title: Paul Kariya

texts:
 season, he commented, "If Teemu [Selänne] had been here right off the bat, then maybe I wouldn't have focused so much on shooting." <mask> was able to put many shots on goal due to his quick release. In 1998–99, he led the NHL with 429 shots on goal, which at the time was the second-highest recorded total in NHL history. Nonetheless maintaining his passing ability, <mask> was particularly adept at making plays from deep in the offensive zone and beside the opposing team's net. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honours

Records
Last NCAA Division I player to score 100 points in a single season - 12th overall
Anaheim Ducks record; most overtime goals, single season – 3 in 1995–96
Anaheim Ducks record; highest plus-minus, single season – +36 in 1996–97
Anaheim Ducks record; most shots, single season – 429 in 1998–99
Nashville Predators record; most assists, single season – 54 in 2005–06
Nashville Predators record; most points, single season – 85 in 2005–06
Most Puck Control Relay wins at NHL SkillsCompetition – 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002

Personal life
During his rookie NHL season, <mask> lived in the Anaheim area with a family that was close friend with Mighty Ducks head coach, Ron Wilson. Following his departure from the Ducks in 2003, he maintained a summer home in Orange County, California.With a background in competitive swimming as a child, he became an avid surfer in the area. <mask> still resides in California with his long-time girlfriend Valerie, nearby another former Ducks player, Scott Niedermayer. <mask> has maintained a close friendship with Teemu Selänne, and even attended


title: Paul Kariya

type: original

texts:
 Selänne's final regular season game at the Honda Center in 2014. Despite <mask> having only once attended the arena following his retirement, Selänne made sure to invite his old teammate as "he has meant so much to me, all my best years and the chemistry I’ve had with him." Selänne even went so far to threaten to tie him up and toss him in his trunk of his car, then drive him to the stadium himself if Kariya refused. <mask> was shown on the Jumbotron during the third period, which lead to a loud ovation from the home crowd. As captain of the Mighty Ducks, <mask> made a cameo appearance in Disney's D3: The Mighty Ducks movie, which was released in October 1996.<mask> and Selanne were honored by the Anaheim Ducks during a home game against the Florida Panthers shortly after <mask> and Selanne were inducted into the hall of fame. Players on the ice during warmups wore either <mask>riya Mighty Ducks jerseys or Anaheim Ducks Selanne jerseys. Ducks team owner Henry Samueli brought up that Selanne's jersey retirement banner “looked lonely in the rafters” and told Kariya “they may have to do something about that in the future”. The Anaheim Ducks retired his number on October 21, 2018, at a ceremony attended by Selanne and Scott Niedermayer. In 2018, he was the subject of "Surfacing", a documentary feature on TSN. The segment's creators, Matt Dunn, Michael Farber, Brent Blanchard and David Midgley, received a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Sports Feature Segment at the 7th Canadian Screen Awards. Notes

References

External links

1974 births
Anaheim Ducks draft picks
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Canadian

masks:
Kariya
Paul Kariya
Kariya
Kariya
Kariya
Paul Ka


title: Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor

texts:
<mask> bin <mask> (Jawi: تڠكو عدنان بن تڠكو منصور; born 20 December 1950) is a Malaysian politician who served as Minister of Federal Territories, Minister of Tourism and Minister in the Prime Minister's Department in the Barisan Nasional (BN) administration under former Prime Ministers Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and Najib Razak from November 2002 to the collapse of the BN administration in May 2018. He has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Putrajaya since March 2004. He is a member of and has also served as Treasurer-General of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), a component party of the ruling BN coalition which is aligned with another ruling Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition, since June 2018. He also served as Secretary-General of UMNO from March 2009 to June 2018. Early life and education
Born in Malacca, Malaysia, <mask> obtained a Diploma in Business Administration from Mara Technology Institute (), which is now known as Universiti Teknologi MARA (), and a Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) from the University of Southern California. <mask> held important positions in the corporate sector, such as Director and Chairman of Far East Asset (FEA) and Chairman of UNZA Holdings Bhd. Political career
<mask> joined politics in the early 1980s.He became Treasurer of the UMNO Youth wing in 1988. He was elected to the UMNO Supreme Council in 1993 but lost the position in 1996. He was appointed as Federal Territory liaison chairman in June 2000. On 29 November 2001, he was appointed the Chairman of the Federal Territory Barisan Nasional. In 2003, he was appointed the Chief of the Putrajaya UMNO, and later he won the position again uncontested in the party election in June 2004. In September 2004, he was successful in a bid for an UMNO Supreme Council seat. <mask> won the Parliamentary seat

masks:
Datuk Seri Utama Tengku Adnan
Tengku Mansor
Adnan
Adnan
Adnan
Adnan


title: Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor

texts:
 of Putrajaya in the March 2004 general election by defeating Abdul Rahman Othman of Parti Keadilan Rakyat (KeADILan).<mask> was appointed as the Tourism Minister, replacing Datuk Dr. Leo Michael Toyad, on 14 February 2006. He was dropped from the cabinet following the March 2008 general election, where the ruling Barisan Nasional coalition received a serious drubbing at the polls. After his victory for third time in 2013 general election, <mask> has returned to the cabinet and appointed as Minister of the Federal Territories. In the 2018 general election, <mask> was reelected to the Parliament. However, he lost his cabinet post as BN was relegated to opposition while the federal government was taken over by Pakatan Harapan (PH). Controversies

Lingam Videoclip controversy

<mask> was called to testify in front of a Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Lingam Video Clip investigating the allegation of illegal intervention in the appointment process of Malaysian judges that allegedly occurred in 2002. The formation of the commission was a follow-up to a recommendation by a three-man panel which was tasked to determine the authenticity of a video clip of a telephone conversation that raised the allegation.Following the findings of the Royal Commission, the Malaysian cabinet ordered the Attorney-General to immediately direct agencies to investigate the allegations levelled against six prominent individuals identified in the Lingam video clip affair. The six are former prime minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad, retired chief justices Tun Mohd Eusoff Chin and Tun Ahmad Fairuz Sheikh Abdul Halim, former minister in the Prime Minister's Department Datuk Seri <mask> <mask> Mansor, tycoon Tan Sri Vincent Tan and prominent lawyer Datuk V. K. Lingam. There was sufficient cause to invoke the Sedition Act 1948, the

masks: Adnan Adnan Adnan Adnan Tengku Adnan


title: Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor

texts:
 Prevention of Corruption Act 1961, the Legal Profession Act 1976, the Official Secrets Act 1972 and the Penal Code against some of the principal individuals involved, however as of recently, no action has been taken by the Barisan Nasional government against the individuals involved. Female bloggers controversy
<mask> was involved in another controversy with regards to a statement he made about female bloggers where he was quoted as calling female bloggers liars. This caused an uproar among the blogger community and attracted a lot of negative reactions. He was quoted as saying in Malaysian Chinese newspaper Sin Chew Daily and Singaporean English daily, the Straits Times:

Federal territories expansion proposal
In 2017 <mask> <mask> participated in a radio interview in which he discussed his plan to expand the federal territories to include Penang, Langkawi and parts of Malacca. he explained that his goal was to "ensure equal development in the northern state".Bribery and corruption
He was reported to own a company named Tadmansori holding was established provided many industries sector such as communication, livestock, education and distributor sales for Apple, Dyson and Maxis. <mask> was charged for corruptly receiving RM3mil in bribes from property developers in connection with his official functions as the Federal Territories Minister on 16 November 2018. Tax evasion
On 24 July 2019, the government had filed a lawsuit through the Inland Revenue Board (IRB), against <mask> to claim RM57.17 million in unpaid taxes since 2012 till 2017. Personal life
<mask> is married to Datin Seri Enny Beatrice Ferlat Kusumo Anggraini. They have two sons and four daughters; Iqbal, Natasya, Hafiz,  Nadira, Najwa and Nabila. <mask> has two sons and two daughters from his previous marriage; Daud, Balqish, Yazir and

masks: Adnan Tengku Adnan Adnan Adnan Adnan Adnan


title: Marcus Clarke

texts:
<mask>  (24 April 1846 – 2 August 1881) was an English-born Australian novelist, journalist, poet, editor, librarian and playwright. He is best known for his 1874 novel For the Term of His Natural Life, about the convict system in Australia, and widely regarded as a classic of Australian literature. It has been adapted into many plays, films and a folk opera. Biography

Background and early life
<mask> was born in 11 Leonard Place Kensington, London, the only son of London barrister <mask> and <mask>, who died when he was just four years old. He was the nephew of Lieutenant-Colonel Sir <mask>, a Governor of Western Australia, and grandson of a retired military medical officer, Dr <mask>, who made his fortune in the West Indies and settled in Ireland. <mask> was born with his left arm at least two inches shorter than the right, which prevented him from joining the army, though he became an accomplished diver in his days at Cholmeley Grammar, Highgate School. <mask> also had a slight stammer which remained his whole life.<mask> was educated at Highgate School (1858–62), where his classmates included Gerard Manley Hopkins, Cyril Hopkins and E.H. Coleridge. <mask> attracted Hopkins' attention primarily due to his eloquence, leading Hopkins to describe him as a "kaleidoscopic, parti-coloured, harlequinesque, thaumatropic Being" <mask> had problems with applying himself to his schoolwork, and was deprived, in his senior year, of the poetry prize as punishment. On one hand he was considered charming and witty, but on the other spoilt, conceited and aimless which could be partially attributed to his Bohemian upbringing by this father, and the novels which he spent much of his time

masks:
Marcus Andrew Hislop Clarke
Marcus Clarke
William Hislop Clarke
Amelia Elizabeth Matthews Clarke
Andrew Clarke
Andrew Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Marcus Clarke
Clarke
Clarke


title: Marcus Clarke

texts:
 reading. In 1862, father William was sent to Northumberland House suffering a mental, physical and financial breakdown and died there a year later, leaving <mask> an orphan and without the means to live as a dilettante, which had been his expectation. The biography "Cyril Hopkins' <mask>" is the only first-hand account of <mask>'s early life in London. It draws on first-hand experiences of both author and subject. At age 17, his cousin, <mask>, suggested he emigrate to Victoria where another relative, their uncle, James Langton <mask>, was a county court judge working in Ararat.Writing from his journey to Australia, he sent Hopkins a letter describing a sunset he had witnessed; this letter probably figured as partial inspiration for Hopkins' poem "A Vision of the Mermaids". After arriving in Melbourne on 6 June 1863, <mask> was at first a clerk in the Bank of Australasia, but showed no business ability. After a year, he moved to the country and proceeded to learn farming at a station on the Wimmera River, near Glenorchy, Victoria where his uncle had an interest. Writing career

<mask> was already writing stories for the Australian Magazine, when in 1867 he joined the staff of The Argus  and The Australasian in Melbourne through the introduction of Dr. Robert Lewins, writing under the heading 'The Peripatetic Philosopher'. He was noted for his vivid descriptions of Melbourne's street scenes and city types, including the "low life" of opium dens, brothels and gambling houses. He always claimed he was interested in the "parti-colored, patch-worked garment of life". These columns brought <mask> to the attention of the public, who enjoyed his schoolboy humor and his popularity as a

masks:
Clarke
Marcus Clarke
Clarke
Andrew Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke


title: Marcus Clarke

texts: writer grew.<mask> contributed to many colonial newspapers and he was the local correspondent for the London Daily Telegraph. In 1868 <mask> founded the Yorick Club, which soon numbered among its members the chief Australian men of letters and 1869 he married the actress Marian Dunn (often "Marion"), daughter of actor and comedian John Dunn, with whom he had six children. <mask> wrote "two sparkling comedies" specially for Marian, "A Daughter of Eve" and "Forbidden Fruit." One of his writing projects at this time was he and Henry Kendall working together to produce the short-lived satirical magazine Humbug (1869–70). <mask> briefly visited Tasmania in 1870 at the request of The Argus to experience at first hand the settings of articles he was writing on the convict period. Old Stories Retold began to appear in The Australasian from February. The following month his great novel His Natural Life (later called For the Term of His Natural Life) commenced serialization in the Australasian Journal (which <mask> was editing), and was later published in book form in 1874.For the Term of His Natural Life is a "ripping yarn", which at times relies on unrealistic coincidences. The story follows the fortunes of Rufus Dawes, a young man transported for a theft that he did not commit, when rendering assistance to the victim of a mugging. The harsh and inhumane treatment meted out to the convicts, some of whom were transported for relatively minor crimes, is clearly conveyed. The conditions experienced by the convicts are graphically described. The novel was based on research by the author as well as a visit to the penal settlement of Port Arthur. <mask> originally referred to the novel as

masks: Clarke Clarke Clarke Clarke Clarke Clarke


title: Marcus Clarke

texts: "His Unnatural Life." One critic has claimed that <mask>'s novel is "the book that, more than any other, has defined our perception of the Australian convict experience.".For the Term of his Natural Life is considered a novel in the grand tradition, that places <mask> with Charles Reade, Victor Hugo and Fyodor Dostoevsky among the great nineteenth-century visionaries who found in the problems of crime and punishment a new insight, especially relevant in the convict-founded Australian colonies, into the foundations of human worth. <mask> also wrote The Peripatetic Philosopher (1869), a series of amusing papers reprinted from The Australasian; Long Odds (London, 1870), a novel; and numerous comedies and pantomimes, the best of which was Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star (Theatre Royal, Melbourne; Christmas, 1873). In spite of his popular success, <mask> was constantly involved in financial difficulties and twice (1874 and 1881) he was forced into insolvency. In 1872, <mask> became secretary to the trustees of the Melbourne Public Library (now known at State Library Victoria) and later (1876), sub (assistant) librarian. It is said he carried out his duties with reasonable efficiency but 'levity pursued him', and when he applied for the position of Chief Librarian in 1881, he was refused. The library holds a unique collection of papers that relate to <mask>; the finding aid accessed via the website describes the "correspondence, manuscripts of prose and plays, notebooks, diaries, newspapers and press cuttings, legal documents and other miscellaneous papers and books". As well as holding books, pictures, manuscripts, music scores and journals, two unusual collection items (classified as

masks:
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Marcus Clarke


title: Marcus Clarke

texts: 'Realia') are his death mask and his Cabbage Tree hat.<mask> and his work have been featured in several exhibitions held at the library, most recently 'Bohemian Melbourne' (2014) which was attended by over 70,000 visitors. <mask> was an important literary figure in Australia, and at the center of an bohemian circle in Melbourne. Among the writers in contact with him were Victor Daley, Thomas Bracken, John Shillinglaw, Henry Kendall, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Julian Thomas, Adam Lindsay Gordon and George Gordon McCrae. As well as friends, he also made enemies. These included James Neild and James Smith. In 1877, he served a term as the chairman of the library committee of the Melbourne Athenaeum (founded 1839) the oldest cultural institution in the city. Anxiety, overwork, disappointment and health problems are said to have hastened his death (officially of erysipelas) in Melbourne on 2 August 1881 at the age of 35.<mask> was buried in Melbourne General Cemetery and in August 1898, a "fine granite monument" was erected over the grave. Shortly after <mask>'s death, the theater community rallied to support his family, organizing a charity costumed Australian rules football match which was held at the East Melbourne Cricket Ground. For two hours "Heroes of familiar opera, tragedy, comedy, farce, and pantomime were banded together in strange juxtaposition. It was as if the silent figures of the Waxworks exhibition has been suddenly stirred to into wild life and energetic action". Whilst the match was not high scoring (the Opera House team kicked six goals, the other team only one), nearly a thousand spectators attended the event, and £74,1s.6d was raised. In 1884 'Marcus Clarke Memorial

masks: Clarke Clarke Clarke Clarke


title: Marcus Clarke

texts:
 Volume', assembled by his friend and literary executor Hamilton Mackinnon, was published. It contained a "a selection of his most popular journalism with a biographical introduction" with a dedication to the 5th Earl of Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose (Prime Minister of England from March 1894 till June 1895) who was a great support of 'His Natural Life.In a five-page letter to his wife <mask>, dated 16 January 1884, Lord Rosebery states that he had always admired the book, had given copies to his friends and compared it favorably with Oliver Twist and Victor Hugo's works. Recognition
For the Term of his Natural Life has been translated into Dutch, German, Russian, Swedish and Chinese. A number of editions were published in Britain and the United States. <mask> came first in a 1927 newspaper poll in Melbourne to identify the top Australian novelist. <mask>'s contribution to Australian literature is recognized in a number of place names. A main street in Canberra City bears his name. <mask> had a holiday home on the outskirts of Melbourne in what is now the suburb of Dingley Village and Marcus Road and Clarke Road commemorate his time there.In 1973 he was honored on a postage stamp bearing his portrait issued by Australia Post and he is one of the writers commemorated with a plaque on the Sydney Writers Walk. He was inducted into The Australian Media Hall of Fame in 2017. References

Bibliography

Attribution

Further reading

 Michael Wilding (2014), Wild Bleak Bohemia: <mask>, Adam Lindsay Gordon and Henry Kendall: a Documentary, Australian Scholarly Publishing,
 Michael Wilding (2021), <mask>: Novelist, Journalist and Bohemian, Australian Scholarly

masks:
Marian Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Marcus Clarke
Marcus Clarke


title: Igor Korchilov

texts:
<mask> is a top-level Russian-English conference interpreter who worked with Mikhail Gorbachev from 1987 to 1990, a period that covered the Cold War era. Biography

Birth and childhood
<mask>v was born in Murmansk, Russia. He grew up in the southern city of Kislovodsk, which is not far from Stavropol where Mikhail Gorbachev was born. Education
After finishing his secondary education, Korchilov worked as a film projectionist and as a disc jockey. It was during these two occupations that Korchilov heard of Elvis Presley's music, through a record that was brought back by a Georgia ballet company member from the United States. Because of Presley's music, he became interested in learning the English language and soon bought an English course book from a village bookshop to teach himself. He then prepared for and passed the entrance examinations for the Maurice Thorez Foreign Languages Institute, the best foreign-languages school in Moscow (now Moscow State Linguistic University).From 1961 to 1967, Korchilov attended the Maurice Thorez and earned a diploma majoring in English and Spanish. From 1967 to 1968, Korchilov attended the United Nations Interpretation and Translation School in Moscow which earned him a certificate majoring in simultaneous interpretation. Later in the spring of 1968, Korchilov was sent to work as a junior conference interpreter at the United Nations headquarters in New York City. It was during this assignment that he interpreted during delicate summit meetings between the Heads of State and Government of the Soviet Union and the United States. Then from 1985 to 1986, <mask>v attended the school for Advanced Studies at the Russian Foreign

masks:
Igor Korchilov
Igor Korchilo
Igor Korchilo


title: Igor Korchilov

texts:
 Ministry's Diplomatic Academy in Moscow to earn a diploma on International Relations with a French language major. As linguist and author
Korchilov was an interpreter for the Secretaries-General of the United Nations, and the Russian General-Secretary and other top officials of the Soviet Union for thirty years. He is the author of the book Translating History: The Top Russian Interpreter's Twenty-Five Years on the Front Line of Diplomacy (1997) published in the United States, Britain, Australia, Poland, China, the Czech Republic.Korchilov's book was also printed under the subtitles "30 Years On The Front Lines Of Diplomacy With A Top Russian Interpreter" and "The Summits That Ended The Cold War, As Witnessed by Gorbachev's Interpreter". Translating History is a recollection of Korchilov's time spent with Mikhail Gorbachev and many Western leaders, particularly Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, George H. W. Bush and his fellow Russian interpreter, Pavel Palazhchenko

As one of the leading interpreters of his time, <mask>v had the skill and ability to interpret simultaneously (simultaneous interpretation) and consecutively (consecutive interpretation). He can work both ways: that is from English into Russian, and also from Russian into English. He also interpreted from Spanish and French into Russian or English. Korchilov had 22 years of work experience as a conference interpreter (from 1968 to 1973, from 1980 to 1985, and from 1990 to 2003) at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City:

For 13 years he was a diplomatic interpreter, translator and counselor for the Russian Foreign Ministry for the former USSR Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Moscow (from 1975


title: Igor Korchilov

texts: t0 1980 and from 1986 to 1990). From 1973 to 1975, Korchilov functioned as an interpreter and translator for the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in Moscow, Russia. Throughout his 13-year career with the Russian Foreign Ministry, <mask>v worked at the top levels of the Russian government, primarily acting as personal interpreter to former Russian President Mikhail Gorbachev from 1986 to 1991.In his capacity as Gorbachev's interpreter, Korchilov participated in numerous summits in Washington, DC, in 1987; in Moscow in 1988; in London, The United Kingdom in 1989; in Bonn, Germany in 1989; in Ottawa, Canada in 1990; and again in Washington, D.C. in 1990. He also acted as a personal interpreter to two former Russian Foreign Ministers, namely Gromyko and Eduard Shevardnadze during numerous ministerial-level meetings and conferences held in Moscow, New York, Washington, D.C. and London. During his 22-year career at the United Nations Headquarters in New York (1968 to 2003), Korchilov worked as a simultaneous interpreter for the UN Security Council's special summit meetings in 1992, 2000, 2001 and for the sensitive meetings on Iraq in 2003; and also for the United Nations General Assembly's plenary meetings, for various UN committees, and for other conferences and multilateral summits held under United Nations auspices. He also functioned as a personal interpreter to several U.N. Secretaries-General such as U. Thant (1968–1972), Kurt Waldheim (1972–1973 and 1980–81), Javier Perez de Cuellar (1982–1990), Boutros Boutros-Ghali (1992–1996) and Kofi Annan (1997–2006) in New York and Moscow. As a professional interpreter and translator, Korchilov had been closely


title: William Gull

texts:
<mask>, 1st Baronet (31 December 181629 January 1890) was an English physician. Of modest family origins, he  established a lucrative private practice and served as Governor of Guy's Hospital, Fullerian Professor of Physiology and President of the Clinical Society. In 1871, having successfully treated the Prince of Wales during a life-threatening attack of typhoid fever, he was created a Baronet and appointed to be one of the Physicians-in-Ordinary to Queen Victoria. <mask> made some significant contributions to medical science, including advancing the understanding of myxoedema, Bright's disease, paraplegia and anorexia nervosa (for which he first established the name). A widely discredited masonic/royal conspiracy theory created in the 1970s alleged that <mask> knew the identity of Jack the Ripper, or even that he himself was the murderer. Although scholars have dismissed it, it has been used by creators of fictional works, although <mask> was 71 years old and in ill health when the murders were committed. Examples for his portrayal as Jack the Ripper include the films Jack the Ripper (1988) and From Hell (2001), the latter based on the graphic novel.Childhood and early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 31 December 1816 in Colchester, Essex. His father, <mask>, was a barge owner and wharfinger and was thirty-eight years old at the time of his son's birth. <mask> was born aboard his barge The Dove, then moored at St Osyth Mill in the parish of Saint Leonards, Shoreditch. His mother's maiden name was Elizabeth Chilver and she was forty years old when <mask> was born. <mask>'s

masks:
Sir William Withey Gull
Gull
Gull
Gull
William Withey
Gull
John Gull
William
William
William


title: William Gull

texts: middle name, Withey, came from his godfather, Captain Withey, a friend and employer of his father and also a local barge owner. He was the youngest of eight children, two of whom died in infancy. Of <mask>'s surviving five siblings, two were brothers (John and Joseph) and three were sisters (Elizabeth, Mary and Maria).When <mask> was about four years old the family moved to Thorpe-le-Soken, Essex. His father died of cholera in London in 1827, when <mask> was ten years old, and was buried at Thorpe-le-Soken. After her husband's death, <mask> devoted herself to her children's upbringing on very slender means. She was a woman of character, instilling in her children the proverb "whatever is worth doing is worth doing well." <mask> often said that his real education had been given him by his mother. <mask> was devoutly religious—on Fridays the children had fish and rice pudding for dinner; during Lent she wore black, and the Saints' days were carefully observed. As a young boy, <mask> attended a local day school with his elder sisters.Later, he attended another school in the same parish, kept by the local clergyman. <mask> was a day-boy at this school until he was fifteen, at which age he became a boarder for two years. It was at this time that he first began to study Latin. The clergyman's teaching, however, seems to have been very limited; and at seventeen <mask> announced that he would not go any longer. <mask> now became a pupil-teacher in a school kept by a Mr. Abbott at Lewes, Sussex. He lived with the schoolmaster and his family, studying and teaching Latin and Greek. It

masks:
William
William
William
Elizabeth Gull
William Gull
Elizabeth Gull
William Gull
William
William
William


title: William Gull

texts:
 was at this time that he became acquainted with Joseph Woods, the botanist, and formed an interest in looking for unusual plant life that would remain a lifelong pastime.His mother, meanwhile, had in 1832 moved to the parish of Beaumont, adjacent to Thorpe-le-Soken. After two years at Lewes, at the age of nineteen, <mask> became restless and started to consider other careers, including working at sea. The local rector took an interest in <mask> and proposed that he should resume his classical and other studies on alternate days at the rectory. <mask> agreed, and would continue this routine for a year. On his days at home, he and his sisters would row down the estuary to the sea, watching the fishermen, and collecting wildlife specimens from the nets of the coastal dredgers. <mask> would study and catalogue the specimens thus obtained, which he would study using whatever books as he could then procure. This seems to have awoken in him an interest in biological research that would serve him well in his later career in medicine.The wish to study medicine became the fixed desire of his life. Early career in medicine

At about this time the local rector's uncle, Benjamin Harrison, the Treasurer of Guy's Hospital, was introduced to <mask> and was impressed by his ability. He invited him to go to Guy's Hospital under his patronage and, in September 1837, the autumn before he was twenty-one, <mask> left home and entered on his life's work. It was usual for students of medicine to conduct their studies at the hospital as " apprentices." The Treasurer's patronage provided <mask> with

masks: William William William William Gull Gull Gull


title: William Gull

texts:
 two rooms in the hospital with an annual allowance of £50 a year. <mask>, encouraged by Harrison, determined to make the most of his opportunity, and resolved to try for every prize for which he could compete in the hospital in the course of that year. He succeeded in gaining every one.During the first year of his residence at Guy's, together with his other studies he carried on his own education in Greek, Latin, and Mathematics, and in 1838 he matriculated at the recently founded University of London. In 1841 he took his M.B. degree, and gained honours in physiology, comparative anatomy, medicine, and surgery. Professional career
In 1842, <mask> was appointed to teach materia medica at Guy's Hospital, and the Treasurer gave him a small house in King Street, with an annual salary of £100 (). In 1843, he was appointed Lecturer on Natural Philosophy. He also held at this time the post of Medical Tutor at Guy's and, in the absence of the staff, shared with Mr. Stocker the care of the patients in the hospital. In the same year, he was appointed Medical Superintendent of the wards for lunatics, and it was largely due to his influence that these cases shortly ceased to be treated at the hospital, and the wards were converted from this use.Throughout this period, <mask>'s duties gave him extensive opportunities to develop his medical experience. He spent much of his life within the wards of the hospital, at all hours of the day and often at night. In 1846, he earned his M.D. degree at the University of London, and gained the gold medal. At that time, this was the highest honour in

masks: Gull Gull Gull


title: William Gull

texts:
 medicine which the University was able to confer. During his M.D. examination, he suffered an attack of nerves and was about to leave the room, saying that he knew nothing of the case proposed for comment; a friend persuaded him to return, with the result that the thesis he then wrote gained for him his Doctor's degree and the gold medal.From 1846 to 1856, <mask> held the post of Lecturer on Physiology and Comparative Anatomy at Guy's. In 1847, <mask> was elected Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, a post which he held for two years, during which time he formed a close friendship with Michael Faraday, at that time Fullerian Professor of Chemistry. In 1848, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. He was also appointed Resident Physician at Guy's. Dr <mask> became a DCL of Oxford in 1868, a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1869, LL.D. of the University of Cambridge in 1880 and of the University of Edinburgh in 1884. He was a Crown member of the General Medical Council from 1871 to 1883, and representative of the University of London in the Council from 1886.In 1871 he was elected President of the Clinical Society of London. Marriage and family
On 18 May 1848, <mask> married Susan Ann Lacy, daughter of Colonel J. Dacre Lacy, of Carlisle. Shortly afterwards he left his rooms at Guy's and moved to 8 Finsbury Square. They had three children: Caroline Cameron <mask> was born in 1851 at Guy's Hospital and died in 1929; she married Theodore Dyke Acland MD (Oxon.) FRCP, the son of Sir Henry Acland, 1st Baronet MD FRS. They had

masks: Gull Gull Gull Gull Gull


title: William Gull

texts:
 two children, a daughter (Aimee Sarah Agnes Dyke Acland) who died in infancy in 1889, and a son, Theodore Acland (1890–1960), who became headmaster of Norwich School. <mask> was born about 1858 in Buckhold, Pangbourne, Berkshire and died in infancy.<mask> <mask> was born on 6 January 1860 in Finsbury, Middlesex and died in 1922. He was educated at Eton College, inherited his father's title as 2nd Baronet of Brook Street, and later served as the Liberal Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for Barnstaple from July 1895 to September 1900. Baronet and Physician-in-Ordinary to Queen Victoria

In 1871, as Physician in Ordinary to the Prince of Wales, <mask> took the chief direction of the treatment of the Prince during an attack of typhoid fever. The Prince of Wales showed the first signs of illness on 13 November 1871, while at the Royal residence at Sandringham, Norfolk. Initially, he was attended by Dr. Lowe of Kings Lynn and by Oscar Clayton, who thought the fever was caused by a sore on a finger. After a week, with no sign of the fever abating, they diagnosed typhoid fever and sent for <mask> on 21 November, and Sir <mask> on the 23rd. It transpired that the typhoid attack was complicated by bronchitis and the Prince was in danger of his life for many days.For the next month, daily bulletins were issued by Sandringham and posted at police stations around the country. Sir <mask>-White, author of Great Doctors of the Nineteenth Century (1935), wrote: "I was a lad then and my father sent me every evening to the police station to get the latest news. It was not until just before

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 Christmas that bulletins were issued only once a day." The following passage appeared in The Times on 18 December 1871:

After the Prince's recovery, a service of thanksgiving was held at St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London, attended by Queen Victoria. In recognition of his service, on 8 February 1872 <mask> was created the 1st Baronet of the Baronetcy of Brook Street. The coat of arms is shown left. The Blazon of Arms is:

The Motto is

Sir <mask> was appointed Physician-in-Ordinary to Queen Victoria.(At this time, there were four Physicians-in-Ordinary to the Queen, each receiving an annual salary of £200. However, these were largely honorary appointments; in reality, the Queen never saw any of them except the senior physician, then Sir <mask>, and her resident medical attendant.) Support for women in medicine
In late Victorian Britain, women were not encouraged to enter the medical profession. Sir <mask> spoke out against this bias and led efforts to improve the prospects of women who wished to pursue careers in medicine. In February 1886, he chaired a meeting at the Medical Society in Cavendish Square to establish a medical scholarship to be awarded to women. This was the Helen Prideaux Memorial Fund, named after Frances Helen Prideaux M.B. and B.S.Lond, a gifted University of London medical student who had died from diphtheria the previous year, having previously won the exhibition and gold medal in anatomy and gained a first class degree. <mask> was reported as saying that her academic achievements answered any objections to the involvement of women in medicine;

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 and expressed the hope that the scholarship would lead to a liberalisation of attitudes and greater recognition of women across the profession. The fund was launched with initial donations of £252 9s; <mask>'s personal contribution was 10 guineas (£10 10s). By the mid-1890s, the scholarship was able to support a biannual prize of £50, awarded to a graduate of the London School of Medicine for Women, to assist in completing a further stage of studies. Illness and death
In 1887, Sir <mask> suffered the first of several strokes at his Scottish home at Urrard House, Killiecrankie. The attack of hemiplegia and aphasia was caused by a cerebral haemorrhage, of which the only warning had been unexplained haemoptysis a few days earlier. He recovered after a few weeks and returned to London; but was under no illusions about the danger to his health, remarking "One arrow had missed its mark, but there are more in the quiver".Over the next two years, <mask> lived at 74 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, London and also had homes at both Reigate and Brighton. During this period, he suffered several further strokes. The fatal attack came at his home in 74, Brook Street, London on 27 January 1890. He died two days later. The Times newspaper carried the following report on 30 January 1890:

The news of <mask>'s death was reported around the world. American author Mark Twain observed in his diary on 1 February 1890:

Sir <mask> was buried on Monday 3 February 1890 next to the grave of his father and mother in the churchyard of his childhood home at Thorpe-le-Soken, near Colchester, Essex. A

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 special train was commissioned to carry mourners from London.The inscription on his headstone was his favourite biblical quote:

The obituary notice in the Proceedings of the Royal Society reads:

A memorial bronze plaque was placed at the entrance to Guy's Hospital Chapel. The inscription reads:

The vacant position of Physician-in-Ordinary to Queen Victoria was filled by Dr. Richard Douglas Powell, the senior of the three Physicians Extraordinary. Will, executors and bequests
Sir <mask>'s will, with a codicil, was dated 27 November 1888. The value of the estate was £344,022 19s. 7d – an enormous sum at that time. The following persons were appointed as executors: his wife, Dame Susan Anne <mask>, his son, Sir <mask> <mask>, of Gloucester Street, Portman Square (the new baronet), Mr. Edmund Hobhouse, and Mr. Walter Barry Lindley. Under the terms of the will, £500 was bequeathed to each of the acting executors; £100 to Miss Mary Jackson; £100 to each of two nieces; £200 to Lady <mask>'s maid; £50 to Sir <mask>'s amanuensis, Miss Susan Spratt; and an annual sum of £32 10s to his butler, <mask>, for the rest of his life.A jewelled snuffbox presented to Sir <mask> by the Empress Eugénie, widow of Emperor Napoleon III of France became an entailed heirloom, along with his presentation plate. Lady <mask> was bequeathed the remainder of his plate, his pictures, furniture, and household effects and the sum of £3,000, along with the use for the remainder of her life of the house at 74 Brook Street. She also received a life annuity of £3,000, commencing 12 months after Sir <mask>'s

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 death. Sir <mask>'s daughter Caroline received £26,000 in trust, while his son Sir <mask> <mask> received the sum of £40,000 and all the real estate. The residue of Sir <mask>'s personal estate was to be held in trust for the purchase of real estate in England or Scotland (but not in Ireland) which was to be added to the entailed estate. Unusually, the will is recorded twice in the probate registry, in 1890 and in 1897. The text of the second entry reads:

The words "Double Probate Jan 1897" are written in the margin of the entry.Contributions to medical science

Anorexia nervosa

The term "anorexia nervosa" was first established by Sir <mask> in 1873. In 1868, he had delivered an address to the British Medical Association at Oxford in which he referred to a "peculiar form of disease occurring mostly in young women, and characterised by extreme emaciation". <mask> observed that the cause of the condition could not be determined, but that cases seemed mainly to occur in young women between the ages of sixteen and twenty-three. In this address, <mask> referred to the condition as Apepsia hysterica, but subsequently amended this to Anorexia hysterica and then to Anorexia nervosa. Five years later, in 1873, <mask> published his work Anorexia Nervosa (Apepsia Hysterica, Anorexia Hysterica), in which he describes the three cases of Miss A, Miss B, and a third unnamed case. In 1887, he also recorded the case of Miss K, in what was to be the last of his medical papers to be published. Miss A was referred to Sir <mask> by her doctor, a Mr Kelson Wright, of Clapham, London on 17

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 January 1866.She was aged 17 and was greatly emaciated, having lost 33 pounds. Her weight at this time was 5 stones 12 pounds (82 pounds); her height was 5 ft 5 inches. <mask> records that she had suffered from amenorrhoea for nearly a year, but that otherwise her physical condition was mostly normal, with healthy respiration and heart sounds and pulse; no vomiting nor diarrhoea; clean tongue and normal urine. The pulse was slightly low at between 56 and 60. The condition was that of simple starvation, with total refusal of animal food and almost total refusal of everything else. <mask> prescribed remedies including preparations of cinchona, biochloride of mercury, syrup of iodide of iron, syrup of phosphate of iron, citrate of quinine and variations in diet without noticeable success. He observed occasional voracious appetite for very brief periods, but states that these were very rare and exceptional.He also records that she was frequently restless and active and notes that this was a "striking expression of the nervous state, for it seemed hardly possible that a body so wasted could undergo the exercise which seemed agreeable". In <mask>'s published medical papers, images of Miss A are shown that depict her appearance before and after treatment (right). <mask> notes her aged appearance at age 17:

It will be noticeable that as she recovered she had a much younger look, corresponding indeed to her age, twenty-one; whilst the photographs, taken when she was seventeen, give her the appearance of being nearer thirty. Miss A remained under <mask>'s observation from January 1866


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texts: to March 1868, by which time she seemed to have made a full recovery, having gained in weight from 82 to 128 pounds. Miss B was the second case described in detail by <mask> in his Anorexia nervosa paper. She was referred to <mask> on 8 October 1868, aged 18, by her family who suspected tuberculosis and wished to take her to the south of Europe for the coming winter. <mask> noted that her emaciated appearance was more extreme than normally occurs in tubercular cases.His physical examination of her chest and abdomen discovered nothing abnormal, other than a low pulse of 50, but he recorded a "peculiar restlessness" that was difficult to control. The mother advised that "She is never tired". <mask> was struck by the similarity of the case to that of Miss A, even to the detail of the pulse and respiration observations. Miss B was treated by <mask> until 1872, by which time a noticeable recovery was underway and eventually complete. <mask> admits in his medical papers that the medical treatment probably did not contribute much to the recovery, consisting, as in the former case, of various tonics and a nourishing diet. Miss K was brought to <mask>'s attention by a Dr. Leachman, of Petersfield, in 1887. He records the details in the last of his medical papers to be published.Miss K was aged 14 years in 1887. She was the third child in a family of six, one of whom died in infancy. Her father had died, aged 68, of pneumonic phthisis. Her mother was living and in good health; she had a sister who displayed multiple nervous symptoms and an epileptic nephew. With these exceptions, no

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texts: other neurotic cases were recorded in the family. Miss K, who was described as a plump, healthy girl until the beginning of 1887, began to refuse all food except half cups of tea or coffee in February that year. She was referred to <mask> and began to visit him of 20 April 1887; in his notes, he remarks that she persisted in walking through the streets to his house despite being an object of attention to passers-by.He records that she displayed no sign of organic disease; her respiration was 12 to 14; her pulse was 46; and her temperature was 97 °F. Her urine was normal. Her weight was 4 stone 7 pounds (63 pounds) and her height was 5 feet 4 inches. Miss K expressed herself to <mask> as "quite well". <mask> arranged for a nurse from Guy's to supervise her diet, ordering light food every few hours. After six weeks, Dr. Leachman reported good progress and by 27 July her mother reported that her recovery was almost complete, with the nurse by this time no longer being needed. Photographs of Miss K appear in <mask>'s published papers.The first is dated 21 April 1887 and shows the subject in a state of extreme emaciation. The unclothed torso and head is displayed with the ribcage and clavicle clearly visible. The second photograph is dated 14 June 1887 in a similar attitude and shows a clear recovery. Although the cases of Miss A, Miss B and Miss K resulted in recovery, <mask> states that he observed at least one fatality as a result of anorexia nervosa. He states that the post mortem revealed no physical abnormalities other than thrombosis of the femoral veins. Death appeared to


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 have resulted from starvation alone. <mask> observed that slow pulse and respiration seemed to be common factors in all the cases he had observed.He also observed that this resulted in below-normal body temperature and proposed the application of external heat as a possible treatment. This proposal is still debated by scientists today. <mask> also recommended that food should be administered at intervals varying inversely with the periods of exhaustion and emaciation. He believed that the inclination of the patient should in no way be consulted; and that the tendency of the medical attendant to indulge the patient ("Let her do as she likes. Don't force food. "), particularly in the early stages of the condition, was dangerous and should be discouraged. <mask> states that he formed this opinion after experience of dealing with cases of anoerexia nervosa, having previously himself been inclined to indulge patients' wishes.<mask>–Sutton Syndrome (chronic Bright's disease)
In 1872, Sir <mask> and Henry G. Sutton, M.B., F.R.C.P. presented a paper that challenged the earlier understanding of the causes of chronic Bright's Disease. The symptoms of Bright's Disease had been described in 1827 by the English physician Richard Bright who, like <mask>, was based at Guy's Hospital. Dr. Bright's work characterised the symptoms as caused by a disease centred on the kidney. Chronic Bright's disease was a more severe variant, where other organs are also affected. In their introduction, <mask> and Sutton point out that Dr.Bright and others have fully recognised that the granular contracted

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 kidney is usually associated with morbid changes in other organs of the body and that these co-existent changes were commonly grouped together and termed "chronic Bright's disease." The prevailing opinion at the time was that the kidney was the organ primarily affected, inducing a condition that would spread to other parts of the body and thereby cause other organs to suffer. <mask> and Sutton argued that this assumption was incorrect. They presented evidence to show that the diseased state could also originate in other organs, and that the deterioration of the kidney is part of the general morbid change, rather than the primary cause. In some cases examined by <mask> and Sutton, the kidney was only marginally affected while the condition was far more advanced in other organs. <mask> and Sutton's main conclusion was that the morbid change in the arteries and capillaries was the primary and essential condition of the morbid state known as chronic Bright's disease with contracted kidney. They stated that the clinical history may vary according to the organs primarily and chiefly affected; the condition could not be expected to follow a simple and predictable pattern.Myxoedema
In 1873, Sir <mask> delivered a paper alongside his Anorexia nervosa work in which he demonstrated that the cause of myxoedema is atrophy of the thyroid gland. This paper, titled "On a cretinoid state supervening in adult life in women" was to be the better known of the two for many years. The background to <mask>'s work was research performed by Claude Bernard in 1855 around the concept of the Milieu

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 intérieur and subsequently by Moritz Schiff in Bern in 1859, and who showed that thyroidectomy in dogs invariably proved fatal; Schiff later showed that grafts or injections of thyroid reversed the symptoms in both thyroidectomised animals and humans. He thought the thyroid liberated some important substance into the blood. Three years earlier, Charles Hilton Fagge, also of Guy's Hospital, had produced a paper on 'sporadic cretinism'. <mask>'s paper related the symptoms and changed appearance of a Miss B:
After the cessation of the catamenial period, became insensibly more and more languid, with general increase of bulk ... Her face altering from oval to round ... the tongue broad and thick, voice guttural, and the pronunciation as if the tongue were too large for the mouth (cretinoid) ...In the cretinoid condition in adults which I have seen, the thyroid was not enlarged ... There had been a distinct change in the mental state. The mind, which had previously been active and inquisitive, assumed a gentle, placid indifference, corresponding to the muscular languor, but the intellect was unimpaired ... The change in the skin is remarkable. The texture being peculiarly smooth and fine, and the complexion fair, at a first hasty glance there might be supposed to be a general slight oedema of it ... The beautiful delicate rose-purple tint on the cheek is entirely different from what one sees in the bloated face of renal anasarca. A few years later, in 1888, this condition would be named myxoedema by W. M. Ord.Spinal Cord and Paraplegia
Paraplegia is a condition usually resulting


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texts: from injury to the spinal cord. This was a long-term interest of <mask>'s dating back at least to his three Goulstonian lectures of 1848, titled On the nervous system, Paraplegia and Cervical paraplegia – hemiplegia. <mask> divided paraplegia into three groups: spinal, peripheral, and encephalic, where the spinal group related to paralyses caused by damage to the spinal cord; the peripheral group comprised disorders that occur when multiple parts of the nervous system fail simultaneously; and the encephalic group comprised partial paralyses caused by a failure of the central nervous system, possibly related to failure of the blood supply or a syphilitic condition. <mask>'s main work on paraplegia was published between 1856 and 1858. Along with the French neurologist Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard, his work enabled paraplegic symptoms to be understood in context with the prevailing, limited understanding of spinal cord pathology, for the first time. He presented a series of 32 cases, including autopsies in 29 instances, to correlate the clinical and pathological features. He acknowledged, however, that nothing was more difficult than "the determination at the bedside, of the causes".Pathologically softening and inflammation were sometimes evident, but in many instances no obvious aetiology was found. One might have to seek for 'atomical' as distinguished from 'anatomical' causes, he speculated. He described two types of partial lesions, one confined to a segment of the spinal cord, the other extending longitudinally in one of its columns. He noticed and was puzzled by


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 degenerations of the posterior columns that could cause an 'inability to regulate motor power'. Gull recognised girdle pain as seldom absent from extrinsic compression, often signifying meningeal involvement. Paralysis of the lower extremities could, he thought, be consequent upon diseases of the bladder and kidneys ('urinary paraplegia'). The bladder infection was the source of inflammatory phlebitis extending from pelvic to spinal veins.Meningitis with myelitis was found and attributed to exposure to cold or fatigue. In five traumatic cases, the vertebral column was often but not invariably fractured and could compress the cord. He recorded one instance in a 33-year-old woman of a thoracic disk prolapse compressing the cord, without evident trauma. Tumours also figured in seven of his 32 patients; two were metastatic from kidney and lung. Two had intramedullary cervical tumours, and one, a Guy's Hospital nurse, probably had a cystic astrocytoma. Earlier work by the Irish physician Robert Bentley Todd (1847), Ernest Horn, and Moritz Heinrich Romberg(1851) had described Tabes dorsalis and noted atrophy of the spinal cord, but in an important paper, <mask> also stressed the involvement of the posterior column in paraplegia with sensory ataxia [12]. Quotes
"Fools and savages explain; wise men investigate."<mask> <mask> – A Biographical Sketch (T. D. Acland), Memoir II. "That the course of nature may be varied we have assumed by our meeting here today. The whole object of the science of medicine is based on this assumption"
British Medical Journal, 1874, 2: 425. "I do not know

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 what a brain is, and I do not know what sleep is, but I do know that a well-fed brain sleeps well"
Quoted in St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports, 1916, 52: 45. "The foundation of the study of Medicine, as of all scientific inquiry, lies in the belief that every natural phenomenon, trifling as it may seem, has a fixed and invariable meaning"
Published Writings, "Study of Medicine"

"If facts be nature's words, our words should be true sign of nature's facts. A word rightly imposed is a landmark indicating so much recovered from the region of ignorance"
Published Writings, Volume 156, "Study of Medicine"

"Never forget that it is not a pneumonia, but a pneumonic man who is your patient. Not a typhoid fever, but a typhoid man"
Published Writings (edited by T. D. Acland), Memoir II."Realize, if you can, what a paralyzing influence on all scientific inquiry the ancient belief must have had which attributed the operations of nature to the caprice not of one divinity, but of many. There still remains vestiges of this in most of our minds, and the more distinct in proportion to our weakness and ignorance." British Medical Journal, 1874, 2: 425. Links to the 1888 Whitechapel murders
Sir <mask> features in a number of theories and fictional works in connection with the Whitechapel "Jack the Ripper" murders of 1888. These are usually (though not always) associated with variants of conspiracy theories involving the Royal Family and the Freemasons. 1895–1897 – U.S. newspaper reports
The earliest known allegation that links the Whitechapel murders with a prominent London physician (not


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texts: necessarily <mask>) was in two articles published by a number of US newspapers between 1895 and 1897. The first article appeared in the Fort Wayne Weekly Sentinel (24 April 1895), the Fort Wayne Weekly Gazette (25 April 1895) and the Ogden Standard, Utah.It reported an alleged conversation between <mask> Harrison, a prominent San Francisco citizen, and a Dr Howard of London. According to Howard, the murderer was a "medical man of high standing" whose wife had become alarmed by his erratic behaviour during the period of the Whitechapel murders. She conveyed her suspicions to some of her husband's medical colleagues who, after interviewing him and searching the house, "found ample proofs of murder" and committed him to an asylum. Variations of the second article appeared in the Williamsport Sunday Grit (12 May 1895); the Hayward Review, California (17 May 1895); and the Brooklyn Daily Eagle (28 December 1897). This article comments that "the identity of that incarnate fiend was settled some time ago" and that the murderer was "a demented physician afflicted with wildly uncontrollable erotic mania." It repeats some of the details in the earlier report, adding that Dr Howard "was one of a dozen London physicians who sat as a commission in lunacy upon their brother physician, for at last it was definitely proved that the dread Jack the Ripper was a physician in high standing and enjoying the patronage of the best society in the West End of London." The article goes on to allege that the preacher and spiritualist Robert James Lees played a leading role in the physician's arrest by

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 using his clairvoyant powers to divine that the Whitechapel murderer lived in a house in Mayfair.He persuaded police to enter the house, the home of a distinguished physician, who was allegedly removed to a private insane asylum in Islington under the name of "Thomas Mason". Meanwhile the disappearance of the physician was explained by announcing his death and faking a funeral – "an empty coffin, which now reposes in the family vaults in Kensal Green, is supposed to contain the mortal remains of a great West End physician, whose untimely death all London mourned." (This detail does not correspond with Sir <mask>, who was buried in the churchyard at Thorpe-le-Soken in Essex.) The identity of the Dr Howard who is alleged to have provided the information for the first article was never established. On 2 May 1895, the Fort Wayne Weekly Gazette published a follow-up quoting <mask>  as reaffirming the accuracy of the story, and describing Dr. Howard as a "well-known London physician who passed through San Francisco on a tour of the world several months ago". A further follow-up article in the London People on 19 May 1895, written by Joseph Hatton, identified him as Dr. Benjamin Howard, an American doctor who had practised in London during the late 1880s. The article was shown to Dr. Benjamin Howard on a return visit to London in January 1896, prompting a strong letter of denial published in The People on 26 January 1896:

1970 – Criminologist article (Thomas Stowell)
Dr. Thomas Eldon Alexander Stowell, C.B.E., M.D., F.R.C.S.published an article in The Criminologist entitled "'Jack

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 the Ripper' – A Solution?" Stowell was a junior colleague to Dr Theodore Dyke Acland, <mask>'s son-in-law. He alleges that one of <mask>'s patients was the Whitechapel murderer. He refers to the killer as "S" throughout the article without ever identifying him, but the identity of "S" is widely presumed to be Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, Queen Victoria's grandson and heir presumptive to the throne. Stowell writes,

Stowell apparently devised his theory using Sir <mask>'s private papers as his primary source material. However, this cannot be confirmed as Stowell died a few days after publishing his article and his family burned his papers. <mask> (who was named in the article) supposedly left papers showing that "S" had not died of pneumonia, as had been reported, but of tertiary syphilis.Stowell states that "S" caught syphilis in the West Indies while touring the world in his late teens and it was this illness that brought on a state of insanity which led to the murders. He goes on to allege that "S" was certified insane by <mask> and placed in a private mental home, from which he escaped and committed the last, and most brutal, murder of Mary Jane Kelly in November 1888. He then recovered sufficiently to take a five-month cruise before his relapse and death "in his father's country house" of "bronchopneumonia". 1973 – "Jack the Ripper" (BBC mini-series)

In 1973, the BBC broadcast Jack the Ripper, a six-part mini-series in the docudrama format. The series, scripted by Elwyn Jones and John Lloyd, used fictional detectives Detective Chief Inspector

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 Charles Barlow and Detective Inspector John Watt from the police drama Softly, Softly to portray an investigation into the Whitechapel murders. The series did not reach a single conclusion, but is significant for its inclusion of the first public airing of a story propounded by Joseph "Hobo" Sickert, alleged illegitimate son of artist Walter Sickert. This theory alleges that the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, conspired with Queen Victoria and senior Freemasons, including senior police officers, to murder a number of women with knowledge of an illegitimate Catholic heir to the throne sired by Prince Albert Victor.According to this theory, the murders were carried out by Sir <mask> with the assistance of a coachman, John Netley. Sickert himself later retracted the story, in an interview with the Sunday Times on 18 June 1978. He is quoted as saying, "It was a hoax; I made it all up" and, it was "a whopping fib." 1976 – "Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution" (Stephen Knight)

Stephen Knight was a reporter for the East London Advertiser who interviewed Joseph Sickert following the BBC series. He was sufficiently convinced by the story to write a book  – Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution – which proposes the Sickert story as its central conclusion. The book provides the inspiration for a number of fictional works related to the Whitechapel murderers. Knight undertook his own research, which established that there really was a coachman named John Netley; that an unnamed child was knocked down in the Strand in October 1888 and that a man named "Nickley" attempted suicide by


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 drowning from Westminster Bridge in 1892.He was also provided with access to Home Office files, from which a number of contemporary police reports were made public for the first time. Knight's claim that Sir <mask>, along with various others, was a high-ranking Freemason, is disputed. Knight writes:

This claim is refuted by John Hamill, former Librarian for the Freemasons' United Grand Lodge of England (subsequently the Director of Communications). Hamill writes:

Popular culture since 1976
In 1979, the fictional character Sir Thomas Spivey, portrayed by actor Roy Lansford, appears in Murder by Decree, starring Christopher Plummer as Sherlock Holmes and James Mason as Doctor Watson. Sir Thomas Spivey, a Royal physician whose character is based on Sir <mask>, is revealed as the murderer in a plotline based on Stephen Knight's Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution. Spivey is depicted as assisted by a character named <mask>, himself based on John Netley. A fictionalised Sir <mask> appears in Iain Sinclair's 1987 novel White Chappell, Scarlet Tracings in a plotline based on Stephen Knight's Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution.Sir <mask> is portrayed by Ray McAnally in 1988 in a TV dramatisation of the murders, starring Michael Caine and Jane Seymour. The plotline reveals Sir <mask> as the murderer, assisted by coachman John Netley, but otherwise excludes the main elements of the Royal conspiracy theory. From 1991 to 1996, a fictionalized Sir <mask> is featured in the graphic novel From Hell by writer Alan Moore and artist Eddie Campbell. The plotline depicts Sir <mask> as the

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 murderer and takes Stephen Knight's Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution as its premise. Eddie Campbell records in his blog, that

The story "Royal Blood" told in John Constantine, Hellblazer (1992, DC Comics) mentions Jack the Ripper being Sir <mask>is. The fictional character "Sir Nigel <mask>" appears in the 1993 novel  The List of Seven  by Mark Frost. "Sir Nigel <mask>" is depicted as a Royal physician and appears to be based on Sir <mask>.The plotline has an occult theme that features Prince Edward, Duke of Clarence but does not reference the Whitechapel murders. The 1997 TV series Timecop reveals <mask> as the Ripper in its pilot, "A Rip in Time". In a 2001 film adaptation of the graphic novel From Hell, Sir <mask> is portrayed by Sir Ian Holm. Actor Peter Penry-Jones portrays Sir <mask> in 2004's Julian Fellowes Investigates: A Most Mysterious Murder – The Case of Charles Bravo – a dramatised documentary investigating the unsolved murder of barrister Charles Bravo in 1876. <mask> appears as a character in Brian Catling's 2012 novel, The Vorrh, where accounts of his relationship with Eadweard Muybridge and work on anorexia are blended into the fantasy narrative. References

Bibliography
Medical Papers, Sir <mask> <mask>, edited by T D Acland (1894). External links

<mask> <mask> – A Biographical Sketch (1896)

<mask>, <mask>
<mask>, <mask>
People from Thorpe-le-Soken
Gull, <mask>ey
Physicians-in-Ordinary
<mask>, <mask>, 1st Baronet
<mask>, <mask>
Fullerian Professors of Physiology
Heads of psychiatric hospitals
History of mental health in the United Kingdom
<mask>,

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title: Branislav Lečić

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<mask> (; born 25 August 1955) is a Serbian actor, director, academic, writer, politician. Known for his versatile portrayals of emotionally vulnerable characters with strong senses of moral justice, <mask> rose to prominence for his role as the rebellious Crni in twelve-episode mini-series Sivi dom (1986). Since his initial rise to fame, he has established himself as one of the most prolific Serbian actors of all time. He is further known for his role as Royal Army officer Radekić in Silent Gunpowder (1990), poet Aleksa Šantić in biopic television film Moj brat Aleksa (1991), literature professor Teodor Kraj in The Professional (2003) and eccentric captain Tasić in St. George Shoots the Dragon (2008). For his role in Silent Gunpowder, <mask> was awarded a Golden Arena for Best Actor and the Silver St. George Award for Best Actor at the 17th Moscow International Film Festival. His other notable starring film credits include My Uncle's Legacy (1988), Charuga (1991) and Labyrinth (2002). <mask> has also done extensive stage work, winning many accolades and critical acclaim.He has been employed in the Yugoslav Drama Theatre ensemble as a drama champion, in which he achieved roles as Uncle Vanya and Hamlet. He also directs plays at his own LekArt Theatre and teaches diction and acting at the Faculty of Dramatic Arts in Belgrade. Politically active, he served as the Minister of Culture and Media from 2001 to 2004. Acting career

He graduated from the Faculty of Dramatic Arts of the University of Belgrade as an actor in 1978. He made his lead role as the rebel Vanya in 1977's Specijalno vaspitanje. His portrayal was praised by critics, including Slaven Ivanović, Gavrilo Milivojević,

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title: Branislav Lečić

texts: Savo Milosavljević, Dragan Bajetić and Goran Jovanović, the latter expressing concern that <mask> would be typecast as a young and liberal rebel. Supporting roles in Hajduk (1980) and Dečko koji obećava (1981), with the lead role in Direktan prenos (1982) showed <mask>'s emotional and acting range in a mature, sensible light.The zenith of his understanding the everyman's delinquent came with the iconic role of Crni in Sivi dom. Starring with acting titans Bata Živojinović and Dragan Nikolić, <mask> became a household name and the role is now considered legendary in the Balkans. After starring in the series and the film My Uncle's Legacy alongside Fabijan and Filip Šovagović, he then rose to continental fame as Royal Army officer Rade Radekić in Silent Gunpowder, winning him the Golden Arena for Best Actor and the Silver St. George Award for Best Actor at the 17th Moscow International Film Festival. In 1991, he also played poet Aleksa Šantić in biographical television drama Moj brat Aleksa (1991), showing a great sense of empathy for the romantism movement in Europe and later in Bosnia. In 2002, he starred in Labyrinth, which gained him an Apollo Award at the Novi Sad Culture and Theatre Festival for Outstanding Achievement in a Motion Picture. In 2003, he amassed a leading role as Serbian-language and literature professor Teodor "Teda" Kraj in The Professional (2003), which gained universal critical plaudits, including praise from Jasmina Ahmetagić and Muharem Pervić. He also portrayed captain Tasić in St. George Shoots the Dragon (2008), starring with Lazar Ristovski, Zoran Cvijanović and Bora Todorović.<mask> appears in Boris Malagurski's documentary film The Weight of Chains

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title: Branislav Lečić

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 (2011). <mask> has also recited poets, narrated audiobooks and recorded dramas for radio. He has also provided voice-work for numerous Serbian-language dubs for animated feature films, including Anger in Inside Out and Spider-Man Noir in Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse. <mask> also provided his vocals and dramatic interpretation for Bubamara, a Serbian-language ballad recorded with Montenegrin singer-songwriter Knez. He has been very successful in theater, where he received several awards. <mask> one of the founders of several of the most important theater groups that influenced theater of the former Yugoslavia. As a drama champion in both the Belgrade National Theatre and the Yugoslav Drama Theatre, he has performed in the Atelje 212 Theatre, the Croatian National Theatre in Split and the Rector's Palace in Dubrovnik in a wide spectre of comedic and dramatic roles.Politics and humanitarianism
Besides acting, he also took part in political life, being the leader of "Plišana revolucija" (Plush Revolution), during the reign of Slobodan Milošević. After the victory of the DOS in the 2000 presidential elections, he was named the Minister of culture in the government of the late Zoran Đinđić. After Čedomir Jovanović left Democratic Party (Serbia), <mask> followed, and became one of the founders of LDP. Soon afterwards, he left LDP, and founded the "Moja Srbija" (My Serbia) Movement, taking part in Serbian elections in 2008. In early 2010 he and his party merged into the Christian Democratic Party of Serbia. After the death of its founder and long-term leader Vladan Batić due to prolonged and progressive cancerous illness, Lecic was elected DHSS party president. An active and


title: Branislav Lečić

texts:
 liberal humanitarian, he has worked with various charities, including with colleague and friend Marko Živić.Personal life
He has a son Ivan and daughter Ana from his first marriage to Ivana Vujadinovic, older sister of Bojana Vujadinovic. Later he was married to Nina Radulović, a television presenter with whom he has a son named Lav. They separated in 2016 and officially divorced in 2017. Rape accusation
On 22 March 2021, it was revealed that an actress Danjiela Štajnfeld accused <mask> of raping her in 2012, while on the same day an audio recording of their phone call was leaked to the public of what appears to be a conversation between <mask> and Štajnfeld about the alleged rape. On 13 July 2021, the Public Prosecutor's Office dismissed Štajnfeld's criminal report. Selected filmography

Film

Television

Serbian dubs

See also
 Cinema of Serbia

References

External links

 "Make Up" The Latest Branislav Lecic Film

1955 births
Living people
21st-century Serbian writers
20th-century Serbian writers
20th-century Serbian male actors
21st-century Serbian male actors
Writers from Šabac
Democratic Party (Serbia) politicians
Liberal Democratic Party (Serbia 2005) politicians
Serbian male actors
Serbian male film actors
Serbian male television actors
Serbian male stage actors
Serbian male voice actors
Serbian theatre directors
Serbian television directors
Serbian film directors
Serbian dramatists and playwrights
Serbian actor-politicians
Golden Arena winners
Ljubinka Bobić Award winners
Miloš Žutić Award winners
University of Belgrade Faculty of Dramatic Arts alumni
Zoran Radmilović Award winners
Dr. Branivoj Đorđević Award winners
Croatian Theatre Award winners
Politicians from

masks: Lečić Lečić


title: Abbas Kiarostami

texts: <mask> ( ; 22 June 1940 – 4 July 2016) was an Iranian film director, screenwriter, poet, photographer, and film producer. An active filmmaker from 1970, <mask> had been involved in the production of over forty films, including shorts and documentaries. <mask> attained critical acclaim for directing the Koker trilogy (1987–1994), Close-Up (1990),  The Wind Will Carry Us (1999), and Taste of Cherry (1997), which was awarded the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival that year. In later works, Certified Copy (2010) and Like Someone in Love (2012), he filmed for the first time outside Iran: in Italy and Japan, respectively. His films Where Is the Friend's Home?, Close-Up, and The Wind Will Carry Us were ranked among the 100 best foreign films in a 2018 critics' poll by BBC Culture. Close-Up was also ranked one of the 50 greatest movies of all time in the famous decennial Sight & Sound poll conducted in 2012. <mask> had worked extensively as a screenwriter, film editor, art director, and producer and had designed credit titles and publicity material.He was also a poet, photographer, painter, illustrator, and graphic designer. He was part of a generation of filmmakers in the Iranian New Wave, a Persian cinema movement that started in the late 1960s and emphasized the use of poetic dialogue and allegorical storytelling dealing with political and philosophical issues. <mask> had a reputation for using child protagonists, for documentary-style narrative films, for stories that take place in rural villages, and for conversations that unfold inside cars, using stationary mounted cameras. He is also known for his use of Persian poetry in the

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 dialogue, titles, and themes of his films. <mask>'s films contain a notable degree of ambiguity, an unusual mixture of simplicity and complexity, and often a mix of fictional and documentary elements. The concepts of change and continuity, in addition to the themes of life and death, play a major role in <mask>'s works. Early life and background

<mask> was born in Tehran.His first artistic experience was painting, which he continued into his late teens, winning a painting competition at the age of 18 shortly before he left home to study at the University of Tehran School of Fine Arts. He majored in painting and graphic design and supported his studies by working as a traffic policeman. As a painter, designer, and illustrator, Kiarostami worked in advertising in the 1960s, designing posters and creating commercials. Between 1962 and 1966, he shot around 150 advertisements for Iranian television. In the late 1960s, he began creating credit titles for films (including Gheysar by Masoud Kimiai) and illustrating children's books. Film career

1970s
In 1970 when the Iranian New Wave began with Dariush Mehrjui's film Gāv, Kiarostami helped set up a filmmaking department at the Institute for Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults (Kanun) in Tehran. Its debut production, and Kiarostami's first film, was the twelve-minute The Bread and Alley (1970), a neo-realistic short film about a schoolboy's confrontation with an aggressive dog.Breaktime followed in 1972. The department became one of Iran's most noted film studios, producing not only <mask>'s films but acclaimed Persian films such as The Runner and Bashu, the Little

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texts:
 Stranger. In the 1970s, <mask> pursued an individualistic style of film making. When discussing his first film, he stated:
Bread and Alley was my first experience in cinema and I must say a very difficult one. I had to work with a very young child, a dog, and an unprofessional crew except for the cinematographer, who was nagging and complaining all the time. Well, the cinematographer, in a sense, was right because I did not follow the conventions of film making that he had become accustomed to. Following The Experience (1973), Kiarostami released  The Traveler (Mossafer) in 1974.The Traveler tells the story of Qassem Julayi, a troubled and troublesome boy from a small Iranian city. Intent on attending a football match in far-off Tehran, he scams his friends and neighbors to raise money, and journeys to the stadium in time for the game, only to meet with an ironic twist of fate. In addressing the boy's determination to reach his goal, alongside his indifference to the effects of his amoral actions, the film examined human behavior and the balance of right and wrong. It furthered <mask>'s reputation for realism, diegetic simplicity, and stylistic complexity, as well as his fascination with physical and spiritual journeys. In 1975, <mask> directed two short films So Can I and Two Solutions for One Problem. In early 1976, he released Colors, followed by the fifty-four-minute film A Wedding Suit, a story about three teenagers coming into conflict over a suit for a wedding. <mask>'s first feature film was the 112-minute Report (1977).It revolved around the life of a tax collector accused of accepting bribes; suicide was among its


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 themes. In 1979, he produced and directed First Case, Second Case. 1980s
In the early 1980s, <mask> directed several short films including Toothache (1980), Orderly or Disorderly (1981), and The Chorus (1982). In 1983, he directed Fellow Citizen. It was not until his release of Where Is the Friend's Home? (1987) that he began to gain recognition outside Iran.These films created the basis of his later productions. The film tells a simple account of a conscientious eight-year-old schoolboy's quest to return his friend's notebook in a neighboring village lest his friend be expelled from school.The traditional beliefs of Iranian rural people are portrayed. The film has been noted for its poetic use of the Iranian rural landscape and its realism, both important elements of <mask>'s work. <mask> made the film from a child's point of view. Where Is the Friend's Home?, And Life Goes On (1992) (also known as Life and Nothing More), and Through the Olive Trees (1994) are described by critics as the Koker trilogy, because all three films feature the village of Koker in northern Iran. The films also relate to the 1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake, in which 40,000 people died. <mask> uses the themes of life, death, change, and continuity to connect the films. The trilogy was successful in France in the 1990s and other Western European countries such as the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany and Finland.But, <mask> did not consider the three films to comprise a trilogy. He suggested that the last two titles plus Taste of Cherry (1997) comprise a trilogy, given their common theme of the preciousness of life. In 1987, <mask> was involved in the

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 screenwriting of The Key, which he edited but did not direct. In 1989, he released Homework. 1990s

<mask>'s first film of the decade was Close-Up (1990), which narrates the story of the real-life trial of a man who impersonated film-maker Mohsen Makhmalbaf, conning a family into believing they would star in his new film. The family suspects theft as the motive for this charade, but the impersonator, Hossein Sabzian, argues that his motives were more complex. The part-documentary, part-staged film examines Sabzian's moral justification for usurping Makhmalbaf's identity, questioning his ability to sense his cultural and artistic flair.Ranked No. 42 in British Film Institute's The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time, Close-Up received praise from directors such as Quentin Tarantino, Martin Scorsese, Werner Herzog, Jean-Luc Godard, and Nanni Moretti and was released across Europe. In 1992, Kiarostami directed Life, and Nothing More..., regarded by critics as the second film of the Koker trilogy. The film follows a father and his young son as they drive from Tehran to Koker in search of two young boys who they fear might have perished in the 1990 earthquake. As the father and son travel through the devastated landscape, they meet earthquake survivors forced to carry on with their lives amid disaster. That year <mask> won a Prix Roberto Rossellini, the first professional film award of his career, for his direction of the film. The last film of the so-called Koker trilogy was Through the Olive Trees (1994), which expands a peripheral scene from Life and Nothing More into the central drama.Critics such as Adrian Martin have called the

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 style of filmmaking in the Koker trilogy as "diagrammatical", linking the zig-zagging patterns in the landscape and the geometry of forces of life and the world. A flashback of the zigzag path in Life and Nothing More... (1992) in turn triggers the spectator's memory of the previous film, Where Is the Friend's Home? from 1987, shot before the earthquake. This symbolically links to the post-earthquake reconstruction in Through the Olive Trees in 1994. In 1995, Miramax Films released Through the Olive Trees in the US theaters. <mask> next wrote the screenplays for The Journey and The White Balloon (1995), for his former assistant Jafar Panahi. Between 1995 and 1996, he was involved in the production of Lumière and Company, a collaboration with 40 other film directors.<mask> won the Palme d'Or (Golden Palm) award at the Cannes Film Festival for Taste of Cherry. It is the drama of a man, Mr. Badii, determined to commit suicide. The film involved themes such as morality, the legitimacy of the act of suicide, and the meaning of compassion. <mask> directed The Wind Will Carry Us in 1999, which won the Grand Jury Prize (Silver Lion) at the Venice International Film Festival. The film contrasted rural and urban views on the dignity of labor, addressing themes of gender equality and the benefits of progress, by means of a stranger's sojourn in a remote Kurdish village. An unusual feature of the movie is that many of the characters are heard but not seen; at least thirteen to fourteen speaking characters in the film are never seen. 2000s
In 2000, at the San Francisco Film Festival award ceremony, <mask> was awarded the Akira Kurosawa Prize


title: Abbas Kiarostami

texts: for lifetime achievement in directing, but surprised everyone by giving it away to veteran Iranian actor Behrooz Vossoughi for his contribution to Iranian cinema.In 2001, <mask> and his assistant, Seifollah Samadian, traveled to Kampala, Uganda at the request of the United Nations International Fund for Agricultural Development, to film a documentary about programs assisting Ugandan orphans. He stayed for ten days and made ABC Africa. The trip was originally intended as research in preparation for the filming, but <mask> ended up editing the entire film from the video footage shot there. The high number of orphans in Uganda has resulted from the deaths of parents in the AIDS epidemic. Time Out editor and National Film Theatre chief programmer, Geoff Andrew, said in referring to the film: "Like his previous four features, this film is not about death but life-and-death: how they're linked, and what attitude we might adopt with regard to their symbiotic inevitability." The following year, Kiarostami directed Ten, revealing an unusual method of filmmaking and abandoning many scriptwriting conventions. Kiarostami focused on the socio-political landscape of Iran.The images are seen through the eyes of one woman as she drives through the streets of Tehran over a period of several days. Her journey is composed of ten conversations with various passengers, which include her sister, a hitchhiking prostitute, and a jilted bride and her demanding young son. This style of filmmaking was praised by a number of critics. A. O. Scott in The New York Times wrote that <mask>, "in addition to being perhaps the most internationally admired Iranian

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title: Abbas Kiarostami

texts: filmmaker of the past decade, is also among the world masters of automotive cinema...He understands the automobile as a place of reflection, observation and, above all, talk." In 2003, <mask> directed Five, a poetic feature with no dialogue or characterization. It consists of five long shots of nature which are single-take sequences, shot with a hand-held DV camera, along the shores of the Caspian Sea. Although the film lacks a clear storyline, Geoff Andrew argues that the film is "more than just pretty pictures".He adds, "Assembled in order, they comprise a kind of abstract or emotional narrative arc, which moves evocatively from separation and solitude to community, from motion to rest, near-silence to sound and song, light to darkness and back to light again, ending on a note of rebirth and regeneration. "He notes the degree of artifice concealed behind the apparent simplicity of the imagery. In 2005, Kiarostami contributed the central section to Tickets, a portmanteau film set on a train traveling through Italy. The other segments were directed by Ken Loach and Ermanno Olmi. In 2008, Kiarostami directed the feature Shirin, which features close-ups of many notable Iranian actresses and the French actress Juliette Binoche as they watch a film based on a partly mythological Persian romance tale of Khosrow and Shirin, with themes of female self-sacrifice. The film has been described as "a compelling exploration of the relationship between image, sound and female spectatorship." That summer, he directed Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera Così fan tutte conducted by Christophe Rousset at Festival d'Aix-en-Provence starring with


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 William Shimell.But the following year's performances at the English National Opera was impossible to direct because of refusal of permission to travel abroad. 2010s

Certified Copy (2010), again starring Juliette Binoche, was made in Tuscany and was <mask>'s first film to be shot and produced outside Iran. The story of an encounter between a British man and a French woman, it was entered in competition for the Palme d'Or in the 2010 Cannes Film Festival. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian describes the film as an "intriguing oddity", and said, "Certified Copy is the deconstructed portrait of a marriage, acted with well-intentioned fervour by Juliette Binoche, but persistently baffling, contrived, and often simply bizarre – a highbrow misfire of the most peculiar sort." He concluded that the film is "unmistakably an example of <mask>'s compositional technique, though not a successful example." Roger Ebert, however, praised the film, noting that "Kiarostami is rather brilliant in the way he creates offscreen spaces." Binoche won the Best Actress Award at Cannes for her performance in the film.<mask>'s penultimate film, Like Someone in Love, set and shot in Japan, received largely positive reviews from critics. <mask>'s final film 24 Frames was released posthumously in 2017. An experimental film based on 24 of <mask>'s still photographs, 24 Frames enjoyed a highly positive critical reception, with a Rotten Tomatoes score of 92%. Film festival work
<mask> was a jury member at numerous film festivals, most notably the Cannes Film Festival in 1993, 2002 and 2005. He was also the president of the Caméra d'Or Jury in Cannes Film Festival


title: Abbas Kiarostami

texts: or complicated chase scenes in large-scale productions, instead of attempting to mold the medium of film to his own specifications.<mask> appeared to have settled on his style with the Koker trilogy, which included a myriad of references to his own film material, connecting common themes and subject matter between each of the films. Stephen Bransford has contended that <mask>'s films do not contain references to the work of other directors, but are fashioned in such a manner that they are self-referenced. Bransford believes his films are often fashioned into an ongoing dialectic with one film reflecting on and partially demystifying an earlier film. He continued experimenting with new modes of filming, using different directorial methods and techniques. A case in point is Ten, which was filmed in a moving automobile in which <mask> was not present. He gave suggestions to the actors about what to do, and a camera placed on the dashboard filmed them while they drove around Tehran. The camera was allowed to roll, capturing the faces of the people involved during their daily routine, using a series of extreme-close shots.Ten was an experiment that used digital cameras to virtually eliminate the director. This new direction towards a digital micro-cinema is defined as a micro-budget filmmaking practice, allied with a digital production basis. <mask>'s cinema offers a different definition of film. According to film professors such as Jamsheed Akrami of William Paterson University, <mask> consistently tried to redefine film by forcing the increased involvement of the audience. In his later years, he also progressively trimmed the

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 timespan within his films. Akrami thinks that this reduces filmmaking from a collective endeavor to a purer, more basic form of artistic expression. Fiction and non-fiction

<mask>'s films contain a notable degree of ambiguity, an unusual mixture of simplicity and complexity, and often a mix of fictional and documentary elements (docufiction).<mask> has stated, "We can never get close to the truth except through lying." The boundary between fiction and non-fiction is significantly reduced in Kiarostami's cinema. The French philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy, writing about Kiarostami, and in particular Life and Nothing More..., has argued that his films are neither quite fiction nor quite documentary. Life and Nothing More..., he argues, is neither representation nor reportage, but rather "evidence":
[I]t all looks like reporting, but everything underscores (indique à l'évidence) that it is the fiction of a documentary (in fact, Kiarostami shot the film several months after the earthquake), and that it is rather a document about "fiction": not in the sense of imagining the unreal, but in the very specific and precise sense of the technique, of the art of constructing images. For the image by means of which, each time, each opens a world and precedes himself in it (s'y précède) is not pregiven (donnée toute faite) (as are those of dreams, phantasms or bad films): it is to be invented, cut and edited. Thus it is evidence, insofar as, if one day I happen to look at my street on which I walk up and down ten times a day, I construct for an instant a new evidence of my street. For Jean-Luc Nancy, this notion of cinema as "evidence", rather than


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texts:
 as documentary or imagination, is tied to the way Kiarostami deals with life-and-death (cf.the remark by Geoff Andrew on ABC Africa, cited above, to the effect that Kiarostami's films are not about death but about life-and-death):
 Existence resists the indifference of life-and-death, it lives beyond mechanical "life," it is always its own mourning, and its own joy. It becomes figure, image. It does not become alienated in images, but it is presented there: the images are the evidence of its existence, the objectivity of its assertion. This thought—which, for me, is the very thought of this film [Life and Nothing More...]—is a difficult thought, perhaps the most difficult. It's a slow thought, always underway, fraying a path so that the path itself becomes thought. It is that which frays images so that images become this thought, so that they become the evidence of this thought—and not to "represent" it. In other words, wanting to accomplish more than just represent life and death as opposing forces, but rather to illustrate the way in which each element of nature is inextricably linked, Kiarostami devised a cinema that does more than just present the viewer with the documentable "facts," but neither is it simply a matter of artifice.Because "existence" means more than simply life, it is projective, containing an irreducibly fictive element, but in this "being more than" life, it is therefore contaminated by mortality. Nancy is giving a clue, in other words, toward the interpretation of <mask>'s statement that lying is the only way to truth. Themes of life and death

The concepts of change and continuity, in addition to the


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texts:
 themes of life and death, play a major role in <mask>'s works. In the Koker trilogy, these themes play a central role. As illustrated in the aftermath of the 1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake disaster, they also represent the power of human resilience to overcome and defy destruction. Unlike the Koker films, which convey an instinctual thirst for survival, Taste of Cherry explores the fragility of life and focuses on how precious it is. Some film critics believe that the assemblage of light versus dark scenes in Kiarostami's film grammar, such as in Taste of Cherry and The Wind Will Carry Us, suggests the mutual existence of life with its endless possibilities, and death as a factual moment of anyone's life.Poetry and imagery
Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak, of the University of Maryland, argues that one aspect of <mask>'s cinematic style is that he is able to capture the essence of Persian poetry and create poetic imagery within the landscape of his films. In several of his movies such as Where is the Friend's Home and The Wind Will Carry Us, classical Persian poetry is directly quoted in the film, highlighting the artistic link and intimate connection between them. This in turn reflects on the connection between the past and present, between continuity and change. The characters recite poems mainly from classical Persian poet Omar Khayyám or modern Persian poets such as Sohrab Sepehri and Forough Farrokhzad. One scene in The Wind Will Carry Us has a long shot of a wheat field with rippling golden crops through which the doctor, accompanied by the filmmaker, is riding his scooter in a twisting road. In response to the comment that the other


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 world is a better place than this one, the doctor recites this poem of Khayyam:

They promise of houries in heaven
But I would say wine is better
Take the present to the promises
A drum sounds melodious from distance

It has been argued that the creative merit of <mask>'s adaptation of Sohrab Sepehri and Forough Farrokhzad's poems extends the domain of textual transformation. Adaptation is defined as the transformation of a prior to a new text.Sima Daad of the University of Washington contends that <mask>'s adaptation arrives at the theoretical realm of adaptation by expanding its limit from inter-textual potential to trans-generic potential. Spirituality
<mask>'s "complex" sound-images and philosophical approach have caused frequent comparisons with "mystical" filmmakers such as Andrei Tarkovsky and Robert Bresson. While acknowledging substantial cultural differences, much of Western critical writing about Kiarostami positions him as the Iranian equivalent of such directors, by virtue of a similarly austere, "spiritual" poetics and moral commitment. Some draw parallels between certain imagery in Kiarostami's films with that of Sufi concepts. While most English-language writers, such as David Sterritt and the Spanish film professor Alberto Elena, interpret Kiarostami's films as spiritual, other critics, including David Walsh and Hamish Ford, have rated the influence of spirituality in his films as lower. Poetry, art and photography

<mask>, along with Jean Cocteau, Satyajit Ray, Derek Jarman and Alejandro Jodorowsky, was a filmmaker who expressed himself in other genres, such as poetry, set designs, painting, or photography. They