title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts:
 Haiti in restitution for French property that was appropriated in the Haitian rebellion, over the period from 1825 to 1947.2004 coup d'état

Between early 2001 and 2004 ex-army paramilitary groups conducted an insurgency killing dozens of Lavalas activists, officials, and civilians—as documented in the book "Paramilitarism and the assault on democracy in Haiti" (Monthly Review, 2012). Based in the Dominican Republic, these groups formed ties with narco criminals in the port city of Gonaives and among elite led opposition groups in Port-au-Prince. In February 2004, the killing of gang leader Amiot Metayer led to retaliatory attacks on police in Gonaives. Amiot's brother, Buteur Metayer, blamed <mask> for the assassination, and used this as an argument given in order to support the right-wing paramilitary group known as the National Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Haiti. The paramilitary campaign was headed by ex-army/police chief and convicted narco trafficker Guy Philippe and former FRAPH death squad founder Louis Jodel Chamblain. The rebels soon took control of the North, and eventually laid siege to, and then invaded, the capital. Under disputed circumstances, <mask> was flown out of the country by the U.S. with help from Canada and France on 28 February 2004.<mask> and his bodyguard, Franz Gabriel, stated that he was the victim of a "new coup d'état or modern "kidnapping" by U.S. forces. Mrs. <mask> stated that the kidnappers wore U.S. Special Forces uniforms, but changed into civilian clothes upon boarding the aircraft that was used to remove them from Haiti. Jamaican prime minister P. J. Patterson released a statement saying "we are bound to question whether his


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

type: original

texts: resignation was truly voluntary, as it comes after the capture of sections of Haiti by armed insurgents and the failure of the international community to provide the requisite support. The removal of president <mask> in these circumstances sets a dangerous precedent for democratically elected governments anywhere and everywhere, as it promotes the removal of duly elected persons from office by the power of rebel forces." After <mask> was removed from Haiti, looters raided his villa. Most barricades were lifted the day after <mask> left as the shooting had stopped; order was maintained by Haitian police, along with armed rebels and local vigilante groups. Almost immediately after the <mask> family were transported from Haiti, the prime minister of Jamaica, P. J. Patterson, dispatched a member of parliament, Sharon Hay-Webster, to the Central African Republic.The leadership of that country agreed that <mask> and his family could go to Jamaica. The <mask> family were in the island for several months until the Jamaican government gained acceptance by the Republic of South Africa for the family to relocate there. <mask> later stated that France and the U.S. had a role in what he termed "a kidnapping" that took him from Haiti to South Africa via the Central African Republic. However, authorities said his temporary asylum there had been negotiated by the United States, France and Gabon. On 1 March 2004, U.S. congresswoman Maxine Waters (D-CA), along with Aristide family friend Randall Robinson, reported <mask> had told them that he had been forced to resign and had been abducted from the country by the United States and that he had been held hostage by an armed military guard. According to

masks: Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts: representative Maxine Waters D-California, Mildred <mask> called her at her home at 6:30 am to inform her "the coup d'etat has been completed", and Jean-Bertrand <mask> said the U.S. embassy in Haiti's chief of staff came to his house to say he would be killed "and a lot of Haitians would be killed" if he refused to resign immediately and said he "has to go now". <mask>'s letter, which is described as his resignation, does not actually have Aristide as clearly and officially resigning.Representative Charles Rangel, D-New York, expressed similar words, saying <mask> had told him he was "disappointed that the international community had let him down" and "that he resigned under pressure" – "As a matter of fact, he was very apprehensive for his life. They made it clear that he had to go now or he would be killed." When asked for his response to these statements Colin Powell said that "it might have been better for members of Congress who have heard these stories to ask us about the stories before going public with them so we don't make a difficult situation that much more difficult" and he alleged that Aristide "did not democratically govern or govern well". CARICOM, an organization of Caribbean countries that included Haiti, called for a United Nations investigation into <mask>'s removal, but were reportedly pressured by the U.S. and France to drop their request. Some observers suggest the rebellion and removal of Aristide were covertly orchestrated by these two countries and Canada. In a 2006 interview, <mask> said the United States went back on their word regarding compromises he made with them over privatization of enterprises to ensure that part of the profits would go to the Haitian

masks: Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts:
 people and then "relied on a disinformation campaign" to discredit him. In March 2004 in the Dominican capital Santo Domingo, the Haiti Commission of Inquiry, headed by former US attorney-general Ramsey Clark, published its preliminary findings.<mask> was languishing in Jamaica. Noting that 200 US special forces had travelled to the Dominican Republic for “military exercises” in February 2003, the commission accused the US of arming and training Haitian rebels there. With permission from the Dominican president, Hipólito Mejía, US forces trained near the border, in an area used by former soldiers of the disbanded Haitian army to launch attacks on Haitian state property. Exile (2004–11)

After being cast into exile, in mid-2004 <mask>, his family, and bodyguards were welcomed to South Africa by several cabinet ministers, 20 senior diplomats, and a guard of honor. Receiving a salary from and provided staff by the South African government, <mask> lived with his family in a government villa in Pretoria. In South Africa, <mask> became an honorary research fellow at the University of South Africa, learned Zulu, and, on 25 April 2007, received a doctorate in African languages. On 21 December 2007, a speech by <mask> marking the new year and Haiti's Independence Day was broadcast, the fourth such speech since his exile; in the speech he criticized the 2006 presidential election in which Préval was elected, describing it as a "selection", in which "the knife of treason was planted" in the back of the Haitian people.Since the election, some high-ranking members of Lavalas have been targets for violence. Lovinsky Pierre-Antoine, a leading human rights organizer in Haiti and a member of Lavalas,

masks: Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts:
 disappeared in August 2007. His whereabouts remain unknown and a news article states: "Like many protesters, he [Wilson Mesilien, coordinator of the pro-Aristide 30 September Foundation] wore a T-shirt demanding the return of foundation leader Lovinsky Pierre-Antoine, a human rights activist and critic of both U.N. and U.S. involvement in Haiti who disappeared in August." Return to Haiti
In a 2008 United States embassy cable, former U.S. ambassador to Haiti Janet Sanderson emphasized that: "A premature departure of MINUSTAH would leave the [Haitian] government...vulnerable to...resurgent populist and anti-market economy political forces—reversing gains of the last two years. MINUSTAH is an indispensable tool in realizing core USG [U.S. government] policy interests in Haiti." At a meeting with U.S. State Department officials on 2 August 2006, former Guatemalan diplomat Edmond Mulet, then chief of MINUSTAH, "urged U.S. legal action against <mask> to prevent the former president from gaining more traction with the Haitian population and returning to Haiti". At Mulet's request, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan urged South Africa’s president Thabo Mbeki "to ensure that <mask> remained in South Africa".U.S. ambassador James Foley wrote in a confidential 22 March 2005 cable that an August 2004 poll "showed that <mask> was still the only figure in Haiti with a favorability rating above 50%". After René Préval, a former ally of <mask>, was elected president of Haiti in 2006, he said it would be possible for <mask> to return to Haiti. On 16 December 2009, several thousand protesters marched through Port-au-Prince calling for <mask>'s return to Haiti, and protesting the exclusion of <mask>'s Fanmi

masks: Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts:
 Lavalas party from upcoming elections. On 12 January 2010, <mask> sent his condolences to victims of the earthquake in Haiti just a few hours after it occurred, and stated that he wished to return to help rebuild the country. On 7 November 2010, in an exclusive interview (the last given before his return to Haiti) with independent reporter Nicolas Rossier in Eurasia Review and the Huffington Post, <mask> declared that the 2010 elections were not inclusive of his party, Fanmi Lavalas, and therefore not fair and free. He also confirmed his wishes to go back to Haiti but stated that he was not allowed to travel out of South Africa. In February 2011, <mask> announced "I will return to Haiti" within days of the ruling Haitian government removing impediments to him receiving his Haitian passport.On 17 March 2011, <mask> departed for Haiti from his exile in South Africa. U.S. president Barack Obama had asked South African president Jacob Zuma to delay <mask>'s departure to prevent him from returning to Haiti before a presidential run-off election scheduled for 20 March. <mask>'s party was barred from participating in the election, and the U.S. feared his return could be "destabilizing". On Friday, 18 March 2011, he and his spouse arrived at Port-au-Prince Airport, and was greeted by thousands of supporters. He told the crowd waiting at the airport: "The exclusion of Fanmi Lavalas is the exclusion of the Haitian people. In 1804, the Haitian revolution marked the end of slavery. Today, may the Haitian people end exiles and coups d’état, while peacefully moving from social exclusion to inclusion."Post-exile (2011-present)
After <mask> returned to Haiti in 2011, he initially abstained from


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts:
 political involvement. However, on 12 September 2014, <mask> was ordered under house arrest by Judge Lamarre Belzaire while under a corruption investigation. <mask>'s lawyers and supporters of Fanmi Lavalas questioned the legality of the judge's order under Haitian law as well as the judge's impartiality. During the elections of 1991 and 2000 of <mask> and the 1995 and 2006 elections of Rene Preval, the turnout of the total voting population hovered at around 60–70%. In the years following the 2010 earthquake, turnout in elections dropped significantly to 20%. During this period, the right-wing rose to power, with mass-voter disenfranchisement. In late 2016 <mask>, for the first time in many years, returned to electioneering, touring the country to promote Fanmi Lavalas candidates; the election results (decried by his party as illegitimate) returned to power right-wing forces in the country, with only a 20% voter turnout.Accomplishments

Under president <mask>'s leadership, the Haitian government implemented many major reforms. These included greatly increasing access to health care and education for the general population, increasing adult literacy and protections for those accused of crimes, improving training for judges, prohibiting human trafficking, disbanding the Haitian military, establishing an improved climate for human rights and civil liberties, doubling the minimum wage, instituting land reform and assistance to small farmers, providing boat construction training to fishermen, establishing a food distribution network to provide low cost food to the poor at below market prices, building low-cost housing, and reducing government corruption. Achievements in education
During


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts:
 successive Lavalas administrations, Jean-Bertrand <mask> and René Préval built 195 new primary schools and 104 secondary schools. Prior to <mask>'s election in 1990, there were just 34 secondary schools nationwide. Lavalas also provided thousands of scholarships so that children could afford to attend church/private schools. Between 2001 and 2004, the percentage of children enrolled in primary school education rose to 72%, and an estimated 300,000 adults took part in Lavalas sponsored adult literacy campaigns. This helped the adult literacy rate rise from 35% to 55%.Achievements in health care

In addition to numerous educational advances, Aristide and Lavalas embarked on an ambitious plan to develop the public primary health care system with Cuban assistance. Since the devastation unleashed by Hurricane Georges in 1998, Cuba entered a humanitarian agreement with Haiti whereby Haitian doctors would be trained in Cuba, and Cuban doctors would work in rural areas. At the time of 2010 Haiti earthquake, 573 doctors had been trained in Cuba. Despite operating under an aid embargo, the Lavalas administration succeeded in reducing the infant mortality rate as well as reducing the percentage of underweight newborns. A successful AIDS prevention and treatment program was also established, leading the Catholic Institute for International Relations to state: the "incredible feat of slowing the rate of new infections in Haiti has been achieved despite the lack of international aid to the Haitian government, and despite the notable lack of resources faced by those working in the health field". Disbanding the military and paramilitaries - the Fad'H, Tonton Macoutes, and Attaches
The Lavalas

masks: Aristide Aristide


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts:
 political project has long been dedicated to promoting a civilian police force and disbanding the long-time tools of elite repression in Haiti which have been the country's brutal military and paramilitary forces. The government under Aristide launched the first trial of paramilitary death squads and successfully jailed many after aired on Haitian public television trials of FAdH  and FRAPH  members involved in massacres of civilians.Trials were held bringing to justice a handful of wealthy individuals from among Haiti's upper class that had financed paramilitary death squads. These included individuals such as Judy C Roy (who has acknowledged her financing of the FLRN death squads), and others some of whom held close ties with the former dictators Raoul Cedras and Jean-Claude Duvalier. Reforming the country's security services though posed a constant problem for Lavalas, as the U.S. sought to undermine these reform efforts by seeking to re-insert its rightwing allies into the police force. The Lavalas government also faced a lack of resources as U.S. officials under the Bush regime between 2000 and 2004 supported a cut off in aid to the government. Meanwhile, the corrupting influence of the narco-trade continued to be present among the police as it had in earlier periods. WikiLeaks and Aristide

The release of many documents through WikiLeaks has provided a great deal of insight into how the international community (United States, Canada, France and Brazil) has regarded <mask>, his lasting influence, the coup, and his exile. November 2004
Dominican president Leonel Fernandez gave a speech in front of other regional leaders in which he said <mask> commanded "great popular support"


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts:
 within Haiti and called for his inclusion in the country's democratic future.January 2005
USA pressuring South Africa to hold Aristide, or face the loss of potential UN Security Council seat

"Bienvenu later offered to express our shared concerns in Pretoria, perhaps under the pretext that as a country desiring to secure a seat on the UN Security Council, South Africa could not afford to be involved in any way with the destabilization of another country....2 (S) Bienvenu speculated on exactly how Aristide might return, seeing a possible opportunity to hinder him in the logistics of reaching Haiti. If Aristide traveled commercially, Bienvenu reasoned, he would likely need to transit certain countries in order to reach Haiti. Bienvenu suggested a demarche to CARICOM countries by the U.S. and EU to warn them against facilitating any travel or other plans Aristide might have.... Both Bienvenu and Barbier confided that South African mercenaries could be heading towards Haiti, with Bienvenu revealing the GOF had documented evidence that 10 South African citizens had come to Paris and requested Dominican visas between February and the present." A June 2005 cable states:
"the GOB (Government of Brazil) officials made clear continued Brazilian resolve to keep <mask> from returning to the country or exerting political influence. The GOB had been encouraged by recent South African Government commitments to Brazil that the GSA (Government of South Africa) would not allow <mask> to use his exile there to undertake political efforts." Fall of 2008:
On Preval's fear <mask> would return to Haiti via Venezuela

President René Préval made reference to these rumors, telling the ambassador that he did not

masks: Aristide Aristide Aristide


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts:
 want Aristide "anywhere in the hemisphere".Subsequent to that, he remarked that he was concerned that <mask> would accept the Chávez offer but deflected any discussion of whether Préval himself was prepared to raise the matter with Chávez. Criticism

Accusations of human rights abuses

Human Rights Watch accused the Haitian police force under president <mask> and his political supporters of attacks on opposition rallies. They also said that the emergence of armed rebel groups seeking to overthrow <mask> reflected "the failure of the country's democratic institutions and procedures". A detailed study on the armed rebel paramilitaries has found that these groups received vital support from a handful of Haitian elites, Dominican governmental sectors, and foreign intelligence. The undermanned Haitian police faced difficulties in fending off cross-border attacks led by the ex-army paramilitary rebels. Videos surfaced showing a portion of a speech by <mask> on 27 August 1991, which took place just after army and death squad members attempted to assassinate him, where he says "Don't hesitate to give him what he deserves. What a beautiful tool!What a beautiful instrument! What a beautiful piece of equipment! It's beautiful, yes it's beautiful, it's cute, it's pretty, it has a good smell, wherever you go you want to inhale it." Critics allege that he was endorsing the practice of "necklacing" opposition activists, placing a gasoline-soaked tire around a person's neck and setting the tire ablaze; others argue he was actually speaking about people using the constitution to empower themselves and to defend their country against rightist death squads. Earlier in the speech he is quoted as saying

masks: Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts:
 "Your tool in hand, your instrument in hand, your constitution in hand! Don't hesitate to give him what he deserves. Your equipment in hand, your trowel in hand, your pencil in hand, your Constitution in hand, don't hesitate to give him what he deserves."Although there were accusations of human rights abuses, the OAS/UN International Civilian Mission in Haiti, known by the French acronym MICIVIH, found that the human rights situation in Haiti improved dramatically following <mask>'s return to power in 1994. Amnesty International reported that, after <mask>'s departure in 2004, Haiti was "descending into a severe humanitarian and human rights crisis". BBC correspondents say that <mask> is seen as a champion of the poor, and remains popular with many in Haiti. <mask> continues to be among the most important political figures in the country, and is considered by many to be the only really popular, democratically elected leader Haiti has ever had. Yet his second administration was targeted for destabilization and is remembered as a time of great difficulty of many. Accusations of corruption
Some officials have been indicted by a U.S. court. Companies that allegedly made deals with <mask>'s government included IDT, Fusion Telecommunications, and Skytel; critics claim the two first companies had political links.AT&T reportedly declined to wire money to "Mont Salem". <mask>'s supporters say corruption charges against the former president are a deliberate attempt to keep a popular leader from running in elections. Views
In 2000 <mask> published The Eyes of the Heart: Seeking a Path for the Poor in the Age of Globalization, which accused the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund of


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts:
 working on behalf of the world's wealthiest nations rather than in the interest of genuine international development. <mask> called for "a culture of global solidarity" to eliminate poverty as an alternative to the globalization represented by neocolonialism and neoliberalism. Publications

 (With Laura Flynn) Eyes of the Heart: Seeking a Path for the Poor in the Age of Globalization, Common Courage Press, 2000. Dignity, University of Virginia Press, 1996; translated from , Éditions du Seuil, 1994. Névrose vétéro-testamentaire, Editions du CIDIHCA, 1994.Aristide: An Autobiography, Orbis Books, 1993.
 , Éditions du Seuil, 1992.
 , Editions du CIDIHCA, 1992. (With Amy Wilentz) In the Parish of the Poor: Writings from Haiti, Orbis Books, 1990. Notes

External links

Books
Peter Hallward Damming the Flood: Haiti and the Politics of Containment, Verso, 2008. Articles
Why they had to Crush Aristide Peter Hallward, The Guardian, 4 March 2004. The Other Regime Change by Max Blumenthal, Salon magazine, July 2004. "6/7: the massacre of the poor that the world ignored: The US cannot accept that the Haitian president it ousted still has support", Naomi Klein, The Guardian, 18 July 2005. 'The Return': Aristide, Law and Democracy in Haiti, Brian Concannon Jr., JURIST, 26 June 2006.Invisible Violence: Murder in Post-Coup Haiti, Jeb Sprague, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, July/August 2006. Websites
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On my return to Haiti..., Jean-Bertrand <mask>, The Guardian, 4 February 2011. Aristide and the endless revolution, film by filmmaker Nicolas Rossier which investigates the events leading up to the 2004 coup against Aristide. We Will Not Forget: the Achievements of Lavalas in Haiti by Robert


title: Zdeněk P. Bažant

texts:
<mask> (born December 10, 1937) is McCormick School Professor and Walter P. Murphy Professor of Civil Engineering and Materials Science in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Northwestern University's Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science. Education, career and academic positions
Born in Prague on December 10, 1937, <mask> received the degree of Civil Engineer from the Czech Technical University (CTU) in Prague in 1960. While employed as Bridge Designer he earned in 1963 (as an external student) a PhD in engineering mechanics from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences;  in 1966, he earned a postgraduate diploma in theoretical physics from Charles University, Prague. During 1964–67 he was research assistant professor at CTU working on fiber composites, and obtained the degree of Docent habilitatis in Concrete Structures from CTU in 1967. After postdoctoral fellowship at CEBTP Paris (1966–67) and Ford Foundation fellowship at University of Toronto (1967–68), he was during 1968–69 Associate Research Engineer at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1969 he joined Northwestern University as an Associate Professor and became Professor of Civil Engineering in 1973. During 1981–87 he served as the founding Director of Center for Geomaterials.During 1974-1994 he was simultaneously a Staff Consultant at

masks:
Zdeněk Pavel Bažant
Bažant


title: Zdeněk P. Bažant

texts:
 Argonne National Laboratory. Since 1990, he has held the Walter P. Murphy Chair in Civil and Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and since 2002 simultaneously the chair of McCormick Institute Professor. Bažant served as the president of the Society of Engineering Science (1993); was the founding President (1991–93) of the International Association of Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures (IA-FRAMCOS); and the founding President (2001-2002) of the International Association of Concrete Creep and Durability Mechanics (IA-CONCREEP). He served as Division Director in IA-SMiRT  (Struct. Mech. in Reactor Technology), as member of the US Nat. Comm.on Theor. and Applied Mech., and as editor-in-chief of Journal of Engrg. Mechanics of the Am. Soc. of Civil Engers. (ASCE). He has been the US regional editor of Int.J. of Fracture. Research contributions and impact
<mask>, who is "generally regarded as the world leader in research on scaling in the mechanics of solids", is the author of six books dealing with concrete creep, stability of structures, fracture and size effect, inelastic analysis and scaling of structural strength. His size effect law (1984) is incorporated into shear design provisions of ACI Standard 318 (2019). His size effect method for measuring fracture energy and process zone size in concrete became RILEM Standard


title: Zdeněk P. Bažant

texts:
 Medal (1999, Bratislava)
Zdenek Bažant, Sr., Medal (2007, CTU Prague)
Outstanding Contributions Award (2008, IACMAG)
ICOSSAR Lecture Award (2001)
Publication Merit Award (1992, 1998, SEAOI)
Outstanding paper award (2016 and 2018)
Sci. & Techn. Price from Ministry of Water Resources and Electr. Power, China (1984)
A. von Humboldt Award of Senior U.S. Scientist (1990, Germany)
JSPS Fellowship, Tokyo, 1996
Kajima Foundation Fellowship, Tokyo, 1987
NATO Senior Scientist Fellowship, France, 1988
Outstanding New Citizen, Chicago Citizenship Council 1975
National Winner, Mathematical Olympics of Czechoslovakia 1955

In 2015, ASCE established "Zdenek P.  Bazant Medal for Failure and Damage Prevention"
In 2011, Czech Society for Mechanics established " Z.P.Bazant Prize for Engineering Mechanics"

PATENTS: 5, including 1959 Safety Ski Binding, Czechoslovakia (exhibited in New England Ski Museum, Franconia, NH)

Plenary lectures at major conferences:  92(through 2016). Greater than 30 endowed, distinguished or named university lectures

Selected publications

Books

<mask>, <mask> P. (1966). Creep of Concrete in Structural Analysis. ((in Czech), Prague:  State Publishers of Technical Literature (SNTL). <mask>, Z.P., and Cedolin, L. (1991). Stability of Structures: Elastic, Inelastic, Fracture and Damage Theories, Oxford University Press, New York;

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title: Zdeněk P. Bažant

texts:
 2nd. ed.Dover Publications, New York 2003; 3rd ed. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore—New Jersey—London 2010. <mask>, Z.P., and Kaplan, M.F. (1996). Concrete at High Temperatures: Material Properties and Mathematical Models, Longman, 2nd ed. Pearson Education, Edinburgh, 2002). <mask>, Z.P., and <mask>, J.(1998). Fracture and Size Effect in Concrete and Other Quasibrittle Materials. CRC Press, Boca Raton and London
Jirásek, M., Z.P<mask> (2002). Inelastic Analysis of Structures. London and New York:  J. Wiley & Sons. <mask>, Z.P.(2002). Scaling of Structural Strength, Hermes Penton Science (Kogan Page Science), London; 2nd updated ed., Elsevier, London 2005. <mask>, Z.P., and Le, Jia-Liang (2017). Probabilistic Mechanics of Quasibrittle Structures: Strength, Lifetime and Size Effect. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
<mask>, Z.P.,  and Le,  Jia-Liang  (2017). Probabilistic Mechanics of Quasibrittle Structures: Strength, Lifetime, and Size Effect. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. ().<mask>,  Z.P.,  and Jira'sek,  M.  (2018). Creep and Hygrothermal Effects in Concrete Structures. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands; DOI 10.1007/978-94-024-1138- 6; ISBNs 978-9-40-241138-6, 978-9-40-241136-2 (921 + 50pp.) Papers
Z.P<mask> and B.-H. Oh (1983). "Crack band theory for fracture of concrete." Materials and Structures (RILEM)

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title: Zdeněk P. Bažant

texts:
 16: 155-177 (>2600 cit.on Google by 2016; though journal not scanned by ISI prior to 1995). Z.P<mask> (1984). "Size effect in blunt fracture: Concrete, rock, metal". ASCE J. of Engrg. Mechanics 110: 518-535. G<mask>-Cabot and Z.P.<mask>, Z.P. (1987). "Nonlocal damage theory." ASCE J. of Engrg. Mechanics, 113 (10): 1512—1533
Z.P<mask> and G<mask>-Cabot (1988). ''Nonlocal continuum damage, localization instability and convergence."ASME J. of Applied Mechanics, 55, 287—293
Z.<mask> (1988). Mathematical Modeling of Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete (editor, wrote two chapters), J. Wiley, Chichester
Z.P<mask>, T. Belytschko and T.-P. Chang (1984). "Continuum theory for strain softening." ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 110 (1984): 1666-1692
Z.P<mask> (1976). "Instability, ductility, and size effect in strain softening concrete".ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics 102: 331-344. Z.P<mask> and M. Jirásek (2002). "Nonlocal integral formulations of plasticity and damage." ASCE J. of Engrg. Mechanics 128: 1119-1149. Z.P.<mask> and L.F. Estenssoro (1979). "Surface singularity and crack propagation." Int. J. of Solids and Structures 15: 405-426. Z.P<mask> and M.T. Kazemi (1990)."Determination of fracture energy, process zone length and brittleness number from size effect, with application to rock and concrete." Int. J. of Fracture, 44: 111-131.

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title: Zdeněk P. Bažant

texts:
 Recent papers
Z.P<mask>, M. Salviato et al. (2014). "Why fracking works."ASME J. of Applied Mechanics 81 (Oct.), 101010-1-101010-10  (posted on www.iMechanica.com; >2000 downloads within 3 weeks). Z.P<mask> and F.C. Caner (2014). "Impact comminution of solids due to local kinetic energy of high shear strain rate: I. Continuum theory and turbulence analogy." J. of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 64,  223—235. F.C.Caner and Z.P<mask> (2013). "Microplane model M7 for plain concrete: I. formulation." ASCE J. of Engrg. Mechanics 139 (12), Dec., 1714–1723. Z.P.<mask> and J. Vorel (2014). "Energy-conservation error due to use of Green-Naghdi objective stress rate in commercial finite-element codes and its compensation." ASME J. of Applied Mechanics 81 (Feb.), pp. 021008–1 -- 121008-5. J.-L. Le and Z.P<mask> (2014)."Finite weakest-link model of lifetime distribution ofquasibrittle structures under fatigue loading." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 19(1), 56—70. Bazant, Z.P., and Su, Yewang (2015). "Impact comminution of solids due to progressive crack growth driven by kinetic energy of high-rate shear." ASME J. of Applied Mechanics 82 (March), pp. 031007–1--031007-5. Kirane, K., and Bažant, Z.P.(2016). "Size effect in Paris law and fatigue lifetimes for quasibrittle materials: Modified theory, experiments and micro-modeling." Int. J. of

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title: Zdeněk P. Bažant

texts: Fatigue 83, 209–220. Kirane, K., Salviato, M. and Bažant, Z.P. (2016). "Microplane-triad model for elastic and fracturing behavior of woven composites."Journal of Applied Mechanics ASME 83 (April), pp. 041006–1---041006-14 %(doi: 10.1115/1.4032275]). Salviato, M., Chau, Viet T., Li, Weixin, <mask>, Z.P., and Cusatis, G. (2016). "Direct testing of gradual postpeak softening of fracture specimens of fiber composites stabilized by enhanced grip stiffness and mass." J. of Applied Mechanics ASME 83 (Nov.) 111003-1---111003-16; doi:10.1115/1.4034312. <mask>, Z.P., Luo, Wen, Chau, Viet T., and Bessa, M.A. (2016)."Wave dispersion and basic concepts of peridynamics compared to classical nonlocal models." J. of Applied Mechanics ASME 83 (Nov.) 111004-1---111004-16 (doi: 10.1115/1.4034319). Chau, Viet T., Bažant. Z.P., and Su, Yewang (2016). "Growth model for large branched 3D hydraulic crack system in gas or oil shale." Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society A 374 (issue 2078, Oct.), pp. ... (doi: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0418).<mask>, Z.P., and Rahimi-Aghdam, S. (2016). "Diffusion-controlled and creep-mitigated ASR damage via microplane model: I. Mass concrete". J. of Engineering Mechanics ASCE 142 (10); pp. 04016108–1--04016108-10; DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001186. Rahimi-Aghdam, S., Bažant, Z.P., and Qomi, M.J.A. (2017)."Cement hydration from

masks: Bažant Bažant Bažant


title: Zdeněk P. Bažant

texts: hours to centuries controlled by diffusion through barrier shells of C-S-H." J. of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 99, 211-224. Chau, Viet.T., Li, Cunbao, Rahimi-Aghdam, S., and <mask>, Z.P. (2017). "The enigma of large-scale permeability of gas shale: Pre-existing or frac-induced?" J. of Applied Mechanics ASME 84 (June), žpp. 061008–1--11. Luo, Wen, and <mask>, Z.P.(2017). "Fishnet statistics for probabilistic strength and scaling of nacreous imbricated lamellar materials." J. of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 109, 264–287. Sinko, R., <mask>, Z.P., and Keten, S. (2018). "A nanoscale perspective on the effects of transverse microprestress on drying creep of nanoporous solids." Proc. Royal Society A 474: 20170570.Rasoolinejad, M., and Bazžant, Z.P. (2018). "Statistical filtering of useful concrete creep data from imperfect laboratory tests." Materials \& Structures 51: 153,  pp. 1–14. Rahimi-Aghdam, S., Chau, Viet-T., Lee, H., Nguyen, H., Li,  W., Karra, S., Rougier, E., Viswanathan, H., Srinivasan,  G., and Bažant, Z.P. (2019)."Branching of hydraulic cracks enabling permeability of gas or oil shale with closed natural fractures." Proc. of National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 116 (5), 1532–1537 (also arXiv:1212.11023; 2018). Rahimi-Aghdam, S., and Bažant, Z.P. (2019). "Century-long expansion of hydrating cement counteracting shrinkage


title: Zdeněk P. Bažant

texts:
 due to selfdesiccation and external drying of concrete." Materials and Structures 52:11, pp.1–21 (RILEM Special Anniversary Issue). Rahimi-Aghdam, S., Cusatis, G., and Bažant, Z.P. (2019). "Extended microprestress-solidification (XMPS) theory for long-term creep with diffusion size effect in concrete at variable environment." ASCE J. of Engineering Mechanics 145 (2), 04018131-1---14 (also: arXiv submit/2242476; 2018). Nguyen, H.Y., Rahimi-Aghdam, S., <mask>, Z.P. (2019)."Sorption Isotherm Restricted by Multilayer Hindered Adsorption and Its Relation to Nanopore Size Distribution." J. of the Mechanics \& Physics of Solids (preliminary posting as arXiv:1812.11235). Bibliography

 <mask>'s list of publications: http://www.civil.northwestern.edu/people/bazant/PDFs/publicat.pdf
 J. P. Dempsey and G<mask>-Cabot, Guest Editors (1998), Preface in " Special Topics in Structural Mechanics of Geomaterials", "A Volume in Honor of Professor Z. P<mask>", Special Issue of Int. J. of Solids & Structures 35 (31–32), 4019–4350. G<mask>er-Cabot, Z. Bittnár and Bruno Gérard, Editors (1999),  Preface in "Mechanics of Quasi-Brittle Materials and Structures," "A Volume in Honour of Professor Z.P<mask> 's 60th Birthday", Hermes Science Publications, Paris (446 pp.). V. Červenka (2002)."Profesor <mask> becomes member of US National Academy of Sciences" (in Czech).

masks:
Bažant
Bažant
. Pijaudier
. Bažant
. Pijaudi
. Bažant
Bažant


title: Zdeněk P. Bažant

texts:
 Beton (Prague) 2 (5), p. 54. Editorial, "Prof. <mask> Visiting CTU (Czech Technical University) in Prague" (in Czech),  Prazska Technika 2003 (No. 2), 10–11. S. Karlowski (2003), "Dr. Bažant receives the Structural Group Lifetime Achievement Award", ASCE Illinois Section News, Vo. 44 (6), 2003, pp. 1 and 4.C. Kisor (2003), "Tough Shoulders". Pilot (Evanston Northwestern Healthcare) 67 (2), 10–11. V. Křístek (2005), "Prof. Ing. Z.P<mask>, Ph.D., Dr.h.c." (in Czech)  Aula-Review of Academic and Science Policy (Prague) Vol. 13 (No.2), 34–35. G.J. Dvorak, Guest Editor (2006), Preface and Special Issue in Honor of Professor Z.P<mask>, Intern. Jour. of Fracture 137 (1–4), pp. 1–294.C.K.Y. Leung and K. Willam, Guest Editors (2007), Preface and Special Issue dedicated to Z.P<mask>,  Engineering Fracture Mechanics 74 (1–2), pp. 1–280 (20 papers). <mask> Chang and Jenn-Chuan Chern (2007). Preface and Proc., Asian Special Workshop on Concrete Technology in Honor of the 70th Birthday of Prof. Z.P<mask>," National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Nov. 2
 V. Křístek (2007).Prof. Z. P<mask> 70 Year Anniversary (in Czech)." Beton (Prague), Vol. 7, No. 6 (Dec.), pp. 54–55. Sarah Ostman, "Concrete Results" (<mask> 's life and achievements), McCormick Magazine, Fall 2012, Northwestern University, Evanston. F.-J.Ulm, Preface and Tribute to

masks:
Bažant
. Bažant
. Bažant
. Bažant
Ta Peng
. Bažant
. Bažant
Bažant


title: Zdeněk P. Bažant

texts:
 Z.P<mask>, Proc., CONCREEP-9 (9th Intern. Conf. on Creep, Shrinkage and Durability Mechanics of Concrete, held in 2014 at MIT, Cambridge); F.-J. Ulm, Editor, publ, by ASCE, Washington, D.C. from http://ascelibrary.org/doi/book/10.1061/9780784413111

References

1937 births
Living people
Scientists from Prague
Czech scientists
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States
Northwestern University faculty
Charles University alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Czech Technical University in Prague alumni
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Czech civil engineers
American civil engineers
Members of the Austrian Academy of


title: Kate Pierson

texts:
<mask> (born April 27, 1948) is an American singer, lyricist, and one of the singers and founding members of the B-52's. She plays guitar, bass and various keyboard instruments. In the B-52s, she has performed alongside Cindy Wilson, Fred Schneider, Ricky Wilson, and Keith Strickland. In the early years, as well as being a vocalist, <mask> was the main keyboard player and performed on a keyboard bass during live shows and on many of the band's recordings, taking on a role usually filled by a bass guitar player, which differentiated the band from their contemporaries. This, along with <mask>'s distinctive wide-ranging singing voice, remains a trademark of the B-52s’ unique sound. <mask> has also collaborated with many other artists including The Ramones, Iggy Pop and R.E.M. <mask> possesses a soprano vocal range.In February 2015, <mask> released her first solo album, Guitars and Microphones, featuring material co-written by Sia Furler. She later released the non-album single "Better Not Sting the Bee", and on April 15, 2016, she released a cover of "Venus" as a single. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Weehawken, New Jersey, and raised in Rutherford. <mask> briefly attended Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois before transferring to Boston University, where she earned a journalism degree. She then traveled around England for a time before returning to the U.S. and moving to Athens, Georgia, where she lived on a farm and earned a living as a paste-up artist in the type shop of the local newspaper. Music career
<mask> met up with the other

masks:
Catherine Elizabeth Pierson
Pierson
Pierson
Pierson
Pierson
Pierson
Pierson
Pierson
Pierson


title: Kate Pierson

texts:
 members of what would become the B-52s while living in Athens, Georgia. The band formed in October 1976 and played a few parties before heading to New York to play some shows.Eventually, <mask> and the other band members began commuting between Athens and New York, playing gigs. Personal life
From 1981 to 1996, <mask> was in a relationship with artist Tim Rollins. She is the owner of Kate's Lazy Desert in Landers, California, Kate's Lazy Cabin in Woodstock, New York, and Kate's Lazy Meadow in Mount Tremper, New York, a rustic modern lodge in New York's Catskill Mountains. She operates the businesses with her wife Monica Coleman, whom she married on August 3, 2015. In a 2015 interview, <mask> stated that she identifies as bisexual. Collaborations
 The Ramones, in the early 1980s on the song "Chop Suey", with Cindy Wilson and Debbie Harry; the title is available as a bonus track on the Ramones' re-release CD Pleasant Dreams. <mask>, Wilson and Strickland were part of the group Melon, and recorded two songs ("I Will Call You" and "Honeydew") for a Japanese TV show titled Snakeman Show.The soundtrack LP (in 1980) and CD (in 1988) were only released in Japan. Fred Schneider, on his Fred Schneider & the Shake Society solo album from 1984, on songs "Monster", "Summer in Hell", "I'm Gonna Haunt You" and "Boonga (The New Jersey Caveman)". Iggy Pop, on the 1990 Top-30 song "Candy". R.E.M., on the songs "Shiny Happy People", "Near Wild Heaven", "Radio Song", and "Me in Honey" from the 1991 album Out of Time, and "Fretless" from the 1991 soundtrack Until

masks: Pierson Pierson Pierson Pierson


title: Kate Pierson

texts:
 the End of the World. Matthew Sweet, on the 1989 album Earth. With Cindy Wilson on their cover of the McFadden & Whitehead's song "Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now", recorded for the soundtrack The Associate in 1996. The soundtrack for The Rugrats Movie, released in 1998 contains the track "The World Is Something New To Me" and features <mask>, Schneider and Wilson along with other artists."We Are Family", a single released to raise money for the victims of the September 11 attacks, features <mask> and Schneider in the chorus and on the DVD documentation. <mask> sang with Jay Ungar and Molly Mason on their 2003 album Relax Your Mind, on the track "Bad Attitude". Junior Senior, on the song "Take My Time" from the 2005 album Hey Hey My My Yo Yo (with Cindy Wilson). Peter Jöback, duet on the song "Sing" from the 2009 album East Side Stories. David Byrne and Fatboy Slim, on the song "The Whole Man" from the 2010 album Here Lies Love. She was also a member of the Japanese group NiNa with Yuki Isoya and co-wrote and performed a complete album, with the hit singles "Happy Tomorrow" and "Aurora Tour". The album and singles were only released in Japan.Two songs were used as the ending theme song to the anime Arc the Lad. She appeared in Blondie's music video for "Mother". The soundtrack album Phineas and Ferb: Rockin' and Rollin''' released in September 2013 features <mask> singing: "Let's Spend Half A Day". The album is only available as a download. One song on Downes Braide Association's 2017 album Skyscraper Souls. Albums

2015: Guitars and MicrophonesFilm


title: Kate Pierson

texts:
 and television
 The Rugrats Movie (1998, voice only)
 The Flintstones (1994, as "The BC-52's")
 A Matter of Degrees (1990)
 Athens, GA: Inside/Out (1987)
 One Trick Pony (1980)
 <mask> portrayed a club owner in the Flight of the Conchords episode "What Goes on Tour". The Adventures of Pete and Pete (1993, "What We Did on Our Summer Vacation")
 <mask> is credited alongside Fred Schneider in the Nickelodeon cartoon Rocko's Modern Life for the theme song vocals.<mask>, with the B-52's, appeared in an episode of the CBS soap opera Guiding Light in 1982. <mask>, with the B-52's, performed a parody of the song "Love Shack" titled "Glove Slap" in an episode of The Simpsons (1999, "E-I-E-I-(Annoyed Grunt)"). Phineas and Ferb'' (2012): performed the song "Spend Half a Day" in the episode "Perry the Actorpus". References

External links

1948 births
Living people
People from Rutherford, New Jersey
People from Weehawken, New Jersey
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
Songwriters from New Jersey
American organists
American rock keyboardists
American women guitarists
American sopranos
American women rock singers
American new wave musicians
Women new wave singers
Bisexual women
Bisexual musicians
LGBT people from New Jersey
LGBT singers from the United States
Singers from New Jersey
The B-52's members
Guitarists from New Jersey
Women organists
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American women singers
21st-century organists
21st-century American keyboardists
20th-century American women


title: Robert Cardenas

texts:
<mask><mask> (born March 10, 1920) is a retired brigadier general of the United States Air Force. Early life
He was born in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. When he was five, his family moved to San Diego, California. He excelled in mathematics and physics in high school. When <mask> was a teenager, building models and learning about gliders at the Torrey Pines Gliderport first sparked his interest in airplanes. Due to his excellent grades, San Diego State University invited him to enroll. Military service

Pre-World War II
In 1939, while attending San Diego State, he decided to enlist as a private in the California National Guard.In 1940, <mask> became an aviation cadet. He graduated, received his pilot wings and was commission a second lieutenant in the Army Air Corps in July 1941. In 1942, Lt. <mask> was sent to Twentynine Palms, California, to help establish the Army Air Corps Glider School. He was assigned to Wright Field, Ohio and became a flight test officer. Cardenas rose quickly in position, was promoted to operations officer and finally director of the Flight Test Unit, Experimental Engineering Laboratory at Wright Field. World War II
In 1944, he was assigned to the 506th Bombardment Squadron, 44th Bomb Group, also known the Flying Eightballs, based at Shipdham in Norfolk, England. He flew his first mission on the B-24 Liberator "Southern Comfort" on January 24.On March 18, Captain <mask> was flying as Command Pilot for the 44th Bomb Group on his 20th mission. His airplane, the B-24 "Sack Artists" (serial number 42-100073), was shot down by enemy anti-aircraft fire. His attack run was supposed to target the Manzell Air Armaments factory in Friedrichshafen, Germany. However, the right wing was severely damaged by a shell and two engines were set on fire. According to his report relayed to

masks:
Robert L
. Cardenas
Cardenas
Cardenas
Cardenas
Cardenas


title: Robert Cardenas

texts:
 the War Department, his number 2 engine was "hit by flak [and] on fire," causing the loss of 3,000 ft. altitude. Despite this damage he "Rejoined formation for [a] second [bomb] run." After this pass his "[numbers] 2 and 4 [engines were] on fire," and "[number] 3 [was] vibrating badly" in addition to "gas leaks," damage to bomb bays, wings, and electrical systems, and "hydraulics inoperative."Several members of the crew were also wounded, including <mask>, who received a head injury when a piece of flak pierced his helmet. Since the plane was severely damaged and losing stability, 1st Lieutenant Raymond J. Lacombe decided to pilot the plane to Switzerland. <mask>' crew all parachuted safely. The bomber then exploded at a low altitude and sheared off the top of several trees. Capt. <mask> landed on the German side of Lake Constance. He swam across the lake to the Swiss side in order to evade capture.He was first interned at a camp for American officers at Adelboden, and was later assigned to teach Swiss officers how to fly interned American bombers at Dübendorf Airfield near Zurich. On 27 September 1944, <mask> escaped into France with the help of Swiss civilians and the French resistance. He was flown to England and then sent back to the United States to recover from his head injury. In November 1944, he attended Central Instructors School for B-24 at Smyrna, Tennessee. After graduation, he became a test pilot and was then assigned to Wright Field, Ohio. While at Wright Field, he attended Experimental Flight Test School and later became assistant chief of Bomber Section, and chief of Bomber Operations Section, Flight Test Division. Post-war to retirement
In 1945, he started piloting experimental aircraft.He piloted a captured German jet fighter, the Messerschmitt Me 262, and the Arado Ar 234

masks: Cardenas Cardenas Cardenas Cardenas


title: Robert Cardenas

texts: jet bomber. <mask> also piloted the XB-42 Mixmaster and XB-43 Jetmaster. He was assigned chief test pilot for bomber aircraft and flew all prototypes of that class for the next four years. In 1947, he became the Officer in Charge of Operations and was the command pilot for the B-29 Superfortress that launched Captain Chuck Yeager in the Bell X-1 supersonic experimental aircraft. Then in 1948, Major <mask> was the Officer in Charge of Flight Test Division at Muroc Air Force Base and was Chief Air Force Test Pilot of the Northrop YB-49 flying wing. <mask> later claimed that the YB-49 rotated backwards in stall, and that he warned Glen Edwards about it, who later died in a YB-49 crash. Jack Northrop claimed such a rotation was impossible.After a transcontinental flight in the YB-49, President Truman ordered Cardenas to do a flyby of Pennsylvania Avenue at rooftop level. During the Korean War, he was assigned to Wright Field and Edwards Air Force Base testing new fighters and bombers. Additionally, he was assigned to Okinawa and then to The Pentagon. During the Vietnam War, Cardenas flew F-105 Thunderchief combat missions and was then assigned to McConnell AFB as a trainer for the F-105. In 1968, Colonel <mask> was promoted to brigadier general and assigned to command of the Air Force Special Operations Force at Eglin Air Force Base. Following his assignment to Eglin AFB, he became vice commander of the 16th Air Force in Spain. There he negotiated with Muammar al-Gaddafi the withdrawal of US forces from Wheelus Air Base in Libya.After his assignment in Spain, General <mask> was assigned to Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) in Belgium. At SHAPE, he was the U.S. Deputy to LIVE OAK, a code name for joint military planning operation of the United States, Great Britain and France in

masks: Cardenas Cardenas Cardenas Cardenas Cardenas


title: Robert Cardenas

texts:
 response to the Soviet blockade and interference of Western access to Berlin. His final duty assignment was chief of national strategic Target List Division, Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff, at Offutt AFB, Nebraska. He retired from the Air Force as a brigadier general in 1973. Post-military career
<mask> has worked as an executive in the private sector. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan appointed him California coordinator for Southwest Border Economic Action Group. In 1985, he was appointed to chairman of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Advisory Group by California Governor George Deukmejian.He also served on the California Council of Criminal Justice. In 1987, Governor Deukmejian appointed General <mask> to the California Veterans Board; he eventually became the chairman. In 1993, General <mask> resigned from the California Veterans Board to serve as the chairman of the San Diego United Veterans Council and a director on the Board of Veterans Memorial Center & Museum, in San Diego. In 2012, <mask> was honored at the Air Command and Staff College's Gathering of Eagles at Maxwell Air Base, Montgomery, Alabama. This program encourages the study of airpower history by emphasizing the contributions of air and space pioneers. He is currently a member of the Veteran Administration's Memorials and Cemetery Committee. He was appointed to the committee by former VA Secretary Anthony Principi.He is also a trustee of the Flight Test Historical Foundation at Edwards AFB. He currently lives with his wife, Gladys, and family in San Diego, California. He turned 100 in March 2020. Military awards and decorations
United States (in order of precedence):

  Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
  Legion of Merit with Oak Leaf Cluster
  Distinguished Flying Cross
  Purple


title: Robert Cardenas

texts:
 Heart
  Meritorious Service Medal
  Air Medal with four Oak Leaf Clusters
  Joint Service Commendation Medal
  Air Force Commendation Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster,
  Presidential Citation,
  Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with two Oak Leaf Clusters

Spain:
Grand Legion of Aeronautical Merit with Sash & Dagger. Civilian honors
In 1993, the University of New Mexico's Department of Engineering honored him for his professional contribution and leadership. In 1995, he was inducted into the Aerospace Walk of Fame in Lancaster, California, and the Sigma Chi fraternity awarded him the "Significant Sig" medal. In 2004, he was honored as a Distinguished Alumnus of the United States Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards AFB.In 2008, Cardenas was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum. In 2014, the National Aviation Hall of Fame announced that Cardenas will be inducted into the "Class of 2015" along with aviation pioneers <mask>. Hartzell, Gene Kranz, and Abe Silverstein. See also

Hispanics in the United States Air Force
Hispanic Americans in World War II

References

External links

 Personal Biography
 Detailed unofficial website by Derek Horne (friend of General Cardenas)

1920 births
Living people
United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War
American centenarians
American test pilots
Men centenarians
Mexican emigrants to the United States
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Air Force generals
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
United States Army Air Forces officers
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
California


title: Pepi II Neferkare

texts:
{{Infobox pharaoh
| Name=Pepi II Neferkare
| Image=AnkhnesmeryreII-and-Son-PepiII-SideView_BrooklynMuseum.png
| Caption=Alabaster statue of Ankhesenmeryre II and her son Pepi II. His second name, Neferkare (Nefer-ka-Re), means "Beautiful is the Ka of Re". He succeeded to the throne at age six, after the death of Merenre I. He was traditionally thought to be the son of Pepi I and Queen Ankhesenpepi II, but the South Saqqara Stone annals record that Merenre had a minimum reign of 11 years. Several 6th Dynasty royal seals and stone blocks – the latter of which were found within the funerary temple of Queen Ankhesenpepi II, the known mother of Pepi II – were discovered in the 1999–2000 excavation season at Saqqara, which demonstrate that she also married Merenre after Pepi I's death and became this king's chief wife. Inscriptions on these stone blocks give Ankhesenpepi II the royal titles of: "King's Wife of the Pyramid of Pepy I, King's Wife of the Pyramid of Merenre, King's Mother of the Pyramid of Pepy II". Therefore, today, many Egyptologists believe that Pepi II was likely Merenre's own son.<mask> II would, therefore, be <mask> I's grandson while Merenre was, most likely, <mask> II's father since he is known to have married Pepi II's known mother, Queen Ankhesenpepi II. <mask> II's reign marked a sharp decline of the Old Kingdom. As the power of the nomarchs grew, the power of the pharaoh

masks: Pepi Pepi Pepi Pepi


title: Pepi II Neferkare

texts:
 and has been called the first travelogue. Family

Over his long life <mask> II had several wives, including:
 Neith – She was the mother of Pepi's successor Merenre Nemtyemsaf II.She may be a daughter of Ankhesenpepi I and hence also Pepi II's cousin and half-sister. Iput II – A half-sister of Pepi II. Ankhesenpepi III She was the daughter of Merenre Nemtyemsaf I and hence a granddaughter of Pepi I.
 Ankhesenpepi IV – The mother of King Neferkare according to texts in her tomb. It is not known which Neferkare as there are several kings with that name during the First Intermediate Period. His name may be Neferkare Nebi. Udjebten She was also a daughter of Pepi I.
Meritites IV - Originally thought to be a wife of Pepi I, she's now known to have been one of Pepi II's consorts, and a daughter of Pepi I. Of these queens, Neith, Iput, and Udjebten each had their own minor pyramids and mortuary temples as part of the king's own pyramid complex in Saqqara.Queen Ankhesenpepi III and Meritites IV were buried in pyramids near the pyramid of Pepi I Meryre, and Ankhesenpepi IV was buried in a chapel in the complex of Queen Udjebten. Two more sons of Pepi II are known: Nebkauhor-Idu and Ptashepses (D). Foreign policy
<mask> II seems to have carried on foreign policy in ways similar to that of his predecessors. Copper and turquoise were mined at Wadi Maghareh in the Sinai, and alabaster was quarried from

masks: Pepi Pepi


title: Pepi II Neferkare

texts:
 Hatnub. He is mentioned in inscriptions found in the Phoenician city of Byblos. In the south the trade relations consist of caravans trading with the Nubians. Harkhuf was a governor of Upper Egypt who led several expeditions under Merenre and Pepi II.His last expedition was a trip to a place called Iam. Harkhuf brought back with him what his correspondence with the young pharaoh referred to as a dwarf, apparently pygmy. Egypt received goods such as incense, ebony, animal skins, and ivory from Nubia. The Western desert was known to have extensive caravan routes. Some of these routes allowed for trade with the Kharga Oasis, the Selima Oasis, and the Dakhla Oasis. King <mask> and General Sasenet
Only a small number of pharaohs were immortalized in ancient fiction, <mask> II may be among them. In the tale of "King Neferkare and General Sasenet", three fragments of a papyrus dating from the late New Kingdom (although the story may have been composed earlier), report clandestine nocturnal meetings with a military commander – a General Sasenet or Sisene.Some have suggested this reflects a homosexual relationship although it is disputed that the text relates to Pepi II at all. Some, like R. S. Bianchi, think that it is a work of archaizing literature and dates to the 25th Dynasty referring to Shabaka <mask>, a Kushite pharaoh. Decline of the Old Kingdom

The decline of the Old Kingdom arguably began

masks: Neferkare Pepi Neferkare


title: Pepi II Neferkare

texts:
 before the time of <mask> II, with nomarchs (regional representatives of the king) becoming more and more powerful and exerting greater influence. <mask> I, for example, married two sisters who were the daughters of a nomarch and later made their brother a vizier. Their influence was extensive, both sisters bearing sons who were chosen as part of the royal succession: Merenre Nemtyemsaf I and Pepi II. Increasing wealth and power appears to have been handed over to high officials during <mask> II's reign. Large and expensive tombs appear at many of the major nomes of Egypt, built for the reigning nomarchs, the priestly class and other administrators.Nomarchs were traditionally free from taxation and their positions became hereditary. Their increasing wealth and independence led to a corresponding shift in power away from the central royal court to the regional nomarchs. Later in his reign it is known that Pepi divided the role of vizier so that there were two viziers: one for Upper Egypt and one for Lower, a further decentralization of power away from the royal capital of Memphis. Further, the seat of vizier of Lower Egypt was moved several times. The southern vizier was based at Thebes. Reign length
<mask> II is often mentioned as the longest reigning monarch in history, due to a 3rd-century BC account of Ancient Egypt by Manetho, which accords the king a reign of 94 years; this has,


title: Pepi II Neferkare

texts: however, been disputed by some Egyptologists due to the absence of attested dates known for Pepi II after his 31st count (Year 62 if biennial) such as Hans Goedicke (1926-2015) and Michel Baud note. Ancient sources upon which Manetho's estimate is based are long lost, and could have resulted from a misreading on Manetho's behalf (see von Beckerath).The Turin canon attributes 90+ [X] years of reign to <mask> II, but this document dates to the time of Ramesses II, 1,000 years after <mask> II's death, and its accuracy for the reign length of the Old Kingdom king, <mask> II, is uncertain. At the present time, the latest written source contemporary with <mask> II dates from the "Year after the 31st Count, 1st Month of Shemu, day 20" from Hatnub graffito No.7 (Spalinger, 1994), which implies, assuming a biennial cattle count system, that this king had a reign of at least 62 complete or partial years. Therefore, some Egyptologists suggest instead that Pepi II reigned no more than 64 years.Michel Baud, "The Relative Chronology of Dynasties 6 and 8" in Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Leiden, 2006) pp.152–57 This is based on the complete absence of higher attested dates for Pepi beyond his Year after the 31st Count (Year 62 on a biannual cattle count). A previous suggestion by Hans Goedicke that the Year of the 33rd Count appears for Pepi II in a royal decree for the mortuary cult of Queen Udjebten was


title: Pepi II Neferkare

texts: withdrawn by Goedicke himself in 1988 in favour of a reading of "the Year of the 24th Count" instead. Goedicke writes that Pepi II is attested by numerous year dates until the Year of his 31st count which strongly implies that this king died shortly after a reign of about 64 years. Other scholars note that the lack of contemporary sources dated after his 62nd year on the throne does not preclude a much longer reign, in particular since the end of <mask> II's reign was marked by a sharp decline in the fortunes of the Old Kingdom pharaohs who succeeded him. The Egyptologist David Henige states while there have been examples of kinglists where rulers were ascribed reigns as long as that assigned to Pepi II, "often exceeding 100 years, but these are invariably rejected as mythical", the problems inherent in dating Pepi II's reign are many since:...a hyperextended duration [for Pepi II's reign] is not really necessary to bring Old Kingdom chronology into some equilibrium with other chronologies.For Mesopotamia from at least this early until virtually the Persian conquest, numerous localized synchronisms play vital roles in absolute dating, but seldom affect the duration of individual dynasties. Not only is Old Kingdom Egypt well outside any "synchronism zone" but, as it happens, since Pepy [II] was the last substantive ruler of Egypt before a period of political and chronological chaos...there


title: Pepi II Neferkare

texts: to the pyramid. The purpose of this band is not known. It has been suggested that the builders wanted the structure to resemble the hieroglyph for pyramid, or that possibly the builders wanted to fortify the base of the structure due to an earthquake. The burial chamber had a gabled ceiling covered by painted stars. Two of the walls consisted of large granite slabs.The sarcophagus was made of black granite and inscribed with the king's name and titles. A canopic chest was sunk in the floor. To the northwest of the pyramid of <mask> II, the pyramids of his consorts Neith and Iput were built. The pyramid of Udjebten is located to the south of Pepi's pyramid. The Queen's pyramids each had their own chapel, temple and a satellite pyramid. Neith's pyramid was the largest and may have been the first to be built. The pyramids of the Queens contained Pyramid Texts.The mortuary temple adjacent to the pyramid was decorated with scenes showing the king spearing a hippopotamus and thus triumphing over chaos. Other scenes include the sed festival, a festival of the god Min and scenes showing Pepi executing a Libyan chieftain, who is accompanied by his wife and son. The scene with the Libyan chief is a copy from Sahure's temple. A courtyard was surrounded by 18 pillars which were decorated with scenes of the king in the presence of gods. Despite the longevity of <mask> II, his pyramid was no larger than


title: Pepi II Neferkare

texts:
 those of his predecessors at 150 cubits () per side at the base and 100 cubits () high and followed what had become the 'standard format'. The pyramid was made from small, local stones and infill, covered with a veneer of limestone. The limestone was removed and the core has slumped.The causeway was approximately  long and the valley temple was on the shores of a lake, long since gone. The site is located at . Excavation
The complex was first investigated by John Shae Perring, but it was Gaston Maspero who first entered the pyramid in 1881. Gustave Jéquier was the first to investigate the complex in detail between 1926 and 1936.Shaw, Ian. and Nicholson, Paul. The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. p. 220.The British Museum Press, 1995. Jéquier was the first excavator to start actually finding any remains from the tomb reliefs, and he was the first to publish a thorough excavation report on the complex. Portraiture
A statue which is now in the Brooklyn Museum depicts Queen Ankhenesmerire II with her son <mask> II on her lap. <mask> II wears the royal nemes headdress and a kilt. He is shown at a much smaller scale than his mother. This difference in size is atypical because the king is usually shown larger than others. The difference in size may refer to the time period when his mother served as a regent.Alternatively the statue may depict Ankhenesmerire II as the divine mother. Another statue of


title: Pepi II Neferkare

texts:
 <mask> II is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (JE 50616). The king is shown as a naked child. The depiction of the king at such a young age may refer to the age he came to the throne. Successors
There are few official contemporary records or inscriptions of Pepi's immediate successors. According to Manetho and the Turin King List, he was succeeded by his son Merenre Nemtyemsaf II, who reigned for just over a year. It is then believed that he was in turn succeeded by the obscure pharaoh Neitiqerty Siptah, though according to popular tradition (as recorded by Manetho two millennia later) he was succeeded by Queen Nitocris, who would be the first female ruler of Egypt.There is considerable doubt that she ever existed, given the absence of contemporary physical evidence in such things as the various Kings Lists attesting to her rule. This was the end of the Old Kingdom of Egypt, a prelude to the roughly 200-year span of Egyptian history known as the First Intermediate Period. See also

List of Pharaohs
List of Egyptian pyramids
List of megalithic sites
List of Horrible Histories episodes, season 1, episode 2

Notes

References

Bibliography
Dodson, Aidan. Hilton, Dyan. 2004. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson
Dodson, Aidan. "An Eternal Harem: Tombs of the Royal Families of Ancient Egypt.Part One: In the Beginning". KMT. Summer 2004. Shaw, Ian. Nicholson, Paul. 1995.


title: Taylor Hall

texts:
<mask> (born November 14, 1991) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was the first overall pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft selected by the Edmonton Oilers. He has previously played for the Oilers, New Jersey Devils, Arizona Coyotes and Buffalo Sabres. <mask> had a highly successful junior career, helping the Ontario Hockey League (OHL)'s Windsor Spitfires to two consecutive Memorial Cup championships in 2009 and 2010. He won the Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy as the most valuable player of the Memorial Cup tournament both years. <mask> has been named to the NHL All-Star Game on five occasions. In his second season with the Devils, <mask> won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player, becoming the first Devils player in franchise history to win the award.Early life
<mask> was born in Calgary, the only child of <mask> and Kim Strba. His father was a former Canadian Football League (CFL) player for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Toronto Argonauts and Ottawa Rough Riders in the mid-1980s, after which he was a member of the Canadian national bobsleigh team. His mother introduced him to organized hockey at age five while his father maintained a backyard rink every winter which <mask> and his friends practiced on relentlessly. His family moved to Kingston, Ontario, in 2005, where he attended high school at Frontenac Secondary School and St. Anne Catholic High School. Playing career

<mask> started playing minor hockey in Calgary, Alberta. When he was 13, his family moved to Kingston, Ontario, where he continued to play. <mask> captured a Bantam AAA Calgary city championship with the North East Canucks during the 2004–05 season.For the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons, <mask> played Bantam and Minor Midget hockey for the Greater Kingston Predators of the ODMHA league. He was named to the ODMHA Midget AAA All-Star team. After the season, <mask> was the second overall choice in the 2007 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority

masks:
Taylor Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Steve Hall
Hall
Minor Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall


title: Taylor Hall

texts: Selection by the Windsor Spitfires. Ryan O'Reilly was selected first overall by the Erie Otters. <mask> made his OHL debut in 2007–08, scoring a team-high 45 goals and adding 39 assists for 84 points, which was third in team scoring. In March, he was named OHL Player of the Week twice (March 3 and March 10). He was named OHL and CHL Rookie of the Year after the season.During the 2008–09 season, <mask> was selected to represent the OHL in the ADT Canada-Russia Challenge. He scored 38 goals and added 52 assists to finish with 90 points. Windsor had a successful season on the ice, capturing the OHL Championship as well as the Memorial Cup. During the OHL playoffs, <mask> scored 16 goals and added 20 assists while being awarded the Wayne Gretzky 99 Award as Playoff MVP. He scored the game-winning overtime goal in the fifth and deciding game of the OHL Finals against the Brampton Battalion to clinch the title. At the 2009 Memorial Cup, <mask> recorded eight points in six games as the Spitfires defeated the Kelowna Rockets 4–1 in the final. After the tournament, <mask> was awarded the Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy as the tournament's most valuable player and was named to the tournament all-star team alongside teammate Ryan Ellis.Though the odds of him playing in Russia were remote, <mask> was drafted 89th overall by the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL)'s Ak Bars Kazan on June 1, 2009. He was one of three Canadian junior players (all from the OHL) taken in the 2009 KHL Draft, which begins selecting players one year younger than the NHL does. <mask> was an early favourite to be the top pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft since entering the junior ranks. He was praised early in his junior career on Hockey Night in Canada by commentator Don Cherry during his "Coach's Corner" segment. <mask> was also featured in a July 2008 issue of Sports Illustrated, profiling young athletes poised to star in their sports. <mask> finished the 2009–10 season tied for first place in the OHL with Tyler Seguin with 106 points (40

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title: Taylor Hall

texts:
 goals and 66 assists) to win the Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy alongside Seguin. <mask> was instrumental in the Spitfires' 2010 J. Ross Robertson Cup championship, recording a playoff-leading 35 points in 19 playoff games.His teammate, Adam Henrique, won the Wayne Gretzky 99 Award, scoring 20 goals. In May 2010, <mask> helped lead the Spitfires to their second-straight Memorial Cup. With the victory, <mask> was awarded his second-straight Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy as tournament MVP (the first player in its history to repeat as a winner), the Ed Chynoweth Trophy as Memorial Cup scoring leader and a spot on the tournament all-star team for the second-straight year. <mask> was ranked as the top North American-based prospect by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau (CSB) in its 2009–10 midterm rankings. In the CSB's final rankings, he was overtaken by Tyler Seguin as the top-ranked North American-based prospect. <mask> has cited Toronto Maple Leafs forward and 2009 NHL Entry Draft first overall pick John Tavares as a role model, both on and off the ice. Professional

Edmonton Oilers (2010–2016)
Shortly after being selected first overall by the Edmonton Oilers in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft, <mask> signed his first professional contract.The contract paid <mask> the entry level maximum of $900,000 with the potential of an additional $2.85 million in performance bonuses. This was the second-most lucrative rookie contract in Oilers history. <mask> was given permission to wear the jersey number 4, which had belonged to former Oilers' player Kevin Lowe, who was then serving as the Oilers' president of hockey operations and who had been the only Oiler to wear the number 4 in its NHL history, despite the fact that Lowe's number 4 was not retired by the Oilers. <mask> made his NHL debut on October 7, 2010, as the Oilers defeated their Battle of Alberta rivals, the Calgary Flames, at Rexall Place. <mask>'s first NHL point, an assist, came in his second game, against the Florida Panthers on October 10; Shawn Horcoff

masks: Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall


title: Taylor Hall

texts: redirected <mask>'s shot in front of the net. <mask>'s first NHL goal came on October 28 against Steve Mason of the Columbus Blue Jackets; <mask>'s former head coach with the Windsor Spitfires, Bob Boughner, was an assistant coach with Columbus at the time. <mask> was named to the 2011 NHL All-Star Game as a rookie; a newly-introduced format for the 2011 All-Star Game selected 12 rookies specifically to participate in the NHL All-Star Game SuperSkills Competition.<mask> came in second place to Michael Grabner in the fastest skater SuperSkills Competition. <mask> scored his first career NHL hat-trick (and natural hat-trick) against the Atlanta Thrashers on February 19, 2011: with the Oilers behind by two goals, <mask> scored three consecutive power play goals in a span of 12:53 as the Oilers eventually won the game 5–3. On March 3, 2011, in a 4–2 win against the Columbus Blue Jackets, <mask> recorded his first career Gordie Howe hat-trick: <mask> scored a goal against Steve Mason, assisted a goal scored by Jordan Eberle and fought Derek Dorsett. However, the fight with Dorsett ended <mask>'s rookie season early as he suffered a high ankle sprain at the end of the fight. <mask> finished his rookie season scoring 22 goals and 20 assists in 65 games. On January 17, 2012, <mask> was cut by teammate Corey Potter's skate before a game against the Columbus Blue Jackets during warmup, resulting in a deep cut to his face that required 30 stitches to close. It was announced that <mask> would need major shoulder surgery and would need five-to-six months to recover, ending his successful sophomore year.Despite missing 21 games, <mask> was still tied for fifth for power play goals. On August 21, 2012, <mask> signed a new seven-year, $42 million contract with the Oilers worth an annual average value of $6 million. On January 26, 2013, <mask> recorded his 100th career point with two assists in a 4–3 loss against the Calgary Flames. On February 22, 2013, he was given a two-game suspension by the NHL after a

masks: Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall


title: Taylor Hall

texts:
 collision with Minnesota Wilds forward Cal Clutterbuck. On March 30, 2013, in a game against the Vancouver Canucks, <mask> set a new franchise record by scoring a hat-trick just 7:53 into the game. <mask> finished the lockout-shortened 2012–13 season ninth in NHL regular season scoring, also recording a career-high of 34 assists, sufficient for eighth in the NHL. On October 17, 2013, <mask> broke Wayne Gretzky's previous record of two goals in nine seconds by scoring two in eight.Gretzky congratulated him shortly after. On December 5, 2013, in a 9–2 win over the Chicago Blackhawks, <mask> recorded his second career NHL hat-trick, having previously gone nine games without a goal. In 2016, <mask> was named to his first NHL All-Star Game as a member of the Pacific Division team. New Jersey Devils (2016–2019)

On June 29, 2016, <mask> was traded to the New Jersey Devils in exchange for Adam Larsson. <mask> chose to wear number 9 with the Devils as his usual number 4 had been retired by the team in honor of Scott Stevens. <mask> scored his first goal as a Devil on October 18, 2016, against the Anaheim Ducks. He later scored another goal in the same period to secure a 2–1 win.On November 16, <mask> underwent surgery for a torn meniscus in his left knee. He was expected to miss three-to-four weeks, but skated on his own a week after surgery and with the team at practice on November 28. <mask> was named to the Metropolitan Division team as the lone representative of the Devils at the 2017 NHL All-Star Game. <mask> was again named to the NHL All-Star Game in the 2017–18 season. However, due to a hand injury, he was replaced by teammate Brian Boyle. On February 15, 2018, in a win over the Carolina Hurricanes, <mask> set a Devils franchise record with a 16-game point streak. His point streak came to an end at 26 games on March 8 in a 3–2 loss to the Winnipeg Jets; <mask> recorded two shots on goal in the game.His 26-game point streak was the longest in the NHL since Patrick Kane's 26-point streak in the

masks: Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall


title: Taylor Hall

texts:
 2015–16 season. <mask> finished the regular season as the Devils' top scorer with a career-high 93 points (39 goals and 54 assists) as he led the Devils to their first Stanley Cup playoff appearance since 2012. It was also the first time <mask> ever played in the playoffs. <mask> again led the Devils in the playoffs as their top scorer with six points (two goals and four assists) as the team was eliminated in the first round by the Tampa Bay Lightning, four games to one. On April 26, <mask> was nominated for the Ted Lindsay Award as the NHL's most outstanding player. The following day, on April 27, <mask> was also declared a finalist for the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player. <mask> won the latter, becoming the first player in Devils history to win the trophy.<mask> was named an alternate captain for the Devils prior to the 2018–19 season. On December 13, 2018, he suffered an injury during practice which forced him to miss two games. After returning to the lineup, <mask> recorded his 200th NHL goal in a 2–1 loss to the Columbus Blue Jackets on December 20. However, he re-aggravated the injury on December 23 and was placed on injured reserve by the Devils on January 1, 2019. At the time, he had recorded 37 points in 33 games. Despite these injuries, <mask> was selected for his fourth consecutive All-Star Game, but was later replaced by teammate Kyle Palmieri as he had not yet recovered. In February, <mask> underwent arthroscopic knee surgery and entered rehabilitation.After not playing for the rest of the 2018–19 season, <mask> suited up the Devils pre-season games. In his first game back since December, <mask> recorded a goal and an assist in a 4–2 win over the New York Rangers during the pre-season. Arizona Coyotes (2019–2020)
In the final year of his contract and with the Devils standing outside the playoff picture, speculation arose that <mask> was likely to be traded. On December 13, 2019, it was announced that <mask> would be scratched for that day's game against the

masks: Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall


title: Taylor Hall

texts:
 Colorado Avalanche for "precautionary reasons". <mask> would again be scratched the following night against the Coyotes. On December 16, 2019, the Devils traded <mask> and Blake Speers to the Arizona Coyotes in exchange for Nick Merkley, Kevin Bahl, Nate Schnarr, a conditional first-round pick in 2020, and a conditional third-round pick in 2021. On October 7, 2020, Coyotes general manager Bill Armstrong announced that the Coyotes would not be re-signing <mask>, marking the first time in <mask>'s career that he would be an unrestricted free agent.Buffalo Sabres (2020–2021)
On October 11, 2020, <mask> agreed to join the Buffalo Sabres, signing a one-year, $8-million contract. In the pandemic delayed 2020–21 season, <mask> struggled to show his offensive acumen, collecting just 2 goals and 19 points through 37 regular season games for the Sabres. Boston Bruins (2021–present)
With the Sabres out of playoff contention and on the eve of the trade deadline, <mask>, with his salary retained by 50%, was traded by the Sabres along with Curtis Lazar to the Boston Bruins in exchange for Anders Bjork and  a 2021 second-round draft pick on April 11, 2021. <mask> scored his first goal with the Bruins on April 15, 2021. <mask> chose to wear number 71 with the Bruins as his usual number 4 had been retired by the team in honor of Bobby Orr. <mask>'s presence as the new left-wing forward on David Krejci's line provided an immediate boost to the Bruins' offense as the season wound down, with a total of 8 goals and 6 assists over the concluding 16 games of the 2020–21 season that he played in for the Bruins. On May 17, 2021, <mask> recorded the tying goal against the Capitals to send the Bruins to overtime in Game 2 of the first round of the Stanley Cup Playoffs.On July 23, 2021, <mask> opted to forgo free agency by agreeing to a four-year, $24 million contract extension with the Bruins. International play

<mask> represented Canada at the 2008 IIHF World U18 Championships in Kazan, Russia, as one of five 16-year-olds.

masks:
Hall
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Taylor Hall
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title: Taylor Hall

texts:
 He was fifth in tournament scoring, with nine points in seven games, helping Canada to a gold medal. He returned to Canada's under-18 team to earn a second gold medal at the 2008 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament in Slovakia as an alternate captain to captain Matt Duchene. <mask> made Canada's national junior team roster for the 2010 World Junior Championships in Saskatchewan. He was the lone 2010 NHL Entry Draft-eligible player selected to the final roster. <mask> scored a hat-trick against Slovakia in a game Canada won 8–2.<mask> finished the tournament tied for third overall in scoring with teammate Alex Pietrangelo and the United States' Jerry D'Amigo; <mask> finished with six goals and six assists in six games. <mask> was invited to Hockey Canada's summer evaluation camp for the 2011 World Junior Tournament, but declined to participate, choosing instead to focus on making the Edmonton Oilers' roster for the upcoming NHL season. According to Hockey Canada policy, <mask> would have been ineligible to participate in the tournament even if he was available. At the 2015 World Championships, where the senior Canadian team won the gold medal for the first time since 2007 with a perfect 10–0 record, <mask> was named a member of the tournament all-star team. <mask> played at the 2016 World Championships, where Canada successfully defended their gold medal. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honours

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Arizona Coyotes players
Boston Bruins players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Canadian people of Australian descent
Canadian people of Slovak descent
Edmonton Oilers draft picks
Edmonton Oilers players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Memorial Cup winners
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League first overall draft picks
National Hockey League first round draft picks
New Jersey Devils players
Oklahoma City Barons players
Sportspeople from

masks: Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall


title: Louis Jourdan

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 19 June 1921 – 14 February 2015) was a French film and television actor. He was known for his suave roles in several Hollywood films, including Alfred Hitchcock's The Paradine Case (1947), Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948), Gigi (1958), The Best of Everything (1959), The V.I.P.s (1963) and Octopussy (1983). He played Dracula in the 1977 BBC television production Count Dracula. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in Marseille, France, in 1921, one of three sons of Yvonne (née <mask>) and Henry Gendre, a hotel owner. He was educated in France, Turkey, and the UK, and studied acting at the École Dramatique. While there, he began acting on the professional stage, where he was brought to the attention of director Marc Allégret, who hired him to work as an assistant camera operator on Entrée des Artistes (The Curtain Rises). Allegret then cast <mask> in what should have been his first movie, Le Corsaire in 1939 opposite Charles Boyer.Filming was interrupted by the Second World War and was never resumed. World War II
<mask> was too young for army service and was hired by Marcel L'Herbier to appear in La Comédie du bonheur (1940) in Rome. He was making Untel Père et Fils in that city when Italy declared war on France. He returned to France, and appeared in Premier rendez-vous (1941) with Danielle Darrieux, shot in Paris. He spent a year on a work gang. <mask> was ordered to make German propaganda films, which he refused to do, and fled to join his family in unoccupied France. There he started making movies

masks:
Louis Jourdan
Louis Robert Gendre
Jourdan
Louis Robert Gendre
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Jourdan
Jourdan
Jourdan


title: Louis Jourdan

texts:
 again, ten films in two years.They included several for Allegret:  Parade en sept nuits (1941); L'Arlésienne (1942) with Raimu, The Beautiful Adventure (1942); Les Petites du quai aux fleurs (1944); Twilight (1944). He was in The Heart of a Nation (1943) with Raimu; La Vie de Bohème (1945). His father was arrested by the Gestapo; months later he escaped, and joined the French Resistance, along with his family. "I was given work to do and I did it", said <mask> later of his time in the resistance. "I worked on illegal leaflets, helping to print and distribute them." After the liberation of France in 1945, he returned to Paris with his childhood sweetheart, Berthe Frédérique (nicknamed "Quique"). They married in 1946.Hollywood career

David O. Selznick

Cited by author James McKay as the "epitome of the suave Continental", <mask> was spotted in a French film by a talent scout working for David O. Selznick, who offered the actor a contract in March 1946. His first American film was The Paradine Case (1947) starring Gregory Peck. The movie is a drama directed by Alfred Hitchcock, who did not want <mask> cast as the valet in the film. He appeared in a theatre production of Ghosts in Los Angeles. Jourdan frequently argued with Selznick, who put him on suspension a number of times for refusing roles. Selznick announced <mask> and Alida Valli for Rupert of Hentzau but the film was not made. Neither was Trilby which Selznick said <mask> would appear in with Valli and Rossano Brazzi or If This Be My Heart with Valli and Robert

masks: Jourdan Jourdan Jourdan Jourdan Jourdan


title: Louis Jourdan

texts:
 Mitchum.With Joan Fontaine, <mask> starred  in the Max Ophüls film Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948). David Thomson in 2010 observed how his performance as Stefan Brand altered as the character aged over the extended period of the film's narrative: "I notice how his way of talking has changed. The younger Stefan was boyish, eager and open. Ten years later, the man is filled with self-loathing and fake ironies." It was a "signature performance" from <mask>, Thomson wrote in Have You Seen?, he was "handsome yet a touch empty; romantic yet not entirely there." John Houseman, the film's producer, "felt he lacked sex appeal, but that shortcoming serves very well as his defect of memory," a significant element of the film's plot. In Hollywood, <mask> became friends with several stars who shared his love of the game of croquet.Enterprise borrowed him for No Minor Vices (1948), a box office flop. It was released by MGM, who borrowed <mask> to appear in Madame Bovary (1949). Selznick announced him for The Frenchman and the Bobbysoxer a sequel to The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer but it was not made. Selznick sold his interest in <mask> for one film to Warner Bros.

All <mask>'s Hollywood films had lost money. He decided to buy out his contract with Selznick for $50,000. Post-Selznick
At 20th Century Fox, <mask> played the lead in a remake of Bird of Paradise (1951). The studio kept him on to appear in Anne of the Indies (1951), directed by Jacques Tourneur.He was announced for the romantic male lead in the Fox remake of Les

masks: Jourdan Jourdan Jourdan Jourdan Jourdan Jourdan Jourdan


title: Louis Jourdan

texts: Miserables but ended up not appearing in the film. He was in a comedy, The Happy Time (1952). He was reunited with Joan Fontaine for Decameron Nights (1953) then returned home to France to make  Rue de l'Estrapade (1953). After appearing in Three Coins in the Fountain (1954), <mask> made his Broadway début in the lead role in the Billy Rose stage adaptation of André Gide's novel, The Immoralist. He returned to Broadway for a short run in 1955, and also that year he made his American TV début as Inspector Beaumont in the TV series Paris Precinct. In 1956, he appeared in the film The Swan playing the role of "Dr Nicholas Agi" along with Grace Kelly and Sir Alec Guinness for MGM. This was Kelly's last film, and lost money at the box office.More popular was Julie (1956) a thriller where <mask> tormented Doris Day. He returned to France to play the male lead in The Bride Is Much Too Beautiful (1956) with Brigitte Bardot as the lead actress, and Escapade (1957). In Britain he appeared in a swashbuckler, Dangerous Exile (1957). <mask> appeared in his biggest hit to date playing the romantic lead alongside Leslie Caron and Maurice Chevalier in the film version of the novella by Colette, Gigi (1958). This film won nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture. He enjoyed another hit with The Best of Everything (1959), an all star romance in the vein of Three Coins in the Fountain. He also appeared in a variety show on TV, An Evening with <mask>.<mask> was going to follow it in a remake of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde in England for Terence

masks:
Jourdan
Jourdan
Jourdan
Louis Jourdan
Jourdan


title: Louis Jourdan

texts:
 Fisher. "It's a terrific change of pace for me," he said. However he did not appear in the final film, The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll. <mask> co-starred with Frank Sinatra, Chevalier and Shirley MacLaine in the musical Can-Can (1960). He travelled to Italy to appear in a peplum film, Amazons of Rome (1961). Then it was back to France to star in a version of The Count of Monte Cristo (1961), a massive hit in France. Disorder (1962) was an Italian-French comedy, Mathias Sandorf (1963) was based on a novel by Jules Verne.For MGM, he made The V.I.P.s (1963), another all star melodrama, and a big hit. Jourdan also sang in the Alan Jay Lerner/Barton Lane stage musical, On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1965), at least during its out-of-town tryout at the Colonial Theatre in Boston. He was replaced as leading man by John Cullum before the show reached Broadway. He supported Ann-Margret in Made in Paris (1966) for MGM, then returned to Europe: The Sultans (1967), To Commit a Murder (1967), Cervantes (1967). To Die in Paris (1968) was a US TV movie and A Flea in Her Ear (1968) a Hollywood financed farce. There were more TV movies: Fear No Evil (1969), Run a Crooked Mile (1970), Ritual of Evil (1970), The Great American Beauty Contest (1973). In later years, <mask> also appeared on television, including 1977's Count Dracula for the BBC and as a murderous food critic in the 1978 Columbo episode "Murder Under Glass".Later career
<mask> later played Anton Arcane in the movie Swamp Thing (1982) and in its sequel The Return of Swamp Thing

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title: Louis Jourdan

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 (1989). During the 1970s, <mask> recorded a series of spoken word albums of the Babar the Elephant books that were released by Caedmon Records. In 1983, <mask> played the villainous Kamal Khan in the James Bond movie Octopussy. He said at the time he earned most of his money over the past ten years doing commercials:
 I take them so seriously that I participate in the original concept and the actual writing. After all, whatever an actor is doing, he's a salesman, so why not commercials? I must confess I love the theater best, though. I've never done a play I didn't like, but one often does movies just to keep functioning.They're less important to me than plays. In 1985, he appeared in a stage revival of Gigi. He played the role of French educator, historian and Baron, Pierre de Coubertin (1863–1937), in The First Olympics: Athens 1896, a May 1984 NBC TV (2-part) mini-series about the 1896 Summer Olympics and the American team member/discus thrower from Baltimore, Robert Garrett (1875–1961). His last film role was eight years later in Year of the Comet (1992). Personal life
On  <mask> married his childhood sweetheart, Berthe Frédérique. The marriage produced one child, <mask> <mask>, born on 6 October 1951, and lasted until her death in 2014. <mask> <mask> died of a narcotics overdose at the age of 29 on 12 May 1981;  his body was buried at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.After his retirement from acting in 1992 <mask> lived in Los Angeles. In July 2010 he was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur,

masks:
Jourdan
Jourdan
Jourdan
Louis Henry
Jourdan
Louis Henry
Jourdan
Jourdan


title: Louis Jourdan

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 an honor that he received accompanied by friends, including Sidney Poitier and Kirk Douglas. Jourdan has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6153 and 6445 Hollywood Boulevard. Death
<mask> died at his home in Beverly Hills on 14 February 2015 at the age of 93. His body was buried at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles. Filmography

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Serena Blandish by


title: David Rains Wallace

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<mask> (born 1945) is an American writer who has published more than twenty books on conservation and natural history, including The Monkey's Bridge (a 1997 New York Times Notable Book) and The Klamath Knot (1984 Burroughs Medal). He has written articles for the National Geographic Society,  The Nature Conservancy, the Sierra Club, and other groups. <mask>'s work also has appeared in Harper's Magazine, The New York Times, Sierra, Wilderness and other periodicals. Early life
<mask> was born in Charlottesville, Virginia in 1945. He received a bachelor's degree with honors from Wesleyan University in  Connecticut and a master's with honors from Mills College in California. He also undertook graduate work at Columbia University. <mask> lives in Berkeley, California.Writings

<mask>'s writing came to prominence during the nature writing renaissance that arose with the burgeoning environmental movement in the 1970s. His first book, The Dark Range : A Naturalist's Night Notebook, an exploration of nocturnal natural history and ethology set in the Yolla Bolly-Middle Eel Wilderness of northern California, was written as an M.A. thesis at Mills College from 1972 to 1974. His second book, Idle Weeds: The Life of a Sandstone Ridge, about a year in a central Ohio natural area park, was written while he worked as a public information specialist at the Columbus Ohio Metropolitan Park District from 1975 to 1978. Unlike contemporaries such as Edward Abbey and Annie Dillard, who tended to identify mainly with more mainstream genres like the novel, he has continued to identify himself mainly as a non-fiction nature writer and

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David Rains Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace


title: David Rains Wallace

texts: his major books have been in that genre—the latest being Chuckwalla Land (2011), Articulate Earth (2014), and Mountains and Marshes (2015). <mask> has also been categorized as a science writer, and his work contains much scientific information, but it also has folkloric, philosophical, and religious dimensions. This has led to controversy, as when a March 20, 1983 New York Times Book Review piece on his third book, The Klamath Knot, by then Times reporter Clifford May, accused him of playing "fast and loose" with concepts like evolution and mythology, getting "caught up with what are apparently attempts to alchemize science into poetry."On the other hand, the eminent botanist and co-founder of the "neo-Darwinian synthesis," G. Ledyard Stebbins, described The Klamath Knot as: "A classic of natural history that will take its place alongside Walden and A Sand County Almanac." <mask> has tried to couple his writing with conservation activism. He has been an advocate of parks, wildlife and wilderness protection in several areas, especially the Klamath/Siskiyou Mountains region of northwest California and southwest Oregon, the subject of four of his books (including the Klamath Knot) and Central America from Chiapas to Panama, the subject of three of his books (including The Monkey's Bridge). Biologist Daniel Janzen called his 1992 book,  The Quetzal and the Macaw: The Story of Costa Rica's National Parks, "a major contribution to tropical conservation." His 2007 book, Neptune's Ark, explores the evolution of western North America's marine megafauna, one of the world's most important although less well known than

masks: Wallace Wallace


title: David Rains Wallace

texts: terrestrial ones. His 2011 Chuckwalla Land explores the evolution of California's desert, which is still not well understood despite many theories about it. Botanist Bruce Pavlik called it "a clear and entertaining story about the origin of California's desert that invites the reader into a world of ancient mystery and modern revelation."Much of <mask>'s writing for periodicals has been on conservation issues. He has also written official National Park Handbooks for Redwood, Yellowstone, Mammoth Cave, and New River Gorge national parks. From 1998 until 2009, he served as a writer-consultant on a documentary film about the Klamath/Siskiyous by Stephen Fisher productions of Los Angeles. He has given talks, readings, and classes for local conservation organizations such as the Siskiyou Field Institute and Siskiyou Land Trust. He has taught nature writing at several universities. After The Klamath Knot won the John Burroughs Medal for Nature Writing, The New York Times Book Review invited <mask> to contribute an article about nature writing. Published in the July 22, 1984 issue, the article is entitled "The Nature of Nature Writing."It stresses the genre's role as a source and manifestation of a growing conservation movement as Thoreau and Muir developed the idea of the national park in the nineteenth century, when the first parks were created, then as Rachel Carson, Aldo Leopold and others laid down the tenets of modern environmentalism in the twentieth century. "Nature writing is a historically recent literary genre, and in a quiet way, one of the most revolutionary ones. It's like a woodland stream that