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texts: in a huff, <mask> saying "it is at such moments as these that one sees who are one's true friends". The scene was witnessed by George Bernard Shaw who recalled it to Arthur Ransome a day or so before Ransome's trial for libelling Douglas in 1913. To Ransome it confirmed what he had said in his 1912 book on <mask>: that Douglas's rivalry for <mask> with Robbie Ross and his arguments with his father had resulted in <mask>'s public disaster, as <mask> wrote in De Profundis. Douglas lost his case. Shaw included an account of the argument between Harris, Douglas and <mask> in the preface to his play The Dark Lady of the Sonnets. The libel trial became a cause célèbre as salacious details of <mask>'s private life with Taylor and Douglas began to appear in the press. A team of private detectives had directed Queensberry's lawyers, led by Edward Carson QC, to the world of the Victorian underground.<mask>'s association with blackmailers and male prostitutes, cross-dressers and homosexual brothels was recorded, and various persons involved were interviewed, some being coerced to appear as witnesses since they too were accomplices to the crimes of which <mask> was accused. The trial opened at the Old Bailey on 3 April 1895 before Justice Richard Henn Collins amid scenes of near hysteria both in the press and the public galleries. The extent of the evidence massed against <mask> forced him to declare meekly, "I am the prosecutor in this case". <mask>'s lawyer, Sir Edward Clarke, opened the case by pre-emptively asking <mask> about two suggestive letters <mask> had written to Douglas, which the defence had in its possession. He

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texts: characterised the first as a "prose sonnet" and admitted that the "poetical language" might seem strange to the court but claimed its intent was innocent. <mask> stated that the letters had been obtained by blackmailers who had attempted to extort money from him, but he had refused, suggesting they should take the £60 (equal to £ today) offered, "unusual for a prose piece of that length". He claimed to regard the letters as works of art rather than something of which to be ashamed.Carson, a fellow Dubliner who had attended Trinity College Dublin at the same time as <mask>, cross-examined <mask> on how he perceived the moral content of his works. <mask> replied with characteristic wit and flippancy, claiming that works of art are not capable of being moral or immoral but only well or poorly made, and that only "brutes and illiterates", whose views on art "are incalculably stupid", would make such judgements about art. Carson, a leading barrister, diverged from the normal practice of asking closed questions. Carson pressed <mask> on each topic from every angle, squeezing out nuances of meaning from <mask>'s answers, removing them from their aesthetic context and portraying <mask> as evasive and decadent. While <mask> won the most laughs from the court, Carson scored the most legal points. To undermine <mask>'s credibility, and to justify Queensberry's description of <mask> as a "posing somdomite", Carson drew from the witness an admission of his capacity for "posing", by demonstrating that he had lied about his age under oath. Playing on this, he returned to the topic throughout his cross-examination.Carson also tried to

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texts: justify Queensberry's characterisation by quoting from <mask>'s novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, referring in particular to a scene in the second chapter, in which Lord Henry Wotton explains his decadent philosophy to Dorian, an "innocent young man", in Carson's words. Carson then moved to the factual evidence and questioned <mask> about his friendships with younger, lower-class men. <mask> admitted being on a first-name basis and lavishing gifts upon them, but insisted that nothing untoward had occurred and that the men were merely good friends of his. Carson repeatedly pointed out the unusual nature of these relationships and insinuated that the men were prostitutes. <mask> replied that he did not believe in social barriers, and simply enjoyed the society of young men. Then Carson asked <mask> directly whether he had ever kissed a certain servant boy, <mask> responded, "Oh, dear no. He was a particularly plain boy – unfortunately ugly – I pitied him for it."Carson pressed him on the answer, repeatedly asking why the boy's ugliness was relevant. <mask> hesitated, then for the first time became flustered: "You sting me and insult me and try to unnerve me; and at times one says things flippantly when one ought to speak more seriously." In his opening speech for the defence, Carson announced that he had located several male prostitutes who were to testify that they had had sex with <mask>. On the advice of his lawyers, <mask> dropped the prosecution. Queensberry was found not guilty, as the court declared that his accusation that <mask> was "posing as a Somdomite " was justified, "true in substance and in fact". Under the


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 Libel Act 1843, Queensberry's acquittal rendered <mask> legally liable for the considerable expenses Queensberry had incurred in his defence, which left <mask> bankrupt. Regina v. <mask>
After <mask> left the court, a warrant for his arrest was applied for on charges of sodomy and gross indecency.Robbie Ross found <mask> at the Cadogan Hotel, Pont Street, Knightsbridge, with Reginald Turner. Both men advised <mask> to go at once to Dover and try to get a boat to France; his mother advised him to stay and fight. <mask>, lapsing into inaction, could only say, "The train has gone. It's too late." On 6 April 1895, <mask> was arrested for "gross indecency" under Section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, a term meaning homosexual acts not amounting to buggery (an offence under a separate statute). At <mask>'s instruction, Ross and <mask>'s butler forced their way into the bedroom and library of 16 Tite Street, packing some personal effects, manuscripts, and letters. <mask> was then imprisoned on remand at Holloway, where he received daily visits from Douglas.Events moved quickly and his prosecution opened on 26 April 1895, before Mr Justice Charles. <mask> pleaded not guilty. He had already begged Douglas to leave London for Paris, but Douglas complained bitterly, even wanting to give evidence; he was pressed to go and soon fled to the Hotel du Monde. Fearing persecution, Ross and many others also left the United Kingdom during this time. Under cross examination <mask> was at first hesitant, then spoke eloquently:

This response was counter-productive in a legal sense as it only served to reinforce the charges of


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texts: homosexual behaviour. The trial ended with the jury unable to reach a verdict. <mask>'s counsel, Sir Edward Clarke, was finally able to get a magistrate to allow <mask> and his friends to post bail.The Reverend Stewart Headlam put up most of the £5,000 surety required by the court, having disagreed with <mask>'s treatment by the press and the courts. <mask> was freed from Holloway and, shunning attention, went into hiding at the house of Ernest and Ada Leverson, two of his firm friends. Edward Carson approached Frank Lockwood QC, the Solicitor General and asked "Can we not let up on the fellow now?" Lockwood answered that he would like to do so, but feared that the case had become too politicised to be dropped. The final trial was presided over by Mr Justice Wills. On 25 May 1895 <mask> and Alfred Taylor were convicted of gross indecency and sentenced to two years' hard labour. The judge described the sentence, the maximum allowed, as "totally inadequate for a case such as this", and that the case was "the worst case I have ever tried".<mask>'s response "And I? May I say nothing, my Lord?" was drowned out in cries of "Shame" in the courtroom. Although it is widely believed that the charges were related to <mask>'s consensual activities, The Trials of Oscar Wilde, which includes an original transcript of the libel trial (which came to light in 2000), suggests that he took advantage of teenagers. However, one of the authors, Merlin Holland, argues, "One is taking it out of context, he was not an odious predator. The boys seemed to be willing partners and there appeared to be a relationship going on between him and them".

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 Antony Edmonds feels that <mask> would have faced prosecution today: "For example, he certainly paid for sex with youths under the age of 18 which is a criminal offence.But even if his activities had led only to exposure and not to arrest, he would have been savagely pilloried in the media. <mask> was 39 when he seduced Alphonse Conway, and Conway was an inexperienced boy of 16". Imprisonment

<mask> was incarcerated from 25 May 1895 to 18 May 1897. He first entered Newgate Prison in London for processing, then was moved to Pentonville Prison, where the "hard labour" to which he had been sentenced consisted of many hours of walking a treadmill and picking oakum (separating the fibres in scraps of old navy ropes), and where prisoners were allowed to read only the Bible and The Pilgrim's Progress. A few months later he was moved to Wandsworth Prison in London. Inmates there also followed the regimen of "hard labour, hard fare and a hard bed", which wore harshly on <mask>'s delicate health. In November he collapsed during chapel from illness and hunger.His right ear drum was ruptured in the fall, an injury that later contributed to his death. He spent two months in the infirmary. Richard B. Haldane, the Liberal MP and reformer, visited <mask> and had him transferred in November to Reading Gaol,  west of London on 23 November 1895. The transfer itself was the lowest point of his incarceration, as a crowd jeered and spat at him on the railway platform. He spent the remainder of his sentence there, addressed and identified only as "C.3.3" – the occupant of the third cell on the third floor of C ward. About five months after

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texts: <mask> arrived at Reading Gaol, Charles Thomas Wooldridge, a trooper in the Royal Horse Guards, was brought to Reading to await his trial for murdering his wife on 29 March 1896; on 17 June Wooldridge was sentenced to death and returned to Reading for his execution, which took place on Tuesday, 7 July 1896 – the first hanging at Reading in 18 years. From Wooldridge's hanging, <mask> later wrote The Ballad of Reading Gaol.<mask> was not, at first, even allowed paper and pen, but Haldane eventually succeeded in allowing access to books and writing materials. <mask> requested, among others, the Bible in French; Italian and German grammars; some Ancient Greek texts; Dante's Divine Comedy; Joris-Karl Huysmans's new French novel about Christian redemption, En route; and essays by St Augustine, Cardinal Newman and Walter Pater. Between January and March 1897 <mask> wrote a 50,000-word letter to Douglas. He was not allowed to send it, but was permitted to take it with him when released from prison. In reflective mode, <mask> coldly examines his career to date, how he had been a colourful agent provocateur in Victorian society, his art, like his paradoxes, seeking to subvert as well as sparkle. His own estimation of himself was: one who "stood in symbolic relations to the art and culture of my age". It was from these heights that his life with Douglas began, and <mask> examines that particularly closely, repudiating him for what <mask> finally sees as his arrogance and vanity: he had not forgotten Douglas' remark, when he was ill, "When you are not on your pedestal you are not interesting."<mask> blamed himself, though, for the

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 ethical degradation of character that he allowed Douglas to bring about in him and took responsibility for his own fall, "I am here for having tried to put your father in prison." The first half concludes with <mask> forgiving Douglas, for his own sake as much as Douglas's. The second half of the letter traces <mask>'s spiritual journey of redemption and fulfilment through his prison reading. He realised that his ordeal had filled his soul with the fruit of experience, however bitter it tasted at the time. ... I wanted to eat of the fruit of all the trees in the garden of the world ... And so, indeed, I went out, and so I lived. My only mistake was that I confined myself so exclusively to the trees of what seemed to me the sun-lit side of the garden, and shunned the other side for its shadow and its gloom.<mask> was released from prison on 19 May 1897 and sailed that evening for Dieppe, France. He never returned to the UK. On his release, he gave the manuscript to Ross, who may or may not have carried out <mask>'s instructions to send a copy to Douglas (who later denied having received it). The letter was partially published in 1905 as De Profundis; its complete and correct publication first occurred in 1962 in The Letters of <mask>. Decline: 1897–1900

Exile

Though <mask>'s health had suffered greatly from the harshness and diet of prison, he had a feeling of spiritual renewal. He immediately wrote to the Society of Jesus requesting a six-month Catholic retreat; when the request was denied, <mask> wept. "I intend to be received into the Catholic Church before long", <mask> told a journalist who asked about his religious

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texts: intentions.He spent his last three years impoverished and in exile. He took the name "Sebastian Melmoth", after Saint Sebastian and the titular character of Melmoth the Wanderer (a Gothic novel by Charles Maturin, <mask>'s great-uncle). <mask> wrote two long letters to the editor of the Daily Chronicle, describing the brutal conditions of English prisons and advocating penal reform. His discussion of the dismissal of Warder Martin for giving biscuits to an anaemic child prisoner repeated the themes of the corruption and degeneration of punishment that he had earlier outlined in The Soul of Man under Socialism. <mask> spent mid-1897 with Robert Ross in the seaside village of Berneval-le-Grand in northern France, where he wrote The Ballad of Reading Gaol, narrating the execution of Charles Thomas Wooldridge, who murdered his wife in a rage at her infidelity. It moves from an objective story-telling to symbolic identification with the prisoners. No attempt is made to assess the justice of the laws which convicted them but rather the poem highlights the brutality of the punishment that all convicts share.<mask> juxtaposes the executed man and himself with the line "Yet each man kills the thing he loves". He adopted the proletarian ballad form and the author was credited as "C33", <mask>'s cell number in Reading Gaol. He suggested that it be published in Reynolds' Magazine, "because it circulates widely among the criminal classes – to which I now belong – for once I will be read by my peers – a new experience for me". It was an immediate roaring commercial success, going through seven editions in less than two years, only after


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texts: which "[<mask>]" was added to the title page, though many in literary circles had known <mask> to be the author. It brought him a small amount of money. Although Douglas had been the cause of his misfortunes, he and <mask> were reunited in August 1897 at Rouen. This meeting was disapproved of by the friends and families of both men.<mask> was already refusing to meet <mask> or allow him to see their sons, though she sent him money – three pounds a week. During the latter part of 1897, <mask> and Douglas lived together near Naples for a few months until they were separated by their families under the threat of cutting off all funds. <mask>'s final address was at the dingy Hôtel d'Alsace (now known as L'Hôtel), on rue des Beaux-Arts in Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Paris. "This poverty really breaks one's heart: it is so sale [filthy], so utterly depressing, so hopeless. Pray do what you can" he wrote to his publisher. He corrected and published An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, the proofs of which, according to Ellmann, show a man "very much in command of himself and of the play" but he refused to write anything else: "I can write, but have lost the joy of writing". He wandered the boulevards alone and spent what little money he had on alcohol.A series of embarrassing chance encounters with hostile English visitors, or Frenchmen he had known in better days, drowned his spirit. Soon <mask> was sufficiently confined to his hotel to joke, on one of his final trips outside, "My wallpaper and I are fighting a duel to the death. One of us has got to go". On 12 October 1900 he sent a telegram to Ross: "Terribly weak.

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 Please come". His moods fluctuated; Max Beerbohm relates how their mutual friend Reginald 'Reggie' Turner had found <mask> very depressed after a nightmare. "I dreamt that I had died, and was supping with the dead!""I am sure", Turner replied, "that you must have been the life and soul of the party." Turner was one of the few of the old circle who remained with <mask> to the end and was at his bedside when he died. Death
By 25 November 1900 <mask> had developed meningitis, then called "cerebral meningitis". Robbie Ross arrived on 29 November, sent for a priest, and <mask> was conditionally baptised into the Catholic Church by Fr Cuthbert Dunne, a Passionist priest from Dublin, <mask> having been baptised in the Church of Ireland and having moreover a recollection of Catholic baptism as a child, a fact later attested to by the minister of the sacrament, Fr Lawrence Fox. Fr Dunne recorded the baptism,

 As the voiture rolled through the dark streets that wintry night, the sad story of <mask> was in part repeated to me... Robert Ross knelt by the bedside, assisting me as best he could while I administered conditional baptism, and afterwards answering the responses while I gave Extreme Unction to the prostrate man and recited the prayers for the dying. As the man was in a semi-comatose condition, I did not venture to administer the Holy Viaticum; still I must add that he could be roused and was roused from this state in my presence. When roused, he gave signs of being inwardly conscious...Indeed I was fully satisfied that he understood me when told that I was about to receive him into the Catholic Church and gave him the Last

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 Sacraments... And when I repeated close to his ear the Holy Names, the Acts of Contrition, Faith, Hope and Charity, with acts of humble resignation to the Will of God, he tried all through to say the words after me. <mask> died of meningitis on 30 November 1900. Different opinions are given as to the cause of the disease: Richard Ellmann claimed it was syphilitic; Merlin Holland, <mask>'s grandson, thought this to be a misconception, noting that <mask>'s meningitis followed a surgical intervention, perhaps a mastoidectomy; <mask>'s physicians, Dr Paul Cleiss and A'Court Tucker, reported that the condition stemmed from an old suppuration of the right ear (from the prison injury, see above) treated for several years () and made no allusion to syphilis. Burial

<mask> was initially buried in the Cimetière de Bagneux outside Paris; in 1909 his remains were disinterred and transferred to Père Lachaise Cemetery, inside the city. His tomb there was designed by Sir Jacob Epstein. It was commissioned by Robert Ross, who asked for a small compartment to be made for his own ashes, which were duly transferred in 1950. The modernist angel depicted as a relief on the tomb was originally complete with male genitalia, which were initially censored by French Authorities with a golden leaf.The genitals have since been vandalised; their current whereabouts are unknown. In 2000, Leon Johnson, a multimedia artist, installed a silver prosthesis to replace them. In 2011, the tomb was cleaned of the many lipstick marks left there by admirers and a glass barrier was installed to prevent further marks or damage. The epitaph is a verse from The


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 Ballad of Reading Gaol,

And alien tears will fill for him
Pity's long-broken urn,
For his mourners will be outcast men,
And outcasts always mourn. Posthumous pardon
In 2017, <mask> was among an estimated 50,000 men who were pardoned for homosexual acts that were no longer considered offences under the Policing and Crime Act 2017 (homosexuality was decriminalised in England and Wales in 1967). The 2017 Act implements what is known informally as the Alan Turing law. Honours
On 14 February 1995, <mask> was commemorated with a stained-glass window at Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.The memorial, above the monument to Geoffrey Chaucer, was unveiled by his grandson Merlin Holland, while Sir John Gielgud read from the final part of De Profundis and Dame Judi Dench read an extract from The Importance of Being Earnest. In 2014 <mask> was one of the inaugural honorees in the Rainbow Honor Walk, a walk of fame in San Francisco's Castro neighbourhood noting LGBTQ people who have "made significant contributions in their fields". The Oscar Wilde Temple, an installation by visual artists McDermott & McGough, opened in 2017 in cooperation with Church of the Village in New York City, then moved to Studio Voltaire in London the next year. Biographies

<mask>'s life has been the subject of numerous biographies since his death. The earliest were memoirs by those who knew him: often they are personal or impressionistic accounts which can be good character sketches, but are sometimes factually unreliable. Frank Harris, his friend and editor, wrote a biography, <mask>: His Life and Confessions (1916); though prone to exaggeration and

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texts: sometimes factually inaccurate, it offers a good literary portrait of <mask>. Lord Alfred Douglas wrote two books about his relationship with <mask>.<mask> and Myself (1914), largely ghost-written by T. W. H. Crosland, vindictively reacted to Douglas's discovery that De Profundis was addressed to him and defensively tried to distance him from <mask>'s scandalous reputation. Both authors later regretted their work. Later, in <mask>: A Summing Up (1939) and his Autobiography he was more sympathetic to <mask>. Of <mask>'s other close friends, Robert Sherard; Robert Ross, his literary executor; and Charles Ricketts variously published biographies, reminiscences or correspondence. The first more or less objective biography of <mask> came about when Hesketh Pearson wrote <mask> Wilde: His Life and Wit (1946). In 1954 <mask>'s son Vyvyan Holland published his memoir Son of <mask> Wilde, which recounts the difficulties <mask>'s wife and children faced after his imprisonment. It was revised and updated by Merlin Holland in 1989.<mask>, a critical study by Arthur Ransome was published in 1912. The book only briefly mentioned <mask>'s life, but subsequently Ransome (and The Times Book Club) were sued for libel by Lord Alfred Douglas. At the High Court in London in April 1913 Douglas lost the libel action after a reading of De Profundis refuted his claims. Richard Ellmann wrote his 1987 biography <mask>, for which he posthumously won a National (US) Book Critics Circle Award in 1988 and a Pulitzer Prize in 1989. The book was the basis for the 1997 film <mask>, directed by Brian Gilbert and starring Stephen Fry as the title character.

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 Neil McKenna's 2003 biography, The Secret Life of <mask> Wilde, offers an exploration of <mask>'s sexuality. Often speculative in nature, it was widely criticised for its pure conjecture and lack of scholarly rigour.Thomas Wright's Oscar's Books (2008) explores <mask>'s reading from his childhood in Dublin to his death in Paris. After tracking down many books that once belonged to <mask>'s Tite Street library (dispersed at the time of his trials), Wright was the first to examine <mask>'s marginalia. In 2018, Matthew Sturgis' Oscar: A Life, was published in London. The book incorporates rediscovered letters and other documents and is the most extensively researched biography of <mask> to appear since 1988. Parisian literati also produced several biographies and monographs on him. André Gide wrote In Memoriam, <mask> and <mask> also features in his journals. Thomas Louis, who had earlier translated books on <mask> into French, produced his own L'esprit d'Oscar Wilde in 1920.Modern books include Philippe Jullian's <mask> Wilde, and L'affaire <mask> Wilde, ou, Du danger de laisser la justice mettre le nez dans nos draps (The Oscar Wilde Affair, or, On the Danger of Allowing Justice to put its Nose in our Sheets) by Odon Vallet, a French religious historian. Selected works

 Ravenna (1878)
 Poems (1881)
 The Happy Prince and Other Stories (1888, fairy stories)
 Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories (1891, stories)
 A House of Pomegranates (1891, fairy stories)
 Intentions (1891, essays and dialogues on aesthetics)
 The Picture of Dorian Gray (first published in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine July 1890, in book form in

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 1891; novel)
 The Uncensored Picture of Dorian Gray was published by the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press in 2012. The Soul of Man under Socialism (1891, political essay)
 Lady Windermere's Fan (1892, play)
 A Woman of No Importance (1893, play)
 The Sphinx (1894, poem)
 An Ideal Husband (performed 1895, published 1898; play)
 The Importance of Being Earnest (performed 1895, published 1899; play)
 De Profundis (written 1897, published variously 1905, 1908, 1949, 1962; epistle)
 The Ballad of Reading Gaol (1898, poem)

See also
 <mask> Memorial Sculpture

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

 . Further reading

 Ellmann, Richard (1988). <mask>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. .

 Holland, Merlin & Rupert Hart-Davis (2000) The Complete Letters of <mask>, US edition: Henry Holt and Company LLC, New York. . UK edition: Fourth Estate, London. .

 Mikhail, E. H. (1979). Oscar Wilde: Interviews and Recollections.London: Palgrave Macmillan. Volume 1 . Volume 2 . Sturgis, Matthew (2018). Oscar: A Life. London: Head of Zeus Ltd. . External links

Historical societies
 The Oscar Wilde Society (UK)

Historical notes
 Record of <mask>'s indictment and conviction – official Old Bailey website.Details including court transcriptions of the trials of <mask>
 <mask> in America including The American Lecture Tour 1882
 References to <mask> in historic European newspapers

Archives
 Manuscripts and Letters of <mask> at Morgan Library & Museum
 The Julia Rosenthal Oscar <mask> Collection (and digital collections) at Trinity College Dublin
 <mask> & le fin de siècle at the William Andrews Clark

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 Memorial Library, University of California, Los Angeles
 <mask> collection of papers (and digital collections) at the Berg Collection, New York Public Library
 <mask> papers and Lady Eccles Oscar Wilde Collection at the British Library
 <mask> papers at the Free Library of Philadelphia
 <mask> papers at the University of Leeds
 Oscar <mask> papers and Research Guide at the Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin
 Oscar Wilde Collection at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University
 The Robert Ross Memorial Collection at University College, Oxford

Online texts by <mask>

 Wilde texts from University College Cork, electronic texts, including a selection of his journalism
 Works by <mask> at The Online Books Page

 Works by <mask> at One More Library
 "Impressions of America"

Images
 The photographs of <mask> taken by Napoleon Sarony in New York, 1882

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title: Ravi J. Matthai

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<mask> (1927–1984) was an educationist and a professor and the first full-time Director of the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. He is also the co-founder, along with Dr. K. Varghese, of Institute of Rural Management, Anand. Early life, education
<mask> was born to a Syrian Anglican family in Kerala as the son of <mask>, who served as India's first Railway Minister and subsequently as India's Finance Minister. Verghese Kurien is his cousin . He was educated at The Doon School, Dehradun and later graduated from University of Oxford with Bachelor of Arts (Hons.) in Economics. . He began his career at a Calcutta based firm but later moved to the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta in 1963 as Professor of Marketing.Influence on IIM Ahmedabad [IIMA] after leaving IIM Calcutta
In 1965 <mask> was invited by noted Indian Institution builder and scientist Dr. Vikram Sarabhai  to join IIMA as its first full-time Director. He was 38 years old at the time and did not have an advanced academic degree. Yet, over the next six years, he set the foundations for an institution that was to grow into a top-ranking management school in India. A number of reasons are attributed to <mask>'s enduring influence on IIMA:
 First, a clear sense of purpose. IIMA's concern, as Mathai put it, was "with the application of knowledge". This meant that the Institute would be involved in teaching, research and consulting. The impact "would be greatest if it were the combined result of all activities", so faculty must engage in all three activities.<mask> saw clearly that to focus merely on business would limit IIMA. It would also expose it to charges of being elitist in its orientation. IIMA's ambit needed to be wider: it would be an institute of management, not just a business school. It would develop expertise in important

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 sectors, including agriculture. Secondly, <mask>'s conviction that academic activities can flourish only when faculty are given the fullest freedom. In an academic institution, excellence cannot be ordered. It springs forth when people are given the space to grow and to express themselves freely.Thirdly, the idea of a faculty-governed institute where decision-making rests primarily with the faculty and not with the director or the board. An example is the admissions committee that is independent of the director. The mechanism has been crucial in insulating admissions from unhealthy influence. Fourthly, what is, perhaps, <mask>'s greatest bequest to IIMA: the principle of a single term for the director. After six years as director, <mask> announced his decision to step down and stay on as professor. He gave two reasons for doing so:first, leaders of academic institutions tended to use their positions for career advancement at an adverse cost to the institutions;secondly, it was important to establish the principle that the director's position is not hierarchical; he is only first among equals, which was characteristically bold of him, given the cultural milieu prevailing in leading academic institutions at that time. The Jawaja Experiment
In 1975, a few years after stepping down from IIMA's directorship, <mask> decided to test whether corporate management disciplines could be related to gut issues of Indian poverty.He selected Jawaja block which included about 200 villages with a population of approximately 80,000 people in a drought prone district of Rajasthan. The area was then regarded by the government authorities as devoid of any scope for development. Believing that people were the greatest resource for development, <mask> began to work with village communities on issues of livelihood and

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title: Ravi J. Matthai

texts:
 empowerment in an environment that was (and still remains) among India's most degraded and oppressive. Volunteers from IIMA and the National Institute of Design (NID) joined with local citizens in the search for livelihood options that could be sustained in the face of social, environmental and political challenges. Among them was Raaj Sah, subsequently Professor at the University of Chicago, who worked on the project during and after his MBA studies at IIMA. Among his contributions were that <mask> and he together were the first on the ground and, starting from nothing, they began structuring and implementing the work of poverty alleviation. Languishing skills in weaving and leather work were selected in an effort to develop new opportunities for earning that could be outside the control of local vested interests while remaining rooted in familiar and tested capacities.The Jawaja Experiment thus began with Prof. <mask> leading a small group of volunteers to what seemed a barren patch of land with little resources and even less hope. Forty years later, the Jawaja Leather Association and the Jawaja Weaver's Association, linked as AAJ, continue their struggle for self-reliance and dignity. They have come a long way. The leather workers and weavers have won a degree of economic independence. Their products are reputed in India and in many parts of the world. This experiential learning of running a gross root development project, led to the setting up of the Institute of Rural Management, Anand. <mask>, and two of his former IIMA colleagues, Dr.Kamala Chowdhary and  Dr.Michael Halse
]] are credited with conceptualising the need for an independent Institute of Rural Management.The institute was established in Anand, at the express invitation of Dr.Verghese Kurien, his cousin, then Chairman of the National

masks:
Ravi Matthai
Ravi Matthai
Ravi Mathai


title: Ravi J. Matthai

texts:
 Dairy Development Board. <mask> was associated in the initial years in various capacities - being a member on the Board, directly in teaching students, apart from informally mentoring the faculty. Honors

National Institute of Design (NID) at Paldi, Ahmedabad, has a <mask> <mask> Design Research Chair for `design innovation for enriching school education, craft sectors and design research`. It focuses on developing a range of design research related projects and activities in this area. The institute library at the Institute of Rural Management, Anand and the Centre for Educational Innovation at IIM Ahmedabad are named after him. In 1986, IIMA established the Ravi J. Matthai Centre for Educational Innovation (RJMCEI), to conduct research and undertake training activities to influence the management of education systems in India. References

External links
 Voice of Ravi Matthai at the IIMA Website
 Remembering <mask>ai - Prof. TT Ram Mohan, IIMA
 Jawaja Leather Association, Rajasthan, India
 The Rural University - Jawaja Experiment in Educational Innovation (Book by <mask>. <mask>)

1927 births
1984 deaths
People from Kerala
Malayali people
Syrian Christians
Indian Christians
The Doon School alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Indian Institute of Management Calcutta faculty
Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad faculty
Institute of Rural Management Anand

masks:
Ravi Mathai
Ravi J
Matthai
Ravi Math
Ravi J
Matthai


title: Lawrence Kohlberg

texts:
<mask> (; October 25, 1927 – January 19, 1987) was an American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development. He served as a professor in the Psychology Department at the University of Chicago and at the Graduate School of Education at Harvard University. Even though it was considered unusual in his era, he decided to study the topic of moral judgment, extending Jean Piaget's account of children's moral development from twenty-five years earlier. In fact, it took Kohlberg five years before he was able to publish an article based on his views. <mask>'s work reflected and extended not only Piaget's findings but also the theories of philosophers George Herbert Mead and James Mark Baldwin. At the same time he was creating a new field within psychology: "moral development". In an empirical study using six criteria, such as citations and recognition, <mask> was found to be the 30th most eminent psychologist of the 20th century.Early life
<mask> was born in Bronxville, New York. He was the youngest of four children of <mask>, a Jewish German entrepreneur, and of his second wife, Charlotte Albrecht, a Christian German chemist. His parents separated when he was four years old and divorced finally when he was fourteen. From 1933 to 1938, <mask> and his three other siblings rotated between their mother and father for six months at a time. In 1938 this rotating custody of the <mask> children was ended, allowing the children to choose the parent with whom they wanted to live. <mask> attended high school at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, an elite preparatory school. Kohlberg served in the Merchant Marine at the end of World War II.He worked for a time with the Haganah on a ship smuggling Jewish refugees from Romania through the British Blockade, into Palestine. Captured by the British and held at an internment camp on Cyprus, <mask> escaped with fellow crew members. <mask> was in Palestine during the fighting in 1948 to establish the state of Israel, but refused to participate and focused on nonviolent forms of activism. He also lived in an Israeli kibbutz during this time, until he was able to return to America in 1948. In the same year he enrolled at the University of Chicago. At this time at

masks:
Lawrence Kohlberg
Kohlberg
Kohlberg
Lawrence Kohlberg
Alfred Kohlberg
Lawrence
Kohlberg
Kohlberg
Kohlberg
Kohlberg


title: Lawrence Kohlberg

texts:
 Chicago it was possible to gain credit for courses by examination, and <mask> earned his bachelor's degree in one year, 1948. He then began study for his doctoral degree in psychology, which he completed at Chicago in 1958.In 1955 while beginning his dissertation, he married Lucille Stigberg, and the couple had two sons, David and Steven. In those early years he read Piaget's work. <mask> found a scholarly approach that gave a central place to the individual's reasoning in moral decision making. At the time this contrasted with the current psychological approaches of behaviorism and psychoanalysis that explained morality as simple internalization of external cultural or parental rules, through teaching using reinforcement and punishment or identification with a parental authority. Career

<mask>'s first academic appointment was at Yale University, as an assistant professor of psychology, 1958–1961. <mask> spent a year at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, in Palo Alto, California, 1961–1962, and then joined the Psychology Department of the University of Chicago as assistant, then associate professor of psychology and human development, 1962–1967. He held a visiting appointment at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, 1967–68, and then was appointed Professor of Education and Social Psychology there, beginning 1968, where he remained until his death.Stages of moral development

In his unpublished 1958 dissertation, <mask> wrote what are now known as <mask>'s stages of moral development. These stages are planes of moral adequacy conceived to explain the development of moral reasoning. Created while studying psychology at the University of Chicago, the theory was inspired by the work of Jean Piaget and a fascination with children's reactions to moral dilemmas. <mask> proposed a form of "Socratic" moral education and reaffirmed John Dewey's idea that development should be the aim of education. He also outlined how educators can influence moral development without indoctrination and how public school can be engaged in moral education consistent with the United States Constitution. <mask>'s approach begins with the assumption that humans are intrinsically motivated to explore, and become competent at

masks: Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg


title: Lawrence Kohlberg

texts: functioning in their environments. In social development, this leads us to imitate role models we perceive as competent and to look to them for validation.Thus our earliest childhood references on the rightness of our and others' actions are adult role models with whom we are in regular contact. <mask> also held that there are common patterns of social life, observed in universally occurring social institutions, such as families, peer groups, structures and procedures for clan or society decision-making, and cooperative work for mutual defense and sustenance. Endeavoring to become competent participants in such institutions, humans in all cultures exhibit similar patterns of action and thought concerning the relations of self, others, and social world. Furthermore, the more one is prompted to imagine how others experience things and imaginatively to take their roles, the more quickly one learns to function well in cooperative human interactions. The sequence of stages of moral development thus corresponds to a sequence of progressively more inclusive social circles (family, peers, community, etc. ), within which humans seek to operate competently. When those groups function well, oriented by reciprocity and mutual care and respect, growing humans adapt to larger and larger circles of justice, care, and respect.Each stage of moral cognitive development is the realization in conscious thought of the relations of justice, care, and respect exhibited in a wider circle of social relations, including narrower circles within the wider. <mask>'s theory holds that moral reasoning, which is the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental constructive stages – each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than the last. Kohlberg suggested that the higher stages of moral development provide the person with greater capacities/abilities in terms of decision making and so these stages allow people to handle more complex dilemmas. In studying these, <mask> followed the development of moral judgment beyond the ages originally studied earlier by Piaget, who also claimed that logic and morality develop through constructive stages. Expanding considerably upon this groundwork, it was determined that the process of

masks: Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg


title: Lawrence Kohlberg

texts:
 moral development was principally concerned with justice and that its development continued throughout the life span, even spawning dialogue of philosophical implications of such research. His model "is based on the assumption of co-operative social organization on the basis of justice and fairness." Kohlberg studied moral reasoning by presenting subjects with moral dilemmas.He would then categorize and classify the reasoning used in the responses, into one of six distinct stages, grouped into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional. Each level contains two stages. These stages heavily influenced others and have been utilized by others like James Rest in making the Defining Issues Test in 1979. Moral education
<mask> is most well known among psychologists for his research in moral psychology, but among educators he is known for his applied work of moral education in schools. The three major contributions <mask> made to moral education were the use of Moral Exemplars, Dilemma Discussions, and Just Community Schools. <mask>'s first method of moral education was to examine the lives of moral exemplars who practiced principled morals such as Martin Luther King, Jr., Socrates, and Abraham Lincoln. He believed that moral exemplars' words and deeds increased the moral reasoning of those who watched and listened to them.Kohlberg never tested to see if examining the lives of moral exemplars did in fact increase moral reasoning. Recent research in moral psychology has brought back the value of witnessing moral exemplars in action or learning about their stories. Witnessing the virtuous acts of moral exemplars may not increase moral reasoning, but it has been shown to elicit an emotion known as moral elevation that can increase an individual's desire to be a better person and even has the potential to increase prosocial and moral behavior. Although <mask>'s hypothesis that moral exemplars could increase moral reasoning might be unfounded, his understanding that moral exemplars have an important place in moral education has growing support. Dilemma discussions in schools was another method proposed by Kohlberg to increase moral reasoning. Unlike moral exemplars, Kohlberg tested this method by integrating

masks: Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg


title: Lawrence Kohlberg

texts:
 moral dilemma discussion into the curricula of school classes in humanities and social studies. Results of this and other studies using similar methods found that moral discussion does increase moral reasoning and works best if the individual in question is in discussion with a person who is using reasoning that is just one stage above their own.The final method Kohlberg used for moral education was known as "just communities". In 1974, <mask> worked with schools to set up democracy-based programs, where both students and teachers were given one vote to decide on school policies. The purpose of these programs were to build a sense of community in schools in order to promote democratic values and increase moral reasoning. <mask>'s idea and development of "just communities" were greatly influenced by his time living in an Israeli kibbutz when he was a young adult in 1948 and when he was doing longitudinal cross-cultural research of moral development in another Israeli kibbutz. Writing
Some of <mask>'s most important publications were collected in his Essays on Moral Development, Vols. I and II, The Philosophy of Moral Development (1981) and The Psychology of Moral Development (1984), published by Harper & Row. Other works published by Kohlgainz or about Kohlberg's theories and research include Consensus and Controversy, The Meaning and Measurement of Moral Development, <mask>'s Approach to Moral Education and Child Psychology and Childhood Education: A Cognitive Developmental View.Critiques
Carol Gilligan, a fellow researcher of <mask>'s in the studies of moral reasoning that led to <mask>'s developmental stage theory, suggested that to make moral judgments based on optimizing concrete human relations is not necessarily a lower stage of moral judgment than to consider objective principles. Postulating that women may develop an empathy-based ethic with a different, but not lower structure than that Kohlberg had described, Gilligan wrote In a Different Voice, a book that founded a new movement of care-based ethics that initially found strong resonance among feminists and later achieved wider recognition. <mask>'s response to Carol Gilligan's criticism was that he agreed with her that there is a care moral orientation that is

masks:
Kohlberg
Kohlberg
Kohlberg
Lawrence Kohlberg
Kohlberg
Kohlberg
Kohlberg


title: Lawrence Kohlberg

texts: distinct from a justice moral orientation, but he disagreed with her claim that women scored lower than men on measures of moral developmental stages because they are more inclined to use care orientation rather than a justice orientation. <mask> disagreed with Gilligan's position on two grounds. First, many studies measuring moral development of males and females found no difference between men and women and when differences were found it was attributable to differences in education, work experiences, and role-taking opportunities, but not gender. Second, longitudinal studies of females found the same invariant sequence of moral development as previous studies that were of just males. In other words, Gilligan's criticism of <mask>'s moral development theory was centered on differences between males and females that did not exist.<mask>'s detailed responses to numerous critics can be read in his book Essays on Moral Development: Vol.II. The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages. Another criticism against <mask>'s theory was that it focused too much on reason at the expense of other factors. One problem with <mask>'s focus on reason was that little empirical evidence found a relationship between moral reasoning and moral behavior. <mask> recognized this lack of a relationship between his moral stages and moral behavior. In an attempt to understand this, he proposed two sub-stages within each stage, to explain individual differences within each stage. He then proposed a model of the relationship between moral judgments and moral action.According to Kohlberg, an individual first interprets the situation using their moral reasoning, which is influenced by their moral stage and sub-stage. After interpretation individuals make a deontic choice and a judgment of responsibility, which are both influenced by the stage and sub-stage of the individual. If the individual does decide on a moral action and their obligation to do it, they still need the non-moral skills to carry out a moral behavior. If this model is true then it would explain why research was having a hard time finding a direct relationship between moral reason and moral behavior. Another problem with <mask>'s emphasis on moral

masks: Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg


title: Lawrence Kohlberg

texts:
 reasoning is growing empirical support that individuals are more likely to use intuitive "gut reactions" to make moral decisions than use reason-based thought. The high use of intuition directly challenges the place of reason in moral experience. This expanding of the moral domain from reason has raised questions that perhaps morality research is entering areas of inquiry that are not considered real morality, which was a concern of Kohlberg when he first started his research.Scholars such as Elliot Turiel and James Rest have responded to <mask>'s work with their own significant contributions. Death
While doing cross-cultural research in Belize in 1971, <mask> contracted a parasitic infection. Due to this, he suffered from extreme abdominal pain. The long-term effects of the infection and the medications took their toll, and <mask>'s health declined as he also engaged in increasingly demanding professional work, including "Just Community" prison and school moral education programs. <mask> sometimes experienced depression as well. On January 19, 1987, <mask> parked at the end of a dead end street in Winthrop, Massachusetts, across from Boston's Logan Airport. He left his wallet with identification on the front seat of his unlocked car and apparently walked into the icy Boston Harbor.His car and wallet were found within a couple of weeks, and his body was recovered some time later, with the late winter thaw, in a tidal marsh across the harbor near the end of a Logan Airport runway. After <mask>'s body was recovered and his death confirmed, former students and colleagues published special issues of scholarly journals to commemorate his contribution to developmental psychology. See also
Heinz dilemma

References

American social psychologists
American educational psychologists
American developmental psychologists
Moral philosophers
American moral psychologists
20th-century psychologists
Harvard University faculty
University of Chicago faculty
Phillips Academy alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Haganah members
Jewish philosophers
American people of German-Jewish descent
People from Bronxville, New York
Suicides in Massachusetts
Suicides by drowning in the United States
1927 births
1987 suicides
United States Merchant Mariners

masks: Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg Kohlberg


title: Sam Russell (footballer, born 1982)

texts:
<mask> (born 4 October 1982) is an English football coach and former footballer who works as a goalkeeping coach for Grimsby Town. As a player he was a goalkeeper from 2000 until 2021. He began his career in the Premier League with Middlesbrough although he failed to make a first team appearance but would notably go on to have three spells with Darlington between 2002 and 2012. He also played for Gateshead, Scunthorpe United, Rochdale, Wrexham and Forest Green Rovers before joining Grimsby in 2018 where he combined playing duties as James McKeown's number two with coaching the clubs goalkeepers. Playing career

Middlesbrough
<mask> was born in Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire and signed as a professional on 7 July 2000 for his hometown team after progressing through their youth system. He had a successful loan spell at Gateshead during the tail end of the 2001–02 season, followed by a brief period at Darlington on loan in 2002 after Mick Tait brought him in during a keeping crisis. He played in only one game, a 1–1 draw against Torquay United.In August 2003 he was sent to Scunthorpe United on loan where he stayed for three months and made 10 appearances. He finally left Middlesbrough in the summer of 2004, moving to Darlington on a permanent basis. He never appeared in Middlesbrough's first team. Darlington
He was brought to Darlington by David Hodgson in August 2004. With the retirement of goalkeeping legend Andy Collett, the club only had two goalkeepers on their books in Michael Price and youth team player Jack Norton. <mask> was a target for Hodgson after he heard that Middlesbrough were releasing the youngster. Initially it was thought <mask> would be number two to Price, but performances during pre-season meant that <mask> got the

masks:
Samuel Ian Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell


title: Sam Russell (footballer, born 1982)

texts:
 nod.Assistant manager Mark Proctor said that both Price and <mask> were of virtual equal quality but Russsell's distribution was slightly better. In the opening game of the 2004–05 season <mask> made his mark with a superb performance which earned him the man of the match. His superb saves kept Darlington in the game and meant Darlington hung on to an opening day victory. He was ever-present in the first team in the 2004–05 season, and signed a new two-year contract in July 2005. He seemed to have established himself as the number one until just before the start of the 2007–08 season until failed to agree terms with then manager Dave Penny and <mask> left to go to Rochdale and left Darlington in June 2007 after three years in which he made 107 league appearances. Rochdale
In July 2007 he signed for Rochdale, making his first start for the club in the Football League Trophy second round tie against Bury in October 2007. Following an injury to regular keeper James Spencer, <mask> was next called upon in the FA Cup defeat at Southend United.He retained his place in the side and in December 2007, signed a contract until the end of the season having been on non-contract terms. He broke a finger in the 2–1 defeat at Lincoln City in February 2008 and was expected to be out of action until April. In the 2008–09 season <mask> was handed the number one shirt for Rochdale. He had made some important saves for Rochdale that season, however he made the occasional mistake, such as scoring an own goal in the Rochdale–Bury derby, and slipping in a late equaliser by Jamie Ward against Chesterfield despite a Tom Kennedy late winner. In February he was replaced by Blackburn loanee Frank Fielding after Spencer was loaned out to Chester City. Wrexham
After

masks: Russell Russell Russell Russell Russell


title: Sam Russell (footballer, born 1982)

texts:
 being released by Rochdale at the end of the season, <mask> signed for Conference National side Wrexham after impressing on trial. Return to Darlington
In May 2010 he agreed to rejoin Darlington on a one-year contract.He became their regular goalkeeper, and played at Wembley as they beat Mansfield Town to win the FA Trophy. He signed a one-year contract extension, but when the club suffered financial difficulties and failed to pay the players, he submitted his 14-day notice at the end of December and left the club for fellow Conference club Forest Green Rovers in January 2012. Forest Green Rovers
<mask> made his Forest Green debut on 21 January 2012 in a 0–0 draw against Newport County. In his first eight Forest Green performances he saved four consecutive penalty kicks. He made his hundredth league appearance for the club in a 2–1 win over Grimsby Town on 18 March 2014. In March 2014, he signed a contract extension to remain with the club. A run of 144 consecutive league appearances for Forest Green was brought to an end on 21 February 2015 when he was replaced by Steve Arnold for a 3–0 win over AFC Telford United.On 4 May 2015, it was announced that he was leaving Forest Green after his contract had come to an end. Gateshead
In June 2015, <mask> joined National League side Gateshead, returning to a club where over a decade earlier he had spent time on loan. Return to Forest Green Rovers
On 1 July 2016, it was announced that <mask> had returned to former club Forest Green Rovers on a two-year deal. He made his 150th league appearance for the club in a 4–1 away win over Maidstone United on 27 August 2016. Between 17 September 2016 and 29 October 2016, he kept a run of seven National League clean sheets, until Oliver Hawkins header in a 1–1

masks: Russell Russell Russell Russell


title: Sam Russell (footballer, born 1982)

texts:
 draw with Dagenham & Redbridge saw him concede and narrowly miss out on the league record of eight consecutive clean sheets set by Alan Julian for Stevenage. <mask> appeared in every single of minute of Forest Green's 2016-17 campaign, as he helped the club secure promotion to the Football League for the first time in their history with a 3-1 National League play-off final win against Tranmere Rovers at Wembley Stadium. He was rewarded with a new one-year contract in June 2017 for Forest Green's first season in League Two.He was released by Forest Green at the end of the 2017–18 season. Coaching career

Grimsby Town
On 9 July 2018 he joined Grimsby Town as the club's new player / goalkeeper coach. <mask> retired from playing at the end of the 2020–21 season but remained Paul Hurst's first team goalkeeping coach. Career statistics

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Middlesbrough
English footballers
Association football goalkeepers
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Gateshead F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C.players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Forest Green Rovers F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. non-playing

masks: Russell Russell


title: Ernst Busch (field marshal)

texts:
<mask> (6 July 1885 – 17 July 1945) was a German Generalfeldmarschall during World War II who commanded the 16th Army (as a Generaloberst) and later the massive Army Group Centre. During World War I, <mask> served as an infantry officer and was retained in the postwar army of the Weimar Republic. He steadily rose in seniority and by 1936 was a general and commander of the 23rd Infantry Division. During the invasion of Poland, he commanded VIII Army Corps. In 1940, he was appointed commander of the 16th Army; he led it during the 1940 Battle of France and Operation Barbarossa, the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union. By October 1943, <mask> was a field marshal and commander of Army Group Centre. He was dismissed in June 1944 after the collapse of his command during the Red Army's Operation Bagration.He was later the commander of Army Group Northwest in the final months of the war and died as a prisoner of war in England. Early life and World War I
<mask> was born on 6 July 1885 at Essen in the Ruhr district of Germany. In 1904, having graduated from the Gross Lichterfelde Cadet Academy, he joined the Imperial Army as a Fahnenjunker (officer cadet). He was initially posted to the Westphalian 13th Infantry Regiment but was later assigned to the 57th Infantry Regiment, in which he was commissioned a Leutnant (second lieutenant). In 1913, he was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) and received further training at the War Academy. During World War I, <mask> served mostly on the Western Front, initially as a company commander. Within months of the beginning of the war, he had been awarded both the first and second classes of the Iron Cross.In 1915, he was promoted to Hauptmann (captain) and then appointed a battalion commander in the 56th Infantry Regiment. He fought in several battles across the Artois, Flanders, and Champagne sectors of the front. He was awarded

masks:
Ernst Bernhard Wilhelm Busch
Busch
Busch
Busch
Busch


title: Ernst Busch (field marshal)

texts:
 the Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords in 1917 and the following year received the Pour le Mérite. Interwar period
After the war, <mask> was retained in the postwar Reichsheer. He mostly served in a series of staff positions for the next several years, including a period as Inspector of Transport Troops and as a battalion commander in the 9th Infantry Regiment. An ardent supporter of Adolf Hitler, he received a series of rapid promotions from 1933. He soon held the rank of oberst (colonel) and was commander of 9th Infantry Regiment, which was based at Potsdam, and in 1935 was promoted to generalmajor and given command of the 23rd Infantry Division.During the tensions of 1938 between Hitler and the two senior officers in the Wehrmacht, Generalfeldmarschall Werner von Blomberg and Generaloberst Werner von Fritsch, <mask> sided with Hitler. At this stage of his career, <mask> was a General der Infanterie (General of Infantry) and was commander of [[Wehrkreis|Wehrkreis VIII]]. World War II

Invasion of Poland and France
On the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, <mask> was commander of the VIII Army Corps which participated in the invasion of Poland as part of the 14th Army. It captured the city of Krakow, reached the Vistula River and advanced as far as Lviv. During the campaign in Poland, he was twice awarded the Clasp to the Iron Cross. The following year <mask> led the 16th Army, which consisted of 13 infantry divisions, during the Battle of France and covered the left flank of General der Panzertruppe Heinz Guderian's XIX Panzer Corps. During the later stages of the fighting in France, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross  and this was followed by a promotion to Generaloberst on 19 July 1940.Once the campaign in France was completed, <mask>'s 16th Army remained in the country until early 1941, when it was

masks: Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch


title: Ernst Busch (field marshal)

texts:
 transferred to Poland. Invasion of the Soviet Union
When Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, commenced in late June 1941, the 16th Army controlled seven infantry divisions. Assigned to Army Group North, and operating on its southern flank during the advance into the Baltic States and Russia, it captured Staraya Russa in August. By December, the 16th Army had been considerably expanded, and <mask> now had nine infantry divisions along with two motorised divisions, with one more in reserve, under his command. When the Red Army began its winter offensive in January 1942, several parts of his army became encircled and Staraya Russa was nearly lost. <mask> had to resort to his reserve to ensure his forces could hold onto the city. The commander of Army Group North, Generaloberst Georg von Küchler, became dissatisfied with <mask>'s performance and wanted to relieve him of command.Permission to do so was denied. The Red Army offensive shifted focus towards Army Group Centre which relieved the pressure on the 16th Army. <mask> was able to relieve his encircled troops although it took several months and required his army to be reinforced. For the remainder of 1942 and into 1943 the 16th Army's sector was relatively quiet, with the Red Army directing its offensive operations against the 18th Army, which was besieging Leningrad. On 1 February 1943, <mask> was promoted to Field Marshal but this owed more to Hitler's patronage than to his leadership of the 16th Army. Six months later, he received the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross he had been awarded during the campaign in France. On 28 October 1943, Field Marshal Gunther von Kluge, the commander of Army Group Centre, was injured in a vehicle accident and <mask> was named as his replacement.Army Group Centre controlled 76 divisions across four field armies. Fifty-four of these divisions were infantry,


title: Ernst Busch (field marshal)

texts: which included six from Hungary, and there were also five Panzer divisions. However, few divisions were at full strength and over the coming months <mask> amalgamated several of them. Others were low quality, particularly the Hungarian divisions and also the eight Luftwaffe Field Divisions that were also part of two of his armies. By June 1944, his command numbered 38 infantry divisions. <mask> had to contend with several attacks when the Red Army commenced its winter operations in late 1943. He showed little independence in exercising his command and often deferred to Hitler's orders without protest.When fighting around Vitebsk threatened to cut off one of the divisions of Generaloberst Georg-Hans Reinhardt's 3rd Panzer Army, he had to seek Hitler's permission to allow it to withdraw. Hitler declined and the division was only saved when Reinhardt, on his own initiative, ordered it to retreat. In May 1944, <mask> also conceded to Hitler's instructions to transfer his LVI Panzer Corps to Army Group North Ukraine despite this leaving his own command with minimal tanks. An increased build-up of Soviet forces opposite Army Group Centre was largely ignored by <mask>. Despite some of his subordinate's efforts to reduce their frontage, he refused to let them do so and blindly reiterated Hitler's orders that there be no retreat. In particular, the towns of Vitebsk, Orsha, Mogilev, and Bobruisk were to be held in force. <mask> had attempted to query this with Hitler but was rebuffed and ridiculed.This only strengthened <mask>'s resolve to follow Hitler's directives without question. By mid-June, the 700,000 troops of Army Group Centre were outnumbered by 2,500,000 Soviet soldiers. When the Soviet summer offensive of 1944, Operation Bagration, began on 22 June, Army Group Centre's 34 divisions were overwhelmed by nearly 120 Red Army divisions. His army commanders


title: Ernst Busch (field marshal)

texts:
 immediately sought permission to withdraw to the Dnieper River but this was denied by <mask>, who insisted their positions be held. Within two days, most of his divisions were effectively destroyed. Having overseen the loss of 250,000-300,000 men (25 full divisions), the biggest defeat for Germany on the Eastern Front, <mask> was relieved of his command by Hitler on 28 June. He was replaced by Field Marshal Walter Model who managed to stop the advance of the Red Army, but not until it reached the Vistula.In the meantime, <mask> became depressed after his sacking which effectively came about because of his adherence to Hitler's orders. Army Group Northwest
Having gradually returned to favour with Hitler, <mask> was recalled to duty on 20 March 1945 when he became head of Army Group Northwest. Tasked with defending the portion of German coastline along the North Sea, he had few resources and lacked the respect of many men under his command. <mask> surrendered to Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery on 4 May 1945. He died in a prisoner of war camp in Aldershot, England, on 17 July 1945, and was initially buried at Aldershot Military Cemetery before his remains were later re-interred at Cannock Chase German Military Cemetery. References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

1885 births
1945 deaths
Military personnel from Essen
People from the Rhine Province
Field marshals of Nazi Germany
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, 1st Class with a Star
German military personnel of World War I
Prussian Army personnel
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom
Prisoners who died in British military detention
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Burials at Cannock Chase German Military Cemetery
German people who

masks: Busch Busch Busch Busch Busch


title: Henry Lau

texts:
<mask> (; ; born October 11, 1989), often mononymously referred to as <mask>, is a Canadian singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, and actor based in South Korea and China. He debuted in 2008 as a member of Super Junior-M and launched his solo career in 2013 with Trap. His original soundtrack "It's You" released in 2017 became the most streamed Korean OST on Spotify for two consecutive years in 2018 and 2019. In 2018, <mask> left SM Entertainment following the expiration of his contract, and subsequently joined Monster Entertainment Group. <mask> made his Hollywood debut in 2019 with the film A Dog's Journey produced by Amblin Entertainment. In 2020, he starred in the action-fantasy movie Double World. The film was released on Netflix and the Chinese streaming service iQIYI, becoming the first movie produced in Mainland China to have a simultaneous global release.<mask> is also known for his television work in the programs Real Man and I Live Alone, for which he received the Best Newcomer Award (2014) and Excellence Male Award (2017) respectively at the MBC Entertainment Awards. Early life
<mask> was born on October 11, 1989, in Toronto, Ontario. His father is from Hong Kong with Teochew ancestry and his mother is from Pingtung, Taiwan. He was raised in the neighbourhood of Willowdale located in the district of North York. His father works in real estate while his mother was a stay-at-home mom. He has a younger sister, Whitney (born in 1993), and an older brother, Clinton (born in 1988), who also serves as the CEO of his current label, Monster Entertainment Group. He attended Zion Heights Junior High School, then North Toronto Collegiate Institute for grade 9 and A.Y.Jackson Secondary School for the rest of his high school years. In his last year of high school, <mask> was chosen at the 2006 SM Entertainment Global Audition in Toronto; he was one of two out of three thousand applicants who were recruited. He was accepted by the University of Toronto for both music education and violin

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 performance programs, but chose not to attend after accepting SM's offer. <mask> started learning how to play the piano from his mother at the age of four, and began taking violin lessons at the age of five. His teacher was Arkady Yanivker, a soloist and former violinist of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. He later learned to play the electric violin in 2005. He received the Canadian Royal Conservatory of Music (RCM) Regional Gold Medal for Level 10 in violin, and has also achieved Level 10 in piano.In high school, he learned a hip hop dance style called boogaloo popping. He was heads of both the after-school violin club and popping club, where he came up with the idea of simultaneously doing both after the two clubs had conflicting meeting times. He never expected to become a singer and did not know anything about K-pop before his friends suggested him to audition for SM. For his audition, <mask> performed a Vivaldi piece on the violin while incorporating popping during the piece's fast passages, as well as a cappella singing; he received an offer from the company the following week. At the time, he applied for colleges for classical music, but ultimately decided to go "down the K-pop road", as he explains, "I'll be dancing and singing, but that doesn't mean I won't be able to play the violin anymore or piano. I decided that I had to go down this road because that was the only way I could do pretty much everything." He initially declined the offer because his father wanted him to go to university.After his mother was impressed during a visit to the company in South Korea, she convinced his father for him to accept the offer. <mask> is able to speak four languages. Aside from speaking native English, he is fluent in Mandarin and Korean and can speak conversational Cantonese. Career

2007–2012: Career beginnings and Super Junior-M

<mask> appeared as a violinist in South Korean group Super Junior's music video for "Don't Don" in September 2007. The song features a violin part, which is performed by

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texts: <mask>. In October 2007, SM Entertainment announced that he would debut as a member of a Super Junior China sub-group, Super Junior-M, the following year. The announcement caused controversy among Super Junior fans due to rumours that SM wanted to add <mask> as the fourteenth member of Super Junior, which led fans to form an "Only 13" campaign.<mask> described the situation as "if Backstreet Boys wanted a new Boy," and the backlash led to him "being on the sidelines for years." Super Junior-M debuted by releasing a promotional single "U", a Mandarin remake of Super Junior's 2006 best-selling Korean single on April 8, 2008. They also debuted in China on the same day at the 8th Annual Music Chart Awards. Their debut album, Me was released on April 23, 2008. Together with the Super Junior-M members, <mask> made a cameo appearance in the CCTV2 drama Stage of Youth in 2009. A year and a half after debut, Super Junior-M made their sophomore release with the mini-album, Super Girl, on September 23, 2009. The mini-album won many awards and even earned the group a nomination for 'Best Vocal Group' at the 21st Golden Melody Awards, the Chinese equivalent of the Grammy Awards.He featured on the track "Love Me" () from label-mate Zhang Liyin's first single album, Moving On, which was released on October 29, 2009. He performed on Super Junior's second Asian tour, Super Show 2, as part of Super Junior-M, and also performed a self-composed English solo song, "Sick of Love", which remains unreleased. In 2010, he took a brief hiatus to study music composition at Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts, where he learned to sing and produce music. At Berklee, he became friends with fellow student Gen Neo, and convinced him to go to Korea to work with him. He composed a song with Super Junior's leader Leeteuk called "All My Heart" (; Revised Romanization: Jinsim) for Super Junior's fourth repackaged album, Bonamana, released on June 28, 2010. He was featured on Jonghyun and Jinho's duet titled "Don't Lie"


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 from SM the Ballad's first album Miss You, released on November 29, 2010. <mask> joined Super Junior on the Super Show 3 Tour.<mask>'s solo song "Off My Mind" () was included in Super Junior-M's second EP Perfection which was released on February 25, 2011. The lyrics to the song were written with Geo Neo while studying at Berklee. He worked with Leeteuk again on a song called "Andante" (; Revised Romanization: Andante) for Super Junior's fifth repackaged album, A-CHa, released on September 19, 2011. He toured with Super Junior as a member of Super Junior-M for their fourth tour, Super Show 4. Together with fellow Super Junior-M member Zhou Mi, he performed "Santa U Are the One" on SM Town's eighth winter album, 2011 SMTown Winter – The Warmest Gift, released on December 13, 2011. In March 2012, he featured on BoA's single "One Dream" alongside Key which served as the opening song for SBS's audition program K-pop Star. The single was included in BoA's seventh Korean studio album, Only One, released on July 22, 2012.He became a member of the project group Younique Unit with Eunhyuk, Taemin, Kai, Luhan, and Hyoyeon, for a collaboration between SM Entertainment and Hyundai. Their single "Maxstep" was released on October 31, 2012. The same year, <mask> was cast as the lead in his film debut, Final Recipe, alongside Malaysian actress Michelle Yeoh. The film tells the story of young aspiring chef Mark, played by <mask>, who participates in an international cooking contest to save his grandfather's restaurant from going out of business. In preparation for the role, <mask> studied under chef  and practised cooking 3–4 hours a day for several months. 2013–2014: Debut as a soloist and variety shows

Super Junior-M's second studio album, Break Down, was released on January 7, 2013, along with the title track. The album includes two songs, "Go" and "It's You", that were produced by <mask>'s production team, NoizeBank.NoizeBank is a music production team comprising <mask> and his Berklee classmates Gen Neo,

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 Neil Nallas, and Isaac Han. On February 6, he was confirmed to be a contestant in MasterChef Korea Celebrity, the celebrity version of MasterChef Korea. On May 30, 2013, it was announced that <mask> would make his solo debut. He was SM Entertainment's first male solo artist in 13 years since Kangta. His first solo extended play, Trap was released on June 7, 2013. The title track featured Super Junior's Kyuhyun and Shinee's Taemin. The Chinese version of the Trap EP was released on August 14.Follow-up promotions for the second single, "1-4-3 (I Love You)", which featured label-mate Amber of f(x), commenced on August 23. In February 2014, <mask> joined the cast of the Korean military-variety show Real Man with fellow celebrities Chun Jung-myung, Park Gun-hyung, K.Will. He quickly became the break-out star and variety favourite because of his natural optimism and eagerness to learn Korean culture, despite being Canadian-born and completely unfamiliar with the Korean military. In addition, his appearance in Star King along with his appearance in Real Man propelled his rising popularity. This led to more variety show and CF work, such as being chosen as the first guest in JTBC's Crime Scene, and solo endorsements with KFC Korea and Sprite Korea. After almost seven months of production, his second EP, Fantastic was released on July 14, 2014. <mask> made his Japanese debut with the single album Fantastic on October 8, which included Japanese versions of the songs "Fantastic" and "Trap".In December, he appeared in tvN's classical music variety show Always Cantare. 2015–2017: Television work and single releases
In January 2015, <mask> made his Korean acting debut in Mnet's music drama . He released two songs, "The Way#Lies" and "Love +" for the drama's original soundtrack, the latter being a duet with co-star Yoo Sung-eun. <mask> teased his upcoming album in February 2015 but the project was delayed for an unknown reason. In March 2015, it was confirmed that <mask> had joined We Got Married and was

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texts: partnered with Yewon. In June, he appeared in the second season of Always Cantare. In November, he played a supporting role in the drama Oh My Venus acting alongside So Ji-sub and Sung Hoon.Throughout 2016, <mask> became more active in China appearing in a slew of reality shows including Sisters Over Flowers 2 and , the latter of which he hosted with He Jiong. <mask> co-composed the lead single of Se7en's I Am Seven, titled "Give It To Me", which was released on October 13, 2016. Next, he collaborated with Sistar's Soyou on the song "Runnin'" which was released on October 14 through SM Station. On October 26, 2016, <mask> and Mark released "I Want To Enter Your Heart" for the OST of Sweet Stranger and Me; the track was written and composed by <mask>. <mask> appeared on the Chinese reality show Back to Field, which aired in January 2017, as one of the three fixed cast members alongside He Jiong and Huang Lei. The same month, he guested on the popular South-Korean reality show I Live Alone which shows the single lifestyles of celebrities. His appearance led to an increase in the show's ratings and he attracted attention for using live loops to reinterpret "Uptown Funk".Subsequently, <mask> became a fixed cast member. During his appearance on the show, he composed a brief passage of a song which was then informally titled as "What should I do?". The song continued to garner attention through his appearance on You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook for its beautiful melody and its eccentric "revolutionary" lyrics. The finished track, titled "Girlfriend" (; Revised Romanization: Geuriwoyo) was officially released on March 18, 2017, and peaked at number one on multiple South Korean daily digital charts and number three on the Gaon Download Chart. The track is a soulful R&B piece that incorporates the sound of strings and piano. The lyrics expresses the heartfelt sadness and longing for a past lover, which correlates with the Korean title of the song "그리워요" (lit. Missing you).On April 29, 2017, he released the single


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 "Real Love" (; Revised Romanization: Sarang jom hago sipeo) and its acoustic version on May 10. On June 23, he released the single "I'm Good" featuring rapper Nafla. In July 2017, <mask> joined the Naver TV variety show Snowball Project, a collaboration between artists from SM Entertainment and Mystic Entertainment. He co-produced the song "Lemonade Love" with Yoon Jong Shin, which was released by Mark and Parc Jae Jung. He also rearranged Yoon Jong Shin's 1996 song, "Rebirth", for Red Velvet and released the collaboration single "U&I" with Sunny on the show. On August 30, he released "That One". In October, he released "It's You", which he co-composed for the original soundtrack of the drama While You Were Sleeping (2017).The song became the most streamed Korean OST on Spotify for two consecutive years in 2018 and 2019. In December, he appeared on the fourth season of the Chinese reality show Perhaps Love. 2018–present: Independent label, acting roles, and Journey
In January 2018, it was announced that <mask> will arrange and perform a new version of the 1986 song "Daughter's Love" () for the soundtrack of the film The Monkey King 3. In February, he released the soulful R&B single "Monster" in three languages - English, Chinese, Korean. On April 30, 2018, it was announced that <mask> had completed his contract with SM Entertainment and had decided to leave the agency. He then set up his own studio in China. <mask> joined second season of the busking variety show Begin Again, which aired in May 2018.He returned for the second season of Chinese variety show Back to Field, which aired from April to June 2018. The same year, he was cast in the lead role in the Chinese film adaptation of the popular video game, Zhengtu. The film, under its English title Double World, was released globally on Netflix in July 2020. In August 2018, <mask> was cast as Trent in A Dog's Journey, which was released in May 2019 and marks his American film debut. He was suggested to the filmmakers by Alibaba Pictures, which

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texts: co-produced the film. On October 27, <mask> held his first fan-meeting at Sangmyung Art Center in Seoul. In November 2018, <mask> announced that he had joined Monster Entertainment Group, an agency based in South Korea that he founded with his brother, Clinton, to help build his brand globally.Later that month, he briefly signed with AXIS, a music label founded by former YG creative director SINXITY. In December, <mask> became a judge on the Chinese reality show for bel canto and classical singers Super-Vocal; the show earned high ratings. On December 26, 2018, South-Korean band g.o.d announced they would be releasing a special 20th anniversary album titled Then & Now, which will feature a remake of the group's 2001 song "Road," rearranged by MeloMance's Jung Dong-hwan and sung by <mask>, IU, Urban Zakapa's Jo Hyun Ah, and Yang Da-il. He returned as part of the cast of Begin Again for its third season, which was broadcast in July 2019. On May 9, 2019, he released "Untitled Love Song" (; Revised Romanization: Jemok eomneun Love Song), his first release under his new label Monster. He previously teased the song in April during an appearance in Idol Room. In August, he released the R&B ballad "I LUV U" which he performed live for the first time in Amalfi, Italy during the filming of Begin Again.He released the single "Don't Forget" (; Revised Romanization: Hangangui bam) in October which was co-written by and features indie duo Rocoberry. He released the Chinese version of his single "I LUV U" titled "But, I Love You" () in December. He also appeared as a judge on the Chinese reality shows  and Miss Voice in the last quarter of the year. In February 2020, <mask> released the single "Thinking of You" and its accompanying music video in collaboration with Atelier Cologne. The same month, he featured alongside AlunaGeorge on the electropop track "Nice Things" produced by Far East Movement. In May, he was announced to participate in the fourth season of Begin Again (the first season to be held in Korea


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 due to the pandemic), which aired from June to September. In August, he was selected by Forbes Korea as a '2020 Korea Power YouTuber' for spreading "positive influence" through his YouTube series 'Henry Together' where he collaborates with young musical prodigies.On September 17, 2020, <mask> featured in "Take Over", the official song of the 2020 League of Legends World Championship, alongside Jeremy McKinnon and MAX. In October, he was confirmed to play the male lead in the second season of the American series Dramaworld, which was released on Lifetime in April 2021. On November 18, 2020, <mask> released his third EP, Journey, alongside its lead single "Radio". The album peaked at number one on the Gaon Album Chart. SeoulBeats described the album as "captivating" in their review and noted that it "[gives] nods to his complicated musical past", being a multi-instrumentalist and idol turned singer-songwriter. The writer notes <mask>'s "penchant for interesting instrument choices, loop , and electronic mixing" that makes Journey "[stand] out from most other solo releases as of late". <mask> was awarded the '2020 Art Patron of the Year' in December by the Arts Council Korea in recognition of his furtherance of arts through his original YouTube series 'Henry Together' and his role as the ambassador of Orchestra of Dream.In August 2021, he joined the fourth season of  as one of the four team captains alongside Wang Yibo, Lay Zhang, and Han Geng. The same month, he released the collaboration song "Home" with Roy Wang, a track he co-composed for Wang's album Summer Time. Musicianship
<mask> is a multi-instrumentalist and plays the violin, piano, drums, and guitar. He is known for his performance style which often involves the use of multiple instruments and loop pedals during live performances. He has been nicknamed "one-man band" by Chinese netizens after a viral performance at the Zhejiang TV Autumn Festival in 2019, during which he performed using live looping and played drum pads, a glass bottle,


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 kick drum, marimba, piano, and electric violin while singing. Other ventures
In May 2018, <mask> opened Xiao Zhan, a Taiwanese cuisine restaurant in Sinsa-dong, Gangnam. He has since opened a second branch in Secho-dong.In October 2021, <mask>'s artwork was featured at the START Art Fair held at London's Saatchi Gallery as part of a special exhibit recognising K-pop's global influence. Ambassadorships
Since 2019, he has been a Goodwill Ambassador for the nonprofit organizations International Vaccine Institute and Save the Children charity. In May 2020, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism named <mask> as the promotional ambassador for El Sistema Korea, also known as Orchestra of Dream, which supports the musical education of children and young people including those who are underprivileged. <mask> performed with members of the orchestra at their 10th Anniversary Concert in November 2020. In June 2021, <mask> was appointed ambassador for Seoul Metropolitan Government's 2021 Instrument Donation and Sharing Campaign which aims to distribute used musical instruments to institutions and individuals in need. Discography

Extended plays
 Trap (2013)
 Fantastic (2014)
 Journey (2020)

Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 <mask> at Monster Entertainment Group

1989 births
Living people
21st-century Canadian male singers
21st-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers
Berklee College of Music alumni
Canadian contemporary R&B singers
Canadian expatriates in China
Canadian expatriates in South Korea
Canadian male dancers
Canadian male drummers
Canadian male guitarists
Canadian male pianists
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Canadian male violinists and fiddlers
Canadian multi-instrumentalists
Canadian musicians of Chinese descent
Canadian musicians of Hong Kong descent
Canadian musicians of Taiwanese descent
Canadian pop singers
Canadian record producers
Korean-language singers of Canada
K-pop singers
Mandopop singers
Musicians from Toronto
People from Willowdale,

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<mask> (born 8 June 1975 in Sarnia, Ontario) is a Canadian singer-songwriter best known for her 1998 indie hits "Summerlong" and "Acid". Early life
Gryner's childhood was spent in Forest, Lambton County, Ontario. Her father was of half Irish heritage and her mother was Filipina. Gryner's brother is record producer and musician <mask>. Education
Gryner graduated from Fanshawe College's Music Industry Arts program in 1995. Career
Gryner started her music career in Toronto, working office jobs during the day while honing her live show in small, local clubs by night. Gryner entered her original song "Wisdom Bus" in a nationwide songwriting contest sponsored by Standard Broadcasting, and won.With the money from this prize, she recorded an album called The Original Leap Year and released it on her own Dead Daisy Records. The album attracted the attention of Violent Femmes producer, Warren Bruleigh. Bruleigh passed the album onto an exec at Mercury Records who signed Gryner. The result was Public, a Britpop-inspired album that yielded a hit in Canada called "Summerlong." Several tours followed, with Ron Sexsmith, Bernard Butler, Rufus Wainwright and others. After Universal Music took over Mercury Records, Gryner was dropped from the label and returned to her own Dead Daisy Records. She released several albums, two of which went on to be nominated for Best Pop Album of the Year at the Juno Awards.During this time, Gryner moved to New Paltz, NY and Los Angeles to write and tour. She also took a job singing and playing keyboards in David Bowie’s band. The gig saw Gryner performing with Bowie at Glastonbury Festival, on Later with Jools Holland and other venues around America and Europe. She

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 appears on the live albums Glastonbury 2000 and Bowie at the Beeb, as well as Toy. After leaving Bowie's band, Gryner moved to Montreal and released an album called Songs of Love and Death which was made up of cover versions of Irish songs by The Undertones, The Virgin Prunes, Horslips, Thin Lizzy, The Thrills and others. Recorded in a house she shared with Kate McGarrigle, the album attracted the attention of Irish media. Gryner found a champion in Pat Egan, a legendary promoter and manager based in Dublin, and he set up her first shows.In 2005, Gryner signed Atlantic Canadian indie band In-Flight Safety. The band went on to receive national acclaim, capture several awards and receive a Juno nomination for Best Video of the Year in 2007. Gryner subsequently signed Toronto songwriter Royal Wood and released his album, A Good Enough Day through Dead Daisy. In 2006, Gryner released  The Summer of High Hopes produced by Nathan Larson. The album was released in Canada and later in Ireland on the heels of a performance at Oxegen Festival. Collaborations
Gryner also collaborated with Larson in the band Hot One, which released an album that year. She is also a member of the collective The Cake Sale, along with Gary Lightbody of Snow Patrol, Bell X1, Josh Ritter and Glen Hansard.The collective is featured on The Cake Sale, a multi-platinum-selling Irish album with proceeds to Oxfam’s Make Trade Fair. In 2011 <mask> formed Trent Severn with Dayna Manning and Laura C. Bates. Their debut self-titled album was released on Gryner's Dead Daisy Records label in 2012, followed by Trillium (2015) and Portage (2017). In May 2013, she arranged and performed piano on astronaut Chris Hadfield's cover version


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 of David Bowie's "Space Oddity". The music video for the song features Hadfield on the International Space Station and is considered the first ever filmed in space. In 2014, Gryner put together the band Trapper with Sean Kelly (on guitar), brother <mask> (on guitar), Jordan Kern (on bass) and Tim Timleck (ex-Universal Honey on drums), playing "1980s-style melodic hard rock." In May 2015, Trapper opened for Brit-rockers Def Leppard on 3 Canadian tour dates in Montréal, Ottawa and London, Ontario.Gryner had met and become friends with Def Leppard lead singer Joe Elliott when she toured as a backing singer with David Bowie. On May 29, 2015, Trapper played the Great Hall in Toronto with special guest Chris Hadfield singing two songs with the band. Other work
Gryner played the angel in the music videos of "The Grace" and "Age of Consent" by Neverending White Lights, and had a small but important role in One Week, a film by director Michael McGowan. In the summers of 2007 and 2008, Gryner and Danny Michel co-hosted the radio show Under the Covers, a show about cover songs, on CBC Radio One. In September 2021 ECW Press released Gryner's book The Healing Power of Singing: Raise Your Voice, Change Your Life (What Touring with David Bowie, Single Parenting and Ditching the Music Business Taught Me in 25 Easy Steps), described as "part study in the art of singing, part guide to finding one's voice, and part memoir." The book became an Amazon bestseller in 2022. Recognition by other musicians
Nelly Furtado named <mask>'s album Science Fair one of her desert island discs in a VH1 interview, and David Bowie named Gryner and Godspeed You!Black Emperor his two favourite Canadian acts during a

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title: Hermila Galindo

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<mask> (also known as <mask>) (2June 188618August 1954) was a Mexican feminist and a writer. She was an early supporter of many radical feminist issues, primarily sex education in schools, women's suffrage, and divorce. She was one of the first feminists to state that Catholicism in Mexico was thwarting feminist efforts, and was the first woman to run for elected office in Mexico. Early life
<mask> was born in Lerdo Mexico, Durango, on 2 June 1886 to <mask> and <mask>. She began her education in Villa Lerdo and then attended an Industrial School in Chihuahua learning accounting, shorthand, telegraphy, typing, as well as English and Spanish. At the age of 13, she returned home and gave private lessons in shorthand and typing to children. In 1911, she moved to Mexico City.Biography
Arriving in Mexico City, <mask> joined a liberal club and became a public supporter of Venustiano Carranza, lobbying against Porfirio Díaz. She was discovered by Venustiano Carranza while giving a speech to welcome him upon his return to the capital. He then offered her the opportunity to work with him in Veracruz. She became his private secretary and continued rallying support for the rights of Mexican women and liberal ideologies. Carranza supported her efforts, permitting her to distribute feminist propaganda in the southern Mexican states of Tabasco, Campeche, and Yucatán, and in the traditionally liberal state of Veracruz, as well as Carranza's home state of Coahuila, and San Luis Potosí and Nuevo León. Carranza also appointed her as his representative in Cuba and Colombia, to publicize his policies in surrounding Latin America. In 1915, she created a magazine called La Mujer Moderna ("The Modern

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texts: Woman").Along with essays discussing feminist ideas, it served as propaganda to support Carranza. Almost all of her works helped the political campaign of Carranza in some way. The magazine also featured articles which expressed her disapproval of the Catholic Church and its methods of control. She was one of the first feminists to speak out about the church and its view of women. <mask> collaborated with many other journalists and feminists, with the majority of these women being from Spain who were fighting for the same issues as <mask>. The most famous women that stand out from her magazine and articles are María Luisa de la Torre de Otero, Clarisa P. de Torres, Julia D. Febles Cantón Vda. de Palomeque, Micaela Rosado de P., Bolivia M. de Rivas, Rosario Rivas Hernández, María Pacheco, Artemisa N. Sanz Royo, and Luz Calva.Although the magazine was titled La Mujer Moderna, she still included male journalists in her works. She eventually wrote Carranza's biography in addition to at least five other books. One of her books, Un presidenciable: el general Don Pablo Gonzalez, was written about the general Pablo González Garza who was a general during the Mexican Revolution under President Carranza. Her support for Carranza was incredibly obvious because out of all her works were related to him; even the feminist magazine. At the time her views of sex education and women's sexuality were considered to be extremely radical. Her approach seeking equality and women's rights were seen as controversial. During the Feminist Congress of 1916, which Galindo did not attend, César González, an education administrator for Carranza, read a statement in which Galindo attacked the male double standard in

masks: Galindo Galindo