title: Michael Audain

texts:
 artists. The $100,000 award is now administered by the Audain Art Museum. Grizzly Bear Foundation
A close encounter with a grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) and her three cubs inspired Audain to establish and fund a registered charitable organization in 2016, dedicated to the welfare of grizzly bears. The Grizzly Bear Foundation supports the conservation and preservation of grizzly bears through research and public education. It commissioned a Board of Enquiry to travel the province of British Columbia in the fall of 2016 to seek information from individuals and organizations that have an interest in the grizzly bear.The report summarizing the findings of this Enquiry was submitted to the Provincial Government in March 2017. Personal life

Activism
During the 1960s <mask> led a colourful life as a social activist. At the University of British Columbia he founded and was President of the Nuclear Disarmament Club, which among other initiatives, organized peace marches. In 1962 Audain organized the largest peace march in Vancouver since the 1930s. Also at the University of British Columbia, together with a group of faculty members, <mask> founded The Penthouse Radical Society, which met monthly on the top floor of the Faculty of Arts Buchanan Building to discuss social and economic issues. <mask> also served as an editor of the international magazine, Our Generation Against Nuclear War. In the summer of 1961, he was a Freedom Rider in the United States south, and was sentenced in Jackson, Mississippi to a jail term and a $250 fine.He served part of his sentence in the city jail in Jackson, as well as the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman. Together with a group of University of British Columbia faculty, <mask> was instrumental in founding the BC Civil Liberties Association in 1962. Awards and honours

 Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal


title: Howard Cary

type: original

texts:
<mask> (3 May 1908 – 20 December 1991) was an American engineer and the co-founder of the Applied Physics Corporation (later known as Cary Instruments), along with George W. Downs and William Miller. The Cary 14 UV-Vis-NIR and the Cary Model 81 Raman Spectrophotometer were particularly important contributions in scientific instrumentation and spectroscopy. Before starting Applied Physics, <mask> was employed by Beckman Instruments, where he worked on the design of several instruments including the ubiquitous  DU spectrophotometer. <mask> was a founder and the first president of the Optical Society of Southern California. Personal life
<mask> was born on 3 May 1908 in Los Angeles, California to <mask> and Bessie (Brown<mask>. The 1940 US Census listed <mask> as married to Barbara (Ward<mask> from Washington state. His occupation was recorded as research engineer and industry as laboratory.In 1991, <mask> died of pneumonia after a long illness at Orange, California. Education
In 1925, after graduating from Los Angeles High School, <mask> entered the California Institute of Technology. He missed one year due to illness, and graduated in 1930 with a B.S. degree in civil engineering. In sports, he was captain of the varsity tennis squad. During his first year he won the junior travel prize. <mask> was a member of Sigma Xi.After receiving his degree, <mask> went to work in his father's plumbing construction business, H. G. Cary Co. He held a variety of engineering and accounting positions with the company during the early years of the Great Depression. National Technical Laboratories
As of May 31, 1935, <mask> was hired by Arnold Beckman of National Technical Laboratories (NTL) (later Beckman Instruments). By 1937, <mask> was the chief design engineer on Beckman's research team. <mask> distinguished himself in work relating to pH meters and glass electrodes,

masks:
Henry Cary
Cary
Howard Cary
Henry Howard Cary
Henry Gardner Cary
) Cary
Cary
) Cary
Cary
Cary
Cary
Cary
Cary
Cary
Cary


title: Howard Cary

texts:
 and became vice-president of development. By 1940 <mask> and Beckman were developing a quartz spectrophotometer. They presented a paper on this work in July 1941 at MIT's Summer Conference on Spectroscopy.<mask> made substantial contributions, including the design of a reliable ultraviolet phototube for the instrument. The DU spectrophotometer was the first easy-to-use single instrument containing both the optical and electronic components needed for ultraviolet-absorption spectrophotometry. During World War II, National Technical Laboratories worked on a number of then-secret projects, including one for the development of synthetic rubber. The Office of Rubber Reserve of the United States government contracted with NTL to produce an infrared spectrophotometer based on a single-beam design by Robert Brattain of Shell Development Company. The first Beckman IR-1 Spectrophotometer was shipped to Shell on September 18, 1942 barely six months after it was ordered. The IR-1 used a Littrow prism mounting featuring a single rock salt prism with a mirrored back, and an analog galvanometer for presenting results. <mask> and Beckman adapted features from the pH meter and the DU spectrophotometer to improve the design of the IR-1 spectrophotometer.By 1945, the IR-2 spectrophotometer was in production, using an electronic vacuum tube amplifier instead of a galvanometer, and a thermocouple tube for the detection of infrared light. Cary Instruments
In January 1946, <mask> left NTL to form his own company, Applied Physics Corporation (later known as Cary Instruments) in Pasadena, California, with George W. Downs, William Miller, and Russell E. Vaniman. <mask> and his company developed a range of scientific instruments, particularly dual-beam spectrophotometers. The Applied Physics Corporation made its first delivery, a Cary 11 UV-Vis spectrophotometer, to Mellon

masks: Cary Cary Cary Cary Cary


title: Howard Cary

texts:
 Institute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in April 1947. The Cary 11 was followed by the Cary 14 UV-Vis-NIR in 1954, the Cary 15 UV-Vis in 1961, the Cary 16 UV-Vis in 1964, and an expanded offering of instruments through the 70s, 80s, and 90s. The Cary 14 spectrophotometer used a double folded-z-configuration monochromator. Appearing on the market in 1954, it was the first commercial UV-VIS-NIR instrument to fully extend into the near-infrared spectrum.The Cary Model 81 Raman Spectrophotometer was an important contribution to high-performance Raman spectroscopy. Described as "famous" it gave the field of Raman spectrophotometry a "tremendous boost" in the United States. Other instruments included nondispersive infrared gas analyzers electrometers such as the Cary Model 31 and 36 Electrometers which used a vibrating reed with an ionization chamber and calorimeters such as the Cary Model 41 Calorimeter. In 1966 the Applied Physics Corporation was one of a number of companies acquired by Varian Associates during a period of rapid expansion by Varian. Applied Physics Corporation was renamed Cary Instruments as a subsidiary of Varian. Also in 1966, groundbreaking for a new building for the company occurred in Monrovia, California. In 1972 the company moved to Varian's facilities in Palo Alto, California.In 1982, it moved again, to Varian's Techtron facilities in Melbourne, Australia. Awards and honors
In 1959, <mask> was the recipient of the American Chemical Society Division of Analytical Chemistry's Award in Chemical Instrumentation. Robert Brattain described <mask>'s approach to instrument design, when giving the award. In 1969, <mask> was awarded the David Richardson Medal by the Optical Society of America. <mask> was honored for: "his painstakingly careful and very valuable contributions to the design and production of highly precise instrumentation in

masks: Cary Cary Cary Cary


title: Howard Cary

texts:
 areas which range from spectroscopy to chemical, medical and nuclear research." In 1977,  <mask> received the Maurice F. Hasler Award at  Pittcon "for his pioneering leadership in the development of instrumentation for absorption and Raman spectroscopy". Patents
<mask> is listed on a considerable number of patents for his work at National Technical Laboratories and Cary Instruments, often as "Henry H. <mask>" or "H. H. <mask>".They include:
 "Automatic voltage and pH indicator",  February 18, 1941, for the Beckman pH meter
 "Apparatus for amplifying direct current voltages and currents",  February 18, 1941, for the Beckman pH meter
 "Method and apparatus for winding resistance elements", December 9, 1952, for the Beckman Helipot potentiometer
 "Infrared spectrophotometer", July 31, 1951, for the Beckman IR-2 spectrophotometer
 "Double folded-z-configuration monochromator". This monochromator is the heart of the Cary Model 14 UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. The monochromator patent drawings also show the dual beam configuration with the optical chopper, etc. as an example. "Raman spectrophotometer", June 14, 1960. Publications

Professional service
Optical Society of California, co-founder and first president, formed in 1951
Instrumentation Society of America, president
Western Spectroscopy Association, executive committee
American Physical Society, member
American Chemical Society, member
Institute of Radio Engineers, member
Society for Applied Spectroscopy, member

External links
 There are papers relating to <mask> in the

References

1908 births
1991 deaths
American scientific instrument makers
People from Los Angeles
Los Angeles High School alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
Engineers from California
American civil engineers
American Physical Society
Deaths from pneumonia in California
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American

masks:
Howard Cary
Cary
Cary
Cary
Howard Cary


title: Vladimir Morozov (figure skater)

texts:
<mask>v (; born 1 November 1992) is a Russian pair skater. With partner Evgenia Tarasova, he is the 2022 Olympic silver medalist, a three-time World medalist (2018 and 2019 silver, 2017 bronze), a two-time European champion (2017, 2018), the 2016–17 Grand Prix Final champion, and a three-time Russian national champion (2018, 2019, 2021). Earlier in their career, they became the 2014 World Junior silver medalists and the 2014 Russian junior national champions. Personal life
<mask> was born on 1 November 1992 in Potsdam, Germany to Russian parents. He studied psychology at the Moscow State University for the Humanities. Skating career

Early career
Advised by his singles coach to try pairs due to his height and build, Morozov joined Nina Mozer's group in 2007. He skated three seasons with his first partner, Irina Moiseeva.They won three medals at Warsaw Cup — novice gold in 2007 and 2008 and junior silver in 2009 — and junior gold at the 2009 NRW Trophy. They split at the end of the 2009–10 season. Morozov competed the next two seasons with Ekaterina Krutskikh. Their coach was Stanislav Morozov. In the 2011–12 season, they debuted on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series, finishing 6th and 8th at JGP events in Latvia and Estonia. Krutskikh/Morozov withdrew from the 2012 Russian Junior Championships following the short program and parted ways at the end of the season. Teaming up with Tarasova
At the suggestion of Nina Mozer, Morozov teamed up with Evgenia Tarasova in spring 2012.The pair's main coach was Stanislav <mask>. <mask> broke his foot one week into the new partnership and was out for three months. 2012–2013 season
The pair's international debut came at a Junior Grand Prix event in Croatia, where they finished 5th. They withdrew from their next assignment in Germany. Tarasova/Morozov won their first senior international title at the 2012 Warsaw Cup. At the Russian Championships, they placed fifth on the

masks:
Vladimir Evgenyevich Morozo
Vladimir Morozov
Morozov
Vladimir Morozov


title: Vladimir Morozov (figure skater)

texts:
 senior level and then won the silver medal on the junior level. The pair finished fifth at the 2013 Junior World Championships.2013–2014 season
Tarasova/Morozov won silver in Latvia and bronze in Estonia on the JGP series. They qualified for the JGP Final in Fukuoka, Japan, where they finished fourth in both segments and overall. The pair won the silver medal at the 2013 Winter Universiade behind teammates Ksenia Stolbova / Fedor Klimov. At the 2014 Russian Championships, Tarasova/Morozov finished eighth after placing third in the short program and tenth in the free skate. He fell on both of their jumping passes and she was hurt when a lift collapsed near the end of their free program but was able to resume and complete the final element, a pair spin. Tarasova was taken to the hospital and found to have no serious injury. After winning the national junior title a month later, the pair was assigned to the 2014 World Junior Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria.They won the silver medal after placing second in both segments and finishing 5.57 points behind China's Yu Xiaoyu / Jin Yang. 2014–2015 season
After parting ways with Stanislav Morozov in the off-season, Tarasova/Morozov turned to Andrei Hekalo, who had worked with them in the past, and Robin Szolkowy, who joined them in September 2014. The pair began the 2014–15 season by taking silver at a Challenger Series event, the 2014 Nebelhorn Trophy. They were assigned to two Grand Prix events, the 2014 Skate Canada International and 2014 Rostelecom Cup. Earning bronze and silver, respectively, the pair finished seventh in the Grand Prix standings, leaving them as first alternates to the Grand Prix Final. Tarasova/<mask> won silver at the 2015 Russian Championships, ahead of Yuko Kavaguti / Alexander Smirnov. They were awarded the bronze medal at the 2015 European Championships in Stockholm, Sweden, before placing 6th at the 2015 World Championships in Shanghai,


title: Vladimir Morozov (figure skater)

texts:
 placed first in the short program at the 2020 Russian Championships, skating cleanly for the first time that season. Second in the free skate with Tarasova doubling a planned triple jump, they lost the gold medal by 0.47 points. She called the result "a bit upsetting, but the result was to be expected after my mistake.The most important competitions are still to come." In what would prove to be Tarasova/<mask>'s final event of the season, they competed at the 2020 European Championships. After successfully landing their jumps and throw in the short program, Morozov stumbled in their lift, requiring them to abort it, and placed third in that segment. Tarasova remarked afterward "I was not frightened — <mask> held me tight. It’s an annoying nuisance." Second in the free program despite jump errors, they won the silver medal. They had been assigned to compete at the World Championships in Montreal, but they were cancelled as a result of the coronavirus pandemic.2020–2021 season
With the pandemic complicating international travel, Tarasova/Morozov had planned to compete in the first two stages of the domestic Russian Cup series before returning to the United States to train for Skate America. This plan was disrupted by Morozov's contracting COVID-19. Coach Maxim Trankov expressed hope that "the form is mild." On October 8th, Trankov announced that Tarasova and <mask> would be skipping the Grand Prix series due to lack of training time, and would be concentrating on the Russian Cup series. They did not appear at the senior Russian test skates in early September. Tarasova/Morozov made their first competitive appearance at the fourth stage of the Russian Cup in Kazan, where they won the silver medal, finishing behind Mishina/Galliamov but ahead of Boikova/Kozlovskii. They were scheduled to appear in the fifth stage as well, but withdrew after Tarasova came down with pneumonia.It was subsequently revealed that

masks: Morozov Vladimir Morozov


title: Graham Diamond

texts:
<mask>  (born 18 August 1949,  Manchester, England)  is a speculative fiction, fantasy and science fiction author. Early life and education
Born in Manchester, England, his family moved to the United States when he was a young child. He was raised in New York City, on the Upper West Side, and graduated from the High School of Music and Art. He attended CCNY in NY, and the Art Students League of New York. Literary career
In Noverber 2021 'The Haven', 'The Thief of Kalimar', 'Black Midnight', Forest Wars', 'Tears of Passion, Tears of Shame', 'Captain Sinbad' and "Chocolate Lenin' were made available in softcover in the United Kingdom. In 2020 Lume Books, London, issued a new print version of Maybe You Will Survive to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the ending of the Holocaust. Also an audio version of Maybe You Will Survive was made available.The book became a bestseller on the Amazon pages regarding the Shoah, and Holocaust Biographies. In April 2020 Vydavatelstvi Vikend Books of the Czech Republic contracted for a hardcopy version of "Maybe You Will Survive" to be published in Czech in late 2021 or early 2022. Lume Books, London, also became the major e-publisher of all of <mask>'s novels in 2019. Print versions of many were reissued by Lion Press. <mask>'s novel Cry For Freedom became available from Lume Books in 2018. A fine arts major, <mask> turned to professional writing in his late twenties and is best known for books such as The Haven, Lady of the Haven, The Thief of Kalimar, Black Midnight, Forest Wars, Marrakesh, Samarkand,

masks:
Graham Diamond
Graham Diamond
Diamond
Diamond


title: Graham Diamond

texts: and Samarkand Dawn. He soon turned to other genres; including historical fiction, thrillers, and later a true story of a Holocaust survivor's family during World War II, Maybe You Will Survive.Several of his early novels were published in the UK by Methuen and much of his work by Endeavour Press and Venture Press in UK. Under the pen name Rochelle Leslie (the names of his two daughters), he authored Tears of Passion, Tears of Shame, a novel of South Africa set during the Zulu War of 1879 (Berkeley/Jove) which was subsequently published in Italy, titled, Venuto De Lontano, (To Come From Far Away) by Mondadori. He also has had various short stories published in anthologies. His satire book, Chocolate Lenin, was released in 2012. It is speculative fiction, a well received satire/fantasy of near-future Russia, parodying contemporary science, technology, and politics. It received numerous favorable reviews. A new site, GrahamDiamondwriter.com, now provides information about him and all of his books.In 2013 it was announced that his first novel, The Haven, was re-released in a new oversize format. The book is widely considered to be a cult classic. It was previously published in UK and Australia, as well as the United States. Many of his novels remain in print and digital and kindle format. In total <mask> has more than 1,000,000 copies of his books in print. In 2015 it was announced that Venture Press Ltd, UK, a division of Endeavour Press UK, in the autumn of 2015 made available seven of <mask>'s earlier titles, The Haven, Samarkand,

masks:
Diamond
Graham Diamond


title: Graham Diamond

texts:
 Samarkand Dawn, Lady of the Haven, Dungeons of Kuba, The Falcon of Eden and The Beasts of Hades. They will be released in e-book format in the UK, United States, Canada, and across the English-speaking world.The Haven, and Samarkand, were particularly well received. In 2016, mainstream Endeavour Press published Black Midnight, a terrorist novel set in New York City, and Cry For Freedom, a well-received novel set during the Zulu War in Natal in 1879. In early 2018 Endeavour next released Maybe You Will Survive the true story of a Holocaust survivor

Venture Press then announced that another six of Diamond's speculative fiction/fantasy novels would be published. Titles include, The Thief of Kalimar,, Captain Sinbad, a broad tongue-in-cheek account of the mariner's adventures, Chocolate Lenin, <mask>'s humorous view of our current world of technology, science, and greed. In addition, Marrakesh, and Marrakesh Nights, Cinnabar, were also made available. In all, <mask> has had more than one million books printed in hardcover, trade paperback, and paperback form. Digital copies have dramatically increased that number.His American publishers have included Fawcett Books, Berkeley/Jove, Playboy Press, Kensington/Zebra, Lion Press, D.A.W. <mask> also worked for many years at the New York Times as production manager in Editorial Art until leaving to pursue a full-time career in writing. He has taught and lectured on creative writing in both New York and California. He now makes his home in New York City. He continues his writing, citing he will

masks:
Diamond
Graham Diamond
Diamond


title: Moses A. McLaughlin

texts:
<mask><mask> (1834–1899) was an Irish-born California Militia officer, Union Army officer, farmer, later a doctor. As Captain, 2nd Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry, he is best known for his role in the 1863 Keyesville Massacre, and subsequent campaign that forced the capitulation of the Owens Valley Paiute in the Owens Valley Indian War and their removal to Fort Tejon. Early life
<mask><mask> was born in County Antrim, Ireland in 1834. Little is known about his early life except that he immigrated to the United States and was in Oroville, California by late 1856. There on December 22, 1856, he joined in organizing the Oroville Guard, a California Militia Company headquartered at Oroville, Butte County, California. M. A<mask> was chosen Captain, but after they had received their arms, a disastrous fire burned the armory and surrounding buildings on July 5, 1857. This ended their activities until the beginning of the Civil War.Early Civil War Service
After the start of the American Civil War <mask> enlisted in the 2nd Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry September 10, 1861 as a Captain. His Company D, was soon sent to Southern California to support the buildup of troops there for the defense and occupation of the area. <mask> may have had prior professional military experience in the cavalry arm, (possibly in the antebellum U. S. Army), for one of his superiors, Assistant Adjutant General, Lt. Col. Richard C. Drum mentions him in his report of his tour of inspection of the District of Southern California:

<blockquote>At Kline's ranch I found Captain <mask>'s company, Second Cavalry. One third of this company are on detached service, as

masks:
Moses A
. McLaughlin
Moses A
. McLaughlin
. McLaughlin
McLaughlin
McLaughlin
McLaughlin


title: Moses A. McLaughlin

texts:
 expressmen, teamsters, &c., ... The portion of the company at this station I found admirably instructed in all their duties (excepting their clothing, which is very bad), and in good condition for active service. This officer is, I think, one of the best instructed in the cavalry force from this state, and prompt and active in the discharge of all his duties." <mask> was soon thereafter ordered to Fort Yuma to face a general court marshal for "cruelly beating and maltreating" Private Michael Burke, formerly a member of his company.On June 6, Lt. Col. George Spafford Evens under orders to organize an expedition to deal with the Indian rising in the Owens Valley, asked headquarters for a fully manned and mounted Company D, and an officer to command it. He pointed out that <mask> was still awaiting orders in Fort Yuma. Still in command of his company, <mask> continued in service with Lt. Col. Evans at Camp Independence from late July in the Owens Valley following the first, seemingly successful campaign of the Owens Valley Indian War. Visalia Secessionist Disturbances

In an attempt to control subversion of the Union cause in the secessionist hotbed of Visalia, on the orders of General George Wright, <mask> moved his company and another in October 1862 over the Sierra Nevada Mountains from Owens Valley in four and a half days to take command of Camp Babbitt. On December 12, three men from Visalia rode in front of a dress parade of the garrison and cheered for Jeff Davis, prompting <mask> to order their immediate arrest. On December 24, 1862, <mask> wrote for reinforcements, in the face of rising tensions between the Union and Secesh factions.

masks: McLaughlin McLaughlin McLaughlin McLaughlin McLaughlin McLaughlin


title: Moses A. McLaughlin

texts:
 On December 31, <mask> issued orders for the arrest of the owners and publishers of the "Expositor", the local secessionist newspaper.That same day he was instructed by headquarters by telegram to release all political prisoners after they had taken the oath of allegiance. Both owners eventually swore the oath, one after a time in the jail. However this did not stop them from continuing to publish their paper opposing the war and the Union cause. McLaughlins Campaign in the Owens Valley

At the beginning of March 1863, the Owens Valley Indian War broke out again. The commander of Camp Independence, Captain Ropes, sent messages to Camp Babbit requesting assistance. Camp Babbitt immediately sent First Lieutenant S. R. Davis with 44 men to reinforce camp Independence. Several skirmishes between the belligerents occurred that month, with little effect on the war.On April 12, 1863, Lt. Col. William Jones, now commander at Camp Babbitt, ordered Captain <mask> to reinforce Camp Independence with a detachment of 24 men of Company D and 18 men of Company E, 2nd Cavalry, California Volunteers, with a 12-pounder howitzer, and four six-mule government wagon teams, carrying rations, company property, ammunition, and forage. Because settlers of Keyesville had appealed to the Department of the Pacific, orders included the instructions:

The captain will halt a few days in the upper end of the valley, where the difficulties are said to exist, and investigate the matter, and if the position of the Indians should be found as favorable as represented, if deemed advisable will give them battle. The captain will have about forty men, with arms to arm twenty

masks: McLaughlin McLaughlin


title: Moses A. McLaughlin

texts:
 more. This, with the number of citizens that will join him from Keyesville, will give him a force sufficient to handle any number of Indians that he will be likely to meet at that place. Keyesville Massacre

Captain <mask> met with settlers upon his arrival in Keyesville in the Kern Valley. From them he learned that there was a large body of Indians encamped upon the North Fork Kern River; that they believed them to be engaged in the war and in the depredations committed in Kern River Valley. The Captain then summoned, three friendly local Indian leaders.One Jose Chico was an Owens Valley Indian, but resided on the Kern River, where he cultivated a farm. He told <mask> that the Tehachapies had endeavored to have him go to the war with them: that many of his own Indians had gone; that some had returned and were now in the valley, sleeping in the camps at night and hiding in the daytime; that there were many Indians there whom he did not know, either Owen's or Tehachapies. Ordering Jose Chico to stay with him in camp, he sent the other two leaders away and advised certain citizens that he was going to visit this camp on the river and that he requested their presence to vouch for the Indians there that they might know. At 2 a.m. on April 19, Captain <mask>, Lieutenant Daley and twenty men, with Jose Chico as guide, left camp, marching at night 10 miles from Keyesville, at dawn surrounded the camp of the Indians, upon the right bank of Kern River. <mask> had the males collected together, and informed Jose Chico and the citizens who had arrived that they might choose out those whom they knew to have been friendly. The boys and old men he sent

masks: McLaughlin McLaughlin McLaughlin McLaughlin


title: Moses A. McLaughlin

texts:
 back to their camps, and the 35 others for whom no one could vouch, were either shot or sabered. <mask>'s Owens Valley Campaign

On April 24, 1863, Captain <mask> arrived at Camp Independence from the Kern River country.As senior captain he became the new Camp Commander. From that time <mask> conducted operations in Owens Valley following new tactics not previously used in the war. He no longer pursued the enemy up canyons into the mountains to be ambushed in places of their choosing. Instead he sent detachments of his men high up the mountains at night. Then at daylight they would sweep downward toward the valley, driving any enemy out into the valley where another detachment awaited to cut them off. His soldiers were constantly seeking out the Indian food stores and destroying them. Scouting parties were employed in searching for any smaller bands who remained behind hidden in the tule swamps along the river.No day passed without two or three of them being found and killed, and everything destroyed that could be of any use to the living. <mask> instructed the troops that it was of the utmost importance that prisoners should be taken, not only women but men, confident that their love of life would prompt them to furnish important information and that possibly they could be used as guides. Additionally the Owens Valley Indians had never been taught how to maintain their firearms, and their firearms became rusted and encrusted with dirt, making many unserviceable. Some gun barrels were found to have exploded. Also on May 14, 1863, several natives who had remained hidden near the Owens River were captured by Captain Noble's men, and finding


title: Moses A. McLaughlin

texts:
 that they would not be harmed, but that they would receive food and clothing, and being informed through the interpreter that Captain <mask> came to make peace, they were prevailed upon to conduct the troops to where they supposed a large party belonging to Joaquin Jim was encamped and where they could be surrounded. From these Indians <mask> learned that Captain George was near Death Valley and furnished them with passes and white flags, allowing them fifteen days from the 16th of May to find Captain George and the other Indians and bring them into camp. Meanwhile, with this intelligence and his guides, <mask> made a raid on Joaquin Jim's Camp from May 15–19, 1863.However Joaquin Jim and his band escaped the trap. On his return to Captain Noble's camp on Big Pine Creek, on May 19, 1863, <mask> issued an order suspending hostilities until further orders and sent out more Indian messengers. Captain <mask> sent 90 soldiers and 26 Paiute including Captain George to trail Joaquin Jim through Round Valley, up Pine Creek and over Italy Pass into the Sierras, losing him a week later in late June 1863. Meanwhile, on May 22, 1863, Captain George came into Camp Independence to talk peace. He indicated that he no longer wanted war. As a result of his surrender, more than four hundred natives came in to lay down their arms. The bands of Captain Dick and Tinemaha soon followed Captain George's example.By June there were 500 at the camp and almost 1000 by July. March of the Owens Valley People to the Sebastian Indian Reservation

<mask> was ordered to march the surrendered native Owens Valley people to the reservation of Sebastian near Fort Tejon. <mask>

masks: McLaughlin McLaughlin McLaughlin McLaughlin McLaughlin McLaughlin McLaughlin


title: Moses A. McLaughlin

texts:
 the summit, and followed down the South Fork of the Kern River till its junction with the North Fork, with the intention of passing through Walker's Basin. Along this whole route good water and grass are found, which well compensates for the difference in the length of the road. Fearing that forage from San Pedro would not arrive in time, I had caused forage to be gathered at Walker's Pass, and as the train passed down Kern River Valley sufficient was collected to furnish them through to the reservation.I am satisfied that had I crossed the desert many lives would have been lost from want of water, and that great suffering at least has been avoided by the route through Walker's Basin. On the evening of July 17, while encamped at Hot Springs Valley, three miles from Keysville, on the left bank of Kern River, I had the honor to receive your letter of instructions, dated July 9, 1863, relative to the removal of the troops from Camp Independence, and also Special Orders, No. 162, relative to the abandonment of Camp Independence. On the morning of July 18 I placed Captain Noble in command of the expedition, and, accompanied by Captain Ropes and one man, started back to Camp Independence, where I arrived on the 21st of July; distance, supposed, about 150 miles. Captain Noble, after having delivered the Indians over to the Indian superintendent, will go on to Fort Tejon with the detachment belonging to his company. Command at Fort Tejon, Dismissal from the service

Captain <mask>, as ordered, prepared for moving his force at Camp Independence to Fort Tejon and occupy it. <mask> was also ordered to establish a camp for the summer occupied by one


title: Moses A. McLaughlin

texts:
 company, nearby or on the South Fork of Kern River, to protect to the whites residing there and in the country known as Owen's Lake Valley.This camp on the Kern River was later called Camp Leonard, garrisoned by a detachment of Company G, and was located opposite the mouth of the Kelsey Cañon, on the South Fork Kern River. This camp also was later directed to intercept any Owens Valley people trying to return from the reservation, but had little luck in that task. On August 6, 1863 <mask> left Fort Independence with Companies D, E and G for his new post, by a 250-mile march via Kern River, Hot Springs Valley, Walker's Basin, Agua Caliente, the Sinks of Tejon, Sebastian Reservation, and Canada de las Uvas, arriving at Fort Tejon on the 17th of August in eleven marching days, resting one day at Hot Springs Valley for repairs. Captain <mask> remained in command at Fort Tejon until he was called away to Camp Babbit, December 17, 1863, leaving Capt. James M. Ropes, 2nd Cavalry in charge temporarily. Captain John G. Schmidt, Second Infantry California Volunteers, took his place when the 2nd Cavalry was replaced by Schmidt's Infantry Company from January 26, 1864. Captain Thomas Barker, took command February 25, 1864.Captain <mask><mask>, was tried at a Court Martial at Camp Babbit, Visalia, Jan. 21, 1864, for conduct Unbecoming an Officer and Gentleman. He was dismissed from the service on Jan. 22, 1864. The General Court Martial convened at Camp Babbit, Visalia, California, convicted <mask> of Conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman. Specifically he was charged:

 First, with ordering, while Acting Quartermaster at Camp Babbit, a saddler to

masks:
McLaughlin
McLaughlin
Moses A
. McLaughlin
McLaughlin


title: Moses A. McLaughlin

texts:
 make a riding saddle and charge it to the United States as a pack saddle and taking it for his own use and benefit by not putting in on the list of government property. Secondly he was charged with certifying the correctness of a voucher in favor of one William Oldgate for hay, said to have been delivered at Camp Babbit, for the amount of twelve hundred dollars, when the name of William Oldgate was fictitious. Also he was charged for turning over to his successor as Quartermaster, his list of outstanding debts, this debt due to Oldgate for hay, of twelve hundred dollars, and a certified voucher to that effect, with the understanding that the amount of said voucher was to be paid to Capt. <mask> as soon as funds became available to pay said  William Oldgate.Additionally he was charged, for receiving one thousand dollars in payment of the debt and voucher of the fictitious Oldgate. Thirdly he was charged with paying a contractor for fuel, $499 in lieu of the $540 due him and pocketing the $41 difference. Despite his conviction, all the members of the court, in view of Captain <mask>'s high reputation, and in the belief that his conduct was owing to a misconception of his duties and accountability as Acting Asstant Quarter Master, signed a recommendation to the reviewing authority for the favorable consideration of the case. Later life

The disability resulting from his dismissal from the Union Army was removed by order of the President of the United States, Oct. 23, 1867, due to the reason that:

 ... although it is evident Capt. <mask> conducted the business of his position in an irregular and therefore improper manner, his offences - which

masks: McLaughlin McLaughlin McLaughlin


title: Moses A. McLaughlin

texts: rather consisted in conduct to the prejudice of good order and military discipline than unbecoming an officer and a gentleman - where unattended by any personal profit or criminality; and (in view of the animus by which he was governed) were scarcely sufficient to warrant dismissal from the service. It is recommended that the disability occasioned by his sentence be removed ... In 1869, land <mask> owned in San Francisco, was targeted by a land title scheme which was thwarted.<mask> lived for a time as a farmer in Sonoma County, and his first son <mask> was born there in 1871. Within a few years <mask> divorced his first wife Mary E<mask> in 1874. He later was married, to <mask>[41 in 1899], and at his death in 1899 he had 2 sons and 2 daughters. His son <mask> born in 1871, (28 in 1899), was also a Doctor at the time of his father's death, the son of his first wife. Four years after his divorce, <mask> became a doctor, studying at the University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco: Toland Medical College, and graduated in 1878. He practiced as an Allopath. John Minkel sued Dr. <mask>. <mask> for $99 for extracting the wrong tooth.He became involved with local politics and veteran affairs. The September 23, 1884 Daily Alta California, reported M. A<mask> put his name forward for Supervisor of the Eleventh Ward of San Francisco. <mask> was also listed as a member of the Press Committee of the Department of California, Grand Army of the Republic in 1886. <mask> died on November 11, 1899 at his home in San Francisco and was buried at Mount Calvary Cemetery. His remains were later removed, along with the remains of 40,000 other

masks:
McLaughlin
McLaughlin
Alfred
McLaughlin
. McLaughlin
Margaret McLaughlin
Alfred McLaughlin
McLaughlin
Moses A
McLaughlin
. McLaughlin
McLaughlin
McLaughlin


title: Karl Valentin

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>, 4 June 1882 in Munich – 9 February 1948 in Planegg) was a Bavarian comedian. He had significant influence on German Weimar culture. Valentin starred in many silent films in the 1920s, and was sometimes called the "Charlie Chaplin of Germany". His work has an essential influence on artists like Bertolt Brecht, Samuel Beckett, Loriot and Helge Schneider. Early work
<mask> came from a reasonably well-off middle-class family; his father had a partnership in a furniture-transport business. Valentin first worked as a carpenter's apprentice, and this experience proved useful in the construction of his sets and props later in life. In 1902, he began his comic career, enrolling for three months at a variety school in Munich, under the guidance of Hermann Strebel.His first job as a performer was at the "Zeughaus" in Nürnberg (Nuremberg). In the wake of his father's death <mask> took a three-year break from performing during which he constructed his own twenty-piece one-man band (with which he eventually toured in 1906). <mask> also took musical studies, learning the guitar with Heinrich Albert. Soon <mask> was performing regularly in the cabarets and beerhalls of München (Munich). He developed a reputation for writing and performing short comic routines, which he performed in a strong Bavarian dialect, usually with his female partner, Liesl <mask>. <mask> also made numerous films, both silent and with audio; but it was as a stage performer in cabarets that <mask> built a reputation as one of the leading comic performers in Germany during

masks:
Karl Valentin
Valentin Ludwig Fey
Karl Valentin
Valentin
Valentin
Valentin
Karlstadt
Valentin
Valentin


title: Karl Valentin

texts:
 the Weimar Republic. With Bertolt Brecht

In 1923, <mask> appeared in a half-hour, slapstick film entitled Mysteries of a Barbershop (Mysterien eines Friseursalons).The film script was written by Bertolt Brecht, directed by Erich Engel, and also featured <mask>'s cabaret partner, Liesl <mask>, as well as an ensemble of stage, film, and cabaret performers, including Max Schreck, Erwin Faber, Josef Eichheim, and Blandine Ebinger. Although the film was not immediately released after it was completed in February 1923, it has come to be recognized as one of the one hundred most important films in the history of German filmmaking. The previous year, 1922, Bertolt Brecht had appeared with <mask> and <mask> in a photo of <mask>'s spoof of Munich's Oktoberfest. Brecht regularly watched <mask> perform his cabaret routines in Munich's beerhalls, and compared him to Chaplin, not least for his "virtually complete rejection of mimicry and cheap psychology." Brecht wrote:

But the man he [Brecht writes of himself in the third person] learnt most from was the clown <mask>, who performed in a beer-hall. He did short sketches in which he played refractory employees, orchestral musicians or photographers, who hated their employer and made him look ridiculous. The employer was played by his partner, a popular woman comedian who used to pad herself out and speak in a deep bass voice.When the Augsburger [Brecht] was producing his first play, which included a thirty minutes' battle, he asked <mask> what he ought to do with the soldiers. 'What are the soldiers like in

masks: Valentin Valentin Karlstadt Valentin Karlstadt Valentin Valentin Valentin Valentin


title: Karl Valentin

texts:
 battle?' <mask> promptly answered: 'They're pale. Scared shitless.' This anecdote has become significant in the history of German theatre, since it was <mask>'s idea of applying chalk to the faces of Brecht's actors in his production of Edward II that Brecht located the germ of his conception of 'epic theatre'. Performance style
<mask>'s naïve sense of humour produced sketches that in spirit were loosely connected to dadaism, social expressionism and the Neue Sachlichkeit. Along with <mask>, he is considered a master of gallows humor.His art centered mostly around linguistic dexterity and wordplay—<mask> was a linguistic anarchist. His comedy would often begin with a simple misunderstanding, on which he would insist as the sketch progressed. The notable critic Alfred Kerr praised him as a Wortzerklauberer, or someone who tears apart words and language to forcefully extract and dissect its inherent meaning. His sketches often parodied and derided "shopkeepers, firemen, military band players, professionals with small roles in the economy and the defence of society". Many contemporary artists, including film-maker Herbert Achternbusch and Christoph Schlingensief ("Valentin is one of the greatest for me! "), trace their artistic roots back to <mask>. Legacy

 In 1959 based on private initiative the Valentin-Museum was established in the Isartor in Munich.This museum shows absurdities from parts of his legacy. A statue of <mask> was placed in the Viktualienmarkt in Munich. People still come and place flowers on this statue. 1986 Turkish musical play

masks:
Valentin
Valentin
Valentin
Karl Kraus
Valentin
Karl Valentin
Valentin


title: Karl Valentin

texts:
 named "İçinden Tramvay Geçen Şarkı" ("The Song Through Which a Streetcar Passes") by Ferhan Şensoy is loosely based on life of <mask>. Available works

Films on DVD
 <mask> and Liesl <mask>: Die Kurzfilme (The Short Films, 3 DVDs), Munich 2002, Publisher Film101
 <mask> and Liesl <mask>: Die Spielfilme (The Feature Films, 3 DVDs), Munich 2004, Publisher Film101
 <mask> and Liesl <mask>: Die beliebtesten Kurzfilme (The most popular short films), Munich 2006, Publisher Film101
 <mask> and Liesl <mask>: Die Kurzfilme – Neuedition (The Short Films - new edition, 3 DVDs) Munich 2008, Publisher Film101

Complete Works
Complete Works in 8 volumes. Edited by Helmut Bach Maier and Manfred Faust. Munich: Piper.Volume 1: Monologe und Soloszenen (monologues and solo scenes). 309 p. -
 Vol 2: Couplets, 424 p.
 Vol 3: Szenen (scenes). 388 p., 1995. Vol 4: Dialoge (dialogues). 485 p. - 1995. Vol 5: Stücke (Pieces). 557 p. - 1997.–
 Vol 6: Briefe (Letters). 379 p. - 1991. –
 Vol 7: Autobiographisches und Vermischtes (Autobiographical and Miscellaneous). 400 p. 1996. Vol 8: Filme und Filmprojekte (Films and film projects). 618 p. - 1995. Dokumente, Nachträge, Register (Documents, amendments and register).277 p. - 1997. –

Works cited
 Benjamin, Walter. 1983. Understanding Brecht. Trans. Anna Bostock. London and New York: Verso. .
 Brecht, Bertolt.1965. The Messingkauf Dialogues. Trans. John Willett. Bertolt Brecht: Plays, Poetry, Prose Ser. London: Methuen, 1985. .
 Calandra, Denis. 2003."<mask> and Bertolt Brecht." In Popular Theatre: A Sourcebook. Ed. Joel

masks:
Karl Valentin
Karl Valentin
Karlstadt
Karl Valentin
Karlstadt
Karl Valentin
Karlstadt
Karl Valentin
Karlstadt
Karl Valentin


title: Karl Valentin

texts:
 Schechter. Worlds of Performance Ser. London and New York: Routledge. p. 189-201. .
 Horwitz, Kurt "<mask> in einer anderen Zeit," Stürzflüge im Zuschauerraum (Munich, Piper Verlag, 1970), pp.16–17
 McDowell, W. Stuart. 1977. "A Brecht-Valentin Production: Mysteries of a Barbershop", in Performing Arts Journal, Vol. 1, No. 3 (Winter, 1977), pp. 2–14. McDowell, W. Stuart.2000. “Acting Brecht: The Munich Years,"  in The Brecht Sourcebook, Carol Martin, Henry Bial, editors (Routledge, 2000) p. 71 - 83. Schechter, Joel. 1994. "Brecht's Clowns: Man is Man and After". In Thomson and Sacks (1994, 68-78). Thomson, Peter and Glendyr Sacks, eds.1994. The Cambridge Companion to Brecht. Cambridge Companions to Literature Ser. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Willett, John. 1967. The Theatre of Bertolt Brecht: A Study from Eight Aspects. Third rev.ed. London: Methuen, 1977. .
 Willett, John and Ralph Manheim. 1970. Introduction. In Collected Plays: One by Bertolt Brecht. Ed. John Willett and Ralph Manheim.Bertolt Brecht: Plays, Poetry and Prose Ser. London: Methuen. . p.vii-xvii. References

External links

 Karl Valentin Museum in Isartor, Munich
 Official <mask> Page (german)
 You'll Laugh, You'll Cry

 Film Comedy in the Weimar Republic at www.filmportal.de

German male stage actors
German male comedians
German cabaret performers
1882 births
1948 deaths
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
German-language film directors
German male silent film actors
German male film actors
Kabarettists
Weimar cabaret
20th-century German male actors
20th-century

masks:
Karl Valentin
Karl Valentin


title: Max Jones (ice hockey)

texts:
<mask> (born February 17, 1998) is an American professional ice hockey forward who is currently playing for the  Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). <mask> was drafted by the Ducks 24th overall in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft. Playing career

Junior hockey

U.S. National Development Team Program
Growing up in Rochester, Michigan, <mask> played in the renowned junior Honeybaked Hockey program before joining the U.S National Development Team. <mask> suited up for the U.S. National Development Team during the 2014–15 season. In 24 games in the USHL, <mask> scored five goals and 10 points, while earning 116 penalty minutes. <mask> also appeared in 38 games with the U17 team, scoring 18 goals and 28 points, as well as earning 189 penalty minutes. London Knights
<mask> was selected by the London Knights of the OHL in the first round, 18th overall, in the 2014 OHL Priority Selection.<mask> joined the Knights for the 2015–16 season. <mask> appeared in his first career OHL game on September 25, 2015, being held off the score sheet in a 5–3 win over the Hamilton Bulldogs. On October 4, <mask> earned his first career OHL point, an assist, in a 5–2 victory over the Oshawa Generals. In his seventh career OHL game, <mask> scored his first goal, as he put the puck past Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds goaltender Brandon Halverson in a 7–2 win on October 17. One week later, on October 24, <mask> earned his first career OHL hat trick, as he scored three goals, including the overtime winner, in a 4–3 win over the North Bay Battalion. On October 31, <mask> notched another hat trick, in a 7–0 win over the Saginaw Spirit.Overall, <mask> finished his rookie

masks:
Max Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones


title: Max Jones (ice hockey)

texts: season with 28 goals and 52 points in 63 games, helping the Knights to a 105-point season and a third-place finish in the Western Conference. <mask> made his post-season debut on March 25, 2016, scoring a goal against Michael McNiven of the Owen Sound Attack, and adding an assist, in a 4–1 Knights victory. On March 30, <mask> was involved in an incident in which he would earn a 12-game suspension from the OHL for a blind-side bodycheck on Justin Barack of the Attack. <mask> returned from his suspension to play in the third game of the Knights J. Ross Robertson Cup final series against the Niagara IceDogs. <mask> helped the Knights clinch the championship, as London swept Niagara in four games, to earn a berth in the 2016 Memorial Cup. At the 2016 Memorial Cup, <mask> played in the Knights opening game against the Red Deer Rebels on May 20, however, he was held off the score sheet in a 6–2 win. On May 23, <mask> scored his first career Memorial Cup goal against Jordan Papirny, and added an assist, in a 9–1 win over the Brandon Wheat Kings.The Knights advanced to the Memorial Cup final, and <mask> earned an assist in a 3–2 victory over the Rouyn-Noranda Huskies, as London won the Memorial Cup. <mask> returned to the Knights for the 2016–17 season after being assigned to the club by the Anaheim Ducks. On October 24, <mask> set a career-high with four points, as he scored two goals and assisted on two others, in a 5–1 Knights victory over the Saginaw Spirit. <mask> suffered through an injury-plagued season, appearing in only 33 games, however, he scored 17 goals and 36 points, helping London reach the post-season. In the playoffs, <mask> scored

masks: Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones


title: Max Jones (ice hockey)

texts:
 seven goals and 12 points in 14 games, as London lost to the Erie Otters in the Western Conference final. <mask> began the 2017–18 season with the Knights. On October 20, <mask> earned a hat trick in a 5–1 win over the Kitchener Rangers.On December 10, <mask> tied his career-high for points in a game, scoring twice and earning two assists in a 6–2 victory over the Erie Otters. On January 7, 2018, the Knights traded <mask> to the Kingston Frontenacs in exchange for Sergey Popov, a second-round draft pick in 2023, and a third-round draft pick in 2021. <mask> played in 25 games with the Knights, scoring 18 goals and 21 points. Kingston Frontenacs
<mask> made his debut with the Kingston Frontenacs on January 12, 2018, earning no points in a 4–2 loss to the Guelph Storm. In his next game with Kingston, <mask> scored his first goal with the club, beating Cole Ceci of the Oshawa Generals, and added two assists in a 4–1 win over the Oshawa Generals. On January 21, <mask> suffered a broken thumb in a game against the Mississauga Steelheads, sidelining him for the remainder of the regular season. In six games with Kingston, <mask> had a goal and two assists.In the post-season, <mask> missed the first seven games due to his injury, however, he made his playoff debut with Kingston on April 8, earning no points in a 4–2 win over the Barrie Colts. On April 12, <mask> scored his first playoff goal for the Frontenacs, scoring the opening goal against Leo Lazarev in a 7–1 win. In nine playoff games with Kingston, <mask> scored three goals and four points, as the Frontenacs lost to the Hamilton Bulldogs in the Eastern Conference final. Professional

masks: Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones


title: Max Jones (ice hockey)

texts:
 career

Anaheim Ducks
<mask> was drafted by the Anaheim Ducks in the first round, 24th overall, in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft held at the First Niagara Center in Buffalo, New York. Following the elimination of his junior club, the London Knights, in the 2017 OHL playoffs, the Ducks assigned <mask> to their AHL affiliate, the San Diego Gulls for the remainder of the playoffs. <mask> appeared in his first career AHL playoff game on April 22, 2017, earning no points in a 2–1 win over the Ontario Reign. On May 10, <mask> scored his first professional goal against Troy Grosenick of the San Jose Barracuda in a 4–3 overtime loss.In nine post-season games, <mask> scored a goal and an assist. <mask> started the 2018–19 season with the Ducks' AHL affiliate the San Diego Gulls, but on January 16, 2019 he was called up to the NHL. The next night he made his debut, helping the Ducks to a 3–0 win against the Minnesota Wild at Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul. Personal life
<mask>' father Brad is a former player who played 148 NHL games with 3 different teams (Winnipeg Jets, Los Angeles Kings and Philadelphia Flyers). Despite being from Michigan, he is a full supporter of the Bills Mafia, as seen with his WJC eyeblack. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1998 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey left wingers
Anaheim Ducks draft picks
Anaheim Ducks players
Ice hockey players from Michigan
Kingston Frontenacs players
London Knights players
Memorial Cup winners
National Hockey League first round draft picks
People from Rochester, Michigan
San Diego Gulls (AHL) players
USA Hockey National Team

masks: Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones


title: Villy Søvndal

texts:
<mask> (born 4 April 1952) is a Danish politician who served as Denmark's Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2011 to 2013. He represented the Socialist People's Party (Socialistisk Folkeparti) in Parliament (Folketinget) from 1994 to 2013. He was selected as party leader in a 2005 vote, succeeding Holger K. Nielsen. After he assumed this post, support for SF rose steadily in the polls, and in the 2007 parliamentary election the party received more than 13% of the votes, giving it 23 seats. After the election, support for SF continued to increase – up to 17–18% – but in the 2011 parliamentary election the party received only 9% of the vote and dropped down to 16 seats. In 2008, <mask> published an autobiography, Villys verden (Villy's World). Background
<mask> was born on 4 April 1952 in the town of Linde in the municipality of Struer.His father was <mask>, a smallholder, and his mother was Agnes. He attended Linde Skole from 1959 to 1966 and spent the next three years as a student at Nørreland School in Holstebro, passing the Llower secondary school examination in 1969. He graduated from Nørre Nissum Teacher Training College in 1971, passing the higher preparatory examination, and from 1971 to 1973 attended the now-defunct Vestbirk College of Music. From 1976 to 1980 Søvndal studied to be a teacher at the now-defunct Kolding Teacher Training College. He received a teacher's certificate in 1980, and from 1980 to 1992 worked as a teacher with the Kolding school authority. His own page at the SF party website describes him as having traveled a great deal as a young man, and says that his experiences in South America and Eastern Europe "were – in different ways – instructive in relation to problems of practical socialism". Political career

Early politics
His first political position was a seat on the Kolding town council, to which he was elected in 1982 and which he retained until 1994, with the exception of two periods (13–28 March 1986; 10

masks:
Villy Søvndal
Søvndal
Villy Søvndal
Peter Søvndal


title: Villy Søvndal

texts:
 October 1991 – 13 January 1992), during which he was a temporary member of Parliament for Vejle County.In August 1994 <mask> became a full-time member of Folketinget. He soon became the party's spokesman on social policy and defense issues, for many years was chairman of the Parliamentary Committee on Social Affairs. Party chairman
In April 2005, <mask> was elected to replace Holger K. Nielsen as chairman of the SF. Some members doubted his ability to run the party, but these doubts were put to rest after the 2007 parliamentary election, in which SF quadrupled its number of seats. In February and March 2008, Søvndal attracted attention with remarks he made about the Islamist organization Hizb ut-Tahrir. For several weeks, SF did better in the polls than the Social Democrats, and other polls indicated that he enjoyed greater support than Helle Thorning-Schmidt, the leader of the opposition. Søvndal received considerable praise for improving the party's popularity.In a September 2009 poll, 34% of respondents considered him the country's best party leader. The former press officer for the Conservatives in Parliament, Niels Krause-Kjær, has said about Søvndal: "With the dominance of the TV media, the mastery of the quick, well-timed one-liner is of enormous importance. There weren't many, to be sure, who had confidence that <mask> Søvndal had this ability when he took control of SF, but they turned out to be totally wrong. He was pigeonholed as the slightly boring professional politician, but when the limitations fell away he started having fun. He enjoys the role as political leader and enjoys himself in a way nobody had expected". Niels Krause-Kjær commented on <mask> Søvndal's role in SF's success by saying that <mask> has said himself that he thinks his strength lies in his ability to "communicate messages clearly and crisply", in his optimism, as well as in his ability to use humor in political debate. After his election as party leader, some

masks: Søvndal Søvndal Villy Villy Søvndal


title: Villy Søvndal

texts:
 members criticized the party for focusing too intensely on Søvndal.The presence of several large posters of Søvndal at SF's national convention in 2007 drew criticism. <mask> himself later replied the criticism by saying that "modern politics is also about people and trust in people", while emphasizing that he was not a power-grabber. During the run-up to the 2011 parliamentary elections, however, support for SF sank considerably, and the election results, which dropped SF's number of seats to 16, was very disappointing, even though the party became a part of a coalition government for the first time. On 7 September 2012, amid criticism that he had neglected his role as party leader since assuming the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs (see below), <mask> announced that he would resign as party leader, so that his successor would have time to get comfortable in the job. At this point, polls showed that SF would receive only 11 seats in a parliamentary election. On 13 October 2012, Annette Vilhelmsen defeated Astrid Krag in an election for party leader. Minister of Foreign Affairs
Søvndal has served as Minister of Foreign Affairs since 3 October 2011.In this capacity he met in May 2012 with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, where they announced Denmark's intention to contribute to the Afghan National Security Force, as well as to help complete the transition of power by the end of 2014; agreed on strengthening the U.S.-Danish partnership to prevent and counter terrorism in East Africa; and discussed the potential for stronger cooperation on promoting green growth. <mask> called in September 2012 for a reorganization of Danish assignments abroad, saying he wanted more focus on exports to China, India, Brazil, and other growth markets and less on the EU. He also looked to an increased emphasis on the Arctic, human rights, and green growth. "In a rapidly changing world we must constantly ask ourselves whether we are focusing on the right

masks: Søvndal Søvndal Søvndal


title: Villy Søvndal

texts:
 places and in the right way", Søvndal said. Speaking in February 2012 to the European Parliament, he praised the Arab League for its "strong leadership role...in the Syrian crisis". At a commemoration of the Day of Remembrance for victims of terrorist attacks in March 2012, Søvndal stressed that what is important is "countering terrorism" while "respecting human rights". In November 2012, he pledged Danish support to the Syrian rebels.He announced in February 2013 that Denmark would continue to work for the release of Danish-Bahraini human rights activist Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja, who was in prison in Bahrain, and called on that country to end its mistreatment of young demonstrators. In the same month he condemned North Korea's atomic-bomb test. Controversies

Remarks about Hizb-ut-Tahrir
In 2008, <mask> spoke out on his blog against the radical Islamic group Hizb-ut-Tahrir, calling its members "fools" with "lunatic views" and telling them that if they really want to live in the caliphate or under sharia, they had "come to the wrong country. They have nothing to do in Denmark, and they will not achieve their goals". He suggested that they move to Iran or Saudi Arabia, and added: "Your benighted state of idiocy has no place on earth". As for those who are attracted to HuT because they have experienced difficulties in life, he wrote: "Get out of the role of victim. Get out of the Middle Ages.Have the courage to use your common sense". Ordinary Danes, he said, "are sick and tired of Hizb-ut-Tahrir and its grotesque and insane demonstrations. That’s how most of us feel. And I am one of them!”

Muhammed cartoon crisis
After Iran demanded in February 2008 that Danish authorities apologize for the republication of the Muhammed cartoons, nine members of the Danish parliament canceled a scheduled trip to that country. Søvndal supported their decision, saying, "We are not the ones to apologise....If anyone needs to apologise for freedom of speech, human


title: John Myers (photographer)

texts:
<mask> (born 1944) is a British landscape and portrait photographer and painter. Between 1973 and 1981 he photographed mundane aspects of middle class life in the centre of England—black and white portraits of ordinary people and suburbia within walking distance of his home in Stourbridge. <mask> self-published this photography in books in 1974 and 1990; then only after renewed critical attention in 2011 were more books dedicated solely to his photography published. His work was included in the international survey of photographers, The Photography Book (Phaidon Press, 2014). Since the early 1970s he has exhibited in the UK and Europe. His work is held in the collection of the Library of Birmingham, in the Arts Council Collection, and in the James Hyman Collection. He later gave up photography for painting and had a solo exhibition in 2003 at Rugby Art Gallery and Museum.<mask> worked as a lecturer in fine art, then painting, from 1969 to 2001. Life and work
Originally from Bradford, <mask> has been based in the Black Country town of Stourbridge, in the West Midlands, since graduating from art school in Newcastle in 1969. His photographs between 1972 and 1979 were all made within walking distance of his home, mostly of people and places that he knew. His self-published book from this period, Middle England (1974), contains black and white portraits of individuals and families, which were also included in his first major exhibition at Ikon Gallery, Birmingham, in 2012. His black and white photographs of "garages, TVs, electricity substations, new builds and his neighbours" in The World is not Beautiful:

masks:
John Myers
Myers
Myers
Myers


title: John Myers (photographer)

texts: 1973–1981 (published 2017) were also made within walking distance of his house. He has also extensively photographed British industry. <mask> used a 4×5 large format Gandolfi camera that takes some time to set up and to use.He has noted the influence of photographers August Sander, Lewis Hine, Walker Evans, Eugene Atget, and Diane Arbus. His photographic archive from 1972 to 1981 is held in the Library of Birmingham's photography collection. The archive contains 134 of his portraits, mainly from 1973 to 1975; and roughly 160 photographs of aspects of the urban environment, from 1974 to 1981. Although his work is thoroughly English in feel, <mask> was a contemporary of, and can be favourably compared to, American Landscape photographers including Stephen Shore, Lewis Baltz & Robert Adam[s]. Closely echoing minimalist sculpture, <mask>' imagery pares landscape back to its most minimal, presenting environments, objects and buildings, which marginalise or exclude human presence and offer clear stylistic affinities with the work of Carl Andre[,] Dan Flavin, Donald Judd and Sol LeWitt. In addition to the photographs' conceptual purity, they also represent a remarkable and nostalgic panorama of Britain in the early 1970s. In 1976 <mask> self-published a book and co-curated an exhibition of photographs by Harold Eugene Edgerton (1903–1990).Edgerton was the inventor of single and multi-flash stroboscopic photography and this was the first solo exhibition in Europe of his work. <mask> gave up photography for painting. He worked as senior lecturer in fine art at Stourbridge College of Art from 1969 to 1989; then senior

masks: Myers Myers Myers Myers Myers


title: John Myers (photographer)

texts:
 lecturer in painting, and head of the MA in painting, at the University of Wolverhampton from 1989 to 2001. Publications

Publications by <mask>
Middle England: Twenty Four Photographs. Self-published, 1974. . With a preface by Paul David Lewis. Seeing the Unseen, the High Speed Photography of Dr. Harold E. Edgerton. Self-published, 1976.Photographs by Harold Eugene Edgerton. The Dudley Experience, De-Industrialisation, Unemployment and Enterprise in Dudley M.B.C. 1979–1983. Self-published, 1990. <mask>: Middle England. Birmingham: Ikon, 2011. . With an introduction by Jonathan Watkins and Pete James, and essays by Paul David Lewis, Eugenie Shinkle and Ian Jeffrey. Exhibition catalogue.The World is not Beautiful: 1973–1981. Hatfield, Hertfordshire: University of Hertfordshire Galleries; Manchester: Cornerhouse, 2017. Edited by Matthew Shaul and Steven Adams. . Exhibition catalogue. The Portraits. Bristol: RRB, 2018. . Edition of 458 copies. Looking At The Overlooked.Bristol: RRB, 2018. . Edition of 458 copies. The End of Industry. Bristol: RRB, 2019. Edition of 500 copies. The Guide. Bristol: RRB, 2021. . Includes work from The Portraits, Looking At The Overlooked, and The End of Industry plus 5 previously unpublished images.With writing by <mask>. Edition of 800 copies. Zine by <mask>
The End of Manufacturing. Southport: Café Royal, 2017. Edition of 350 copies. Publications with contributions by Myers
Serpentine Photography 73: The Arts Council presents work by 43 young photographers. London: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1973. . 45 cards (90 sides) in an envelope.British Image 1. London: Arts Council of

masks:
Myers
John Myers
Myers
Myers


title: John Myers (photographer)

texts:
 Great Britain, 1975. . Photographs by Homer Sykes, Claire Schwob, <mask>, Daniel Meadows, Bryn Campbell, Roslyn Banish, Ian Dobbie, and Paul Carter; with a very brief introduction by Robin Campbell and Barry Lane. Pages 28 to 37 present "Middle England" by <mask>, introduced by an essay on the work by Paul David Lewis. About 70 Photographs. London: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1980. Edited by Chris Steel-Perkins and William Messer. (paperback);  (hardback).Steele-Perkins and Messer comment on Young Boy (1975) on pp 12–13. Approaching Photography. Focal Press, 1982. By Paul Hill. . Unpopular Culture: Grayson Perry Selects from the Arts Council Collection. Edited by Grayson Perry. London: Hayward, 2008. .The Photography Book. Second, revised edition. Phaidon, 2014. . Photography exhibitions

Solo exhibitions
<mask> 33 portraits, 14 boring photographs, 10 televisions, 8 sub stations, 6 houses, 3 furniture stores and one giraffe, Gallery of Photography, Dublin, February–March 2014. <mask>: The World is Not Beautiful – it is There, Art and Design Gallery, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, December 2016 – January 2017; The Gateway Gallery, Luton Culture, Luton, February–April 2017. Group exhibitions
Serpentine Photography 73, Arts Council, Serpentine Gallery, London, July–August 1973. Unpopular Culture, De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill-on-Sea, May–July 2008; Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Preston, July–September 2008; DLI Museum and Art Gallery, Durham, November 2008 – January 2009; Southampton City Art Gallery, January–March 2009; Aberystwyth Arts Centre, March–May 2009; Scarborough Art Gallery, May–July 2009;

masks:
Myers
Myers
John Myers
John Myers


title: John Myers (photographer)

texts:
 Longside Gallery, Wakefield, July–October 2009; Victoria Art Gallery, Bath, November 2009 – January 2010.Artworks from the Arts Council Collection curated by Grayson Perry. Distinctly, Pingyao International Photography Festival, Pingyao, China, September 2018. Exhibitions curated by <mask>
Seeing the Unseen: The High Speed Photography of Dr. Harold Edgerton, Ikon Gallery, Birmingham, January 1976; then toured to The Photographers' Gallery, London; Hatton Gallery, Newcastle University; Midland Group Gallery, Nottingham; Modern Art Oxford; and Arnolfini, Bristol. Curated by <mask> and Geoffrey Holt. Seeing the Unseen: Photographs and films by Harold E. Edgerton, The Pallasades Shopping Centre, Birmingham, July–September 2010. A repeat organised by Ikon Gallery of the previous exhibition. Solo painting exhibition
Here's One I Made Earlier, Rugby Art Gallery and Museum, Rugby, April–May 2003

Collections
<mask>' work is held in the following collections:
Arts Council Collection, UK: 8 prints
James Hyman Collection, UK
Library of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK: roughly 300 prints

Award
1974: Arts Council England publishing award, to produce Middle England

References

External links

"Photographer <mask>' career in pictures" – photographs from Middle England at The Guardian
"Flat, Dead, Boring Light – An Interview with <mask> (2015)"
"<mask> – Middle England" by Francis Hodgson
<mask> talks about the making of his Middle England work – 13-minute video

1944 births
Living people
People from Stourbridge
Photographers from Worcestershire
British portrait photographers
Landscape photographers
20th-century British

masks:
Myers
Myers
Myers
John Myers
John Myers
John Myers
Myers


title: S. J. V. Chelvanayakam

texts: <mask> (; 31 March 1898 – 26 April 1977) was a Ceylon Tamil lawyer, politician and Member of Parliament. He was the founder and leader of the Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi (ITAK) and Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF) and a political leader of the Ceylon Tamil community for more than two decades. Chelvanayakam has been described as a father figure to Ceylon's Tamils, to whom he was known as "Thanthai Chelva" (father Chelva). Born into an expatriate Ceylon Tamil family in Malaya, <mask> moved to Ceylon while still young. He worked as a teacher before studying law at Ceylon Law College and qualifying as lawyer. A successful career in civil law saw him becoming a King's Counsel and being offered a position on the Supreme Court, which he rejected. As a young lawyer Chelvanayakam was not involved in politics but when the British established the Soulbury Commission to look into constitutional reform in Ceylon he and other Tamil people formed the All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC) to represent Tamil interests.He was elected to Parliament in 1947 to represent Kankesanthurai, a constituency he would represent until his death, except for a period between 1952 and 1956. Chelvanayakam left the ACTC over the party's decision to join the government and in 1949 founded his own party, ITAK, also known as the Federal Party. Chelvanayakam and ITAK advocated federalism as a means of sharing power between Ceylon's majority Sinhalese and minority Tamils. Chelvanayakam signed two pacts with Ceylonese Prime Ministers—Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact (1957) and Dudley-Chelvanayakam Pact (1965)—on devolving powers to Tamils and resolving linguistic rights and other ethnic

masks:
Samuel James Veluppillai Chelvanayakam
Chelvanayakam


title: S. J. V. Chelvanayakam

texts:
 issues but both were abrogated by the Prime Ministers due to pressure from Sinhalese nationalists. This, together with government policies which were regarded by Ceylon's minorities as discriminatory, resulted in Chelvanayakam and the Tamil political movement shifting away from federalism and towards separatism. ITAK and other Tamil political groups formed the Tamil United Front (TUF) in 1972 with Chelvanayakam as its leader. TUF was renamed TULF and in 1976, at a convention presided over by Chelvanayakam, passed the Vaddukoddai Resolution calling for the "restoration and reconstitution of the free, sovereign, secular, socialist state of Tamil Eelam".<mask> suffered from Parkinson's disease and failing hearing. He died on 26 April 1977 aged 79 after a fall at his home. Noted for his integrity, Chelvanayakam was committed to using non-violent methods to achieve his political goals, and led several satyagraha campaigns to realise the Tamils' political demands. His methods, however, failed to secure Tamils' rights in the face of opposition from Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists. His belief that the Tamils' political aspirations could be achieved through Parliamentary institutions has been criticised as naive. With his death the era of non-violent protest was replaced by violent militancy. Early life and family
<mask> was born on 31 March 1898 in Ipoh, Malaya.He was the son of <mask> <mask>, a businessman, and Harriet Annamma Kanapathipillai. <mask> had been a school teacher in Tholpuram in northern Ceylon before migrating to Malaya as a contractor. <mask> had two brothers (<mask> Ponnuthurai and Edward Rajasundaram) and a sister (Atputham Isabel).

masks:
Chelvanayakam
Chelvanayakam
Visvanathan
Velupillai
Velupillai
Chelvanayakam
Ernest Velupillai


title: S. J. V. Chelvanayakam

texts: The family later moved from Ipoh to Taiping. Malaya had few schools and most of these catered for rich Malays. It was common for expatriate Ceylon Tamils to send their children to schools in Ceylon. Aged four, <mask>, his mother, his two brothers and his sister were sent to Ceylon for the children's schooling.<mask> remained in Malaya to provide for his family. The family lived in Tellippalai, Harriet's home town, close to Harriet's siblings and their families. Harriet's brother S. K. Ponniah, a Church of England minister, became Chelvanayakam's guide and adviser. <mask> was educated at Union College, Tellippalai and St. John's College, Jaffna. After school he joined S. Thomas' College, Mutwal and obtained an external degree in science from the University of London in 1918. At St. Thomas <mask> was a contemporary of S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, future Prime Minister of Ceylon. After graduation Chelvanayakam visited his father in Malaya in 1918 shortly before his death.Chelvanayakam married Emily Grace Barr-Kumarakulasinghe (Rathinam), daughter of R. R. Barr-Kumarakulasinghe, in 1927. The Barr-Kumarakulasinghes were an influential family from Tellippalai who served the Dutch and British administrations in Ceylon. R. R. Barr-Kumarakulasinghe was Maniagar (British appointed administrative chief) for the Valikamam region. The Chelvanayakams had four sons (Manoharan, <mask>, Ravindran and Chandrahasan) and a daughter (<mask>la). Chelvanayakam was a Protestant Christian and a member of the Church of South India (CSI). While studying in Colombo he became a member of the Church of England as the CSI had no presence in the capital. Later, when the CSI

masks: Chelvanayakam Velupillai Chelvanayakam Chelvanayakam Vaseekaran Susi


title: S. J. V. Chelvanayakam

texts:
 established a church in Colombo, Chelvanayakam worshipped there.Though a Christian, Chelvanayakam absorbed many of the values of Hinduism. He claimed he was a Christian by religion and a Hindu by culture. Education, law and business
After graduating <mask> started teaching at St. Thomas but resigned when the warden William Arthur <mask> refused him leave to visit his dying brother Edward Rajasundaram. He then joined Wesley College, Colombo as chief science master. During this period he studied law at Ceylon Law College and became an advocate of the Supreme Court in 1923. He started practising law in Hulftsdorp, specialising in civil law, and was made a King's Counsel on 31 May 1947. <mask> was twice offered a position on the Supreme Court by Chief Justice <mask> Howard.Chelvanayakam was part of a syndicate which purchased a controlling stake in the Pettiagalla Estate plantation in Balangoda. He also owned a printing press which, though not profitable, was used to print ITAK's newspaper Suthanthiran (Freedom). Political career

All Ceylon Tamil Congress
With the annexation of the Kingdom of Kandy in 1815 the British brought the whole island of Ceylon under their control and in 1829 appointed the Colebrooke–Cameron Commission to assess the administration of the island. Among the recommendations of the commission were the end of the separate administration along ethnic/cultural lines for Low Country Sinhalese, Kandyan Sinhalese and Tamils and the introduction of communal representation whereby Ceylonese members of the Legislative Council were appointed along ethnic lines. The Donoughmore Commission of 1931 introduced universal suffrage and

masks:
Chelvanayakam
Stone
Chelvanayakam
John Curtois


title: S. J. V. Chelvanayakam

texts: replaced communal representation with territorial representation, thereby introducing majority (Sinhalese) rule. Following the 1936 state council election an all-Sinhalese Board of Ministers was established, stoking fears amongst the island's minorities about Sinhalese domination. Ceylon's Tamils, led by G. G. Ponnambalam, responded by demanding balanced representation (half of seats in legislature for Sinhalese with the remaining half for the combined minorities).When the British appointed Soulbury Commission to look into constitutional reform in 1944, Ceylon's Tamils formed the All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC) to represent Tamil interests. As a young lawyer <mask> was not involved in politics but when the ACTC was established in 1944 he became one of its principal organisers. Ponnambalam was the ACTC's president and <mask> was effectively his deputy. <mask> was part of the delegation, led by Ponnambalam, to the Soulbury Commission which argued unsuccessfully for balanced representation. <mask> stood as the ACTC candidate for Kankesanthurai in the 1947 parliamentary election. He won the election and entered Parliament. In the 19th and 20th centuries the British recruited large numbers of South Indians, primarily Indian Tamils, to work in tea, coffee, rubber and coconut plantations in Ceylon.Ceylon's majority Sinhalese viewed Indian Tamils with deep suspicion, fearing that they would dominate the island's central highlands and ally themselves with the indigenous Ceylon Tamils, increasing the latter's political strength. Following independence from Britain in February 1948, Ceylon's Sinhalese dominated government introduced the Ceylon

masks: Chelvanayakam Chelvanayakam Chelvanayakam Chelvanayakam


title: S. J. V. Chelvanayakam

texts:
 Citizenship Bill which had the effect of denying citizenship and making stateless the country's Indian Tamils, who by now accounted for 11 per cent of the population. The bill provided for citizenship by descent or registration but both required documentary proof, something that was difficult for most Indian Tamils, many of whom were illiterate. The ACTC opposed the bill which was passed by Parliament at its second reading on 20 August 1948. Shortly afterwards Ponnambalam decided to join the United National Party (UNP) led government which caused a split in the ACTC. Eventually the ACTC dissidents, led by Chelvanayakam, E. M. V. Naganathan and C. <mask>singam formed the Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi (ITAK, Federal Party) on 18 December 1949. Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi
ITAK had four main aims: creation of a federal union in Ceylon with two states—a Tamil state in the Northern and Eastern provinces and a Sinhalese state in the remaining seven provinces; cessation of state-sponsored colonisation in the two Tamil provinces; unity amongst the Tamil speaking peoples of Ceylon—Ceylon Tamils, Indian Tamils and Muslims; and equal status for Sinhala and Tamil languages.<mask> lost his seat in the 1952 parliamentary election but regained it in the 1956 parliamentary election. As Ceylon's two main parties, the UNP and Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), introduced policies which further discriminated against the country's minorities, such as the Sinhala Only Act which made Sinhala the sole official language of Ceylon, ITAK's Tamil nationalism became more popular than the ACTC's conservatism. In the 1956 parliamentary election the ITAK overtook the ACTC as the

masks: Vannia Chelvanayakam


title: S. J. V. Chelvanayakam

texts:
 banned the party along with the Jathika Vimukthi Peramuna (National Liberation Front). ITAK's leaders, including <mask>, were arrested on 4 June 1958 as they left Parliament and imprisoned. The ITAK leaders were placed under house arrest which meant that Chelvanayakam could not communicate with the public until late 1958 when the detention order was lifted. <mask> was re-elected in the March 1960 parliamentary election which resulted in a hung parliament. The new Prime Minister <mask> tried to get ITAK's support for his minority government but refused to give into ITAK's demands to end state-sponsored colonisation of Tamil-majority areas by Sinhalese, regional autonomy and the rights of Indian Tamils. As a result, ITAK started negotiations with the opposition SLFP who agreed to introduce the provisions of the B-C pact as bills in parliament.During the negotiations on forming an alternate stable government Chelvanayakam informed the Governor-General that ITAK would support a SLFP government for a full term and as result the Governor-General dissolved parliament. Civil disobedience
Chelvanayakam was re-elected in the July 1960 parliamentary election in which the SLFP and its leftist allies achieved a majority in parliament. No longer needing ITAK's support in parliament, the SLFP reneged on its pledges to honour the B-C pact and commenced enacting anti-Tamil policies, announcing the full operation of the Sinhala Only Act from January 1961 and using Sinhala in courts of law throughout the country. ITAK launched a campaign of civil disobedience in January 1961, beginning in Jaffna. Chelvanayakam started distributing leaflets outside Jaffna

masks:
Chelvanayakam
Chelvanayakam
Dudley Senanayake


title: S. J. V. Chelvanayakam

texts: Kachcheri in Old Park urging Tamil civil servants to boycott government offices and cease using Sinhala. The campaign was hugely successful and large crowds, including ITAK MPs, gathered in front of the Kachcheri and staged a protest rally. Early on the morning of 20 February 1961 dozens of ITAK volunteers staged a satyagraha at the Jaffna Kachcheri.Among them were several ITAK MPs including Chelvanayakam. As Government Agent M<mask> and Superintendent of Police Richard Arndt tried to leave Old Park in a jeep the protesters blocked their way. The police baton charged the protestors, kicking and dragging them away. Several protestors, including ITAK MPs A. Amirthalingam, V. Dharmalingam, V. A. Kandiah, E. M. V. Naganathan and K. Thurairatnam were injured. The police fired tear gas to disperse a large crowd that had gathered to watch the satyagraha. At the end of the day Chelvanayakam issued a press statement saying that it was "a great day for the Tamil-speaking people of Ceylon. This was the day we resorted to direct action to win our freedom".As the civil disobedience campaign spread to other parts of the north-east, Prime Minister <mask> Bandaranaike accused ITAK of trying to establish a separate state. In April 1961 the satyagrahas were removed by the army using brutal force. A state of emergency was declared on 18 April 1961. ITAK was banned, and its MPs and other leading members arrested and imprisoned at Panagoda Cantonment. <mask> was allowed to leave the camp and return home due to his deteriorating health. <mask> suffered from Parkinson's disease and his hearing had been gradually failing. After initially refusing, Prime Minister

masks:
. Srikantha
Sirimavo
Chelvanayakam
Chelvanayakam


title: S. J. V. Chelvanayakam

texts:
 <mask> Bandaranaike allowed Chelvanayakam to travel to the UK to undergo surgery in Edinburgh at the hands of a neurosurgeon <mask> Gillingham.The operation was successful and after a few months recuperating in London Chelvanayakam returned to Ceylon. The detention order on the ITAK leaders was lifted in October 1961. As a compromise the Bandaranaike government proposed the District Councils Bill to devolve powers to districts but following protests from Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists dropped the bill in June 1964. In 1964, as ITAK started preparing for a second civil disobedience campaign, the government started collapsing. As several SLFP MPs defected to the opposition, the government sough ITAK's support but ITAK chose instead to support the opposition and on 3 December 1964 the government was unable to prove its majority in parliament, precipitating an election. Dudley-Chelvanayakam Pact

Chelvanayakam was re-elected in the 1965 parliamentary election which resulted in a hung parliament. After the election Chelvanayakam met with UNP leader <mask> who agreed to Chelvanayakam's conditions for supporting a UNP led government.The agreement, known as the Dudley-Chelvanayakam Pact (D-C Pact), was put down on paper and signed by Chelvanayakam and Senanayake on 24 March 1965. Under the Dudley-Chelvanayakam Pact, which was a modified version of the B-C pact, Senanayake agreed to make Tamil the language of administration and of record in the Northern and Eastern provinces (Tamil Language Special Provisions Act); amend the Languages of Courts Act to allow legal proceedings in the Northern and Eastern provinces to be conducted and recorded in Tamil;

masks:
Sirimavo
Francis John
Dudley Senanake


title: S. J. V. Chelvanayakam

texts:
 establish District Councils vested with powers over mutually agreed subjects; amend the Land Development Ordinance to provide allotment of land to citizens; and grant land under colonization schemes in the Northern and Eastern provinces to landless people in the district, to Tamil-speaking residents from the two provinces, and to other citizens with preference being given to Tamils from other provinces. <mask>anayake kept the contents of the D-C Pact a secret which allowed Sinhalese nationalists to allege that he had agreed to the division of the country. Even the leftist Lanka Sama Samaja Party and Communist Party of Ceylon joined the Sinhala nationalist SLFP in propagating this claim. National government
ITAK joined the UNP-led seven party national government (hath haula). ITAK was offered three cabinet posts in the national government but, as the party had pledged that none of its MPs would accept ministerial positions until federalism had been achieved, it asked that M. Tiruchelvam be appointed to the Senate and given the Home Affairs portfolio. <mask>yake refused to give the Home Affairs portfolio to ITAK and instead gave Tiruchelvam the Local Government portfolio.The Tamil Language (Special Provisions) Regulation 1966, which made Tamil the language of administration in the Northern and Eastern provinces, was passed by Parliament in July 1966. The District Councils Bill, which was presented to Parliament in June 1968, met with opposition from UNP backbenchers and was abandoned. Tiruchelvam resigned from the government in November 1968 when <mask>yake over-ruled Tiruchelvam's decision to appoint a committee to look into declaring Fort

masks: Sen Senana Senana


title: S. J. V. Chelvanayakam

texts:
 Fredrick, including the historic Koneswaram temple, a Hindu sacred area. <mask>yake's decision had come after the Buddhist high chief priest of Tammankaduwa had objected to such a declaration, stating that it would result in the area getting "into the hands of those who are neither Sinhalese nor Buddhists". Chelvanayakam informed <mask>anayake that ITAK would withdraw from the national government. Thereafter ITAK sat as an independent group in Parliament, supporting or opposing the government based on the issue in question. United Front
Chelvanayakam was re-elected in the 1970 parliamentary election which resulted in the Sinhala nationalist SLFP and its leftist allies winning a large majority in Parliament.Sensing that life was going to get even worse for Tamils under the United Front government, <mask> declared "Only God can help the Tamils". Some Tamil youth, who felt that they had no other choice, started resorting to violence. <mask>, who still commanded respect among Tamil youth, urged them to renounce violence and continue with their education. Following the 1971 JVP insurrection the United Front started implementing policies aimed at the causes of the insurrection but which further discriminated against Tamils. Jobs and land in the newly nationalised plantations were given to Sinhala youth, to the exclusion of Tamils. Chelvanayakam labelled the nationalisation "highway robbery". The policy of standardisation replaced the merit based system for university entrance with one based on ethnicity, discriminating against Tamil youths.Using its large majority in Parliament, the United Front government started the process of replacing the

masks: Senana Sen Chelvanayakam Chelvanayakam


title: S. J. V. Chelvanayakam

texts:
 "British imposed" Soulbury Constitution. The government's proposed new constitution was seen as a Sinhala-Buddhist document by ITAK which mobilised Tamil public support against it. The proposals to constitutionally enshrine Sinhala as the sole official language, give special provision for Buddhism and repeal the protection for minorities particularly alarmed ITAK. ITAK believed that if Tamils did not participate in the constitution setting process they could demand self determination and a revert to the pre-British structures which existed before 1833. On 7 February 1971 Tamil parties held an all-party conference in Valvettithurai at which they issued a six-point memorandum of demands on regional autonomy, language rights, colonisation, employment discrimination and citizenship for Indian Tamils. The government rejected the demands and refused to invite the ITAK MPs to give evidence before the constituent assembly. Chelvanayakam vowed to resume civic protests and in February 1972, while visiting Madras, declared that ITAK would launch a non-violent struggle to agitate for a separate state.Tamil United Front
There was growing resentment amongst Tamils at the monopolisation of political and economic power by the Sinhalese. As a result, Tamil parties started coming together and on 14 May 1972 the ITAK, ACTC, Ceylon Workers' Congress, Eelath Thamilar Otrumai Munnani and All Ceylon Tamil Conference met in Trincomalee and formed the Tamil United Front (TUF) with <mask> as its president. The TUF MPs boycotted the ceremonial opening of the National State Assembly (NSA) on 22 May 1972, the day the new constitution was promulgated. In October 1972 <mask>

masks: Chelvanayakam Chelvanayakam


title: S. J. V. Chelvanayakam

texts:
 informed the NSA that he was resigning his parliamentary seat and would seek re-election on the issue of the new constitution which he claimed had been rejected by the Tamils. The government delayed holding a by-election in Chelvanayakam's constituency, citing the possibility of violence, which resulted in <mask> being exiled from Parliament for nearly two and half years. Chelvanayakam wrote to Prime Minister <mask> Bandaranaike on 4 November 1973 stating that the election would be peaceful and that the government's supporters could campaign freely. Bandaranaike did not respond.In the meantime, Tamil political opinion started shifting as a result of the government's perceived apathy and the Prime Minister's apparent inability to recognise the consequences of the growing ethnic tension in the country. At its 12th annual convention in Mallakam in September 1973 ITAK passed a resolution seeking self-determination for Tamils. Tamils now established their claim to be a sovereign nation-state and Chelvanayakam was considered the father of the nation. For his part <mask> ingrained the concept of a "traditional homeland for the Tamil people" in the mindset of the Tamils. Violence between Tamil militant youth and the government also escalated. Tamil United Liberation Front
The by-election in Kankesanthurai was eventually held on 6 February 1975 and Chelvanayakam was re-elected with a large majority. At a meeting in Jaffna in 1975 the TUF's action committee resolved to change the TUF's name to Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF).<mask>, G. G. Ponnambalam and S. Thondaman would be the TULF's co-leaders. The TULF held its first national convention in May

masks: Chelvanayakam Sirimavo Chelvanayakam Chelvanayakam


title: S. J. V. Chelvanayakam

texts: 1976 in Vaddukoddai and on 14 May 1976, under Chelvanayakam's chairmanship, passed the Vaddukoddai Resolution calling for the "restoration and reconstitution of the free, sovereign, secular, socialist state of Tamil Eelam". On 19 November 1976, in one of his last speeches in the NSA, Chelvanayakam acknowledged that his quest to obtain the "lost rights of the Tamil speaking people" through federalism had failed. "We have abandoned the demand for a federal constitution" he stated, "We know that the Sinhalese people will one day grant our demand and that we will be able to establish a state separate from the rest of the island." On 21 May 1976 several Tamil politicians (A. Amirthalingam, V. N. Navaratnam, K. P. Ratnam, M<mask> and K. Thurairatnam) were delivering leaflets when they were all arrested on government orders. <mask> was released but the others were taken to Colombo and tried for sedition. All the defendants were acquitted on 10 February 1977 after a high-profile trial-at-bar case in which around 70 prominent Tamil lawyers, including <mask> and G. G. Ponnambalam, acted for the defence.The last years of Chelvanayakam were personally difficult. He had financial problems as a result of the government not paying him compensation for the nationalisation of two plantations in which he had shares. Two of his sons and daughter had moved abroad. He had frequent falls as a result of his Parkinson disease. In March 1977 the government sought the TULF's support for extending the life of Parliament. <mask> and other TULF leaders did not trust the SLFP but felt that they had to take part in the discussions which were halted when Chelvanayakam fell

masks:
. Sivasithamparam
Sivasithamparam
Chelvanayakam
Chelvanayakam


title: Swift Berry

texts:
<mask> (January 9, 1887 – June 27, 1967), known as <mask>,  was a forestry expert and lumberman and then two-term member of the California State Legislature from the Republican Party. Background

<mask> was born on January 9, 1887, in Tecumseh, Nebraska. Both his parents died young, so a grandmother raised <mask> and his brother. In 1903, <mask> worked as a logger in Black Hills, South Dakota. In 1906, he studied at the Biltmore Forest School in North Carolina; in 1907, he obtained a degree as Forester. Career

Forestry

In July 1907, he entered the United States Forestry Service in Washington, DC, as a forest assistant. In 1908, he was transferred successively to: Holy Cross National Forest in Glenwood, Colorado, Arapaho National Forest in Sulphur Springs, Colorado, and the newly created District 5, headquartered in San Francisco, California, where he worked in timber sales.He earned an advance degree from the Biltmore Forest School, in part due to a thesis on logging and lumber flumes in California. In 1912, he became Forest Examiner and in 1916 became Logging Engineer District 5 (in charge of stumpage for all California forests). World War I

In 1917, <mask> joined the US Army Corps of Engineers and served in World War I. He served as a major in an advance party of the Tenth Engineers, Forestry Department, for the American Expeditionary Forces including time in Bordeaux and Paris (1917-1919). Forestry

In September 1919, he became a forest (timber) valuation engineer for the California pine and redwood region at the United States Bureau of Internal Revenue, based in San Francisco. In 1921, he worked as a forest engineer for a small

masks:
Jack Swift Berry
Swift Berry
Jack Swift Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry


title: Swift Berry

texts:
 company. In 1923, he served as secretary of the California Forest Protective Association.His 1921 study in forestry received recognition from the California State Board of Forestry in 1923. Lumber

In 1924, <mask> served as general manager of the Michigan-California Lumber Company ("Michigan Cal") through 1949. (The Michigan-California Lumber Company owned the Camino, Placerville and Lake Tahoe Railroad (CPLT) railroad. The CPLT railroad was dismantled beginning in October 1949, with lumber hauled by trucks over a route almost twice as long as the railroad and cable system.) <mask> applied the Biltmore method of sustainable forestry for 90,000 acres of timber. Originally, he worked in Camino, California. In 1930, he became general manager.In 1933, he had Michigan Cal donate the 4,400-acre Blodgett Forest (near Georgetown, California) to the University of California as a laboratory for its forestry school. In 1942, he helped establish the Amador-El Dorado Forest Forum. In 1950, he formed the Jack Swift Berry Lumber Company in Sacramento, California. World War II

During World War II, <mask> served as a lumber consultant to the National Production Authority. California State Senate

In 1952, <mask> started service as State Senator from the then 9th District comprising El Dorado and Amador counties through 1960. He served as chairman of the Natural Resources Committee. With Placerville mayor Sandy Murray, he championed the building of U.S. Route 50 in California (US 50) and the Marshall Hospital in Placerville.On November 4, 1952, <mask> won a seat as both Republican and Democratic party candidate. On November 6, 1956, he won again. On

masks: Berry Berry Berry Berry Berry