title: Hans Mayer

texts:
 sentence is frequently seen to be: "Das schlechte Ende widerlegt nicht einen möglicherweise guten Anfang" – "The bad end doesn't disprove a possibly good beginning."The GDR was the better of the two German states to him for a long time. The last book published by <mask> is Erinnerungen an Willy Brandt from 2001. Tributes and criticism

When it comes to acknowledging the work on <mask>, these points are especially emphasized:

In the middle of Stalinism, he defended authors such as Kafka, Proust, James Joyce and Ernst Bloch. In his lectures, it was important to him to investigate literature time after time with a view to whether it was suitable to promote humanity. His special attention for the non-compliant and Außenseiter (outsider) especially stands out. <mask> was an important supporter for many young authors (for example, for Uwe Johnson). <mask> was an honorary citizen of the city of Leipzig, had honorary doctorates from universities in Brussels, Wisconsin and Leipzig, was an honorary professor in Peking, was winner of the National Prize of East Germany, as well as the Bundesverdienstkreuz (Federal Cross of Merit) of the class "Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern und Schulterband" (Great Cross of Merit with Star and shoulder ribbon).He was honored with the Ernst-Bloch Prize in 1988. He was a member of the Akademie der Künste (Academy of the Arts) in Berlin and an honorary member of the
Sächsische Akademie der Künste (Saxon Academy of the Arts). <mask>, along with Walter Benjamin, who was also with him at the Collège de Sociologie, and some others, belongs to the most important literary critics of the 20th century. Perhaps there is some correlation to a former competitive situation, which Marcel Reich-Ranicki wrote about in an obituary, which shows <mask>'s life in an unflattering light. Reich-Ranicki describes the story of <mask>'s life as a tragic story, as the story of a person who did not find a home anywhere. Selected literary works
 Karl Marx und das Elend des Geistes. Studien zur neuen deutschen Ideologie.Westkulturverlag

masks:
Mayer
Hans Mayer
Mayer
Hans Mayer
Hans Mayer
Mayer
Hans Mayer


title: Hans Mayer

type: original

texts:
 Anton Hain, Meisenheim am Glan 1948. Richard Wagner, 1959
 Zur deutschen Literatur der Zeit, 1962
 Georg Büchner und seine Zeit, 1972
 Außenseiter, 1975
 Ein Deutscher auf Widerruf, 1982
 Wir Außenseiter, 1983
Widersprüche einer europäischen Literatur, 1984
 Das unglückliche Bewusstsein – Zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte von Lessing bis Heine, 1986
 Der Turm von Babel, 1991
 Versuch über <mask> Jahnn, 1994
 Erinnerungen an Willy Brandt, 2001
 Briefe 1948–1963. Publ. and annotated by Mark Lehmstedt, Leipzig 2006

References

All references are in German

 Volker Ladenthin: <mask> und das "Unglückliche Bewußtsein". In: Volker Ladenthin: Moderne Literatur und Bildung. Hildesheim-New York 1991. pp. 136–162
 Clemens Berger: Der späte <mask>.Aspekte im Lebens-Werk eines Außenseiters, 2003 (dissertation, Vienna)
 Stephan Moebius: DIE ZAUBERLEHRLINGE. Soziologiegeschichte des COLLÈGE DE SOCIOLOGIE 1937-1939 (Georges Bataille, Michel Leiris, Roger Caillois, die Geheimgesellschaft 'Acéphale' und die Wirkungen auf Foucault, Lévinas, Nancy, Maffesoli, Baudrillard und Derrida). 552 pages, Constance: UVK, 2006,

External links

Obituary for Hans Mayer
 Recordings with <mask> in the Online Archive of the Österreichische Mediathek (Interviews in German). Retrieved 2 September 2019

1907 births
2001 deaths
Writers from Cologne
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Switzerland
Jurists from Cologne
German literary critics
German Marxists
Jewish socialists
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Socialist Workers' Party of Germany politicians
Communist Party of Germany (Opposition) politicians
People from the Rhine Province
University of Cologne alumni
University of Bonn alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Leipzig University faculty
University of Hanover faculty
University of Tübingen faculty
Heinrich Mann Prize winners
German gay writers
German essayists
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
German male essayists
20th-century essayists
Gay

masks:
Hans Henny
Hans Mayer
Hans Mayer
Hans Mayer


title: Graham Henderson (cultural entrepreneur)

texts:
<mask> is a cultural entrepreneur based in London. He is best known for developing the arts organisation Poet in the City. In 2014 he launched a second arts organisation, the Rimbaud and Verlaine Foundation, committed to cross-arts commissioning and to championing a new funding model for the arts. <mask> has also been involved in many other arts-related initiatives including the development of a public art consultancy, the creation of an international arts network and a campaign to create a new investment fund for the arts. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Somerset in 1964, was educated at Taunton School in Taunton  and Millfield School in Street, Somerset, and spent a year in Ontario, Canada before doing a history degree at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge between 1983 and 1986. Early career
<mask>’s career has spanned both the City of London and the arts. A qualified solicitor, he previously worked as a commercial litigation lawyer at one of the largest law firms based in the City of London, Clifford Chance.He took a sabbatical break from legal practice in 2000–01 to become a consultant in the specialist travel business in which he created and marketed specialist dance and music activity holidays for both Dance Holidays Ltd and WOMAD. In 2003 he produced Coach of Black Water, an exhibition of Cuban art photographs, which took place at the Menier Gallery in Southwark, the first sponsored exhibition to take place at this venue. In 2004 he launched The Company of Adventurers Ltd in an attempt to raise funding for independent arts and cultural documentary films. And in 2005 he was responsible for arranging the translation and publication of Kindred Spirits, a collected edition of poems by the Cuban poet Regino E Boti, known as "the poet of Guantanamo", which was published by Mango Publications. The Lorca case

In 2002, <mask> was the solicitor in charge of the high-profile case concerning ownership of the manuscript of the famous poetry collection Poet in New York by the Spanish poet Federico García Lorca, assassinated by Franco's militia at the start of the Spanish Civil War in 1936. This

masks:
Graham Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Graham Henderson
Graham Henderson


texts:
 case resulted in a 10-day trial at the High Court in London, presided over by Judge Peter Smith. The case was a success for <mask> and his law firm, Morgan Cole, who were acting under a conditional fee agreement.<mask> was keen to celebrate the life and work of the poet and organised a special event in the Great Room at Christie’s on the eve of the auction of the manuscript. The event was attended by, amongst others, the ambassadors of all the main countries associated with the manuscript, Spain, Cuba and Mexico. In order that the event should be bipartisan in nature, he invited Poet in the City, a project founded in 1998 by City of London lawyers, to present the event on his behalf. The success of the event led Rosamund McCarthy, its founder and first chair, to invite <mask> to run Poet in the City. Poet in the City

Initially <mask> continued to run Poet in the City as a project of the Poetry Society, to which it was affiliated. However, he became increasingly interested in the opportunities it presented to reach out to new audiences for poetry and to access new sources of funding to support poetry education. Establishing Poet in the City as a separate charity in 2006, he obtained substantial sponsorships for it, including sponsorships from leading brands such as Lloyds TSB, HSBC, Pfizer, Linklaters and Lloyd's of London.He also achieved its selection as a National Portfolio Organisation by Arts Council England in 2010. Between 2006 and 2014, <mask> led on programming over 50 high-profile poetry events every year in London and South East England, together with a wide range of other poetry-related projects and activities, including short films, national poetry tours and public art commissions. After organising Poet in the City's successful transition to a new chief executive in April 2014, he remained as a trustee of the charity, and as its public art consultant, until April 2016. The Rimbaud and Verlaine Foundation

In 2007, <mask> became involved in the campaign to save the Regency property at 8 Royal College Street that had been occupied by the French poets Arthur Rimbaud and Paul Verlaine in 1873.

masks: Henderson Henderson Henderson Henderson Henderson Henderson


texts:
 <mask> persuaded the owner, Michael Corby, to leave the property as a legacy gift in his will. The Rimbaud and Verlaine Foundation was created to take advantage of this gift, and with the long-term goal of establishing a European-style "poetry house" at the property, providing a cultural and educational resource for the residents of the London Borough of Camden. Incubated inside of Poet in the City, the Foundation was launched as a separate organisation and as a registered charity in 2014.However, rather than just be a small house museum the Foundation decided to use the poets as an inspiration for a wider mission to champion the arts, create new sources of earned income, and provide platforms for talented up-and-coming artists across many different art forms. Becoming Chief Executive of the new Foundation in April 2014, <mask> delivered a programme of over 30 cross-arts events and original arts commissions during 2014–17 that featured opera, classical and rock music, theatre, film, sculpture and other art forms, as well as poetry and literature. <mask> has also been responsible for developing a new business model for the arts centred on the development of new sources of earned income, and for devising a new form of investment bond suitable as a means of attracting investment to arts organisation. Kindred Spirits – The European Poetry House Network

As part of his role in championing the idea of the "poetry house" as a new and streamlined business model for the arts, <mask> created an international collaboration, bringing together seven "poetry houses" in six different European countries. Kindred Spirits seeks to promote international cultural exchange and to develop new business and funding models for the arts, as well as being an arts network and a vehicle for celebrating a shared European culture. Social capital building
<mask> has long championed the arts as an important source of social capital, and as a fundamental building block of a healthy civil society. This has directly informed his work, both in promoting a new approach to public art and in seeking an innovative new funding model for arts

masks: Henderson Henderson Henderson Henderson Henderson


texts:
 organisations.Public art

As public art consultant for Poet in the City, between 2014 and 2016, <mask> created important new sources of income for the arts. In 2015, working in partnership with Richmond upon Thames Council and the architectural design practice Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios, he conceived, designed, built and installed Pope's Urn, a contemporary piece of public art, inspired by the poetry of Alexander Pope. Enjoying a central position on the Twickenham riverside, the sculpture was commissioned to celebrate the 2015 Rugby World Cup, and was opened in a ceremony in September 2015. This work provided an important source of earned income for Poet in the City in 2015. Associated with this work, <mask> has also been involved in high-level advocacy for innovative approaches to public art, including an active role in the 2014 Farrell Review of Architecture and the Built Environment, writing the official essay in support of its findings, and continues to work with BEAM in promoting new approaches to the commissioning of public art. Limited profit investment fund for the arts
As an elected member of the Culture Forum in 2010, <mask> played an important part in developing innovative ideas for the funding of the arts, including an influential paper which led directly to the establishment in 2014 of an Arts Impact Fund. However, <mask> parted company with the Fund over the insistence on the part of some its funders that investment in arts organisations should also achieve so-called "social outcomes".He continues to campaign for the original funds that he proposed in 2010, a limited profit fund designed to help arts organisations to make money from their existing assets and intellectual property rights. <mask> argues that investment which allows arts organisations to develop their sources of earned income will release a great deal of entrepreneurial activity in the arts, particularly amongst small-medium enterprise arts organisations, and will lead to a much more resilient funding basis for the arts sector as a whole. Modern Poetry in Translation
<mask> has been an active board member of  the journal

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Graham Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Graham Henderson
Henderson
Graham Henderson


texts:
 Modern Poetry in Translation since 2008 and is now working with its editor, Clare Pollard, to deliver a programme of poetry and translation placements in Camden schools. Oxford Cultural Leaders programme

In 2015 <mask> was selected, along with 17 other leaders from the arts, cultural and museums sectors, to be part of a new residential programme, Oxford Cultural Leaders, delivered by Oxford University Museums in partnership with the Saïd Business School. The programme, held for the first time in 2015, brings together leaders to experiment and take risks, to explore new business models and ways of working and to develop innovative organisational cultures. <mask> now runs the alumni network for all those who have passed through the programme, encouraging them to continue to meet and to collaborate. Jan Patočka
<mask> has been interested for many years in the ideas of the Czech philosopher Jan Patočka (1907–1977).In particular, Patočka's ideas for "putting soul in the city", and of recapturing the relationship between the arts and social capital building (and between culture and political engagement) characteristic of the ancient Athenians, have been much used by <mask> in his own championship of the arts. As of 2018 he is involved in a project, working in partnership with the Jan Patočka Archive in Prague and with the phenomenologist Erin Plunkett, to publish, for the first time, an English-language edition of the philosopher’s selected works. Personal life
<mask> lives in Twickenham, south-west London. See also
 Poet in the City
Pope's Urn
 Rimbaud and Verlaine Foundation

References

External links
: Rimbaud and Verlaine Foundation
Kindred Spirits – European Poetry House Network
BEAM
Oxford Cultural Leaders Alumni
The Jan Patočka Archive

Living people
1964 births
20th-century English lawyers
21st-century English businesspeople
21st-century English lawyers
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
British arts administrators
English curators
English nonprofit executives
English solicitors
Founders of charities
People educated at Millfield
People educated at Taunton School
People from Somerset
Poetry

masks:
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Graham Henderson


title: Fahai

texts:
 Snake

The story of the "white snake" has historical archetypes, of which there are two versions. One way of saying this is according to the "Jinshanzhi" record:  There is a python cave, the side of the right front, is so treacherous and dangerous, and enters the depth of four or five feet. The white python came out to eat people.When Fahai came to Zhenjiang for the first time, the old temple was torn down and overgrown with weeds. A white python from the middle of the cliff often came out and hurt people. Fahai drove the white python into the river without harming others. Another version of this story has something to do with Jinshan Temple, but not Fahai himself. According to the Record of the High Monk, more than eighty years before Fahai came to Zhenjiang, there was a high monk named Lingtan who was the nephew of Empress Wu. He had once been a prince and later became a monk. Lingtan once drove a white python in the python cave of Jinshan.Later, people integrated these people and tales related to Jinshan Temple and Fahai which made up fiction, then the story of the white snake gradually became a household story. Leifeng Pagoda

In the legend of Leifeng Pagoda and the White Snake, monk <mask> was linked to being the guardian of the pagoda. Leifeng Pagoda was mostly known due to the love story between the White Snake (Bai Niangzi) and Xu Xian. In the historical records and literary works about Leifeng Pagoda, the character Xu Xian was called "Xu Xuan" in Ming and Qing novels and was not "renamed" to Xu Xian until the middle of the Republic of China. When Leifeng pagoda was built there was not a story


title: Fahai

texts:
 of the White Snake. After the Wu Dynasty was descended from the Song Dynasty, the storytellers gradually evolved this legendary story. The outline of the story is basically consistent with the current legends, except that Xu Xian was renamed.Feng Menglong from Ming Dynasty recorded one of the earliest and more complete versions of the White Snake legend. The records in Feng Menglong's "Jing Shi Heng Yan", Xu Xian and Bai Niangzi (the white snake) met <mask> from Jinshan Temple by the dock at the West Lake, Hangzhou. Fahai became a figure in this legend. Fahai in Feng Menglong's writing is a positive figure and a monk with good morals. Later, in the version of the local drama "White Snake", Fahai was gradually shaped into a negative image that departed the couple, and eventually became a hypocritical spokesperson. Jinshan Temple in the story of the White Snake is located at Hangzhou where the story took place. Historically, the connection between Zhenjiang and Hangzhou has been quite frequent.During the Song and Ming dynasties, people who travelled along the Yangtze River to Hangzhou always took Zhenjiang as a transit point and a rest stop. At that time, Hangzhou, which was famous for silk and tea, was economic prosperity. Folk storytellers at the time pulled things familiar to the travellers into the content of the storytelling, Fahai in Jinshan Temple was then connected to Leifeng Pagoda. Fahai's figure

According to the historical record, there was a Fahai in the Tang Dynasty, who lived in the Jinshan Temple. In the cave which the master meditated, there was a python. Because Master Fahai possessed


title: Gilbert Renault

texts:
<mask> (August 6, 1904 – July 29, 1984), known by the nom de guerre Colonel Rémy, was a notable French secret agent active in World War II, and was known under various pseudonyms such as Raymond, Jean-Luc, Morin, Watteau, Roulier, Beauce and Rémy. Biography

<mask> was born in Vannes, France, the oldest child of a Catholic family of nine children. His father was a professor of Philosophy and English, and later the inspector general of an insurance company. He went to the Collège St-François-Xavier in Vannes, and after his studies he went to the Rennes faculty. His sisters were <mask> and Madeleine Cestari. A sympathizer of French Action in the Catholic and Nationalist line, he began his career at the Bank of France in 1924. In 1936, he began cinematic production and finances, and made J'accuse, a new version of the Abel Gance film.It was a resounding failure, but the many connections <mask> made during this period were very useful during the resistance. With armistice declared of June 18, 1940, he refused to accept Marshal Philippe Pétain and went to London with one of his brothers, on board a trawler which departed from Lorient. He was one of the first men to adhere to the calls of General Charles de Gaulle, and was entrusted by Colonel Passy, then captain and chief of the BCRA, to create an information network in France. In August of that year he met with Louis de La Bardonnie, and together they created the Notre-Dame Brotherhood, which would become NDT-Castille in 1944. Initially centered on the Atlantic coast, it ended

masks:
Gilbert Renault
Gilbert Renault
Maisie Renault
Renault


title: Gilbert Renault

texts: up covering much of occupied France and Belgium. This network was one of the most important in the occupied zone, and its information allowed many military successes, as the attack on Bruneval and on Saint-Nazaire. Convinced that it was necessary to mobilize all forces against the occupation, he put the French Communist Party in touch with the exiled government of Free France in January 1943.<mask> later admitted it was Pierre Brossolette who got him in touch with political groups and trade unions. Awarded the Ordre de la Libération on March 13, 1942, he became a member of the executive committee of the Rally of the French People (RPF) from its creation, in charge of trips and demonstrations. He appeared in Carrefour, April 11, 1950, in an article entitled 'La justice et l'opprobre' (Justice and the Opprobrium), in which he preached the rehabilitation of Marshal Pétain. A short time afterwards, he adhered to the Association of defense of the memory of Marshal Pétain (ADMP). Repudiated by de Gaulle, he resigned from the RPF. He settled in Portugal in 1954 and returned to France in 1958 to be placed at de Gaulle's disposal, who refused. He was also very active from this time onwards in various associations, including ultra-conservative Catholic networks.He died in Guingamp, France, in 1984. <mask> wrote many works on his activities in the Resistance. Under the name of Rémy (one of his pseudonyms in clandestinity), he published his Mémoires d'un agent secret de la France libre et La Ligne de démarcation (adapted for cinema by

masks:
Gilbert Renault
Renault


title: Gilbert Renault

texts:
 Claude Chabrol in 1966), which are regarded as important testimonies on the French Resistance. He had the writer Jean Cayrol under his orders. Decorations

 Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur
 Compagnon de la Libération - décret du 13 mars 1942
 Croix de guerre 1939-1945
 Médaille de la Résistance avec rosette
 Distinguished Service Order (G.B.) Officer of the Order of the British Empire (G.B.) Officer of the Legion of Merit (U.S.)
 Officier de la Couronne de Belgique
 Croix de Guerre Belge
 Commandeur du Mérite (Luxembourg)

Homage
Around 1993, a street in Caen (France) was named after Colonel Rémy, in a district close to the Mémorial pour la Paix museum, where a majority of streets commemorate personalities linked with World War II, the Résistance, and the subsequent making of the European Community.Portrayed in film and television
 Le Grand Charles - French television - portrayed by French actor Sam Spiegel. épisodes de la vie d'un agent du S.R. et du contre-espionnage français, Galic (J.A. Christophe Colomb
 1986: La Résistance, Hatier

Sources
(Mostly translated from the French article on <mask>)
 Grandmaison (Henri de), Le colonel Rémy, un héros de l'ombre, CMD, 2000. Perrier (Guy), Rémy - L'agent secret n° 1 de la France libre, Perrin, 2001. References

External links
 Ordre de la libération - Fiche de <mask>

1904 births
1984 deaths
French Resistance members
Officers of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Resistance Medal
Officers of the Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
University of Rennes

masks:
Gilbert Renault
Gilbert Renault


title: Abu Bakr

texts: <mask>-Siddiq (; 27 October 57323 August 634) was an Arab political and religious leader who founded the Rashidun Caliphate and ruled as its first caliph from 632 until his death in 634. He was the most prominent companion, closest advisor and a father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. <mask> is one of the most important figures in Islamic history. <mask> was born in 573 CE to <mask>a and Umm Khayr. He belonged to the tribe of Banu Taym. In the Age of Ignorance, he was a monotheist and condemned idol-worshipping. As a wealthy trader, <mask>r used to free slaves.He was an early friend of Muhammad and often used to accompany him on trading in Syria. After Muhammad's invitation of Islam, <mask>r became one of the first Muslims. He extensively contributed his wealth in support of Muhammad's work and also accompanied Muhammad, on his migration to Medina. By the invitations of <mask>r, many prominent Sahabis became Muslims. He remained the closest advisor to Muhammad, being present at almost all his military conflicts. In the absence of Muhammad, <mask>r led the prayers and expeditions. Following Muhammad's death in 632, <mask>r succeeded the leadership of the Muslim community as the first Rashidun Caliph, being elected at Saqifah.During his reign, he overcame a number of uprisings, collectively known as the Ridda wars, as a result of which he was able to consolidate and expand the rule of the Islamic state over the entire Arabian Peninsula. He also commanded the initial incursions into the neighboring Sassanian and Byzantine empires, which in the years following

masks:
Abu Bakr al
Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr
Abu Quhaf
Abu Bak
Abu Bak
Abu Bak
Abu Bak
Abu Bak


title: Abu Bakr

texts:
 his death, would eventually result in the Muslim conquests of Persia and the Levant. <mask> also had an essential role in the compilation of the Quran during his reign. The first finished codex of the Quran was kept with <mask>r. All modern versions of the Quran are derived from <mask>'s codex. <mask>'s caliphate lasted for only two years, ending with his death after an illness in 634. On his deathbed, he dictated his last testament to Uthman ibn Affan, in which he appointed Umar ibn al-Khattab as his successor.<mask>'s ghusl was performed by Ali ibn Abi Talib and the funeral prayer was performed by Umar. Along with Muhammad, <mask> is buried in the Green Dome at the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina, the second holiest site in Islam. Though the period of his caliphate was short, it included successful invasions of the two most powerful empires of the time, a remarkable achievement in its own right. He set in motion a historical trajectory that in a few decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history. His victory over the local rebel Arab forces is a significant part of Islamic history. <mask> is widely honored among Muslims. Name, lineage and titles

<mask>'s full name was Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa ibn Amir ibn Amr ibn Ka'b ibn Sa'd ibn Taym ().According to the traditions, the Taym clan, which <mask>r hailed, were descended from ibn Murrah ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr. <mask>'s birth name is disputed. Most sources record his birth name being Abdullah (). In Arabic, the name Abd Allah means "servant of Allah". However, other sources record

masks:
Abu Bakr
Abu Bak
Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr
Abu Bak
Abu Bakr


title: Abu Bakr

texts:
 <mask>'s real name as Abdulkaaba (), meaning "servant of Kaaba". It has been reported that Abdullah was a title used by <mask>a for <mask>. <mask>r spent his early childhood like other Arab children of the time, among the Bedouins who called themselves 'The People of Camel' (Ahl-i-Ba'eer), and developed a particular fondness for camels.In his early years he played with the camel calves and goats, and his love for camels earned him the title (kunya) "<mask>r", meaning the father of the young camel. Preceding his conversion to Islam, <mask>'s title was Atiq, meaning "saved one". Muhammad later restated this title when he said that <mask> is the "Atiq". He was called Al-Siddiq (the truthful) by Muhammad after he believed him in the event of Isra and Mi'raj when other people didn't, and Ali confirmed that title several times. <mask> is also referred to in the Quran as the "second of the two in the cave" and "companion" in reference to the event of hijra, where, with Muhammad, he hid in the cave in Jabal Thawr from the Meccan party that was sent after them. <mask> was also sometimes called Ibn Abi Quhafa meaning the 'son of <mask>a'. Origins and early life

<mask> was born in Mecca in 573, to a wealthy family of the Banu Taym tribe of the Quraysh tribal confederacy.His father <mask> was a prominent member of the Quraysh. <mask>'s mother Umm Khayr also belonged to the Banu Taym. Like other children of the rich Meccan merchant families, <mask>r was literate and never developed a fondness for poetry. He had great knowledge of the genealogy of the Arab tribes, their stories

masks:
Abu Bakr
Abu Quhaf
Abu Bakr
Abu Bak
Abu Bak
Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr
Abu Quhaf
Abu Bakr
Abu Quhafa
Abu Bakr
Abu Bak


title: Abu Bakr

texts:
 and their politics. Regardless, it recorded that prior to converting to Islam, <mask>r practiced as a hanif and never worshipped idols. He also avoided alcohol. During the Age of Ignorance, <mask>r was appointed as a representative of the people of Quraysh for cases of ransom and penalty.Since <mask> was the most knowledgeable of family history of Arabs, he was called 'Scholar of Quraysh'. At the age of thirty eight, <mask> became a chief of the Banu Taym. Acceptance of Islam
 The historian Al-Tabari, in his Tarikh al-Tabari, quotes from Muhammad ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas:{{blockquote|I asked my father whether <mask>r was the first of the Muslims. He said, 'No, more than fifty people embraced Islam before <mask>r; but he was superior to us as a Muslim. And Umar ibn Khattab had embraced Islam after forty-five men and twenty-one women. As for the foremost one in the matter of Islam and faith, it was Ali ibn Abi Talib.}} Shias and some of the Sunni believe that the second person to publicly accept Muhammad as the messenger of God was Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first being Muhammad's wife Khadija.Ibn Kathir, in his Al Bidaya Wal Nihayah, disregards this. He stated that the first woman to embrace Islam was Khadijah. Zayd ibn Harithah was the first freed slave to embrace Islam. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first child to embrace Islam, for he has not even reached the age of puberty at that time, while <mask>r was the first free man to embrace Islam. Subsequent life in Mecca

<mask>r conversion to Islam initially remained a secret. After he announced his faith, he delivered a

masks:
Abu Bak
Abu Bak
Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr
Abu Bak
Abu Bak
Abu Bak
Abu Bak


title: Abu Bakr

texts:
 speech at the Kaaba. This was the first public address inviting people to offer allegiance to Muhammad was delivered by <mask>r.In a fit of fury, the young men of the Quraysh tribe rushed at <mask> and beat him till he lost consciousness. Four members of the Banu Taym wrapped <mask> in a mantle and took him to his house. Umm Khayr saw her son and washed his face. Following this incident, Umm Khayr converted to Islam. His preaching brought many people to Islam as he persuaded his intimate friends to convert. Many Sahabis, prominently including Uthman, Zubayr, Talha, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, <mask>, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, <mask> ibn al-Mughirah and many others converted to Islam by the invitations of <mask>. <mask>'s acceptance proved to be a milestone in Muhammad's mission.As slavery was common in Mecca, many slaves accepted Islam. When an ordinary free man accepted Islam, despite opposition, he would enjoy the protection of his tribe. For slaves, however, there was no such protection and they commonly experienced persecution. <mask>r felt compassion for slaves, so he purchased eight slaves, four men and four women, and then freed them, paying 40,000 dinar for their freedom.Tarikh ar-Rusul wa al-Muluk 3/ 426 The slaves were Bilal ibn Rabah, <mask>, Ammar ibn Yasir, Lubaynah, Al-Nahdiah, Harithah bint al-Muammil and Umm Ubays. Most of the slaves liberated by <mask>r were either women or old and frail men. Almost all of <mask>'s family converted to Islam except his father <mask>, his son Abdul-Rahman, and his wife Qutaylah. Last years in Mecca

<mask>'s daughter Aisha was

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Abu Bak
Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr
Abu Ubayda
Abu Hudhaifah
Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr
Abu Bak
Abu Fukayha
Abu Bak
Abu Bakr
Abu Quhafa
Abu Bakr


title: Abu Bakr

texts:
 betrothed to Muhammad; however, it was decided that the actual marriage ceremony would be held later.In 620 <mask>r was the first person to testify to Muhammad's Isra and Mi'raj (Night Journey). Life in Medina
Migration to Medina

In 622, on the invitation of the Muslims of Medina, Muhammad ordered Muslims to migrate to Medina. The migration began in batches. Ali was the last to remain in Mecca, entrusted with responsibility for settling any loans the Muslims had taken out, and famously slept in the bed of Muhammad when the Quraysh, led by Ikrima, attempted to murder Muhammad as he slept. Meanwhile, <mask>r accompanied Muhammad to Medina. Due to the danger posed by the Quraysh, they did not take the road, but moved in the opposite direction, taking refuge in a cave in Jabal Thawr, some five miles south of Mecca. Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr, the son of <mask>r, would listen to the plans and discussions of the Quraysh, and at night he would carry the news to the fugitives in the cave.Asma bint Abi <mask>, the daughter of <mask>, brought them meals every day. Aamir, a servant of <mask>, would bring a flock of goats to the mouth of the cave every night, where they were milked. The Quraysh sent search parties in all directions. One party came close to the entrance to the cave, but was unable to see them. Due to this, Quran verse  was revealed. Aisha, <mask> al-Khudri and Abdullah ibn Abbas in interpreting this verse said that <mask> was the companion who stayed with Muhammad in the cave. Aisha was a wife of Muhammad.After staying at the cave for three days and three nights,

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 <mask> and Muhammad proceed to Medina, staying for some time at Quba, a suburb of Medina. Life in Medina

In Medina, Muhammad decided to construct a mosque. A piece of land was chosen and the price of the land was paid for by <mask>r. The Muslims, including <mask>wi at the site. <mask> was paired with Khaarij ah bin Zaid Ansari (who was from Medina) as a brother in faith. <mask>'s relationship with Khaarijah was most cordial, which was further strengthened when <mask> married Habiba, a daughter of Khaarijah. Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari lived at Sunh, a suburb of Medina, and <mask> also settled there.After <mask>'s family arrived in Medina, he bought another house near Muhammad's. While the climate of Mecca was dry, the climate of Medina was damp and because of this, most of the migrants fell sick on arrival. <mask> contracted a fever for several days, during which time he was attended to by Khaarijah and his family. In Mecca, <mask> was a wholesale trader in cloth and he started the same business in Medina. He opened his new store at Sunh, and from there cloth was supplied to the market at Medina. Soon his business flourished. Early in 623, <mask>'s daughter Aisha, who was already married to Muhammad, was sent on to Muhammad's house after a simple marriage ceremony, further strengthening relations between <mask> and Muhammad.Military campaigns under Muhammad

Battle of Badr

In Sunni accounts, during one such attack, two discs from <mask>'s shield penetrated into Muhammad's cheeks. <mask> went forward with the intention of extracting these discs but <mask> ibn

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 al-Jarrah requested he leave the matter to him, losing his two incisors during the process. In these stories subsequently <mask>, along with other companions, led Muhammad to a place of safety. Battle of Uhud

In 625, he participated in the Battle of Uhud, in which the majority of the Muslims were routed and he himself was wounded. Before the battle had begun, his son Abdul-Rahman, at that time still non-Muslim and fighting on the side of the Quraysh, came forward and threw down a challenge for a duel. <mask> accepted the challenge but was stopped by Muhammad. Later, Abdul-Rahman approached his father and said to him "You were exposed to me as a target, but I turned away from you and did not kill you."To this <mask> replied "However, if you had been exposed to me as a target I would not have turned away from you." In the second phase of the battle, Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry attacked the Muslims from behind, changing a Muslim victory to defeat. "Uhud", Encyclopedia of Islam Online Many fled from the battlefield, including <mask>r. However, according to his own account, he was "the first to return". Battle of the Trench

In 627 he participated in the Battle of the Trench and also in the Invasion of Banu Qurayza. In the Battle of the Trench, Muhammad divided the ditch into a number of sectors and a contingent was posted to guard each sector. One of these contingents was under the command of <mask>r.The enemy made frequent assaults in an attempt to cross the ditch, all of which were repulsed. To commemorate this event a mosque, later known as 'Masjid-i-Siddiq', was

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 constructed at the site where <mask> had repulsed the charges of the enemy. Battle of Khaybar

<mask>r took part in the Battle of Khaybar. Khaybar had eight fortresses, the strongest and most well-guarded of which was called Al-Qamus. Muhammad sent <mask> with a group of warriors to attempt to take it, but they were unable to do so. Muhammad also sent Umar with a group of warriors, but Umar could not conquer Al-Qamus either. Some other Muslims also attempted to capture the fort, but they were unsuccessful as well.Finally, Muhammad sent Ali, who defeated the enemy leader, Marhab. Military campaigns during final years of Muhammad

In 629 Muhammad sent 'Amr ibn al-'As to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, followed by <mask> ibn al-Jarrah in response to a call for reinforcements. <mask> and Umar commanded an army under al-Jarrah, and they attacked and defeated the enemy. In 630, when the Muslims conquered Mecca, <mask> was part of the army. Before the conquest of Mecca his father <mask>a converted to Islam. Battles of Hunayn and Ta'if

In 630, the Muslim army was ambushed by archers from the local tribes as it passed through the valley of Hunayn, some eleven miles northeast of Mecca. Taken unaware, the advance guard of the Muslim army fled in panic.There was considerable confusion, and the camels, horses and men ran into one another in an attempt to seek cover. Muhammad, however, stood firm. Only nine companions remained around him, including <mask>r. Under Muhammad's instruction, his uncle Abbas shouted at the top of his voice, "O Muslims, come to the Prophet of Allah". The call was

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 heard by the Muslim soldiers and they gathered beside Muhammad. When the Muslims had gathered in sufficient number, Muhammad ordered a charge against the enemy. In the hand-to-hand fight that followed the tribes were routed and they fled to Autas.<mask> was commissioned by Muhammad to lead the attack against Ta'if. The tribes shut themselves in the fort and refused to come out in the open. The Muslims employed catapults, but without tangible result. The Muslims attempted to use a testudo formation, in which a group of soldiers shielded by a cover of cowhide advanced to set fire to the gate. However, the enemy threw red hot scraps of iron on the testudo, rendering it ineffective. The siege dragged on for two weeks, and still there was no sign of weakness in the fort. Muhammad held a council of war.<mask>r advised that the siege might be raised and that God make arrangements for the fall of the fort. The advice was accepted, and in February 630, the siege of Ta'if was raised and the Muslim army returned to Mecca. A few days later Malik bin Auf, the commander, came to Mecca and became a Muslim. <mask>r as Amir-ul-Hajj

In 631 CE, Muhammad sent from Medina a delegation of three hundred Muslims to perform the Hajj according to the new Islamic way and appointed <mask> as the leader of the delegation. The day after <mask> and his party had left for the Hajj, Muhammad received a new revelation: Surah Tawbah, the ninth chapter of the Quran. It is related that when this revelation came, someone suggested to Muhammad that he should send news of it to <mask>r. Muhammad said

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 that only a man of his house could proclaim the revelation.Muhammad summoned Ali, and asked him to proclaim a portion of Surah Tawbah to the people on the day of sacrifice when they assembled at Mina. Ali went forth on Muhammad's slit-eared camel, and overtook <mask>. When Ali joined the party, <mask>r wanted to know whether he had come to give orders or to convey them. Ali said that he had not come to replace <mask>r as Amir-ul-Hajj, and that his only mission was to convey a special message to the people on behalf of Muhammad. At Mecca, <mask> presided at the Hajj ceremony, and Ali read the proclamation on behalf of Muhammad. The main points of the proclamation were:

Henceforward the non-Muslims were not to be allowed to visit the Kaaba or perform the pilgrimage. No one should circumambulate the Kaaba naked.Polytheism was not to be tolerated. Where the Muslims had any agreement with the polytheists such agreements would be honoured for the stipulated periods. Where there were no agreements a grace period of four months was provided and thereafter no quarter was to be given to the polytheists. From the day this proclamation was made a new era dawned, and Islam alone was to be supreme in Arabia. Expedition of <mask>r As-Siddiq

<mask>r led one military expedition, the Expedition of <mask>r As-Siddiq, which took place in Najd, in July 628 (third month 7AH in the Islamic calendar). <mask>r led a large company in Nejd on the order of Muhammad. Many were killed and taken prisoner.The Sunni Hadith collection Sunan <mask>d mentions the event. Expedition of Usama bin

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 Zayd

In 632, during the final weeks of his life, Muhammad ordered an expedition into Syria to avenge the defeat of the Muslims in the Battle of Mu'tah some years previously. Leading the campaign was Usama ibn Zayd, whose father, Muhammad's erstwhile adopted son Zayd ibn Harithah, had been killed in the earlier conflict. No more than twenty years old, inexperienced and untested, Usama's appointment was controversial, becoming especially problematic when veterans such as <mask>, <mask> ibn al-Jarrah and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas were placed under his command. Nevertheless, the expedition was dispatched, though soon after setting off, news was received of Muhammad's death, forcing the army to return to Medina. The campaign was not re-engaged until after <mask>'s ascension to the caliphate, at which point he chose to reaffirm Usama's command, which ultimately led to its success. Death of Muhammad

In Muhammad's final days, he was confined to bed by <mask>r.As Muhammad was nearing death, he found himself unable to lead prayers as he usually would. He instructed <mask>r to take his place, ignoring concerns from Aisha that her father was too emotionally delicate for the role. <mask>r subsequently took up the position, and when Muhammad entered the prayer hall during the Fajr prayers, <mask>r attempted to step back to let him to take up his normal place and lead. However, Muhammad sat next to <mask>r, allowing him to continue. Then Muhammad reportedly ascended the pulpit and addressed the congregation, saying, "God has given his servant the choice between this world and that

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 which is with God and he has chosen the latter." <mask>r, understanding this to mean that Muhammad did not have long to live, responded "Nay, we and our children will be your ransom." Muhammad consoled his friend and ordered that all the doors leading to the mosque be closed aside from that which led from <mask>r's house, "for I know no one who is a better friend to me than he."Sunnis use this to reinforce the great friendship and trust which existed between him and <mask>r. Upon Muhammad's death, the Muslim community was unprepared for the loss of its leader and many experienced a profound shock. Umar was particularly affected, instead declaring that Muhammad had gone to consult with God and would soon return, threatening anyone who would say that Muhammad was dead. <mask>r, having returned to Medina, calmed Umar by showing him Muhammad's body, convincing him of his death. He then addressed those who had gathered at the mosque, saying, "If anyone worships Muhammad, Muhammad is dead. If anyone worships God, God is alive, immortal", thus putting an end to any idolising impulse in the population. He then concluded with a verse from the Quran: "Muhammad is no more than an apostle, and many apostles have passed away before him."Caliphate

Election

In the immediate aftermath of the death of Muhammad, a gathering of the Ansar (natives of Medina) took place in the Saqifah (courtyard) of the Banu Sa'ida clan. The general belief at the time was that the purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to decide on a new leader of the Muslim community among themselves, with the

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 intentional exclusion of the Muhajirun (migrants from Mecca), though this has later become the subject of debate. Upon learning of the meeting, <mask>r hastened to the gathering. After arriving, <mask>r addressed the assembled men with a warning that an attempt to elect a leader outside of Muhammad's own tribe, the Quraysh, would likely result in dissension, as only they can command the necessary respect among the community. The companion Habab ibn Mundhir suggested that the Quraysh and the Ansar choose a leader each from among themselves, who would then rule jointly. The group grew heated upon hearing this proposal and began to argue amongst themselves. As <mask>r noticed the bitterness in the meeting, he took Umar and <mask>, by his hand and offered them to the Ansar as potential choices.The orientalist William Muir gives the following observation of the situation:

Umar took <mask>'s hand and swore his own allegiance to the latter, which was followed by the gathered men. The meeting broke up when a violent scuffle erupted between Umar and the chief of the Banu Sa'ida, Sa'd ibn Ubadah. This may indicate that the choice of <mask>r may not have been unanimous, with emotions running high as a result of the disagreement. <mask>r was almost universally accepted as head of the Muslim community, under the title of caliph, as a result of Saqifah, though he did face contention because of the rushed nature of the event. Several companions, most prominent among them being Ali ibn Abi Talib, initially refused to acknowledge his authority. Among Shia Muslims, it is also

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 argued that Ali had previously been appointed as Muhammad's heir, with the election being seen as in contravention to the latter's wishes. <mask>r later sent Umar to ask allegiance from Fatimah, which resulted in an altercation that may have involved violence.However, after six months the group made peace with <mask>r and Ali pledged him his allegiance. After Ali pledged his allegiance, Ali used to help <mask>r on government and religious matters. Administration
<mask> was a constitutional ruler. He held the caliphate to be a sacred trust. He declared jihad against traitors. <mask>r regarded all men, either rich or low, as equal. The caliphate was neither theocracy nor democracy.<mask>r's close associates Umar, Uthman, Ali and Zayd ibn Thabit acted as his secretaries. He also had an advisory council. Ridda Wars

Soon after <mask>'s election, several Arab tribes launched revolts, threatening the unity and stability of the new community and state. These insurgencies and the caliphate's responses to them are collectively referred to as the Ridda Wars ("Wars of Apostasy"). The opposition movements came in two forms, one which challenged the political power of the caliphate, with the other being the acclamation of rival religious ideologies, headed by political leaders who claimed prophethood. Some of the revolts of this type took the form of tax rebellions in Najd among tribes such as the Banu Fazara and Banu Tamim. Other dissenters, while initially allied to the Muslims, used Muhammad's death as an opportunity to attempt to restrict the growth of the new Islamic

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texts: state.They include some of the Rabīʿa in Bahrayn, the Azd in Oman, as well as among the Kinda and Khawlan in Yemen. <mask>, likely understanding that maintaining firm control over the disparate tribes of Arabia was crucial to ensuring the survival of the state, suppressed the insurrections with military force. He dispatched Khalid ibn Walid and a body of troops to subdue the uprisings in Najd as well as that of Musaylimah, who posed the most serious threat. Concurrent to this, Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami were sent to Bahrayn, while Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl, Hudhayfah al-Bariqi and Arfaja al-Bariqi were instructed to conquer Oman. Finally, Al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya and Khalid ibn Asid were sent to Yemen to aid the local governor in re-establishing control. <mask> also made use of diplomatic means in addition to military measures. Like Muhammad before him, he used marriage alliances and financial incentives to bind former enemies to the caliphate.For instance, a member of the Banu Hanifa who had sided with the Muslims was rewarded with the granting of a land estate. Similarly, a Kindah rebel named Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, after repenting and re-joining Islam, was later given land in Medina as well as the hand of <mask>'s sister Umm Farwa in marriage. At their heart, the Ridda movements were challenges to the political and religious supremacy of the Islamic state. Through his success in suppressing the insurrections, <mask>r had in effect continued the political consolidation which had begun under Muhammad's leadership with relatively little interruption. By

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 wars' end, he had established an Islamic hegemony over the entirety of the Arabian Peninsula. Battles against Tulayha

Few days after <mask>'s election, in July 632, Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid, from the Banu Asad tribe, was preparing to launch an attack on Medina. <mask> raised an army primarily from the Banu Hashim.He appointed Ali ibn Abi Talib, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, each as commander of one-third of the newly organized force. Tulayha's forces was defeated and driven to Zhu Hussa. Though, few months after, Tulayha again launched an attack on the Muslim forces. <mask>r appointed Khalid ibn al-Walid as the main commander. Khalid had an army of 6,000 men whereas Tulayha had an army of 30,000 men. However, Tulayha's forces were crushed by Khalid ibn al-Walid and his forces. After the battle, Tulayha accepted Islam and asked forgiveness from <mask>.Though, <mask> forgave Tulayha, he refused to allow Tulayha to participate in wars on the Muslim side since Tulayha killed a Sahabi called Akasha ibn Mihsan in the battle. Battle of Yamama
Musaylimah, from the Banu Hanifa tribe, was one of the biggest enemies of <mask>r. He is denounced in Islamic history as "false prophet". Musaylimah, along with his wife Sajah from Banu Taghlib and Banu Tamim, claimed prophethood and gathered an army of 40,000 people to attack against <mask>. <mask>r appointed Khalid ibn al-Walid as the primary commander and appointed Ikrimah and Shurahbil as the commander of the corps. In the battle, Musaylimah's forces were crushed by Khalid and his forces. However, Musaylimah's

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 forces killed about 360 huffaz (memorizers of the Quran) were killed.Hasan, Sayyid Siddiq; Nadwi, <mask> Hasan Ali; Kidwai, A.R.(translator) (2000). The collection of the Qur'an. Karachi: Qur'anic Arabic Foundation. pp. 34–5. Wahshi ibn Harb killed Musaylimah in the battle. After the battle, Musaylimah's wife Sajah became a devout Muslim.Preservation of the Quran

<mask>r was instrumental in preserving the Quran in written form. After the Battle of Yamama in 632, numerous memorizers of the Quran had been killed. Umar fearing that the Quran may become lost or corrupted, Umar requested that <mask>r authorise the compilation and preservation of the scriptures in written format. The caliph was initially hesitant, being quoted as saying, "how can we do that which the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless and keep him, did not himself do?" He eventually relented, however, and appointed Zayd ibn Thabit, who had previously served as one of the scribes of Muhammad, for the task of gathering the scattered verses. The fragments were recovered from every quarter, including from the ribs of palm branches, scraps of leather, stone tablets and "from the hearts of men". The collected work was transcribed onto sheets and verified through comparison with Quran memorisers.The finished codex, termed the Mus'haf, was presented to <mask>, who prior to his death, bequeathed it to his successor Umar. Upon Umar's own death, the Mus'haf was left to his daughter Hafsa, who had been one of the wives of Muhammad. It was this volume, borrowed from Hafsa, which formed the basis of Uthman's

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 legendary prototype, which became the definitive text of the Quran. All later editions are derived from this original. Expeditions into Persia and Levant
With Arabia having united under a single centralized state with a formidable military, the region could now be viewed as a potential threat to the neighbouring Byzantine and Sasanian empires. It may be that <mask>r, reasoning that it was inevitable that one of these powers would launch a pre-emptive strike against the youthful caliphate, decided that it was better to deliver the first blow himself. Regardless of the caliph's motivations, in 633, small forces were dispatched into Iraq and Palestine, capturing several towns.Though the Byzantines and Sassanians were certain to retaliate, <mask>r had reason to be confident; the two empires were militarily exhausted after centuries of war against each other, making it likely that any forces sent to Arabia would be diminished and weakened. A more pressing advantage though was the effectiveness of the Muslim fighters as well as their zeal, the latter of which was partially based on their certainty of the righteousness of their cause. Additionally, the general belief among the Muslims was that the community must be defended at all costs. Historian Theodor Nöldeke gives the somewhat controversial opinion that this religious fervour was intentionally used to maintain the enthusiasm and momentum of the ummah:

Though <mask>r had started these initial conflicts which eventually resulted in the Islamic conquests of Persia and the Levant, he did not live to see those regions

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 conquered by Islam, instead leaving the task to his successors. Death

On 8 August 634, <mask>r fell sick. He developed a high fever and was confined to bed. His illness was prolonged, and when his condition worsened, he felt that his end was near.Realizing this, he sent for Ali and requested him to perform his ghusl since Ali had also done it for Muhammad.On his deathbed, <mask>r nominated Umar as his successor. He gave the amount of six thousand dirhams and his personal assets to Umar. <mask>r divided his property among his children, in accordance with Sharia. <mask>r dictated his last testament to Uthman ibn Affan as follows:

On 23 August 634 (22 Jumada al-Thani), at the age of 63, <mask>r died. His death took place between Maghrib and Isha prayers. Two pieces of sheets were used for <mask>'s coffin. Ali performed the ghusl and Umar led the funeral prayer for him.<mask>r was buried beside the grave of Muhammad. During the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I, Al-Masjid an-Nabawi was expanded to include the site of <mask>'s tomb. The Green Dome above the tomb was built by the Mamluk sultan Al Mansur Qalawun in the 13th century, although the green color was added in the 16th century, under the reign of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Among tombs adjacent to that of <mask>, are of Muhammad, Umar, and an empty one reserved for Isa. "Isa", Encyclopedia of Islam

 Wives and children

<mask>r had four wives. His first wife Qutaylah bint Abd al-Uzza bore him a daughter Asma and a son Abdullah. Though Asma and Abdullah became Muslims, their mother Qutaylah

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 didn't become a Muslim and <mask>r divorced her.<mask>'s second wife was Zaynab bint Amir, who bore him Abdul-Rahman and Aisha. Zaynab and her daughter Asma converted to Islam whereas Abdul-Rahman didn't convert until the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah in 628 CE.As-Suyuti, Tarikh al-Khulafa. Translated by Jarrett, H. S. (1881). The History of the Caliphs, p. 35. Calcutta: Asiatic Society. <mask>'s third wife was Asma bint Umais, who bore Muhammad ibn Abi <mask>. Before her marriage with <mask>r, Asma was a wife of Jafar ibn Abi Talib, and after <mask>'s death, Asma married Ali ibn Abi Talib.<mask>'s fourth wife was Habibah bint Kharijah. She bore Umm Kulthum, who was born after <mask>'s death. <mask>quis. The Sufi Naqshbandi spiritual order is believed to be originating from <mask>r.The Naqshbandiyya: orthodoxy and activism in a worldwide Sufi tradition by Itzchak Weismann, 2007, p24Islamic Sufism by Sirdar Ikbal Ali Shah, Tractus Books, 2000, p104 The Shia Imams Jafar al-Sadiq, Musa al-Kazim, Ali al-Reza, Muhammad al-Jawad, Ali al-Hadi, Hasan al-Askari and Muhammad al-Mahdi are all descended from <mask>. Appearance
The historian Al-Tabari, in regards to <mask>'s appearance, records the following interaction between Aisha and her paternal nephew, Abdullah ibn Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr:

When she was in her howdah and saw a man from among the Arabs passing by, she said, "I have not seen a man more like <mask>r than this one." We said to her, "Describe <mask>." She said, "A slight, white man, thin-bearded and bowed.His waist wrapper would not hold but would fall down around

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 his loins. He had a lean face, sunken eyes, a bulging forehead, and trembling knuckles." Referencing another source, Al-Tabari further describes him as being "white mixed with yellowness, of good build, slight, bowed, thin, tall like a male palm tree, hook-nosed, lean-faced, sunken-eyed, thin-shanked, and strong-thighed. He used to dye himself with henna and black dye." Legacy

 Political legacy

Though the period of his caliphate covers only two years, two months and fifteen days, it included successful invasions of the two most powerful empires of the time: the Sassanid Empire and Byzantine Empire. <mask>'s reign lasted for 27 months, during which he crushed the rebellion of the Arab tribes throughout the Arabian Peninsula in the successful Ridda Wars. <mask>r's main objective was to extend the caliphate over the entire Arabia and defeat the rebel tribes, in which he succeeded.In the last months of his rule, he sent Khalid ibn al-Walid on conquests against the Sassanid Empire in Mesopotamia and against the Byzantine Empire in Syria. This would set in motion a historical trajectory, continued later on by Umar and Uthman, that in just a few short decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history. He had little time to pay attention to the administration of state, though state affairs remained stable during his Caliphate. On the advice of Umar and <mask> ibn al-Jarrah, he agreed to draw a salary from the state treasury and discontinue his cloth trade. <mask> had the distinction of being the first caliph in the history of Islam and also the first caliph to

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 nominate a successor. He was the only caliph in the history of Islam who refunded to the state treasury at the time of his death the entire amount of the allowance that he had drawn during the period of his caliphate. He has the distinction of purchasing the land for Al-Masjid al-Nabawi.Religious legacy

Sunni Muslims view <mask> as the greatest Sahabah. They consider <mask>r as one of the ten to whom Paradise was promised () whom Muhammad had testified were destined for Paradise. <mask>r is regarded among the best of Muhammad's followers. Muhammad reportedly said: "If the faith of <mask>r was weighed against the faith of the people of the earth, the faith of <mask>r would outweigh the others." <mask>r used to solve disputes by looking at the Quran and Sunnah. He was also the most knowledgeable Sahabi regarding the genealogy of Arabs. Shia Muslims believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib was supposed to assume the leadership, and that he had been publicly and unambiguously appointed by Muhammad as his successor at Ghadir Khumm.Most Twever Shias (largest Shia branch) have a negative view of <mask>r because, after Muhammad's death, <mask>r refused to grant Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah, the garden of Fadak which she claimed her father had given to her as a gift before his death. <mask>r refused to give Fadak because he told that Muhammad had told him that the prophets of God do not leave as inheritance any worldly possessions. However, as Sayed Ali Asgher Razwy notes in his book A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims, Muhammad inherited a maid servant, five camels,

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title: Abu Bakr

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 and ten sheep. Shia Muslims believe that prophets can receive inheritance, and can pass on inheritance to others as well. In addition, Twelvers accuse <mask>r of participating in the alleged attack on Fatimah's house. Some Twelvers also believe <mask>r had no role in the preservation of the Quran, claiming that they should have accepted the copy of the book in the possession of Ali. Early sources report that Ali's compiled Quran was lost and he praised <mask>r for preserving the Quran.Zaydi Shias (second-largest Shia branch),Stephen W. Day (2012). Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. .
Jump up believe <mask>'s caliphate to be legitimate. In the last hours of Zayd ibn Ali (the uncle of Jafar al-Sadiq), he was betrayed by the people in Kufa who said to him: "May God have mercy on you! What do you have to say on the matter of <mask> and Umar ibn al-Khattab?" Shia:
Incident of the cave
Abu Bakr

573 births
634 deaths
People from Mecca
Rashidun caliphs

7th-century caliphs
Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud
Sahabah who participated in the battle of Badr
People of the Muslim conquest of the Levant
Arab slave owners
Sahabah hadith narrators
People of the Ridda

masks:
Abu Bak
Abu Bak
Abu Bak
Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr


title: Daniel Wegner

texts:
<mask> (June 28, 1948 – July 5, 2013) was an American social psychologist. He was a professor of psychology at Harvard University and a fellow of both the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was known for applying experimental psychology to the topics of mental control (for example ironic process theory) and conscious will, and for originating the study of transactive memory and action identification. In The Illusion of Conscious Will and other works, he argued that the human sense of free will is an illusion. Early life and education
Wegner was born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. When Wegner was 11 years old he developed an understanding of two types of scientists: "bumblers, who plod along, only once in a while accomplishing something but enjoying the process even if they often end up being wrong, and the pointers, who do only one thing: point out that the bumblers are bumbling." He enrolled in a physics degree at Michigan State University but changed to psychology, going on to an M.A.and then a PhD. Career
After gaining his doctorate in 1974, he spent sixteen years teaching at Trinity University, becoming a full Professor in 1985. From 1990 to 2000, he researched and taught at the University of Virginia, after which he joined the faculty at Harvard University. Awards
In 2011, Wegner was awarded the William James Fellow Award by the Association for Psychological Science, the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award by the


title: Daniel Wegner

texts:
 American Psychological Association, and the Distinguished Scientist Award by the Society of Experimental Social Psychology. In 2012, he was awarded the Donald T. Campbell Award by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP). Furthermore, shortly after <mask>'s death in 2013, SPSP announced that its annually awarded Theoretical Innovation Prize would henceforth be known as the Daniel M. Wegner Theoretical Innovation Prize to honor Wegner's memory and his innovative work. Research

Ironic process theory
Wegner and colleagues performed a series of experiments in which people tried to suppress thoughts, for example by attempting not to think of a white bear.That work revealed that attempting not to think of a topic often backfires, resulting in high rates of intrusive thoughts about the topic. Wegner coined the term "ironic mental processes" for this effect, which is also known more commonly as the "white bear phenomenon". The effect contributes to various psychological challenges and disorders. Smokers who try not to think about cigarettes find it harder to give up. People who suppress thoughts that may cause an anxiety reaction often make those thoughts more intrusive. Wegner found that the ironic effect is stronger when people are stressed or depressed. The illusion of conscious will
Wegner conducted a series of experiments in which people experience an illusion of control, feeling that their will shapes events which are actually determined by someone else.He argued controversially


title: Daniel Wegner

texts:
 conscious thought cannot in principle cause action, merely that any connection between conscious thought and action should be determined by scientific enquiry, and not by unreliable introspection and feelings. Transactive memory

In 1985, Wegner proposed the concept of transactive memory. A transactive memory system is a system through which groups collectively encode, store, and retrieve knowledge. Transactive memory suggests an analysis not only of how couples and families in close relationships coordinate memory and tasks at home, but how teams, larger groups and organizations come to develop a "group mind", a memory system that is more complex and potentially more effective than that of any of the individuals that comprise it. According to Wegner, a transactive memory system consists of the knowledge stored in each individual's memory combined with metamemory containing information regarding the different teammate's domains of expertise. Just as the individual's metamemory allows him to be aware of what information is available for retrieval, so does the transactive memory system provide teammates with information regarding the knowledge they have access to within the team.Group members learn who knowledge experts are and how to access expertise through communicative processes. In this way, a transactive memory system can provide the group members with more and better knowledge than any individual could access on his or her own. Death
Trinity University announced <mask>'s death on Friday,


title: Daniel Wegner

texts:
 July 5, 2013, at his home in Massachusetts, of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. He was survived by his wife and two daughters. Books
Author

 <mask>, D. M., & Vallacher, R. R. (1977). Implicit psychology: An introduction to social cognition. New York: Oxford University Press.Japanese translation by Sogensha, 1988. Vallacher, R. R. & <mask>, D. M. (1985). A theory of action identification. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. <mask>, D. M. (1989). White bears and other unwanted thoughts: Suppression, obsession, and the psychology of mental control. New York: Viking/Penguin.German translation by Ernst Kabel Verlag, 1992. 1994 Edition, New York: Guilford Press. Schacter, D. S., Gilbert, D. T., & <mask>, D. M. (2008). Psychology. New York: Worth. Schacter, D. S., Gilbert, D. T., & <mask>, D. M. (2011). Psychology: 2nd Edition.New York: Worth. <mask>, D. M., & Gray, K. (2016). The mind club: Who thinks, what feels, and why it matters. New York: Viking. Editor

 <mask>, D. M., & Vallacher, R. R. (Eds.). (1980).The self in social psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. <mask>, D. M., & Pennebaker, J. W. (Eds.) (1993). Handbook of mental control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.References

External links
A copy of <mask>'s Personal Website has been preserved here
"<mask>r e l'illusione della volontà cosciente" (A very critical writing in Italian about the concept of 'free will' by Wegner)

1948 births
2013 deaths
American psychologists
Social psychologists
Harvard University

masks:
Wegner
Wegner
Wegner
Wegner
Wegner
Wegner
Wegner
Wegner
Dan Wegner
Daniel Wegne


title: Chris Waddle

texts:
<mask> (born 14 December 1960) is an English former professional football player and manager. He currently works as a commentator. Nicknamed "Magic <mask>", football journalist Luke Ginnell wrote that <mask> was "widely acknowledged as one of the finest attacking midfielders in Europe". During his professional career, which lasted from 1978 to 1998, he played for several clubs, including Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, Olympique de Marseille and Sheffield Wednesday. In 1989, his transfer from Tottenham to Marseille for £4.5 million made him the third most valuable player in the world, and he won three successive Ligue 1 titles with the club and played in the 1991 European Cup Final. While playing for Wednesday he was voted FWA Footballer of the Year for his performances in the 1992-93 season. He also played in the Premier League for Sunderland, in the Scottish Premiership with Falkirk and in the Football League for Bradford City, Burnley and Torquay United.He finished his career in non-league football with Worksop Town, Glapwell and Stocksbridge Park Steels, later whilst in his fifties, he continued to play at semi-professional level for Northern Counties East League side Hallam. <mask> earned 62 caps for England between 1985 and 1991, which included being a member of the teams which reached the quarter-finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup and the semi-finals of the 1990 World Cup. He also played for England at UEFA Euro 1988. He had a spell as Burnley managed during the 1997–98 season, but has not returned to coaching since. Largely since retiring he has worked in the media for BBC Radio 5 Live as part of their Premier League and Champions League team. Club career

Early career
<mask> began his

masks:
Christopher Roland Waddle
Chris
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle


title: Chris Waddle

texts:
 footballing career with Pelaw Juniors, moving on to Whitehouse SC, Mount Pleasant SC, HMH Printing, Pelaw SC, Leam Lane SC and Clarke Chapman before joining Tow Law Town before the start of the 1978–79 season.<ref name="goal">"Top 50 English Players: <mask> (35)". Goal.com.12 May 2009.</ref>

Newcastle United
While working in food processing (a seasoning factory), <mask> had unsuccessful trials with Sunderland and Coventry City. He joined Newcastle United as a 19-year-old in July 1980 for £1,000. He made his Second Division debut for them in a 1–0 home win over Shrewsbury Town on 22 October 1980 and quickly established himself as an effective attacking midfielder, playing alongside Kevin Keegan and Peter Beardsley as Newcastle won promotion to the First Division at the end of 1983–84 season. In one of his first games in the top flight, against Queen's Park Rangers at Loftus Road on 22 September 1984, <mask> scored a first half hat-trick for Newcastle, who had a 4–0 lead at half time. However, a fight back by QPR saw the game end 5–5. Tottenham Hotspur
After 46 goals in 170 league games for Newcastle, <mask> joined Tottenham Hotspur on 1 July 1985 for a fee of £590,000 (decided by a transfer tribunal). He scored twice on his league debut, a 4–0 home win over Watford on the opening day of the league season, although Spurs had a disappointing season where they finished tenth a year after finishing third, resulting in the dismissal of Peter Shreeves as manager and the appointment of David Pleat from Luton Town as his successor.He won an FA Cup runners-up medal in 1987 when Spurs were beaten by Coventry, while they also finished third in the League and got to the semi-finals of the League Cup. Marseille
On

masks:
Chris Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle


title: Chris Waddle

texts:
 1 July 1989, after scoring 33 times in 138 league appearances for Tottenham, <mask> moved to French club Olympique de Marseille for a fee of £4.5 million; the third highest sum ever paid for a footballer at the time. During his time in France the club were French champions three times (1990, 1991 and 1992). They were also on the losing side to Red Star Belgrade in the 1991 European Cup Final. In 1991–92, he also played alongside fellow England midfielder Trevor Steven, who spent a year in France after signing from Rangers, only to return to Scotland after a single season there. During his years at Marseille, the fans gave him the nickname "<mask>". He was known as the successor to former Marseille player Roger Magnusson.<mask> was also voted second best OM player of the century behind Jean Pierre Papin for the club's century anniversary in 1998. <mask> and Marseille reached the 1991 European Cup Final. Although he did not take a penalty, <mask> ended up on the losing side in a penalty shoot-out once again, after the game had ended 0–0 in normal time. Sheffield Wednesday
Waddle returned to England in July 1992 in a £1 million move to Sheffield Wednesday, then managed by Trevor Francis. The club reached both domestic cup finals in the 1992–93 season (losing both to Arsenal – <mask> scored Wednesday's goal in the FA Cup final replay) and <mask> was voted the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year in 1993. He helped Wednesday reach the semi-finals of the League Cup in the 1993–94 season, but this latest attempt at winning silverware was foiled by Manchester United, and the next two seasons brought bottom-half finishes in the league for Wednesday, with Francis being axed in 1995 and Waddle's

masks:
Waddle
Magic Chris
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle


title: Chris Waddle

texts:
 former Tottenham manager David Pleat taking over. In January 1996, Kevin Keegan attempted to re-sign Waddle for Newcastle United as cover for David Ginola during a suspension, but Keegan's £500,000 bid to re-sign the player who had played alongside him in the Newcastle team more than a decade earlier was rejected and Keegan was unwilling to meet manager David Pleat's £1million asking price for the 35-year-old.Around this time, Celtic, Leeds United and Sunderland were also interested in signing Waddle, but none of these transfers ever happened. Burnley also expressed an interest in appointing him as their player-manager – a role he would finally take the following year – but <mask> saw out the season at Hillsborough. <mask>'s later career at Hillsborough was marred by injuries and he was released 5 games into the 1996–97 season (when the Owls were top of the premiership and having taken young sensation Ritchie Humphreys – 4 goals in 5 games – under his wing) after being frozen out of the team by David Pleat, having played 109 games and scored 10 goals with many more assists. Falkirk and Bradford City
Waddle joined Falkirk, in the Scottish First Division, in September 1996, but returned south of the border to play for Division One strugglers Bradford City the following month. Although short, his time at City was a success and he was a firm fans favourite. In a match away to Huddersfield Town he scored direct from a corner in a 3–3 draw live on TV. He also scored a goal in a 3-2 FA Cup win against Everton at Goodison Park which came second in the February 1997 Match of the Day Goal of the Month.His efforts with Bradford contributed to their survival in Division One, although he did not complete the

masks: Waddle Waddle


title: Chris Waddle

texts:
 season there. Sunderland
Waddle's moved to Sunderland, the side he had supported as a boy, for a nominal fee of £75,000 in March 1997, but could not help Sunderland from being relegated from the Premier League at the end of the season, despite scoring once against Everton and providing the assist for all other Sunderland goals scored in that period. Burnley
In May 1997 <mask>dle left Burnley in the summer, and in September 1998 joined Torquay United. He played just 7 times for Torquay, before returning to Sheffield Wednesday as a coach.He was appointed reserve team coach in July 1999, and played for a local pub side, but left in June 2000 on the appointment of Paul Jewell as manager, just after the club (now blighted by financial problems) suffered relegation from the Premier League. Non-league career
Following his departure from Torquay United, <mask> enjoyed two seasons with non-league Worksop Town making 60 appearances and scoring 3 goals. His most notable appearance was in a 12–0 Northern Premier League record win against Frickley Athletic. He also had a brief spell with Glapwell and one appearance for Stocksbridge Park Steels in the Northern Premier League First Division, continuing his playing career at non-league level into his early forties. Hallam
Having played at amateur level in the Sheffield Wragg Over-40s league for Hallam during 2012–13 season he came out of retirement after 11 years on the sidelines and signed for Sheffield based Non-league side Hallam on 22 July 2013. He made his debut against Chesterfield in a pre-season friendly, coming on as a substitute at half time. The game ended in a 6–2 defeat for Hallam FC.<mask> signed a one-year deal on 1 August 2013, committing to Hallam

masks: Waddlead Waddle Waddle


title: Chris Waddle

texts:
 for the 2013–14 season promotion push while remaining part of the ESPN commentary team. International career
Despite being in his 25th year, he was called up for the England Under-21 side and made his full squad debut against Ireland in March 1985. On 26 March 1985, when still a Newcastle player, <mask> was capped at senior level by Bobby Robson's England for the first time in a 2–1 win over Republic of Ireland. He soon became a regular member of the England squad and on 16 October that year he scored his first England goal, on his tenth international appearance, in a 5–0 win over Turkey. <mask> was in England's squad at the 1986 and 1990 FIFA World Cup as well as UEFA Euro 1988. Although England were eliminated at the group stages of Euro 88 after losing all three games, they did reach the quarter-finals of the 1986 World Cup and the semi-finals in 1990, where <mask> missed the decisive penalty in the latter as he put it inches over the bar in the shootout defeat to West Germany. He says he only took the fifth penalty because Paul Gascoigne, who had been suspended from playing in the next game if England progressed, was too upset to take it.He subsequently blamed a chance meeting with Uri Geller and Michael Jackson prior to the tournament for missing his penalty. <mask>'s performances in the 1990 World Cup were described as "superb" by Rob Bagchi, writing for The Guardian in 2010. He won the last of his 62 England caps on 16 October 1991 in a 1–0 win over Turkey, more than six years after making his international debut, and having rarely missed an England game since then. He had scored six goals for England, the last against Scotland on 27 May 1989. When Terry Venables became the new England manager

masks: Waddle Waddle Waddle Waddle


title: Chris Waddle

texts:
 at the beginning of 1994, he was keen to include <mask> in the squad for his first game against Denmark. However, <mask> was injured at the time and unavailable for selection. Media career
In 1987, <mask> recorded the song "Diamond Lights" in a duet with Spurs and England teammate Glenn Hoddle.The song reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in May of that year and the pair appeared on Top Of The Pops. Whilst at Marseille he joined teammate Basile Boli in recording a song entitled We've Got a Feeling. Despite spending the 1997–98 season as a manager, <mask> never returned to the coaching side of the game following his retirement and became a TV football pundit, commentator and sports newspaper writer. He previously worked for Setanta Sports and ESPN, he currently works as an analyst for BBC Radio Five Live's Premier League football coverage. <mask> appeared on BBC Radio 5 Live as a summariser at Premier League matches and also writes a column in The Sun newspaper. <mask> signed a deal with Setanta Sports to commentate on all England away matches in 2008–09. <mask> then went on to co-commentate for ESPN's English Premier League football coverage and is a pundit on Showsports Arabia, covering the English Premier League, from the studio in Dubai, UAE.In 2003, Thierry Henry named <mask> in his all-time Dream Team Line up. Following England's heavy defeat to Germany in the second round of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, <mask> criticised the English Football Association, claiming: "The FA sit on their backsides and do nothing tournament after tournament after tournament. Why don't they listen? Why don't they look at other countries and ask 'how do they keep producing talent?' We coach talent out of players ...

masks: Waddle Waddle Waddle Waddle Waddle Waddle Waddle Waddle Waddle


title: Chris Waddle

texts:
 We lack so many ideas and it is so frustrating. The amount of money in our league is frightening and all we do is waste it on rubbish ideas ... We kid ourselves thinking we have a chance if we keep the tempo up. We can only play one way and it is poor.You can't go on playing football and hoping to win trophies playing a hundred miles an hour and putting teams under pressure for 90 minutes. You've got to be able to play slow, slow, quick and we can't do it." Personal life
<mask> has one daughter, Brooke, and a son, Jack. On 29 April 2012, Jack was given a one-year first-team contract at Chesterfield. His cousin, <mask>, played league football for Halifax Town, Liverpool, Leicester City, Swansea City, Newport County, Mansfield Town, Hartlepool United and Peterborough United. In 2005, he was arrested following claims he was involved in a brawl in a pub in Dore, Sheffield. No charges were brought due to lack of evidence.In popular culture
Waddle was a key part of the pool of popular culture references used in the BBC comedy The Fast Show''. References to, and photographs of, Waddle  made regular appearances during the "Chanel 9" news segment of the show. Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Marseille
Division 1: 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92
European Cup runner-up: 1990–91

Tottenham Hotspur
FA Cup runner-up: 1986–87

Sheffield Wednesday
FA Cup runner-up: 1992–93
Football League Cup runner-up: 1992–93

England
FIFA World Cup fourth place: 1990

Individual
First Division PFA Team of the Year: 1984–85, 1988–89
Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year: 1988
Onze d'Argent: 1991
FIFA XI: 1991
FWA Footballer of the Year: 1992–93 (Sheffield Wednesday)
Premier League Player of the Month: January 1995
The Dream

masks:
Waddle
Alan Waddle


title: Chris Waddle

texts:
 Team 110 years of OM: 2010

Bibliography

References

External links
 <mask>dle photos & stats at Sporting Heroes.net

1960 births
Living people
People from Felling
Footballers from Gateshead
Footballers from Sheffield
English footballers
Association football wingers
Association football midfielders
Tow Law Town F.C. players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Olympique de Marseille players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Falkirk F.C.players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Worksop Town F.C. players
Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. players
Glapwell F.C.players
Hallam F.C. players
English Football League players
Ligue 1 players
Premier League players
Scottish Football League players
Northern Premier League players
Northern Counties East Football League players
England under-21 international footballers
England international footballers
1986 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1988 players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
English expatriate footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate footballers in France
English football managers
Association football player-managers
Burnley F.C. managers
English Football League managers
English association football commentators
FA Cup Final


title: Anna Constantia von Brockdorff

texts:
<mask>f (17 October 1680 – 31 March 1765), later the Countess of Cosel, was a German lady-in-waiting and noblewoman, and mistress of Augustus the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, in 1706–1713. Eventually he turned against her and exiled her to Saxony, where she died after 49 years of internal exile. Life
<mask> was born in Gut Depenau, today part of Stolpe, Holstein, the daughter of the Knight (Ritter) <mask> (1643–1719) and his wife <mask> (1648-1736), daughter of the rich Hamburg citizen Leonhard Marselis, owner of Gut Depenauborn. The Brockdorffs belonged to the Equites Originarii (knightly noble families) and gave their daughter an unusual education for that time: she learned several languages, received instruction in mathematics and classical education, including music (lute in particular) and passionately loved to hunt. However, her impetuous behavior worried her parents. Early adult life
In 1694, her parents sent <mask>ia to the Schloss Gottorf in Schleswig, the official residence of the Duke Christian Albrecht. The fourteen-year-old girl served the Duke's daughter, Sophie Amalie, as a lady-in-waiting.<mask>ia accompanied Sophie Amalie to Wolfenbüttel, where Sophie Amalie became the second wife of the Hereditary Prince August Wilhelm of Brunswick-Lüneburg, son and heir of the Duke Anton Ulrich. While in Wolfenbüttel, <mask>ia became pregnant, possibly by Ludwig Rudolf, younger brother of the Hereditary Prince. After the birth of her child in 1702, <mask>ia was expelled from the court and sent back to her parents in Gut Depenau. The fate of the child is unknown. Marriage
By 1699, <mask>

masks:
Anna Constantia von Brockdorf
Anna Constantia
Joachim von Brockdorff
Anna Margarethe Marselis
Anna Constant
Anna Constant
Anna Constant
Anna Constant
Anna Constantia


title: Anna Constantia von Brockdorff

texts:
 was living openly in Castle Burgscheidungen with the director of the Saxonian Generalakzis Kollegiums, Adolph Magnus, Baron of Hoym, whom she met in Wolfenbüttel. After four years of cohabitation, they were married on 2 July 1703 but were divorced by 1706. When she arrived in Dresden, <mask>ia claimed that she was still married to the Baron in order to be able to appear at court.Royal mistress
In 1704, the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony Augustus the Strong met the vivacious Baroness <mask> and fell in love with her. The Baron of Hoym tried unsuccessfully to prevent the relationship, because he considered his former wife unsuitable for the role of official mistress. Augustus' pious wife, Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, refused to reign alongside her husband at the Catholic, scandalous Polish court, and had effectively exiled herself to the Schloss Pretzsch (Elbe). <mask> became close to Augustus, but he still had another mistress, Ursula Katharina, Princess of Teschen. Finally, in 1705, the Princess Teschen was banished from the court, and <mask> took her place as official mistress. In 1706, she was created the Imperial Countess (Reichsgräfin) of Cosel. Two years later, on 24 February 1708, she gave birth to August's daughter, named <mask> Constantia after both her parents.One year later, on 27 October 1709, the Countess <mask>sel bore a second daughter, Friederike Alexandrine, and three years later, on 27 August 1712, she had a son, Frederick Augustus, who was named after his father and eventually inherited Gut Depenau from his maternal grandparents. In the opinion of the court,

masks:
Anna Constant
von Hoym
Anna Constantia
Anna Constantia
Augusta Anna
von Co


title: Anna Constantia von Brockdorff

texts:
 <mask>ia interfered too much into politics, and in particular, her attempts to meddle in Augustus' Polish politics encountered strong resistance. The Protestant Electorate of Saxony was determined to turn the King's attention away from Catholic Poland, which he had lost after the defeat at the hands of Sweden's Charles XII in the Great Northern War. <mask>ia came to be considered increasingly dangerous to the Polish political interests, especially when it was rumoured that Augustus had written his mistress a secret promise to marry her. The Polish aristocracy tried to supplant the Countess <mask>sel with a Catholic mistress and thus eliminate her from the political scene. Augustus finally gave in to the charms of Maria Magdalena Bielinski, Countess <mask>önhoff. Exiled to Burg Stolpen
In 1713, <mask> was banished to the Pillnitz Castle, but in 1715 she managed to flee to Berlin, Prussia.For this, she was condemned in Saxony as a Landesverräter (state criminal). In Berlin, she hoped to get her hands on Augustus' secret written marriage promise, which was in the hands of her cousin, Count Detlev Christian zu Rantzau, held in the fortress of Spandau. However, the Countess failed to retrieve this important document and was arrested on 22 November 1716 in Halle an der Saale and exchanged for Prussian deserters in Saxony. Augustus exiled his former mistress on 26 December 1716 to Burg Stolpen, where she remained for the next 49 years until her death. Emancipated after August II's demise? After the death of August II (1 February 1733) and during the reign of his son and successor, August III there's differing

masks:
Anna Constant
Anna Constant
von Co
von D
Anna Constantia


title: Anna Constantia von Brockdorff

texts:
 views on to what extent the Countess' exile was lifted or not. Rumour has it she was not given freedom .Other rumours state, that the Countess did not use the opportunity to flee even though this was presented to her twice (1745 and 1756). In both cases the Saxon guards, according to rumour, fled before advancing Prussian troops . A documented view on her circumstances after August II comes from the Polish writer Józef Ignacy Kraszewski's historical novel Countess of Cosel ("Hrabina Cosel" 1873, later the feature movie Hrabina Cosel). The following quote is from the final chapter where the Countess has been offered freedom after 17 years of imprisonment;

The Countess passed away 31 March 1765 at Stolpen and is also buried there. References
Gabriele Hoffmann, <mask> <mask> und August der Starke − Die Geschichte einer Mätresse, 1984. Cornelius Gurlitt: August der Starke
Kosel oder Cosel, Cossel. In: Zedlers Universal-Lexicon.vol. XV, Leipzig 1737, column 1569 f.
Walter Fellmann: Mätressen
Heinrich Theodor Flathe, Cosel, <mask>stanze Gräfin von. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Vol IV, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1876, p. 512. Oscar Wilsdorf, Gräfin Cosel – Ein Lebensbild aus der Zeit des Absolutismus. Verlag von Heinrich Minden, Dresden und Leipzig 1892 on-line
Thomas Kuster, <mask> Hoym: Reichsgräfin Cosel. In: Der Aufstieg und Fall der Mätresse im Europa des 18.Jahrhunderts. Eine Darstellung anhand ausgewählter Persönlichkeiten. Innsbruck 2001. 1680 births
1765 deaths
People from Plön (district)
People from the Duchy of Holstein
German countesses
Mistresses of Augustus the Strong
German

masks:
Constantia
von Cosel
Anna Con
Anna Constantia


title: Jenny Agutter

texts: <mask>  (born 20 December 1952) is a British actress. She began her career as a child actress in 1964, appearing in East of Sudan, Star!,  and two adaptations of The Railway Children—the BBC's 1968 television serial and the 1970 film version. She also starred in the critically acclaimed film Walkabout and the TV film The Snow Goose (both 1971), for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama. She relocated to the United States in 1974 to pursue a Hollywood career and subsequently appeared in Logan's Run (1976), Amy (1981), An American Werewolf in London (1981), and Child's Play 2 (1990). Parallel to her Hollywood film roles, Agutter continued appearing in high-profile British films such as The Eagle Has Landed (1976), Equus (1977), for which she won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, and The Riddle of the Sands (1979). In 1981, she also co-starred in The Survivor, an Australian adaptation of the James Herbert novel, and was nominated for an AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. After returning to Britain in the early 1990s to pursue family life, Agutter shifted her focus to television, and in 2000, she appeared in a television adaptation of The Railway Children, this time taking on the role of the mother.She has continued to work steadily in British television drama, and since 2012, she has starred in the BBC's primetime ratings hit Call the Midwife. She also made a return to Hollywood film-making in 2012, appearing in The Avengers, and reprised her role in Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014). Agutter is married with one adult son. She supports several charitable causes, mostly in relation to


title: Jenny Agutter

texts:
 cystic fibrosis, a condition from which her niece suffers, and was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for charitable services. Early life
Agutter was born in Taunton, Somerset, England. She is the daughter of <mask> (an entertainments manager in the British Army) and Catherine, and was raised Roman Catholic. As a child, she lived in Singapore, Dhekelia (Cyprus) and Kuala Lumpur (Malaya).She was discovered at Elmhurst Ballet School, a boarding school she attended from ages eight to sixteen, when a casting agent looked for a young English-speaking girl for a film. She did not get the part, but he recommended her to the producers of East of Sudan (1964). Career

Television and film
Agutter came to television audiences as Kirsty in the twice-weekly BBC series The Newcomers. The character Kirsty was the daughter of the new managing director of Eden Brothers, the fictional firm that was at the centre of the series. Agutter could appear only during school holidays. At this stage of her career, she was listed in credits as Jennifer. In 1966, she portrayed a ballet pupil in Disney's film Ballerina.In 1968, she was featured in the lavish big-budget 20th Century Fox film musical Star! with Julie Andrews as Gertrude Lawrence. In that motion picture, Agutter played Lawrence's neglected daughter Pamela. Later, she played Roberta in a BBC adaptation of The Railway Children (1968) and played the same part in Lionel Jeffries's 1970 film of the book. She followed this with a more serious role in the thriller I Start Counting (1969). She also won an Emmy as supporting actress for her television role as Fritha, in a British


title: Jenny Agutter

texts: television adaptation of The Snow Goose (1971). Agutter moved into adult roles, beginning with Walkabout (1971), playing a teenaged schoolgirl lost with her younger brother in the Australian outback.She auditioned for the role in 1967, but funding problems delayed filming until 1969. The delay meant <mask> was 16 at the time of filming, which allowed the director to include nude scenes. Among them was a five-minute skinny-dipping scene, which was cut from the original US release. She said at the 2005 Bradford Film Festival at the National Media Museum that she was shocked by the film's explicitness, but remains on good terms with director Nicolas Roeg. Agutter moved to Hollywood at 21 and appeared in a number of films over the next decade, including The Eagle Has Landed (1976), Logan's Run (1976), Equus (1977), for which she won a BAFTA as Best Supporting Actress), An American Werewolf in London (1981), and an adaptation of the James Herbert novel The Survivor (1981). Agutter has commented that the innocence of the characters she played in her early films, combined with the costumes and nudity in later adult roles such as Logan's Run, Equus, and An American Werewolf in London, are "perfect fantasy fodder". In 1990, Agutter returned to the UK to concentrate on family life and her focus shifted towards British television.During the 1990s, she was cast in an adaptation of Jeffrey Archer's novel Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less and as the scandalous Idina Hatton in the BBC miniseries The Buccaneers, inspired by Edith Wharton's unfinished 1938 book, and made guest appearances in television series such as Red Dwarf and Heartbeat. In 2000, she starred in a third


title: Jenny Agutter

texts:
 Hotel in Buckinghamshire. They married in August 1990, and their son Jonathan was born on 25 December 1990.Agutter lives in London, but has a keen interest in Cornwall and once owned a second home there on the Trelowarren Estate, in one of the parishes on the Lizard peninsula. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for charitable services. Agutter has been attached to several causes throughout her career. She has been involved in raising awareness of the illness cystic fibrosis, which she believes was responsible for the deaths of two of her siblings. Her niece has the disease. At Agutter's suggestion, an episode of Call the Midwife focused on cystic fibrosis. She has also worked in support of charities, in particular the Cystic Fibrosis Trust, of which she is a patron (she is also a carrier of the genetic mutation).Politics
In August 2014, <mask> was also one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September 2014's referendum on that issue. Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

 <mask>tter at the TCM Movie Database

Living people
1952 births
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from Somerset
Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners
English child actresses
English film actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
People educated at the Elmhurst School for Dance
People from Taunton
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy

masks:
Agutter
Jenny Agu