title: Enoch Powell

texts: dependent upon the contemplation of horrific and mutual carnage.Events have now so developed that this aspiration can at last be rationally, logically and—I dare to add—patriotically seized by the people of the United Kingdom if they will use their votes to do so". However, <mask> lost his seat in the election by 731 votes to the Social Democratic and Labour Party's Eddie McGrady, mainly because of demographic and boundary changes that resulted in there being many more Irish Nationalists in the constituency than before. The boundary changes had arisen due to his own campaign for the number of MPs representing Northern Ireland to be increased to the equivalent proportion for the rest of the United Kingdom, as part of the steps towards greater integration. McGrady paid tribute to <mask>, recognising the respect he was held by both Unionists and Nationalists in the constituency. <mask> said, "For the rest of my life when I look back on the 13 years I shall be filled with affection for the Province and its people, and their fortunes will never be out of my heart". He received a warm ovation from the mostly Nationalist audience and as he walked off the platform, he said the words Edmund Burke used on the death of candidate Richard Coombe: "What shadows we are, what shadows we pursue". When a BBC reporter asked <mask> to explain his defeat, he replied: "My opponent polled more votes than me".He was offered a life peerage, which was regarded as his right as a former cabinet minister, but declined it. He argued that as he had opposed the Life Peerages Act 1958, it would be hypocritical for him to take one, but even if he was willing to accept a hereditary peerage (which would have been extinct upon his death as he had no male heir),


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 Thatcher was unwilling to court the controversy that might have arisen as a result. Post-parliamentary life

1987–1992

<mask> was critical of the Special Air Service (SAS) shootings of three unarmed IRA members in Gibraltar in March 1988. <mask> claimed in an article for The Guardian on 7 December 1988 that the new Western-friendly foreign policy of Russia under Mikhail Gorbachev heralded "the death and burial of the American empire". Chancellor Helmut Kohl of West Germany had decided to visit Moscow to negotiate German reunification, signalling to <mask> that the last gasp of American power in Europe to be replaced by a new balance of power not resting on military force but on the "recognition of the restraints which the ultimate certainty of failure places upon the ambitions of the respective national states". In an interview for the Sunday People in December 1988, <mask> said the Conservative Party was "rejoining <mask>" on the European Community but repeated his warning of civil war as the consequence of immigration: "I still cannot forsee how a country can be peaceably governed in which the composition of the population is progressively going to change. I am talking about violence on a scale which can only be described as civil war.I cannot see there can be any other outcome". It would not be a race war but "about people who revolt against being trapped in a situation where they feel at the mercy of a built-in racial majority, whatever its colour" and claimed that the government had made contingency plans for such an event. The solution, he said, was repatriation on a large scale and the cost of doing this in welfare payments and pensions was well worth paying. In early 1989, he made a programme (broadcast in July) on his

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texts: visit to Russia and his impressions on that country. The BBC originally wanted him to do a programme on India but the Indian high commission in London refused him a visa. When he visited Russia, <mask> went to the graves of 600,000 people who died during the siege of Leningrad and saying that he could not believe a people who had suffered so much would willingly start another war. He also went to a veterans' parade (wearing his own medals) and talked with Russian soldiers with the aid of an interpreter.However, the programme was criticised by those who believed that <mask> had dismissed the Soviet Union's threat to the West since 1945 and that he had been too impressed with Russia's sense of national identity. When German reunification was on the agenda in mid-1989, <mask> said that the UK urgently needed to create an alliance with the Soviet Union in view of Germany's effect on the balance of power in Europe. After Thatcher's Bruges speech in September 1988 and her increasing hostility to a European currency in the last years of her premiership, <mask> made many speeches publicly supporting her attitude to Europe. When Heath criticised Thatcher's speech in May 1989 <mask> called him "the old virtuoso of the U-turn". When inflation crept up that year, he condemned the Chancellor Nigel Lawson's policy of printing money so sterling would shadow the German deutschmark and said that it was for the UK to join the European Monetary System. In early September 1989, a collection of <mask> <mask> on 1992 (1992 being the year set for the creation of the Single Market by the Single European Act of 1986). In a speech at Chatham House for the launch of the book on 6 September, he advised Thatcher to fight the next general election on a

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texts: nationalist theme as many Eastern European nations previously under Russian rule were gaining their freedom.At the Conservative Party conference in October, he told a fringe meeting, "I find myself today less on the fringe of that party than I have done for 20 years". After Thatcher resisted further European integration at a meeting at Strasbourg in November <mask> asked her parliamentary private secretary Mark Lennox-Boyd to pass to her "my respectful congratulations on her stand ... she both spoke for Britain and gave a lead to Europe—in the line of succession of Winston Churchill and William Pitt. Those who lead are always out in front, alone". Thatcher replied, "I am deeply touched by your words. They give me the greatest possible encouragement". On 5 January 1990, addressing Conservatives in Liverpool, <mask> said that if the Conservatives played the "British card" at the next general election, they could win; the new mood in the UK for "self-determination" had given the newly independent nations of Eastern Europe a "beacon", adding that the UK should stand alone, if necessary, for European freedom, adding: "We are taunted—by the French, by the Italians, by the Spaniards—for refusing to worship at the shrine of a common government superimposed upon them all ... where were the European unity merchants in 1940? I will tell you.They were either writhing under a hideous oppression or they were aiding and abetting that oppression. Lucky for Europe that Britain was alone in 1940". The Conservative Party would have to ask, preferably at the next election: "Do you intend still to control the laws which you obey, the taxes you pay and the policies of your government?" Five days after this speech, in an interview for The Daily

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texts: Telegraph, Thatcher praised <mask>: "I have always read <mask> <mask>'s speeches and articles very carefully. ... I always think it was a tragedy that he left. He is a very, very able politician.I say that even though he has sometimes said vitriolic things against me". On the day of the Mid-Staffordshire by-election, <mask> said that the government should admit that the community charge was "a disaster" and that what mattered most to the people of Mid-Staffordshire was the question of who should govern the UK and that only the Conservative Party was advocating that the British should govern themselves. Thatcher had been labelled "dictatorial" for wanting to "go it alone" in Europe: "Well, I do not mind somebody being dictatorial in defending my own rights and those of my fellow countrymen ... lose self-government, and I have lost everything, and for good". This was the first election since 1970 in which <mask> was advocating a vote for the Conservative Party. However, the Labour Party won the seat from the Conservative Party, mainly, it was said, because of the community charge. After Iraq invaded Kuwait on 2 August 1990, <mask> said that since the UK was not an ally of Kuwait in the "formal sense" and because the balance of power in the Middle East had ceased to be a British concern after the end of the British Empire, the UK should not go to war. <mask> said that "Saddam Hussein has a long way to go yet before his troops come storming up the beaches of Kent or Sussex".On 21 October, he wrote, "The world is full of evil men engaged in doing evil things. That does not make us policemen to round them up nor judges to find them guilty and to sentence them. What is so special about the ruler of Iraq that we suddenly discover that we

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texts: are to be his jailers and his judges? ... we as a nation have no interest in the existence or non-existence of Kuwait or, for that matter, Saudi Arabia as an independent state. I sometimes wonder if, when we shed our power, we omitted to shed our arrogance". When Thatcher was challenged by Michael Heseltine for the leadership of the Conservative Party during November 1990, <mask> said he would rejoin the party, which he had left in February 1974 over the issue of Europe, if Thatcher won, and would urge the public to support both her and, in <mask>'s view, national independence. He wrote to one of Thatcher's supporters, Norman Tebbit, on 16 November, telling him Thatcher was entitled to use his name and his support in any way she saw fit.Since she resigned on 22 November, <mask> never rejoined the Conservatives. <mask> wrote the following Sunday: "Good news is seldom so good, nor bad news so bad, as at first sight it appears". Her downfall was due to having so few like-minded people on European integration amongst her colleagues and that as she had adopted a line that would improve her party's popularity, it was foolish of them to force her out. However he added, "The battle has been lost, but not the war. The fact abides that, outside the magic circle at the top, a deep rooted opposition has been disclosed in the UK to surrendering to others the right to make our laws, fix our taxes, or decide our policies. Running deep beneath the overlay of years of indifference is still the attachment of the British public to their tradition of democracy. Their resentment on learning that their own decisions can be overruled from outside remains as obstinate as ever".Thatcher had relit the flame of independence and "what has happened once can

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 happen again ... sooner or later those who aspire to govern ... will have to listen". In December 1991, <mask> said that "Whether Yugoslavia dissolves into two states or half a dozen states or does not dissolve at all makes no difference to the safety and well being of the United Kingdom". The UK's national interests determined that the country should have "a foreign policy which befits the sole insular and oceanic state in Europe". During the 1992 general election <mask> spoke for Nicholas Budgen in his old seat of Wolverhampton South West. He praised Budgen for his opposition to the Maastricht Treaty and condemned the rest of the Conservative Party for supporting it. Final years

In late 1992, aged 80, <mask> was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. In 1994, he published The Evolution of the Gospel: A New Translation of the First Gospel with Commentary and Introductory Essay.On 5 November, the European printed an article by <mask> in which he said he did not expect the European Communities Act 1972 to be amended or repealed but added, "Still, something has happened. There has been an explosion. Politicians, political parties, the public itself have looked into the abyss ... the British people, somehow or other, will not be parted from their right to govern themselves in parliament". In 1993, the twenty-fifth anniversary of <mask>'s "Rivers of Blood" speech, <mask> wrote an article for The Times, in which he claimed the concentration of immigrant communities in inner cities would lead to "communalism", which would have grave effects on the electoral system: "communalism and democracy, as the experience of India demonstrates, are incompatible". In May, he spoke for Alan Sked of the Anti-Federalist League (the forerunner of the

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texts: United Kingdom Independence Party) who was standing at the Newbury by-election. Sked went on to lose his deposit at the by-election, polling only 601 votes (1.0 per cent). At Michael Portillo's 40th birthday party the same month, Thatcher greeted him enthusiastically and asked him: "<mask>, I haven't seen you since your eightieth-birthday dinner.How are you?" <mask> replied, "I'm eighty-one". <mask>'s opinion of Thatcher had declined after she endorsed John Major at the 1992 general election, which he believed to be a repudiation of her fight against European integration after the Bruges speech. On 16 May 1994, <mask> spoke at the Bruges Group and said Europe had "destroyed one Prime Minister and will destroy another Prime Minister yet" and demanded powers surrendered to the European Court of Justice to be repatriated. In June 1994, he wrote an article for the Daily Mail, where he stated that "Britain is waking from the nightmare of being part of the continental bloc, to rediscover that these offshore islands belong to the outside world and lie open to its oceans". Innovations in contemporary society did not worry him: "When exploration has run its course, we shall revert to the normal type of living to which nature and instinct predispose us. The decline will not have been permanent.The deterioration will not have been irreversible". In his book The Evolution of the Gospel, published in August 1994, <mask> said he had arrived at the view that Jesus Christ was not crucified but stoned to death by the Jews. Bishop John Austin Baker commented "He is a great classicist, but theology is out of his academic field." Following his death, <mask>'s friend Richard Ritchie recorded in 1998 that "during one of the habitual coal crises of

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texts: recent years he told me that he had no objection to supporting the coal industry, either through the restriction of cheap coal imports or subsidy, if it were the country's wish to preserve local coal communities". In the 1990s, <mask> endorsed three UKIP candidates in parliamentary elections. He also turned down two invitations to stand for the party in elections, citing retirement. In April 1995, he said in an interview that for the Conservatives "defeat [at the next election] would help.It helps one to change one's tune". The party was just "slithering around". The same month, he took part at a debate on Europe at the Cambridge Union and won. In July 1995, there was a leadership election for the Conservative Party, in which Major resigned as leader of the party and stood in the election. <mask> wrote, "He says to the Sovereign: I no longer am leader of the majority party in the House of Commons; but I am carrying on as your Prime Minister. Now I don't think anybody can say that—at least without inflicting damage on the constitution". To seek to offer advice to the Queen while unable to feel they could command a majority in the Commons was "tantamount to treating the monarch herself with disrespect and denying the very principle in which our parliamentary democracy is founded".After Major's challenger, John Redwood, was defeated, <mask> wrote to him, "Dear Redwood, you will never regret the events of the last week or two. Patience will evidently have to be exercised—and patience is the greatest of the political virtues—by those of us who want to keep Britain independent and self-governed". During the final years of his life, he managed occasional pieces of journalism and co-operated in a BBC documentary about his life in 1995

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 (Odd Man Out was broadcast on 11 November). In April 1996, he wrote an article for the Daily Express, in which he said: "Those who consented to the surrender made in 1972 will have to think again. Thinking again means that activity most unthinkable for politicians—unsaying what has been said. The surrender ... we have made is not irrevocable. Parliament still has the power (thank God) to reclaim what has been surrendered by treaty.It is time we told the other European nations what we mean by being self-governed". In October, he gave his last interview, to Matthew d'Ancona in the Sunday Telegraph. He said: "I have lived into an age in which my ideas are now part of common intuition, part of a common fashion. It has been a great experience, having given up so much to find that there is now this range of opinion in all classes, that an agreement with the EEC is totally incompatible with normal parliamentary government. ... The nation has returned to haunt us". When Labour won the 1997 general election, <mask> told his wife, Pamela Wilson, "They have voted to break up the United Kingdom."She rejoined the Conservative Party the next day, but he did not. By then, <mask> had been hospitalised several times as a result of a succession of falls. Death
A few hours following his final admission to hospital, he asked where his lunch was. On being told that he was being fed intravenously, he remarked, "I don't call that much of a lunch." These were his last recorded words. On 8 February 1998 <mask> died aged 85 at the King Edward VII's Hospital Sister Agnes in Westminster, London. His study of the Gospel of John remained unfinished.Dressed in a brigadier's uniform, <mask>'s body was buried in his regiment's plot in Warwick Cemetery,


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 Warwickshire, ten days after a family funeral service at Westminster Abbey and public services at St. Margaret's, Westminster and the Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick. Over 1,000 people turned up to <mask>'s funeral, and during the ceremony he was hailed as a man of prophecy, political sacrifice and as a great parliamentarian. During the mass, Lord Biffen said that <mask>'s nationalism "certainly did not bear the stamp of racial superiority or xenophobia". After <mask>'s death, many Conservative politicians paid tribute to him, including former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who said, "There will never be anybody else so compelling as <mask> <mask>. He was magnetic. Listening to his speeches was an unforgettable privilege. He was one of those rare people who made a difference and whose moral compass led us in the right direction."Other mourners at the service included socialist Labour MP Tony Benn who, despite criticising the Rivers of Blood speech, maintained a close relationship with <mask>, and when asked why he had attended the funeral, simply responded with "he was my friend." Other politicians, including his rivals, also paid tribute to him, including former Labour party leader Tony Blair who said, "However controversial his views, he was one of the great figures of 20th-century British politics, gifted with a brilliant mind. However much we disagreed with many of his views, there was no doubting the strength of his convictions or their sincerity, or his tenacity in pursuing them, regardless of his own political self-interest." He was survived by his widow and two daughters. Personal life

<mask> was reading Ancient Greek by the age of five, which he learned from his mother. At the age of 70, he began

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texts: learning his 14th and final language, Hebrew. Despite his earlier atheism, <mask> became a devout member of the Church of England, thinking in 1949 "that he heard the bells of St Peter's Wolverhampton calling him" while walking to his flat in his (then future) constituency.Subsequently, he became a churchwarden of St. Margaret's, Westminster. On 2 January 1952, the 39-year-old <mask> married 26-year-old Margaret Pamela Wilson, a former colleague from the Conservative Central Office. Their first daughter, Susan, was born in January 1954, and their second daughter, Jennifer, was born in October 1956. <mask> firmly believed that William Shakespeare of Stratford on Avon was not the writer of the plays and poems of Shakespeare. He appeared on an episode of Frontline, "The Shakespeare Mystery," 19 April 1989, in which he said, "My astonishment was to discover that these were the works of someone who'd 'been in the kitchen.' They are written by someone who has lived the life, who has been part of a life of politics and power, who knows what people feel when they are near to the centre of power. Near to the heat of the kitchen."He called the traditional biography a "Stratfordian fantasy." On the subject of Shakespeare's will, he says, "That is a will in which this great spirit, this man of immense learning and vision, not only bequeathed no books..." but he also neglected to bequeath "the most valuable thing he had to bequeath, the remaining manuscripts of his plays which were eventually to be published seven years after his death." <mask> calls the Droeshout portrait of Shakespeare in the First Folio, and the monument to Shakespeare in Stratford "a mask," "a fix," "a spoof" to conceal the identity of the true author. <mask>'s rhetorical

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texts: gifts were also employed, with success, beyond politics. He was a poet of some accomplishment, with four published collections to his name: First Poems; Casting Off; Dancer's End; and The Wedding Gift. His Collected Poems appeared in 1990. He translated Herodotus' Histories and published many other works of classical scholarship.He published a biography of Joseph Chamberlain, which treated the split with William Gladstone over Irish Home Rule in 1886 as the pivotal point of his career, rather than the adoption of tariff reform, and contained the famous line: "All political lives, unless they are cut off in midstream at a happy juncture, end in failure, because that is the nature of politics and of all human affairs". His political publications were often as critical of his own party as they were of Labour, often making fun of what he saw as logical fallacies in reasoning or action. His book Freedom & Reality contained many quotes from Labour party manifestos or by Harold Wilson that he regarded as nonsensical. When asked by BBC interviewer Michael Parkinson what he regarded as his achievements, he replied "it is doubtful whether any man can say how the world was altered because he was in it." In August 2002, <mask> appeared 55th in the List of 100 Greatest Britons of all time (voted for by the public in a BBC nationwide poll). In March 2015, The Independent reported that <mask> was one of the MPs whose activities had been investigated as part of Operation Fernbridge. His name had been passed to police by Paul Butler, the Bishop of Durham, after allegations of <mask>'s involvement in historic child abuse had been made by one individual in the 1980s to the then Bishop of Monmouth, Dominic Walker.Simon Heffer, who has published a


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 biography of <mask>, has described the allegation as a "monstrous lie" and criticised the Church of England's actions in "putting this smear into the public domain", while the church stated that it had simply responded to an inquiry from the press and confirmed that allegations about <mask>, which related to an alleged satanic cult rather than any criminal activity, had been passed to the police. David Aaronovitch of The Times wrote in April 2015 that the 1980s claims about <mask> originated from fabricated claims invented by a conman, Derry Mainwaring Knight, whose false assertions had become known to the clergy, but had been unwittingly conveyed to the police in good faith. According to Michael Bloch, in his old age, <mask> confessed to Canon Eric James, a former Trinity College Chaplain, that he had been in love with a fellow male undergraduate at Cambridge, whom Bloch identifies as "probably Edward Curtis of Clare College", and that this infatuation had inspired love verses published in his First Poems. This confession was revealed by James in a letter to The Times on 10 February 1998. Following his appointment as Professor of Greek at the University of Sydney in 1937, he wrote to his parents (on 22 May and 16 June 1938) that he was repelled by his female students, while feeling "an instant and instinctive affection" for young Australian males. This, he added, might be "deplored, but it cannot be altered", and it therefore had to be "endured - and (alas!) camouflaged."The letters are now in the Churchill College Archives (POLL 1/1/1). Following a long illness, <mask> died in November 2017 at the age of 91, 19 years after her husband. Political beliefs

<mask> delivered his Rivers of Blood speech on 20 April 1968. A poll which

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texts: was taken after the speech reported that 74 per cent of Britons agreed with <mask>'s opinions on mass immigration. In The Trial of <mask> <mask>, a Channel 4 television broadcast in April 1998, on the thirtieth anniversary of his Rivers of Blood speech (and two months after his death), 64 per cent of the studio audience voted that <mask> was not a racist. Some in the Church of England, of which <mask> was a member, took a different view. Upon <mask>'s death, black Barbados-born Wilfred Wood, then Bishop of Croydon, said "<mask> <mask> gave a certificate of respectability to white racist views which otherwise decent people were ashamed to acknowledge".Conservative commentator Bruce Anderson has claimed that the Rivers of Blood speech would have come as a complete surprise to anyone who had studied <mask>'s record: he had been a West Midlands MP for 18 years but had said hardly anything about immigration. On this view, the speech was merely part of a badly miscalculated strategy to become party leader if Heath fell. Anderson adds that the speech had no effect on immigration, except to make it more difficult for the subject to be discussed rationally in polite society. <mask>'s opponents claimed he was far-right, fascist and racist. His supporters claim that the first two charges clash with his voting record on most social issues, such as homosexual law reform (he was actually a co-sponsor of a bill on this issue in May 1965 and opposed the death penalty, both reforms unpopular among Conservatives at the time; however, he kept a low profile to his stance on these non-party "issues of conscience"). <mask> voted against the reinstitution of the death penalty several times between 1969 and 1987. By the early 1960s, <mask> was in support

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texts: of the campaign for immigration controls.The earliest and only statement from then by <mask> on immigration was in August 1956, when, in Wolverhampton, <mask> said that "a fundamental change in the law is necessary" in the UK's citizenship law. However, he explained that a change was not needed at that time, but did not rule out the possibility of a future change. In the late 1950s, when other Conservatives were advocating a campaign for immigration control following race riots, <mask> declined to join them, remarking that it was no good discussing the details when the "real issue" of the citizenship laws had remained unchanged. In November 1960, <mask> became one of nine members of the ministerial committee which wanted to introduce controls of Commonwealth immigration; he submitted a letter in April 1961 which said "if we desire to limitations or conditions on the entry of coloured British subjects into this country" a change in the existing legal definition of a "British subject" was needed, since the British Nationality Act of 1948 considered all those from independent Commonwealth countries listed under the UK's nationality law to be British subjects. Concerns raised about effects of coloured immigration in communities in his constituency played a part in his commentary. In March 1968, the month before the "Rivers of Blood" speech, he made his first public references to them in a speech in Walsall, when he described the concern of an anonymous constituent whose daughter was the only white child in her primary school class and suffered bullying from non-white pupils. When Wolverhampton Express and Star journalists failed to find the child or the class, the paper's editor and a then personal friend, Clement Jones, challenged


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 him, stating Jones himself had similar anonymous complaints that were traced to members of the National Front (NF).<mask> would not accept the explanation, and told Jones he had received "bags of supporting mail" as a result of the Walsall speech. During an interview with the Birmingham Post, a fortnight after <mask>'s "Rivers of Blood" speech, he was asked whether or not he was a racialist. He replied:

<mask> accepted an invitation to appear on David Frost's evening television programme on 3 January 1969. Frost asked <mask> whether or not he was a racialist, to which <mask> replied:

During the 1970 election, Tony Benn declared in a speech that <mask>'s approach to immigration was 'evil', and said "The flag of racialism which has been hoisted in Wolverhampton is beginning to look like the one that fluttered over Dachau and Belsen." In response, when a television reporter told <mask> at a meeting of Benn's comments, he snatched the microphone and replied "All I will say is that for myself, in 1939 I voluntarily returned from Australia to this country, to serve as a private soldier against Germany and Nazism. I am the same man today." Similarly, <mask> responded to student hecklers at a speech in Cardiff: "I hope those who shouted 'Fascist' and 'Nazi' are aware that before they were born I was fighting against Fascism and Nazism."In November 1968, <mask> also suggested that the problems that would be caused if there were a large influx of Germans or Russians into the UK "would be as serious – and in some respects more serious – than could follow from the introduction of a similar number of West Indies or Pakistanis". <mask> said his views were neither genetic nor eugenic, and that he never arranged his fellow men on a merit

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 according to their origins. <mask> said in a 1964 speech:

In a speech in November 1968 he said:

In 1944, when <mask> was visiting Poona with another member of the Joint Intelligence Committee, an Indian, General (later Field Marshal) K. M. Cariappa, he refused to stay at the Byculla club once it became clear that Cariappa as an Indian would not be allowed to stay there. Close friends also recall that <mask> took great pleasure in speaking Urdu when dining at Indian restaurants. Nevertheless, <mask>'s nationalism and accusations of racialism sometimes trod a fine line. In 1996, BBC journalist Michael Cockerell asked him about the language he used in the "Rivers of Blood" speech, arguing that it could be used by self-proclaimed racialists against non-whites. In defence of the language he used in the speech, <mask> replied:

<mask> further went on to say that "it's not impossible but it's difficult, for a non-white person to be British."Victoria Honeyman, Lecturer in Politics at the University of Leeds in England, wrote of <mask>'s beliefs on immigration:

<mask>'s speeches and TV interviews throughout his political life displayed a suspicion towards "the Establishment" in general, and by the 1980s there was a regular expectation that he would make some sort of speech or act in a way designed to upset the government and ensure he would not be offered a life peerage (and thus be transferred to the House of Lords), which, some believe, he had no intention of accepting so long as Edward Heath sat in the Commons. (Heath remained in the Commons until after <mask>'s death.) He had opposed the Life Peerages Act, and felt it would be hypocritical to accept a life peerage himself since no Prime Minister ever offered him a hereditary

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 peerage. According to Libertarian theorist Murray Rothbard, Powellism was seen as a proper step toward free markets in the early 1970s, writing:

Portraits

<mask> sat for sculptor Alan Thornhill for a portrait in clay. The correspondence file relating to the <mask> portrait bust is held as part of the Thornhill Papers (2006:56) in the archive of the Henry Moore Foundation's Henry Moore Institute in Leeds and the terracotta remains in the collection of the artist. English photographer Allan Warren photographed many portraits of <mask>. There are 24 images of <mask> in the National Portrait Gallery Collection including work by Bassano's studios, Anne-Katrin Purkiss, and a 1971 cartoon by Gerald Scarfe.Dramatic portrayals

 <mask>'s "Rivers of Blood" speech was subject of the play What Shadows by Chris Hannan, staged in Birmingham from 27 October to 12 November 2016, with <mask> portrayed by Ian McDiarmid and Clem Jones by George Costigan. In their 1969 song, <mask> <mask>, the Beatles turned their song Get Back into a criticism of growing anti-immigration sentiment in the UK with lyrics such as "Get back to where you once belonged" and "<mask> <mask> said to the folks, He said you wear the color of your skin, He said he don't care what it's All about...So Ted Heath said to <mask> <mask> ....He said you'd better get out or else you'll go to trial...<mask> <mask>, <mask> you better go home...Commonwealth...Commonwealth... if you don't want trouble you better go back to home." Works

 . Elections contested
UK Parliament elections

See also
 Nigel Hastilow

References

Bibliography
 Paul Corthorn, <mask> <mask>: Politics and Ideas in Modern Britain, OUP Oxford, 2019. Olivier Esteves et Stéphane Porion, The Lives and

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 Afterlives of <mask> <mask>, London, Routledge, 2019. Lewis, Roy (1979), <mask> <mask>. Principle in Politics, Cassell, London.Raheem Kassam, <mask> Was Right, London, Independently published, 2018. Schofield, Camilla (2013), <mask> <mask> and the Making of Postcolonial Britain, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
 Schoen, Douglas E. (1977), <mask> <mask> and the Powellites, Macmillan, London. Further reading
 Clarke, Peter (7 March 2013). "I am a classical scholar, and you are not." London Review of Books, vol. 35, no. 5. pp.31–32. . Archived from the original. External links

 British Army Officers 1939−1945

 . are accessible to the

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title: Berenice Sydney

texts:
<mask> (1944–1983), born <mask>, and professionally known as '<mask>', was a British artist who produced a substantial body of work from 1964 until her death in 1983. Her oeuvre consists of paintings on canvas and paper, drawings, prints, children's books, costume design, and performance. A memorial exhibition of her work was held at the Royal Academy in 1984 followed by solo shows in Italy, Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Switzerland, and Britain. Her work continues to be featured in print and watercolour shows held in Burlington House. Her work is in over 100 private and public collections. Biography
<mask> was born in Esher, Surrey in 1944 and educated from the age of six at the Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle in London. From her early years, she studied ballet with Marie Rambert and classical guitar with Adele Kramer.As an adult, she balanced a busy work schedule in her studio by training at the Dance Centre in Covent Garden and attending flamenco dance studios in Hampstead and New York City. <mask> was married to the Italian photographer Romano Cagnoni from 1970 until they divorced in February 1983. In addition to reading the classics and studying mythology, she was fluent in five languages. She was enrolled at the Central School of Art and Design but left formal art education to set up a studio in Chelsea. She participated in over 40 exhibitions before her death of an asthma attack at the age of 39. She is buried in the eastern section of Highgate Cemetery. Her father, the documentary filmmaker <mask> Frieze, died a few months later and is buried with her.Lord McAlpine gave the eulogy at her funeral which was also attended by Dr. David Brown then the Assistant Keeper in Modern Collections at the Tate Gallery. Career
<mask> <mask>pine Gallery

masks:
Berenice Sydney
Berenice Frieze
Berenice
Berenice Sydney
Berenice
Joseph Sydney
Berenice
Sydneyl


title: Berenice Sydney

texts: of the Ashmolean Museum. Her first professional exhibition was held at the Drian Galleries in 1968 and included Susanna and the Elders with Charlie the Pigeon, Coffee Pot and 3 Yellow Flowers and The Drummer Boy. She began to exhibit her works on paper including Dancing Nymphs, Hermaphroditus, Pan and Two Nymphs, The Marriage of Psyche and Eros, Naiads Surprised by Satyrs, in 1968. Linocuts were also exhibited that year and included Aphrodite and Ares, Nymphs Dancing, Psyche and Eros, Nude Fiddling with Toe, Pan and Two Nymphs and Hebe and Artemis. She continued to explore themes relating to Persian mythology, Christian symbolism and Greek mythological subjects as well as referencing Ancient Egyptian art, creating a hieroglyph of her professional name and working on papyrus.Responding to the exhibition Salute to Berenice <mask> held at the Royal Academy Max Wykes-Joyce wrote: In the Spring of 1968 I was much charmed by a first one-person show at the Drian Galleries of large, lively paintings which evidenced the artist's interest in dance and music, and a group of black and white drawings on mythological  made in her late teens and very early twenties by the young self-taught <mask> <mask>. I praised them greatly:  show of her work were in turn singled out for admiration in Arts Review by Marina Vaizey, Pat Gilmour, Oswell Baakeston and Charles Bone. And these praises were more recently joined by those of Kenneth Garlick of the Ashmolean Museum and David Brown of the Tate Gallery. Her painting evolved from figuration to an apparent abstraction which was, in truth, a dance of colours, an expression of natural exuberance. She was continually researching new means of printmaking and mixed media works, each kind of which is represented in

masks: Sydney Berenice Sydney


title: Berenice Sydney

texts:
 this, her memorial exhibition. Painting
Sydney's work developed from representational to semi-abstract, and she soon established her style in purest abstract form starting with tiny delicate Persian Garden designs, miniatures in naturalistic colours that become abstract etchings: Bakhtiari, The Sultan's Garden, Shirvan Kabistan II, Hachly Moons, Little Squares, Saruk, which were exhibited in 1969. From 1973 her oils on canvas also began to develop into conceptual abstractions.From discernible figures worked in flowing brush strokes her forms became multi-faceted describing movement in hundreds of colour mutations and shapes. <mask>'s later paintings were developed in series, based on specific organic forms, such as leaves (see illustration), that provided a dynamic structural frame for the buildup of paint across large canvasses. Colour combined with vortex-like compositions, starting from a central point to expand outwards, enabled the artist to explore the kinesthetic qualities of visual experience in a way that relates to Bridget Riley's later work. Printmaking
Sydney continued to experiment in oils and other media and produced etching, engravings in steel (Art in Steel exhibition 1972), copper and perspex monoprints. One of her influences was Stanley William Hayter and her etchings would then use multiple colours on a single plate. She also produced aquatints and lithographs using one plate for each colour process. Her work in serigraphy was also extensive and first exhibited in 1974.Drawing
<mask>'s drawing consistently used acrylic and oil pastels, ink and brush creating a series of works on Gemini paper. She produced a series of intensely detailed pen drawings merging the calligraphic with the figurative in a humorous way, as in

masks: Sydney Sydney


title: Berenice Sydney

texts:
 Pen drawing with Jester, 1976. Children's books
<mask> wrote and illustrated a Book of Nonsense Verse 1982/3 later titled Book of Fools which she dedicated to the First of April. A page from this work featuring the poem The Ant who Danced and Pranced is featured in the catalogue to the exhibition Homage to Berenice Sydney. In it the art historian, Florian Rodari's appraisal of <mask>'s work appears in French with a translation in English by Charlotte Frieze. The black and white illustrations to the Book of Fools are aquatints etched in a delicately delineated style. The text is written in French and English.Four artist's proofs of the book subsequently titled Book of Fools were printed. The French version of A Book of Fools was purchased by the Bibliothèque Nationale Paris in October 1982 in addition to a number of the artist's earliest etchings, now kept in the Cabinet des Estampes. An audio cassette recording of the artist giving a reading of the Book of Fools was made at the Musée d'Elysée in Lausanne as the artist performed with castanets, accompanied by Gypsy Flamenco musicians and rendered in parts with a Yorkshire accent in homage to her father's family origins. Exhibitions
Exhibitions during her lifetime 1968–1982

1968
Drian Galleries, First One Person Show, London
Leicester Galleries, - Group Show, London
Edinburgh Festival Costume Designs for Workshops Production of Clown - Televised, Grampian Productions
Magdelene Street Gallery. Group Show, Cambridge
1969 Traverse Theatre Gallery, Group Show, Edinburgh
Lumley Cazalet Gallery, Group Show, London
Camden Arts Centre Group Show, London
Tib Lane Gallery, Group Show, Manchester
Royal Institute Galleries, Group Show F.I.B.A., London WI
1971
International Student House, One Person


title: George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon

texts:
<mask>, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, DL (26 June 1866 – 5 April 1923), styled Lord Porchester until 1890, was an English peer and aristocrat best known as the financial backer of the search for and excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings. His country house, Highclere Castle, served as the filming location of the ITV/PBS television series Downton Abbey. Background and education
Styled Lord Porchester from birth, he was born at 66 Grosvenor Street, Mayfair, London, the only son of Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, a distinguished Tory statesman, by his first wife Lady Evelyn Stanhope, daughter of Anne and <mask>, 6th Earl of Chesterfield. Aubrey Herbert was his half-brother. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He inherited the Bretby Hall estate in Derbyshire from his maternal grandmother, Anne Elizabeth, Dowager Countess of Chesterfield in 1885, and succeeded his father in the earldom in 1890. He was High Steward of Newbury.Family

Lord Carnarvon married Almina Victoria Maria Alexandra Wombwell, alleged to be the illegitimate daughter of millionaire banker Alfred de Rothschild, of the Rothschild family, at St. Margaret's Church, Westminster, on 26 June 1895. Rothschild provided a marriage settlement of £500,000 (equivalent to £ in  pounds), and paid off all Lord Carnarvon’s existing debts. The Carnarvons had two children:
 <mask> Herbert, 6th Earl of Carnarvon (7 November 1898 – 22 September 1987), who married Anne Catherine Tredick Wendell (d. 1977) and had one son (the 7th Earl) and one daughter. They divorced in 1936, and from 1939 to 1947, he was married to actress and dancer Tilly Losch. Lady Evelyn Leonora Almina Herbert (15 August 1901 –

masks:
George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert
George Stanhope
Henry George


title: George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon

texts:
 Callender rigged up electric lighting, illuminating a vast haul of items, including gilded couches, chests, thrones, and shrines. They also saw evidence of two further chambers, including the sealed doorway to the inner burial chamber, guarded by two life-size statues of Tutankhamun. In spite of evidence of break-ins in ancient times, the tomb was virtually intact, and would ultimately be found to contain over 5,000 items. On 29 November, the tomb was officially opened in the presence of a number of invited dignitaries and Egyptian officials.Lord <mask> travelled to England in December 1922, returning in January 1923 to be present at the official opening of the inner burial chamber on 16 February. Before the opening Carnarvon had sold the exclusive newspaper rights to report the excavation to The Times. While this helped finance the work, it created resentment both from other newspapers and from the Egyptian authorities, whose own press was also excluded. Towards the end of February, a rift with Carter, probably caused by a disagreement on how to manage the supervising Egyptian authorities, temporarily closed excavation. Work recommenced in early March after Carnarvon apologised. This was to be Lord Carnarvon's last significant involvement in the excavation project, he falling seriously ill shortly afterwards. Death

On 19 March 1923, Carnarvon suffered a severe mosquito bite which became infected by a razor cut.On 5 April, he died in the Continental-Savoy Hotel in Cairo caused, according to contemporaneous reports, by blood poisoning progressing to pneumonia. On 14 April, Lady Almina <mask> moved Lord Carnarvon's remains to England. His tomb appropriately reflects his archaeological

masks: Carnarvon Carnarvon


title: George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon

texts:
 Carter, Five Years' Explorations at Thebes - A Record of Work Done 1907-1911, Original 1912 edition. <mask>, Egypt at Highclere - The discovery of Tutankhamun, Highclere Enterprises LPP, 2009. <mask>, Carnarvon & Carter - the story of the two Englishman who discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun, Highclere Enterprises LPP, 2007.Elisabeth David, Gaston Maspero 1846-1916, Pygmalion/Gérard Watelet, 1999 (). Cross William, Carnarvon, Carter and Tutankhamun Revisited. The hidden truths and doomed relationships, Book Midden Publishing, 2016 (). Cross William,  Lordy! Tutankhamun's Patron As A Young Man , Book Midden Publishing, 2012 (). Cross William,  The Life and Secrets of Almina Carnarvon : 5th Countess of Carnarvon of Tutankhamun Fame , 3rd Ed 2011 (). Cross William,  Catherine and Tilly: Porchey Carnarvon's Two Duped Wives: The Tragic Tales of the Sixth Countesses of Carnarvon, Book Midden Publishing, 2013 ().Cross William,  Prince Victor Duleep Singh & the Curse of the Carnarvons Book Midden Publishing  2019. Forthcoming Books

 Cross, William. More on Prince Victor Duleep Singh & the Curse of the Carnarvons : The Final Twists  Book Midden Publishing  2022. Cross, William. Highclere Insider-David Sox : The Man Who Knew Too Much  Book Midden Publishing  2022. External links

 <mask>, 5th Earl of Carnarvon Bio at Highclere Castle
 Highclere Castle, home of the 5th Earl

1866 births
1923 deaths
<mask>, 05th Earl of Carnarvon
British racehorse owners and breeders
Deaths due to insect bites and stings
5
English archaeologists
English Egyptologists
Infectious disease deaths in Egypt
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
20th-century archaeologists
Tutankhamun
People

masks:
Fiona Carnarvon
Fiona Carnarvon
George Herbert
George Herbert


title: Warren Gish

texts:
<mask> is the owner of Advanced Biocomputing LLC. He joined Washington University in St. Louis as a junior faculty member in 1994, and was a Research Associate Professor of Genetics from 2002 to 2007. Education
After initially studying physics, <mask> obtained an A.B. degree in Biochemistry from University of California, Berkeley, and completed work for his Ph.D. degree in Molecular Biology at the same institution in 1988. Research
<mask> is primarily known for his contributions to NCBI BLAST, his creation of the BLAST Network Service and nr (non-redundant) databases, his 1996 release of the original gapped BLAST (WU-BLAST 2.0), and most recently his development and support of AB-BLAST. At Washington University in St. Louis, <mask> also led the genome analysis group which annotated all finished human, mouse and rat genome data produced by the University's Genome Sequencing Center from 1995 through 2002. As a graduate student, <mask> applied the Quine-McCluskey algorithm to the analysis of splice site recognition sequences.In 1985, with a view toward rapid identification of restriction enzyme recognition sites in DNA, <mask> developed a DFA function library in the C language. The idea to apply a finite-state machine to this problem had been suggested by fellow graduate student and BSD UNIX developer Mike Karels. <mask>'s DFA implementation was that of a Mealy machine architecture, which is more compact than an equivalent Moore machine and hence faster. Construction of the DFA was O(n), where n is the sum of the lengths of the query sequences. The DFA could then be used to scan subject sequences in a single pass with no backtracking in O(m) time, where m is the total length of the subject(s). The method of DFA construction was recognized later as

masks:
Warren Richard Gish
Gish
Gish
Gish
Gish
Gish
Gish


title: Warren Gish

texts:
 being a consolidation of two algorithms, Algorithms 3 and 4 described by Alfred V. Aho and Margaret J. Corasick. While working for U.C.Berkeley in December 1986, <mask> sped up the FASTP program

(later known as FASTA) of William R. Pearson and David J. Lipman by 2- to 3-fold without altering the results. When the performance modifications were communicated to Pearson and Lipman, <mask> further suggested that a DFA (rather than a lookup table) would yield faster k-tuple identification and improve the overall speed of the program by perhaps as much as 10% in some cases; however such marginal improvement even in the best case was deemed by the authors to not be worth the added code complexity. <mask> also envisioned at this time a centralized search service, wherein all nucleotide sequences from GenBank would be maintained in memory to eliminate I/O bottlenecks—and stored in compressed form to conserve memory—with clients invoking FASTN searches remotely via the Internet. <mask>'s earliest contributions to BLAST were made while working at the NCBI, starting in July 1989. Even in early prototypes BLAST was typically much faster than FASTA. <mask> recognized the potential added benefit in this application of using a DFA for word-hit recognition. He morphed his earlier DFA code into a flexible form that he incorporated into all BLAST search modes.Others of his contributions to BLAST include:  the use of compressed nucleotide sequences, both as an efficient storage format and as a rapid, native search format; parallel processing; memory-mapped I/O; the use of sentinel bytes and sentinel words at the start and end of sequences to improve the speed of word-hit extension; the original implementations of BLASTX,
TBLASTN
and TBLASTX (unpublished); the

masks: Gish Gish Gish Gish Gish


title: Warren Gish

texts:
 transparent use of external (plug-in) programs such as seg, xnu, and dust to mask low-complexity regions in query sequences at run time; the NCBI BLAST E-mail Service with optional public key-encrypted communications; the NCBI Experimental BLAST Network Service; the NCBI non-redundant (nr) protein and nucleotide sequence databases, typically updated on a daily basis with all data from GenBank, Swiss-Prot, and the PIR. <mask> developed the first BLAST API, which was used in EST
annotation and Entrez data production, as well as in the NCBI BLAST version 1.4 application suite (<mask>, unpublished). <mask> was also the creator of and project manager for the earliest NCBI Dispatcher for distributed services (inspired by CORBA's Object Request Broker). First opened to outside users in December 1989, the NCBI Experimental BLAST Network Service, running the latest BLAST software on SMP hardware against the latest releases of the major sequence databases, quickly established the NCBI as a convenient, one-stop shop for sequence similarity searching. At Washington University in St. Louis, <mask> revolutionized similarity searching by developing the first BLAST suite of programs to combine rapid gapped sequence alignment
with statistical evaluation methods appropriate for gapped alignment scores. The resulting search programs were significantly more sensitive but only marginally slower than ungapped BLAST,
due to novel application of the BLAST dropoff score X during gapped alignment extension. Sensitivity of gapped BLAST was further improved by the novel application
of Karlin-Altschul Sum statistics
to the evaluation of multiple, gapped alignment scores in all BLAST search modes.Sum statistics were originally developed analytically for the evaluation of

masks: Gish Gish Gish Gish


title: Warren Gish

texts:
 multiple, ungapped alignment scores. The empirical use of Sum statistics in the treatment of gapped alignment scores was validated in collaboration with Stephen Altschul, from 1994-1995. In May 1996, WU-BLAST version 2.0 with gapped alignments was publicly released in the form of a drop-in upgrade for existing users of  ungapped NCBI BLAST and WU-BLAST (both at version 1.4, after having forked in 1994). Little NIH funding was received for his WU-BLAST development, with an average of 20% FTE starting in November 1995, and ending shortly after the September 1997 release of the NCBI gapped BLAST (“blastall”). As an option to WU-BLAST, <mask> implemented a faster, more memory-efficient and more sensitive two-hit BLAST algorithm than was used by the NCBI software for many years. In 1999, <mask> added support to WU-BLAST for the Extended Database Format (XDF), the first BLAST database format capable of accurately representing the entire draft sequence of the human genome in full-length chromosome sequence objects. This was also the first time any BLAST package introduced a new database format transparently to existing users, without abandoning support for prior formats, as a result of abstracting the database I/O functions away from the data analysis functions.WU-BLAST with XDF was the first BLAST suite to support indexed-retrieval of NCBI standard FASTA-format sequence identifiers (including the entire range of NCBI identifiers); the first
to allow retrieval of individual sequences in part or in whole, natively, translated or reverse-complemented; and the first able to dump the entire contents of a BLAST database back into human-readable FASTA format. In 2000, unique support for reporting of links (consistent sets of HSPs; also called chains in some

masks: Gish Gish


title: Warren Gish

texts:
 later software packages) was added,
along with the ability for users to limit the distance between HSPs allowed in the same set to a biologically relevant length (e.g., the length of the expected longest intron in the species of interest)
and with the distance limitation entering into the calculation of E-values. Between 2001-2003, <mask> improved the speed of the DFA code used in WU-BLAST. <mask> also proposed multiplexing query sequences to speed up BLAST searches by an order of magnitude or more (MPBLAST); implemented segmented sequences with internal sentinel bytes, in part to aid multiplexing with MPBLAST and in part to aid analysis of segmented query sequences from shotgun sequencing assemblies;
and directed use of WU-BLAST as a fast, flexible search engine for accurately identifying and masking genome sequences for repetitive elements and low-complexity sequences (the MaskerAid package for RepeatMasker). With doctoral student Miao Zhang, <mask> directed development of EXALIN, which significantly improved the accuracy of spliced alignment predictions,
by a novel approach that combined information from donor and acceptor splice site models with information from sequence conservation. Although EXALIN performed full dynamic programming by default, it could optionally utilize the output from WU-BLAST to seed the dynamic programming and speed up the process by about 100-fold with little loss of sensitivity or accuracy. In 2008, Gish founded Advanced Biocomputing, LLC, where he continues to improve and support the AB-BLAST package.References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American bioinformaticians
21st-century American biologists
American computer programmers
Human Genome Project scientists
Washington University in St.

masks: Gish Gish Gish


title: David Orchard

texts:
<mask> (born June 28, 1950) is a Canadian author and political figure, member of the Liberal Party of Canada, who was the Liberal Party candidate for the Saskatchewan riding of Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River in the 2008 federal election. Previously, <mask> was a member of the now defunct Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (PC Party), and opposed the party's merger with the Canadian Alliance to form the Conservative Party of Canada. <mask> has never held political office in Canada, but has been involved in leadership conventions and other political activities. He is perhaps best known for his campaign to oppose the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement. <mask> has become a prominent activist against the Canada-U.S. free trade agreement arguing it would weaken Canada's sovereignty and control of its resources. He also campaigned against the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas and the proposed Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI). <mask> is a fourth-generation organic grain farmer, and also the author of the bestselling book The Fight for Canada: Four Centuries of Resistance to American Expansionism.He was also a co-founder of CCAFT (Citizens Concerned About Free Trade) in 1985. Early life
<mask> was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Educated in Borden, <mask> went on to study arts and science and then law at the University of Saskatchewan in nearby Saskatoon, although he did not graduate. He later studied French at Quebec City's Université Laval. <mask> is the fourth-generation on his family farm on which he has farmed organically for over 30 years. Positions
<mask> sees himself as a "Red" or moderate Tory and claims to be ideologically inspired by his political idols former prime ministers John Diefenbaker, Lord Richard Bennett, Sir Robert Borden and Sir John A. Macdonald. He is passionately opposed to Canadian economic integration with the U.S., including the North American Free Trade Agreement,

masks:
David Orchard
Orchard
Orchard
Orchard
Orchard
Orchard
Orchard
Orchard
Orchard


title: David Orchard

texts: which he says impedes Canada's economic and cultural sovereignty.He has criticized many aspects of the United States foreign policy including wars and invasions of small nations. <mask> supports government social programs, and is a strong supporter of the environment. <mask> is a devoted monarchist, and opposes a weakening of federal powers in favour of the provinces. He also supported the campaign against the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords, calling them "The mortal weakening of the central government". He also advocates that 3 to 5% of the Gross Domestic Product go to military spending. He is opposed to gun control. He is a social conservative, and (according to the National Post) opposes same-sex marriage, a charge he has denied.<mask> describes his own views as being conservative in the "historical mainstream" and "centrist" of the PC party, and claimed they would appeal to moderate Canadians. <mask>'s beliefs are perhaps best likened to that of the traditional, British Tory, which although historically common in Canada, lost much of their relevance since the rise of the so-called neoconservative faction. He has been shunned by many conservatives, who often accuse him of being out of step with modern conservatism and too far to the left. Such claims were common during his bids for PC leader, when he was accused being an opportunist who tried to practise entryism, and take over the Progressive Conservative Party and steer it sharply to the left and away from the conservatism of Brian Mulroney and Margaret Thatcher. He has never been elected to the House of Commons of Canada or to any public office. As a Progressive Conservative, he sought election in the federal riding of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan in the 2000 federal election. He placed a distant fourth, although with the highest percentage vote received by a Progressive Conservative candidate in Saskatchewan since 1993.He lost in the 2008 Canadian federal election, placing second in the Saskatchewan riding of

masks: Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard


title: David Orchard

texts:
 Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River, as the Liberal candidate. 1998 Progressive Conservative leadership campaign
<mask> ran twice for the PC leadership: in 1998 and in 2003. In his first attempt, he finished a distant second to former prime minister Joe Clark on the final ballot but attracted a very different group of supporters to the Tory party in doing so. Many of <mask>'s supporters were former members of the other political parties in Canada and two of <mask>'s most prominent endorsers in the leadership bid were the leaders of the Green parties of British Columbia and Ontario. During the relatively quiet race, Clark referred to <mask> as a "tourist" in the Tory party because of his left-leaning economic platform and opposition to the free trade agreements brokered by the Mulroney government. In one debate, opponent Brian Pallister quipped that "Mr. <mask> is so left-wing, he thinks Svend Robinson is a right-wing maniac." However, <mask> did gain respect from PC circles when he chose to stick with the Tories after Clark's victory.<mask> and his political advisor, Marjaleena Repo, worked hard after his failed leadership bid to rebuild several Saskatchewan PC constituency associations and improve PC membership sales across Canada. <mask> was one of Clark's staunchest defenders during the lead-up to the August 2002 convention that saw Clark resign as Tory leader after the disintegration of the parliamentary PC-Democratic Representative Caucus coalition in May 2002. 2003 Progressive Conservative leadership campaign
Respect for <mask> grew in the Red Tory wing of the PC Party: roughly one-quarter of the party membership supported him during the 2003 PC leadership campaign, including Joe Clark's wife, Maureen McTeer. <mask> ultimately came in third on the third ballot in the 2003 PC convention, behind Nova Scotia Member of Parliament (Canada) (MP) Peter MacKay and Calgary lawyer Jim Prentice. <mask> decided to support Peter MacKay over Jim Prentice due to the latter's

masks: Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard


title: David Orchard

texts:
 implicit support for a United Alternative (merger of the party with the Canadian Alliance (CA) party). However, <mask>'s support, which helped Peter MacKay win the leadership, came at price. MacKay signed a written deal, or "gentleman's agreement" to seal support from Orchard's largely loyal delegates on the final ballot.The MacKay-<mask> deal
The deal promised a review of the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement, no joint candidates with the Canadian Alliance, and a promise to redouble efforts to rebuild the national status of the Progressive Conservative Party. The agreement also included reexamining the PC Party's policies on government subsidies for national railways and preserving the environment. This agreement was controversial, and some time passed before it was released to the public. Many in the PC Party approved of the deal, including leadership candidate Scott Brison. At first MacKay had seemed to be willing to adhere to the deal. In July, MacKay struck up a "Blue Ribbon PC Policy Review Panel", chaired by Tory MP Bill Casey, in order to reexamine the party's policies on NAFTA. However, before the Panel could meet, MacKay  encouraged talks between high-profile members of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservatives.In October 2003, the talks culminated in MacKay and Stephen Harper, leader of the Canadian Alliance, signing an agreement in principle to merge the Progressive Conservatives and the Canadian Alliance to form the new Conservative Party of Canada. Anti-merger activist
<mask> unsuccessfully attempted to prevent the merger. In a high-profile news conference in early November he suggested that the new Conservative Party of Canada was "an abomination, conceived in deception, born in betrayal." He urged PC Party members to vote "no" on any referendum and also encouraged "loyal members" to express their frustrations with Peter MacKay. <mask> argued that his efforts were not based on self-promotion but rather on preserving Canada's founding


title: David Orchard

texts:
 party and preventing a takeover of the moderate values and membership of the PCs by the neoconservative values of the Alliance membership. <mask> opposed the right wing, and in his view slavishly pro-U.S. views of the Canadian Alliance. <mask> argued that before the merger was announced, the Canadian Alliance and its leader, Stephen Harper, were highly unpopular and a moment was fast approaching for the PCs to reemerge as the national alternative to the governing Liberals.<mask> suggested that MacKay's "traitorous" actions put the above scenario in jeopardy. Some other notable Tories such as Joe Clark, Flora MacDonald, Brian Peckford and Sinclair Stevens also opposed the merger. In a last-ditch attempt to stop the merger, <mask> went to court, seeking an injunction against the merger vote. The case was thrown out of court on the grounds that a merger through a "national convention" did not violate the PC Party constitution. The merger was ratified with 96% support by members of the Canadian Alliance in a one-member-one-vote process on December 5. The PC Party opted for a "virtual convention" in which delegates were selected in ridings and then attended local provincial urban centres in which they voted for or against the merger. <mask> described the process as fraudulent and undemocratic, as the convention delegates never actually voted together in any fixed location.The convention produced a result in which 90.5% of the Progressive Conservative Party delegates voted in favour of the merger. However, <mask> and other opponents claimed the result was not representative of the true PC membership, pointing out that new memberships in the party were sold almost up to the day of the vote, many of which were card holders of the larger Canadian Alliance and the PC members were being swamped. A lost battle
Many analysts have suggested that <mask>'s battle to preserve the PC Party may have been vigorous but ultimately pointless. By the time the agreement in principle was

masks: Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard


title: David Orchard

texts:
 formalized in October, the fate of the PC Party may have been practically sealed. <mask> himself had commented as early as September that the party's preparations for a widely expected 2004 federal election were in disarray. Since becoming leader, MacKay and the party's ruling council had done little to facilitate election readiness and preparation which may have been an early signal of MacKay's intentions to not run a full slate of 308 PC candidates in the expected election. <mask> also faced speculation from some opponents and journalists in regard to his motivations to preserve the Progressive Conservative political name brand.Some critics suggested that he was really attempting to undermine Peter MacKay's merger stance in order to force a resignation and prompt another leadership race, allowing for a "takeover" by <mask> and his supporters. Aftermath
Now <mask> was (by virtue of having membership in the now-defunct PC party) an unhappy member of the Conservative Party. Shortly before the Conservative Party's March 2005 policy convention, <mask> had his renewed membership revoked by the party and was denied access to the event. "The council decided that it was in the interests of the party that they didn't want him to be a member of the party any longer," said Ian Brodie, the executive director of the Conservative Party. In February 2004, he was asked to take over the leadership of the struggling Canadian Action Party after the resignation of its leader, Paul Hellyer, but <mask> declined. There were also rumours that <mask> was in discussions over a future Saskatchewan rural riding candidacy for the Saskatchewan Party, and <mask>'s name was frequently touted as a possible future leadership contender for the Green Party of Canada. On January 31, 2006, a Toronto judge ordered the Conservative Party of Canada to pay <mask> $70,000, the funds from his 2003 leadership campaign which he had been owed since then.The CPC had previously insisted on <mask>'s signing a pledge

masks: Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard


title: David Orchard

texts:
 not to sue Peter MacKay over issues resulting from the agreement signed at the 2003 PC Leadership Convention in order to settle the affair, which <mask> refused to do. <mask> continues to write for major newspapers, present lectures in Canada's universities on foreign policy and environmental issues, and continues working in the organic farming business. Joining the Liberals

On November 19, 2005, CBC Radio News reported that the Liberals were trying to recruit <mask> as a candidate in the 2006 federal election. According to the report, <mask> would be a Liberal candidate in either Saskatchewan or rural Ontario. <mask> did not run as a Liberal in the 2006 federal election but he announced his support for the Liberals and campaigned for Chris Axworthy in Saskatchewan, Yves Picard and Isa Gros-Louis in Quebec City, and Susan Whelan in Ontario. <mask> also officially became a member of the Liberal Party of Canada during the 2006 election. After the Liberals were defeated, and leader Paul Martin stepped down, there was some media speculation that <mask> would seek the Liberal Party leadership.Instead, on August 17, 2006 <mask> endorsed Stéphane Dion to be the next leader of the federal Liberal Party. At the 2006 leadership convention, <mask> led a group of approximately 150 delegates, including 32 from Saskatchewan, in support of Dion. Those delegates ended up being pivotal in helping Dion pass Gerard Kennedy for third place on the first convention ballot, and eventually win the leadership when Kennedy swung his own support behind Dion after the second ballot. Subsequently, <mask> declared that he would be seeking the nomination in the Saskatchewan riding of Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River as a Liberal candidate in the forthcoming by-election in that riding. Again, however, <mask>'s ambitions created political controversy. <mask>'s nomination fight was ultimately terminated on January 3, 2008 when Dion announced via a news release that Joan Beatty would be appointed as

masks: Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard Orchard


title: David Orchard

texts:
 the candidate for that riding, a decision that was the subject of some controversy. Métis leader Jim Durocher, an Orchard supporter, wrote a letter to Dion complaining about his decision to appoint a candidate rather than allow for party members to vote in a nomination meeting.He argued that "the people of this riding resent, and I personally resent mightily, the attitude of certain southerners that they know what's best for our riding." Durocher, a former Liberal candidate, also told Dion "If you impose Joan Beatty, the Liberals will lose this riding." National Liberal campaign co-chair <mask>, however, defended Beatty's appointment by saying that Dion had made getting more women into politics a priority, saying that the party is "prepared to bite the bullet to demonstrate that our commitment to increasing our number of women candidates – particularly well-qualified ones – is very real." The media also reported that Liberal party House Leader and Saskatchewan MP Ralph Goodale, a former finance minister, was opposed to <mask>'s candidacy in the by-election. Beatty lost the ensuing byelection to Conservative candidate Rob Clarke. On August 14, it was reported that <mask> would challenge Beatty for the Liberal nomination in Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River for the 2008 federal election. <mask> won the nomination, but placed second in the election, losing to Clarke by 3,148 votes.Electoral record

References

External links
<mask> Campaign for Canada web site

1950 births
Living people
Farmers from Saskatchewan
Candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election
Saskatchewan candidates for Member of Parliament
University of Saskatchewan alumni
People from Saskatoon
Agrarian politics
University of Saskatchewan College of Law alumni
Liberal Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leadership candidates
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Candidates in the 2000

masks:
David Smith
Orchard
Orchard
Orchard
David Orchard


title: Zac Sunderland

texts:
<mask> (born November 29, 1991) is an American former sailor who was the first person under the age of 18 to sail solo around the world. <mask> completed his trip after 13 months and 2 days at sea on July 16, 2009 at age 17. The record was previously held by Australian David Dicks, and was surpassed on August 27, 2009 by Michael Perham of England. <mask> is the youngest American to complete a circumnavigation, surpassing Brian Caldwell, who finished in 1996 at age 20. However, <mask>'s record was not recognized by Guinness World Records, or by the World Sailing Speed Record Council. In 2010, one of <mask>'s younger sisters, <mask>, attempted the feat. She was forced to call off her attempt after her boat was damaged in a storm in the Indian Ocean.In 2011, <mask> and his father Laurence participated in the 19th season of The Amazing Race. They ended up in 6th place out of 11 teams and were eliminated in Copenhagen, Denmark. Early life
The oldest of Marianne and <mask>'s eight children, <mask>'s first home was a  Tradewind sailboat. His family sailed in Australia, New Zealand, the UK and Mexico. His shipwright father bought a  Aleutian and the family made a three-year cruise of California's Channel Islands, Baja California and mainland Mexico. Voyage
When <mask> decided to attempt the circumnavigation, he purchased a  Islander 36 for $6,000, using all of his savings. With his father's assistance, he retrofitted the boat for the trip.<mask> planned to complete his voyage in April 2009 with a maximum time of 18 months. He continued his schooling while sailing, saying, "I have all my books with me. I have one more year to finish

masks:
Zachary Tristan Sunderland
Sunderland
Sunderland
Sunderland
Sunderland
Abby Sunderland
Sunderland
Laurence Sunderland
Sunderland
Sunderland
Sunderland


title: Zac Sunderland

texts: at high school and I have to send back my tests (via e-mail) to my mom. She's going to grade them and make sure I am doing well." <mask> departed from Marina del Rey on June 14, 2008. The Intrepid featured logos of Shuman’s RealSweet, Mastronardi’s Sunset Produce, and his sponsor Produce for Kids, promoting healthy eating and produce consumption for children. <mask> crossed the Pacific to his first port of call, the Marshall Islands, then headed west to Papua New Guinea, then Australia, the Indian Ocean, Mauritius and Madagascar, rounding the Cape of Good Hope, sailing across the Atlantic, and finally transiting the Panama Canal/Galapagos Islands back to the Pacific and home.<mask> initially planned to make 15 to 30 stops around the world, the first of which was to be the Marshall Islands, Micronesia. Due to some minor work needed to be done on the boat, and the desire to reprovision, he re-routed to Hawaii. On July 11, <mask> made his first stop at Emerald Bay, Catalina Island before heading on to Ala Wai Boat Harbor, Waikiki, off Diamond Head. He then headed towards the Marshall Islands (about 2,500 miles), on July 16, 2008. On August 4, 2008, Marshall Islands President Litokwa Tomeing (a sailor in his youth) formally welcomed and congratulated <mask> in the President's Office on Majuro: "And how is your boat? I remember one time I went with my parents on a 26- or 27-foot canoe and we sailed from Wotje to Arno." The U.S.Ambassador to the Marshall Islands, Clyde Bishop, welcomed <mask> to Majuro U.S. Embassy on August 7. Sailing from Majuro, <mask> reached Darwin, Australia on September 18, 2008, with a faulty bilge pump

masks: Sunderland Sunderland Sunderland Zac Sunderland Sunderland Sunderland


title: Zac Sunderland

texts: and fuel problems forcing him a stop in Papua New Guinea. <mask> had his first encounter with pirates on October 7 after leaving Darwin. 250 km off the Indonesian coast, in the Indian Ocean near Cocos Islands, he encountered a large 60–70-foot wooden fishing boat without flags. The pirates, after shadowing the Intrepid for some time, eventually lost interest and sped off, but not before <mask>, as a precaution, had loaded his revolver and locked himself in his cabin. <mask> endured 25-knot winds and 10-foot seas for more than 24 hours on October 13. Amid continuing engine and fuel problems, a snapped boom, and a broken tiller needing repairs, <mask> reached Cocos Islands (a.k.a.Keeling Islands) in the eastern Indian Ocean on October 14. He proceeded to Mauritius, thereby completing half of his expedition. <mask> turned 17 on November 29, 2008, while at sea. <mask> arrived in Durban, South Africa on December 14, after 10 days becalmed. He flew home on December 22 for Christmas and returned to South Africa afterward to resume his journey. <mask> took short hops to East London, Port Elizabeth, Mossel Bay, and finally got to Cape Town, where he had a chance meeting with Mike Perham, who was competing for the record as the world's youngest solo-circumnavigator, and Minoru Saito who, at 75, was making his eighth trip and held the record as the oldest solo, non-stop circumnavigator. After departing Cape Town, <mask> continued to St. Helena and then across the Atlantic to Grenada.His next stop was Panama, where he crossed the canal into the Pacific. After stops in Mexico to dodge bad weather and repair a bulkhead, <mask> tacked

masks: Sunderland Sunderland Sunderland Sunderland Sunderland Sunderland Sunderland Sunderland Sunderland


title: Zac Sunderland

texts:
 back up the coast to home, arriving July 16, 2009. Sailing route

WSSRC not ratified
The World Sailing Speed Record Council (WSSRC), the world sailing authority, complimented <mask> on his achievement but did not ratify it and further stated that the route did not meet the requirements for a circumnavigation voyage. According to John Reed, Secretary to the WSSRC, <mask> used an engine at various times during the attempt, stopped, had assistance and did not sail around Cape Horn. However, the American Sailing Association has ratified it, using less strict rules, just "circumnavigating alone". Honors
On September 19, 2009, <mask> was Grand Marshal of the 14th annual Route 66 Parade in Duarte, California. On December 12, he was Grand Marshal of the 2009 Marina del Rey Holiday Boat Parade in Marina del Rey, California.See also
 List of youth solo sailing circumnavigations

References

External links

 Laurence & Zac's The Amazing Race 19 Official Profile
 <mask> <mask>'s Route

1991 births
Living people
American bloggers
American sailors
People from Los Angeles
People from Thousand Oaks, California
Teenage single-handed circumnavigating sailors
The Amazing Race contestants
Sportspeople from Ventura County,

masks: Sunderland Sunderland Sunderland Zac Sunderland


title: Wladimir Köppen

texts:
<mask> (; ); 25 September 1846 – 22 June 1940) was a Russian-German geographer, meteorologist, climatologist and botanist. After studies in St. Petersburg, he spent the bulk of his life and professional career in Germany and Austria. His most notable contribution to science was the development of the Köppen climate classification system, which, with some modifications, is still commonly used. <mask> made significant contributions to several branches of science, and coined the name aerology for the science of measuring the upper air / atmosphere. Background and education

<mask> was born in St. Petersburg, Russia. He lived there until he was 20 years old. He died in Graz, Austria.<mask>'s grandfather was one of several German doctors invited to Russia by Empress Catherine II to improve sanitation and was later personal physician to the tsar. His son, <mask>'s father, Peter von <mask> (1793–1864), was a noted geographer, historian and ethnographer of ancient Russian cultures and an important contributor to intellectual exchanges between western European slavists and Russian scientists. He attended secondary school in Simferopol, Crimea, and began his studies of botany in 1864 at the University of St. Petersburg. He frequently traveled to his family's estate on the Crimean coast from St. Petersburg and to and from Simferopol, in the interior of the peninsula. The floral and geographical diversity of the Crimean peninsula, as well as the starker geographical transitions between the capital and his home, did much to awaken an interest in the relationship between climate and the natural world. In 1867, he transferred to the University of Heidelberg and in 1870 he defended his doctorate dissertation on the effects of temperature on plant growth at the University of Leipzig. He served in the Prussian ambulance corps in the Franco-Prussian War and later worked at the Central Physical Observatory in St. Petersburg.He identified five major climatic groups, which correspond with the five main vegetation groups:
 Tropical rainy climate
 Dry climate
 Warm

masks:
Wladimir Peter Köppen
Köppen
Wladimir Koppen
Köppen
Wladimir
Köppen


title: Wladimir Köppen

texts:
 temperature rainy climate
 Snowy and cold climate
 Polar climate

Career and contributions
<mask> was a principal founder of modern climatology and meteorology. Between 1850 and 1860, <mask> contributed to Seewart's sailing handbooks for the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans by studying ship reports over the winds of different oceans. Between 1872 and 1873 <mask> was employed in the Russian meteorological service as an assistant where he helped prepare the daily synoptic weather map. In 1875, he moved back to Germany and became the chief of the new Division of Marine Meteorology at the German naval observatory (Deutsche Seewarte) based in Hamburg. There, he was responsible for establishing a weather forecasting service for the northwestern part of Germany and the adjacent sea areas. After four years of service, he was able to move on to his primary interest of fundamental research, and left the meteorological office. <mask> began a systematic study of the climate and also experimented with balloons to obtain data from upper layers of the atmosphere.In 1884, he published the first version of his map of climatic zones in which the seasonal temperature ranges were plotted. It led to the development of the Köppen climate classification system around 1900, which he kept improving for the rest of his life. The full version of his system appeared first in 1918; after several modifications, the final version was published in 1936. Apart from the description of various climate types, he was acquainted with paleoclimatology as well. In 1924, he and his son-in-law Alfred Wegener published a paper called Die  Klimate der Geologischen Vorzeit (The climates of the geological past) providing crucial support to the Milanković theory on ice ages. Also, in 1911 he co-wrote The Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere, a textbook that became very popular. Towards the end of his life, <mask> cooperated with the German climatologist Rudolf Geiger to produce a five-volume work, Handbuch der Klimatologie (Handbook of Climatology).It was never completed, but several parts, three

masks: Köppen Köppen Köppen Köppen Köppen


title: Wladimir Köppen

texts:
 of them by <mask>, were published. After <mask>'s death in 1940, Geiger continued to work on modifications to the climate classification system. <mask> was a prolific scientist, producing more than 500 papers, and he retained his intellectual curiosity and wide range of interests throughout his life. In 1890, he co-authored the first cloud atlas. Alongside scientific pursuits, he was actively involved in social questions, devoting much time and energy to such problems of land-use and school reform and nutrition for the underprivileged. He was a strong advocate for the use of Esperanto in the cause of world peace, translating several of his publications into Esperanto. He had a wife, Marie, and five children including daughter Else.Marie's sister Sophie and her children moved in with the <mask>s in 1888. Bibliography
 <mask>, <mask> and Wegener, Alfred (1924): The Climates of the Geological Past ' Facsimile of the German original and English translation of 'Die Klimate der Geologischen Vorzeit' Berlin, Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger
 Else Wegener-<mask>, Jörn Thiede (2018): <mask> <mask>: Scholar for Life (Ein Gelehrtenleben für die Meteorologie), Borntraeger Science Publishers , 316p. (English and German language biography of <mask> <mask>, highlighting his research with an updated bibliography.) See also
List of Russian meteorologists

References

Sources
 Allaby, Michael (2000). Encyclopedia of Weather and Climate. New York: Facts On File, Inc. .
 Wille, Robert-Jan Wille (2017): Colonizing the Free Atmosphere:  <mask> <mask>’s ‘Aerology’, the German Maritime Observatory, and the Emergence of a Trans-Imperial Network of Weather Balloons and Kites, 1873-1906, History of Meteorology 8 (2017).External links

German climatologists
German meteorologists
German phytogeographers
Scientists of the Russian Empire
1846 births
1940 deaths
.Wladimir
Russian phytogeographers
Russian meteorologists
Russian Esperantists
Scientists from Saint Petersburg
19th-century German geologists
20th-century German geologists
19th-century German botanists
20th-century German

masks: Köppen Köppen Köppen Köppen Köppen Wladimir Köppen Wladimir Köppen Wladimir Köppen Wladimir Köppen


title: Brian Lenihan Jnr

texts:
<mask> (21 May 1959 – 10 June 2011) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Minister for Finance from 2008 to 2011, Deputy Leader of Fianna Fáil from March 2011 to June 2011, Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform from 2007 to 2008 and Minister of State for Children from 2002 to 2007. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin West constituency from 1996 to 2011. Early and private life
Born in Dublin in 1959, Lenihan grew up in Athlone, County Westmeath until the age of 12, attending the local Marist Brothers primary school. He was then educated at Belvedere College, where he was school captain, then at Trinity College Dublin where he obtained an LL.B. (first class). He was elected a foundation scholar of the college in 1979. While in Trinity, he was Treasurer of the College Historical Society.Lenihan was later awarded an LL.M. (first class) at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge and was called to the Irish Bar by the Honorable Society of King's Inns. He began lecturing law at Trinity College Dublin in 1984 and in the same year was called to the Irish Bar. From 1992 to 1995, he was a member of the Criminal Injuries Compensation Tribunal and the Garda Síochána Complaints Appeal Board, and in 1997 he became a Senior Counsel. Lenihan was married to Circuit Court Judge Patricia Ryan. They had one son named Tom and one daughter named Claire. In December 2009, he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.Early political career
Lenihan is a member of a famous Irish political dynasty. His father <mask> Snr, first elected in 1957, was a cabinet Minister for over twenty-five years, Tánaiste, MEP, and a candidate for President in the 1990 election. His grandfather was <mask>, who followed his son into the Dáil, serving as a TD

masks:
Brian Joseph Lenihan
Brian Lenihan
Patrick Lenihan


title: Brian Lenihan Jnr

texts:
 unhelpful to the peace process". Lenihan spoke at the Fianna Fáil Ardfheis in Killarney on 22 October 2005, and at the Ardfheis in Citywest on 24 March 2007. Appearing on The Week in Politics in the wake of unfounded allegations published by a number of Sunday newspapers on Liam Lawlor's death in October 2005, Lenihan said Lawlor's legacy would be the setting up of a Press Council to deal with such matters as they arose in future and was also among the politicians who paid tribute to Lawlor in Dáil Éireann. When other Fianna Fáil ministers were silent, Lenihan stressed as "unthinkable" the acceptance of illegal payments by former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern in Manchester, a comment highlighted positively by Pat Rabbitte in Dáil Éireann following Ahern's public apology in October 2006. Lenihan denied <mask>wen was "setting a bad example" following a 2007 Hot Press interview in which the future Taoiseach admitted smoking cannabis in his student past. He was involved in the negotiations between Fianna Fáil and the Green Party to form a government in 2007.Minister for Children (2002–2007)
In 2002, Lenihan was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Health and Children, at the Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform and at the Department of Education and Science, with special responsibility for children. In this capacity, Lenihan announced a new news television programme targeting young people, dealt with matters relating to the internet and pedophilia, announced changes to Ireland's adoption laws and increased the numbers of gardaí employed in the Central Vetting Unit which assesses childcare workers. In 2005, Lenihan was permitted to attend cabinent meetings, although not being a member of the government. He was involved


title: Brian Lenihan Jnr

texts:
 (2008–2011)
Considered a "close ally" of <mask>wen, Lenihan was promoted to the office of Minister for Finance, following the election of Cowen as Taoiseach on 7 May 2008. His 2006 intervention to assist with the development of emergency legislation when it emerged rapists were being freed from jail was seen as a major factor in his promotion to the Department of Finance. Lenihan's time as Minister for Finance was dominated by the financial and banking crises which faced Ireland in the late 2000s. He unveiled three government budgets within the space of fourteen months, nationalised Anglo Irish Bank and unveiled the National Asset Management Agency or NAMA. 2008 Bank guarantee
On 18 September 2008, Lenihan issued an emergency phone call to Director-General of RTÉ Cathal Goan after an edition of radio phone-in programme Liveline, presented by Joe Duffy, led to mass concerns that Ireland's banking system was on the verge of collapse.The Minister warned in an interview the following day with Economics Editor for RTÉ George Lee that the public need not react "on the basis of unfounded allegations made on radio programmes". On 29 September, Lenihan agreed to issue a broad state guarantee of Irish banks for one year, with the intention of recapitalising them to enable them to continue to lend into the Irish economy. The decision was highly contentious and required a sharp recovery of the world economy that did not occur, but the guarantees were renewed in 2009, in 2010, and in 2011. In February 2008, an Irish Department of Finance presentation stated that: ".. any requirement to provide open-ended/legally binding State guarantees which would expose the Exchequer to the risk of very significant costs are not regarded as part of the toolkit


title: Brian Lenihan Jnr

texts:
 for successful crisis management and resolution." The scope of the guarantee - whether it could, or should, have been limited or broad - was examined by an Oireachtas committee in 2010. By late 2010, the costs were so high that the government sought help from the ECB and IMF (see below). By mid-2011 the banks' debts were downgraded to junk status.Budget 2009

Lenihan delivered the 2009 Budget on 14 October 2008 – the budget had been called early due to the worsening economic conditions. The controversial measure of removing Medical Cards from most over-70-year-olds (by means testing) caused a massive public outcry. This caused a backlash against the government and backbench unease; one Fianna Fáil TD, Joe Behan, left the party in protest. Public outcry meant the government had to twice revise the budget in an attempt to satisfy the pensioners and unions, and indeed the backbenchers. Lenihan was not present at the press conference, which included <mask>wen, John Gormley and Mary Harney, to announce the removal of minimum wage employees from the 1 per cent income levy and a promise that 95 per cent of senior citizens would keep the medical card. Second (emergency) Budget 2009 and NAMA

On 7 April 2009, Lenihan delivered an emergency budget overriding the measures previously announced, amounting to a further €3.25bn increases in taxes and reductions in spending programmes in the current year, as well as corresponding fiscal changes to future years. Explaining the purpose of the budget changes before the Dáil, he said: "we must stabilise our public finances.Until we show that we can put our own house in order, we cannot expect those who have invested here and who might invest here in the future to have confidence in us". The emergency


title: Brian Lenihan Jnr

texts:
 early election and withdrew from government on 23 January 2011. The ensuing 2011 general election, on 25 February, led to a loss of 75% in the numbers of Fianna Fáil deputies returned to parliament in the election and the complete loss of all seats by their Green Party coalition partner. International comments

Financial Times ranking
In 2009 and 2010, the Financial Times annual survey of the 19 Eurogroup finance ministers, ranked by European economists, named <mask>an as the Eurozone's worst Finance Minister.Vanity Fair: Lenihan is "tricky"
The March 2011 issue of Vanity Fair described Lenihan as "tricky," for allegedly manipulating his meetings with the members of the Dáil so that when they emerge, they are the ones who must announce the bad news about the latest budget cuts and tax hikes to the media (and thus bear the brunt of the anger and blame for the austerity measures). Lenihan's role in post-collapse Ireland is likened in one particularly lurid passage as "normalising a freak show" and attempting to assure the Irish that they didn't all just see what they saw. Yet, he is also described as "the last remaining Irish politician anywhere near power whose mere appearance does not cause people on the streets of Dublin to explode with either scorn or laughter" because of his perceived innocence and his well-publicised illness. Opposition (2011)
Lenihan barely held onto his seat in the 2011 general election. He was declared elected on the fifth count without reaching the quota with his first preference vote declining from 32.7% in 2007 to just 15.2%. He was the only Fianna Fáil TD, out of 47 outgoing TDs in Dublin constituencies, returned in the Dublin region. He was the Deputy Leader of Fianna Fáil and party Spokesperson for


title: Bernard Lagat

texts:
<mask> (born December 12, 1974) is a Kenyan-American middle and long-distance runner. <mask> was born in Kapsabet, Kenya. Prior to his change of domicile to the US, <mask> had an extensive competitive career representing his native country. He is the American record holder in the 1500 m and mile run indoors, as well as the 1500 m, 3000 m, and 5000 m outdoors, and is the Kenyan record holder at 1500 m outdoors. <mask> is the second fastest 1500 m runner of all time, behind Hicham El Guerrouj. <mask> is a five-time Olympian, having competed in the 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 games, and is a thirteen-time medalist in World Championships and Olympics including five gold medals. At the age of 41, he finished 5th in the finals of the 5000 m at the Rio Olympics.<mask>'s long-term coach is James Li of the University of Arizona, with whom he has worked for over a decade. Early life
<mask> was born in Kaptel village, near Kapsabet town in Nandi District of Kenya. He is a Nandi, a sub-tribe of the Kalenjin people. He graduated from the Kaptel High School in 1994, where he had started his athletic career. He joined Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology in Nairobi 1996. Later in the same year he moved to Washington State University where other Kenyan athletic greats such as Henry Rono and Michael Kosgei prospered. In 1998, while at WSU, <mask> won three NCAA individual championships; indoor mile and 3000 m, as well as the 5000 m outdoors.In 2000, <mask> graduated from Washington State University with a degree in management information systems. <mask>'s siblings have also competed in athletics; his older sister Mary Chepkemboi won the 3000 m at the 1984 African Championships in Athletics, his younger sister Viola Cheptoo placed second in the 2021 New York City Marathon

Representing Kenya (2000–2004)
<mask> first represented his native Kenya at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. In the 1500 m final, Morocco used team tactics to try to ensure a gold

masks:
Bernard Kipchirchir Lagat
Lagat
Lagat
Lagat
Lagat
Lagat
Lagat
Lagat
Lagat
Lagat
Lagat