title: Alice Wheeldon

texts:
 she was later moved to Holloway. Three days after the conviction, the Amalgamated Society of Engineers published an open letter to the Home Secretary that included the following: "We demand that the Police Spies, on whose evidence the Wheeldon family is being tried, be put in the Witness Box, believing that in the event of this being done fresh evidence will be forthcoming which will put a different complexion on the case." Review of the Wheeldon case
In January 2012 the BBC reported on a campaign to clear Wheeldon's name, quoting Dr Nicholas Hiley of the University of Kent, who said the case against her was "shaky". Hiley said that during the First World War MI5 had become "very fixated on political opposition to the war" and that the Wheeldons' unusual combination of beliefs (Marxists, atheists, vegetarians, supporters of the suffragettes and conscientious objectors), had drawn MI5's attention. Hiley described Alex Gordon (in reality William Rickard) as an "unbalanced fantasist" who was "spectacularly unreliable": a convicted blackmailer, he had twice been declared criminally insane and was released from the high-security psychiatric Broadmoor Hospital only two years before being employed by MI5. Hiley went on to suggest that Rickard's department of MI5 was facing closure at the time of Mrs <mask>'s arrest and the case against her and her family was fabricated to justify the department's being kept open. Death
Wheeldon was released from prison on licence on 31 December 1917 at the request of Lloyd George.Her health permanently weakened, she died of influenza during the pandemic a little over a year later in 1919. At her funeral,  Willie (possibly William Land, her nephew also a CO) placed a red flag over his mother's coffin


title: Alice Wheeldon

type: original

texts:
 and her friend John Smith Clarke, still evading police as a conscientious objector on the run, was the only speaker. Her daughters, Winnie and Hettie, were too ill to attend the funeral. Wheeldon's grave was not marked as there was concern it would be defaced. Hettie died in 1920; in that year she had married Arthur MacManus, first chairman of the Communist Party of Great Britain. In 1921 <mask> joined a Friends Emergency Victims of War Relief mission going to Buzuluk Russia, married in Russia, took Soviet Union citizenship and became a translator for the Comintern. During the Stalinist purges, he was arrested on 5 October 1937 and shot on Christmas Day of that year.Memorial

In 2013 Derby City Council and Derby Civic Society erected a Blue Plaque as a memorial at 12 Pear Tree Road, Normanton, Derby. Bibliography
 "<mask>, <mask>", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
 Jackson, John (2007) "Losing the plot", History Today, May 2007
 Rippon, Nicola, (2009) The Plot to Kill Lloyd George: The Story of <mask>don and the Peartree Conspiracy,
 Rowbotham,Sheila,  Friends of Alice Wheeldon (Pluto Press, 1986)
 Rowbotham, Sheila, Friends of Alice Wheeldon - 2nd Edition, The Anti-War Activist Accused of Plotting to Kill Lloyd George (Pluto Press, 2015)
 Wood, Val and Whitehead, Bill (2013) "Alice Wheeldon" Derby, UCU

See also
List of suffragists and suffragettes
Derby Catacombs - tunnel used for transport of prisoners

References

External links
 www.alicewheeldon.org/ Website of Deirdre and Chloë Mason, great-granddaughters of <mask>. spartacus-educational.com/CRIwheeldonA.htm Website Edited by John Simpkin. 1866 births
1919 deaths
People from Derby
British anti-war activists
British suffragists
Crime in Derby
Conscientious

masks:
Willie Wheeldon
Wheeldon
Alice Ann
Alice Wheel
Alice Wheeldon


title: Conrad Hilton

texts:
<mask>. (December 25, 1887 – January 3, 1979) was an American businessman known as the founder of the Hilton Hotels chain. Early life
<mask> was born in San Antonio, in what was then the New Mexico Territory, to Norwegian-born <mask> (1854–1919) and Mary Genevieve Laufersweiler. He attended the Goss Military Academy (since renamed as the New Mexico Military Institute) and St. Michael's College (now Santa Fe University of Art and Design), and the New Mexico School of Mines (now New Mexico Tech). From 1912 to 1916 <mask> was a Republican representative in the first New Mexico Legislature, when the state was newly-formed. <mask> became frustrated with the "bureaucracy, slowness, cheating, lying, and inside deals of politics", and in 1916 he refused to run for a fourth term, instead endorsing his longtime political ally, Quianu Robinson. He served two years in the United States Army during World War I. After completing Officer Training School, he became a second lieutenant and served in Paris in the Quartermaster Corps.While <mask> was in France with the army after the war, his father was killed in a car accident. The most enduring influence to shape <mask>'s philanthropic philosophy beyond that of his parents was the Catholic Church and his sisters. He credited his mother with guiding him to prayer and the church whenever he was troubled or dismayed—from the boyhood loss of a beloved pony to severe financial losses during the Great Depression. His mother continually told him that prayer was the best investment he would ever make. Career
As a young boy, <mask> developed entrepreneurial skills working at his father's general store in Socorro County, New

masks:
Conrad Nicholson Hilton Sr
Hilton
Augustus Halvorsen Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Conrad
Hilton
Hilton


title: Conrad Hilton

texts: Mexico, which was partially converted into a 10-room hotel. This was followed by varied experiences, including a stint as a representative in New Mexico's first State Legislature and a career decision to become a banker. It was with the intention of buying a bank that he arrived in Texas at the height of the oil boom.He bought his first hotel instead, the 40-room Mobley Hotel in Cisco, Texas, in 1919, when a bank purchase fell through. The hotel did such brisk business that rooms changed hands as often as three times a day, and the dining room was converted into additional rooms to meet the demand. He went on to buy and build hotels throughout Texas, including the highrise Dallas Hilton, opened in 1925; the Abilene Hilton in 1927; Waco Hilton in 1928; and El Paso Hilton in 1930. The first hotel outside of Texas that Hilton built was in 1939 in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Today it is known as the Hotel Andaluz. During the Great Depression, <mask> was nearly forced into bankruptcy and lost several of his hotels. Nevertheless, he was retained as manager of a combined chain, and eventually regained control of his remaining eight hotels.Over the next decade, he expanded west to California and east to Chicago and New York, crowning his expansions with such acquisitions as the Stevens Hotel in Chicago (then the world's largest hotel, it was renamed the Conrad Hilton), and the fabled Waldorf-Astoria in New York. He formed the Hilton Hotels Corporation in 1946, and Hilton International Company in 1948. During the 1950s and 1960s, Hilton Hotels' worldwide expansion facilitated both American tourism and overseas business by American corporations. It was the world's


title: Conrad Hilton

texts:
 first international hotel chain, at the same time establishing a certain worldwide standard for hotel accommodations. In 1954, Hilton Hotels bought The Hotels Statler Company, Inc., for $111 million, then the world's largest real estate transaction. In all, <mask> eventually owned 188 hotels in 38 cities in the U.S., including the Mayflower Hotel in Washington, D.C., the Palmer House in Chicago, and the Plaza Hotel and Waldorf-Astoria in New York City, along with 54 hotels abroad. He later purchased the Carte Blanche Credit Company and an interest in the American Crystal Sugar Company, as well as other enterprises.<mask> received honorary degrees from the University of Detroit (1953), DePaul University (1954), Barat College (1955), Adelphi College (1957), Sophia University, Tokyo (1963), and the University of Albuquerque (1975). <mask>'s autobiography, Be My Guest, was published in 1958 by Prentice Hall. In 1966, <mask> was succeeded as president by his son Barron and was elected chairman of the board. Personal life
In 1925, <mask> married Mary Adelaide Barron (1906–1966). They had three children, <mask> Jr., <mask> and <mask>, before divorcing in 1934. In 1942, <mask> married actress Zsa Zsa Gabor. They had one child, <mask>, before divorcing in 1947.Gabor wrote in her 1991 autobiography One Lifetime Is Not Enough that she became pregnant by <mask> only after he raped her during their marriage. Their daughter Francesca died in 2015, at age 67, from a stroke. In 1976, <mask> married Mary Frances Kelly. Their marriage lasted until his death three years later in 1979. <mask> bought Casa Encantada on 10644 Bellagio Road in Bel Air, Los Angeles, in 1950 and

masks:
Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Conrad Hilton
Barron Hilton
Eric Hilton
Hilton
Francesca Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Hilton


title: Conrad Hilton

texts:
 occupied the house until his death in 1979. <mask> described his enchantment with the house as "...a case of love at first sight...I couldn't resist it, one of the fabulous houses of the world". He renamed the property the Casa Encantada ("enchanted  house").On January 3, 1979, <mask> died of natural causes at the age of 91. He was interred at Calvary Hill Cemetery, a Catholic cemetery in Dallas, Texas. He left US$500,000 () to his two surviving sons, US$100,000 () to his daughter Francesca, and US$10,000 () to each of his nieces and nephews. <mask> family fortune
In 1969, James C. Taylor presented plans to build a hospitality college on the campus of the University of Houston to Barron Hilton. Barron then presented the plans to <mask>, who donated US$1.5 million (equivalent to $ million in ) for the completion of the project. The Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management opened to students in September 1969. The bulk of his estate was left to the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation, which he established in 1944.His son, <mask>, who spent much of his career helping build the Hilton Hotels Corporation, contested the will, despite having left the company as acting President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chairman of the Board of Directors. A settlement was reached and, as a result, Barron Hilton received 4 million shares of the hotel enterprise, the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation received 3.5 million shares, and the remaining 6 million shares were placed in the W. Barron Hilton Charitable Remainder Unitrust. Upon Barron Hilton's death, Unitrust assets were transferred to the Hilton Foundation, of which Barron previously served on the Board of Directors as

masks:
Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Barron Hilton


title: Conrad Hilton

texts:
 Chairman. In 1983, the Hilton Foundation donated US$21.3 million (equivalent to $ million in ) to expand facilities and increase endowment. That gift led to the construction of the South Wing, which opened in 1989 and added  of education and meeting space to Hilton College. On December 25, 2007, <mask> announced that he would leave about 97% of his fortune, then estimated at US$2.36 billion (equivalent to $ billion in ), to a charitable unitrust that would eventually be merged with the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation. By leaving his estate to the Foundation, Barron not only donated the fortune he had amassed on his own, but also returned to the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation the Hilton family fortune amassed by his father, which otherwise would have gone to the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation 30 years earlier, had Barron not contested his father's will.Legacy

 The Conrad N. Hilton Foundation was established in 1944 by <mask> N. <mask>. Its mission is the alleviation of human suffering worldwide. Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize created in 1996 by The Conrad N. Hilton Foundation. The Conrad N. Hilton College is a hospitality school of the University of Houston named after <mask>. The Conrad N. Hilton Library at the Hyde Park campus of the Culinary Institute of America. The <mask> N. <mask> Chair in Business Ethics, The Hilton Distinguished Entrepreneur Award, and the <mask> N. <mask> Endowed Chair of Entrepreneurship at the College of Business Administration Loyola Marymount University. In 2009, actor Chelcie Ross played the role of <mask> "Connie" <mask> in the television show Mad Men for 6 episodes.Autobiographies
 Be My Guest, Autobiography of <mask>

masks:
Barron Hilton
Conrad
Hilton
Conrad Hilton
Conrad
Hilton
Conrad
Hilton
Conrad
Hilton
Conrad Hilton


title: Conrad Hilton

texts:
 (Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1958)
 Inspirations of an Innkeeper (privately printed, 1963)

Citations

General sources
 Alef, Daniel. <mask><mask>: Reveled in Hotel Deals (Titans of Fortune Publishing, 2009)
 Bolton, Whitney. The Silver Spade; the Conrad Hilton Story. with a foreword by <mask> (New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1954)
 Comfort, Mildred Houghton. <mask><mask>, Hotelier (Minneapolis: T.S. Denison & Company, Inc., 1965)
 Dabney, Thomas Ewing. The Man Who Bought the Waldorf: The Life of <mask>. <mask> (Duell Sloan & Pearce, 1950)
 Oppenheimer, Jerry.House of Hilton: From Conrad to Paris: A Drama of Wealth, Power, and Privilege (Three Rivers Press. 2007)
 Hilton, Conrad N. Be My Guest (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1958)

External links
 Biography: <mask>, The Innkeeper to The World (Video)
 Conrad N. Hilton College at University of Houston
 Conrad Hilton's Secret of Success
 <mask>, Collector of Hotels (New York Times Magazine, 1949)
 Innkeeper to the World (Time, 1963)
 The Key Man (Time, 1949)
 Waldorf-Astoria as Hotels No. 16 (Time, 1949)
 Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
 San Angelo's Heartbreak Hotel History of second Hilton hotel built in San Angelo, TX in 1928, and Conrad Hilton's bankruptcy (San Angelo Live!, 2007)
 Mad Men: See the Real <mask> Hilton– image slideshow by Life
 <mask> N. <mask> early life in New Mexico

|-
!colspan="3" style="background:#C1D8FF;"| Husband of a Gabor sister

1887 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
American autobiographers
American hoteliers
American people of German descent
American people of Norwegian descent
American real estate businesspeople
American socialites
Catholics from

masks:
Conrad N
. Hilton
Conrad Hilton
Conrad N
. Hilton
Conrad N
Hilton
Conrad Hilton
Conrad Hilton
Conrad
Conrad
Hilton


title: Peter, 5th Count de Salis-Soglio

texts:
<mask>, (5th) <mask>, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, DL, JP, G.C.J.J., K.R.E. (26 February 1799 – 24 December 1870) was a mercenary soldier and landowner in Middlesex and the Irish counties Limerick and Armagh. He was Bailiff of the English Venerable Order of Saint John of Jerusalem and Grand Prior of the Irish one. He was also an hereditary Knight of the Golden Spur/Eques Auratus and Papal Count Palatine of the Lateran. Petrus Johannes, Pierre Jean, was born in Marylebone, Westminster 26 February 1799 and died at Acton 24 December 1870 (age 71). Eldest son of Jerome, Count <mask>is by his first wife Sophia Drake. <mask> was a younger half-brother.Wives and Children

Peter, <mask> Salis-Soglio, married twice:
firstly: 9 February 1821, Henrietta Charlotte (d.10.1822), daughter of Colonel <mask>clens <mask>. Denys (Baron <mask>cy);
and secondly: 16 July 1824, Cecile Henrietta Marguerite (1802–1892) daughter of David Bourgeoise of Neuchâtel. She was niece of Henry, Comte <mask>, Lt. Colonel and Chamberlain to the King of Prussia (as at 1824). Children by his second wife:
John Francis <mask> Salis, diplomat and numismatist. Peter (22 November 1827 – 27 March 1919), in the Austrian Service and then curator of Neuchâtel's art museum. Peter's only surviving child, Elisabeth Sophie (1880–1967), married <mask> <mask>, and became known as Baronne <mask>. George Alois (1 December 1829 – 22 October 1866), was a captain in the 3rd (Archduke Charles) Lancer Regiment.Mortally wounded (one

masks:
Peter John Fane de Salis
Count de Salis Soglio
de Sal
William Fane de Salis
Count de
de Senar
de St
de Gran
de Meuron
William de
Godefroy
de Blonay
de Bay


title: Peter, 5th Count de Salis-Soglio

texts:
 of 5,650 casualties) at the Battle of Custoza (1866) he was buried in Verona. Anna Sophia Elisabeth, Anna Grafin v. Salis-Soglio, (Neufchatel 28.7.1832–1916). She married (24.9.1858), a cousin, <mask> Dietegan (Freiherr) v. Salis-Seewis (Chur 5.12.1825–27.3.1886) of Bothmar, Malans. Son of Johann-Jacob, Fhr. v. Salis-Seewis (Zurich 24.5.1800-Chur 17.7.1881) married (Malans, 6.1.1822) Anna Barbara v. Jenatsch (1800-1856). Life
After education in London, Edinburgh and Lausanne he was chef-de-Bataillon in the capitulated service of Switzerland (in the Swiss Guards of Louis XVIII and Charles X), in the service of the King of Naples (3eme Régiment Suisse under Francis I, King of the Two Sicilies), a Colonel in the Prussian Service, in the Uxbridge Volunteer Infantry, and a major in the Armagh Militia (1854). 1817 The Fleur de Lys, Paris.1820 (Knight commander of the Princely) Chevalier de l'Ordre du Phoenix de Hohenlohe. 18xx Chevalier Grand Croix de l'Ordre Imperial Asiatique de Morale Universalle (it ran between 6 July 1835 – 1851, created by or for Mongol Sultan Alinea d'Eldir, possibly mythical). 18xx Knight of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem. 18xx Commandeur Baron de l'Ordre Noble d'Epire. 1823, 1826, 1832, 1834, & 1835: Landammann of Stalla/Bivio. 18xx Knight of the Royal and Imperial Order of the Legion of Honour of France (Bourbon creation). 1831 Knight Royal Order of the Red Eagle (Prussian) (third class).1832 Medal of the King of Prussia (for helping the


title: Peter, 5th Count de Salis-Soglio

texts:
 suppression of the Insurrection of Neufchâtel). His father dies, Middlesex, October 1836. September 1837 'Count Peter De Salis, of Hillingdon' became Commandant of The Volunteer Infantry, of Uxbridge. 20 July 1844 (or 1843) admitted a Knight (Honour and Devotion/Croce d'Or Devozio) of St. John of Jerusalem, Roman branch. 1859, election into the English langue of the Sovereign Order of Malta. Capitular Bailiff of the English Langue and Grand Prior of Ireland of the Order by 1868. At that time the other two capitular bailiffs were his Tandragee neighbour Duke of Manchester, the Grand-Prior of England, and the 2nd Lord Leigh of Stoneleigh, who was the Bailiff of Aquila.From 1832 he was Deputy Lieutenant of County Armagh. He was appointed a Justice of the Peace and High Sheriff of Limerick in 1849. Four years later, 1853, he was nominated High Sheriff of Armagh. JP for Middlesex & Westminster. 1855 resident at Ballyknock Cottage, near Tandragee, Co. Armagh (Burke's Peerage, 1855). 1861 census the Count was boarding in Acton, west London, and was described as magistrate and landowner. 1865: Peter John Fane <mask>, of Tandaragee, Co. Armagh, was listed as living at Tandragee and at Turnham Green, Middlesex (Walford's County Families, 1865).1868: Listed by Bigsby in 1868 as at Ballylisk House, near Tanderagee; St. John's Villa, Acton; and Hillingdon Place, Uxbridge. He was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. Ancestors

Notes

References
 Quadrennial di Fano Saliceorum, volume one, by


title: Peter, 5th Count de Salis-Soglio

texts:
 R<mask> Salis, London, 2003. De Salis Family : English Branch, by Rachel Fane De Salis, Henley-on-Thames, 1934. Burke's Irish Family Records, ed. Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd, Burke's Peerage Ltd, London, 1976. A genealogical and heraldic History of the Colonial Gentry, by Sir (John) Bernard Burke, CB, LLD, vol.2, London, 1895/1899 (pages 574–77). Burke's Peerage, Foreign Noblemen / Foreign Titles sections: 1851, 1936, 1956, etc. Debrett's Peerage, Foreign Titles section, 1920, etc. Der Grafliche Hauser, Band XI [volume 11], Genealogisches Handbuch Des Adels, C. A. Starke Verlag, Limburg an der Lahn, 1983 (pps 331–356). The Family and Heirs of Sir Francis Drake, by Lady Eliott-Drake, Smith, Elder & Co, 2 vols, London, 1911. Memoir of the Illustrious and Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem, from the capitulation of Malta in 1798 to the present period...and presenting a more detailed account of its sixth or British Branch as re-organised in 1831, by Robert Bigsby, Derby, 1869. (Pages 152–155).Further reading
Mullavilly - Portrait of an Ulster Parish, by Brett Hannam, Lulu, 2010. 1799 births
1870 deaths
19th-century Irish landowners
19th-century Anglo-Irish people
British people of Swiss descent
Peter
Swiss nobility
Deputy Lieutenants of Armagh
High Sheriffs of Armagh
High Sheriffs of County Limerick
People from Marylebone
Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John
Counts de Salis-Soglio and Comtes de Salis-Seewis
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
Peter
Military personnel from


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts:
<mask> ( – May 5, 1995) was a Soviet and Russian chess grandmaster. The sixth World Chess Champion, he also worked as an electrical engineer and computer scientist and was a pioneer in computer chess. Botvinnik was the first world-class player to develop within the Soviet Union. He also played a major role in the organization of chess, making a significant contribution to the design of the World Chess Championship system after World War II and becoming a leading member of the coaching system that enabled the Soviet Union to dominate top-class chess during that time. His pupils include World Champions Anatoly Karpov, Garry Kasparov and Vladimir Kramnik. Early years
Botvinnik was born on August 17, 1911, in what was then Kuokkala, Vyborg Governorate, Grand Duchy of Finland, now the district of Repino in Saint Petersburg. His parents were Russian Jews; his father, <mask> (1878–1931), was a dental technician and his mother, Shifra (Serafima) Rabinovich (1876–1952), a dentist, which allowed the family to live outside the Pale of Settlement, to which most Jews in the Russian Empire were restricted at the time.As a result, Botvinnik grew up in Saint Petersburg's Nevsky Prospect. His father forbade the speaking of Yiddish at home, and <mask> and his older brother Isaak "Issy" attended Soviet schools. Botvinnik later recounted, "I was asked once, “What do you consider yourself to be from the point of view of nationality?” My reply was, “Yes, my position is 'complicated'. I am a Jew by blood, a Russian by culture, Soviet by upbringing.”" On his religious views, he called himself an atheist. In 1920, his mother became ill

masks:
Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik
Moisei Botvinnik
Mikhail


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts: and his father left the family, but maintained contact with the children, even after his second marriage, to a Russian woman. At about the same time, Botvinnik started reading newspapers, and became a committed communist. In autumn 1923, at the age of twelve, Botvinnik was taught chess by a school friend of his older brother, using a home-made set, and instantly fell in love with the game.He finished in mid-table in the school championship, sought advice from another of his brother's friends, and concluded that for him it was better to think out "concrete concepts" and then derive general principles from these – and went on to beat his brother's friend quite easily. In winter 1924, <mask> won his school's championship, and exaggerated his age by three years in order to become a member of the Petrograd Chess Assembly – to which its president turned a blind eye. <mask> won his first two tournaments organized by the Assembly. Shortly afterwards, Nikolai Krylenko, a devoted chess player and leading member of the Soviet legal system who later organized Joseph Stalin's show trials, began building a huge nationwide chess organization, and the Assembly was replaced by a club in the city's Palace of Labour. To test the strength of Soviet chess masters, Krylenko organized the Moscow 1925 chess tournament. On a rest day during the event, world champion José Raúl Capablanca gave a simultaneous exhibition in Leningrad. Botvinnik was selected as one of his opponents, and won his game.In 1926, he reached the final stage of the Leningrad championship. Later that year, he was selected for Leningrad's team in a match against

masks: Botvinnik Botvinnik


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts: Stockholm, held in Sweden, and scored +1=1 against the future grandmaster Gösta Stoltz. On his return, he entertained his schoolmates with a vivid account of the rough sea journey back to Russia. <mask> was commissioned to annotate two games from the match, and the fact that his analyses were to be published made him aware of the need for objectivity. In December 1926, he became a candidate member of his school's Komsomol branch. Around this time his mother became concerned about his poor physique, and as a result he started a programme of daily exercise, which he maintained for most of his life. When Botvinnik finished the school curriculum, he was below the minimum age for the entrance examinations for higher education.While waiting, he qualified for his first USSR Championship final stage in 1927 as the youngest player ever at that time, tied for fifth and sixth places and gained the title of master. He wanted to study Electrical Technology at the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute and passed the entrance examination; however, there was a persistent excess of applications for this course and the Proletstud, which controlled admissions, had a policy of admitting only children of engineers and industrial workers. After an appeal by a local chess official, he was admitted in 1928 to Leningrad University's Mathematics Department. In January 1929, Botvinnik played for Leningrad in the student team chess championship against Moscow. Leningrad won and the team manager, who was also deputy chairman of the Proletstud, secured Botvinnik a transfer to the Polytechnic's Electromechanical Department, where he was one of only


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts:
 four students who entered straight from school. As a result, he had to do a whole year's work in five months, and failed one of the examinations. Early in the same year he placed joint third in the semi-final stage of the USSR Championship, and thus failed to reach the final stage.His early progress was fairly rapid, mostly under the training of Soviet Master and coach Abram Model, in Leningrad; Model taught <mask> the Winawer Variation of the French Defence, which was then regarded as inferior for Black, but which Model and Botvinnik analysed more deeply and then played with great success. <mask> won the Leningrad Masters' tournament in 1930 with a score of 6½/8, following this up the next year by winning the championship of Leningrad by 2½ points over former Soviet champion Peter Romanovsky. In 1935, Botvinnik married Gayane Davidovna Ananova, of Armenian descent, who was the daughter of his algebra and geometry teacher. She was a student at the Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet in Leningrad and, later, a ballerina in the Bolshoi Theatre. They had one daughter, named Olga, who was born in 1942. Soviet champion

In 1931, at the age of 20, Botvinnik won his first Soviet Championship in Moscow, scoring 13½ out of 17. He commented that the field was not very strong, as some of the pre-Revolution masters were absent.In late summer 1931, he graduated with a degree in electrical engineering, after completing a practical assignment on temporary transmission lines at the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station. He stayed on at the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute to study for a Candidate of Sciences degree. In 1933, <mask>

masks: Botvinnik Botvinnik Botvinnik


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts: repeated his Soviet Championship win, in his home city of Leningrad, with 14/19, describing the results as evidence that Krylenko's plan to develop a new generation of Soviet masters had borne fruit. He and other young masters successfully requested the support of a senior Leningrad Communist Party official in arranging contests involving both Soviet and foreign players, as there had been none since the Moscow 1925 chess tournament. Soon afterwards, Botvinnik was informed that Alexander Ilyin-Genevsky, one of the older Soviet masters and a member of the Soviet embassy in Prague, had arranged a match between <mask>  and Salo Flohr, a Czech grandmaster who was then regarded as one of the most credible contenders for Alexander Alekhine's World Chess Championship title. The highest-level chess officials in the Soviet Union opposed this on the grounds that Botvinnik stood little chance against such a strong international opponent. In spite of this attempt to dissuade him, Krylenko insisted on staging the match, saying that "We have to know our real strength."Botvinnik used what he regarded as the first version of his method of preparing for a contest, but fell two games behind by the end of the first six, played in Moscow. However, aided by his old friend Ragozin and coach Abram Model, he leveled the score in Leningrad and the match was drawn. When describing the post-match party, Botvinnik wrote that at the time he danced the foxtrot and Charleston to a professional standard. In his first tournament outside the USSR, the Hastings 1934–35, Botvinnik achieved only a tie for 5th–6th places, with 5/9. He wrote that, in


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts: London after the tournament, Emanuel Lasker said his arrival only two hours before the first round began was a serious mistake and that he should have allowed ten days for acclimatization. Botvinnik wrote that he did not make this mistake again. Botvinnik placed first equal with Flohr, ½ point ahead of Lasker and one point ahead of José Raúl Capablanca, in Moscow's second International Tournament, held in 1935.After consulting Capablanca and Lasker, Krylenko proposed to award <mask> the title Grandmaster, but <mask> objected that "titles were not the point." However, he accepted a free car and a 67% increase in his postgraduate study grant, both provided by the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry. He later reported to Krylenko that the 1935 tournament made it difficult to judge the strength of the top Soviet players, as it included a mixture of top-class and weaker players. Botvinnik advocated a double round-robin event featuring the top five Soviet players and the five strongest non-Soviet players available. Despite politicking over the Soviet choices, both Krylenko and the Central Committee of the Komsomol quickly authorised the tournament. This was played in Moscow in June 1936, and Botvinnik finished second, one point behind Capablanca and 2½ ahead of Flohr. However, he took consolation from the fact the Soviet Union's best had held their own against top-class competition.In early winter, 1936, <mask> was invited to play in a tournament at Nottingham, England. Krylenko authorised his participation and, to help <mask> play at his best, allowed Botvinnik's wife to accompany him – a privilege rarely extended

masks: Botvinnik Botvinnik Botvinnik Botvinnik


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts:
 to chess players at any time in Soviet history. Taking Lasker's advice, <mask> arrived ten days before play started. Although his Soviet rivals forecast disaster for him, he scored an undefeated shared first place (+6=8) with Capablanca, ½ point ahead of current World Champion Max Euwe and rising American stars Reuben Fine and Samuel Reshevsky, and 1 point ahead of ex-champion Alexander Alekhine. This was the first tournament victory by a Soviet master outside his own country. When the result reached Russia, Krylenko drafted a letter to be sent in Botvinnik's name to Stalin. On returning to Russia, <mask> discovered he had been awarded the "Mark of Honour".Three weeks later, <mask> began work on his dissertation for the Candidate's degree, obtaining this in June 1937, after his supervisor described the dissertation as "short and good", and the first work in its field. As a result of his efforts, he missed the 1937 Soviet championship, won by Grigory Levenfish, who was then nearly fifty. Later in 1937, Botvinnik drew a match of thirteen games against Levenfish. Botvinnik challenged Levenfish, writing that Krylenko, angered by Botvinnik's absence from the tournament, ordered the match. <mask> won further Soviet Championship titles in 1939, 1944, 1945, and 1952, bringing his total to six. In 1945 he dominated the tournament, scoring 15/17; however, in 1952 he tied with Mark Taimanov and won the play-off match. World title contender
In 1938, the world's top eight players met in the Netherlands to compete in the AVRO tournament, whose winner was supposed to get a title match with the World Champion, Alexander


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts: friendly official, commenting that the champion was to be the winner of a match between Igor Bondarevsky and Andor Lilienthal, who had tied for first place, but had no achievements in international competition. The official's efforts led to a tournament for the title of "Absolute Champion of the USSR", whose official aim was to identify a Soviet challenger for Alekhine's title. The contestants were the top six finishers in the Soviet Championship – Bondarevsky, Lilienthal, Paul Keres (whose home country, Estonia, had recently been annexed by the Soviet Union), future World Champion Vasily Smyslov, Isaac Boleslavsky and Botvinnik – who were to play a quadruple round-robin. Botvinnik's preparation with his second, Viacheslav Ragozin, included training matches in noisy, smoky rooms and he slept in the playing room, without opening the window. He won the tournament, 2½ points ahead of Keres and three ahead of Smyslov; moreover, with plus scores in the "mini-matches" against all his rivals.In June 1941 Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union. <mask>'s wife Gayane, a ballerina, told him that her colleagues at the Kirov Opera and Ballet Theatre were being evacuated to the city of Perm, then known as Molotov in honour of Vyacheslav Molotov. The family found an apartment there, and Botvinnik obtained a job with the local electricity supply organization – at the lowest pay rate and on condition that he did no research, as he had only a Candidate's degree. Botvinnik's only child, a daughter named Olya, was born in Perm in April 1942. In the evenings, Botvinnik wrote a book in which he annotated all the games of the "Absolute


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts: Championship of the USSR", in order to maintain his analytic skills in readiness for a match with Alekhine. His work included wood-cutting for fuel, which left him with insufficient energy for chess analysis. <mask> obtained from Molotov an order that he should be given three days off normal work in order to study chess.In 1943, after a two-year lay-off from competitive chess, Botvinnik won a tournament in Sverdlovsk, scoring 1½  out of 2 against each of his seven competitors – who included Smyslov, Vladimir Makogonov, Boleslavsky, and Ragozin. Chessbase regards this as one of the fifty strongest tournaments between 1851 and 1986. Shortly afterwards, <mask> was urged to return to Moscow by the People's Commissar for Power Stations, an admirer and subsequent good friend. On his return, <mask> suggested a match with Samuel Reshevsky in order to strengthen his claim for a title match with Alekhine, but this received no political support. In December 1943, he won the Moscow Championship, ahead of Smyslov. At the same time, opposition to his plan for a match with Alekhine re-surfaced, on the grounds that Alekhine was a political enemy and the only proper course was to demand that he be stripped of the title. The dispute ended in Botvinnik's favor, and in the dismissal of a senior chess official, one of those to have opposed Botvinnik's plan, who was also a KGB colonel.After <mask> won the 1944 and 1945 Soviet championships, most top Soviet players supported his desire for a World Championship match with Alekhine. However, the allegations that Alekhine had written anti-Semitic articles while in Nazi-occupied France made


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts:
 it difficult to host the match in the USSR. Botvinnik opened negotiations with the British Chess Federation to host the match in England, but these were cut short by Alekhine's death in 1946. When the Second World War ended, <mask> won the first high-level post-war tournament, at Groningen in 1946, with 14½ points from nineteen games, ½ point ahead of former World Champion Max Euwe and two ahead of Smyslov. He and Euwe both struggled in the last few rounds, and Botvinnik had a narrow escape against Euwe, who he acknowledged had always been a difficult opponent for him. This was Botvinnik's first outright victory in a tournament outside the Soviet Union. Botvinnik also won the very strong <mask> Memorial tournament held at Moscow 1947.World Champion
<mask> strongly influenced the design of the system which would be used for World Championship competition from 1948 to 1963. Viktor Baturinsky wrote: "Now came Botvinnik's turn to defend his title in accordance with the new qualifying system which he himself had outlined in 1946." (This statement referred to <mask>'s 1951 title defence.) On the basis of his strong results during and just after World War II, <mask> was one of five players to contest the 1948 World Chess Championship, which was held at The Hague and Moscow. He won the 1948 tournament convincingly—with a score of 14/20, three points clear—becoming the sixth World Champion. While he was on vacation in Riga after the tournament, an eleven-year-old boy called <mask> paid a visit, hoping to play a game against the new champion. Tal was met by Botvinnik's wife, who said the champion was asleep, and that she

masks:
Botvinnik
Mikhail Chigorin
Botvinnik
Botvinnik
Botvinnik
Mikhail Tal


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts: had made him take a rest from chess.In 1950, <mask> was one of the inaugural recipients of the international grandmaster title from FIDE. <mask> held the world title, with two brief interruptions, for the next fifteen years, during which he played seven world championship matches. In 1951, he drew with David Bronstein over 24 games in Moscow, +5−5=14, keeping the world title, but it was a struggle for <mask>, who won the second-last game and drew the last in order to tie the match. In 1954, he drew with Vasily Smyslov over 24 games in Moscow, +7−7=10, again retaining the title. In 1957, he lost to Smyslov by 9½–12½ in Moscow, but the rules then in force allowed him a rematch without having to go through the Candidates' Tournament, and in 1958 he won the rematch in Moscow; Smyslov said his health was poor during the return match. In 1960, <mask> was convincingly beaten 8½–12½ at Moscow by Tal, now 23 years old, but again exercised his right to a rematch in 1961, and won by 13–8 in Moscow. Commentators agreed that Tal's play was weaker in the rematch, probably due to his health, but also that Botvinnik's play was better than in the 1960 match, largely due to thorough preparation.<mask> changed his style in the rematch, avoiding the tactical complications in which Tal excelled and aiming for closed positions and endgames, where Tal's technique was not outstanding. Finally, in 1963, he lost the title to Tigran Petrosian, by 9½–12½ in Moscow. FIDE had by then altered the rules, and he was not allowed a rematch. The rematch rule had been nicknamed the "Botvinnik rule" because he twice benefited from it. Though ranking

masks: Botvinnik Botvinnik Botvinnik Botvinnik Botvinnik


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts:
 as formal World Champion, <mask> had a relatively poor playing record in the early 1950s: he played no formal competitive games after winning the 1948 match tournament until he defended his title, then struggled to draw his 1951 championship match with Bronstein, placed only fifth in the 1951 Soviet Championship, and tied for third in the 1952 Géza Maróczy Memorial tournament in Budapest; and he had also performed poorly in Soviet training contests. However, he lost only five of over thirty games in the two tournaments; three of the four who finished ahead of him in the 1951 championship were future world champions Smyslov and Petrosian and a leading world championship contender (and winner in both tournaments) Paul Keres; and he finished ahead of Petrosian and even with Smyslov in 1952. <mask> did not play in the Soviet team that won the 1952 Chess Olympiad in Helsinki: the players voted for the line-up and placed <mask> on second board, with Keres on top board; Botvinnik protested and refused to play.Keres' playing record from 1950 to early 1952 had been outstanding. <mask> won the 1952 Soviet Championship (joint first with Mark Taimanov in the tournament, won the play-off match). He included several wins from that tournament over the 1952 Soviet team members in his book Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970, writing "these games had a definite significance for me". In 1956, he tied for first place with Smyslov in the 1956 Alexander Alekhine Memorial in Moscow, despite a last-round loss to Keres. Team tournaments

<mask> was selected for the Soviet Olympiad team from 1954 to 1964 inclusively, and helped his team to


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts:
 gold medal finishes each of those six times. At Amsterdam 1954 he was on board one and won the gold medal with 8½/11. Then at home for Moscow 1956, he was again board one, and scored 9½/13 for the bronze medal.For Munich 1958, he scored 9/12 for the silver medal on board one. At Leipzig 1960, he played board two behind <mask>, having lost his title to Tal earlier that year, but he won the board two gold medal with 10½/13. He was back on board one for Varna 1962, scored 8/12, but failed to win a medal for the only time at an Olympiad. His final Olympiad was Tel Aviv 1964, where he won the bronze with 9/12, playing board 2 as he had lost his title to Petrosian. Overall, in six Olympiads, he scored 54½/73 for an outstanding
74.6 percent. <mask> also played twice for the USSR in the European Team Championship. At Oberhausen 1961, he scored 6/9 for the gold medal on board one.But at Hamburg 1965, he struggled on board two with only 3½/8. Both times the Soviet Union won the team gold medals. <mask> played one of the final events of his career at the Russia (USSR) vs Rest of the World match in Belgrade 1970, scoring 2½/4 against Milan Matulović, as the USSR narrowly triumphed. Late career
After losing the world title for the final time, to Tigran Petrosian in Moscow in 1963, <mask> withdrew from the following World Championship cycle after FIDE declined, at its annual congress in 1965, to grant a losing champion the automatic right to a rematch. He remained involved with competitive chess, appearing in several highly rated tournaments and continuing to produce memorable games. He retired from competitive play in 1970,

masks:
Mikhail Tal
Botvinnik
Botvinnik
Botvinnik


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts:
 aged 59, preferring instead to occupy himself with the development of computer chess programs and to assist with the training of younger Soviet players, earning him the nickname of "Patriarch of the Soviet Chess School" (see below). Botvinnik's autobiography, K Dostizheniyu Tseli, was published in Russian in 1978, and in English translation as Achieving the Aim () in 1981.A staunch Communist, he was noticeably shaken by the collapse of the Soviet Union and lost some of his standing in Russian chess during the Boris Yeltsin era. In the 1980s <mask> proposed a computer program to manage the Soviet economy. However, his proposals did not receive significant attention from the Soviet government. During the last few years of his life he personally financed his economic computer project that he hoped would be used to manage the Russian economy. He kept actively working on the program until his death and financing the work from the money he made for the lectures and seminars he attended, despite prominent health problems. Botvinnik died of pancreatic cancer in May 1995. According to his daughter, Botvinnik remained active until the last few months of his life, and continued to go to work until March 1995 despite blindness in one of his eyes (and extremely poor vision in the other).Political controversies
The Soviet Union regarded chess as a symbol of Communist superiority, and hence the Soviet chess world was extremely politicized. As <mask> was the first world-class player produced by the Soviet Union, everything he said or did (or did not say or do) had political repercussions, and there were rumors that Soviet


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts: opponents were given hints that they should not beat him. David Bronstein wrote that Boris Verlinsky had won the 1929 Soviet Championship and was granted the first Soviet Grandmaster title for this achievement, yet he was later stripped of it, when it was thought more politically correct to make Botvinnik the first official Soviet GM (as distinct from the then-nonexistent FIDE grandmaster title). <mask> wrote that before the last round of the 1935 Moscow tournament, Soviet Commissar of Justice Nikolai Krylenko, who was also in charge of Soviet chess, proposed that Ilya Rabinovich should deliberately lose to Botvinnik, to ensure that Botvinnik took first place. Botvinnik refused, saying "... then I will myself put a piece en prise and resign". The game was drawn, and Botvinnik shared first place with Salo Flohr. Botvinnik sent an effusive telegram of thanks to Joseph Stalin after his victory at the great tournament in Nottingham in 1936.Botvinnik played relatively poorly in the very strong 1940 Soviet Championship, finishing in a tie for fifth/sixth places, with 11½/19, two full points behind Igor Bondarevsky and Andor Lilienthal. With World War II under way by this time, and the strong possibility of little or no chess practice for some time in the future, Botvinnik seems to have prevailed upon the Soviet chess leadership to hold another tournament "in order to clarify the situation". This wound up being the 1941 Absolute Championship of the USSR, which featured the top six finishers from the 1940 event, playing each other four times. After a personal appeal to the defence minister, Vyacheslav Molotov, Botvinnik


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts: Botvinnik would keep the title, but comments by Botvinnik's second, Salo Flohr, and Botvinnik's own annotations to the critical 23rd game indicate that Botvinnik knew of no such plot. In 1956, FIDE changed the world championship rules so that a defeated champion would have the right to a return match. Yuri Averbakh alleged that this was done at the urging of the two Soviet representatives in FIDE, who were personal friends of Botvinnik. Averbakh also claims that Botvinnik's friends were behind FIDE's decision in 1956 to limit the number of players from the same country that could compete in the Candidates Tournament, and that this was to Botvinnik's advantage as it reduced the number of Soviet players he might have to meet in the title match. Botvinnik asked to be allowed to play in the 1956 Candidates Tournament, as he wanted to use the event as part of his warm-up for the next year's title match, but his request was refused. <mask>'s chronic kidney problems contributed to his defeat in his 1961 return match with Botvinnik, and his doctors in Riga advised that he should postpone the match for health reasons.Averbakh claimed that Botvinnik would agree to a postponement only if Tal was certified unfit by Moscow doctors, and that Tal then decided to play. The 1961 world championship lasted 21 games and Botvinnik won ten of them, for a total score of +10−5=6, reclaiming the title he had lost a year earlier and becoming the oldest winner of a FIDE world championship match at 50. In 1963, Botvinnik played his last world championship match against Tigran Petrosian, in a 22-game series. Petrosian, almost 20 years


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts:
 younger, wore out the 52 year old Botvinnik in a series of protracted games, most of them over 40 moves, including six consecutive draws. The defending champion played poorly in games 18 and 19, and the match ended with three short draws. Petrosian thus claimed the world championship with a score of +5−2=15. In 1954, he wrote an article about inciting socialist revolution in western countries, aiming to spread communism without a third world war.And in 1960 Botvinnik wrote a letter to the Soviet Government proposing economic reforms that were contrary to party policy. In 1976, Soviet grandmasters were asked to sign a letter condemning Viktor Korchnoi as a "traitor" after Korchnoi defected. Botvinnik evaded this "request" by saying that he wanted to write his own letter denouncing Korchnoi. By this time, however, his importance had waned and officials would not give him this "privilege", so <mask>'s name did not appear on the group letter – an outcome Botvinnik may have foreseen. Bronstein and Boris Spassky openly refused to sign the letter. Assessment

Playing strength and style

Reuben Fine, writing in 1976, observed that Botvinnik was at or near the top of the chess world for thirty years—from 1933, when he drew a match against Flohr, to 1963, when he lost the world championship for the final time, to Petrosian—"a feat equaled historically only by Emanuel Lasker and Wilhelm Steinitz". The statistical rating system used in Raymond Keene and Nathan Divinsky's book Warriors of the Mind concludes that Botvinnik was the fourth strongest player of all time: behind Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov and Bobby Fischer but


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts: ahead of José Raúl Capablanca, Lasker, Viktor Korchnoi, Boris Spassky, Vasily Smyslov and Tigran Petrosian.The Chessmetrics system is sensitive to the length of the periods being compared but places <mask> third in a comparison of players' best individual years (1946 for Botvinnik) and sixth in a comparison of fifteen-year periods (1935–1949 in Botvinnik's case). In 2005, Chessmetrics' creator Jeff Sonas wrote an article which examined various ways of comparing the strength of "world number one" players, some not based on Chessmetrics; and Botvinnik generally emerged as one of the top six (the greatest exceptions were in criteria related to tournament results). FIDE did not adopt the Elo rating system until 1970, by which time Botvinnik's strength had been declining for several years. According to unofficial calculations by Arpad Elo, Botvinnik was the highest-rated player from 1937 to 1954, peaking about 2730 in 1946. This may seem surprising in the light of Botvinnik's results in the 1950s and early 1960s, when he failed to win a world championship match outright (as reigning champion) and his tournament results were patchy. But after the FIDE world championship cycle was established in 1948, reigning champions had to play the strongest contender every three years, and successful title defenses became less common than in the pre-World War II years, when the titleholder could select his challenger. Despite this, Botvinnik held the world title for a longer period than any of his successors except Garry Kasparov.<mask> also became world champion at the relatively late age of 37, because World War II brought


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts: international competition to a virtual halt for six years; and he was 52 years old when he finally lost his title (only Wilhelm Steinitz and Emanuel Lasker were older when they were defeated). <mask>'s best years were from 1935 to 1946; during that period he dominated Soviet chess; and the USSR's 15½–4½ win in the 1945 radio match against the USA proved that the USSR's top players were considerably better than the USA's (who had dominated international team competitions in the 1930s). Botvinnik generally sought tense positions with chances for both sides; hence his results were often better with the Black pieces as he could avoid lines that were likely to produce draws. He had a strong grasp of long-term strategy, and was often willing to accept weaknesses that his opponent could not exploit in exchange for some advantage that he could exploit. He confessed that he was relatively weak in tactical calculation, yet many of his games feature sacrifices – often long-term positional sacrifices whose purpose was not to force an immediate win, but to improve his position and undermine his opponent's. Botvinnik was also capable of all-out sacrificial attacks when he thought the position justified it. Botvinnik saw himself as a "universal player" (all-rounder), in contrast to an all-out attacker like <mask> or a defender like Tigran Petrosian.Reuben Fine considered Botvinnik's collection of best games one of the three most beautiful up to the mid-1950s (the other two were Alexander Alekhine's and Akiba Rubinstein's). Kasparov quotes Tigran Petrosian as saying, "There was a very unpleasant feeling of inevitability. Once in

masks:
Botvinnik
Mikhail Tal


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts:
 artificial intelligence in managing the Soviet economy. Botvinnik's research on chess-playing programs concentrated on "selective searches", which used general chess principles to decide which moves were worth considering. This was the only feasible approach for the primitive computers available in the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, which were only capable of searching three or four half-moves deep (i.e. A's move, B's move, A's move, B's move) if they tried to examine every variation.<mask> eventually developed an algorithm that was reasonably good at finding the right move in difficult positions, but it often missed the right move in simple positions, e.g. where it was possible to checkmate in two moves. This "selective" approach turned out to be a dead end, as computers were powerful enough by the mid-1970s to perform a brute-force search (checking all possible moves) several moves deep and today's vastly more powerful computers do this well enough to beat human world champions. However, his PIONEER program contained a generalized method of decision-making that, with a few adjustments, enabled it to plan maintenance of power stations all over the USSR. On September 7, 1991 Botvinnik was awarded an honorary degree in mathematics of the University of Ferrara (Italy) for his work on computer chess. Writings

Chess

Computers

Tournament results
The following table gives Botvinnik's placings and scores in tournaments. The first "Score" column gives the number of points on the total possible.In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws.


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts:
 Match results
Here are Botvinnik's results in matches. In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws. Notable games
Botvinnik vs. Chekhover, Moscow 1935, Réti Opening, 1–0
Botvinnik vs. Capablanca, AVRO 1938, Nimzoindian Defense, 1–0 At first sight Botvinnik's opening play looks unpromising, but he knew how his attack would develop. Keres vs. Botvinnik, USSR Absolute Championship 1941, Nimzoindian Defense, 0–1 Playing as Black, Botvinnik demolishes a world title contender in 22 moves. Tolush vs. Botvinnik, USSR Championship 1944, 0–1 Long-term . Denker vs. Botvinnik, US vs USSR radio match 1945, 0–1 Botvinnik uses the Botvinnik System in the Semi-Slav Defense to bulldoze US champion Arnold Denker.Botvinnik vs. Keres, Alekhine Memorial Tournament Moscow 1966, 1–0 Botvinnik shows his superior understanding of , and when to open them. Botvinnik vs Portisch, Monaco 1968, 1–0 A fireworks display starting with an exchange sacrifice on the c-file, a tactic on which Botvinnik wrote the book. Notes

See also
 List of Jewish chess players

References

Further reading

External links

<mask>ich Botvinnik – hundredth anniversary ChessBase.com
 Film newsreel about a simultaneous display of Salo Flohr and <mask>, Hilversum (NL), 1 January 1964

|-

1911 births
1995 deaths
20th-century chess players
20th-century Russian engineers
20th-century Russian male writers
Sportspeople from Saint Petersburg
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red

masks:
Mikhail Moiseyev
Mikhail Botvinnik


title: Roscoe B. Woodruff

texts:
Major General <mask> (February 9, 1891 – April 24, 1975) was a career United States Army officer who fought in both World War I and World War II and served for 38 years. During World War II he commanded numerous divisions and corps in Europe and the Pacific. Early life
<mask> was born on February 9, 1891 in Oskaloosa, Iowa, the son of <mask> and <mask>, an army officer. After attending numerous public schools and the Ames State University, in 1911, aged 20, he entered the United States Military Academy (USMA). He was the first captain of the corps of cadets and, on June 12, 1915, he graduated from the USMA as part of the West Point class of 1915, often referred to as "the class the stars fell on". Subsequently he was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Infantry Branch of the United States Army. Among those he graduated with were Dwight D. Eisenhower, <mask>, James Van Fleet, Stafford LeRoy Irwin, Henry J. F. Miller, <mask>, Charles W. Ryder, Joseph May Swing, Ralph P. Cousins, Charles W. Ryder, Paul J. Mueller, Luis R. Esteves, Vernon Evans, Leland Hobbs, John B. Wogan, and Vernon Prichard.All of these men would, like <mask>, become general officers in the future. Military career
After graduation, he served on the Mexican border. After the American entry into World War I, which occurred in April 1917, <mask>, as a young captain, became a company commander in command of Company 'H' of the 2nd Battalion, 9th Infantry Regiment, part of the 2nd Infantry Division. <mask> was among the first of his West Point classmates to enter combat in World War I in the fall of 1917, when the division was sent to the Western Front as one of the first units of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF). This combat experience during 1917–1918 served

masks:
Roscoe Barnett Woodruff
Woodruff
Rhoda Barnett Woodruff
Calvin Woodruff
Omar Bradley
John Stewart Bragdon
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff


title: Roscoe B. Woodruff

texts:
 <mask> in good stead in his later command and staff assignments during the final stages of the war and in the post-war operations. The war came to an end on November 11, 1918. Between the wars
During the interwar period <mask> remained in the army and attended various service schools.He attended the U.S. Army Command and General Staff School in the mid-1920s, graduating from there as an honor graduate in 1927. He then became an instructor there from 1927–1931. In 1931 he attended the U.S. Army War College. He was then was a tactical officer at the USMA from 1932–1936. In 1938, <mask>, now a lieutenant colonel, served in the General Staff of the War Department in the operations and tactics section. World War II
As a lieutenant colonel, he commanded the 2nd Battalion, 23rd Infantry Regiment. He then commanded the regiment, then stationed at Fort Sam Houston, Texas from July 1941 to January 1942.His fellow West Point classmate, Lieutenant Colonel Dwight Eisenhower, also arrived there as the newly appointed chief of staff of the Third Army in June 1941. Both men were at Fort Sam Houston during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The German declaration of war on the United States followed just four days later, which brought the United States into World War II. With the United States now at war, <mask> was promoted to the one-star general officer rank of brigadier general, and in March 1942, became the assistant division commander (ADC) of the 77th Infantry Division, a unit in the Organized Reserves which had been recently called up for active duty. The division was composed almost entirely of conscripts (or "draftees"). From June 1942 to May 1943, <mask>, recently promoted to the two-star rank of major general, took full

masks: Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff


title: Roscoe B. Woodruff

texts: command of the division during its pre-deployment training in Fort Jackson, South Carolina prior to its assignment to the Pacific Theater in the spring of 1944. In May 1943, he relinquished command of the 77th Division to Major General A. D<mask> and took command of VII Corps, then stationed in England.Eisenhower, now a four-star general and the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe, initially selected <mask> as one of three corps commanders, along with Major General Leonard T. Gerow, commanding V Corps, and Major General Willis D. Crittenberger, commanding XIX Corps, for the Allied invasion of Normandy, which was then scheduled for May 1944. All three were well known and trusted by the Supreme Allied Commander. When <mask>'s West Point classmate and fellow infantryman, Lieutenant General <mask>, who had just arrived in England from serving in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO), was selected to command the U.S. First Army for the upcoming Normandy invasion in October 1943, <mask>'s concern was that his three corps commanders all lacked experience in amphibious operations or combat command. Neither <mask> nor Gerow had fought in World War II and Crittenberger did not fight in either of the World Wars. Gerow, who was close to Eisenhower and a protégé of General George C. Marshall, Jr., the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, was retained, but Crittenberger moved to command of IV Corps on the Italian Front, and <mask> was shuffled off to command of XIX Corps, Crittenberger's former command, for several weeks, before returning to the United States, and he handed over command of XIX Corps to Major General Charles H. Corlett. Upon his return to the United States, <mask> assumed command the 84th Infantry Division, then in training at Camp

masks:
. Bruce
Woodruff
Woodruff
Omar Bradley
Bradley
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff


title: Roscoe B. Woodruff

texts:
 Claiborne, Louisiana, from March to June 1944. Taking over the command of VII Corps was Major General J. Lawton Collins, who had commanded the 25th Infantry Division with distinction in the Pacific.In November 1944, <mask>'s chance at large-scale combat command finally came as commanding general (CG) of the 24th Infantry Division in the Southwest Pacific. His welcoming reception in the theater was celebrated at the paratroop headquarters, fueled with five gallons of torpedo alcohol, furnished by U.S. Navy patrol boat sailors, as the key ingredient for liquid refreshments. He led his command in the five month Battle of Mindanao to liberate that island of Philippine archipelago from Japanese occupation in the closing phases of the Leyte campaign. Postwar
In November 1945, after World War II had come to an end due to the surrender of both the Germans and the Japanese, <mask> became commander of the I Corps, part of the U.S. Eighth Army, during the Allied occupation force in southern Japan. From February 1948 to March 1951, <mask> was deputy commanding general of the U.S. First Army at Fort Jay, Governors Island, New York. <mask> assumed the role of Commanding General (CG) from January to March 1949 upon the retirement of General Courtney Hodges, who had commanded the First Army during World War II, and again from October to November 1950 after General <mask> Smith was appointed the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). In 1951, <mask> took command of XV Corps at Camp Polk (now Fort Polk), Louisiana.There he retired from the army, as a major general, in January 1953 after 41 years of active duty. Retirement and later life
<mask> and his wife, Alice Gray <mask> retired to San Antonio, Texas. <mask> died on July 24, 1975, aged 84.

masks:
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Walter Bedell
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff


title: Roscoe B. Woodruff

texts:
 He was buried in the Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery. Awards and decorations
  Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster
  Silver Star with two Oak Leaf Clusters
  Bronze Star with Oak Leaf Cluster
  Air Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster
  Army Commendation Medal
  Purple Heart
  World War I Victory Medal
  World War II Victory Medal
  Mexican Border Service Medal
  American Defense Service Medal
  American Campaign Medal
  European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
  Army of Occupation Medal

References

Bibliography

External links

 I Corps – A Brief History 1862–1953
  Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. Securing the Surrender: Marines in the Occupation of Japan  by Charles R. Smith
 The Army Almanac: A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950 Combat Chronicle- 84th Infantry Division
 History of the 23rd Regiment in World War II
Roscoe B. Woodruff Manuscript of The World War II of Major General <mask> B<mask>, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
Generals of World War II
United States Army Officers 1939–1945

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1891 births
1975 deaths
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army generals
United States Army personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Silver Star
People from Oskaloosa, Iowa
Burials at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery
Recipients of the Air Medal
Graduates of the United States Military Academy Class of 1915
United States Army generals of World War II
United States Army War College alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College faculty
Military

masks:
Roscoe
. Woodruff


title: Boyd K. Packer

texts:
<mask> (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and educator who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his death. Early life and education
<mask> was born on September 10, 1924, in Brigham City, Utah, the tenth of eleven children born to <mask> and Emma Jensen. As a young boy, he contracted polio. After graduating from high school, he enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces in the spring of 1943. He graduated as a pilot in September 1944 and was assigned to bomber training.He was on Okinawa when World War II ended, and his unit remained stationed on Japan until 1946. After leaving the military, <mask> initially attended Weber College (now Weber State University), where he met his future wife, Donna Smith. They married in the Logan Temple in 1947 and had ten children, including emeritus LDS general authority Allan F<mask>. After their marriage, <mask> attended Utah State University, earning a B.S. degree in 1949 and an M.S. degree in 1953. He later earned an Ed.D.from Brigham Young University in 1962. Packer was also an artist and enjoyed painting birds. Career

LDS Church employment and service
In his career as an educator, Packer worked for the Church Educational System, where he held various administrative positions overseeing seminary and institute programs, including as assistant supervisor of the church's Native American seminary programs, general assistant administrator of seminaries and institutes, and later as supervisor of church's seminaries and institutes. Packer served a four-year term on the Brigham City City Council. In 1961, <mask> was called by LDS Church president David O<mask> to serve as a

masks:
Boyd Kenneth Packer
Packer
Ira Wight Packer
Packer
. Packer
Packer
Packer
. McKay


title: Boyd K. Packer

texts:
 general authority as an Assistant to the Twelve (a position that no longer exists). While serving in the position, <mask> was assigned to serve as president of the church's New England States Mission. He also served for a time as the managing director of the church's military relations committee.Following <mask>'s death in January 1970, <mask>, then 45 years old, was called by new church president Joseph Fielding Smith as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles at the church's April 1970 general conference. Between 1979 and 1981, he was on the committee that produced the new editions of the LDS Church scriptures. On September 12, 1991, Packer dedicated Ukraine "for the preaching of the restored gospel." In 1993, Packer read the dedicatory prayer in the Spanish language at the dedication of the San Diego California Temple. When Howard W. Hunter, who had been President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, succeeded to the presidency of the church in 1994, he called Gordon B. Hinckley and Thomas S. Monson as his counselors in the First Presidency. Packer was the fourth apostle in seniority among the ranks of the church, behind Hunter, Hinckley and Monson. This created a situation where the only apostles senior to Packer were members of the First Presidency.As a result, <mask> was named Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve. When Hunter died in 1995 and was succeeded by Hinckley, Monson was again retained in the First Presidency and <mask> was again asked to be Acting President of the Twelve. Of the five acting presidents of the Quorum in the church's history, Packer served the longest in that capacity and is the only one to serve under two different church presidents. In 1999, Packer dedicated the Regina Saskatchewan Temple. <mask> became President of the Quorum of the Twelve on February 3, 2008, when Monson became church president. In 2012, Packer dedicated the Brigham City Utah Temple. Teachings and legacy
Packer was well known for several talks

masks: Packer McKay Packer Packer Packer Packer


title: Boyd K. Packer

texts: and teachings, and several of his stories have been adapted into short films.His sermon about singing a hymn to drive off bad thoughts was adapted into the video Worthy Thoughts. His Parable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film "The Mediator". "The Candle of the Lord" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like.<ref><mask><mask>, "The Candle of the Lord", Ensign, January 1983.</ref> Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also active in obtaining genealogical records on microfilm for the church through its Genealogical Society of Utah. In 1977, Packer was a key figure in getting Native American-related records filmed from the federal records centers in Los Angeles, Fort Worth, Seattle, and Kansas City. He was involved in negotiations that same year with archivists and scholars at Jerusalem to microfilm Jewish records. In a General Conference Priesthood Session in October 1976, Packer gave a sermon entitled "To Young Men Only", in which he discouraged boys of the Young Men organization in the Aaronic priesthood from pursuing activities which the LDS Church defines as immoral, including masturbation, the use of pornography, and homosexual activities.The sermon has been criticized for encouraging homophobia and gay bashing.D. Michael Quinn, "Prelude to the National 'Defense of Marriage' Campaign: Civil Discrimination Against Feared or Despised Minorities", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought vol. 33 no. 3 (Fall 2000) pp. 1–52.David E. Hardy, "BYU's Dismissal of Gay Students Continues Confusion for Gays, Parents" [opinion], The Salt Lake Tribune, p. AA3. Further comments by Packer during his October 2010 address, "Cleansing the Inner Vessel",

masks:
Boyd K
. Packer


title: Boyd K. Packer

texts: which echoed his views on homosexuality given in a 1978 speech, concerning whether homosexuality is an individual choice, generated a petition by the Human Rights Campaign. The church responded to this petition by reaffirming its doctrinal position on gay marriage while reiterating the universal need to follow "Jesus Christ's second great commandment—to love one another.""HRC Delivers 150K Petitions to Mormon Church" , HRC.org October 21, 2010 Following the conference, Packer altered the published text of the sermon to "clarif[y] his intent." In 2013, amid a nationwide shift toward acceptance and legalization of same-sex marriage, Packer attracted some attention for comments critical of "legalized acts of immorality" and warning of a "tolerance trap." Packer advocated that Mormon historians should refrain from discussing history that does not promote faith. In a 1981 speech to educators in the LDS Church Educational System, he cautioned, "There is a temptation for the writer or teacher of Church history to want to tell everything, whether it is worthy or faith promoting or not. Some things that are true are not very useful." Arguing that teachers should "give milk before meat", he stated that "some things are to be taught selectively and some things are to be given only to those who are worthy." Packer's opinion applied to all historians who were members of the LDS Church: he stated, "One who chooses to follow the tenets of his profession, regardless of how they may injure the Church or destroy the faith of those not ready for 'advanced history', is himself in spiritual jeopardy.If that one is a member of the Church, he has broken his covenants and will be held accountable." <mask>'s comments raised criticism by some prominent Mormon and non-Mormon scholars. Soon after <mask>'s 1981 speech, Mormon historian D. Michael Quinn gave a speech highly critical of Packer's views, and suggested that a historian who followed Packer's advice would sacrifice their honesty

masks: Packer Packer


title: Boyd K. Packer

texts:
 and professional integrity. Quinn also discussed what he viewed as a Mormon tradition of portraying LDS leaders as infallible people. C. Robert Mesle has criticized Packer as having created a false dichotomy "between the integrity of faith and the integrity of inquiry." Recognition
In May 2013, Weber State University, where Packer received an associate degree in 1948 and where he met his wife, designated a public service center for families the "<mask> K. and Donna Smith Packer Family and Community Education Center". Packer was also interviewed by PBS for its documentary on the LDS Church titled The Mormons''.<mask> died at his home on July 3, 2015. At the time of his death, he was the second-most senior apostle among the ranks of the church and the fifth-longest serving general authority in the church's history. His funeral was held on July 10, 2015, and he was buried in Brigham City. Selected works

Notes

References

 Online reprint by John W. Redelfs at ZionsBest.com

External links
 General Authorities and General Officers: President <mask><mask>
 <mask><mask>, Leader Biographies, Newsroom
 <mask><mask>, <mask><mask>, Grampa Bill's G.A. (General Authority) Pages. <mask><mask>, Wiki Quotes. 1924 births
American Latter Day Saint writers
American Mormon missionaries in the United States
Apostles (LDS Church)
Brigham Young University alumni
Church Educational System instructors
Genealogy and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2015 deaths
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
Mormonism-related controversies
People from Brigham City, Utah
People from Cottonwood Heights, Utah
Presidents of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
Utah State University alumni
Weber State University alumni
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
20th-century Mormon missionaries
American general authorities (LDS Church)
American expatriates in Japan
Latter Day Saints from

masks:
Boyd
Death Packer
Boyd K
. Packer
Boyd K
. Packer
Boyd K
. Packer
Boyd K
. Packer
Boyd K
. Packer


title: Pamela Freeman

texts: <mask> is an Australian author of books for both adults and children. Most of her work is fantasy but she has also written mystery stories, science fiction, family dramas and non-fiction. Her first adult series, the Castings Trilogy (Blood Ties, Deep Water and Full Circle) is published globally by Orbit Books. She is best known in Australia for the junior novel Victor’s Quest and an associated series, the Floramonde books, and for The Black Dress: Mary MacKillop’s Early Years, which won the NSW Premier's History Prize in 2006. <mask> was born in Sydney, Australia and grew up near Parramatta. She attended the University of Technology, Sydney from 1978–1980 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Communications, majoring in film and television and psychology. After working in public relations in the petroleum exploration and engineering fields, she left Australia for London and spent some time there working in a variety of jobs, including a stint as a clerk for the scenery construction department of the BBC.She returned to Australia in 1984 and worked as a scriptwriter for the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney, moving from there to ABC TV's Children's and Education Department in 1987. She was researcher and scriptwriter on a number of the department's programs and first wrote prose stories for children for the series Watch! Your Language. Her first children's stories were published in the NSW School Magazine and one of these became the last chapter of her first book, The Willow Tree’s Daughter. After leaving the ABC in late 1989, <mask> began work as a consultant in organisational communications, educational designer and trainer. She also completed a Master's degree in writing at the University of Technology, Sydney in 1996. <mask> developed a speciality in the area of corruption

masks:
Pamela Freeman
Biography Freeman
Freeman
Freeman


title: Pamela Freeman

texts: prevention in law enforcement, particularly the support of 'internal witnesses' (people who come forward to report misconduct or corruption).She was awarded a Churchill Fellowship in 1998 to study this issue in North America. After the birth of her son in 2001, <mask> concentrated on writing and took the opportunity to complete a doctorate in creative arts at UTS. Debra Adelaide, author of The Household Guide to Dying, was her supervisor. Her thesis, Blood Ties, was her first book for adults, and is Book 1 in the Castings Trilogy, published globally by Orbit Books. Victor's Challenge, a sequel to Victor's Quest, won the 2009 Aurealis Award for Best Children s Short Fiction/Illustrated Work/Picture Book and was a Notable Book in the Younger Readers Category, Children's Book Council of Australia Awards, 2010. <mask> re-wrote stories from her first book, The Willow Tree's Daughter, to be suitable for much younger children. Princess Betony and the Unicorn (2012), Princess Betony and the Thunder Egg (2013) and Princess Betony and the Rule of Wishing (20103)  were published in small hardback gift format by Walker Books Australia.In 2015, her non-fiction title Mary's Australia, about Australia in the time of Saint Mary Mackillop, was shortlisted for the Eve Pownall Award by the Children's Book Council of Australia. In 2017, <mask> collaborated with Liz Anelli (illustrator) on Desert Lake: The story of Kati-Thanda-Lake Eyre, which became her most critically successful book, winning the ASO Librarian's choice award, being Highly Commended in the Australian Publishing Industry Awards, and being shortlisted for multiple other awards. The collaboration continues in a series of books about remarkable Australian landscapes, starting with Dry to Dry: The story of Kakadu. In 2015, <mask>

masks: Freeman Freeman Freeman Freeman


title: Pamela Freeman

texts:
 published a historical novel for adults, The Soldier's Wife, under the pen name <mask>. (Hart is <mask>'s husband's surname.) The novel draws on family stories of her grandfather's service in WWI and tells the story of a young woman living and working in a timber yard in Sydney while her husband of just a few weeks serves in the Gallipoli campaign. A companion novel, The War Bride, set in Sydney in the years after the war ends, published in 2017.A Letter from Italy is set in Italy during 1917, and features a woman war correspondent. It is based on the real-life story of Louise Mack, an Australian woman who was the first woman war correspondent. The Desert Nurse, published in 2018, tells the story of WWI in the Middle East through the lives of a nurse and doctor who volunteer to serve there. <mask> books are published by Hachette Australia and Piatkus Books in the UK. <mask> is Director of Creative Writing at the Australian Writer's Centre. <mask> lives in Sydney with her husband and son. 2008 Deep Water, Book 2 of the Castings Trilogy, Orbit Books, 2008, Sydney London, New York.2009 Full Circle, Book 3 of the Castings Trilogy, Orbit Books, 2009, Sydney London, New York. 2010 The Castings Trilogy, Orbit Books, 2010, Sydney, London, New York. 2011 Ember and Ash, Orbit Books, 2011, Sydney, London, New York. As <mask>:
 2015 The Soldier's Wife, Hachette Australia/Piatkus Books UK, Sydney, London
 2016 The War Bride, Hachette Australia/Piatkus Books UK, Sydney, London
 2017 A Letter from Italy, Hachette Australia/Piatkus Books UK, Sydney, London
 2018 The Desert Nurse, Hachette Australia/Piatkus Books UK, Sydney, London

Young adult
2005 Chronicles of Quentaris: The Murderers' Apprentice, Lothian Books, Melbourne. 2006 The Black Dress, Black Dog Books, Melbourne. The Floramonde

masks:
Pamela Hart
Freeman
Pamela Hart
Freeman
Freeman
Pamela Hart


title: Pamela Freeman

texts:
 books
1994 The Willow Tree's Daughter, Little Ark Books, Allen & Unwin, Melbourne. 1995 Windrider, Little Ark Books, Allen & Unwin, Melbourne.1996 Victor's Quest, illustrated by Kim Gamble, Omnibus Books, Adelaide; re-released by Walker Books, Australia and UK, 2008
1998 The Centre of Magic, Allen & Unwin, Melbourne
2008  Victor's Challenge, Walker Books, Australia and UK

The Tiger Bay mysteries
2003 Hair of the Skeleton, Koala Books, Sydney. 2003 Scum of the Earth, Koala Books, Sydney. 2003 Trick of the Light, Koala Books, Sydney. Standalone children's books
1997 Nanna, illustrated by Greg Somers, Koala Books, Sydney. 2001 Make Me the Flowergirl!, Omnibus Books, Scholastic Australia, Adelaide. Reprinted 2007, 2008. 2002 The Wonder Dog, Koala Books, Sydney.2003 Shipborn, Koala Books, Sydney. 2013 Lollylegs, Walker Books Australia, Sydney

Picture books
2000 Cherryblossom and the Golden Bear, illustrated by Beth Norling, Omnibus Books, Scholastic Australia, Adelaide. Non-fiction
1995 All for Love!, one of the True Stories series, Little Ark Books, Allen & Unwin, Melbourne
2000 Pole to Pole, illustrated by Philip Blythe, Koala Books, Sydney. 2006 Fire to Life, illustrated by Philip Blythe, Koala Books, Sydney. 2015 Mary's Australia, Black Dog Books, Melbourne
2017 Desert Lake: The story of Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre, illustrated by Liz Anelli, Walker Books Australia, Sydney. 2020 Dry to Dry: The Seasons of Kakadu, illustrated by Liz Anelli, Walker Books Australia, Sydney

References

External links

 Castings Trilogy
 Reviews of <mask>'s fantasy novels

 <mask> at LC Authorities

1960 births
Living people
Australian children's writers
Australian fantasy writers
Australian non-fiction writers
Australian women children's writers
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
University

masks:
Freeman
Pamela Hart


title: Tom Schieffer

texts:
<mask> (born October 4, 1947) is an American diplomat and entrepreneur who served as U.S. Ambassador to Australia from 2001 to 2005 and as U.S. Ambassador to Japan from 2005 to 2009. <mask> is the founder and President of Envoy International, a consulting firm that provides a wide range of services to clients with international interest. <mask> is also a keynote speaker on international issues, trade, the global economy, leadership, and organizational management. <mask> is a friend and former business partner of President George W. Bush. He is the younger brother of <mask>, a former CBS News reporter and host of Face the Nation.<mask> and his wife, Susanne, reside in Fort Worth, Texas. Early life and education
John Thomas (<mask><mask> was born in Fort Worth, the youngest child of the late John E<mask> and the former Gladys Payne, both originally from Austin. His father was the managing partner of a construction company. His mother stayed home to rear the children. In addition to his brother, Bob, <mask> has a sister, <mask> Mayes, who became a high school principal at Keller High School at a time when only two percent of the principals in Texas' largest high schools were women. She also had a successful career as an administrator in the Keller Independent School District. <mask> grew up in Fort Worth attending public schools and graduated from Arlington Heights High School in 1966.He attended the University of Texas at Austin, receiving a B.A. degree in 1970 in government and earned a master's degree in international relations in 1972. His master's thesis was entitled, "An Examination of the Nuclear Weapons Debate in India". The thesis correctly predicted that India would explode a nuclear device in 1974 and pursue the acquisition of nuclear weapons as the result of the security threat presented by China. Early political career
While in college, Schieffer worked in the offices of State Senator Don Kennard and Governor John Connally. <mask> ran in the 1972 Democratic primary against incumbent Speaker Pro-Tem <mask>, who was involved in the statewide Sharpstown scandal.

masks:
John Thomas Schieffer
Schieffer
Schieffer
Schieffer
Bob Schieffer
Schieffer
Tom
) Schieffer
. Schieffer
Schieffer
Sharon Schieffer
Schieffer
Schieffer
Tommy Shannon


title: Tom Schieffer

texts: After leading the primary and winning the run-off, <mask> was nominated by Democrats to run at age 24.He won the general election that fall, winning county wide with more than 60% of the vote while Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern received just over 30% in the state. Sworn in at age 25, <mask> was one of the youngest members of the class of 1972. The first piece of legislation <mask> passed was a bill renaming the State Finance Building the Lyndon B. Johnson State Office Building. Johnson, whom Schieffer admired greatly for passing the landmark civil rights bills of 1964, 1965 and 1968, had died in January 1973. During his first session, <mask> successfully argued for funding the Fort Worth State School - a mental health facility - receiving the editorial kudos of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram for having "earned his spurs" as an effective legislator in Austin. Re-elected with over 60% of the vote in the 1974 general election (he had no opposition in the Democratic primary), <mask> was named Chairman of the Local and Consent Calendars Committee in his second term, a position he retained in his third term as well. <mask> was the lead author on the bill that established the first Presidential primary in Texas.He was also the lead author on the bill that restricted the catch of redfish along the Texas coast, a measure that conservationists and wildlife enthusiasts had sought for years. <mask> also co-authored legislation that closed a loophole on child care facilities that wanted to operate without meeting state standards. The first two terms <mask> was in the legislature, Tarrant County state representatives were elected countywide. After the Legislature passed a single member district plan, he was elected to a third term from a single member district. In January 1978, a federal court overturned the existing single member district plan and redrew the lines. <mask>, who retained only one precinct out of his old district, carried every precinct in the Democratic primary but narrowly lost his seat to Republican Bob Ware in the general election. <mask> remained

masks: Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer


title: Tom Schieffer

texts:
 active in Democratic Party politics, supporting candidates like Senator Lloyd M. Bentsen, Jr., Governor Mark White, and Congressman Pete Geren.Legal career
After losing his legislative seat, <mask> returned to course work at The University of Texas law school. At the time, Texas law allowed legislators who had served three terms to take the State Bar exam a year early if they had taken two years of course work at an accredited law school. <mask> completed his two years and passed the state bar exam. He was admitted to the practice of law on October 31, 1979, and became a corporate lawyer in Fort Worth, specializing in the oil and gas industry. Civic and board experiences
In civic matters, <mask> was appointed a Trustee of the Tarrant County Junior College (now Tarrant County College) and was elected to a full term without opposition. <mask> served as a board member of the Texas Commerce Bank in Fort Worth and as an advisory board member to the bank when it was later acquired by JPMorgan Chase. In addition, <mask> served on the board of Drew Industries, a New York Stock Exchange-listed company.Always interested in educational issues, <mask> has served on the boards of the Winston School in Dallas, the Tarrant County Community College Foundation, the Dallas County Community College Foundation, and the Penrose Foundation, which provides college scholarships for Hispanic students. <mask> also served on the Texas Rangers Foundation Board and was active with his wife Susanne in Habitat for Humanity, the Food Bank of Tarrant County, and the Dallas Can Academy. <mask> currently serves on a number of national and International Boards. He is a member of the International High Speed Rail Association Board headquartered in Japan; the International Advisory Board of the Mansfield Foundation in Washington; the Council of American Ambassadors Board in Washington; the honorary board of the Japan America Society of Dallas-Fort Worth, and is an honorary counselor of the US-Japan Council. He was elected a member of the American Academy of Diplomacy in 2016. Texas Rangers baseball

masks: Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer


title: Tom Schieffer

texts:
 club
<mask>'s success in his law practice and business career allowed him to join an investment group led by George W. Bush and Edward W. (Rusty) Rose that bought the Texas Rangers baseball club on April 21, 1989. Having begun as only an investor in the group, Bush and Rose asked <mask> to be the Partner-In-Charge of Ballpark Development in July 1990.Schieffer toured ballparks around America and successfully negotiated a public-private partnership with the City of Arlington, which became a model for cooperation between cities and private entities in development projects. The Rangers and the City of Arlington announced a new stadium deal in October 1990. An election was held in January 1991, which sought the approval of Arlington voters. More people voted in that special election than had voted in the combined Democratic and Republican primaries the year before. The citizens of Arlington approved the agreement by a 65% - 35% margin. The turnout remains the largest in Arlington's history for a special election. The Ballpark in Arlington was opened in 1994 on time and on budget.It received rave reviews from fans inside and outside of Arlington. After passage of the referendum in January 1991, <mask> was named President of the Rangers and served in that position longer than any other individual has. When George W. Bush became governor in 1995, <mask> was named to succeed Bush as the team's Co-Managing General Partner along with Rusty Rose. The franchise won its first division title in 1996. They won the division again in 1998 and 1999. The Bush-Rose partnership sold the franchise in 1998 to Dallas investor <mask>. Under the terms of the sale, <mask> was required to stay as president of the club for an additional year.<mask> resigned as President of the Rangers in April 1999. While <mask> was President of the Rangers, he also served as President of the J. Thomas Schieffer Management Company and the Pablo Operating Company, two entities that managed investments and oil and gas properties for clients. On August 23, 2014, <mask> was inducted into the Texas Rangers Hall of Fame

masks:
Schieffer
Schieffer
Schieffer
Schieffer
Tom Hicks
Schieffer
Schieffer
Schieffer
Schieffer


title: Tom Schieffer

texts:
 for his contributions to the franchise. Ambassador of the United States to Australia
In April 2001, President Bush asked <mask> to become the Ambassador of the United States to Australia. He accepted and presented his credentials in Canberra on August 23, 2001, as the 22nd representative of the U.S. president. His two immediate predecessors had been Directors-General of the U.S. Foreign Service, although it has been noted that Australian governments sometimes value a U.S. Ambassador's personal links to the President currently in office.Returning to America to attend the first summit between Prime Minister John Howard and President Bush on September 10, 2001, <mask> was in Washington on September 11, 2001, when the September 11 attacks occurred. Returning to Australia on September 12 with the Prime Minister on board Air Force Two, <mask> and the White House worked with the Prime Minister and the Australian government to invoke the ANZUS treaty for the first time in its 50-year history so that Australia could come to the aid of the United States as a result of the terrorists' attack. Subsequently, <mask> attended five more war time summits with the President and Australian Prime Minister in the next three and a half years as Australia helped America in Afghanistan and Iraq. During his tenure in Canberra, he coordinated closely with the Government of Australia on efforts to fight global terrorism and helped to deepen cooperation on rebuilding efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq. During <mask>'s tenure in Australia, the United States also negotiated a free-trade agreement with Australia and significantly deepened the intelligence ties between the two countries. In his report to the State Department, the Inspector General said that Schieffer had exhibited extraordinary leadership and organizational skills in leading the American Embassy in Canberra. The Inspector General said he had examined 83 embassies around the world and had found none that would compare.Later, the State Department recognized the business plan for the Embassy organized by <mask> as one of the three best in the

masks: Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer Schieffer


title: Tom Schieffer

texts:
 world. After Bush's victory in the November 2004 presidential election, <mask> announced that he would not be serving another term in Canberra. He returned to the United States at the end of 2004, although he did not formally resign as ambassador until April 1, 2005. Ambassador of the United States to Japan
Based upon his work in Australia, then-Secretary of State Colin Powell and Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage recommended to President Bush that Ambassador <mask> be moved to Japan to replace the retiring former Senate Majority Leader Howard Baker as ambassador. <mask> became one of only three non-career appointees to serve in both the first and second terms of the Bush administration as an Ambassador. On April 1, 2005, <mask> was sworn in as the 22nd Ambassador of the United States to Japan, having been confirmed by the United States Senate unanimously for the second time. During his tenure in Japan, <mask> was again cited by the office of the Inspector General for an exemplary job of leading and managing the 1000-plus personnel embassy.He was also intimately involved in negotiating the most far-reaching reorganization of the U.S.-Japan alliance since the signing of the Security Agreement in 1960. The U.S.-Japan alliance has been and continues to be the linchpin of both countries' security in Asia and the Pacific. Under the terms of the new agreement, Japan agreed to provide billions of dollars in assistance to the United States to help modernize U.S. facilities in Japan. <mask> was also instrumental in strengthening the intelligence ties between the two countries. Heavily involved in the six-party talks, which centered on North Korea's attempts to become a nuclear weapons state, <mask> was also praised by both Japan and U.S. officials for diplomatic skills throughout the talks. <mask> was praised by Japan and U.S. human rights groups for keeping the issue of the abduction of Japanese citizens by North Korean intelligence agents before negotiators. During his time in Japan, Schieffer attended five more summits with the U.S. president and three Japanese prime


title: Tom Schieffer

texts:
 ministers including the 2008 G-8 Summit in Hokkaido.He departed this post on January 20, 2009. Honors
In November 2013, the Emperor of Japan awarded <mask> the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun, the highest honor that can be bestowed on a foreigner to recognize his significant contributions in promoting friendly relations and understanding between the United States and Japan. <mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia, the highest award that can be presented to a foreigner by the Australian government, for his work in strengthening the Australian American Alliance. After ending his almost eight year diplomatic career, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates awarded <mask> the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service, the highest civilian award The Pentagon has to offer, for his work in strengthening the US - Japan Alliance. The Federal Bureau of Investigation honored him for his efforts to combat the international scourge of child pornography. The Director of National Intelligence awarded him the National Intelligence Reform Medal. The Central Intelligence Agency presented him with the Donovan Award.The Defense Intelligence Agency presented him with the Director's Award Medal. The National Security Agency presented him the Director's Distinguished Service Medal. The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency presented him its Medallion for Excellence. All of the medals and awards presented to Schieffer by members of the intelligence community were for his work in strengthening and reforming the intelligence cooperation between the United States and Australia, and the United States and Japan. <mask> is married to Susanne Silber <mask>, who is originally from San Antonio. She is a graduate of The University of Texas at Austin. She was the Director of a small state agency before they were married.Afterward, she was Director of Project Business for Junior Achievement in Fort Worth, a non-profit organization, committed to fostering free-enterprise principles in young people. With the birth of their son Paul, she chose to remain at home.

masks:
Schieffer
Schieffer
Schieffer
Family Schieffer
Schieffer