administered on July 4 were positive for clenbuterol. <mask> claimed

masks: Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy


title: Jessica Hardy

texts:
 innocence and said she had never even heard of clenbuterol. Media coverage of the issue noted that tainted supplements have played a part in some previous instances of bans, and in this case. An example offered has been that of American swimmer Kicker Vencill, who won a lawsuit against a company that provided him with tainted supplements that resulted in a positive dope test and two-year ban from the sport. Under both American and international regulations, a lack of knowledge of the source of the substance ingested is not considered to be a defense against a positive result. On August 1, 2008, following <mask>'s hearing before the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), USADA released a statement stating, "The U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) announced today that U.S. swimmer, <mask>, of Long Beach, CA, tested positive for the prohibited substance clenbuterol at the U.S. Olympic Trials on July 4, 2008, and has agreed to withdraw from the 2008 United States Olympic Team in the best interests of the team." On August 1, 2008, <mask> officially, and voluntarily, left the 2008 U.S. Olympic Team.In May 2009, it was announced that <mask> would be banned from the sport for one year for the positive test. On May 21, 2010, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) agreed with the 2009 decision of the American Arbitration Association and dismissed the appeal by WADA (the World Anti-Doping Agency) to increase the suspension from one to two years. However, CAS did not entertain <mask>'s request to have the International Olympic Committee join this arbitration nor her request to make a recommendation on her eligibility for the 2012 London Olympic games. In April 2012, it was announced that <mask> would be eligible for the 2012 Olympics. 2009 comeback
<mask> returned from her suspension on August 5, at the U.S. Open National Championships. On August 6, <mask> broke

masks:
Hardy
Jessica Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy


title: Jessica Hardy

texts:
 Yuliya Yefimova's world record in the 50-meter breaststroke (long course) with a time of 29.95 to become the first woman under 30 seconds in the event. On August 7, <mask> lowered the world record for the 100-meter breaststroke with a time of 1:04.45.En route to this world record, she also lowered her own world record in the 50-meter breaststroke with a time of 29.80. At the World Cup on October 17, <mask> broke her own 50-meter breaststroke (short course) record set in April 2008 with a time of 29.45. On November 7, <mask> again bettered her own world record in the 50-meter breaststroke (short course) with a time of 29.36. On November 12, <mask> broke her own world record for the third time with a 28.96, the first woman to go sub 29 in the 50-meter short course breaststroke. On November 15, <mask> bettered her record for the fourth time with a time of 28.80, 0.16 seconds faster than her previous record. <mask> was the overall winner in the female division for the 2009 FINA Swimming World Cup. She received U.S. $100,000 for her efforts.2010
2010 National Championships
At the 2010 National Championships, <mask> made the American team that competed at the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships after finishing second in the 100-meter freestyle. On August 5, despite being the world record holder in the 100-meter breaststroke, <mask> finished in seventh place with a time of 1:09.24. At the first 50, <mask> came in first in 30.92, but faded badly at the end. <mask> did not blame her poor performances on her physical condition but rather her mental state. On her final chance of making the team, on August 7, <mask> finished in second place in the 100-meter freestyle in 54.14, a personal best for her. After the competition, <mask> said, "I've been struggling so much with the pressure I put on myself, especially in the 100 [meter] breaststroke." 2010 Pan Pacific

masks: Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy


title: Jessica Hardy

texts:
 Swimming Championships
Going into the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, <mask> said her only goal was to have fun.<mask> competed in two individual freestyle events (the 50-meter and 100-meter freestyle), the 50-meter butterfly, the 50-meter breaststroke, and in the 4×100-meter medley and freestyle relays. She went on to win four gold medals. On the first day of competition, on August 18, <mask> competed in the 50-meter butterfly and finished in sixth place. On the second day of competition, on August 19, <mask> didn't qualify to swim in the 100 m freestyle A final and had to compete in the B final. In the 100-meter freestyle B final, she finished first with a time of 54.16. On the third day of competition, on August 20, <mask> won gold in the 50-meter breaststroke and the 4×100-meter freestyle relay. In the 50-meter breaststroke, <mask> won gold in a time of 30.03.Less than an hour later, <mask> competed in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay with Natalie Coughlin, Amanda Weir and Dana Vollmer. As the second leg of the relay, <mask> had a 53.43 split, the fastest in the field. The next day, on August 21, <mask> competed in both the 50-meter freestyle and the 4×100-meter medley relay. In the 50-meter freestyle, <mask> won gold in a championship record time of 24.63, just ahead of Amanda Weir who recorded a time of 24.70. <mask> then competed in the 4×100-meter medley relay with Natalie Coughlin, Dana Vollmer and Rebecca Soni. As the freestyle leg, <mask> recorded a time of 53.12 and the American team went on to win the gold medal in a time of 3:55.23. 2011 World Championships

<mask> won the 50-meter breaststroke at the 2011 World Championships in Shanghai, China.She swam the race in 30.19 seconds, beating defending champion and training partner Yuliya Efimova by 0.3 seconds. It was her first win in the event since 2007. After qualifying from the

masks: Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy


title: Jessica Hardy

texts:
 50-meter freestyle heats with the joint fastest time, she finished eighth in the final. She also won a silver medal with the 4x100-meter freestyle relay. 2012 Summer Olympics

At the 2012 United States Olympic Trials in Omaha, Nebraska, <mask> won the 50-meter freestyle with a time of 24.50 seconds, and also won the 100-meter freestyle in 53.96 seconds, thus qualifying to compete in those two events, as well as the 4×100-meter freestyle and the 4×100-meter medley relays, at the 2012 Olympics. She also competed in the 100-meter breaststroke, and placed third in the final behind Olympic newcomer Breeja Larson and veteran Rebecca Soni. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, <mask> won her first Olympic medal, a bronze, in the 4×100-meter freestyle with Missy Franklin, Lia Neal and Allison Schmitt, when the U.S. team finished third behind the teams from Australia and the Netherlands.Swimming the second leg, <mask> had a split of 53.53 seconds and the team finished with a total time of 3:34.24, an American record. She also earned a gold medal by swimming for the winning U.S. team in the preliminary heats of the 4×100-meter medley relay. In her two individual events, she finished seventh in the 50-meter freestyle and eighth in the 100-meter freestyle. 2013–2015
<mask> won a gold and two bronze medals at the long course 2013 World Championships in Barcelona, Spain. Her first bronze medal was in the 100 breaststroke, with her best time coming from the heats with a 1:05.18. Her second bronze medal was in the 50 breaststroke, tying her American Record time of 29.80 seconds. The gold medal was in the 4x100-meter medley relay, swimming with Missy Franklin, Dana Vollmer, and Megan Romano.<mask> won gold in the 100 breaststroke at the 2014 Pan Pacific Championships, as well as a silver in the 4x100-meter medley relay with Missy Franklin, Kendyl Stewart, and Simone

masks: Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy


title: Jessica Hardy

texts:
 Manuel. She was voted team captain of the 2014 Pan Pacific USA team, along with Caitlin Leverenz, Matt Grevers, and Anthony Ervin. Despite competing on a SLAP shoulder tear, fractured ribs, and a micro-fracture in her left knee, <mask> was able to compete in the final of the 50 breaststroke, finishing fifth. She also placed 4th in the 4x100 medley relay, and 10th in the individual 100 breaststroke. She was again voted team captain of the 2015 World Championships team along with Elizabeth Beisel, Cammile Adams, Matt Grevers, Anthony Ervin, and David Plummer. Personal bests
. See also

 California Golden Bears
 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
 List of United States records in swimming
 List of University of California, Berkeley alumni
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (women)
 List of world records in swimming
 World record progression 50 metres breaststroke
 World record progression 100 metres breaststroke
 World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay

Bibliography
 <mask>, <mask>.Swimming Toward The Gold Lining: How <mask> turned her wounds into wisdom''. United States, Soul Writers, LLC, June 1, 2015. .

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
American female breaststroke swimmers
American female freestyle swimmers
American sportspeople in doping cases
California Golden Bears women's swimmers
World record setters in swimming
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in swimming
Sportspeople from Orange, California
Sportspeople from Long Beach, California
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Wilson Classical High School alumni
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Doping

masks:
Hardy
Hardy
Jessica
Jessica Hardy


title: Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey

texts:
<mask>, 3rd <mask>  (28 December 18029 October 1894), known as Viscount Howick from 1807 until 1845, was an English statesman. Background
<mask> was the eldest son of Prime Minister <mask>, 2nd <mask>, by his wife The Honorable Mary Ponsonby, daughter of William Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby. Political career
He entered parliament in 1826, under the title of Viscount Howick, as Whig member for Winchelsea, and then briefly for Higham Ferrers before settling for a northern constituency. Northumberland in 1831 was followed by North Northumberland after the Great Reform Act 1832. He remained in the parliaments dominated by his party and later by Lord Melbourne as Prime Minister. On the accession of the Whigs to power in 1830, when his father became prime minister, he was made Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. This gave him responsibility for Britain's colonial possessions and laid the foundation of his intimate acquaintance with colonial questions.He belonged at the time to the more advanced party of colonial reformers, sharing the views of Edward Gibbon Wakefield on questions of land and emigration, and resigned in 1834 from dissatisfaction that slave emancipation was made gradual instead of immediate. In 1835 he entered Lord Melbourne's cabinet as Secretary at War, and effected some valuable administrative reforms, especially by suppressing malpractices detrimental to the troops in India. After the partial reconstruction of the ministry in 1839, he again resigned, disapproving of the more advanced views of some of his colleagues. These repeated resignations gave him a reputation for crotchetiness, which he did not decrease by his disposition to embarrass his old colleagues by his action on free

masks:
Henry George Grey
Earl Grey
Grey
Charles Grey
Earl Grey


title: Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey

texts: trade questions in the session of 1841. After being returned unopposed at the first three general elections in Northern division of Northumberland, Howick was defeated at the 1841 general election. He returned to the Commons after a few months absence, when he was elected for the borough of Sunderland at by-election in September 1841. During the exile of the Liberals from power he went still farther on the path of free trade, and anticipated Lord John Russell's declaration against the corn laws.When, on Sir Robert Peel's resignation in December 1845, Lord John Russell was called upon to form a ministry, Howick, who had become <mask> by the death of his father in the preceding July, refused to enter the new cabinet if Lord Palmerston were foreign secretary. He was greatly censured for perverseness, and particularly when in the following July he accepted Lord Palmerston as a colleague without remonstrance. His conduct, nevertheless, afforded Lord John Russell an escape from an embarrassing situation. Becoming colonial secretary in 1846, he found himself everywhere confronted with arduous problems, which in the main he encountered with success. His administration formed an epoch. He was the first minister to proclaim that the colonies were to be governed for their own benefit and not for the mother countries; the first systematically to accord them self-government so far as then seemed possible; the first to introduce free trade into their relations with Great Britain and Ireland. The concession by which colonies were allowed to tax imports from the mother-country ad libitum was not his; he protested against it, but was overruled.In the West Indies he suppressed, if he could not overcome, discontent; in Ceylon


title: Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey

texts: he put down rebellion; in New Zealand he suspended the constitution he had himself accorded, and yielded everything into the hands of Sir <mask>. The least successful part of his administration was his treatment of the convict question at the Cape of Good Hope, which seemed an exception to his rule that the colonies were to be governed for their own benefit and in accordance with their own wishes, and subjected him to a humiliating defeat. In 1848 <mask> was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council representing the City of Melbourne despite never visiting the colony; his seat was declared vacant in 1850 due to his non-attendance. This election was a protest against rule from Sydney and in 1850 <mask> introduced the Australian Colonies Government Act which separated the district from New South Wales to become the colony of Victoria. After his retirement he wrote a history and defence of his colonial policy in the form of letters to Lord John Russell (Colonial Policy of Lord John Russell's Administration, 1853). He resigned with his colleagues in 1852. No room was found for him in the Coalition Cabinet of 1853, and although during the Crimean struggle public opinion pointed to him as the fittest man as minister for war, he never again held office.During the remainder of his long life he exercised a vigilant criticism on public affairs. In 1858 he wrote a work (republished in 1864) on parliamentary reform; in 1888 he wrote another on the state of Ireland; and in 1892 one on the United States tariff. In his latter years he was a frequent contributor of weighty letters to The Times on land, tithes, currency and other public questions. His principal parliamentary appearances were when he moved for a

masks:
George Grey
Grey
Grey


title: Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey

texts:
 committee on Irish affairs in 1866, and when in 1878 he passionately opposed the policy of the Beaconsfield cabinet in India. He nevertheless supported Lord Beaconsfield at the dissolution, regarding William Ewart Gladstone's accession to power with much greater alarm. He was a determined opponent of Gladstone's Home rule policy. Family
Lord <mask> married on 9 August 1832, to Maria, daughter of Sir Joseph Copley, 3rd Baronet of Sprotborough.They had no children. She died in September 1879. Lord <mask> survived her by fifteen years and died on 9 October 1894, aged 91. He was succeeded in the earldom by his nephew, <mask> (born 1851). The suburb of Howick in Auckland, New Zealand, is named after the earl. References

External links

image of the <mask>

1802 births
1894 deaths
Children of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
Earls <mask>
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of Northumberland
Secretaries of State for War and the Colonies
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1826–1830
UK MPs 1830–1831
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
<mask>, E3
Members of the Privy Council of the United

masks:
Grey
Grey
Albert Grey
Earl Grey
Grey
Grey


title: Anselm of Canterbury

texts:
<mask> of Canterbury (; 1033/4–1109), also called  () after his birthplace and  () after his monastery, was an Italian Benedictine monk, abbot, philosopher and theologian of the Catholic Church, who held the office of Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109. After his death, he was canonized as a saint; his feast day is 21 April. As archbishop, he defended the church's interests in England amid the Investiture Controversy. For his resistance to the English kings William II and Henry I, he was exiled twice: once from 1097 to 1100 and then from 1105 to 1107. While in exile, he helped guide the Greek bishops of southern Italy to adopt Roman rites at the Council of Bari. He worked for the primacy of Canterbury over the bishops of York and Wales but, though at his death he appeared to have been successful, Pope Paschal II later reversed himself and restored York's independence. Biography

Family
Anselm was born in or around Aosta in Upper Burgundy sometime between April 1033 and April 1034.The area now forms part of the Republic of Italy, but Aosta had been part of the post-Carolingian Kingdom of Burgundy until the death of the childless Rudolph III in 1032. The Emperor and the Count of Blois then went to war over his succession. Humbert the White-Handed, Count of Maurienne, so distinguished himself that he was granted a new county carved out of the secular holdings of the bishop of Aosta. Humbert's son Otto was subsequently permitted to inherit the extensive March of Susa through his wife Adelaide in preference to her uncle's families, who had supported the effort to establish an independent


title: Anselm of Canterbury

texts:
 Grammarian. Over the next decade, the Rule of Saint Benedict reshaped his thought. Abbot of Bec

Early years

Three years later, in 1063, Duke William II summoned Lanfranc to serve as the abbot of his new abbey of St Stephen at Caen and the monks of Bec—with some dissenters at first on account of his youth—elected Anselm prior. A notable opponent was a young monk named Osborne. Anselm overcame his hostility first by praising, indulging, and privileging him in all things despite his hostility and then, when his affection and trust were gained, gradually withdrawing all preference until he upheld the strictest obedience. Along similar lines, he remonstrated with a neighboring abbot who complained that his charges were incorrigible despite being beaten "night and day".After fifteen years, in 1078, <mask> was unanimously elected as Bec's abbot following the death of its founder, the warrior-monk Herluin. He was consecrated by the Bishop of Évreux on 22 February 1079. Under Anselm's direction, Bec became the foremost seat of learning in Europe, attracting students from France, Italy, and elsewhere. During this time, he wrote the Monologion and Proslogion. He then composed a series of dialogues on the nature of truth, free will, and the fall of Satan. When the nominalist Roscelin attempted to appeal to the authority of Lanfranc and Anselm at his trial for the heresy of tritheism at Soissons in 1092, Anselm composed the first draft of De Fide Trinitatis as a rebuttal and as a defence of Trinitarianism and universals. The fame of the monastery grew not only from his intellectual achievements,


title: Anselm of Canterbury

texts:
 however, but also from his good example and his loving, kindly method of discipline—particularly with the younger monks—and from his spirited defence of the abbey's independence from lay and archiepiscopal control, protecting it from the influence of both the new Archbishop of Rouen and the Earl of Leicester.In England

Following the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, devoted lords had given the abbey extensive lands across the Channel. <mask> occasionally visited to oversee the monastery's property, to wait upon his sovereign William I of England (formerly Duke William II of Normandy), and to visit Lanfranc, who had been installed as archbishop of Canterbury in 1070. He was respected by William I and the good impression he made while in Canterbury made him the favourite of its cathedral chapter as a future successor to Lanfranc. Instead, upon the archbishop's death in 1089, King William II—William Rufus or William the Red—refused the appointment of any successor and appropriated the see's lands and revenues for himself. Fearing the difficulties that would attend being named to the position in opposition to the king, Anselm avoided journeying to England during this time. The gravely ill Hugh, Earl of Chester, finally lured him over with three pressing messages in 1092, seeking advice on how best to handle the establishment of a new monastery at St Werburgh's. Hugh was recovered by the time of Anselm's arrival, but he was occupied four or five months by his assistance.He then travelled to his former pupil Gilbert Crispin, abbot of Westminster, and waited, apparently delayed by the need to


title: Anselm of Canterbury

texts:
 bishops. He died before the Canterbury–York dispute was definitively settled, however, and Pope Honorius II finally found in favour of York instead. Although the work was largely handled by Christ Church's priors Ernulf (1096–1107) and Conrad (1108–1126), Anselm's episcopate also saw the expansion of Canterbury Cathedral from Lanfranc's initial plans. The eastern end was demolished and an expanded choir placed over a large and well-decorated crypt, doubling the cathedral's length. The new choir formed a church unto itself with its own transepts and a semicircular ambulatory opening into three chapels.Conflicts with William Rufus
<mask>'s vision was of a Catholic Church with its own internal authority, which clashed with William II's desire for royal control over both church and State. One of Anselm's first conflicts with William came in the month he was consecrated. William II was preparing to wrest Normandy from his elder brother, Robert II, and needed funds. Anselm was among those expected to pay him. He offered £500 but William refused, encouraged by his courtiers to insist on 1000 as a kind of annates for Anselm's elevation to archbishop. Anselm not only refused, he further pressed the king to fill England's other vacant positions, permit bishops to meet freely in councils, and to allow Anselm to resume enforcement of canon law, particularly against incestuous marriages, until he was ordered to silence. When a group of bishops subsequently suggested that William might now settle for the original sum, Anselm replied that he had already given the money to the poor and "that he disdained to


title: Anselm of Canterbury

texts:
 temporary compromise and intended to continue pressing for reforms, including the ending of homage to lay authorities. Even after this, Anselm refused to return to England. Henry travelled to Bec and met with him on 15 August 1106. Henry was forced to make further concessions. He restored to Canterbury all the churches that had been seized by William or during Anselm's exile, promising that nothing more would be taken from them and even providing Anselm with a security payment. Henry had initially taxed married clergy and, when their situation had been outlawed, had made up the lost revenue by controversially extending the tax over all Churchmen.He now agreed that any prelate who had paid this would be exempt from taxation for three years. These compromises on Henry's part strengthened the rights of the church against the king. <mask> returned to England before the new year. Final years
In 1107, the Concordat of London formalized the agreements between the king and archbishop, Henry formally renouncing the right of English kings to invest the bishops of the church. The remaining two years of Anselm's life were spent in the duties of his archbishopric. He succeeded in getting Paschal to send the pallium for the archbishop of York to Canterbury, so that future archbishops-elect would have to profess obedience before receiving it. The incumbent archbishop Thomas II had received his own pallium directly and insisted on York's independence.From his deathbed, Anselm anathematized all who failed to recognize Canterbury's primacy over all the English Church. This ultimately forced Henry to order


title: Anselm of Canterbury

texts:
 historians William of Malmesbury, Orderic Vitalis, and Matthew Paris all left full accounts of his struggles against the second and third Norman kings. Anselm's students included Eadmer, Alexander, Gilbert Crispin, Honorius Augustodunensis, and <mask> of Laon. His works were copied and disseminated in his lifetime and exercised an influence on the Scholastics, including Bonaventure, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. His thoughts have guided much subsequent discussion on the procession of the Holy Spirit and the atonement. His work also anticipates much of the later controversies over free will and predestination. An extensive debate occurred—primarily among French scholars—in the early 1930s about "nature and possibility" of Christian philosophy, which drew strongly on Anselm's work.Modern scholarship remains sharply divided over the nature of Anselm's episcopal leadership. Some, including Fröhlich and Schmitt, argue for Anselm's attempts to manage his reputation as a devout scholar and cleric, minimizing the worldly conflicts he found himself forced into. Vaughn and others argue that the "carefully nurtured image of simple holiness and profound thinking" was precisely employed as a tool by an adept, disingenuous political operator, while the traditional view of the pious and reluctant church leader recorded by Eadmer—one who genuinely "nursed a deep-seated horror of worldly advancement"—is upheld by Southern among others. Veneration

Anselm's hagiography records that, when a child, he had a miraculous vision of God on the summit of the Becca di Nona near his home, with God


title: Anselm of Canterbury

texts: asking his name, his home, and his quest before sharing bread with him. Anselm then slept, awoke returned to Aosta, and then retraced his steps before returning to speak to his mother. Anselm's canonization was requested of Pope Alexander III by Thomas Becket at the Council of Tours in 1163. He may have been formally canonized before Becket's murder in 1170: no record of this has survived but he was subsequently listed among the saints at Canterbury and elsewhere.It is usually reckoned, however, that his cult was only formally sanctioned by Pope Alexander VI in 1494 or 1497 at the request of Archbishop Morton. His feast day is commemorated on the day of his death, 21 April, by the Roman Catholic Church, much of Anglican Communion, and some forms of High Church Lutheranism. The location of his relics is uncertain. His most common attribute is a ship, representing the spiritual independence of the church. <mask> was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church by Pope Clement XI in 1720; he is known as the  ("Magnificent Doctor") or the  ("Marian doctor"). A chapel of Canterbury Cathedral south of the high altar is dedicated to him; it includes a modern stained-glass representation of the saint, flanked by his mentor Lanfranc and his steward Baldwin and by kings William II and Henry I. The Pontifical Atheneum of St. Anselm, named in his honor, was established in Rome by Pope Leo XIII in 1887.The adjacent Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino, the seat of the Abbot Primate of the Federation of Black Monks (all the monks under the Rule of St Benedict except the Cistercians and the Trappists), was dedicated to him in


title: Anselm of Canterbury

texts:
 1900. 800 years after his death, on 21 April 1909, Pope Pius X issued the encyclical "Communium Rerum" praising Anselm, his ecclesiastical career, and his writings. In the United States, the Saint Anselm Abbey and its associated college are located in New Hampshire; they held a celebration in 2009 commemorating the 900th anniversary of Anselm's death. In 2015, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, created the Community of Saint Anselm, an Anglican religious order that resides at Lambeth Palace and is devoted to "prayer and service to the poor". Anselm is remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 21 April. Editions of Anselm's works
 ; republished with many errors by Jacques Paul Migne as Vols. CLVIII & CLIX of the 2nd series of his Patrologia Latina in 1853 & 1854)

  (Translating the Proslogion, the "Meditations", and some prayers and letters)

  (Hopkins's translations available here .)See also
 Fides quaerens intellectum Other Anselms and Saint Anselms
 Saint Anselm's, various places named in Anselm's honor
 Cur Deus Homo''
 Cluny, Gregorian Reform, and clerical celibacy
 Investiture Controversy
 Canterbury–York dispute
 Saint Anselm of Canterbury, patron saint archive
 Slavery in the British Isles
 Scholasticism
 Existence of God

Notes

Citations

References

Further reading

External links

 , a treatment of the locations around the cathedral honoring St Anselm, including the icon of Our Lady <mask>c, Anselm, and Lanfranc donated by the abbey of Bec in 1999 on the 50th anniversary of its refounding. St Anselm's works at Vicifons and the Latin


title: James J. Jeffries

texts:
<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (April 15, 1875 – March 3, 1953) was an American professional boxer and World Heavyweight Champion. He was known for his enormous strength and stamina. Using a technique taught to him by his trainer, former Welterweight and Middleweight Champion Tommy Ryan, <mask> fought out of a crouch with his left arm extended forward. He was able to absorb tremendous punishment while wearing his opponents down. A natural left-hander, he possessed one-punch knockout power in his left hook, and brawled his way to the top of the rankings. He is perhaps most famous for being United States "Great White Hope", since the nation expected him to come out of his retirement to beat the African-American boxer <mask>, who was at the time the Heavyweight Champion. <mask> stood  tall and weighed  in his prime.He could run  in just over ten seconds, and could high jump over . Early life
<mask> moved with his family from their Ohio farm to Los Angeles, California at age seven. He worked for a while as a boilermaker before going into boxing. In later life, "The Boilermaker" was one of his professional nicknames. Career
As a powerfully built and athletic teenager, <mask> boxed as an amateur until age 20, when he started fighting professionally. In his third fight, <mask> knocked out the highly regarded boxer Hank Griffin in the fourteenth round. <mask> would subsequently fight Griffin on three separate occasions.<mask> fought the top heavyweight contender, Gus Ruhlin, to a draw. Ruhlin was knocked down with a brutal punch at the end of the final round and was saved by the bell from being counted out. The decision was met with unfavorable reactions from the audience, many of whom felt <mask> won. On his way to the title in 1898, <mask> knocked out <mask>, the great boxer whom <mask>. Sullivan had refused to fight, in three rounds. This had been only the second defeat in <mask>'s entire career; his first loss was from a four-round fight

masks:
James Jackson
Jim
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jack Johnson
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jack Johnson
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Peter Jackson
John L
Jackson


title: James J. Jeffries

texts:
 over thirteen years earlier around the beginning of his career. <mask> retired shortly afterward. <mask> defeated the formidable Mexican Pete Everett by knockout in only the third round on April 22, 1898.His next fight was against the Irishman Tom Sharkey. The fight went the full twenty rounds and Sharkey was knocked down in the eleventh round. <mask> won the decision. After defeating the big, fast-moving, sharp-jabbing Bob Armstrong, <mask> had earned the right to challenge for the World Heavyweight Championship. On June 9, 1899 in Brooklyn, New York he defeated Bob Fitzsimmons by KO in the eleventh round to win the Heavyweight Championship of the World. That August, he embarked on a tour of Europe, putting on exhibition fights for the fans. <mask> was involved in several motion pictures recreating portions of his championship fights.Filmed portions of his other bouts and of some of his exhibition matches survive to this day. World Heavyweight Champion
In his first title defense, he won a twenty-five-round decision in a rematch over Tom Sharkey. <mask> set the record for the quickest KO in a Heavyweight title fight ever, which was 45 seconds against <mask> in his second title defense. His next defense was against the former Heavyweight Champion and legendary technician, <mask>. Corbett. Corbett had put up a perfect defense and could have arguably won had the fight gone the distance. However, Corbett was knocked out cold from a left to the jaw in the twenty-third round of the scheduled twenty-five round fight. <mask> later got the chance to avenge his controversial draw with Gus Ruhlin when he defended his title against him on November 15, 1901.Claims that Ruhlin quit during the fifth round are incorrect. All of the local next-day San Francisco sources agree that Ruhlin's manager, Billy Madden, threw in the towel to retire Gus during the one-minute interval between the fifth and sixth rounds. An example of <mask>' ability to

masks:
Jackson
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jack Finnegan
James J
Jeffries
Jeffries


title: James J. Jeffries

texts:
 absorb punishment and recover from a severe battering to win a bout came in his rematch for the title with Fitzsimmons, who is regarded as one of the hardest punchers in boxing history. The rematch with <mask> occurred on July 25, 1902 in San Francisco. To train for the bout <mask>' daily training included a  run, 2 hours of skipping rope, medicine ball training, 20 minutes sparring on the heavy bag, and at least 12 rounds of sparring in the ring. He also trained in wrestling. For nearly eight rounds Fitzsimmons subjected <mask> to a vicious battering.<mask> suffered a broken nose, both his cheeks were cut to the bone, and gashes were opened over both eyes. It appeared that the fight would have to be stopped, as blood freely flowed into <mask>' eyes. Then in the eighth round, <mask> lashed out with a terrific right to the stomach, followed by a left hook to the jaw which knocked Fitzsimmons unconscious. <mask> and Corbett met one last time in the ring on August 14, 1903. This time <mask> was in total control for all ten rounds of the scheduled twenty round bout. Tommy Ryan, Corbett's chief second, threw a large palm-leaf fan into the ring to alert Referee Graney that he should stop the fight. <mask> had his seventh and final title defense against Canadian <mask>, whom he stopped in only two rounds.<mask> broke the ribs of three opponents in title fights: <mask>, Gus Ruhlin and Tom Sharkey. <mask> retired undefeated in May 1905. He served as a referee for the next few years, including the bout in which Marvin Hart defeated <mask> to stake a claim at <mask>' vacated title. <mask> had never been knocked down in his prime. <mask> had likely fought many more bouts than twenty-two at this time. Many of his fights were lost in history. <mask>, however, had never been defeated before his original retirement.Comeback: "The Fight of the Century"

Over five years after retiring, <mask> made a comeback on July 4, 1910, at Reno, Nevada, in

masks:
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jack Munroe
Jeffries
Jim Corbett
Jeffries
Jack Root
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries


title: James J. Jeffries

texts: a match against champion <mask>, who had won the Heavyweight Championship in 1908 by defeating Canadian champion Tommy Burns at Rushcutters Bay in Australia. Burns was the first heavyweight champion to fight black challengers. The media put pressure onto <mask> and promoters dangled wealth in front of him to take the fight. In addition to a guaranteed purse of $40,000 (equivalent to approximately $ in  dollars), to woo the ex-champ back into the ring, promoter Tex Rickard had signed him to a $75,000 personal contract. After a six-year lay-off, the 35-year-old <mask> was out of shape and had lost most of his muscle. <mask> weighed over 330 pounds (150 kg), while <mask> was in superb physical condition. The ex-champ had to lose 110 pounds to get down to his fighting weight of 226, a Herculean task in the time he had before the fight.Previous Heavyweight Champion <mask>. Sullivan (an ethnic Irish American who refused to fight African-American contenders) remarked during an interview with The New York Times that <mask>' personal doctor was so amazed at <mask>'s physical condition that he felt <mask> could win only if <mask> had a lack of skill on the day. While the media instigated racist remarks about winning the title for whites, <mask>' final words before the fight were, "It is my intention to go right after my opponent and knock him out as soon as possible" His wife also commented, "I'm not interested in prizefighting but I am interested in my husband's welfare, I do hope this will be his last fight." of <mask> on the morning of the fight depicts a relaxed man playing with his dog. Ringside seats that had been priced at $50 were being scalped at $125 each (equivalent to approximately $ in  dollars). More than 1,000 spectators who were unable to get seats in the sold-out arena climbed over the walls to enter. Before the fight, which was scheduled for 45 three-minute rounds, famous boxers who had traveled to Reno to witness the

masks:
Jack Johnson
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Johnson
John L
Jeffries
Johnson
Jeffries
Johnson
Jeffries
Jeffries


title: James J. Jeffries

texts: contest were introduced to the crowd, including Sam Langford, a black boxer who was unable to secure a title fight, even from <mask>. The greatest applause went to <mask>, who had battled <mask>. Sullivan back in the bare-knuckle days.At three minutes to one P.M., <mask> entered the ring (his contract provided that he would always be first to enter the ring, to satisfy a superstition of his). The thermometer read 110° Fahrenheit, which meant the match would be even more brutal due to heat. <mask> soon joined <mask> in the ring. Rickard served as referee. (<mask> and <mask> could not agree on a referee, and Rickard's publicity-minded offers to President William Howard Taft and writer Arthur Conan Doyle to serve as referee were declined. Rickard took the position although he had never refereed a prize fight before.) In the first three rounds, the boxers sparred to feel each other out.<mask>, having read that no one could tie <mask> up on the inside due to his power, told the press that not only would he do so, but that he planned to neutralize <mask>' power by twisting his arms behind him. Toward the end of the fourth round, he did just that, pinning <mask>' arms in back of him for a moment, but <mask> broke the clinch. <mask> landed a solid overhand right to <mask>' head just before the bell. <mask> began dominating the fight in rounds five through twelve, as his opponent faded in the heat and from <mask>'s onslaught. The heat began to get to <mask>, too, by round 13, but he was still the stronger and younger man in the ring. Toward the end of that round, he delivered a right and a right uppercut to <mask>' head that took their toll. In the next round, <mask> eluded <mask>, who stalked him all over the ring.In round 15, <mask> went after <mask> and caught him against the ropes with a right upper-cut, followed by three left uppercuts that sent the ex-champ to the canvas for the first time in his career. He could no longer put up

masks:
Jack Johnson
Jake Kilrain
John L
Johnson
Jeffries
Johnson
Johnson
Jeffries
Johnson
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Johnson
Jeffries
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Jeffries
Jeffries
Johnson
Johnson
Jeffries


title: James J. Jeffries

texts:
 a defense and, as <mask> got up, <mask> hit him with a left hook that sent him to the canvas and through the ropes, putting his torso outside the ring. Helped to his feet by one of his seconds and a fan, as soon as <mask> was back in the ring he was rushed by <mask>, who knocked him down again with a right to the head. As Rickard moved in to separate the fighters, <mask> got up, but his manager had entered the ring to stop the fight and save his fighter from being knocked out. <mask> retained the title by a technical knockout. <mask> later remarked that he knew the fight was over in the 4th round when he landed an uppercut to <mask>' face and saw the look in his eyes. "I knew what that look meant," he said."The old ship was sinking." <mask>. Sullivan commented for The New York Times after the fight that <mask> won deservedly, fairly, and convincingly:

Later years and death
In his later years, <mask> trained boxers and worked as a fight promoter. He promoted many fights out of a structure known as "<mask>ries Barn", which was located on his alfalfa ranch at the southwest corner of Victory Boulevard and Buena Vista, Burbank, California. (His ranch house was on the southeast corner until the early 1960s.) <mask>ries Barn is now part of Knott's Berry Farm, a Southern California amusement park. Seven years after suffering a stroke, <mask> died on March 3, 1953, in bed at his home with his niece Lillian Bull. Bull had been living with <mask> as his housekeeper and he had instructed her to call a doctor.<mask> died before the doctor arrived. The doctor, William M. Nethery, attributed his death to a heart attack caused by coronary thrombosis. His body was interred in the Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California. Legacy
Today, the legacy of <mask> is widely forgotten. However, he was once considered one of the greatest Heavyweight Champions of all time by many fellow boxers and boxing experts:

<mask>, Willie Ritchie and Tommy

masks:
Jeffries
Johnson
Jeffries
Johnson
Jeffries
Johnson
Johnson
Jeffries
John L
Johnson
Jeffries
Jeff
Jeff
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jack Root


title: James J. Jeffries

texts: Burns, former Light Heavyweight, Lightweight and Heavyweight Champions, respectively, rated <mask> as the greatest heavyweight. <mask>. Corbett said of <mask>, "The thing the always impressed me was the speed the youngster had, and he weighed two-hundred-twenty-five pounds. I hold that <mask> was the greatest Heavyweight Champion of them all."Sam Langford, the great fighter who fought from lightweight to heavyweight, advertised to fight any man in the world, except <mask>. Tom Sharkey, heavyweight top contender, thought that <mask> would have beaten <mask> and <mask> on the same night. He said <mask> was strong like a bull and quick on his feet like a cat. Sharkey called <mask> the greatest fighter of all time. <mask>, the only man to beat <mask>, stated in an interview with Ring Magazine that he thought <mask> was the greatest. In another interview, <mask> said <mask> would beat both <mask> and <mask>. However, in turn, <mask> said after their bout: "I could never have whipped <mask> at my best.I couldn't have hit him. No, I couldn't have reached him in 1,000 years." <mask>, the great Heavyweight Champion, once said: "<mask> was a tough gun. If we could have gotten in the ring together, each at our best... I probably would have had my chin knocked off." William Brady, who managed both <mask> and <mask>, remarked about <mask>: "There was never a man fitted anatomically, physically, and temperamentally for the role of World's Heavyweight Champion." Nat Fleischer, founder of Ring Magazine and The Ring Record book, described <mask>: "One of the most formidable fighting machines the prize ring ever produced."Dan Morgan, fight manager for forty years, who saw them all, rated <mask> as the all-time best. Morgan called <mask> a "Champion of Champions". Tex Rickard, famed sportsman and promoter, held the view: "<mask> will always live in my memory as the greatest heavyweight boxer of his time. While he reigned supreme, he gave all a

masks:
Jeffries
James J
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jim Jeffries
Jeffries
Jack Dempsey
Joe Louis
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jack Johnson
Jeffries
Jeffries
Johnson
Jeffries
Jack Dempsey
Joe Louis
Jeffries
Johnson
Jack Dempsey
Jim Jeffries
Jim Jeffries
Jim Corbett
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Jeffries
Big Jim