title: David Littman (activist)

texts:
 exchange of populations", <mask><mask>, National Review, 3 December 2002
 "Human Rights and Human Wrongs; Sharia can’t be an exception to international human-rights norms", by <mask><mask>, National Review, 19 January 2003
 "Islamists' Perpetual Jihad," <mask><mask>, FrontPageMagazine, 15 August 2003
 "Yasser's Terrorist Jesus," by <mask><mask>, FrontPageMagazine, 15 November 2004
 The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims, edited by Robert Spencer, "Human Rights and Human Wrongs at the United Nations," Part 5 (pp. 305–472), <mask><mask>, Prometheus Books, , contributor of multiple chapters, 2005
 Copts in Egypt: A Christian Minority under Siege; papers presented at the First International Coptic Symposium, Zürich, September 23–25, 2004, Martyn Thomas, Adly A. Youssef, "Need of a State for all Citizens," by <mask>, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, , , 2006
 Encyclopedia of the Jewish diaspora: origins, experiences, and culture, Volume 1, M. Avrum Ehrlich, p. 382, "Modern Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries," David G. Littman, ABC-CLIO, , , 2008
 "L'Exil au Maghreb, La condition juive dans l'Islam, 1148–1912", Paul B. Fenton et <mask> G. Littman, 17 November 2010, Presses de l'Université Paris-Sorbonne,

Notes and references

1933 births
2012 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Alumni of the UCL Institute of Archaeology
British lobbyists
British human rights activists
British Jewish writers
People educated at Canford School
People from Lausanne
People of the

masks:
David G
. Littman
David G
. Littman
David G
. Littman
David G
. Littman
David G
. Littman
David Littman
David


title: John Chase Lord

type: original

texts:
<mask>, AM (9 August 1805 – 21 January 1877) was an American Presbyterian minister, lawyer, writer, and poet well known for his involvement in the nativist and anti-Catholic movements in Upstate New York during the mid-1800s. He was also a leading theologian of conservative Presbyterianism in the mid-19th century, serving as Moderator of the 63rd General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1852. Early life
<mask> was born in Washington, New Hampshire on 9 August 1805 to parents Reverend <mask>, a Congregational minister and <mask>. Born in Cornish, New Hampshire, his mother was a cousin of Salmon P<mask>, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He had four brothers, two who became clergymen: <mask>, who later became a Presbyterian minister in Springfield, New York, and <mask>, who grew up to be an Episcopal priest and writer in Vicksburg, Mississippi, and two who became lawyers: <mask>, Judge of the Circuit Court of St. Louis, Missouri, and <mask>, who established the law firm of Lord & Lord in New York City. When he was five, his family moved to the small Town of Burlington in Otsego County, New York. It was there that <mask> began his education, at a local public elementary school.At age 12, he transferred to Union Academy, a boarding school in Plainfield, New Hampshire. Union Academy was founded by his uncle, Hon. Daniel Kimball, and its current title, Kimball Union Academy, bears his name. He stayed at Union Academy for three years, graduating with a class of 40 boys and five girls. He then went to Madison Academy, and later Madison College. At age 17, he went off to Hamilton College in Clinton, New York. Not caring for athletics, his two years at

masks:
John Chase Lord
John Chase Lord
John Way Lord
Sarah Chase
. Chase
Claudius Buchanan Lord
William Wilberforce Lord
Charles Backus Lord
Scott Lord
Lord


title: John Chase Lord

texts:
 Hamilton were his formative intellectual years.He began writing poetry, and placed reading books of his personal interests above his class reading assignments, which was the reason for his mediocre grades. During his college years, <mask> was not a Christian and generally hostile to religion. He wrote in a memoir:

Like Augustine in the years when he studied at Carthage, he gave promise of an enemy, rather than a friend of Jesus of Nazareth. He was never dissolute, but during his collegiate course, and for some years after, he was thoroughly indifferent, and did whatever his tastes led him to believe would be pleasurable. Law career
After two years at Hamilton, <mask>'s growing disaffection with college life caused him to suddenly move to Canada with a friend, where he became editor-in-chief of a national newspaper, The Canadian. After just one year in that position, he decided to move back to the United States and specifically Buffalo. In his diary, he cites finances as a reason; indeed, when he arrived in Buffalo, he had enough money for just a single meal and only one night's stay in a hotel.Almost immediately after his arrival, he was hired by the law firm of Love & Tracy, then the preeminent lawyers of western New York. He quickly became a popular figure, and well respected by Buffalo society, and was chosen to represent the city in the United States semi-centennial celebrations. In 1825, at Buffalo's quarter-century celebrations, he was also chosen to speak, in which he recounted the more colorful side of Buffalo's history, recalling a panther killed in the street, the city's vicious rivalry with nearby Black Rock during its village years, and the construction of the Erie

masks: Lord Lord


title: John Chase Lord

texts:
 Canal. To supplement his income, he started an academy on Main Street for one winter, and, because of his respected status, it was quite successful, producing many of Buffalo's important citizens at the time. He was made Deputy Clerk of Erie County in 1827, and on 18 February 1828 was admitted to the Bar. On 9 December 1828, he married his first sweetheart, Mary Elizabeth <mask>, the daughter of Dr. Ebenezer <mask>, who later became the first Mayor of Buffalo. The eloped with only the Lord parents present, as the <mask>'s opposed their daughter's marriage.They later changed their minds and became great friends with <mask>. Conversion and ministry
During this period of his life, <mask> attended First Presbyterian Church, at the time the only of its denomination in Buffalo, and was elected a trustee of the congregation. Despite his clear involvement with the church, he was still not yet a deeply committed Christian, never publicly speaking at services. However, <mask>'s biography reports that he truly "converted" to the Christianity for unknown reasons, and offered public prayer at services one day. When his mother learned of this, she reportedly cried of happiness, and said that she was now "ready to depart in peace." In his new religious fervor, <mask> felt the calling to become a minister, and in 1830, enrolled in Auburn Seminary. After graduating in 1833, he ministered in Fayetteville, New York for several months.In September 1833, he was ordained and installed minister of Presbyterian Church of Geneseo in Livingston County, New York. From his seminary years on, <mask> was known as an especially orthodox and earnestly dogmatic in his adherence to Calvinism, which he considered

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Lord Lord Lord Lord Lord


title: John Chase Lord

texts: as truest of any Christian branch. His congregations were generally enthusiastic to receive him as a minister, for he was known as intelligent and charismatic. In 1835, the Buffalo Presbytery voted to establish a second church in addition to the First Presbyterian Church in Buffalo. Known as the Pearl Street Presbyterian Church, it began with 33 members who had transferred from First Church, and <mask> was appointed as its first minister. Upon arrival, he described the new church building: "The edifice was rudely constructed of hemlock boards doubled upon scantling, and filled in with tan-bark. It cost about three hundred dollars."He did not desire this new post, instead hoping to pursue missionary work in Mississippi, but accepted out of duty. His first sermon to his new flock was in November 1835. A year later, the youthful, quickly growing congregation had constructed a superior church structure, costing $30,000 (Equivalent to $749,456 in 2015). He set to work creating a vibrant community at the church, creating a large choir featuring brass instruments, and offered many of the fiery sermons that made him so famous. He quickly became more popular than the Pearl Street Church, offering praise for Buffalo and its citizens, but also criticism of their common sins, that other preachers overlooked. In 1836, he was honored as a New York representative to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. The next year, the liberal and conservative factions, commonly called the Old and New Schools, of the Church split into two autonomous wings that would not reunite until 1869.During these tumultuous times, <mask>'s church was the sole bastion of


title: John Chase Lord

texts:
 Presbyterian traditionalist beliefs in Buffalo. His alma mater, Hamilton College, awarded him an honorary Doctor of Divinity in 1841. In 1849, <mask> spoke in his Quarter Century Sermon, spoke of Buffalo's experience of the cholera epidemic:

<mask> began the year 1850 with his famous New Year's Sermon, widely published by local newspapers for its eloquence:

By now a nationally famous figure in theology, his lectures titled "The Land of Ophir," "The Progress of Civilization," "The Star Aldebaran," "The War of the Titans," and "The Romance of History" were published as a collection in 1851. After years serving as a delegate, <mask> was chosen as the Moderator of the 63rd General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1852, which took place in Charleston, South Carolina. Also in 1852 was the completion of the new Central Presbyterian Church in Buffalo, which housed the congregation of the former Pearl Street Presbyterian Church, and the construction of which began in 1848. The new church was at the time the largest place of worship in western New York, an ovular structure filled with natural lighting. A newspaper at the time described it as "not unlike the famous City Temple of London."During the winter 1859-1860, <mask> took six months off from his duties at Central Presbyterian Church, staying in Mobile, Alabama and preaching weekly at the Government Street Presbyterian Church. He returned to Buffalo just prior to the outbreak of the Civil War. <mask>'s loyalties were strongly Unionist. While he had defended the legality of slavery in earlier years, he had also always been an implacable critic of the practice itself. Sisters of Charity Hospital
The

masks:
Lord
Lord
John Lord
Lord
Lord


title: John Chase Lord

texts: Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo was created in 1847, and Bishop <mask>, its first prelate, immediately saw the lack of an organized healthcare system in the City of Buffalo. There were some private clinics, but no large central hospital, public or private. The city's mainly Protestant and nativist leadership, of whom <mask><mask> was the de facto leader did not adequately address the healthcare needs of the rapidly growing and mostly Catholic working class, partly due to prejudice.Some did try to establish a Protestant hospital, but efforts faded away for lack of popular interest. Bishop Timon took efforts into his own hands, traveling to Baltimore in March 1848, seeking a religious order to administer the new hospital. The Sisters of Charity (now known as the Daughters of Charity) agreed to the task, and on 3 June 1848,[3] eight Sisters of Charity, Sisters Ursula Mattingly, Ann de Sales Farren, Hieronimo O'Brien, Anacaria Hoey, Clare McDurby, Mary Aloysia Lilly, Mary Eliza Dougherty, and Agatha O'Keefe,[4] arrived in Buffalo. On 1 October 1848, Sisters of Charity Hospital officially opened as the city's first large healthcare facility, under the leadership of Sister Ursula Mattingly, DC. [3] The first patients were a group of six sailors. Very little attention at first was given to the hospital originally, with The Buffalo Morning Express reporting the news simply by writing: "The city is well received in having a hospital for its own. "[6] The New York State Legislature provided funding for sectarian hospitals in locations where there were no nonsectarian hospitals, and Sisters of Charity Hospital was eligible for and received $9,000 (equivalent to $266,667 in 2015 dollars).The

masks:
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John C
. Lord


title: John Chase Lord

texts:
 state funding was done rather inconspicuously, and the news only gained attention a few months later, when some of Buffalo's Protestant doctors protested the state funding of a Catholic institution as the city's first hospital. Tensions were high in New York at this time due to the recent Seneca Falls Convention, at which 68 women and 32 men out of 300 attendees signed the now-famous Declaration of Sentiments, which listed men's abuses of women's freedom and rights. The event was still fresh in the minds of the people of New York, and the Protestant men of Buffalo felt threatened, increasing their strong objection to the educated, Catholic females who were running a now-state funded hospital. Buffalo's elite began speaking out against the Sisters Hospital and its state funding, criticizing its all-female leadership, lack of physicians' influence in decision making, and small staff. In early February 1850, Protestant doctors Josiah Trowbridge, Austin Flint, and James White privately complained to <mask>, possibly Buffalo's most influential citizen at the time, about the administration of the hospital, arguing that three Sisters alone was not proper for the management of an entire hospital. He was enraged, seeing it not only as a religious threat but a political concern. Letter-writing feud
On 16 February 1850, the Saturday edition of The Buffalo Morning Express published an anonymous letter to the editor condemning the state legislature for providing public funding for Sisters of Charity Hospital "without securing the rights of the public therein or requiring any of the usual guarantees of the appropriation of that money.Much dissatisfaction has been felt and expressed in regard to


title: John Chase Lord

texts: the actions of the legislature. "[8] The letter was written by <mask> under his admitted pseudonym "Constituents". The inflammatory message resulted in a series of letters from both the Diocese of Buffalo and "Constituents", all published by The Buffalo Morning Express, a Whig Party-dominated and strongly anti-Catholic publication. Bishop Timon expressed dismay when shown the letter, and two days later The Buffalo Morning Express published a reply letter, in which he wrote that the Sisters of Charity Hospital was an "institution resting on the broad lines of charity, without reference to creed, color or country." <mask> wrote a heated letter in reply, calling the idea of the hospital as charitable "ridiculous". He contended that the hospital funding was granted to win political favor, as it was granted just prior to an election. Bishop Timon responded with a letter implying that bigotry towards the charity of the Catholic Church is the reason for the letters written by "Constituents."<mask>, through his pseudonym, responded in his own defense, stating that "Roman Catholic institutions, charitable if they please to call them so" are not what is opposed by Protestants, only the fact that the state legislature is "[funding] not a public hospital but a Roman Catholic one," and were "willing to do for the Papists what they have never done for their own religious institutions." He accused the government of being in collaboration with the Catholic Church, arguing that the funding was illegal. He warned that Sisters of Charity Hospital would make "citizens become subjects of Romish magic," and asked "are Roman Catholics to be almoners of Protestant charities to the poor and destitute?" In

masks: Lord Lord Lord


title: John Chase Lord

texts: another letter, he asserted that the hospital funding was illegal because "not a single Protestant is in the Corporation or has any supervision of its affairs." In the Christian Advocate, a Protestant newspaper at which <mask> was editor, he questioned why anyone who defends the Constitution "will be willing to be taxed to build up an institution the control of which is beyond the votes of a free republican people." Vicar General Fr. O'Reilly responded with a letter the next day reminding that the hospital existed to provide "corporeal mercy" for the sick and injured and that "the doors of that institution are as free to the clergy of one denomination of believers as they are to that of another."In yet another letter, <mask> wrote falsehoods about the Sisters and the hospital: "... had not the migrating body of sisters abandoned their location in another state ... May not the hospital here be closed at any time by the departure of its inmates to a new locality?" He also accused the Sisters of providing Catholic priests for patients who requested Protestant ministers and of offering patients free treatment if they converted to Catholicism. In reality, Bishop Timon, carefully recognizing the risk of proselytizing in such a hostile area, specifically forbad the Sisters of Charity from ever mentioning religion to Protestants unless one initiated the topic independently. He then published the statements of two former patients, who testified that Sister Ursula Mattingly, the director of the hospital, improperly treated non-Catholic patients, was not "properly trained in the medicines," and was a foreigner. One, named Michael Murphy, swore out an affidaviton 1 March 1850. He reported that


title: John Chase Lord

texts:
 <mask> offered him clothes and enough money to travel to Canada, where he was relocating, if he would tell the "emigrant agent office" that he was treated poorly by the Sisters of Charity. While Bishop Timon's and "Constituents"' letters were prolific during the month of February, by March Buffalo had a more pressing concern: a cholera epidemic was reaching its height after several months.Bishop Timon abruptly ceased responding to <mask>'s public letters; he was too busy with his efforts procuring additional state funding to expand the hospital. Also on his mind was the longterm missions of literally building a diocese from the ground up. New parishes, schools, colleges, seminaries, and an orphanage were needed to serve the growing Catholic population, who now made up more than half the population of Buffalo. <mask> published one last attack in The Buffalo Morning Express on 2 March 1850, warning local Protestants that Catholic priests and nuns seek "the conversion of Protestant children to the Romish faith." He warned, "beware of the Romish priesthood," claiming they ignore their vows of celibacy and use the Catholic Church for profit. In 1850, after months of public feuding between the Catholic and Protestant leaders of Buffalo, the New York State Legislature passed multiple bills denying additional funding to Sisters of Charity Hospital. The laws were pushed through by State Assemblyman <mask>, a close friend of <mask>, who wrote of the events in his memoir, "the apostate and tyranny of Rome was discovered and the State wisely chose to listen to the people for there is a law greater than the Constitution."Later life and death
According to his biography, from 1868 on he began to

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Lord
Lord
John Putnam
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title: John Chase Lord

texts:
 feel overburdened by his pastorate, as his church was very large with only a single minister. This led to the 1870 hiring of Rev. A. L. Benton from Lima, New York. However, the co-pastor was lost in 1872, when Benton accepted a new position ministering at the Fredonia Presbyterian Church of Fredonia, New York. By now an older man, and with the difficult task on ministering to a large church without any help, <mask> felt the need to leave the position of pastor to someone else. In September 1873, his resignation was reluctantly accepted by the Central Presbyterian Church, after 38 years as pastor. Following his retirement, <mask> had the honor of traveling to Cleveland, Ohio as Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.He cofounded a local Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and spent much time and money on the organization. He continued attending Central Presbyterian Church when his health permitted. In the fall of 1876, <mask>'s health began to fail, and he acknowledged that his time was near. For two days he was unconscious, and on the evening of Sunday, 21 January 1877, he died, surrounded by his parishioners. The Revs. A. T. Chester and D. R. Frazer spoke at his funeral, with Rev. Charles Wood officiating the service.Beliefs
Addressing Hamilton College students, <mask> spoke of the necessity of the inclusion of the supernatural in Christian theology:

A strong critic of Islam, in his lecture "The Romance of History," <mask> defended the Crusades and harshly condemned the control of the Holy Land by Muslims, and also encouraged the conversion of the Jews:

<mask> publicized his view opposing slavery during the

masks: Lord Lord Lord Lord Lord Lord


title: John Chase Lord

texts:
 early 1850s, with a sermon published in newspapers in which he concludes that although God does not condone the practice, citizens have no right to oppose it as a legal and constitutional institution. The sermon caused a national controversy, as some incorrectly interpreted <mask>'s view as being that the government can essentially make any sinful action legal or mandatory, including murder and theft, among others. He was called a Judas and a Benedict Arnold, although the controversy simmered out fairly quickly as his true views became clarified. Indeed, he was eventually commended by fellow clerics, and by President Millard Fillmore, who sent him the following letter:

Bibliography
 Annual address by the Rev. <mask><mask>, D. D.: Preachers, pedagogues and poets of Buffalo in 1825 (1825)
 Sermons to Young Men (1838)
 Lectures on the Progress of Civilization and Government, and Other Subjects (1851)
 Causes and Remedies of the Present Convulsions: A Discourse (1854)
 Occasional Poems (1869)
 Memoirs and Papers of Reverend Doctor <mask> Lord
 Memoir of <mask><mask>, D.D. : pastor of the Central Presbyterian Church for thirty-eight years (1878)

Sermons
 "The Character and Influence of Washington, Before the Union Continentals, of Buffalo" (22 February 1863)
 "Connection of Sacred and Profane History"
 "Descendants of Ishmael"
 "Errors in Theory, Practice, and Doctrine"
 "The Higher Law as applicable to the Fugitive Slave Bill" (30 November 1850)
 "The Justice of Our National Cause" (26 September 1861)
 "The Land of Ophir"
 "The Progress of Civilization"
 "The Romance of History"
 "Signs of the Times" (26 November 1837)
 "The Star Aldebaran" (14 February 1848)
 "The Throne of

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Lord
John C
. Lord
John Chase
John C
. Lord


title: David Sharp (mountaineer)

texts:
<mask> (15 February 1972 – 15 May 2006) was an English mountaineer who died near the summit of Mount Everest. His death caused controversy and debate because he was passed by a number of other climbers heading to and returning from the summit as he was dying, although a number of others tried to help him. <mask> had previously summitted Cho Oyu and was noted as being a talented rock climber who seemed to acclimatise well, and was known for being in good humour around mountaineering camps. He appeared briefly in season one of the television show Everest: Beyond the Limit, which was filmed the same season as his ill-fated expedition to Everest. <mask> had a degree from the University of Nottingham and pursued climbing as a hobby. He had worked for an engineering firm and took time off to go on adventures and climbing expeditions, but had been planning to start work as a school teacher in the autumn of 2006. Early life
<mask> was born in Harpenden, near London, and later attended Prior Pursglove College and the University of Nottingham.He graduated with a Mechanical Engineering degree in 1993. He worked for global security company QinetiQ. In 2005 he quit this job and took a teacher training course, and was planning to start work as a teacher in the autumn of 2006. <mask> was also an experienced and accomplished mountaineer, and had climbed some of the world's tallest mountains including Cho Oyu in the Himalayas. <mask> did not believe in using a guide for mountains he was familiar with, local climbing assistance or artificial enhancements, such as high altitude drugs or supplementary oxygen, to reach the top of a mountain. Expeditions and summits

Mountaineering summary
While growing up in England, <mask> climbed

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Sharp
David Sharp
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Sharp


title: David Sharp (mountaineer)

texts:
 Roseberry Topping. At university, he was a member of the Mountaineering Club.<mask> also took a six-month sabbatical from his job to go on a backpacking trip through South America and Asia. In May 2002, <mask> summited the  Cho Oyu with Jamie McGuinness and Tsering Pande Bhote. Cho Oyu is the sixth highest peak in the world and is near Mount Everest. The leader of the Cho Oyu expedition, impressed with <mask>'s strength, acclimatisation abilities, and rock climbing talent, invited him to join an expedition to Everest the next year. 2001 Gasherbrum II expedition
In 2001, <mask> went on an expedition to Gasherbrum II, an  mountain located in the Karakoram, on the border between Gilgit–Baltistan province, Pakistan-administered Kashmir, and Xinjiang, China. The expedition, led by Henry Todd, did not summit due to bad weather. 2002 Cho Oyu expedition
In 2002, <mask> went on an expedition to Cho Oyu, an  peak in the Himalayas, with a group led by Richard Dougan and McGuinness of the Himalayan Project.They did make it to the summit, but one member died from falling into a crevasse; this opened up a slot on the group's trip to Everest the next year. Dougan regarded <mask> as a strong climber, but noted that he was tall and skinny, possessing a light frame with little body fat; in cold-weather mountaineering, body fat can be critical to survival. 2003 Mount Everest expedition
<mask>'s first Mount Everest expedition was in 2003 with a group led by British climber Richard Dougan. The party also included Terence Bannon, Martin Duggan, Stephen Synnott, and McGuinness. Only Bannon and McGuinness reached the summit, but the group incurred no fatalities. Dougan noted that <mask> had acclimatised well and was their strongest team

masks: Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp


title: David Sharp (mountaineer)

texts:
 member. In addition, <mask> was noted for being a pleasant person at camp and had a talent for rock climbing.However, when <mask> started to get frostbite on the group's ascent, most of the group agreed to turn back with him from the summit. Dougan and <mask> helped a struggling Spanish climber who was heading up at that time, and gave him some extra oxygen. <mask> lost some of his toes to frostbite on this climb. 2004 Mount Everest expedition
In 2004, <mask> joined a Franco-Austrian expedition to the north side of Mount Everest, climbed to , but did not reach the summit. <mask> could not keep up with the others and stopped before the First Step. The expedition's leader was Hugues d’Aubarede, a French climber who was later killed in the 2008 K2 disaster (his third attempt to climb that mountain), but who became, on this 2004 expedition, the 56th French person to summit Everest. D'Aubarede's group reached the summit on the morning of 17 May and included Austrians Marcus Noichl, Paul Koller, and Fredrichs "Fritz" Klausner as well as Nepalis Chhang Dawa Sherpa, Lhakpa Gyalzen Sherpa, and Zimba Zangbu Sherpa (also known as Ang Babu).When <mask> died in 2006, d'Aubarede was on an expedition to K2. D'Aubarede said <mask> disagreed with him that it was wrong to climb alone and to attempt summiting without using supplementary oxygen. This is confirmed by <mask>'s emails to other climbers in which he stated he did not believe in using extra oxygen. He joined four climbers on this expedition, so <mask> relented on that point of disagreement, but only for a time, as he would return in 2006 for his solo attempt. As a result of his 2004 attempt, <mask> incurred frostbite on his fingers during the expedition. 2006 Mount Everest

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title: David Sharp (mountaineer)

texts:
 expedition
Two years later, <mask> returned to Everest to reach the summit on a solo climb arranged through Asian Trekking. The attempt ultimately cost him his life.<mask> was climbing alone and had intended to reach the summit without using supplementary oxygen, which is considered to be extremely risky even for very strong acclimatised mountain climbers or Sherpas. However, <mask> apparently did not consider it a challenge to climb Everest with supplementary oxygen. <mask> was climbing with a bare-bones "basic services" package from Asian Trekking that does not offer support after a certain altitude is reached on the mountain or a Sherpa to climb with as a partner, although this option was available to <mask> for an additional fee. He was grouped with 13 other independent climbers – including Vitor Negrete, Thomas Weber, and Igor Plyushkin who also died attempting to summit that year – on the International Everest Expedition. This package only provided a permit, a trip into Tibet, oxygen equipment, transportation, food, and tents up to the Mount Everest "Advance Base Camp" (ABC) at an elevation of about . The group <mask> was with was not really an "expedition" and had no leader, although it is considered good climbing ethics that members of the group make some effort to keep track of one another. Before <mask> booked his trip with Asian Trekking, his friend McGuinness, an experienced climber and guide, invited him to join his organised expedition at a discount.<mask> acknowledged this as a good deal but declined so he could act independently and climb at his own pace. Critically, <mask> opted to climb alone without a Sherpa, deciding not to bring sufficient supplementary oxygen (reportedly only two bottles,

masks: Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp


title: David Sharp (mountaineer)

texts: which is enough for about 8 to 10 hours of climbing at high altitude) and without a radio to call for help if he encountered problems. <mask> was transported by vehicle to the Base Camp, and his equipment was transported by yak train to the Advance Base Camp, as part of the Asian Trekking "basic services" package. <mask> remained there for five days to acclimatise to the altitude. He made several trips up and down the mountain to set up and stock his upper camps and further acclimatise himself. <mask> likely set out from a camp high on the mountain below the Northeast Ridge to make a summit attempt during the late evening of May 13th. He needed to climb what is referred to as the "Exit Cracks", traverse the Northeast Ridge, including the Three Steps, reach the summit, then climb down to return to his high camp while reportedly bringing his limited supply of supplementary oxygen which he intended to use only in an emergency.<mask> either managed to reach the summit or turned back near the summit to descend very late in the day on May 14th. In the end, he was forced to bivouac on the mountain during his descent in the dark at about  under a rocky overhang known as Green Boots' Cave situated near the so-called First Step. There he was overcome by the elements without any remaining supplementary oxygen, possibly combined with equipment problems, likely also suffering some degree of altitude sickness due to a lack of oxygen on one of the coldest nights of the season. <mask>'s predicament was not immediately known for several reasons: he was not climbing with an expedition that would monitor climbers' locations; he had not told anyone beforehand of his summit attempt (although other climbers spotted him on his ascent);

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title: David Sharp (mountaineer)

texts:
 he did not have a radio or satellite phone with him to let anyone know where he was or that he was in trouble and two other more inexperienced climbers from his group went missing at around the same time. One of the two missing climbers was Malaysian Ravi Chandran, who was eventually found but required medical attention after getting frostbite. Some members of the group of climbers <mask> was with, including George Dijmarescu, realised <mask> was missing when he did not return later in the evening on May 15th and nobody reported seeing him. <mask> was an experienced climber who had previously turned around when he had experienced problems and it was surmised that <mask> had sought shelter at one of the higher camps or bivouacked somewhere higher up on Everest, so his failure to return to camp did not initially cause serious concern.High-altitude bivouacs are very risky but are sometimes recommended in certain extreme situations. <mask> ultimately died under the rocky overhang, sitting with arms clasped around his legs, next to Green Boots. The "cave" is situated approximately  above the high camps, commonly called Camp 4 but the extreme cold, fatigue, lack of oxygen and darkness made a descent to Camp 4 very dangerous or next to impossible. Accounts of the Fatal Climb

Himex Expedition – First Team
Himex organised several teams to climb Everest during the 2006 climbing season expedition. The first team was guided by mountain climber and guide Bill Crouse. At around 01:00 on May 14th, Crouse's expedition team passed by <mask> during their ascent near the location on the North route known as the "Exit Cracks". When Crouse's team descended around 11:00, they saw <mask> once again but this time he was higher up on the

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title: David Sharp (mountaineer)

texts:
 mountain at the base of the Third Step.By the time Crouse's expedition had descended to the Second Step, more than one hour later, they looked back to see that <mask> was above the Third Step but was climbing very slowly and had only moved about . Turkish Team
Another source of information about <mask> were reports from a team of Turkish climbers. They left their high camp in the evening on May 14th and were essentially traveling in three separate groups. Late in the evening to early morning, the Turkish team members encountered <mask> in the darkness while they were ascending. The first group encountered <mask> around midnight, noticed he was alive and thought that he appeared to be a climber taking a short break. <mask> supposedly waved them on. Some time later, others who noticed <mask> thought he was already dead; recovery of a dead climber's body is almost impossible due to the conditions so far up the mountain.It is thought that <mask> might've fallen asleep between these two encounters. The fact that <mask> wanted to sleep was noted by other climbers who encountered him later on, a quote telling people that he wanted to sleep was later reported in some news media stories. Some of the Turkish team summited early in the morning on May 15th while some turned back near the summit due to difficulties one of their team members was having. The Turkish team members who turned back encountered <mask> again at about 07:00 and one of them was the Turkish team leader, Serhan Pocan, who had previously passed <mask> in the night and thought <mask> was a climber who had recently died. In the daylight, Pocan realised that <mask> was alive and in serious trouble. <mask> had no oxygen left, had serious frostbite and some

masks: Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp


title: David Sharp (mountaineer)

texts:
 limbs were frozen. Two of the Turkish climbers stayed, gave him something to drink and tried to help him move.When they themselves began to run low on oxygen, they were forced to leave but with the intent to return with more oxygen. Their initial effort to help was complicated by their own problems trying to get Burçak Özoğlu Poçan down safely; she was the climber in their group having medical problems. Serhan Pocan placed radio calls to the rest of the team coming down from the summit about <mask> and continued descending with Burçak. At about 08:30, two other members of the Turkish team cleaned out <mask>'s iced up mask to give him oxygen but they had started to run out themselves and had to descend. The remaining Turks later attempted to further help <mask> along with some Himex expedition members. Himex Expedition – Second Team
The vanguard of the second team of Himex climbers included Max Chaya, New Zealand double-amputee Mark Inglis, Wayne Alexander (who designed Inglis' prosthetic climbing legs), Discovery cameraman Mark Whetu, experienced climbing guide Mark Woodward, and their Sherpas, including Phurba Tashi. The team left their high camp around  late in the evening near midnight on May 14th.Chaya and the Sherpa he was climbing with were out in front by about half an hour. At about 01:00, Woodward and his group (including Inglis, Alexander, Whetu and some Sherpas) encountered <mask>, who Woodward knew should not be there. He was neither conscious nor moving, was suffering from severe frostbite but they could see that he was breathing. Woodward noticed <mask> had thin gloves and no oxygen and said that they yelled at <mask> to get up, get moving and follow the headlamps back to the high camps. Woodward

masks: Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp


title: David Sharp (mountaineer)

texts: shined his headlamp in <mask>'s eyes, but <mask> was unresponsive. Woodward thought he was almost dead and in a hypothermic coma, commenting, "Oh, this poor guy, he's stuffed", and believed <mask> could not be rescued. Woodward attempted to radio their Advanced Base Camp about <mask> but got no reply.Alexander commented, "God bless... Rest in peace", before the group moved on. Woodward said it was not an easy decision to make but his chief responsibility was the safety of his own team members. Stopping in the extreme cold at that time would have risked the lives of his entire team. At that elevation, one has to be conscious and able to walk to attempt a rescue. Maxime Chaya reached the summit at around 06:00. During his descent, Chaya and the Sherpa he was with, Dorjee, encountered <mask> a little after 09:00, noticed he was shivering and tried to help him. Chaya also notified the Himex expedition manager Russell Brice over the group's radio.He had not seen <mask> in the darkness of the ascent. Chaya observed that <mask> was unconscious, shivering severely and was wearing a thin pair of wool gloves with no hat, glasses or goggles. <mask> was severely frostbitten, had frozen hands and legs and was found with only one empty oxygen bottle. At one point <mask> stopped shivering, leading Chaya to believe he had died; some time later he started shivering again. They attempted to give him oxygen, but there was no response. After about an hour, Brice advised Chaya that he was running out of oxygen and there was nothing he could do, so he needed to come down. Chaya told The Washington Post: "it almost looks like he [<mask>] had a death wish".Soon after Chaya descended, some of the others from the second Himex group and a

masks:
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David Sharp


title: David Sharp (mountaineer)

texts:
 Turkish group encountered <mask> again during their descent and attempted to help him. Phurba Tashi, the lead Sherpa for Himex, and a Turkish Sherpa gave <mask> oxygen from a spare bottle they found, patted him to try to get circulation going and tried to give him something to drink. At one point <mask> mumbled a few sentences. The group tried to get <mask> to his feet, but he was not able to stand, even with assistance. They moved <mask> into the sunlight and descended. It took the two strongest Sherpas about 20 minutes just to move <mask> about four steps into the sunlight, so they could not have taken <mask> with them. Mark Inglis Controversy
Following <mask>'s death, Mark Inglis was initially severely criticised by the media and others, including Sir Edmund Hillary, for not helping <mask>.Inglis stated that <mask> had been passed by 30 to 40 other climbers heading for the summit who made no attempt at a rescue, but he was criticised for not helping <mask> simply because he was more well known. Inglis said he believed that <mask> was ill-prepared, lacking proper gloves, not bringing enough supplementary oxygen and was already doomed by the time of his ascent. He also initially stated, "I... radioed, and  [expedition manager Russell Brice] said, 'Mate, you can't do anything. He's been there X number of hours without oxygen. He's effectively dead.' Trouble is, at 8500 meters it's extremely difficult to keep yourself alive, let alone keep anyone else alive". Statements by Inglis suggest that he believed that <mask> was probably so close to death as to have been beyond help by the time the Inglis party passed him during his group's ascent and the reported radio calls to their base camp.However Brice, who was

masks:
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
David Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp


title: David Sharp (mountaineer)

texts: initially criticised for reportedly advising Inglis during his ascent to move on without assessing the situation at that time or the possibility of rescue for <mask>, denies the claim that any radio call was received about the stranded climber until he was notified some eight hours later by climber Maxime Chaya, who had not seen <mask> in the darkness of the ascent. At this time <mask> was unconscious and shivering violently with severe frostbite, with no gloves or oxygen. It was revealed that Brice kept detailed logs of radio calls with his expedition members, recorded all radio traffic, and that the Discovery channel was filming Brice during this time, all of which confirmed that Brice was first notified of <mask> being in trouble when climber Chaya contacted Brice at about 09:00. In the documentary Dying for Everest, Mark Inglis stated: "From my memory, I used the radio. I got a reply to move on and there is nothing that I can do to help. Now I'm not sure whether it was from Russell [Brice] or from someone else, or whether you know... it's just hypoxia and it's ... it's in your mind." It is believed that if Inglis did in fact have a radio conversation where he was told that "he's been there X number of hours without oxygen" that it must have been on Inglis' descent, as there was no way for Brice or other climbers to have known how long <mask> had been where he was found during the climber's ascent.In July 2006 Inglis retracted his claim that he was told to continue his ascent after informing Brice of a climber in distress, blaming the extreme conditions at altitude for the uncertainty in his memory. The Discovery Channel was filming the Himex expedition for a documentary Everest: Beyond the Limit, including an


title: David Sharp (mountaineer)

texts:
 HD camera carried by Whetu (that became unusable during the ascent due to the extreme cold) and helmet cameras for some of the Himex Sherpas, which included footage indicating that <mask> was only found by Inglis's group on their descent. However, the group of climbers with Inglis confirmed that they did discover <mask> on the ascent, but they do not confirm that Brice was contacted regarding <mask> during the ascent. By the time the Inglis group reached him on the descent and contacted Brice they were low on oxygen, heavily fatigued, with several cases of severe frostbite and other problems on the mountain, making any rescue by them impossible. Jamie McGuinness
New Zealand mountaineer Jamie McGuinness reported about a Sherpa that reached <mask> on the descent, "...Dawa from Arun Treks also gave oxygen to <mask> and tried to help him move, repeatedly, for perhaps an hour. But he could not get <mask> to stand alone or even stand resting on his shoulders. Dawa had to leave him too.Even with two Sherpas it was not going to be possible to get <mask> down the tricky sections below". McGuinness was part of an expedition that successfully climbed Cho Oyu with <mask> in 2002. He also was on the 2003 expedition to Mount Everest with <mask> and other climbers, and in 2006 offered <mask> the opportunity to climb Everest with his organised expedition for little more than what he ultimately paid Asian Trekking, which <mask> declined as he wanted to climb Everest independently. In the documentary Dying For Everest, McGuiness noted that <mask> did not expect to be rescued - "absolutely not, he was clear to me that he understood the risks and he did not want to endanger anyone else". Discovery Channel TV series
<mask> was briefly

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David
David
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David Sharp


title: David Sharp (mountaineer)

texts:
 caught on a camera in the morning on 15 May during filming of the first season of a television show Everest: Beyond the Limit, which was filmed the same season as his ill-fated expedition. The footage was from the helmet camera of a Himex Sherpa who encountered <mask>, along with one of the Himex group of climbers who included Mark Inglis, during their descent, and was attempting to help <mask> along with a Turkish Sherpa. Reactions

Sir Edmund Hillary
Sir Edmund Hillary was highly critical of the decision not to try to rescue <mask>, as reported by the media at that time, saying that leaving other climbers to die is unacceptable, and the desire to get to the summit has become all-important.He also said, "I think the whole attitude towards climbing Mount Everest has become rather horrifying. The people just want to get to the top. It was wrong if there was a man suffering altitude problems and was huddled under a rock, just to lift your hat, say good morning and pass on by". He told the New Zealand Herald that he was horrified by the callous attitude of today's climbers. "They don't give a damn for anybody else who may be in distress and it doesn't impress me at all that they leave someone lying under a rock to die", and that, "I think that their priority was to get to the top and the welfare of one of the ... of a member of another expedition was very secondary." Hillary also called Mark Inglis "crazy". <mask>'s mother
<mask>, <mask>'s mother does not blame other climbers.She told The Sunday Times, "Your responsibility is to save yourself – not to try to save anybody else." <mask>
Mountaineer <mask>, who was on Everest that season on the North side, commented to The Washington Post: "It's too bad that none of the

masks:
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Linda Sharp
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David Watson
David Watson


title: David Sharp (mountaineer)

texts:
 people who cared about <mask> knew he was in trouble", because "the outcome would have been a lot different." Watson thought it was possible to save <mask>, and he said <mask> had worked with other climbers in 2004, to save a Mexican climber who had gotten into trouble. Watson was alerted the morning of 16 May by Phurba Tashi. Watson went to <mask>'s tent and showed <mask>'s passport to Tashi, who confirmed his identity. Around this time, a Korean team gave a radio report that the climber in red boots [<mask>] was dead. He had his rucksack with him, but his camera was missing, so it is not known if he summited.Fate of the body
<mask>'s body remains on the mountain, but was removed from sight in 2007. See also
1996 Mount Everest disaster
Beck Weathers
Lincoln Hall (climber)
 List of people who died climbing Mount Everest
 List of Mount Everest expeditions

References

Further reading
 Dr. Morandeira: "Could <mask> have been saved? Definitely", includes a chronology of the incident – mounteverest.net
 Everest 2006: "My name is <mask> and I am with Asian Trekking" – everestnews.com

External links
 Picture of where <mask> died
 List of deceased UK Everest climbers

1972 births
2006 deaths
British summiters of Mount Everest
Deaths from hypothermia
English mountain climbers
Mountaineering deaths on Mount

masks:
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David Sharp
David Sharp
David Sharp


title: Joseph William Torrey

texts:
Col. <mask>, Rajah of Ambong and Marudu, (April 22, 1828 in Bath, Maine; – June 22, 1885 in Boston) was an American merchant, president of the American Trading Company of Borneo and co-founder of the American colony "Ellena" (in present-day Kimanis) together with Thomas Bradley Harris on the island of Borneo. He was known as "Yankee Rajah" and served as a U.S. vice-consul to Siam. Early life
<mask> was born on April 22, 1828 in the American small town of Bath in Maine. He was the son of <mask> and Emily Houghton. His father practiced the craft of a printer and was also the founder of the Maine Gazette, which is the town first newspaper. In 1834, the family moved to Roxbury, a district of Boston. Torrey graduated from the Boston High School under Rev.Dr. Leach. At first, he also learned the printing business and worked for several years in the company of his father, which brought him into contact with the satirical magazine, Carpet Bag by Benjamin Penhallow Shillaber. Torrey served in several companies and was a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Boston. However, the authenticity of his military grade "Colonel" is questioned. Further career
In 1853, he left Boston and went to Melbourne, Australia, where he worked as a clerk at Caldwell, Train & Co., Commission Merchants and Steam Packet Agents. He was also a member of Torrey & Foodrich and Company, Discharging Clerks. In addition to his work, he began studying law; although it was not known if he received an academic degree in law.In Melbourne, he joined the Masonic lodge and later became the Grand Master. On September 22, 1854, during his time in Australia, he married his first wife, Eliza Lydia Ewer in Victoria. The couple had two children, Emiline Eliza (born in 1856) and Cordelia Grace (born in 1858). One year after the birth of their second children, Eliza however died

masks:
Joseph William Torrey
Torrey
Joseph Gendall Torrey


title: Joseph William Torrey

texts:
 young after battling with a short illness at the age of 27 years. Torrey returned with his two children to Roxbury in 1860, where they grew up with their grandparents. In 1860, Torrey moved to British Hong Kong, where he became the editor of The China Mail, the first British daily newspaper in Hong Kong. He later took over the publication of the Hong Kong Times.In 1862, he joined Montgomery & Parker as a ship broker and commissioner. In 1863, Torrey married again. His second wife, the first fifteen-year-old Charlotte Ann "Lemon" Mills, bore him a son <mask> (born on September 16, 1864) and a daughter named Elena Charlotte (born in 1867). He later bought his own ship from the ship broker company, which he baptized as Ellen - probably named after his newest youngest daughter. Foundation of the Ellena Colony

In August 1865, the American consul in Brunei, Charles Lee Moses concluded a 10-year lease with the Sultan Abdul Momin and his successor, Pengiran Temenggung who guaranteed land rights in various areas in the north of Borneo. Looking for a quick profit, the consul immediately sought buyers for his concessions following the signing of the lease. Moses bid raised the interest among his countrymen including Torrey himself and Thomas Bradley Harris.Blessed with exuberant reports of a land rich in gold, diamonds, precious stones, spices and treasures waiting to be delivered to the markets of Hong Kong and China, they bought the concessions of Moses in September 1865. In October 1865, Torrey and Harris, together with Chinese lenders Lee Assing and Pong Ampong under the American Trading Company of Borneo decided to build a colony in the area of today's Kimanis. Taking note of the fact that the acquisition of the concession of Moses was also recognized by the Sultan of Brunei, Torrey made a new concession letter drawn up on November 24, 1865 at the Brunei


title: Joseph William Torrey

texts:
 Palace provided with the seals of the Sultan and three of his ministers. The document confirms his concession acquisition which is not only guaranteed for Torrey to be the ruler of life and death, but the Sultan even gave him the title of "Rajah of Ambong and Marudu". In December 1865, Torrey with 12 Americans and 60 Chinese founded the colony of "Ellena" and appointed himself as the governor, then bestowed by His Majesty the Sultan of Brunei as the Rajah of Ambong and Marudu, and Harris as vice-governor. His plans to make Ellena attractive to further settlers by cultivating sugarcane, tobacco and rice failed soon after. This was mainly caused by the unfortunate choice of the position of Ellenas; in the mouth of the sluggish Kimanis River which favored the outbreak of malaria and other diseases.The colony also lacked a solid financial base which meant that <mask> was forced to temporarily leave his own colony to his deputy, Harris to look for investors in Hong Kong and Shanghai. While Torrey desperately tried to raise additional funds in Hong Kong for his colony in Borneo, his friend Harris died of malaria on May 22, 1866. Torrey buried his business partner on the top of a nearby hill in his colony area in Borneo, now known as Governor's Hill. Torrey made the following inscription to his tombstone:

As early as 1866, the American colony was abandoned because of a lack of capital, a lack of labor, riots among the workers and serious diseases. The end of Ellena left Torrey penniless. Driven on the one hand by the predominantly Chinese investors, unlike Charles Lee Moses who was still waiting for the payment of the purchase price, he tried to continue selling his rights profitably. However, only nine years later, just before the ten-year term expired, Torrey succeeded in selling all rights to Baron von Overbeck from Germany in January 1876 in Hong


title: Joseph William Torrey

texts:
 Kong.The purchase price of $15,000 was linked to the condition that within nine months it was necessary to obtain an extension of the concessions from the ruler of Brunei. Diplomatic service
From 1877 to 1880, Torrey was a vice-consul at the U.S. Consulate in Siam (present-day Thailand). In his capacity as a vice-consul, he also belonged to the American delegation who accompanied ex-President Ulysses S. Grant during his visit to meet Chulalongkorn, the king of Siam. It seems, however, that Torrey presence was not well-liked by all, as he could not arrange with his superior. After his resignation as vice-consul, he remained a member of the American Legation in Bangkok. Later life and death
Torrey returned to America in 1883. A few days before his death, the news from the King of Siam reached him, telling that he should be appointed as the king's chief adviser.Before he decided whether to take office or not, <mask> died suddenly on June 22, 1885, at his home on Wabon Street in Roxbury. Although he already died, he still recognized by the government for representing his lost kingdom as his body was dressed in the uniform of a high oriental dignitary for three days before his black coffin of walnut wood was taken to the St. James Episcopal Church. A large crown of flowers in the colors of the flag of Ellenas-yellow and red-formed the central view, a half-moon with thirteen stripes on a blue background, and thirteen stars which testified the American origin of the rajah. He was buried at the Torrey Family Cemetery of the Forest Hills Cemetery. Miscellaneous
<mask>ley's Believe It or Not! in the year of 1950. Notes

Literature
 <mask> Torrey: American Trading Company of Borneo Organized Under Special Concession from His Highness the Sultan of Borneo, and the General Laws of the State of New York.1868

References

Borneo
History of Sabah
1828

masks:
Torrey
Torreyip
Joseph William


title: Sally Gardner

texts:
<mask> is a British children's writer and illustrator. She won both the Costa Children's Book Award and the Carnegie Medal for Maggot Moon (Hot Key Books, 2012). Under her pseudonym Wray Delaney she has also written adult novels. Life
<mask> is the daughter of two lawyers, raised in Birmingham, her parents separated and later divorced when she was five. Her mother, Nina Lowry was a barrister and judge at the Old Bailey. <mask> recalls being badly bullied in school, even being nicknamed 'Silly <mask>' on account of her then undiagnosed dyslexia. She was formally diagnosed with severe dyslexia at 12 and didn't learn to read until she was 14, with the first book she read in full being Wuthering Heights.Noticed by teachers for her creative flair, she did very well in art college and then in drama college, and worked as a theatre set designer before turning to illustration and writing. She lives in London. In 2019 <mask> became an Ambassador for audiobook charity Listening Books. Writer
Her first book as a writer was published by Orion Books in 1993: The Little Nut Tree, a children's picture book that she also illustrated. Her first full-length novel was a breakthrough, as I, Coriander won the Smarties Prize in 2005 (reader category 9–11 years). It is set in Cromwellian London and tells the story of Coriander, the unhappy daughter of a silk merchant. The Red Necklace: A story of the French Revolution and its sequel The Silver Blade are set primarily in France during the Revolution and the Reign of Terror, also in contemporary London.They feature an aristocratic girl and a gypsy boy who are 12 and 14 years old when the story opens. The boy Yann has been trained to assist a stage

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Sally Gardner
Gardner
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Sally


title: Sally Gardner

texts:
 (forthcoming)

As illustrator only
 Robert and the Giant (Hamish Hamilton, 1990), by Marjorie Newman
 Suzi, Sam, George & Alice (1993), Beverley Birch
 Playtime Rhymes (1995)
 Gynormous! : The Ultimate Book of Giants (1996), Adrian Mitchell
 Hello? Is Anybody There? (1997), Jostein Gaarder, 144 pp. – orig.Hallo? Er det noen her? , 1996
 The Real Fairy Storybook (1998), Georgie Adams
 Polly's Running Away Book (2000), Frances Thomas
 Polly's Absolutely Worst Birthday Ever (2001), Thomas
 Polly's Really Secret Diary (2002), Thomas

Adult novels under pseudonym of Wray Delaney
 An Almond for a Parrot (2016)
 The Beauty of the Wolf (2019)

Awards and nominations
 2003 The Countess's Calamity, Nestlé Children's Book Prize bronze runner-up and Kids' Club Award winner, ages 6–8 years
 2005 I, Coriander, Nestlé Children's Book Prize winner, ages 9–11 years
 2006 I, Coriander, shortlisted for the British Children's Book of the Year
 2007 I, Coriander, shortlisted for the Stockton Children's Book of the Year
 2012 Maggot Moon, Costa Book Awards, children's category
 2013 Maggot Moon, Carnegie Medal

References

External links

 Blog

<mask> at Book Browse – short biography, interview, etc. (plus at least 3 early works by another <mask>)

English children's writers
English historical novelists
English illustrators
British children's book illustrators
British women illustrators
Carnegie Medal in Literature winners
Costa Book Award winners
20th-century illustrators of fairy tales
21st-century illustrators of fairy tales
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People with dyslexia
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
Dyslexic

masks:
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Sally Gardner


title: Febrônio Índio do Brasil

texts:
<mask> (January 14, 1895 – August 27, 1984) was a Brazilian rapist and serial killer. Biography

Childhood
Febrônio was born in the city of São Miguel de Jequitinhonha (present-day Jequitinhonha), probably on January 14, 1895. He was the second of fourteen children born to couple <mask> and Reginalda Ferreira de Mattos. His probable true name was Febrônio Ferreira de Mattos, but he gained fame as <mask>, the "Son of Light", as he presented himself to police officers, journalists, judicial authorities and forensic psychiatrists. His father, <mask>, as he was best known, worked as a farmer, but for some time he had been a butcher. He was an alcoholic, and very often violently attacked his wife. On several occasions, Febrônio witnessed his mother's beatings.<mask>on was also violent towards his children. Probably in 1907, at the age of 12, Febrônio fled his home in the company of a travelling salesman. He wandered around the localities around his hometown, until he arrived in Diamantina, where he learned to read and earned his living as a butler. Later, he moved to Belo Horizonte, surviving as a shoe shiner and a domestic servant. Probably in 1909, Febrônio, aged 14, went to Rio de Janeiro, then the Federal Capital. He returned to the state capital of Minas Gerais in 1916, under the name of Pedro de Souza, but soon returned to Rio de Janeiro. Criminal life and mystical revelations
Since returning to Rio de Janeiro, Febrônio began to commit crimes, and between 1916 and 1929, dozens of passages were recorded by police for fraud, blackmail, bribery, theft, robbery and loitering.During one of these arrests in 1920 at the Dois Rios Correctional

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Febônio Índio do Brasil
Theodoro Simões de Oliveira
Febnio Índio do Brasil
Theodoron
Theodor


title: Febrônio Índio do Brasil

texts:
 Febrônio promised Jonjoca a suit as a gift, in the case the boy accepted to get the same tattoo as the one on his companion's chest.Frightened, he consented, and Febrônio performed the procedure with a needle, thread and red paint. Later, they went to the forest of Ribeiro Island, where Jonjoca was strangled with a rope. The boy's corpse was found only on September 7 that same year, naked, lying about 300 meters from the body of Alamiro, Febrônio's previous victim, had been discovered. Indictment and judgment
On August 16, police were warned that a corpse had been found on Ribeiro Island the day before. The body was recognized as that of Alamiro José Ribeiro, next to which there was a cap. One of the investigators recalled that, a few days ago, a detainee had been released from prison wearing that cap. In the House of Detention, the investigator obtained information that the cap had been stolen by Febrônio Índio <mask>, the day that he had been released.The mugshot from Febrônio's police file was shown to Alamiro's father, who identified him as the man who, by offering the boy a job at his bus company, left with him on the day of his disappearance. Febrônio was finally located on August 31 of the same year, while entering a train on the Leopoldina Railroad at Leopoldina Station. When led to the 4th Auxiliary Police Station in Rio de Janeiro, he was recognized by Jonjoca's father as the one who proposed for him to work as a butler and took his son on the day of the boy's disappearance. Two days later, on September 2, delegate Dr. Oliveira Ribeiro was able to obtain Febrônio's confession regarding Alamiro's murder, but only assumed


title: Febrônio Índio do Brasil

texts:
 a psychiatric asylum colony to undergo treatment. On October 4, the jurist Dr. Evaristo de Moraes, in an interview with O Jornal, considering the fact that Febrônio had improper treatment at the National Hospice, recommended that he be transferred to a mental asylum. In 1928, Febrônio was taken before a jury, presided over by Judge Dr. Ary <mask>.His defense was executed by the lawyer Dr. Létacio Jansen, who sustained criminal incomputability in the face of his manifest madness. It was then that Febrônio was examined by forensic psychiatrist Dr. Heitor Carrilho. Data collected from the interview appeared to indicate an imaginary mystic-delirious extravaganza by the inculturation of Febrônio, exemplified by the fixation in the maternal figure that, according to him, was called Estrella do Oriente Índio do Brasil. This data was compared with the information obtained by Agenor Ferreira de Mattos, Febrônio's brother who lived in Jequié and had come to visit him, later proving that the defendant falsified his testimony, either on purpose or due to pathological lying. On February 20, 1928, Dr. Carrilho, aided by Dr. Manoel Clemente Reyio, finally issued an extensive expert report which became famous later on, from which the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Febrônio Índio <mask>, is a bearer of a constitutional psychopathy, characterized by ethical deviations, covering the form of moral madness and instinctive perversions, expressed in homosexuality with sadistic impulses, a state that is joined by delirious ideas of the imaginary, mystical character. 2.His antisocial reactions or the criminal acts of which he is accused result from this

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de Azevedo
do Brasil


title: Febrônio Índio do Brasil

texts:
 1984, at the age of 89, caused by pulmonary emphysema. His body was discreetly buried on September 5, 1984, at the Caju Cemetery. Legacy

Cultural legacy
The life and crimes of Febrônio generated repercussions in the culture and influenced several artists. Theater
The first cultural manifestation about the anti-juridical acts committed by Febrônio was the painting The Son of the Light, that was showcased in 1927 in the revue "I do not want to know more of her", by the company Ra-Ta-Plan. The director Paulo Biscaia Filho produced the play DCVXVI - this is the Son of Light, with actor Clóvis Inocêncio in the role of Febrônio. Literature
During the period of the year 1927, when Febrônio was showcased in the newspapers, an unknown author who signed as M. Splayne, possibly a pseudonym, wrote The crimes of the monster Febrônio, a collection of information obtained in the press and that barely disguised his condemnatory impetus.In the same year, the Swiss poet Blaise Cendrars collected data on Febrônio during his stay in Brazil and obtained authoritzation to speak to him personally in the House of Detention. The material served for the publication of a series of critical articles in the French newspaper Paris Soir, compiled in 1938 in the chapter Febrônio (magic sexualis) of his book La vie dangereuse, in which he tried to correlate the crimes of Febrônio with his mixed race of African descent and the Brazilian tropical climate, in addition to describing the sensations he experienced when interviewing him. Brazilian modernist authors, such as Antônio Castilho de Alcântara <mask>, Aníbal <mask>, Pedro Nava, Rubem Fonseca and Ruy Castro, also

masks: Machado Machado


title: Febrônio Índio do Brasil

texts:
 made references to Febrônio in their works. More recently, the company administrator Ilana Casoy wrote a chapter on Febrônio in her book Serial Killers: Made in Brazil and Carlos Augusto <mask> Calil, a film professor at the University of São Paulo, gave out a booklet titled The Book of Febrônio. Music
Between 1928 and 1935, Febrônio was the theme of some carnival marches. One of them, "I went in the bush, Creole", authored by Gomes Júnior, has the following excerpt: "I went in the bush, / creole, / look for cipó, / Creole! / I saw an animal, / Creole, / with one eye!/ It was not a bug, / it was nothing, / was the Febrón / of wide pants ". Language and collective imagination
Febrônio was used in the 1930s as a bogeyman by parents who had the intention of frightening their disobedient children, with phrases such as "Be careful that Febrônio comes to get you!" Cinema
In 1981, José Sette directed the feature film "Febrônio Índio do Brasil". In 1984, Silvio Da-Rin showcased an 11-minute duration reel, winning the best prize assembly at the Festival de Gramado in 1985 for AIDA Marques, with the 1985 winner for best photography going to Walter Carvalho. Television
The program Linha Direta, on Rede Globo, dedicated their November 25, 2004 broadcast to the crimes committed by Febrônio, played in skits by actor Flavio Bauraqui. The episode included comments from specialists in Law and Medicine, among them Dr. Talvane Marins de Moraes, a forensic psychiatrist who accompanied Febrônio in his last years as an intern of the Heitor Carrilho Custody Hospital. Legal legacy
The judgment of Febrônio Índio do Brasil was recognized as the triumph of


title: Louis de Loczy

texts:
<mask> (b. in Budapest, Hungary June 5, 1891; d. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, June 9, 1980). He was the son of Lajos Lóczy, probably the most famous Hungarian geologist. <mask>y was the first western geologist to describe the structure, geomorphology and stratigraphy of mountain chains bordering the Tibetan Plateau that links the Kunlun Mountains with the north-south-oriented belt of mountains and gorges in central China. Early career
Inspired by his father's work, <mask> pursued eagerly his undergraduate course of geology in the University of Zurich, the famous E.T.H. (Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule) where he also got his Ph.D. in 1919. He studied further with the famous tectonicist Maurice Lugeon at the University of Lausanne. <mask> joined in 1920 the Geological Survey of Hungary.He was assigned the mission of geological mapping in parts of his country. From 1922 onwards he worked under contract with Royal Dutch Shell, when he carried out geological exploration in Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Timor and Celebes (presently Indonesia); and also in Ecuador, Peru, Romania, Yugoslavia, Polonia and Hungary. In 1926 he followed in his father's footsteps by becoming the chair of Geology at the University of Budapest. On September 14, 1926 he married <mask>. They had a son, Lajos, born in 1929 in Budapest. <mask> was Director of the Geological Institute of Hungary until 1933. During this time he devoted himself to education and training of Hungarian students of geology and with this team discovered the oil fields as well as the deposits of bauxite, iron and manganese

masks:
Louis de Loczy
Lajos de Locz
Louis de Loczy
Loczy
Madeleine Gomperz
de Loczy


title: Louis de Loczy

texts:
 ores, and coal.His group in the Institute under his direction helped to launch the projects of irrigation of the Hungarian plains and location of dam sites in the valley of Wagg, then part of Czechoslovakia. Post World War II
After World War II  by the suggestion of Professor Martonne he executed geological exploration in the French Morocco for the Societé Chérifiennne des Petroles. He worked during 3 years for the Maden Tetkikvo Arama Enstitusu, at Ankara. During this time he did geological explorations in the Adama Basin and in the southeast of Anatolia and contributed significantly for the development of the oil field of Raman Dagh. While <mask>y was working abroad the Hungarian Communist revolution began and he was urged to return immediately to his country under the threat of confiscation of his estates, money assets and even his nationality. Since <mask> was not formally warned about these threats, he continued his work abroad. However, the threats soon became a reality.Even after these losses, <mask>y carried on with his research in numerous parts of the world. From 1950 to 1951 as a consultant to the Institute of Soil Research of the Ministry of Coordination of Greece, Loczy carried out geological mapping and oil exploration in West Tratia, Epyrus. About this time he gave an advanced course in geological sciences for the Hellenic geologists. He was a delegate of the Institute of Soil Research of Greece in the 1951 Petroleum World Congress. By the end of 1951 he was hired by the Government of Paraguay to execute geological work in Asuncion aimed

masks:
de Locz
de Loczy
de Locz


title: Louis de Loczy

texts:
 at solving hydrogeological problems in that country. Career in Brazil
Also in 1951, the Conselho Nacional de Petroleo do Brasil (CNP) hired him to start an exploration geological program in the Paraná Basin. With the creation of PETROBRÁS, the Brazilian State Petroleum Company, he became a consultant geologist and in 1954 he took charge of the geological exploration program in the states of Santa Catarina and Paraná.In 1957 he was invited to teach historical geology in the Geological Course of Petrobrás in a covenant with the University of Bahia (UFBa). In 1958 he proceeded with the geological exploration study in the Paraná Basin and starts a similar one in the large Amazon Basin. In the end of 1958 his contract with PETROBRÁS ends and he soon gets a position for 1959 with the National Iranian Oil Company. He was able to combine this function with the one of professor of Advanced Geology with emphasis in petroleum exploration at the University of Tehran. In the meantime, the Brazilian Commission of Nuclear Research and the School of Geology of the University of Rio de Janeiro succeeded in attracting him to come to Brazil to teach Structural Geology and Tectonics in the cited institutions. <mask>y became a naturalized Brazilian and established his residence in Rio de Janeiro. As a professor of the School of Geology he used his university holidays for field work, always taking with him students and collaborators.In the School of Geology hundreds of students passed through his lectures both in classes and the field. He was an active member of the American


title: Louis de Loczy

texts: Association of Petroleum Geologists, USA; Academy of Sciences of Saint Estevan of Budapest;  Finnish Geographic Society, Helsinki; Geologische Vereinigung of Stuttgart; Brazilian Geological Society, and Brazilian Society of Paleontology. He was a full member of the Academia Brasileira de Ciências to which he was elected and took oath on May 14, 1968. He participated actively with papers and talks in the geological congresses of Madrid(1926), London, England(1948), Mexico City(1956), India (1964) and in nearly all the Brazilian geological congresses. His numerous publications deal with structural geology, tectonics and petroleum geology practically on every country he worked. He had an outstanding interest in the building processes of mountain chains particularly the Himalayas, the Alps and the North and South America cordilleras. During the sixties he published most of his synthesis on the geological evolution on the Brazilian Paleozoic sedimentary basins.He also made a major contribution to the first Tectonic Map of South America. He was one of the first geologists to introduce and publish on Plate Tectonics in Brazil and thus caused many polemics during debates with the geosynclinal theory-oriented geologists. In November 1974, <mask>y retired and was honored with a silver plate inscribed with words of gratitude by the faculty, former students and young students in the Institute of Geosciences of UFRJ (which succeeded the former School of Geology). During 1973 and 1974 he was an invited visiting professor to some universities particularly to the


title: Louis de Loczy

texts:
 Universidade de Brasilia (Unb), during which he created new friends and scientific ties with the faculty of this university. His last work was the preparation of a book he was working on for many years in co-authorship with Professor Eduardo A<mask> and published in 1976 Geologia Estrutural e Introdução à Geotectônica (Structural Geology and Introduction to Geotectonics). Selected publications
Loczy, L., 1969. "Tectonismo transversal na América do Sul e suas Relações Genéticas com as Zonas de Fratura das Cadeias Meio-Oceânicas."Na. Acad. Bras. Ciênc., v. 42, 185-205. <mask> Loczy 1970, "Role of transcurrent faulting in South American tectonic framework; Evidence for separation of South American and African continents before Ordovician time." American Associagion of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin. November; v. 54; no.11; p. 2111-2119. <mask>, L., 1971. "Gondwana Problems in the Light of Recent Paleontologic and Tectonic Recognitions." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, v. 43, suplemento, 363-386. <mask>, L., 1973. "Some problems of the tectonic framework of the Guiana Shield with special regard for the Roraima Formation." Geologische Rundschau, Band.62,Heft 2, p. 318-342. <mask>, L., 1974. "Possibilidades de petróleo e mineralização na Amazônica." Mineração e , n.º 354, Ano XXXVII, p. 6-13. References
 Biography of Professor <mask> Loczy Yearbook of the Institute of Geosciences, Volume 20, 1997 (Portuguese)

1897 births
1980 deaths
Hungarian geologists
Scientists from Budapest
University of Zurich alumni
Hungarian emigrants to Brazil
20th-century

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. Ladeira
Louis de
Loczy
Loczy
Loczy
Louis De


title: Sunny Lam

texts:
<mask> (born 1 June 1986; ) is a Hong Kong singer-songwriter and YouTuber. <mask> is known for rewriting lyrics to the tune of existing well-known songs as satirical political commentary during the 2014 Hong Kong protests and the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests. <mask> first received attention when he wrote and sang satirical songs during the 2014 Hong Kong protests. He used to work in a marketing position but quit his job in March 2019 to start an independent recording studio. During the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, <mask> satirised the Hong Kong Police Force and supporters of the government by writing and performing additional rewritten songs. In addition to rewriting 50 existing songs by May 2020, he has written original songs about heartbreak, love, wage earners' state of mind, and brown sugar bubble tea. <mask> publishes his music videos to YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and LIHKG.Early life and career
<mask> was born on 1 June 1986. He is introverted and describes himself as having a bit of a Buddha-like mindset. When he was a youth, he learned how to play the piano, make music arrangements, and sing. He participated in singing competitions that he lost. After graduation, <mask> sent a sample of his music to record companies and received some replies though ultimately his music was not used. For seven to eight years, while he was working at his full-time marketing job, he sent one or two samples per year of his music to record companies. Before the 2014 Hong Kong protests, he was apolitical and did not think much about societal matters.He wrote social movement songs during the 2014 protests. When he was nearly 30 years old, he resigned from his

masks:
Sunny Lam
Lam
Lam
Lam
Lam
Lam
Lam


title: Sunny Lam

texts: marketing job in March 2019 to set up an independent recording studio. He planned to find another job if he could not make a living with the independent studio. <mask>'s intent was to give a platform to amateur musicians who might not have the money to purchase a microphone worth tens of thousands. He would help them with recording and arranging songs to cultivate their interest in music. <mask> did not plan to quit his job to become an online singer but transitioned to that career path after the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests began. Owing to the protests and the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong, his recording studio had no business so he transformed it into his workplace to make songs.<mask> started a YouTube channel where he initially uploaded primarily original songs about the topics of love, going to work, and wage earners' state of mind. Those songs received several thousand views. To attract a wider audience, he began uploading his covers of others' songs in which he rewrote those songs' lyrics with a focus on social themes. The covers received tens of thousands of views. <mask>'s songs have received attention owing to social movements in Hong Kong. This has allowed his music videos to attract hundreds of thousands of views, which Radio Free Asia said is a larger number of views than many traditional popular singers get. He releases a song about every two weeks.<mask> used to want to be a mainstream singer-songwriter but no longer has an interest because he said mainstream singers are controlled by record companies and are unable to speak freely without fear of losing work when doing so. By May 2020, he had created over 50covers of songs for he

masks: Lam Lam Lam Lam Lam


title: Sunny Lam

texts: rewrote the lyrics. Some of the songs he is able to rewrite within an hour, while others take several days. After writing a song, he spends two to three hours to record it in his studio, one to two hours to film a music video, and two to three hours to do the editing. Most of his YouTube videos do not have advertising revenue since he is singing other people's songs. He did not make much from money from his YouTube uploads which he considered to be a side job. He received income by servicing requests from people to arrange music including one from Apple Daily.<mask> began uploading his songs to the music streaming service KKBox and sharing them on Facebook. <mask> does YouTube live streams to sing to his fans. He started a Facebook page in 2010. By May 2020, he had almost 100,000 followers on Facebook and YouTube. The am730 columnist Fong Kit said that some people think that <mask> is not a real singer since <mask> has not released any discs, has not sent promotional recordings to radio stations, has not sung the theme songs for any TV series, and his performances are all on Facebook, YouTube, and LIHKG. Fong noted that <mask>'s output is higher than many professional singers, compared <mask> to well-known singers who have sung rewritten songs, and argued that <mask> should be considered a real singer. In December 2019, <mask> was a guest along with three other LIHKG users on the ViuTV talk show "Talker: Helmet Intercom" ().<mask> began busking two or three times a month after the 2019 Hong Kong protests began. He chose to perform near housing estates as considered them to be close to the people. He insisted on not going to hotspots like the Tsim

masks: Lam Lam Lam Lam Lam Lam Lam Lam Lam


title: Sunny Lam

texts: Sha Tsui waterfront where there would be tourists. During one of his performances, an elderly man knocked over his piano, leading to the audience's scolding the man, who left. He supports yellow shops and writes songs for them. In 2020, the lyricist Albert Leung uploaded online a 30-year-old manuscript titled "Children's Song" (), a song filled with lyrics of children criticising their parents. It was meant for Leslie Cheung to sing but it was never recorded.Leung asked <mask>, who had rewritten the lyrics of many of Leung's songs, to perform "Children's Song". <mask> did the song's arrangement and used a fairy tale theme to balance out the lyrics' unhappy tone. According to Metro Pop, "the song's melody plus his childish voice represented the innocence that has always been buried in the hearts of adults, longing to be loved in the real world". That Leung selected <mask> substantially raised <mask>'s profile and led to many media reports about him. Owing to the national security law, <mask> said he changed his behaviour. He was fearful of being taken into custody for having written and performed two songs about the 2019 Prince Edward station attack. He did not sing songs on some topics that some people wanted him to sing because he deemed those topics to be too sensitive.When <mask> wrote lyrics for a song such as one about the police, he needed to replace some words with codenames and refrain from using profanity. He would avoid using slogans like "Free Hong Kong, revolution now. Netizens who had contributed lyrics to some of his songs informed him they were scared and would no longer contribute. Owing to his creation of songs in support of the

masks: Lam Lam Lam Lam Lam Lam


title: Sunny Lam

texts:
 protests, <mask> has lost numerous opportunities to perform at the mall. <mask> has had disagreements with family members over his political activism so tries his best to avoid engaging in political discussion with them. After the national security law was enacted on 30 June 2020, his parents urged him to cease making political songs as they feared he would be arrested for breaching the law. <mask> said, "I am scared, but I won't stop doing it" and said that writing songs was a good way to get the public interested in political issues since "Music can repackage news by adding different styles to it such as a sense of humour".Songs
On 16 May 2019, <mask> to YouTube and Facebook uploaded a cover of Fish Leong and Andy Hui's song "It Will Pass" () in which he performed the love song with the virtual assistant Siri. After thinking of the song and realising he had no one to perform it with, he saw his iPad and thought of Siri. He spent five to six hours producing the song, first recording Siri's speech and then using arranger software to fix the pitch and tempo. The cover received praise from netizens who liked its originality and hilarity. He wrote songs about relationship breakups and brown sugar bubble tea. According to the Apple Daily, "under society's watch, <mask> tries hard to plant extinct flowers, using black humor to face the chaotic world". He created numerous political pieces beginning in June 2019.When the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests began against the 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill, he wrote the song "Hong Kong Song Medley" () in June 2019 to represent Hong Kong and to encourage the protesters. <mask>'s satirical songs criticised the


title: Sunny Lam

texts: alleged police misconduct during the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests including their use of force and indiscriminate arrests. He wrote a song mocking the police's actions during the 2019 Prince Edward station attack. Titled "Police, you have worked hard" () and based on the Jay Chou song "Dad, I'm Coming Back" (), the song has the opening lyrics, "On 31 August I returned to my house, watched the news, and saw a group of police officers at Prince Edward station indiscriminately hitting people to vent their anger. Everyone is a Hongkonger. Where is your conscience?" Next TV commented that "the entire song uses a realistic style to accuse the Hong Kong police of improper law enforcement", received a lot of attention, and resonated with netizens.<mask> wrote a song titled "Lennon Wall" () inspired by the anger he said he felt after seeing news about an elder's attack on a student who was posting fliers on the "Lennon Wall". The song received substantial attention and popularised <mask>. In the past, he occasionally wrote songs when he saw something he wanted to comment on. Once he grew in popularity, he felt an obligation to write the songs to satiate his audience after his viewers started sending him stories to ask him to compose songs about them. In a song called "National Products City 2019 Recovery Album" about the anti-extradition law, he parodied an Aaron Kwok song. It received a large amount of Internet attention with over 1million views in three days. He also sang about other protest-related topics like the Prohibition on Face Covering Regulation, tear gas, the 2019 Yuen Long attack, and the San Uk Ling Holding Centre.He produced a music video

masks: Lam Lam


title: Sunny Lam

texts: titled "Investiture of the Communist Courtiers" () that rewrites the lyrics of the TV series Gods of Honours theme song and had a similar presentation to the satirical television program Headliner. <mask>'s video discussed the 9 June 2019 protest, the 12 June berating of a Commercial Radio Hong Kong by the Hong Kong police, the 30 June addresses at a pro-police gathering from singers Alan Tam and Kenny Bee, and the storming of the Legislative Council Complex on 1 July. He created a song titled "Black Coloured Christmas Medley 2019" () that changed the lyrics of well-known Christmas songs such as "Joy to the World". It had opening lyrics that called the Hong Kong police "Asia's first-rate garbage". Additional songs were "This Group of Black Police Is Garbage" to the tune of "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing", "Chris Tang Is Coming to Town" to the tune of "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town", "Junius Ho Licked a Goose" to the tune of "Jingle Bells", "Peace, Rationality, and Valiance" to the tune of "O Christmas Tree", and "Cover Station Lights" to the tune of "We Wish You a Merry Christmas". The song concluded with the verse "Glory to Hong Kong".<mask> wrote a song called "Total Prohibition" () that he uploaded to YouTube on 26 March 2020. It modified the lyrics of Lowell Lo's song "Walk With You"  and satirised the Chief Executive of Hong Kong's plan to ban alcohol sales in restaurants at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The song's copyright holder, EMI Music Publishing Hong Kong, reported it as copyright infringement and YouTube took it down, after which <mask> uploaded a new video with him just reading the lyrics as a protest against the removal.

masks: Lam Lam Lam


title: Sunny Lam

texts:
 In August 2020, <mask> created a song called "Mat Yeung Standup Ten Thousand Medley" () mocking Mat Yeung after Yeung was detained for suspected drunken driving. <mask> rewrote the lyrics of six songs from Eason Chan, Leo Ku, Joey Yung, and Ekin Cheng. He called the songs "Shall We Crash", "Drunk Driving Lose Friends" (), "Love and Light (), "Mat Yeung Distance" (), "Lonely YeungMing", and "Car Crash" (). The song received over 150,000 views about 12hours after <mask> uploaded it.The singer and actor Joseph Tay praised the song, calling <mask> a "musician with true talent who is especially fascinating". References

External links

1986 births
21st-century Hong Kong  male singers
Cantonese-language YouTube channels
Chinese YouTubers
Hong Kong  male singer-songwriters
Living people
Male YouTubers
Music YouTubers
YouTube channels launched in

masks: Lam Lam Lam Lam


title: Bobby Susser

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>, July 18, 1942 – September 15, 2020), and also known as <mask>, was an American songwriter, record producer, and performer, best known for his young children's music. Among some of his several honors, he is the recipient of the "Distinguished Alumni Award" for his life's work, awarded from Teachers College, Columbia University. <mask> has sold over 5 million children's albums. Biography

Early life

Born in New York City, to middle class Jewish American parents, (His father, of German descent, was a factory supervisor, while his mother, of Hungarian descent, was a housewife), in the borough of Manhattan, <mask> grew up in the borough of Queens, and attended Jamaica High School. He was a baseball pitcher and was honored by New York City as its "Most Valuable Player" within The New York City Baseball Federation League, 1957. During his high school years, he wrote songs for some of his favorite artists, such as Dion and The Drifters. But, at the time, all of his attempts to reach these artists were unsuccessful.Four decades later, in 1998, Ben E. King, lead singer of the Drifters, recorded a collection of <mask>'s children's songs titled, "I Have Songs In My Pocket". <mask> graduated from Queens College, City University of New York, Magna cum laude, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in communications. He received a Master's degree in communications in early childhood education from Teachers College, Columbia University, where he studied with Canadian scholar, and communication theorist, Marshall McLuhan. In 1961 he received an honorable discharge for serving in the United States Army. 1960s and 1970s
After producing four singles in 1961, and 1962 with his childhood friend Paul Simon, for the group Tico and The Triumphs, which included <mask>'s first Billboard Hot 100 chart record "Motorcycle," on Amy Records, he concentrated on writing and producing rhythm and

masks:
Bobby Susser
Robert Howard Susser
Bob Susser
Susser
Susser
Susser
Susser
Susser


title: Bobby Susser

texts:
 blues songs. He spent most of his days in New York's Brill Building, attempting to place his songs with music publishers, and receive advance monies, with the hope his songs would be recorded by popular artists. In 1963, he wrote, produced, and sold the master recording of the song "Kiss Me Now", sung by Florence DeVore, to Phil Spector.The record was the first release on Spector's new Philles Records subsidiary label, Phi-Dan Records. Soon <mask> began recording his songs with Panama Francis, Bernard Purdie, Paul Griffin, Bob Bushnell, Al Gorgoni, and Horace Ott. From 1965 through 1973, he continued to write and produce songs for Florence DeVore, as well as for Sharon Redd, Lily Fields, Mamie Lee, Morgana King, Robert John, and Trini Lopez. While he published most of his new songs, the older ones that he had placed with other music publishers were beginning to get recorded. In 1971 he wrote and produced the controversial song "Once You Understand" on Laurie Records, sung by his own studio group, Think. After being banned from radio stations in several major cities, the anti-drug, novelty song sold 1.4 million records in the United States. The song later was sampled and covered by artists Biz Markie, Acen, 4 Hero, and De La Soul.<mask> received letters from churches, synagogues, and schools inviting him to play his song and talk with teenagers about its anti-drug message. He started to write and produce songs and activities for children, ages 4 through 8. He registered the name, <mask> Songs For Children, and the series began. Titles from the early 1970s include "Learning Basic Awareness Through Music," "Pre-Physical Education Through Music," "Pre-Square Dance," "Let's Act As Consumers," and his series for young pre-readers, Doctor Alphabet. In 1976, Diana Ross recorded "Kiss Me Now", on her second, self-titled album. 1980s and 1990s

During the 1980s, he visited schools with

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Susser
Bobby Susser


title: Bobby Susser

texts:
 his young children's songs. At that same time he also wrote and produced songs for his own pop, studio group, The <mask> Generation.But he returned to writing and producing young children's music, and continued to appear in schools with songs and activities for his early childhood audiences. In 1991, he formed a new record company, "New Hope Records", in order to administer the distribution, sales, and license rights of his recordings. He wrote and produced songs for thematic albums, and by 1996 they had become some of the most popular young children's songs and recordings  used in day care centers, schools, churches, synagogues, and homes. He created "The <mask> Susser Singers", "The Bobby Susser Children's Chorus", and a logo caricature of himself, drawn from a photograph, for his series, "Bobby Susser Songs For Children", ages 2 through 8. Michael Green was often the lead male vocalist, and Deanna Jones was often the lead female vocalist on several of the early recordings within this series. By 1998, <mask> broadened his guest list of vocalists, and began working with a greater variety of adult and children singers, and made guest appearances on his song series for young children. He continued to make changes in his personnel of singers and players depending upon the song, style, and subject matter.In the year of 1999, he went back to visit young children's classrooms and lectured on the subject of young children's songs. 2000s

From 2002 through 2004, he wrote, recorded, and added four new collections to his young children's series (I Need You and You Need Me, Respect and Confidence, Early Learning Sing-Along, and My Day/In Motion and Play), and received a Parents' Choice Award for the first three. In June 2008, <mask> released the collection of original young children's songs All Roads Leads To Home. One review stated, "All Roads Lead To Home is a very solid choice to use

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Bobby
Susser
Susser


title: Bobby Susser

texts:
 with preschoolers, and its additional song, '70 (Bringin' It Home To You)', for all ages, makes for a wider family appeal" and another said, "All Roads Lead To Home" is headed for the group of classic and standard young children's recordings." In February 2009, <mask>'s children's series surpassed 5 million albums sold. In September 2009, <mask> released AMERICA: An Album For All Ages. By December, the new album received Dr.Toy's Best Audio-Video-CD Product Award for 2009, and was cited as "An American Treasure Of Songs."2010–2015

On April 22, 2010, AMERICA: An Album For All Ages, was designated a 2010 Parents' Choice Award winner. In the spring of 2011 <mask> embarked on a library tour, visiting children's libraries throughout The United States. <mask> said he planned to make it "somewhat of an 'ongoing tour', and I will continue to write songs, and record them." But in an interview with edplay he stated that as of July 2011 he had to cancel touring indefinitely due to a neck and back injury. He returned to the recording studio, and at the end of December 2011 <mask> completed his 25th album for children of all ages. He titled the collection of 12 new songs, WO! The new album was released on April 3, 2012, to favorable reviews; " WO!is a magnificent collection of songs for children of all ages, from a magnificent children's song man", and, "In the past forty years, <mask> has recorded some of the best children's albums, and his work gets better with each one. WO! is no exception. It is his 25th children's album, and his finest to date. WO! should be a favorite, and a sure classic, for children of all ages." School Library Journal wrote that <mask> "has outdone himself."On April 13, 2013, at Teachers College, Columbia University, <mask> was awarded the 2013 Distinguished Alumni Award, for his life's work, and his name was  engraved in the main hallway of the college. In

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title: Bobby Susser

texts:
 <mask>'s acceptance speech, he stated, "Teaching children through songs, in addition to entertaining, always appealed to me. This incredible honor, reinforces my commitment to educating, and entertaining children through music and songs." In June 2014, <mask>, along with producers Kevin Mackie and Krista Wallinger, won the 13th annual Independent Music Awards in the Best Spoken Word (with music accompaniment) Category for "ACTION MOVES PEOPLE." The album's proceeds go to benefit MOVE THIS WORLD charity, which is a global nonprofit that uses creative movement to address and transform conflict and violence in communities worldwide. On June 12, 2015 <mask> was honored at the Josephine Foundation's annual gala dinner, for his lifetime of work. The Foundation supports children in the arts, and sports locally and globally.At the gala, <mask> also received official commendations for his work from the New York City Council, the New York State Senate, and United States Congress. Smithsonian Folkways Recordings 2016–2017

Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, whose mission includes preserving and disseminating music from all over the world, acquired Susser's New Hope Records catalog of music for young children. ‘<mask> Songs for Children,’ a 12-album set was released direct-to-digital September 9, 2016 features <mask>'s music, originally issued between 1994 and 2012. Paul Simon said, “I’ve known <mask> most of my life. It turned out he was not only a gold glove shortstop but a masterful creator of children’s songs.”
“<mask>’s dozen albums have an engaging sound, a positive vision, and timeless messages,” says Atesh Sonneborn, Associate Director of Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. The focus of ‘<mask> Songs for Children’ is on developmentally appropriate childhood milestones. <mask> plans to continue his series of albums while recovering from surgery, and said, "I'll be writing new songs,

masks:
Susser
Susser
Susser
Susser
Bobby Susser
Susser
Bobby Susser
Bobby Susser
Bobby Susser
Susser