title: Ranbir Kapoor

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 addition to his acting career, <mask> supports charities and causes. He is also a co-owner of the Indian Super League football team Mumbai City FC.Early life and background

<mask> was born on 28 September 1982 in Bombay, Maharashtra to Rishi <mask> and Neetu Singh, both actors of the Hindi film industry. He is the great-grandson of Prithviraj <mask> and the grandson of actor-director Raj. His elder sister, Riddhima (born 1980), is an interior and fashion designer. The actor Randhir <mask> is his uncle, and his daughters, actresses Karisma and Kareena <mask> are his first cousins. <mask> is of Punjabi Khatri descent, born to a Hindu father and a Sikh mother. <mask> was educated at the Bombay Scottish School in Mahim, South Mumbai. As a student, he found little interest in academics and would rank low among his peers.However, he has stated that he performed better in sports, particularly football. <mask> has been vocal about how his parent's troubled marriage affected him as a child: "Sometimes the fights would get really bad. I would be sitting on the steps, my head between my knees, till five or six in the morning, waiting for them to stop". These experiences led to a "reservoir of emotions building up inside [him]", which he said compelled him to develop an interest in film. In his early years, <mask> was close to his mother, but had a dysfunctional relationship with his father. After completing his tenth standard examinations, he worked as an assistant director to his father on the film Aa Ab Laut Chalen (1999), during which he developed a closer bond with him. After completing his pre-university education from the Hassaram

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 Rijhumal College of Commerce and Economics, Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate University in Churchgate, South Mumbai; <mask> relocated to New York City to learn film-making at the School of Visual Arts, New York City in Gramercy Park, Lower Manhattan, and subsequently pursued method acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute in Union Square, Lower Manhattan.In film school, <mask> directed and starred in two short films, entitled Passion to Love and India 1964. The loneliness of living alone in New York City coupled with his experience in film school, which he described as "useless", inspired him to pursue a career in Bollywood. Upon returning to Mumbai, <mask> was hired as an assistant director to Sanjay Leela Bhansali on the 2005 film Black. He described the experience: "I was getting beaten up, abused, doing everything from cleaning the floor to fixing the lights from 7 am to 4 am, but I was learning every day." He later remarked that his motive for working on Black was to get Bhansali to offer him an acting job. Career

Debut and initial success (2007–2010)

Following the release of Black, Bhansali cast <mask> as the protagonist of his 2007 tragic romance Saawariya, alongside Sonam <mask> and Rani Mukerji. The film tells the story of a tramp, played by him, who falls obsessively in love with a woman awaiting the return of her lover.In an interview with the news and entertainment portal Rediff.com, <mask> stated that his character was written as a tribute to his grandfather's iconic roles as a tramp. Saawariya was the first Indian film to be produced by a Hollywood studio (Sony Pictures Entertainment), and was a

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texts: highly anticipated release. However, film critics were disappointed with the picture with BBC's Jaspreet Pandohar calling it a "misfire on a massive scale". CNN-IBN's Rajeev Masand considered it "contrived and fake", but was impressed by <mask>'s "affable charm" and wrote that "he’s got that star quality to him which is so rare to find." At the box office, Saawariya failed to earn profits. However, at the annual Filmfare Awards ceremony, <mask> was awarded a Best Male Debut trophy. Despite the commercial failure of Saawariya, <mask> was contracted by Yash Raj Films for a primary role in the Siddharth Anand-directed romantic comedy Bachna Ae Haseeno (2008).The film was his first commercial success, in which his role was that of a womaniser who is romantically involved with three women, played by Bipasha Basu, Minissha Lamba, and Deepika Padukone, at different stages of his life. Rachel Saltz of The New York Times expressed mixed views on his performance, but predicted that his "puppy-dog sweetness" would "serve him well as a Bollywood leading man". In 2009, <mask> had three film releases. In Dharma Productions's Wake Up Sid, a coming of age film from director Ayan Mukerji, <mask> portrayed Siddharth "Sid" Mehra, a rich, lazy teenager whose life undergoes a series of changes after interacting with an ambitious journalist (played by Konkana Sen Sharma). When Mukerji narrated the then-untitled script of the film to him, <mask> came up with the title himself. The media expressed doubt on the film's financial prospect as it depicted a romantic relationship between a younger man and an older woman. It eventually emerged as a sleeper hit


title: Ranbir Kapoor

texts: and garnered acclaim from the critics.Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama reviewed that <mask>'s performance in the film proved that he was "amongst the best in the business today". <mask> next starred opposite Katrina Kaif in Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani, a slapstick comedy from director Rajkumar Santoshi, that emerged as the fourth highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2009. Film critic Gaurav Malani praised <mask>'s flair for comedy, but criticised his "over-excited husky baritone". <mask>'s final release that year was the Shimit Amin-directed Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year, a drama about a sardar who aspires to be a salesman. Film critic Mayank Shekhar praised the film and found <mask>'s performance to be "astonishingly sincere", but the film earned little at the box office. <mask> later professed to being highly disappointed by the film's commercial failure. At the 55th Filmfare Awards, <mask> was awarded the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor for his performances in all three of his 2009 releases, and he also received two Best Actor nominations at the ceremony for Wake Up Sid and Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani.Prakash Jha's big-budget ensemble political drama Raajneeti was <mask>'s first release of 2010. The film, which starred Nana Patekar, Ajay Devgn, Arjun Rampal, Manoj Bajpayee, Katrina Kaif and Sarah Thompson in prominent roles, was inspired by the Indian epic The Mahabharata and Mario Puzo's 1969 novel The Godfather. <mask>'s role was of Samar Pratap (based on the characters of Arjuna and Michael Corleone), the youngest heir of an Indian political dynasty, who is reluctantly drawn to politics after the assassination of his

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 father. <mask> described it as his first complex role and considered it a departure from the "lover boy roles" that he had previously played. Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India reviewed: "The film finally belongs to <mask> <mask> who perfects the art of minimalismand literally grows before your eyesas the simmering volcano that cannot be held back, once it erupts." Robert Abele of the Los Angeles Times, however, was more critical of his performance which he considered "stony rather than calculatingespecially jarring compared to the histrionic turns around him". Indian trade journalists were apprehensive of Raajneeti recovering its  investment.The film, however, proved to be a major commercial success with worldwide earnings of over . <mask> received a third Best Actor nomination at Filmfare for the film. Later that same year, <mask> collaborated with Priyanka Chopra on Anand's Anjaana Anjaani, a comedy-drama involving two strangers who vow to commit suicide on New Year's Eve. The film was a moderate financial success, but garnered little praise from the critics. Rajeev Masand noted that <mask> "struggles with a badly-defined role" and NDTV's Anupama Chopra concluded: "<mask> tries hard to salvage the film, dropping his shirt several times but even his lovingly shot chest can’t save the film." Critical acclaim (2011–2013)

Following an item number in the children's film Chillar Party (2011), <mask> took on the role of Janardhan "Jordan" Jakhar in Imtiaz Ali's Rockstar, a drama that follows the journey of an aspiring musician from a humble background to international stardom. In preparation for the role, <mask> lived with a Jat

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texts: family in Pitam Pura and studied their mannerisms.He additionally learned to play the guitar and practiced extensively at A.R. Rahman's (the film's music composer) music studio. As part of the film's promotional activity, <mask> performed at a live concert in Mumbai. Film critics were polarised on their view of the film, but were unanimous in their praise for <mask>; Aniruddha Guha of Daily News and Analysis was particularly impressed with the film and thought that <mask>'s portrayal was one of "Hindi cinema’s most accomplished performances by a lead actor". For the role, <mask> won both the Best Actor and Best Actor (Critics) trophies at the 57th Filmfare Awards ceremony, along with Best Actor awards at Screen and IIFA. With a gross revenue of , Rockstar was one of the top-grossing Hindi films of the year. The 2012 romantic comedy Barfi!was <mask>'s first release to earn over  at the domestic box office. Directed by Anurag Basu, the film (set in the 1970s) tells the story of its titular protagonist (a deaf and mute man, played by <mask>) who falls in love with a woman who is already engaged (played by Ileana D'Cruz) and later, an autistic girl (played by Priyanka Chopra). In preparation, <mask> observed the work of actors Roberto Benigni, Charlie Chaplin, and his grandfather. Barfi! received praise from the critics, and the performances of the three lead actors were acclaimed. Ronnie Scheib of Variety praised <mask> for successfully channeling Chaplin in "tone and affect", and Raja Sen of Rediff.com wrote that "he does very strongly indeed with this Chaplin-tribute role, bestowing his character with heart every step of the way".

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 The film was submitted as India's official entry for the 85th Academy Awards, and was screened at the Marrakech and Busan International Film Festivals.<mask> won second consecutive Best Actor awards at the Filmfare, Screen, and IIFA Award ceremonies. <mask> achieved further success in 2013 when he reunited with director Ayan Mukerji for the romantic comedy Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani co-starring Deepika Padukone, Kalki Koechlin, and Aditya <mask>. He was cast as Kabir "Bunny" Thapar, a commitment-phobic photographer, a character <mask> found to be an extension of himself. His pairing with Padukone, after their highly publicised break-up, led to hype surrounding the film's release. Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani emerged as one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time with earnings of , proving to be <mask>'s third consecutive commercial success in three years and earned him another Best Actor nomination at Filmfare. Film critics found the film to be "riddled with clichés", but praised both <mask> and Padukone, with Daily News and Analysis Tushar Joshi labelling their on-screen chemistry as "unsurpassable". <mask>'s second release of 2013 was the action-comedy film Besharam in which he played a petty thief, alongside Pallavi Sharda and his parents.The film met with an overwhelming negative reception and emerged as a failure; Sudhish Kamath of The Hindu described it as "<mask>'s hall of shame". Commercial struggles and resurgence (2014–present)
After a year-long absence from the screen, <mask> featured as a mysterious thief in Roy (2015), a romantic thriller which critic Sarita Tanwar described as a "boring, exhausting and pretentious"

masks:
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texts: film. The series of financial failures continued with his next release, the Anurag Kashyap-directed crime drama Bombay Velvet, based on the historian Gyan Prakash's book Mumbai Fables, which also starred Anushka Sharma and Karan Johar. <mask> portrayed an ambitious boxer in the 1960s who is drawn towards a life of crime; he based his tapori diction on Johnny Walker's character in Mr. & Mrs. '55 (1955). Made on a budget of , the film opened to meager box-office collections and mixed reviews from critics. Ritika Bhatia of Business Standard found <mask>'s part to be a departure from his previous roles, writing that he "does test the waters with methodical sincerity but his portrayal lacks depth on occasion". Bombay Velvet was eventually screened at the Locarno and Bucheon film festivals.<mask> next reunited with Deepika Padukone in Tamasha (2015), a romantic drama from Imtiaz Ali. He played the role of Ved Sahni, a man who desires a career in the arts but settles for a life of monotony as an engineer. Once again, the film failed commercially and received mixed reviews from critics. <mask>'s performance was praised; Lisa Tsering of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "<mask> is beautifully cast, his trademark mix of assertive theatricality and subtle emotion well suited to the role of a man who seemingly has it all under control, until he doesn’t." <mask>'s career prospect briefly improved in 2016 when he took on the lead role of an aspiring musician in Karan Johar's Ae Dil Hai Mushkil (2016). The romantic drama, co-starring Anushka Sharma and Aishwarya Rai, tells the story of unrequited love, and proved to be one of the highest-grossing


title: Ranbir Kapoor

texts: Bollywood films of the year. Critical reception was mixed; Joe Leydon of Variety thought that "<mask> [is] often erring on the side of annoying while trying to balance vulnerability and self-centeredness".Both Tamasha and Ae Dil Hai Mushkil earned <mask> Best Actor nominations at Filmfare. In a collaboration with director Anurag Basu, <mask> formed a production company named Picture Shuru Productions, whose first release was the musical comedy-mystery film Jagga Jasoos (2017), which tells the story of a gifted teenager's search for his missing stepfather. Production on the project was plagued with difficultiesprincipal photography began in 2014, but the release date was pushed back several times owing to changes in the script, multiple reshoots, and rumours of animosity between <mask> and co-star Katrina Kaif (the couple had broken-up before they finished filming). Anna M. M. Vetticad of Firstpost considered the film to be "a laudable experiment that zigzags off course", and while praising <mask>'s dedication to his part, criticised the decision to cast him as a teenage schoolboy. It did not perform well commercially which led <mask> to regret his venture into production. In 2018, <mask> portrayed the actor Sanjay Dutt in Rajkumar Hirani's biopic Sanju. It deals with Dutt's troubled relationship with his father, his drug addiction, and arrest for illegal possession of firearms.<mask> was keen to avoid a hagiographic narrative and did not want to mimic Dutt's mannerisms. He interacted extensively with Dutt and took a month's time to transform himself physically before filming each phase of the actor's life. Saibal Chatterjee of


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 NDTV thought that despite dramatic liberties, the film had successfully portrayed Dutt's complexity, and wrote that <mask> "pulls out the stops in astonishingly effective ways, subsuming his personality into that of the protagonist". Uday Bhatia of Mint was more critical for making Dutt too sympathetic despite his misdeeds, and wrote that <mask>'s "imitation (astonishing at times) takes over the performance". Sanjus strong financial performance re-established <mask>'s stardom. With earnings of over , it emerged as one of Indian cinema's biggest earners and <mask>'s highest-grossing release. He won another Best Actor award at Filmfare.Upcoming projects
As of January 2021, <mask> has four upcoming projects. He will feature opposite Alia Bhatt in Ayan Mukerji's fantasy film trilogy, which also stars Amitabh Bachchan, Mouni Roy, the first of which is named Brahmāstra. He has committed to play a dacoit in Karan Malhotra's period adventure film Shamshera, alongside Vaani <mask> and Sanjay Dutt, and will star with Ajay Devgn in Luv Ranjan's as-yet untitled action thriller. Crime drama film titled Animal to be directed by Sandeep Vanga is also announced. Personal life

<mask> has been vocal about his personal life, and has stated that his parents' marriage taught him how complex a relationship can be. He had his first serious relationship while in the seventh grade, and suffered from depression when it ended. While filming Bachna Ae Haseeno in 2008, <mask> began dating his co-star Deepika Padukone.The relationship attracted substantial media coverage in India and they speculated on an impending engagement. However, the couple broke up a


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 year later. <mask> maintained that the split was amicable, though the media widely reported that the split was due to infidelity on <mask>'s part. <mask> later confessed: "Yes, I have, out of immaturity, out of inexperience, out of taking advantage of certain temptations, out of callousness." Later in 2015, <mask> stated that they both had resolved the conflict and had moved on with their lives. Since the split, he has been reticent to publicly discuss his personal life. Rumours of an affair with Katrina Kaif first emerged during the production of Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani in 2009.In August 2013, a set of paparazzi photographs of <mask> and Kaif at a beach in Spain were published by Stardust. Although <mask> initially declined to speak of the relationship, he admitted to it in 2015: "Both of us are sure about our relationship and if we don't open about it now, it would be showing disrespect to the relationship." As of February 2016, the media reported that they had broken up. In 2018, he began dating Alia Bhatt, his co-star in Brahmastra (2022). He also admitted to being addicted to smoking and drinking. Off-screen work

In addition to acting, <mask> is a football enthusiast and supports charities and organisations. He is the vice-captain of the All Stars Football Club, a celebrity football club that raises money for charity.In March 2013, he played the game to raise funds for the Magic Funds Organisation, an NGO for underprivileged children. Along with the chartered accountant Bimal Parekh, <mask> acquired ownership rights in 2014 for the Mumbai-based football team of the Indian Super League, named Mumbai City FC. Also that


title: Ranbir Kapoor

texts: year, <mask> announced his participation with the digital music company Saavn as a content and programming adviser. In 2016, he featured in the documentary series Girls with Goals, to create awareness about and raise funds for YUWA, an all-girls football team in the state of Jharkhand. <mask> supports the empowerment of the girl child and is the goodwill ambassador of Shabana Azmi's Mijwan Welfare Society, an NGO which helps empower women. He supports environmental charities, and in 2011 donated money to the Community Water Initiative, a charitable organisation owned by PepsiCo. In 2012, he appeared alongside other celebrities in a short film by Zoya Akhtar to generate awareness on breast cancer.He is the campaign ambassador for NDTV's Marks for Sports, a nationwide initiative to promote fitness and health in India. In 2013, <mask> participated in an auction on eBay, where the highest bidder gets an opportunity to interact with him; the proceeds were donated to Save the Children, a non-profit organisation that raised funds for flood affected households in Uttarakhand. That same year, he appeared alongside other celebrities in a commercial, produced by the National Film Development Corporation of India, to create awareness about children's education. In December 2014, <mask> again took part in an eBay auction; the phiran he wore in Rockstar was sold, with proceeds going to the redevelopment of the flood-ravaged states of Kashmir and Assam. <mask> had also fronted a campaign to collect donations for the victims of the April 2015 Nepal earthquake. In 2015, he presented 2,000 raincoats to the Mumbai traffic police as an appreciation

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 for their service during the year's heavy monsoon. In 2018, <mask> collaborated with Aamir Khan's Paani Foundation to help local farmers and villagers suffering from drought in parts of Maharastra.In the media

Born into a family of popular actors, <mask> faced the media spotlight from a young age; Hindustan Times published that "he was always a star kid from whom everyone had great expectations". Despite the failure of his first film (Saawariya), IANS reported that he "rose like [a] meteor on film firmament by giving compelling performances in films like Raajneeti, Rockstar and [..] Barfi!" Discussing the commercial viability of <mask>, Apoorva Mehta (the COO of Dharma Productions) noted in 2013, "In a short career span of 10 films, <mask> <mask> has achieved a tremendous jump in the business done by his films." Also that year, The Economic Times credited him as "the most bankable actor of his generation". However, following the success of Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani, each of <mask>'s releases under-performed at the box-office. This led trade journalists to criticise his choice of films, noting that his inclination towards experimental projects negatively impacted his commercial appeal. Nationally, <mask> is one of the most popular and high-profile celebrities.In 2012 and 2013 Forbes featured him among the top twenty in India's Celebrity 100, a list based on the income and popularity of the country's celebrities. For the next two years, he was ranked 11th with an estimated annual earning of  and  respectively, making him one of the highest-paid actors in the country. <mask> has frequently featured in Rediff.com's annual listing of

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 "Bollywood's Best Actors"; he was ranked second in 2009, first in 2011, third in 2012, and held the sixth position in 2015. <mask> has been cited as one of the most attractive Indian celebrities by the media. He has featured on The Times of Indias listing of the 'Most Desirable Man' from 2010 to 2015, ranking among the top ten each year. In 2009 People magazine listed him as the "Sexiest Man Alive" in India, and in 2013 he topped Filmfares poll of the "Most Stylish Young Actor". Also in 2013, he was one of the recipients of the "People of the Year" award by the Limca Book of Records.In 2010, he was voted the "Sexiest Asian Man" in a poll conducted by the magazine Eastern Eye. <mask> continued to feature among the top ten of the list from 2011 to 2014. <mask> is also the celebrity endorser for various brands and services, including Pepsi, Panasonic, Renault India, Lenovo and the Spanish football club FC Barcelona. Awards and nominations

<mask> has been the recipient of six Filmfare Awards: Best Male Debut for Saawariya (2007), Critics Award for Best Actor for Wake Up Sid (2009), Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani (2009), and Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year (2009) (jointly for the three films), and Rockstar (2011), and Best Actor awards for Rockstar, Barfi! (2012), and Sanju (2018). See also
 List of Indian film actors

References

External links

1982 births
Indian male film actors
Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni
Living people
Male actors from Mumbai
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Punjabi people
Ranbir
Filmfare Awards winners
Indian male dancers
International Indian Film Academy Awards winners
Screen Awards

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<mask> (14 August 1897 – 15 May 1977) was an Italian futurist artist who has had retrospectives at the Walker Art Center and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. Her work fits within the second phase of Italian Futurism. Biography
<mask> was born in Rome, the second of five children. Her mother, <mask>, was a numerologist and believed in the properties of alphabetic letters and gave her four sons names that begin with the letter A and her only daughter, Benedetta, a name that began with B. Her mother was a cultured woman and a Protestant. Her parents were rigid, but affectionate in her upbringing. <mask>’s father, <mask>, was an official of the Ministry of Railways and later an officer in the Italian army.He died after returning from World War I, a tragic event that impacted her so deeply that she described her emotional and psychological state as a “broken core”. Her brothers Alberto and Arturo, a historian and a journalist, also had ties to the military and Italian politics, bringing the family in close contact with the Socialist Party and eventually many Futurist thinkers. The Cappas were a middle-class family. <mask> <mask> had access to an education that allowed her to nurture her strong vocation to painting and literature. As a child, Cappa wrote poetry and took painting and piano lessons. She attended Vittoria Columna high school in Rome and graduated in 1914. During World War I she worked at an after-school program for underprivileged children.Her interest in educational science led her to explore the pedagogy of Maria Montessori, whose ideas and concepts treat learning as a primarily sensory experience. <mask>’s interest in tactile exploration continued and would later be

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Benedetta
Amalia Cappa
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title: Benedetta Cappa

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 reconfigured in her version of Futurist ideology. She received a degree in elementary education from the "Universita degli Studi di Roma" in 1917. Around 1917, <mask>’s brother’s activities with the Futurists and friendship with Futurist artist Růžena Zátková inspired her to leave teaching. She began her training as a painter in the studio of Giacomo Balla, an abstract artist who created pieces that captured movement and light. <mask> initially modeled her choices of theme and style after her mentor, depicting dynamic objects and the impact they have on their surroundings. Balla became an important mentor and a lifelong friend.Cappa began to meet avant-garde artists, poets and writers who gathered in the studio. In 1918, she met Filippo Tommaso Marinetti at Casa Balla. Their friendship was first based on intellectual pursuits and they began exchanging letters in 1918. Initially, these are written with a certain formality on both parts and deal with Futurist ideas and a discussion of their literary works. By 1920 Marinetti is addressing his correspondence to B<mask> Marinetti. <mask> and Marinetti married three years later. Artwork and influence
Though she was an artist active in Futurist circles, Cappa felt labels were restrictive and initially rejected the designation.In a 1918 correspondence with F.T. Marinetti she writes, “I am too free and rebellious – I do not want to be restricted. I want only to be me.”  Despite entering her marriage with such determined independence, the considerable contributions made by Cappa are often overshadowed by the figure of Marinetti and the vociferous manner with which he directed the movement. Cappa’s body of work spanned a range of media that

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texts: included pen, paper, paint, metal and textiles. She wrote poetry and prose, signed, and spoke as an individual, but only recently has she garnered independent recognition. In 1919, Cappa published Spicologia di 1 Uomo, a collection of poetry which incorporates “unusual word placement, typographic experimentation, and visual and auditory correspondences”. Subsequently published in 1924, Le Forze Umane: Romanzo Astratto con Sintesi Grafiche (Human Forces: Abstract Novel with Graphic Synthesis), has a similar structure presented in an extrapolated form.Two images from this novel provide an interesting conceptual contrast. The first, Forze Feminile: Spirale di Dolcezza + Serpe di Fascino (Feminine Forces:  Spiral of Sweetness + Serpent of Charm) consists simply of three curved lines, one of which provides a central axis for the other two. The linear composition of the second drawing, Forze Maschili: Armi e Piume (Masculine Forces: Weapons and Feathers), has numerous straight lines and arcs arranged in an impenetrable tangle. <mask>'s publication of Le Forze Umane was one of three books she has written. The release of her book made many futurists question her allegiance with Futurism, for her book seemed to align more with Neo-Plasticism at the time by many male Futurists who have written reviews on <mask>'s book. <mask> collected all of the reviews in her Librone which can be found at the Getty Research Institute. It was a decision made from many reviewers that <mask>'s first book represents the unwillingness from the reviewers to accept a women's work as part of Futurism.The action and aesthetic of the machine age is a trope within Futurism that appears frequently in <mask>’s artwork. One

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title: Benedetta Cappa

texts: early abstract painting, Velocità di Motoscafo, (Velocity of a Motorboat), (1923–24), contains many of the elements that would come to mark <mask>’s painting style. Well defined, curvilinear shapes, painted in gradient tones are compositionally arranged to imply objects in motion: “… the interplay of ‘force lines,’ become the subject”. The artist’s exploration of the machine continued with Luci + Rumori di un Treno Notturno, (Lights + Sounds of a Night Train), (ca. 1924) and with Aeropittura (1925). A trip to Latin America in 1926 was followed by a series of abstract paintings done in gouache on paper. As <mask> developed her artistic practice, her influence within the Futurist Movement expanded.Between the end of World War I and the early 1930s, there was an ideological transformation which led to the period commonly known as Second Wave Futurism. The notably misogynistic tone of the foundation texts was largely muted as the number of female Futurists increased. Several other themes, such as Technology, Speed, and Mechanization carried over into this new incarnation of Futurism. For this reason, <mask>’s oil painting Il Grande X (1931) is considered the culmination of one era and the prelude to another. In the two decades since F.T. Marinetti’s manifesto, the brash avant-garde movement had largely become the establishment. It was the Futurists’ affiliation with the state establishment that would lead to one of <mask>’s most recognizable paintings, her mural series for the Conference Room at the Palazzo delle Poste in Palermo, Sicily.The building is an amalgam of works by several Futurist artists. Designed by the Rationalist architect, Angiolo Mazzoni, the Poste Italiane houses tile

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 wall mosaics by Luigi Colombo Filìa and Enrico Prampolini in addition to the murals by Benendetta. The shared themes of synthesis and communication are critical to the aesthetic program of the Futurist structure. Completed between 1933 and 1934, each painting depicts a form of information transfer, including terrestrial, maritime, aerial, radio, telegraphic and telephonic communication. The pale blue and green color palette, along with the use of tempera and encaustic media, were designed to invoke resonances with Pompeian frescos. The collection represents the idealized speed and efficiency of message delivery in the modern world. Exhibition history and legacy
<mask>’s works were exhibited widely, along with the rest of the Italian Futurists, both during her lifetime and after, with major exhibitions as early as 1926 and up until the outbreak of World War II.She was a regular participant in the Venice Biennale, and was the first woman to have a painting reproduced in a Biennale catalog. A long pause ensued after the war, which lasted until the 1980s, when the works of the Futurists were, once again, starting to be appreciated. Indeed, it was Benedetta’s five monumental mural paintings, Sintesi delle Comunicazioni (Synthesis of Communication)(1933-1934), which closed the show, on loan for the first time ever, and placed as they were, at the apex of the exhibition. These murals are the best known of her works, stemming from the muralism movement of the second wave of Futurism, which began in the early 1930s. This new emphasis on murals by the Futurists was brought to prominence in 1934, when they published three articles on muralism in their new magazine, Stile Futurista. The effort was


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 motivated by the younger Futurists, who thought the medium would allow them to utilize the panoptic and panoramic vision of the earlier, Aeropittura pictorial genre of the Futurists to best effect in creating the “total environment” in which they had long sought to immerse viewers with their works.(p. 317)

Futurist murals were unique in that they would contain only imagery inspired by modern technology.The Futurists were also keen to have public commissions for their murals, and cited numerous venues they wished to embellish with them in pamphlets published to accompany their two mural exhibitions of 1934. Their wish list included numerous political and public venues, such as train stations, posts offices, schools, and even a seaplane base. Despite their efforts, the Futurists received few public mural commissions in the 1930s, with the exception of three mural-sized works for the new Palazzi delle Poste e Telegraphi (Post and Telegraph offices) in La Spezia, Palermo. La Spezia was an important port and also home to several military bases at the time. Almost all of <mask>’s paintings which have survived were painted within a fifteen-year period. The earliest of these can be traced to 1924, when she created her well known Treno nella Note in Velocità, (Speeding Train by Night), as well as Velocità di Motoscafo'', (Speed of a Motorboat), considered her finest piece of abstract painting. In addition to her rich artistic legacy, <mask> constantly reaffirmed in her works a desire that contributions by women would help to reduce aggression, although she did so in accordance with the Futurist’s revolutionary ideals.But even within the context of the male-dominated Futurist movement, and the

masks: Benedetta Cappa


title: Benedetta Cappa

texts:
 marriage to its founder, <mask> insisted on direct action and participation for women: In her own words: “I believe that the feminine soul is at the dawn of her artistic expression...without copying the experiences of men.”(p. 69)

References

External links
Benedetta, WikiArt

1897 births
1977 deaths
Italian Futurist painters
Italian women painters
Painters from Rome
20th-century Italian painters
20th-century Italian women artists
Futurist


title: Carme Forcadell

texts:
<mask> (born 29 May 1955) is a Spanish politician from Catalonia. She is the former President of the Parliament of Catalonia, as well as a Catalan high school teacher, known for her Catalan independence activism. She was one of the founders of Plataforma per la Llengua, a member of the executive board of the Sabadell branch of Òmnium Cultural, and president of the Catalan National Assembly from its inception until May 2015. In 2015, she won a seat in the Catalan parliament as part of the Junts pel Sí coalition. Subsequently, in October 2015 she was elected President of the Parliament of Catalonia, a position she held until January 2018. Since March 2018 until June 2021, she was jailed, accused of rebellion. In October 2019, she was sentenced by Spain's Supreme Court to 11 years and six months in prison and disqualification for the crimes of sedition and embezzlement of public funds.She was freed in June 2021 following a government pardon. Background
<mask> was born in Xerta, Spain. She is the daughter of a humble family; her father was a farmer and a truck driver. She was born in Xerta and at 18 she moved to Sabadell, where she currently lives. <mask> has a degree in philosophy and communication studies from the Autonomous University of Barcelona and a Masters in Catalan philology from the same university. She worked at the television station TVE Catalunya from 1979 to 1982 and with various other media organizations. <mask> has been a civil servant within the Catalan Department of Education since 1985, as the coordinator of linguistic normalization for the Department's Catalan Education Service since 1992, and then from 2004 on as a consultant of intercultural studies, language, and social cohesion in Vallès Occidental.She has published textbooks, books on language and literature, and a dictionary. She has been a contributing writer for various media outlets, writing about language planning, language, and identity. She is a member of the Comissió de la Dignitat (Commission on Dignity, an organization that works to have documents confiscated by the Franco regime returned to their rightful owners) and the Plataforma pel Dret de Decidir (Platform

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Maria Carme Forcadell i Lluís
Forcadell
Forcadell
Forcadell


title: Carme Forcadell

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 for the Right to Decide), where she is part of the communications committee. Political career

Forcadell has been a member of Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya and served as a city councilperson for the political party in Sabadell from 2003 to 2007. On 22 April 2012 the members of the Executive Board of the Catalan National Assembly (ANC) chose Forcadell as president of the ANC. She was joined by Carles Castellanos as vice president and Jordi Martínez as secretary. During the summer of 2012, the ANC organized marches for independence all over Catalonia.As president of the ANC, <mask> was one of the leading voices behind the organization of the 2012 "Catalonia, Next State in Europe" rallies and the Catalan Way in 2013. On 17 May 2014, she was reelected president of the ANC with 97% of the votes. <mask> received the 2014 Joan Blanca Prize from the city of Perpignan in recognition of her commitment to the defense of Catalan culture and identity. On 16 May 2015, Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol succeeded her as President of the ANC. He was chosen by the members of the Executive Board despite Liz Castro's having received the most votes. The following July it was announced that <mask> would be a candidate in the Catalan parliamentary elections to be held on 27 September, running second behind Raül Romeva on the electoral list of the pro-independence coalition Together for Yes for the province of Barcelona. On 26 October 2015 <mask> was elected president of the Catalan parliament.Imprisonment

After the Catalan declaration of independence on 27 October 2017, <mask> was investigated by the Supreme Court for alleged crimes of rebellion and sedition. She first appeared in the Supreme Court on 2 November 2017 but the judge postponed her declaration as imputed for 9 November. On 9 November 2017 <mask> was sent to Madrid's Alcalá Meco jail, only overnight, over her role as the Speaker of the Catalan Parliament for having processed in the Parliament a bill of independence referendum, using an emergency procedure that was declared void by the Constitutional Court, violating the participation rights of the opposition parties and falsifying the publication of said

masks: Forcadell Forcadell Forcadell Forcadell Forcadell Forcadell


title: Carme Forcadell

texts:
 project, because the secretary general of the parliament refused to process it, as it was unconstitutional. Also, to process the next day the Draft Law of legal transience, which sought to unilaterally break the unity of Spain. She was released the same day with a precautionary bail of 150,000 euros. In December of the same year she was again elected to the Parliament elections this time for the candidature of Esquerra Republicana. She renewed her status as a parliamentarian on 17 January 2018 but resigned to be re-elected president of the chamber and was succeeded by the deputy by Roger Torrent.On 24 March 2018, after the failed voting for the investiture of Jordi Turull as president of the Generalitat of Catalonia, she resigned as deputy, along with Marta Rovira and Dolors Bassa. One day after, on 23 March 2018, Presidential candidate Jordi Turull, former parliament speaker <mask> <mask> and three deposed ministers were sent to pre-trial prison. On 1 February 2019 she was transferred back to the Madrilenian prison of Alcalá-Meco, to face the Judgment that began on 12 February 2019 and ended and was remitted to decision on 12 June 2019. On 14 October 2019, she was sentenced to 11 years and six months in prison and disqualification for sedition crime. The verdict was delivered by seven judges at Spain's supreme court, after a four-month trial with 422 witnesses. She was freed in June 2021 following a government pardon, together with other eight politicians imprisoned in connection with the Catalan independence referendum. References

External links
Carme Forcadell

1955 births
21st-century Spanish politicians
21st-century Spanish women politicians
Autonomous University of Barcelona alumni
Catalan independence movement
Catalan prisoners and detainees
Living people
Members of the 11th Parliament of Catalonia
Members of the 12th Parliament of Catalonia
Municipal councillors in the province of Barcelona
People from Baix Ebre
Presidents of the Parliament of Catalonia
Prisoners and detainees of Spain
Republican Left of Catalonia politicians
Women legislative speakers
Women members of the Parliament of Catalonia
Spanish politicians convicted of

masks: Carme Forcadell


title: Hideki Noda (playwright)

texts:
is a Japanese actor, playwright and theatre director who has written and directed more than 40 plays in Japan, and is working to bring modern Japanese theatre to an international audience. Biography
<mask> was born in Nagasaki, Japan. He briefly attended Tokyo University to study law but eventually dropped out. <mask> debuted his first play, An Encounter Between Love and Death during his second year of high school. His second play, The Advent of the Beast, was well received by critics in 1981. This led to his invitation to perform at the Edinburgh International Festival in Scotland, which he already participated in three years earlier. In 2008 he was also appointed artistic director of Tokyo Metropolitan Art Space in Ikebukuro, and became a professor in the Department of Scenography Design, Drama, and Dance at Tama Art University.When he was four years old, his family moved from Kyushu to Tokyo. When he reached the age of 16, Noda wrote and staged his very first play. With his high-school friends, he decided to title it, Ai to Shi o Mitsumete (Gaze into Love and Death). Later on in 1976, Noda founded his theatre company named Yume no Yuminsha (Dreaming Bohemian), while he was still in Tokyo University as a law student. Yume no Yuminsha became the emblem of the country's vibrant youth theatre firmament and the leader of a nationwide cultural movement in the early 1980s known as Sho-gekijo (Small-scale Theatre Movement). In 1992, <mask> went to London to study theatre. When he returned to Japan, he started the independent company Noda Map, to promote and produce his own plays.He is currently held in high regard within the Japanese theatre community. Japanese theatre director Yukio Ninagawa said of him, "<mask> <mask> is the most talented playwright in contemporary Japan." At the age of 27, Noda won Japan's most prestigious theatre accolade, the Kishida Prize for Drama for Nokemono Kitarite (Descent of the Brutes). Tickets to his plays became the hottest of all to get a hold of. Further pushed by Japan's

masks: Noda Noda Noda Hideki Noda


title: Hideki Noda (playwright)

texts:
 economy, Yume no Yuminsha broke all kinds of records by drawing as much as 26,000 audience to a one-day event at which <mask> staged his version of Wagner's The Ring of the Nibelungs presented as a Stonehenge trilogy at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo. In 2006, <mask> <mask> wrote The Bee which is coauthored by Colin Teevan. This play was adapted to theater from Tsutsui Yasutaka's novel Mushiriai (Plucking at Each Other).In 2006, The Bee was first staged in English by Soho Theatre and NODA MAP, and in 2007 in Japan by NODA MAP. He is currently in charge of The New National Theatre, where he works as a director. His plays focus on including celebrities to attract a wider audience rather than experimenting with different forms. Even though he primarily focuses on who he casts to play characters, "he brings in new audiences aplenty and also surreptitiously manages to sneak in satirical themes that only someone with his calibre could." He became artistic director at the Tokyo Metropolitan Theatre in 2009. Style
The most notable characteristics of Noda's plays are his use of limericks and word play. He frequently uses obsolete and old terminology from famous pieces of classical literature as if they were modern-day terms.This helps to create a separate world in which his plays can exist – apart from the reality of the audience. His plays, while often dealing with cliché or everyday topics, try to present the issues in a new way, and his use of old and odd language helps to emphasize the play's theme. Noda was initially interested in revitalizing Japanese theater and to break away from the stylised theatre of Noh and Kabuki. His objective was to be as strange and entertaining as possible, touching on modern values, concerns and social issues. This resulted in a unique and highly stylized visual performance of design and movement. He often takes classical Japanese literature and plays and re-vitalizes them in a modern form. Works
Noda's work falls into two periods: first from 1976 to 1992, with his Dream

masks: Noda Noda Hideki


title: Hideki Noda (playwright)

texts:
 Wanderers theater company, and second in 1993, mainly with his Noda Map production company.From 1976 to 1992, Noda became famous for this "theater as a sport" approach to performance, showing off the high-speed, complex spectacles that celebrated "boyhood" to the audience. Some of his major productions are The Prisoner of Zenda Castle (Zenda-jō no toriko, 1981) and Here Comes the Wild Beast (Nokemono kitarite, 1984), which was characterized by zany wordplay, rapid-fire delivery, and frenetic movement. The turning point in <mask>'s career was in late 1992 while he was living in London. A year later, he founded Noda Map where he worked at kabukiand opera and produced his own plays. Noda's plays have moved beyond the child's dream world to social issues such as nationalism, colonialism, sexuality and crime. The major full-length works are Kill (Kiru, 1994) and Pandora's Bell (Pandora no kane, 1999). Plays
His first international work was Red Demon, which he performed in Japan for the first time in 1997 and then in English at the Young Vic Theatre in London in 2003.The cast included Marcello Magni, Tamzin Griffin and Simon MacGregor, with <mask> himself playing the Red Demon. The play has also been performed in Thai and Korean. Each version was translated and re-worked in an attempt to be more appealing to each specific culture. For example, the Thai version of the play included music that was neither in the original Japanese version, nor in the English version. The story is that of a man who is washed up on an isolated island with no means of communicating where he is from. The sheltered islanders mistake him for a demon. The result is a black comedy that revolves around the theme of tolerance vs. discrimination.The English version was criticized by the Japanese media as no longer resembling <mask> <mask>'s work – the translation lost the poetry and nuance that the Japanese work emphasized. <mask> <mask>, while having studied abroad, is not known for his English-speaking ability and had the script translated

masks: Noda Noda Noda Hideki Noda Hideki


title: Hideki Noda (playwright)

texts:
 and rewritten by English writers Roger Pulvers and Matt Wilkinson. <mask> has been collaborating with the playwright Colin Teevan and the actress Kathryn Hunter, producing English versions of The Bee (2006) and The Diver (2008) in London. He was also a member of the cast for these productions. The Japanese version of The Diver was performed in Tokyo in 2009 with Shinobu Otake. Yume no Yuminsha garnered enough popular reception to be invited to the Edinburgh international Theatre Festival in 1987 with Nokemono Kitarite, and in 1990 with Half Gods (Hanshin). Also in 1990, the company was invited to the first New York International Art Festival to perform Suisei no Siegfried (A Messenger from the Comet).Noda was getting more involved in working with other dramatists and actors outside of Yume no Yuminsha; which led to acclaimed stagings of his radical takes on Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, Much Ado About Nothing and A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Both were collaborated with Toho, one of the Japan's leading production companies. Awards and honors

1983 – The 27th Kunio Kishida Drama Award for
1985 – Kinokuniya Drama Award: Individual Awards
1990 – Arts Festival Award of Agency for Cultural Affairs for
1994 – The 19th Teatoru Drama Award
1998 – The 23rd Kazuo Kikuta Drama Award for the direction of
1999 – The 2nd Nanboku Tsuruya Drama Award for Right Eye
2000 – The 34th Kunio Kishida Drama Award (Individual Award) and the 50th Minister of Education Award for the direction of
2001 – The 1st Asahi Performing arts Award Grand Prix for
2007 – The 58th Yomiuri Prize for

See also
Ai Nagai Japanese playwright, stage director, co-founder and leader of Nitosha
Toshiki Okada Japanese playwright, theater director, novelist, founder of Chelfitsch
Kunio Shimizu Japanese playwright

References

External links
 NODA MAP
Profile on Performing Arts Network Japan
Artist Database
Interview

Noda
Noda
Noda
Winners of the Yomiuri Prize
20th-century Japanese dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Japanese dramatists and


title: Bob Chase

texts:
<mask> (born Robert Donald Wallenstein, January 22, 1926 – November 24, 2016) was an American sportscaster, known for his long career calling play-by-play for the Fort Wayne Komets hockey games. For 63 seasons, <mask> called the action on radio and/or television. Only Vin Scully, who called play-by-play for 67 seasons with the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers, had a longer broadcasting tenure with a single franchise. <mask> married his wife, Muriel, on April 6, 1950. Because his boss at WOWO thought the name "Wallenstein" was too lengthy for the airwaves, he took his wife's maiden name for use on the air. Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born in Negaunee, Michigan. He played hockey as a child and attended Graveraet High School.At the age of 17, he enlisted in the United States Navy, and served as a cryptographer during World War II. <mask> attended Northern Michigan University, where he graduated in 1952. In 1949, while attending Northern Michigan, <mask> began his broadcasting career at WDMJ in Marquette. Upon his graduation, he moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana where he was hired as a DJ at WOWO. He served a variety of roles at WOWO, including program director, DJ, marketing and promotions director, sports director, and program host. He retired from full time duties at WOWO in 2009. Fort Wayne Komets (1953–2016)
<mask> is best known for his association with the minor-league Fort Wayne Komets.He began his tenure with the Komets in 1953 as the team's co-announcer, and took over full-time duties in 1954. For many years, <mask>'s Komets broadcast was the only International Hockey League broadcast on the air. Aided by the long range of WOWO's

masks:
Bob Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase


title: Bob Chase

texts:
 50,000-watt signal, <mask>'s voice was known and heard throughout the Midwest and out to the East Coast – over 28 states in all, plus half of Canada – and overseas in Europe. <mask> broadcast over 4,500 Komets games throughout his career, including 526 of the 532 playoff games played during his time with the Komets. <mask> also broadcast every IHL All-Star game played from the inaugural contest in 1962 until 1999, when the Komets left the league. Over the course of his career, <mask> turned down the play-by-play job for the Detroit Red Wings in 1962 in favor of his friend and incumbent, Bruce Martyn, and was considered for posts with the Boston Bruins, California Golden Seals, Minnesota North Stars, St. Louis Blues, and Washington Capitals. <mask> called his last Komets game on May 15, 2016.Other broadcasting history
<mask> was the only broadcaster of the IHL All-Star Game from the time he joined the Komets until 1999, the year the Komets left the IHL. Along with his hockey duties, <mask> covered high school basketball for 17 years. One of his notable basketball moments was when he covered the famed 1954 Milan High School and their win in the state basketball championship. The 1954 Milan team was later memorialized as the team that inspired the 1986 movie, "Hoosiers". <mask> also broadcast Big Ten football for 10 years, and he announced the Indianapolis 500 for 25 years. Broadcasting style
<mask> borrowed from a pair of Canadian broadcasters, Foster Hewitt and Danny Gallivan, who were famous for the "Hockey Night in Canada". His best critic was his father, Gunnard.The elder <mask> offered key advice that the son molded into a presentation that

masks:
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Bob Chase
Chase
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title: Bob Chase

texts:
 became known to his followers as "Radio Rinkside", so named because of <mask>'s ability to describe the action in a way that left the listener with a feeling of being right there watching the game as it was being played. <mask> was famous for his colorful and enthusiastic calling of play-by-play. One of <mask>'s most often repeated cries evolved from his coverage of the breakaway. Fans know <mask> for calling "He looks, he shoots, HE SCORES!" In addition, he rarely missed a chance to promote the radio station. Going into commercial breaks, he would remind listeners, "on WOWO, this is KOMET hockey". Non-broadcasting activities
Beyond his duties as a sports announcer, <mask> was often found behind the WOWO microphone interviewing famous personalities.HIs interview list included Elvis, the Beatles, Jim Brown, Frank Sinatra, <mask>, then Vice President Richard Nixon, Gordie Howe, and Arnold Palmer. Outside the broadcast booth, <mask> served as the general manager of the Komets during the 1989–90 season, which saw the Komets achieve a 37–34–11 record and a playoff berth. Awards and honors

Lester Patrick Trophy
In a ceremony held on October 15, 2012, <mask> was a recipient of the prestigious Lester Patrick Trophy. The trophy has been awarded annually since 1966 in appreciation for contributions to the sport of ice hockey in the United States. <mask> became only the 5th broadcaster to receive this award. Retired Jersey / Fort Wayne Komets Hall of Fame
In 1993, <mask>'s 40th season of broadcasting Komet hockey games, the hockey club retired jersey number 40 in his honor. It was raised to the rafters of the Memorial Coliseum, where it is permanently

masks:
Chase
Chase
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Bob Hope
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title: Bob Chase

texts:
 displayed with the other jerseys retired by the team.In 2003, after his 50th season of broadcasting Komet hockey games, <mask> was inducted into the Fort Wayne Komets Hall of Fame. Other honors
In addition to the Lester Patrick Trophy and the recognition bestowed by the Komets, <mask> has received numerous other professional and non-professional honors. Included on that list are:

 2000 – Inductee, Indiana Broadcasters Association's Broadcast Pioneers Hall of Fame
 2001 – Named a Sagamore of the Wabash. 2002 – Inductee, Baer Field Speedway Hall of Fame
 2002 – Inductee, Indiana Sportswriters and Sports Broadcasters Hall of Fame
 2006 – Inductee, Indiana High School Hockey Hall of Fame
 2009 – Inductee, Upper Peninsula Sports Hall of Fame
 2009–10 – IHL Broadcaster of the Year
 2010 – Recipient, Mad Anthony's Red Coat
 2013 – Recipient, Key to the Fort, awarded by Fort Wayne Mayor Tom Henry
 2013–14 – ECHL Broadcaster of the Year
 (Dates Uncertain) – UHL, CHL Broadcaster of the Year
 On June 27, 2017, the Allen County War Memorial Coliseum Board of Trustees voted unanimously to rename the circle driveway in front of the Ticket Office in honor of <mask>. The street "Bob Chase Way" was officially unveiled with commemorative signage and a ceremony in the fall of 2017. Fellow Lester Patrick Trophy recipient and Hall of Fame broadcaster Mike Emrick, seen by some as the voice of hockey in America because of his broadcasting on the NHL on NBC, counted <mask> as his mentor. In his formative years, Emrick routinely sent his broadcasts to <mask> for critique.Before Emrick developed his own broadcasting style, he tried to imitate <mask>. In January 2012,

masks:
Chase
Chase
Bob Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase


title: Bob Chase

texts:
 Emrick joined <mask> and his broadcast partner of 33 years, former Komet all-star goalie Robbie Irons, in the Komet broadcast booth as the three shared play-by-play during a game in which <mask> was honored. This joint effort fulfilled life-long dreams of both <mask> and Emrick. Illness and death
<mask> died of congestive heart failure in the early morning hours of Thanksgiving Day, on November 24, 2016. <mask> was survived by his wife, four children, eight grandchildren, and nine great-grandchildren. In a sign of respect to <mask>, his body lay in repose at center ice at the Allen County War Memorial Coliseum on November 29. Hundreds of fans filed past the open casket for the chance to see <mask> one last time in the building where <mask> worked his profession for his entire 63-year tenure with the Komets.The next day, a private ceremony was held for family and close friends. Several friends, family, and trade associates spoke about their relationship with <mask>. The day ended with a military service at graveside. <mask> was laid to rest at Riverview Cemetery in Churubusco, Indiana. Bibliography
(2009). Live From Radio Rinkside: The <mask> Story. <mask>, Blake Sebring (As Told By).<city, state>: Authorhouse. References

External links

1926 births
2016 deaths
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American radio sports announcers
American television sports announcers
College football announcers
High school basketball announcers in the United States
Lester Patrick Trophy recipients
Northern Michigan University alumni
People from Negaunee, Michigan
People from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Radio personalities from Indiana
Sportspeople from

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Bob Chase
Bob Chase


title: Antonio de Morga

texts:
<mask> (29 November 1559 – 21 July 1636) was a Spanish soldier, lawyer and a high-ranking colonial official for 43 years, in the Philippines (1594 to 1604), New Spain and Peru, where he was president of the Real Audiencia for 20 years. He was also a historian. After being reassigned to Mexico, he published the book Sucesos de las islas Filipinas in 1609, considered one of the most important works on the early history of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. As Deputy Governor in the Philippines, he restored the audencia. He took over the function of judge or oidor. He also took command of Spanish ships in a 1600 naval battle against Dutch corsairs, but suffered defeat and barely survived. His history was first published in English in 1868; numerous editions have been published in English, including a 1907 edition that is online at the Gutenberg Project.It has also been reprinted in Spanish and other languages. Education and service in the Philippines
<mask> <mask> Sánchez Garay was born in Seville. He graduated from the University of Salamanca in 1574 and in 1578 received a doctorate in canon law. He taught briefly in Osuna, and then returned to Salamanca to study civil law. In 1580 he joined the government service as a lawyer. Among other positions in Spain, he held that of auditor general of the galleys. In 1582 he was serving as mayor of Baracaldo in Vizcaya when he first married, to Juana <mask> <mask>.In August 1593 he was notified that he had been selected as Lieutenant to the Governor-General of the Philippines, starting what would become 43 years of colonial service. He traveled accompanied by his family, 14 servants, three black slaves and his collection of books. Following the route of that time, he sailed from Cadiz in February 1594, arriving in Mexico in May. During the following period of preparation for the Pacific voyage, he heard two important cases, and supervised the supplying of the two ships to be used. He also recruited 200 soldiers for the garrison in Manila. They departed Acapulco on March 22, 1595, reaching Manila on June

masks:
Antonio de Morga Sánchez Garay
Antonio de
Morga
de Brica
de Munotones


title: Antonio de Morga

texts: 11, 1595. He had the second-most powerful position in the colony.He first served under Governor-General Luis Pérez Dasmariñas, who was interim after his father's death. Francisco Tello <mask> soon succeeded him, and <mask> reported to him during most of his time in the colony. In his account of the colonial Philippines published in 1609, <mask> noted the miserable condition suffered by  many of the Spanish/Mexican soldiers, who were young, ill-paid and suffered in that unfamiliar environment. Few wanted to settle in Manila, and higher-level government officials also sought to leave the colony in a few years. His first two reports to the Crown covered a wide variety of topics, mentioning Japan, Mindanao, and China, in addition to civil, military and ecclesiastical activities within the colony. He issued regulations for administrative reform, known as the Ordenzas. Among his reforms was to restore the audencia.In 1598 he resigned as lieutenant governor to assume the office of oidor, or judge, in the newly re-established Audiencia of Manila. The position required his removal from much public life. During this period, <mask> encouraged the growth in trade between Spain and China, known as the galleon trade. Chinese ships came to Manila to trade. From there, the Spanish sent galleons to Acapulco, where goods were shipped to Mexico City and then to Veracruz, for transportation to Spain. They were paid for with Spanish/Mexican silver, which became a currency in China. While stationed in Manila, <mask> noted many of the wares imported from the Ming dynasty of China.He mentioned porcelain only once, although at this time it was becoming one of the greatest export items, along with silk, to Europe from China. They bring domestic buffaloes; geese that resemble swans; horses, some mules and asses; even caged birds, some of which talk, while others sing, and they make them play innumerable tricks...pepper and other spices. <mask> closed his inventory list by stating that there were "rarities which, did I refer to them all, I would never finish, nor have sufficient

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title: Antonio de Morga

texts:
 paper for it." Combat with Dutch corsairs
In 1600 Dutch corsairs under Olivier van Noort were preying on shipping entering Manila harbor. According to <mask>'s account, Governor <mask> Tello <mask> and the Audiencia appointed <mask> to go to Cavite and assemble, equip, and supply a fleet to attack the Dutch (31 October 1600). The ships available were the San Diego, the San Bartolomé, and some smaller vessels. Some refitting was necessary, since both the San Diego and the San Bartolomé were cargo ships.According to <mask>, this was done without drawing on the colonial treasury (i.e., at his own expense, perhaps with other private contributions). <mask> had had some military experience, having been general of a Spanish fleet some time previously and lieutenant of the captain general of the Philippines for some years, but he had never seen combat. On 1 December 1600, Governor Tello appointed <mask> captain general of the fleet, with orders to attack the two Dutch ships. The two forces met on 14 December 1600. The Spanish also had two ships, and one sailed off in pursuit of one of the Dutch ships. Unable to fire – the gunports were closed because they were under the waterline, because he had allowed the ship to be dangerously overloaded – <mask> ordered the San Diego to ram the Mauritius and grapple it. Thirty soldiers and some sailors boarded the Mauritius, taking possession of the forecastle and after-cabin and capturing the Dutch standard.The main and mizzen masts were stripped of sails and rigging. The Dutch retreated to the bow, where at first it seemed they were about to surrender. However, they soon renewed the fight with muskets and artillery. An intense, six-hour hand-to-hand battle ensued, and many were killed on each side. The Dutch were said to have very few men left, and then the Mauritius caught fire. Fearing the fire, the San Diego recalled its men and cast off. However, the Spanish ship was taking on water and sinking, either from the ramming or from the artillery of the Mauritius.(Accounts differ.) The Dutch took this opportunity to

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de Guzmán
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title: Antonio de Morga

texts:
 extinguish the fire and set sail with the foresail, the only sail remaining, and with a skeleton crew. They eventually reached Borneo. The other Dutch ship, however, was captured by the San Bartolome. It was taken to Manila, where captain Biesmann and 25 surviving sailors were hanged. The San Diego sank so quickly that the men for the most part were unable to disarm or abandon ship. Perhaps 350 men were lost.<mask> swam for four hours, holding on to the Dutch standard, and made it to a small deserted island, where a few others of the ship's company also arrived. This is based on the account of <mask>, as published in his 1609 Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. He blamed the captain of the San Bartolome for the loss of the San Diego, because he had pursued the other Dutch ship rather than attacking the Mauritius. The Dutch account of these events was very different, accusing <mask> of incompetence and cowardice. In 1992, French explorers led by Franck Goddio excavated the sunken San Diego with its treasure. Because of the large number of artifacts found with it (over 34,000), this was hailed as a great archaeological discovery. The artifacts included Chinese porcelain, celadon ware, Japanese katanas, Spanish morions, Portuguese cannons, and Mexican coins.An MV San Diego warship museum has been constructed on Fortune Island to display and interpret many of the artifacts. This was the island reached by <mask> and the other survivors of the San Diego. In New Spain and Peru
On 10 July 1603, <mask> was reassigned to Mexico, in command of the ships sailing that year for New Spain. He became alcalde of criminal causes in the Royal Audiencia of Mexico City. He was also advisor to the viceroy on military matters and counsel for the Holy Office of the Inquisition. He served in Mexico until 1615, publishing his history of the Philippines in 1609, which has become noted for its account of the early colonial years and has been translated into numerous languages and published in many editions. In 1615 he was named president of the Audiencia of Quito, within the

masks: Morga Morga Morga Morga Morga


title: Antonio de Morga

texts:
 Viceroyalty of Peru.He arrived in Guayaquil on 8 September 1615, having narrowly escaped falling into the hands of Dutch corsairs off the island of Santa Clara. He took up his office in Quito on 30 September 1615. During his administration, the textile industry advanced and the University of San Gregorio Magno was founded. It was a time of confrontation between the civil and ecclesiastic powers, as well as disputes between the Creole and Peninsular monks for control of the religious orders. Although <mask> was widely known to gamble extensively, have affairs with women, and conduct other questionable activities, he still achieved bureaucratic reforms, as well as of the liturgy, and helped improve treatment of the native peoples. In 1625 <mask> was investigated for corruption and arrested. On 18 September 1627, he was cleared of the charges and his offices were restored to him.He died in 1636. Except for the period 1625–27, he held the position of president of the Audiencia of Quito for 20 years, from 1615 until the year of his death. Most presidents of the Audencia served about 5 years. Even as he aged, <mask> pursued women. Shortly before his death in 1636, he was relieved of his duties. He was fined 2000 gold ducats for "having lewd relationships with much publicity and with many women". History of the Philippine Islands

<mask> suffered important failures in both his military and political capacities.The same cannot be said for his work as historian. In 1609, he published the work for which he is now remembered – Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Events in the Philippine Isles). This work, perhaps the best account of Spanish colonialism in the Philippines written during that period, is based partly on documentary research, partly on keen observation, and partly on <mask>'s personal involvement and knowledge. The history was published in two volumes, both in 1609 by Casa de Geronymo Balli, in Mexico City. (The work had circulated for years before this in manuscript form.) New Spain Viceroy <mask> Velasco (hijo) authorized the publication and granted

masks:
Morga
de Morga
Morga
Morga
Morga
Luis de


title: Antonio de Morga

texts:
 <mask> the sole right to publish it for ten years, on 7 April 1609. On the same date, Fray García Guerra, archbishop of Mexico, approved the publication of the work.The history covers the years from 1493 to 1603. Political, social, and economic phases of life, both among the natives and their conquerors, are treated. <mask>'s official position allowed him access to many government documents. The work greatly impressed Philippine independence hero José Rizal (1861–96), himself a man of letters and of action. He decided to annotate it and publish a new edition. He began work on this in London, completing it in Paris in 1890. He wrote:

If the book (Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas) succeeds to awaken your consciousness of our past, already effaced from your memory, and to rectify what has been falsified and slandered, then I have not worked in vain, and with this as a basis, however small it may be, we shall be able to study the future.About Rizal's Morga

The first English translation was published in London in 1868.Another English translation by Blair and Robertson was published in Cleveland in 1907, (it is available online at the Gutenberg Project) and an edition edited by J.S. Cummins was published by the Hakluyt Society in 1971 (). Works

References

Brook, Timothy. (1998). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Paperback).External links

<mask>, Dr. <mask>. History of the Philippine Islands, Vols. 1 and 2 (1609/1907), (Translated and Annotated in English), Ed. E.H. Blair and J.A. Robertson, J.A. (editors). Cleveland, Ohio: The Arthur H. Clark Company
 Some biographical details
 * Another account of the battle
 Some notes on his responsibilities in Manila, Zamboanga
 <mask> Suárez, Chap: 11, "El presidente don <mask> <mask>," Historia general de la República del Ecuador

1559 births
1636 deaths
Colonial Mexico
Colonial Peru
Spanish historians
Spanish expatriates in the Philippines
Authors of Spanish ethnographic accounts of the Philippines in the 16th century
Ming

masks:
Morga
Morga
de Morga
Antonio
Federico González
Antonio de
Morga


title: Patricia Olynyk

texts:
<mask> is a Canadian born American multimedia artist, scholar and educator whose work explores art, science, and technology-related themes. Known for collaborating across disciplines and projects that explore the mind-brain relationship, interspecies communication and the phenomenology of perception, her work examines "the way that experiences and biases toward scientific subjects affect interpretations in specific contexts." Education
<mask> received an MFA with Distinction from the California College of the Arts. She was a Monbusho Scholar and Tokyu Foundation Research Scholar at Kyoto Seika University. Career
<mask>'s multi-sensory installations explore the "concept of "umwelt," as described in the semiotic theories of Jakob von Uexküll and interpreted by Thomas A. Sebeok (1976)... the world as it is experienced by a particular organism. As such, umwelt evokes more than environment; it emphasizes an organism's ability to sense — a condition for the existence of shared signs." Her collaborations on third culture projects uncover the deeper meaning behind the history and evolution of science and technology; how people, culture and institutions shape the understanding of science, history and the natural world.Her cross-disciplinary work often includes microscopy and biomedical imaging, and is described as "something uncanny... where one's consciousness can neither respond in a unified way to the bodily sensations or float free in imaginary space; it is caught in the in-between." Influenced by the early work of the MIT Center for Advanced Visual Studies, and the art

masks:
Patricia Olynyk
Olynyk
Olynyk


title: Patricia Olynyk

texts: and visual perception theories of Rudolf Arnheim, <mask> was one of the first artists in the US appointed to a university science unit, is listed as one of the 66 Brilliant Women in Creative Technology, and has programmed art, science and technology curriculum, symposiums and fellowships at research institutions. Solo exhibitions include Sensing Terrains at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. in 2006, and at the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York in 2007; Dark Skies at the Art I Sci Center Gallery at UCLA in 2012, Transfigurations at Galeria Grafica Tokio, Japan in 2003, and The Mutable Archive, at Bruno David Gallery, St. Louis, Missouri in 2020. Olynyk was part of a three-person exhibition, Umwelt, which took "the concept of collaboration to new heights and complications," at the Zooid Institute Collective, BioBAT Art Space, at the Brooklyn Army Terminal in 2019. Group shows in New York also include, with Ellen Levy, Skeptical Inquirers at the Sidney Mishkin Gallery in 2016; Sleuthing the Mind at the Pratt Manhattan Gallery in 2014, and, Ephemeral: Unraveling History at the Ruth S. Harley Gallery in 2015. Her work has been featured at Palazzo Michiel dalle Colonne for Venice Design 2018, the Los Angeles International Biennial, The Brooklyn Museum, the Saitama Modern Art Museum in Japan, Museo del Corso in Rome, and The Banff Centre for the Arts in Canada. She is represented by the Bruno David Gallery.<mask> was the US curator and a speaker at the CYFEST-12: ID, CYLAND

masks: Olynyk Olynyk


title: Patricia Olynyk

texts:
 International Media Art Festival, at the Saint Petersburg Stieglitz State Academy of Art and Design in Russia in 2019. After 13 years as Director, and Florence and Frank Bush Professor of Art, at the Graduate School of Art, Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, <mask> transitioned to the full time faculty in 2020. She was an associate professor at the University of Michigan's School of Art & Design, and director of the Penny W. Stamps Distinguished Visitors Program and the Roman J. Witt Visiting Faculty Program, supporting cross-disciplinary discourse and research. In 2005, she became the first non-scientist appointed to the University’s Life Sciences Institute. Former Chair of the Leonardo Education and Art Forum, a branch of Leonardo, the International Society for the Arts, Sciences and Technology, <mask> co-directs the Leonardo/ISAST New York LASER program with Ellen K. Levy, promoting cross-disciplinary exchange between artists, scientists, and scholars. Awards and Fellowships
Awards include a Helmut S. Stern Fellowship at the Institute for the Humanities, University of Michigan, and a Francis C. Wood Fellowship at the College of Physicians and Mütter Museum in Philadelphia. <mask>'s residencies include UCLA’s Design Media Arts Department, Banff Center for the Arts in Canada, Montalvo Arts Center in California, the University of Applied Arts Vienna, and at Europe’s oldest asylum, the Narrenturm, also in Vienna.Selected bibliography
 "Minding the Gap: Risk Capital and the Myth of Two Cultures," editorial for

masks: Olynyk Olynyk Olynyk


title: Vincenzo Brenna

texts:
<mask> (1747 – May 17, 1820) was an Italian architect and painter who was the house architect of Paul I of Russia. Brenna was hired by Paul and his spouse Maria Fyodorovna as interior decorator in 1781 and by the end of 1780s became the couple's leading architect. Brenna worked on Pavlovsk Palace and Gatchina palaces, rebuilt Saint Isaac's Cathedral, and most notably created Saint Michael's Castle in Saint Petersburg. Most of his architectural works were created concurrently during Paul's brief reign (November 1796 – March 1801). Soon after Paul was murdered in a palace coup <mask>, renowned for fraud and embezzlement barely tolerated by his late patron, retired and left Russia for an uneventful life in Saxony. Brenna never reached the level of his better known contemporaries Giacomo Quarenghi, Charles Cameron and Vasili Bazhenov and was soon surpassed by his own trainee Carlo Rossi. Nevertheless, historians Igor Grabar, Nikolay Lanceray and Dmitry Shvidkovsky praised him for sincere and unrestricted naturalism of his graphic work and considered him to be the watershed between the Age of Enlightenment and Romanticism in Russian architecture.Family roots and training

Brenna belonged to an old Ticino family that had split into two branches, stonemasons (Brenno) and painters (Brenni) not later than the last quarter of the 17th century. Stonemasons and marbling experts Karl Antonio and Francesco Brenno worked in the 1680s in Salzburg. Karl Enrico Brenno (Brennus) carved elaborate tombs in Denmark and Hamburg, but was better known for his marbling artwork at Fredensborg, Christiansborg and Klausholm palaces. Giovanni Battista Brenno,

masks:
Vincenzo Brenna
Brenna


title: Vincenzo Brenna

texts:
 stucco expert, worked in Bavaria. The other branch produced three brothers Brenni (born in the 1730s), fresco painters. <mask>, son of Francesco, was born in 1747 in Florence (19th-century sources list him as a native of Rome, perhaps due to his signature Del cavalier Brenna Romano). It is not clear whether <mask> belonged to Brenno or Brenni branch.Since 1767 Brenna studied crafts in the Roman workshop of Stefano Pozzi together with his better known contemporary Giacomo Quarenghi. Quarenghi, who leaned to painting, converted to architecture under Brenna's influence and later even gave <mask>, who was three years younger than Quarenghi the credit for being "my first teacher in architecture". <mask> himself did not have luck in tangible architecture; instead, commissioned by Lodovico Mirri under auspices of Pope Clement XIII, he surveyed the relics of Rome together with Franciszek Smuglewicz. Their drawings, engraved by Marco Carloni, were published in the late 1770s as Vestigia delle Terme di Tito. Another set of Brenna's drawings, created not later than 1781 and engraved by Giovanni Cassini, was published in three folios (380 sheets) from 1781 to 1788. It is not known if Brenna had a chance to meet Charles Cameron, who also surveyed Rome in the 1770s, prior to Brenna's arrival in Russia. Brenna eventually "arrived at a more theatric conception of Antiquity than the Scot," and created architecture radically different from Cameron's.From Poland to Russia

Back in Italy <mask> met Stanisław Kostka Potocki, a well-educated and rich amateur in need of professional artists. <mask> followed Potocki to Poland where he prepared two drafts

masks:
Vincenzo Brenna
Vincenzo Brenna
Brenna
Brenna
Brenna
Brenna


title: Vincenzo Brenna

texts: of a church in Ujazdow. He received commissions to decorate Potocki's palace in Natolin, for which "compensated" himself from his patron's art collection. The two parted in a bitter conflict; "Brenna's thievery, double-dealing and desertion of his benefactor Potocki for the future czar seem the unkindest cuts of all". According to Lanceray, Brenna also painted frescoes in Warsaw for the king Stanisław August Poniatowski. In the end of 1781 Russian heir apparent Paul (reigned as Paul I of Russia) and his spouse Maria, travelling on a Grand Tour of Europe under the thin guise of Comte du Nord, noticed Brenna's work in Warsaw. Paul, aware that Charles Cameron needed interior decorators for his Pavlovsk palace, offered Brenna employment in Pavlovsk.<mask> and his assistant Franz Labensky were formally hired by Maria for a starting annual salary of 200 roubles. Most recent sources (Shvidkovsky) date Brenna's arrival in Russia as the beginning of 1784; Lanceray described Brenna's Russian drafts dated 1783. Meanwhile, when Paul and Maria were in Europe, Cameron began displaying signs of aversion to their interference with his work. Court intermediaries suppressed the conflict for a while, but by 1785 Maria herself grew tired of Cameron's alleged inefficiency and warned him, through Count Kuchelbecker, that he will not see any new commissions. Cameron's influence faded, influence of his assistants, including <mask>, rose, powered in part by the Italians' assertive, self-confident behaviour. Aspiring Brenna was caught in the middle of "battle of the palaces", an expensive ideological contest between Catherine and Paul "hidden from the

masks: Brenna Brenna


title: Vincenzo Brenna

texts:
 uninitiated but known to the court". Catherine made the first move, razing Bazhenov's gothic towers of Tsaritsyno Palace.Cameron, dismissed by Paul, was the second casualty. Paul suspected him of carrying out Catherine's orders: Cameron built for him "a markedly private world", not an imperial palace. <mask>, already Paul's trusted servant, was an ideal replacement. According to Lanceray, Paul used Brenna for visualizing his architectural fantasies as early as 1783–1785. Maria also favored Brenna; in 1787 she wrote that she was "fascinated by Brenna's return to work" inherited from Cameron. By 1789 (Shvidkovsky: 1786) Brenna, finally, was awarded his first tangible architectural project, remodeling of Paul's study suite in Pavlovsk. In 1794 Brenna was rewarded with a lot of land near to Pavlovsk palace.Paul's trusted barber Count Ivan Kutaisov, another Pavlovsk landlord, became Brenna's first private customer; he commissioned a summer dacha in "medieval style". By this time Brenna earned 750 roubles p.a., but when Paul ascended to the throne in 1796, Brenna's salary reached 3,550 roubles. Gatchina

Gatchina Palace, completed by Antonio Rinaldi in 1781, became Paul's residence in 1783; formally, it was his property and Pavlovsk became property of Maria Fyodorovna. Paul associated Rinaldi's style with Orlov brothers, murderers of his fathers, and immediately launched remodeling of the palace. Paul and Maria's private suites were redesigned in austere styling with inexpensive materials, in contrast with lavishly decorated public halls. Until 1790 Paul lived a quiet life of a landlord, but in the last six years of Catherine's reign


title: Vincenzo Brenna

texts:
 shared the Romantic vision of art; this emotional bond explains Brenna's survival at the court of an irrational tsar.Design and construction of Saint Michael's Castle began at least 13 times since 1784; in the end, Paul relied on <mask> and his trainee Carlo Rossi. Vasily Bazhenov was involved in one of earlier abortive projects; this information, incorrectly interpreted in the 19th century, led to a widespread misconception that the castle was co-designed by <mask> and Bazhenov. Paul, in his usual manner, assigned Bazhenov to be <mask>'s mentor, but all creative and business issues were handled by <mask> alone. The castle turned out to be not a Neoclassical building, but "a rare example of an imperial palace genuinely redolent of the Romantic era." Paul decreed construction of the castle in November 1796, three weeks after Catherine's death. It took two months to demolish the old structures on site; groundbreaking was celebrated in February 1797 but actual work commenced in earnest on March 11, exactly four years before Paul's murder. Initial cost budget reached 1.5 million roubles in gold, not including interior finishes

Paul shut down Catherine's projects in Tsarskoye Selo and placed the redundant workforce at Brenna's disposal.He wanted to see the castle externally complete by the end of 1797, so work on site, employing up to 6,000 men, continued day at night while all other residents of Saint Petersburg were ordered to sleep after dusk. Indeed, walls of the castle and nearby Exerzierhaus (Riding House) were built (but not finished in stone) by the end of October 1797. Brenna, realizing that existing project management

masks: Brenna Brenna Brenna Brenna


title: Vincenzo Brenna

texts:
 controls will delay completion, demanded elimination of all financial controls and intermediaries between Paul and himself. Paul agreed and allowed Brenna unchecked access to state finances; in the end, total cost of the Castle reached six million roubles in gold. While Paul and Brenna spent millions on finishes and artwork, they placed unnecessary cost controls on essential works like roofing and site drainage; the castle was topped out with an iron roof only in 1799. The structure was declared ready for occupancy only in the beginning of 1800, fourteen months before Paul's death, but "moving in" ceremony was delayed until November 1800. Moisture inside the ballroom was so high that candlelight could not break through the wall of fog; Paul and Maria left and returned to the castle only on February 1, 1801.Despite all setbacks, four-year construction period was unprecedented for a large palace; contemporaries and modern historians agree that <mask> proved himself a capable project manager. In addition to Saint Michael's Castle, he was still responsible for works performed at Gatchina, Pavlovsk, Petergof and Tsarskoye Selo; he managed hundreds of suppliers and contractors, hired European artists, squeezed discounts out of merchants, arranged geological expedition scouting for proper granite deposits. Unlike Cameron, Brenna never hesitated to assign less-than-competent artists to "fill the void" and make the schedule; he focused on the whole picture and did not seek perfection in detail. Private life and retirement

Little is known of Brenna's private life or even his personal appearance. The sole existing portrait of Brenna as a


title: Vincenzo Brenna

texts: middle-aged man bears certain resemblance to images of Paul I, perhaps a deliberate flattery. Another idealistic image of Brenna was painted in the plafond of Saint Michael's Castle by a mediocre assistant who used the same model for cupids and statesmen. Brenna married Maria Trauenfeld, whose father was employed by Frederick Eugene, father of empress Maria.Exact date of the marriage is unknown; it probably took place soon after Brenna's arrival in Russia. They had a daughter, who was around sixteen in 1798, and whose later life remains unknown (her name did not appear on the immigration records when Brennas left). The Brennas maintained modest lifestyle in Pavlovsk and Gatchina until Brenna relocated to Saint Petersburg in 1796. In 1798 they moved to former Trauenfeld residence; Brenna purchased this building one month prior to Paul's murder. Brenna, as chief procurer of arts to Paul's court, amassed a remarkable collection of arts, including works by Michelangelo, Rembrandt and Titian. Brenna's unscrupulous handling of state treasury irreparably tarnished his reputation. Paul himself was aware of Brenna's misconduct and was credited with a pun, in French language: "Voila l'architecte qui vole" (voler can be interpreted as soar as well as steal).Vladimir Stasov accused Brenna of physically stealing art from the Hermitage collection. Brenna's last building in Saint Petersburg was a wooden theatre commissioned by Antonio Casassi in 1801; in 1832 Carlo Rossi replaced it with present-day Alexandrinsky Theatre building. Murder of Paul (March 11, 1801) and ascension of Alexander I of Russia spelled end of <mask>'s career; he was not


title: Vincenzo Brenna

texts:
 even invited to decorate the funeral ceremonies. Alexander clearly preferred the art of Quarenghi and Andrey Voronikhin. The family council decided to leave Russia for Saxony; other Italians (Concensio Albani, Antonio Rusca, Giuseppe Sarti) followed, for different reasons. <mask>'s wife, father in law and some of his apprentices left in May 1802. <mask> stayed in Saint Petersburg to settle his finances.He sold his art treasures and in January 1802 tended his resignation to Maria Fyodorovna, the latter granted him annual pension of 3525 roubles (half of his salary). <mask> also applied to Alexander for a raise, and was harshly shown to the door; his pension, awarded on assumption that Brenna would stay in Russia and be available for professional consultancy, was reduced to 2,000 roubles. In August 1802 <mask> left Saint Petersburg for Dresden, accompanied by faithful Rossi. <mask> did no further work as a practical architect. Russian travelers who visited him after the end of Napoleonic Wars noted apparent mediocrity of his works of this period. Sculptor Samuil Galberg wrote, "Wicked old man! He is not aware how poor his paintings are".After Brenna's death in Dresden in 1820 his widow pleaded Russian foreign minister Karl Nesselrode for assistance, but Nesselrode reasoned that she retained at least some of Brenna's fortune made in Russia, and denied help. Critical assessment

Historians agree that <mask>'s talent was nowhere near that of his illustrious rivals (Bazhenov, Cameron, Quarenghi) or his trainee, Carlo Rossi. Degree of Brenna's talent or mediocrity was debated. Igor Grabar praised Brenna for an extreme degree of naturalism

masks: Brenna Brenna Brenna Brenna Brenna Brenna


title: Vincenzo Brenna

texts:
 in his artwork and considered Brenna to be the watershed between naturalism of the 18th century and stylization of Empire style. Nikolay Lanceray, who wrote a biography of Brenna in 1935–1938, called Brenna "the last spark of 18th century art" and noted that his naturalism resurfaced in the middle of the 19th century, but the eclectic architects of this period failed in reproducing Brenna's wholesome realism; only Rossi managed to combine the virtues of Brenna and Quarenghi. Lanceray noted Brenna's weakness in floorplan designs, labeling them "helpless and primitive", and praised him for nearly perfect facades of Saint Michael's Castle. Dmitry Shvidkovsky elaborated on the "watershed" theory, linking Brenna's art to his Roman studies: "No partisan of strict Antiquity like Cameron, he was able to combine the solemn image of Imperial Rome with heightened pre-Romantic emotionalism.Time almost seems sublimated in his work in Russia because of the impact of an imperial patron who wanted a complete break with Catherinian tradition... Paul was the first emperor of the Romantic era, Brenna was the precursor of Romantic Neoclassicism." Brenna in fiction

<mask>, played by Alexander Grigoryants, appears in the 2003 Russian film Poor, Poor Pavel featuring Viktor Sukhorukov as Paul and late Oleg Yankovsky as Count Pahlen. The film is loosely based on a 1908 play Pavel I by Dmitry Merezhkovsky. In the film, <mask> is portrayed far younger than he actually was during Paul's reign, and bears no resemblance to the real Brenna's portrait. His calls for "more gold!" reflect real Brenna's generous use of gold paint, although the film omits the topic


title: Peter Graham (writer)

texts:
<mask> (8 December 1939 – 6 July 2020) was a British writer, restaurant critic, translator and filmmaker based in France. He was the author of several books about film and about food, including A Dictionary of the Cinema (1964), The French New Wave (1968) and Mourjou: The Life and Food of an Auvergne Village (1998), which recounted the culinary life of the remote French village in which he lived for more than four decades. Early life
<mask> was born on 8 December 1939 in Newbury, Berkshire, and grew up in London with his parents (Richard, an advertising copywriter, and Anne, née Scratchley, previously a ballet dancer) and sister Elizabeth. The seeds of <mask>'s love of France and film were sown early: his parents were keen Francophiles and his godmother a French film producer through whom he landed a role as an English schoolboy in Pierre Billon's feature film Au revoir M. Grock (1949). University years
<mask> was educated at University College School, Hampstead, and King's College, Cambridge, where alongside a degree in French and classics he pursued his involvement in cinema by contributing reviews to Granta (of which he was editor in 1961–62), Cambridge Opinion, and other publications. In 1963 he published a vitriolic pamphlet on contemporary British cinema, The Abortive Renaissance: Why Are Good British Films So Bad?. At Cambridge, too, he made the first of his three short firms, A Shilling Life (1962–63), a fascinating document on early 1960s student life, featuring a cameo by future filmmaker Stephen Frears.Life in France: filmmaking, writing, translating
<mask> moved to Paris in 1962,

masks:
Peter John Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham


title: Peter Graham (writer)

texts:
 working as an English teacher and freelance translator. From the early 1970s to 2008, he worked for The Guardian Weekly, translating articles from Le Monde on a wide variety of subjects for a regular section in the paper. Throughout his life, he also translated several books on a range of topics, from film to food and psychoanalysis. His first French film was Edith Piaf (1968), a short documentary on the well-known French singer. This was followed by Au bout des fusils / At Gunpoint (1971), a semi-documentary exposé of scandalous hunting practices in the Sologne, a wooded area south of Orléans where he shared a house at the time. The film, part tribute to Jean Renoir's The Rules of the Game (1939) and its celebrated hunting scene, is notable for its cinematography by Polish director Walerian Borowczyk. As well as his film reviews and festival reports for a variety of British publications, including The Guardian, the 1960s also saw the publication of two important books: the pioneering A Dictionary of the Cinema (Tantivy Press, 1964) and the anthology The New Wave (Secker & Warburg, 1968), published in an expanded edition as The French New Wave: Critical Landmarks by the British Film Institute in 2009, becoming a standard book for students and fans of the New Wave.At the time of his death, <mask> was working with co-editor Ginette Vincendeau on a second, expanded edition of the book, to be published by Bloomsbury in 2021. Writing about food
In the 1970s <mask> turned his long-standing devotion to food and good eating to profitable use, making a name for himself as a restaurant and food critic

masks: Graham Graham


title: Peter Graham (writer)

texts: for The Guardian, The Sunday Times and the International Herald Tribune. For the latter, he edited the International Herald Tribune Guide to Business Travel and Entertainment. He also contributed large chunks of text to the American Express Pocket Guide to Paris. In 1978, he settled in what had once been a hotel-cum-café-cum-grocery store in the small village of Mourjou in the Auvergne, where he lived for the rest of his life. From there he pursued a number of food writing projects, beginning with Cuisine Niçoise: Recipes from a Mediterranean Kitchen (1983), a translation of recipes put together by the notorious mayor of Nice, Jacques Médecin. In 1988, he published the prize-winning Classic Cheese Cookery and, in 1998, Mourjou, The Life and Food of an Auvergne Village, a book that reflects both the author's expertise and his love for his village and its region: as he researched the history of Auvergne food, he also picked up many of his recipes from neighbouring farmers, bakers and pork butchers.In recent years, <mask> wrote mainly for his culinary blog Chez Gram: his articles expertly exploring the meaning of the words used in French cooking. His writing was acknowledged in 2019 with a prize for his article on stockfish awarded by the state-funded tourist agency, Atout France. <mask> played a founding part in the establishment of Mourjou's chestnut museum, the Maison de la Châtaigne. Housed in what had been <mask>'s barn, the museum is dedicated to celebrating and reviving the culture of a local speciality, Mourjou being set in the hilly, chestnut-covered area of La Châtaigneraie (Cantal). A

masks: Graham Graham Graham


title: Peter Graham (writer)

texts:
 tribute to his active local involvement, <mask> officiated for many years as the first honorary Grand Maître de la Châtaigne. Books

As author or editor

 The French New Wave: Critical Landmarks, with Ginette Vincendeau, Palgrave, 2009 (originally published as The New Wave by Secker & Warburg in 1968). Mourjou: The Life and Food of an Auvergne Village, 1998, Viking, 230 pp.(French edition: Mourjou, traditions et recettes d'un village d’Auvergne, La Table Ronde, 2000). Classic Cheese Cookery, Penguin, 1988, 401 pp. – Winner of the 1988 André Simon Memorial Award. International Herald Tribune Guide to Business Travel and Entertainment: Europe, Thames & Hudson, 1983. A Dictionary of the Cinema, Tantivy Press, 1964, 160 pp. As translator

 The Battle of the Sexes in French Cinema: 1930–1956, Noël Burch and Geneviève Sellier, Duke University Press, 2014. A Good Man in Evil Times, José-Alain Fralon, Carroll & Graf, 2001.Freud's Self-Analysis, Didier Anzieu, The Hogarth Press, 1986. Cuisine Niçoise: Recipes from a Mediterranean Kitchen, Jacques Médecin, Penguin, 1983. The Art of the Maya, Henri Stierlin, Evergreen, 1981. The Lost World of the Impressionists, Alice Bellony-Rewald, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1976. The Cinema of Luis Buñuel, Freddy Buache, Tantivy Press, 1973. References

External links

 <mask>’s blog Chez Gram, about culinary and gastronomic terms
 La Maison de la Châtaigne (Chestnut museum) in Mourjou, France
 A Shilling life (1963), on the East Anglian Film Archive
 Au Bout des fusils (1971), on Youtube
 Confrèrie and Association du Pélou

1939 births
2020 deaths
British food

masks:
Graham
Peter Graham