title: Richard II of England

texts:
 Paris, since the French had little interest in any challenge to <mask> and his peace policy. <mask> left the country in May for another expedition in Ireland. In 1398 <mask> summoned the Parliament of Shrewsbury, which declared all the acts of the Merciless Parliament to be null and void, and announced that no restraint could legally be put on the king. It delegated all parliamentary power to a committee of twelve lords and six commoners chosen from the king's friends, making <mask> an absolute ruler unbound by the necessity of gathering a Parliament again. Court culture

In the last years of <mask>'s reign, and particularly in the months after the suppression of the appellants in 1397, the king enjoyed a virtual monopoly on power in the country, a relatively uncommon situation in medieval England. In this period a particular court culture was allowed to emerge, one that differed sharply from that of earlier times. A new form of address developed; where the king previously had been addressed simply as "highness", now "royal majesty", or "high majesty" were often used.It was said that on solemn festivals <mask> would sit on his throne in the royal hall for hours without speaking, and anyone on whom his eyes fell had to bow his knees to the king. The inspiration for this new sumptuousness and emphasis on dignity came from the courts on the continent, not only the French and Bohemian courts that had been the homes of <mask>'s two wives, but also the court that his father had maintained while residing in Aquitaine. <mask>'s approach to kingship was rooted in his strong belief in the royal prerogative, the inspiration of which can be

masks: Richard Richard Richard Richard Richard Richard Richard Richard


title: Richard II of England

type: original

texts:
 found in his early youth, when his authority was challenged first by the Peasants' Revolts and then by the Lords Appellant. <mask> rejected the approach his grandfather <mask> had taken to the nobility. Edward's court had been a martial one, based on the interdependence between the king and his most trusted noblemen as military captains. In <mask>'s view, this put a dangerous amount of power in the hands of the baronage. To avoid dependence on the nobility for military recruitment, he pursued a policy of peace towards France.At the same time, he developed his own private military retinue, larger than that of any English king before him, and gave them livery badges with his White Hart. He was then free to develop a courtly atmosphere in which the king was a distant, venerated figure, and art and culture, rather than warfare, were at the centre. Patronage and the arts
As part of <mask>'s programme of asserting his authority, he also tried to cultivate the royal image. Unlike any other English king before him, he had himself portrayed in panel paintings of elevated majesty, of which two survive: an over life-size Westminster Abbey portrait (c. 1390), and the Wilton Diptych (1394–99), a portable work probably intended to accompany <mask> on his Irish campaign. It is one of the few surviving English examples of the courtly International Gothic style of painting that was developed in the courts of the Continent, especially Prague and Paris. <mask>'s expenditure on jewellery, rich textiles and metalwork was far higher than on paintings, but as with his illuminated manuscripts, there are hardly any surviving works that can be connected

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title: Richard II of England

texts:
 with him, except for a crown, "one of the finest achievements of the Gothic goldsmith", that probably belonged to his wife Anne. Among <mask>'s grandest projects in the field of architecture was Westminster Hall, which was extensively rebuilt during his reign, perhaps spurred on by the completion in 1391 of <mask> Gaunt's magnificent hall at Kenilworth Castle.Fifteen life-size statues of kings were placed in niches on the walls, and the hammer-beam roof by the royal carpenter Hugh Herland, "the greatest creation of medieval timber architecture", allowed the original three Romanesque aisles to be replaced with a single huge open space, with a dais at the end for <mask> to sit in solitary state. The rebuilding had been begun by <mask> in 1245, but had by <mask>'s time been dormant for over a century. The court's patronage of literature is especially important, because this was the period in which the English language took shape as a literary language. There is little evidence to tie <mask> directly to patronage of poetry, but it was nevertheless within his court that this culture was allowed to thrive. The greatest poet of the age, <mask>, served the king as a diplomat, a customs official and a clerk of The King's Works while producing some of his best-known work. Chaucer was also in the service of John of Gaunt, and wrote The Book of the Duchess as a eulogy to Gaunt's wife Blanche. Chaucer's colleague and friend John Gower wrote his Confessio Amantis on a direct commission from <mask>, although he later grew disenchanted with the king.Downfall

Deposition

In June 1399, Louis I, Duke of Orléans, gained control of the court of the

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Richard
John of
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Henry III
Richard
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Geoffrey Chaucer
Richard


title: Richard II of England

texts: insane Charles VI of France. The policy of rapprochement with the English crown did not suit Louis's political ambitions, and for this reason he found it opportune to allow Henry Bolingbroke to leave for England. With a small group of followers, Bolingbroke landed at Ravenspur in Yorkshire towards the end of June 1399. Men from all over the country soon rallied around him. Meeting with Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, who had his own misgivings about the king, Bolingbroke insisted that his only object was to regain his own patrimony. Percy took him at his word and declined to interfere. The king had taken most of his household knights and the loyal members of his nobility with him to Ireland, so Bolingbroke experienced little resistance as he moved south.Keeper of the Realm Edmund, Duke of York, had little choice but to side with Bolingbroke. Meanwhile, <mask> was delayed in his return from Ireland and did not land in Wales until 24 July. He made his way to Conwy, where on 12 August he met with the Earl of Northumberland for negotiations. On 19 August, <mask> surrendered to Henry Bolingbroke at Flint Castle, promising to abdicate if his life were spared. Both men then returned to London, the indignant king riding all the way behind Henry. On arrival, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London on 1 September. Henry was by now fully determined to take the throne, but presenting a rationale for this action proved a dilemma.It was argued that <mask>, through his tyranny and misgovernment, had rendered himself unworthy of being king. However, Henry was not next in line to the throne; the heir presumptive was Edmund Mortimer, 5th

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title: Richard II of England

texts:
 Earl of March, great-grandson of <mask>'s second surviving son, Lionel, Duke of Clarence. Bolingbroke's father, John of Gaunt, was Edward's third son to survive to adulthood. The problem was solved by emphasising Henry's descent in a direct male line, whereas March's descent was through his grandmother, Philippa of Clarence. According to the official record, read by the Archbishop of Canterbury during an assembly of lords and commons at Westminster Hall on Tuesday 30 September, <mask> gave up his crown willingly and ratified his deposition citing as a reason his own unworthiness as a monarch. On the other hand, the Traison et Mort Chronicle suggests otherwise. It describes a meeting between <mask> and Henry that took place one day before the parliament's session.The king succumbed to blind rage, ordered his own release from the Tower, called his cousin a traitor, demanded to see his wife, and swore revenge, throwing down his bonnet, while Henry refused to do anything without parliamentary approval. When parliament met to discuss <mask>'s fate, John Trevor, Bishop of St Asaph, read thirty-three articles of deposition that were unanimously accepted by lords and commons. On 1 October 1399, <mask> was formally deposed. On 13 October, the feast day of Edward the Confessor, Henry Bolingbroke was crowned king. Death
Henry had agreed to let <mask> live after his abdication. This all changed when it was revealed that the earls of Huntingdon, Kent, and Salisbury, and Lord Despenser, and possibly also the Earl of Rutlandall now demoted from the ranks they had been given by <mask>were planning to murder the new king and restore <mask> in

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title: Richard II of England

texts:
 the Epiphany Rising. Although averted, the plot highlighted the danger of allowing <mask> to live.He is thought to have been starved to death in captivity in Pontefract Castle on or around 14 February 1400, although there is some question over the date and manner of his death. His body was taken south from Pontefract and displayed in St Paul's Cathedral on 17 February before burial in King's Langley Priory on 6 March. Rumours that <mask> was still alive persisted, but never gained much credence in England; in Scotland, however, a man identified as <mask> came into the hands of Regent Albany, lodged in Stirling Castle, and serving as the notionaland perhaps reluctantfigurehead of various anti-Lancastrian and Lollard intrigues in England. Henry IV's government dismissed him as an impostor, and several sources from both sides of the border suggest the man had a mental illness, one also describing him as a "beggar" by the time of his death in 1419, but he was buried as a king in the local Dominican friary in Stirling. Meanwhile, in 1413, Henry Vin an effort both to atone for his father's act of murder and to silence the rumours of <mask>'s survivalhad decided to have the body at King's Langley moved to its final resting place in Westminster Abbey. Here <mask> himself had prepared an elaborate tomb, where the remains of his wife Anne were already entombed. Character and assessment
Contemporary writers, even those less sympathetic to the king, agreed that <mask> was a "most beautiful king", though with a "face which was white, rounded and feminine", implying he lacked manliness.He was athletic and tall; when his tomb was opened in

masks: Richard Richard Richard Richard Richard Richard


title: Richard II of England

texts: 1871 he was found to be six feet (1.82 m) tall. He was also intelligent and well read, and when agitated he had a tendency to stammer. While the Westminster Abbey portrait probably shows a good similarity of the king, the Wilton Diptych portrays him as significantly younger than he was at the time; it must be assumed that he had a beard by this point. Religiously, he was orthodox, and particularly towards the end of his reign he became a strong opponent of the Lollard heresy. He was particularly devoted to the cult of Edward the Confessor, and around 1395 he had his own coat of arms impaled with the mythical arms of the Confessor. Though not a warrior king like his grandfather, <mask> nevertheless enjoyed tournaments, as well as hunting. The popular view of <mask> has more than anything been influenced by Shakespeare's play about the king, Richard II.Shakespeare's <mask> was a cruel, vindictive and irresponsible king, who attained a semblance of greatness only after his fall from power. Writing a work of fiction, however, Shakespeare took many liberties and made great omissions, basing his play on works by writers such as Edward Hall and Samuel Daniel, who in turn based their writings on contemporary chroniclers such as Thomas Walsingham. Hall and Daniel were part of Tudor historiography, which was highly unsympathetic to <mask>. The Tudor orthodoxy, reinforced by Shakespeare, saw a continuity in civil discord starting with <mask>'s misrule that did not end until <mask>'s accession in 1485. The idea that <mask> was to blame for the later-15th century Wars of the Roses was prevalent as late as the 19th century, but came to be

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title: Richard II of England

texts: challenged in the 20th. Some recent historians prefer to look at the Wars of the Roses in isolation from the reign of <mask> II. <mask>'s mental state has been a major issue of historical debate since the first academic historians started treating the subject in the 19th century.One of the first modern historians to deal with <mask> II as a king and as a person was Bishop Stubbs. Stubbs argued that towards the end of his reign, <mask>'s mind "was losing its balance altogether". Historian Anthony Steel, who wrote a full-scale biography of the king in 1941, took a psychiatric approach to the issue, and concluded that <mask> had schizophrenia. This was challenged by V. H. Galbraith, who argued that there was no historical basis for such a diagnosis, a line that has also been followed by later historians of the period, such as Anthony Goodman and Anthony Tuck. Nigel Saul, who wrote the most recent academic biography on <mask>, concedes thateven though there is no basis for assuming the king had a mental illnesshe showed clear signs of a narcissistic personality, and towards the end of his reign "<mask>'s grasp on reality was becoming weaker". One of the primary historiographical questions surrounding <mask> concerns his political agenda and the reasons for its failure. His kingship was thought to contain elements of the early modern absolute monarchy as exemplified by the Tudor dynasty.More recently, <mask>'s concept of kingship has been seen by some as not so different from that of his antecedents, and that it was exactly by staying within the framework of traditional monarchy that he was able to achieve as much as he did. Yet his

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title: Richard II of England

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 actions were too extreme, and too abrupt. For one, the absence of war was meant to reduce the burden of taxation, and so help <mask>'s popularity with the Commons in parliament. However, this promise was never fulfilled, as the cost of the royal retinue, the opulence of court and <mask>'s lavish patronage of his favourites proved as expensive as war had been, without offering commensurate benefits. As for his policy of military retaining, this was later emulated by Edward IV and <mask>, but <mask> II's exclusive reliance on the county of Cheshire hurt his support from the rest of the country. As Simon Walker concludes: "What he sought was, in contemporary terms, neither unjustified nor unattainable; it was the manner of his seeking that betrayed him." Family tree

See also
 Cultural depictions of <mask> II of England
 List of earls in the reign of <mask> II of England

Notes

a. John of Gaunt's brother Edmund of Langley was only one year younger, but it has been suggested that this prince was of "limited ability", and he took less part in government than Gaunt did.b. It has been speculated that the whole incident surrounding the killing of Wat Tyler was in fact planned in advance by the council, in order to end the rebellion. c. While both England and the Empire supported Pope Urban VI in Rome, the French sided with the Avignon Papacy of <mask>. d. This "appeal"which would give its name to the Lords Appellantwas not an appeal in the modern sense of an application to a higher authority. In medieval common law the appeal was criminal charge, often one of treason. e. Beaufort was the oldest of John of Gaunt's children with

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title: Richard II of England

texts:
 Katherine Swynford; illegitimate children whom <mask> had given legitimate status in 1390. He was made Marquess of Dorset; marquess being a relatively new title in England up until this point.Rutland, heir to the Duke of York, was created Duke of Aumale. Montacute had succeeded his uncle as Earl of Salisbury earlier the same year. Despenser, the great-grandson of Hugh Despenser the Younger, <mask>'s favourite who was executed for treason in 1326, was given the forfeited earldom of Gloucester. f. Though it had become established tradition for earldoms to descend in the male line, there was no such tradition for royal succession in England. The precedence could indeed be seen to invalidate the English claim to the French throne, based on succession through the female line, over which the Hundred Years' War was being fought. References

Sources

Chronicles
 (1993) Chronicles of the Revolution, 1397–1400: The Reign of Richard II, ed. Chris Given-Wilson.Manchester: Manchester University Press. .
 Froissart, Jean (1978). Chronicles, ed. <mask>. London: Penguin. .
 (1977) Historia Vitae et Regni Ricardi Secundi, ed. George B. Stow. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. .
 Knighton, Henry (1995). Knighton's Chronicle 1337–1396, ed.G. H. Martin. Oxford: Clarendon Press. .
 Walsingham, Thomas (1862–64). Historia Anglicana 2 vols., ed. Henry Thomas Riley. London: Longman, Roberts, and Green

Secondary sources
 Alexander, Jonathan; Binski, Paul (eds.) (1987). Age of Chivalry, Art in Plantagenet England, 1200–1400.London: Royal Academy/Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Levey, Michael (1971). Painting at Court. London: Weidenfeld and

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Richard
Edward II
Geoffrey Brereton


title: William McFetridge

texts:
<mask> (November 28, 1893 – March 15, 1969) was an American labor leader and president of the Building Service Employees International Union (BSEIU), the precursor to the Service Employees International Union, from 1940 to 1960. Early life and union career
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, to <mask>. and Wilhelmina (Quesse) McFetridge. He had a younger sister named Dorothy. He attended public school until he was 13 years old, when he quit to become an office boy and then clerk for the Milwaukee Road railway line. McFetridge was a nephew of <mask>, the BSEIU's founding president. In time, attending night classes, he graduated from high school and earned a law degree. As a young man, McFetridge was hired by his uncle as an investigator with the Flat Janitors Local 1 in Chicago.He was elected local president in 1923, and in 1927 was elected Third Vice President of BSEIU. He rose to First Vice President in 1930. When BSEIU president Jerry Horan died in April 1937, <mask> was the most senior local union president and widely considered a front-runner for the presidency. But Thomas Burke, another Chicago local union president, had the backing of the Chicago mob. <mask>'s candidacy threatened to split the union, as several BSEIU board members were aware of Burke's extensive and close ties to organized crime. George Scalise, president of a small BSEIU local of window washers in New York City and the international's representative on the East Coast, emerged as a compromise candidate. Scalise's mob ties were strong but

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title: William McFetridge

texts:
 not as public, and he had the backing of New York City mobster Anthony Carfano.Hesitant BSEIU executive board members elected Scalise after being intimidated and coerced by members of the Nitti gang. BSEIU presidency
<mask> was elected president of the international union in 1940 after Scalise was indicted and convicted of bribery, embezzlement and labor racketeering. Once president, <mask> instituted modern financial and record-keeping practices at the international union's headquarters. He also undertook a large-scale organizing program, expanding out of the union's traditional base in apartments and office buildings and into airports, nuclear power plants, hospitals, and schools. He created research, legislative affairs, and legal departments, and began publishing a union-wide newsletter. During his tenure, the BSEIU grew from 70,000 members to 275,000 members. A long-time Democrat, <mask> became a Republican in 1948 and supported Thomas E. Dewey's run for the presidency.He later supported Dwight D. Eisenhower for president in 1952. Nevertheless, <mask> was a very close friend of Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley, and nominated him for mayor in 1954. McFetridge became one of the most important behind-the-scenes players in Chicago under Daley. In 1950, <mask> was elected a vice-president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). After the AFL and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merged in 1955, <mask> was elected a vice-president of the AFL-CIO. Although a close ally of Teamsters president Dave Beck, he

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title: William McFetridge

texts:
 was also a strong advocate of strict financial practices and worked to cleanse AFL-CIO unions of labor racketeering. Retirement and death
McFetridge retired as president of BSEIU in 1960, and was succeeded by David Sullivan.He returned to Local 1 and was elected the union's president. He continued to assert effective control over BSEIU from Local 1, however. He engaged in a long-running and vicious jurisdictional dispute with George Fairchild, president of BSEIU Local 4. <mask> was a strong advocate of the Marina City mixed-use development in Chicago, which he believed would provide numerous jobs for Local 1 members. McFetridge asked that BSEIU invest pension funds in the development, a plan which Fairchild and Sullivan opposed. Although he won BSEIU backing for the Marina City development, <mask> lost control of BSEIU to Sullivan. He retired as Local 1 president shortly thereafter.He maintained his position on the AFL-CIO Executive Council until 1965. <mask> died on March 15, 1969, at Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago. Chicago recognition
A short lakefront street in Chicago is named William E. McFetridge Drive. It separates the Museum Campus from Soldier Field, and the latter's street address was once 465 E. McFetridge (it is now 1 S. Museum Dr.). The Chicago Park District, of which <mask> was president in 1968 and vice president from 1946 to 1968, is named McFetridge Sports Complex for him . Also known as McFetridge Ice Arena, it is the home rink for the DePaul University ice hockey team.

masks: McFetridge McFetridge McFetridge McFetridge


title: George Taylor (Pennsylvania politician)

texts:
<mask> (c. 1716 – February 23, 1781) was an American iron master and politician who was a Founding Father of the United States and a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Pennsylvania. Today, his former home, the <mask> House in Catasauqua, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, is a National Historic Landmark owned by the Borough of Catasauqua. Early years in the Pennsylvania colony

Born in Ireland, <mask> emigrated to the American colonies at age 20, landing in Philadelphia in 1736. According to early 18th century biographies of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, he was the son of a Protestant clergyman. To pay for his passage, <mask> was indentured to Samuel Savage, Jr., who was ironmaster at Coventry Forge in Chester County northwest of Philadelphia. <mask> started as a laborer at the ironworks, but when it was discovered he had a certain degree of education, he was promoted to a position in the offices as a clerk. Meanwhile, in 1738, Savage and his mother Anna Savage Nutt built a second mill in Chester County, Warwick Furnace.Three years later, Savage died, and the following year, <mask> married Savage's widow, Ann, whose maiden name was also <mask>. Having learned the iron-making operations, <mask> became ironmaster, managing the two ironworks for the next 10 years. When Ann's son Samuel III reached legal age in 1752, the son assumed ownership of the mills in accordance with the terms of his father's will. The <mask>s continued to live at Warwick Furnace until 1755 when <mask> formed a partnership to lease the Durham Furnace in Upper Bucks County north of Philadelphia. The ironworks, built in 1727, was started by a group of investors who were among Pennsylvania's wealthiest and most influential men, including James Logan, proprietor of the Pennsylvania colony for the Penn family, and William Allen, later the

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title: George Taylor (Pennsylvania politician)

texts:
 colony's Chief Justice and founder of Allentown (then Northampton Town). Public life as a revolution approaches

Shortly after becoming ironmaster at Durham, <mask> entered public life for the first time, serving as a justice of the peace in Bucks County from 1757–63. When the lease for the Durham mill expired, the <mask>s relocated to Easton, the county seat of Northampton County where they purchased a stone house near the center of town and built a stable nearby.Continuing his interest in public affairs, <mask> was commissioned as a justice of the peace in Northampton County, was elected to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly and also helped build a new county courthouse in Easton's center square. In 1767, <mask> purchased  near Allentown at Biery's Port (now part of the borough of Catasauqua). The house was completed in 1768, but shortly after the <mask>s moved in, Ann died. <mask> continued living here for the next several years, and for a time, leased half of the property for farming. In 1776, two years after moving back to Durham, he sold the estate. Two centuries later, on July 17, 1971, the <mask> House was designated as a National Historical Landmark. While still at Biery's Port, <mask> arranged another lease to operate the Durham ironworks in 1774.The ironworks had just been acquired by Joseph Galloway, a Philadelphia attorney and speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly (1766–74). After failing to gain support in the First Continental Congress for his plan to avert a break with England, Galloway resigned as speaker and refused to attend the Second Continental Congress in 1775. <mask>, meanwhile, was re-elected to the Assembly in 1775 and attended the Provincial Convention on January 23. In July, as colonial forces prepared for war, he was commissioned as a colonel in the Third Battalion of the Pennsylvania Militia. Two weeks later, on August 2, <mask>

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title: George Taylor (Pennsylvania politician)

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 secured a contract with Pennsylvania's Committee of Safety for cannon shot. On August 25, with a shipment of 258 round balls weighing from 18 to 32 pounds each, Durham Furnace became the first ironworks in Pennsylvania to supply munitions to the Continental Army. Signer of the Declaration of Independence

In 1776, the Continental Congress voted for independence on July 2 and adopted the Declaration of Independence two days later, July 4.Before the vote for independence, five of Pennsylvania's delegates, all loyalists, were forced to resign. On July 20, <mask> was among the replacements appointed by the Assembly. One of his first duties as a member of Congress was to affix his signature to the Declaration of Independence, which he did on August 2, along with most delegates. Of the 56 signers, he was one of only eight who were foreign born, the only one to have been indentured and the only one to hold the position of ironmaster. Final years

<mask>'s service in the Congress was brief, just under seven months. On February 17, 1777, when the Assembly appointed a new Pennsylvania delegation, <mask> was one of seven signers from Pennsylvania who were not among those re-nominated. Instead, in March, he was appointed to Pennsylvania's Supreme Executive Council, which was formed to govern the province under its new constitution.<mask> attended all of the council's daily meetings from March 4 through April 5, but fell ill and was bedridden for more than a month. He subsequently retired from the council, calling an end to his public career. <mask> continued to oversee production of cannon shot and shells at Durham Furnace for the Continental Army and Navy. Not long after independence was declared, however, Joseph Galloway fled Philadelphia, first seeking refuge with British Gen. William Howe and later escaping to England. Galloway was subsequently convicted by the Assembly

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title: George Taylor (Pennsylvania politician)

texts:
 as a traitor, and his properties, including the Durham mill, were seized. <mask> filed an appeal with the Supreme Executive Council that enabled him to finish out the first five years of his lease, but in 1779, the Commissioner of Forfeited Estates sold Durham Furnace to a new owner. Forming yet another partnership, <mask> leased the Greenwich Forge in what is now Warren County, New Jersey.In failing health, however, he moved back to Easton in April 1780 and died there on February 23, 1781, at the age of 65. The <mask>s' personal lives

Almost nothing is known of <mask>'s life before his arrival in Philadelphia in 1736, although there is general agreement regarding northern Ireland (possibly Ulster) as his birthplace. <mask>'s lineage, however, is well documented. Her grandfather, <mask>, came to Pennsylvania from Wiltshire, England, in 1684 and became Surveyor General of Chester County, which then accounted for about one-third of the colony. Later, her father, <mask>, served as Chester's Deputy Surveyor General. Ann's family belonged to the Society of Friends, but she was disowned as a Quaker in 1733 for her marriage "outside the circle" to Samuel Savage, Jr.

<mask> and <mask> had two children: a daughter Ann, who was called Nancy and died sometime during childhood, and a son James, who was born at Warwick Furnace in 1746. James studied law after his parents moved to Easton in 1763.In 1767, he married Elizabeth Gordon, the 17-year-old daughter of Lewis Gordon, Easton's first resident attorney. The couple initially lived in Easton but moved to Allentown, where James practiced law until his death in 1775. James and his wife had five children: <mask>, Thomas, James, Jr., Ann and Mary. <mask>’s will and final resting place

<mask>'s will was filed in January 1781, the month before his death, and was entered into probate in Northampton County on March 10. <mask>

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title: George Taylor (Pennsylvania politician)

texts:
 bequeathed £500 to <mask>, his eldest grandchild, and another £500 to Naomi Smith, his housekeeper, "in Consideration of her great Care & Attendance on me for a Number of Years." The remainder of <mask>'s estate was to be divided equally between the grandchildren and five children he fathered with Naomi Smith: Sarah, Rebecca, Naomi, Elizabeth and Edward. Apparently, none of these bequests were ever fulfilled.<mask> had been experiencing financial difficulties in the last few years of his life, and legal entanglements over the Durham and Greenwich forges dragged on until 1799, at which point his estate was judged insolvent. <mask> was buried in St. John's Lutheran Church cemetery across from his residence at Fourth and Ferry Streets in Easton. The house he leased in his final days is now known as the <mask> House. It was built by Easton founder William Parsons in 1753 and is today the city's oldest house. When the church property was sold in 1870 for construction of a public school, <mask> was re-interred at Easton Cemetery. Local residents dedicated a monument there in <mask>'s honor in 1855, and his body now rests in front of the memorial. See also
 Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

References

External links

 The <mask> House- Catasauqua
 Durham Historical Society Official Web Site
 National Historic Landmarks Program, National Park Service

 Historic Catasauqua Preservation Society
 Historical Marker database-HMdb George Taylor Marker

1716 births
1781 deaths
American Presbyterians
Continental Congressmen from Pennsylvania
18th-century American politicians
Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence
Members of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly
Foundrymen
People from Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
Kingdom of Ireland emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
People of colonial Pennsylvania
Presbyterians from

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title: Tony Silva

texts:
<mask> (born 1960) is an American aviculturist and ornithologist, and the author of books and articles about parrots. From 1989 to 1992, he was curator of birds at Loro Parque, the largest parrot park in the world. In 1996, he was convicted of conspiring to smuggle rare parrots into the United States and of tax evasion. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Cuba in 1960 and immigrated to the United States with his parents at a young age. His parents encouraged his love of birds as a hobby to keep him out of trouble, and he began studying, collecting, and breeding birds at age nine. <mask> became enamoured with parrots at age 10 when he discovered macaws at a local pet store. When he was in his teens, he became further enamoured after receiving a parakeet.<mask>'s aviary was originally financed by his father (who owned a company that manufactured television components), later supplemented by his own income from breeding parrots, judging parrot contests, and lecturing and writing about parrots. <mask> began writing articles about birds at age 16, and by age 20 he had published his first book. In 1981, <mask> received the Silver Avy Award from the American Federation of Aviculture (AFA) for being the first in the U.S. to successfully breed slender-billed conures in captivity. <mask> was self-taught and did not attend university, but by age 25 he was already regarded as an authority on parrots and was respected as a successful breeder. In 1986, <mask> became midwestern regional vice-president of the AFA. By 1987, <mask> was operating a pet shop called Tropifauna just outside of Chicago. In August 1989, <mask> became Curator of Birds at Loro Parque, Tenerife, Canary

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title: Tony Silva

texts:
 Islands, the largest parrot park in the world—a position he held until January 1992.<mask> travelled extensively to study parrots in the wild, and wrote hundreds of articles and multiple books about parrots. <mask> was well known as a conservationist: he was an outspoken opponent of poaching and smuggling, and he was involved in the early efforts to save the Spix's macaw. Although highly respected among aviculturists, he was viewed with skepticism by the scientific community. To some, <mask> was merely a popularizer of others' ideas; to others, he was a "charlatan" who promoted wildlife conservation but who was suspected of engaging in illegal wildlife trade as early as 1980. Smuggling
Shortly after <mask> started selling birds, he is believed to have begun supplementing his own birds with birds obtained on the black market, before eventually moving into smuggling. Between at least 1986 and 1991, <mask> conspired to smuggle protected birds valued at more than $1.3 million into the United States, neglecting to declare this income on his taxes. While he was working at Loro Parque, <mask>'s mother ran the smuggling operation on his behalf.Birds were provided by co-conspirators in South America and shipped to Argentina or Mexico before being offloaded and smuggled into the United States. Smuggled birds were often concealed by mixing them into a shipment of legally imported birds; <mask> and his accomplices sneaked out the smuggled birds while the shipment was awaiting quarantine inspection. Other birds were smuggled in plastic tubes, cardboard containers, and false-bottomed suitcases. Many died during transport due to lack of food, water, and fresh air, and many more are

masks: Silva Silva Silva Silva Silva Silva Silva


title: Tony Silva

texts:
 thought to have died during capture. Birds were transported to a Chicago-area motel room where they were surgically sexed and furnished with forged documents so they could be sold on the legal market. Some of the birds were publicly advertised for sale in American Cage-bird Magazine. Operation Renegade

In 1989, <mask> became a person of interest in an international probe into bird smuggling known as "Operation Renegade" led by the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). <mask> had been brought to the attention of authorities when convicted drug lord Mario Tabraue turned informant, claiming that he had received a shipment of 35 smuggled hyacinth macaws from <mask>—which arrived sick and died soon thereafter. In early 1990, <mask>'s friend Jim Mackman approached authorities after discovering that <mask> had been smuggling protected birds. Between 1990 and 1992, Mackman worked as an undercover informant for USFWS, secretly recording more than 100 conversations with <mask> and his mother about their smuggling operation. A search warrant executed on 16 January 1992 resulted in the seizure of 103 parrots, some or all of which were protected or illegally imported. The search also revealed ledgers documenting illegal transactions and photographs of birds that had died en route to <mask>; prosecutors alleged that <mask> used these photographs to justify withholding payments to his supplier. Between November 1994 and April 1995, <mask> was indicted on 20 charges, including charges of conspiracy to commit wildlife smuggling, as well as charges of tax evasion and perjury.<mask> was charged with smuggling at least 186 hyacinth macaws into the United States; this comprised 5–10% of

masks: Silva Silva Silva Silva Silva Silva Silva Silva Silva Silva


title: Tony Silva

texts:
 the global population. <mask> was also charged with illegally trafficking, transporting, or possessing a number of other birds such as crimson-bellied conures, Queen of Bavaria conures, vinaceous amazons, cockatoos, flamingos, and toco toucans. He was suspected of having smuggled Spix's macaws, but this could not be proven. On 30 January 1996, <mask> pleaded guilty as part of a plea bargain to one count of conspiracy to violate wildlife and customs laws and one count of filing a false income tax return. He later attempted to reverse his guilty plea, but this was not permitted by the court. On 18 November 1996, <mask> was convicted of smuggling more than 450 protected birds and seven monkeys into the United States. He was sentenced to 82 months in prison, fined $100,000, and ordered to perform 200 hours of community service during a three-year probationary term after his prison sentence.At the time, this was the severest-ever sentence for bird smuggling in the United States, imposed by the judge because of "great cruelty" inflicted upon the birds. <mask> was incarcerated at FPC Duluth. Appeals of his conviction were unsuccessful, as was an attempt to sue the U.S. government for the value of the parrots confiscated during the 1992 search. <mask> was released in May 2002. Life after prison
Despite having pleaded guilty, <mask> has publicly maintained his innocence, suggesting that he was importing birds to preserve the species rather than for financial gain. He has also questioned the credibility of the witnesses against him, and he has alleged impropriety by the U.S. government in pursuit of his conviction. As of 2016, <mask> was working for an energy company and was


title: Tony Silva

texts:
 keeping birds as a hobby, as well as operating a rescue centre.He has continued to remain active in aviculture circles as a writer and lecturer. In 2017, <mask> and colleagues proposed a new species of parrot: the blue-winged amazon. The existence of the species has been questioned. Selected publications
This is an incomplete list of works by <mask>. Books
 <mask>, T. & Kotlar, B. (1980). Discus.Tetra Press. <mask>, T. & Kotlar, B. (1981). Breeding Lovebirds. TFH Publications. <mask>, T. & Kotlar, B. (1989).Conures. TFH Publications. <mask>, T. (1989). A Monograph of Endangered Parrots. Silvio Mattacchione & Co.
 Silva, T. (1991). Psittaculture: The Breeding, Rearing and Management of Parrots. Silvio Mattacchione & Co.
 Silva, T. (1993).A Monograph Of Macaws and Conures. Silvio Mattacchione & Co.

Peer-reviewed articles
 Jordan, R., & <mask>, T. (1991). Breeding and rearing Salvadori's fig parrot: Psittaculirostris salvadorii at Loro Parque, Tenerife, International Zoo Yearbook 30:173-177. <mask>, T. (1994). Breeding the Spix's Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii) at Loro Parque, Tenerife, International Zoo Yearbook  33:176-180. <mask>, T., Guzmán, A., Urantówka, A.D., & Mackiewicz, P. (2017). A new parrot taxon from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico—its position within genus Amazona based on morphology and molecular phylogeny.PeerJ 5: e3475. See also
 Companion parrot
 International parrot trade

References

External links

1960 births
20th-century American criminals
American ornithologists
American male criminals
American male writers
American people convicted of tax crimes
Aviculture
Criminals from Illinois
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Living people
People from

masks:
Silva
Tony Silva
Silva
Silva
Silva
Silva
Silva
Silva
Silva


title: Todd Tiahrt

texts:
<mask> ( ; born June 15, 1951) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for  from 1995 to 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he was elected as part of the historic Republican Wave of 1994, defeating 18-year incumbent U.S. Representative Dan Glickman. He ran in 2010 for the United States Senate seat being vacated by Sam Brownback. He lost to fellow Republican U.S. Representative Jerry Moran of Hays, Kansas, 50%–45%. <mask> twice sought to regain the 4th District House seat, representing a district which encompasses eleven counties in the south central region of the state, including the City of Wichita. In 2014, he ran against incumbent Mike Pompeo in the Republican primary but was defeated. Then, in 2017, after Pompeo vacated the seat to become President Donald Trump's CIA Director, <mask> sought the Republican nomination for the special election to fill it, but came in third, losing to Kansas state treasurer Ron Estes.Early life, education and career
<mask> was born in Vermillion, South Dakota, the son of Marcine (née Steele) and Wilbur E<mask>. He attended the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology where he played football as a running back. He went on to earn a bachelor's degree from Evangel College in 1975, and received a M.B.A. from Southwest Missouri State University in 1989. He was a teacher at Kansas Newman College and Evangel College and worked for Boeing as a proposal manager. U.S. House of Representatives

Elections
Tiahrt was elected to the Kansas State Senate in 1992. After only one term, in 1994, he won the Republican nomination for the 4th Congressional District and was elected in an upset over 18-year Democratic incumbent Dan Glickman. Over 1,800 people volunteered for <mask>'s campaign which spent only $200,000, less than a quarter of Glickman's expenditures.One factor in the win was the 1990s reapportionment,

masks:
William Todd Tiahrt
Tiahrt
Tiahrt
Tiahrt
. Tiahrt
Tiahrt


title: Todd Tiahrt

texts:
 in which Hutchinson and surrounding Reno County were shifted to the "Big 1st" District. Hutchinson was replaced with more reliably Republican Montgomery County. After a tough reelection bid in 1996, <mask> was reelected to the U.S. House six more times with little difficulty, before his unsuccessful U.S. Senate bid in 2010. Committee assignments
 Committee on Appropriations
 Subcommittee on Defense
 Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies (Ranking Member)
Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies (Ranking Member)
Subcommittee on Transportation, Treasury, and General Government
Subcommittee on District of Columbia
Subcommittee on Military Construction
Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch
House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence

Leadership roles and Caucus memberships
 Dean of Kansas' delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives
 Founder and chairman of the House Economic Competitiveness Caucus
Deputy Majority Whip

Impeachment of Bill Clinton

In November 1997, <mask> was one of eighteen Republicans in the House to co-sponsor a resolution by Bob Barr that sought to launch an impeachment inquiry against President Bill Clinton. The resolution did not specify any charges or allegations. This was an early effort to impeach Clinton, predating the eruption of the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal. The eruption of that scandal would ultimately lead to a more serious effort to impeach Clinton in 1998.On October 8, 1998, Tiahrt voted in favor of legislation that was passed to open an impeachment inquiry. On December 19, 1998, Tiahrt voted in favor of all four articles of impeachment against Clinton (only two of which received the needed majority of votes). Tiahrt Amendment

Tiahrt is the author of the Tiahrt Amendment which prohibits the National Tracing Center of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms

masks: Tiahrt Tiahrt


title: Todd Tiahrt

texts:
 currently serves as district director for U.S. Representative Andrew Clyde (R-GA). He served as legislative correspondent for Tiahrt from 2009-2011, and then went on to serve as legislative assistant for U.S. House of Representatives Majority Leader Eric Cantor, and chief of staff to U.S. Representative Doug Collins (R-GA). Jeff Kahrs began as an intern for Tiahrt in the Kansas State Senate from 1993-1994 and later served as Tiahrt's legislative director and chief of staff from 1995-2010. Kahrs currently serves as senior advisor to U.S. Representative Jake LaTurner (R-KS). Josh Bell served as a legislative correspondent and aide for Tiahrt from 2002-2011. He currently serve as chief of staff to U.S. Representative Ron Estes (R-KS).Robert Noland was the only employee of <mask>'s congressional campaign in 1994 and worked for Tiahrt throughout his tenure in the U.S. House, mostly as his district director in Wichita. Noland later served as executive director of the Kansas Family Policy Council. Political positions

Abortion and family planning
Tiahrt opposed government-funded abortions. While serving in Congress, he spoke at the annual March for Life. The "Tiahrt Amendment" of 1998, which was most recently included in the FY2020 State-Foreign Operations Appropriations Act, ensures that no government funding is used in connection with forcible sterilizations in foreign countries following media and NGO reports that some governments were offering financial incentives to meet sterilization quotas. The amendment ensures that in foreign countries where the U.S. government funds voluntary family planning projects, women are not denied the right to participate in any general welfare program or denied the right of access to health care. Further, the amendment requires that any experimental contraceptive drugs and devices and medical procedures are provided only in the


title: Todd Tiahrt

texts:
 context of a scientific study in which participants are advised of potential risks and benefits.Government funding for needles
Tiahrt was cited as responsible for preventing the City of Washington D.C., from spending federal or District funding on "needle exchange programs" for drug users from 1998 through 2007. Comments on the TSA
On November 23, 2010, Tiahrt spoke in Wichita against recent TSA security measures and how they affect citizens' privacy. In 2009, along with Kansas' then-U.S. Senators, he co-authored a letter to the Homeland Security Secretary expressing concerns over new rules for privately owned aircraft over 12,500 pounds, which critics feared would further burden the already hurting private aviation industry and in turn the local communities where the small aircraft are manufactured in Kansas. Stimulus spending
Tiahrt voted against the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and spoke against the stimulus in the House, planning to introduce an act to repeal the stimulus. Personal life
Tiahrt and his wife Vicki met while attending Evangel University. They have three children, Jessica, John and Luke, and five grandchildren.<mask> Healy graduated from George Mason University School of Law and is an attorney at the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association. <mask> graduated from Wichita State University. On July 24, 2004, the Tiahrts' youngest child, sixteen year-old Luke, died of an apparent suicide at the family home in Virginia. The family established the Luke Tiahrt Memorial Fund to provide grants to organizations that benefits teenagers. Electoral history
 2017 Republican Convention for Kansas 4th District
 Ron Estes, 66 votes, 2nd Ballot
 Alan Cobb, 43 votes
 <mask>, 17 votes
 2014 Republican primary race for Kansas 4th District
 Mike Pompeo (inc), 42,877 votes, 63%
 <mask>, 25,501 votes, 37%
 2010 Republican primary race for

masks:
Jessica Tiahrt
John Tiahrt
Todd Tiahrt
Todd Tiahrt


title: Jean-Pons-Guillaume Viennet

texts:
Jean-Pons-<mask> (18 November 1777 – 10 July 1868) was a French politician, playwright and poet. He was also a member of the Académie française and a prominent Freemason. His long career as a soldier then a politician, playwright and poet lasted through political revolutions and literary wars, and is full of incident and travels. He had a talent for self-promotion within many regimes and got to know all political and literary dignitaries, all the while verging on impopularity. He said "I have counted up to 500 epigrams a year against me; anyone who escapes college to join a soap-opera thinks I should have his first kick". His name was like a red rag to a bull to Republicans and Romantics, but he avenged himself on his worst enemies by fables or epithets against them. Biography

<mask> was born in Béziers.He was the son of National Convention-member Jacques Joseph Viennet and nephew of the priest Louis Esprit <mask> who, aged 40, was made curate of the église Saint-Merri in Paris and who in the early phase of the French Revolution in 1790 preached a sermon on the civil constitution of the clergy. Napoleonic Wars
After being an excellent student at the college in Béziers and presiding over the club for children of his own age during the early years of the  Revolution, he was destined by his family for a career in the church. However, at 19, he preferred to become a second lieutenant in the naval artillery. His first campaign was not a happy one. Sent to Brest, then Lorient, on 21 April 1797 he embarked on the Hercule. This ship had scarcely left harbour when it was sighted and pursued by two British cruisers, and a few artillery salvos later the

masks:
Guillaume Viennet
Family Viennet
Viennet


title: Jean-Pons-Guillaume Viennet

texts:
 Brémond, 5-act verse drama, Paris, Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin, 7 March 1846 ;
Épîtres et satires, suivies d'un Précis historique sur la satire chez tous les peuples (1847) ;
La Course à l'héritage, 5-act verse comedy, Paris, second Théâtre-Français (Odéon), 29 April 1847 ;
Les chêne et ses commensaux, fable (1849) ;
L'0s à ronger (1849) ;
La Jeune tante, 3-act verse comedy (1854) ;
Arbogaste, 5-act tragedy (1859) ;
Richelieu, 5-act prose drama (1859) ;
Selma, 1-act verse drama, Paris, Théâtre de l'Odéon, 14 May 1859 ;
La Franciade, 10-canto poem (1863) ;
Histoire de la puissance pontificale (1866, 2 vol. ), directed against the popes' temporal power ;
Souvenirs de la vie militaire de Jean Pons <mask>, de l'Académie française (1777-1819), prefaced and annotated by MM. Albert Depréaux and Pierre Jourda (1929) ;
Journal de Viennet, pair de France, témoin de trois règnes, 1817-1848. Foreword and afterword by the duc de La Force (1955). References

External links
Biography on the Academie francaise site

1777 births
1868 deaths
19th-century French dramatists and playwrights
19th-century French novelists
19th-century French poets
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French fabulists
French Freemasons
French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
French opera librettists
Members of the 1st Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 2nd Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 3rd Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the Académie Française
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Bourbon Restoration
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy
Orléanists
People from Béziers
Politicians from


title: Kathy Burke

texts:
<mask> (born 13 June 1964) is an English actress, comedian, writer, producer, and director. She achieved fame with her appearances on sketch shows such as French and Saunders (1988–1999) and her recurring role as Magda on the BBC sitcom Absolutely Fabulous (1992–2012), as well as her frequent collaborations with fellow comedian Harry Enfield. For her portrayal of Valerie in the 1997 film Nil by Mouth, she won Best Actress at the Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Actress in a Leading Role. <mask> made her film debut in the 1982 drama Scrubbers, and played Queen Mary I in the award-winning biographical film Elizabeth (1998). Her other film appearances include Sid and Nancy (1986), Dancing at Lughnasa (1998), This Year's Love (1999), Kevin & Perry Go Large (2000), The Martins (2001), Anita and Me (2002), and Once Upon a Time in the Midlands (2002). From 1999 to 2001, she starred as Linda La Hughes on the BBC sitcom Gimme Gimme Gimme, for which she received a British Comedy Award and two BAFTA nominations. Having spent most of the 2000s concentrating on her work as a theatre director, she returned to film roles in the 2010s with Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011), Pan (2015), and Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie (2016).Early life
<mask> was brought up in Islington, North London to Irish Catholic parents Paddy and Bridget. She has two elder brothers. Her mother, known as Bridie, died of cancer when she was two years old. She lived with her father, a builder who was an alcoholic and was sent to the Maria Fidelis Convent School in Euston. She then studied at the Anna Scher Theatre School. Career
<mask>'s first role was in the 1982 film Scrubbers, directed by Swedish actress Mai Zetterling and featuring Pam St. Clement, Robbie Coltrane, Miriam Margolyes, Honey Bane, Debby Bishop and Eva Mottley. The film was set in a young offenders' institute for girls and was seen as a female version of the film Scum.<mask> appeared in a non-speaking role in a 1985 public information film about heroin addiction. The following year she

masks:
Katherine Lucy Bridget Burke
Burke
Burke
Burke
Burke


title: Kathy Burke

texts: appeared in a non-speaking role as 'witness in doorway' in an award-winning advert for The Guardian'''s ‘Points of View’. <mask> first became familiar to television audiences as a player of minor roles in sketches by better-known performers such as Harry Enfield, Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders. Early TV work included regular appearances on the chat show The Last Resort hosted by Jonathan Ross on UK Channel 4 in the mid-1980s, playing the characters 'Tina Bishop' and 'Perry the Pre-pubescent Schoolboy". Bishop was a continually pregnant "expert" offering advice on household chores, always with disastrous results. Along with French and Saunders, she has contributed to two Comic Relief charity singles. She first appeared as a member of Bananarama parody band Lananeeneenoonoo in 1989, and then as a member of Spice Girls' look-alike band the Sugar Lumps in 1997.In real life <mask> is a big fan of Morrissey and appeared in the video for his 1989 single "Ouija Board, Ouija Board" and later in the 2002 Channel 4 documentary The Importance of Being Morrissey. She quickly became successful in her own right and although mainly associated with comedy, she has played several serious roles including that of Queen Mary I of England in Elizabeth. <mask> was awarded the Royal Television Society Award for Best Actress, for her performance as the mute Martha in the 1993 BBC TV series Mr. Wroe's Virgins. <mask> won the Best Actress award at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival for her role in the gritty drama Nil by Mouth. <mask> was so convinced she would not win that she made no plans to attend the ceremony; when told shortly beforehand she had won, she found her passport was out of date. The film also earned her a BAFTA nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role. Since then she has appeared as Perry in Kevin & Perry Go Large, and as Linda La Hughes in Gimme Gimme Gimme (which she developed with writer Jonathan Harvey) where she was nominated for 3 British Comedy Awards (winning one), 2 BAFTA TV Awards and a National Television Award for her

masks: Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke


title: Kathy Burke

texts: performance.In 2000, she appeared in the cult film Love Honour and Obey with Ray Burdis. In 2003, she was listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy. Beginning in 2001, she refrained from acting and threw herself into theatre directing; something she considers to be one of her true passions. She said in an interview with Dawn French in Dawn French's Girls Who do Comedy that she no longer felt the same creative energy associated with acting that she used to (she described it as a "feeling in my belly") and that this was the reason she had stopped acting. However, she has done some voiceover work in the past few years, including adverts for Ski yoghurt (in the UK) as well as Flushed Away (2006). She also appeared in the 2007 Christmas Special of The Catherine Tate Show as Nan's daughter. In February 1990 she wrote and directed her first play, Mr Thomas, at the Old Red Lion Theatre.It was subsequently filmed and shown on Channel 4 the next year. In 2007, <mask> contracted Clostridium difficile while in hospital for an operation, resulting in her having to pass directing duties on Dying for It at the Almeida Theatre (which starred Charlie Condou and Sophie Stanton who she worked with on Gimme Gimme Gimme). In 2009, <mask> made her television directorial debut with the BBC Three sketch show series Horne & Corden, starring Mathew Horne and James Corden. In 2010, <mask> completed a short autobiographical film, "Better Than Christmas", for Little Crackers, a collection of comic shorts. <mask> plays a nun. On 19 January 2012, it was announced that <mask>'s short for Little Crackers would be turned into a four-part series, "Walking and Talking", written by <mask>. <mask> appeared as a nun in each of the episodes.The series aired in the summer of 2012 on Sky Atlantic. In 2011, <mask> played Connie Sachs in the film adaptation of the novel Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy. She was long-listed for a BAFTA nomination for her performance as Supporting Actress in 2012. <mask> appeared in the 2015 Peter Pan prequel film, Pan, as

masks: Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke


title: Kathy Burke

texts:
 Mother Barnabas. In November 2015 <mask> presented the BBC topical news panel show Have I Got News for You. In 2019, <mask> starred in her own self-titled three part documentary, <mask>'s All Woman. The programme aired on Channel 4 and focused on the stereotypes and expectations of modern women.<mask> touched on subjects such as marriage, pregnancy and cosmetic surgery. In 2021, <mask> appeared as a guest judge on season 3 of RuPauls Drag UK. Filmography

Theatre
 Lilli in Amongst Barbarians by Michael Wall at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1989)
It's a Great Big Shame! by Mike Leigh (Theatre Royal Stratford East, 1993)

As director
Mr Thomas (1990) by <mask> at the Old Red Lion, also shown on Channel 4
Boom Bang-a-Bang (1995) by Jonathan Harvey at the Bush Theatre. Out in the Open (2001) by Jonathan Harvey at the Hampstead Theatre. Betty (2002) by Karen McLachlan at the Vaudeville Theatre. Kosher Harry (2002) by Nick Grosso at the Royal Court Theatre.Born Bad (2003) by Debbie Tucker Green at the Hampstead Theatre. The Quare Fellow (2004) by Brendan Behan for Oxford Stage Company. Love Me Tonight (2004) by Nick Stafford at the Hampstead Theatre. Blue/Orange (2005) by Joe Penhall at the Cambridge Arts Theatre. The God of Hell (2005) by Sam Shepard at the Donmar Warehouse. Smaller (2006) by Carmel Morgan at the Lyric Theatre, London. Once a Catholic (2014) by Mary O'Malley at the Tricycle Theatre.Lady Windermere's Fan (2018) by Oscar Wilde at the Vaudeville Theatre, West End, London. Awards

References

External links
KathyBurke.co.uk

English film actresses
English people of Irish descent
English stage actresses
English voice actresses
English television actresses
English theatre directors
Actresses from London
People from Islington (district)
English women comedians
British comedy actresses
Comedians from London
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress winners
1964 births
Living people
Alumni of the Anna Scher Theatre School
People from the London Borough of Camden
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Women

masks:
Burke
Burke
Kathy Burke
Burke
Burke
Kathy Burke


title: Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps

texts:
<mask> (July 15, 1793 – July 15, 1884) was an American scientist, educator, author, and editor. Her botany writings influenced more early American women to be botanists, including Eunice Newton Foote and her daughter, Augusta Newton Foote Arnold. Though she primarily wrote regarding nature, she also was a writer of novels, essays, and memoir. <mask> was a native of Connecticut. Her long and active life was devoted to the education of young women. She published several popular science textbooks in the fields of botany, chemistry, and geology. Some of her works worthy of special commemoration include, The Blue Ribbon Society; The School Girls Rebellion; Christian Households; Familiar Lectures on Botany; Our Country and its Relation to the Present, Past and Future; and The Fireside Friend.Her views on topics ranging from elocution to corsets are contained in Lectures to Young Ladies, Comprising Outlines and Applications of the Different Branches of Female Education for the User of Female Schools, and Private Libraries. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born on July 15, 1793, in Berlin, Connecticut. She was the youngest of 17 children, growing up in an intellectual, independently thinking, and religious environment. She and her family lived on a farm, where there was much to do and much to learn. Her mother, Lydia, took interest in anatomy, examining the animals she cooked and thereby developing a rudimentary knowledge of the human anatomy. This afforded her the ability to reset dislocated joints and perform other basic first aid for her family and community, in cases where a doctor was not immediately available. Lydia also studied the properties of plants, and she later discussed

masks:
Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps
Phelps
Almira
Hart


title: Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps

texts: these observations with her daughter <mask>, later on after her interest in botany had begun.<mask> taught her children the value of the world around them, and they learned to work hard on the farm. Through these lessons, Lydia also taught her daughters what she believed to be their place in the world, as women. The <mask> home was an open place where members of the community would often gather to debate a vast array of subjects. Almira's father, <mask>, himself loved to argue and debate, and there was often a dissenter or a preacher in their home who had stopped by to argue with him. The <mask> children were encouraged to question things, and to create their own opinions on various matters. Almira and her family often gathered around the fireplace, where her father and mother would share tales of their ancestors and family anecdotes. Almira's favorite tales concerned the Revolutionary war.It was in this environment, which nurtured learning and independent thought, where <mask> <mask> grew up. Through her close friendship with the elderly mother of a bookseller, Almira had access to a vast array of books from an early age. She loved to read, and at first seemed to enjoy reading anything she could get her hands on. One of Almira's most influential mentors was her older sister, <mask> Willard. Emma would become an influential reformer of women's education, and advised her sister early on to choose good books with which to educate herself, instead of merely reading for the pastime of it. When Almira was 17, she went to live with Emma and her husband, as her sister was in charge of the female academy at Middlebury. While living with her sister, she was also mentored by John Willard and three

masks:
Almira
Lydia Hart
Hart
Samuel Hart
Hart
Almira
Hart
Emma Hart


title: Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps

texts:
 of his fellow students who also came to live in the Willard household.She studied mathematics and philosophy. Young men from Middlebury College often boarded with the Willards, or in homes nearby, while they were attending college. This allowed Almira, and other women like her, the chance to gain a secondhand college education, engaging in discussions with the boarders and thereby learning subjects which were at that time not taught, or taught only basically, at the female academies. It was in this secondhand fashion that Almira was able to learn higher mathematics. Career

At the age of 16, Almira began her teaching career in district schools. She later continued her own education. In 1814, she opened her first boarding school for young women at her home in Berlin; and two years later, she became principal of a school in Sandy Hill, New York.In 1817, Almira married Simeon <mask> and left her career for six years to be a housewife and mother to her three children. After her husband's untimely death in 1823, she returned to the education world as "Almira <mask>". She became a teacher and later, in 1829, vice-principal, at the well-known Troy Female Seminary in Troy, New York, which was run by her sister <mask> Willard. While teaching at Troy, her interests in science increased, and her botanical career began under the influence of Amos Eaton. As a teacher, Almira noticed the lack of scientific books which catered to beginning college students, and determined to remedy the issue. She sought to write a textbook which was easy to understand and which would thus make it easier for young academics, particularly young women, to study the sciences. While Almira taught at the Troy Seminary,

masks:
Lincoln
Hart Lincoln
Emma Hart


title: Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps

texts: scientific study became a popular subject.She led her students in botanical field research in the vicinity of the seminary, and students who attended her lectures were excited about the field of botany. Under Eaton's influence, she also took up an interest in chemistry. When the Troy Seminary added a laboratory for the study of chemistry, Almira worked hard to make sure it was stocked with chemicals, so that she and her students could take part in scientific experiments. She was thus able to give lectures on chemistry which were illustrated through experiments, thereby enriching the quality of scientific education at the Troy Seminary. Encouraged by Eaton and her sister's success and driven by her own financial needs, <mask> began to write such textbooks in the late 1820s. Her first and most notable textbook Familiar Lectures on Botany was published in 1829, going through seventeen editions and selling over 275,000 copies by 1872. Amos Eaton believed in women's capacity for higher education, and made it a priority to invite women from the Troy Seminary to his lectures at Renessalaer Polytechnic Institute whenever possible.Eaton believed that men and women should be educated together, and made an effort throughout his life to include women in scientific instruction. From Eaton, Almira learned much about several fields, including botany, chemistry, geology, and natural philosophy. A second professional mentor of Almira's was botanist William Darlington. He influenced her presentation of botany in her textbooks, and encouraged her to add introductory material on the Natural System of Botanical Classification, rather than solely including the Linnean System in her book. Almira took this


title: Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps

texts: suggestion in subsequent editions of her textbook. In 1830, with the absence of her sister, <mask> served as acting principal of the Troy Female Seminary and gave a series of lectures related to female education that she would later publish as her second book, Lectures to Young Ladies. During this time, Almira gained important managerial experience, and began to write down some of her own ideas for women's education.During her acting principalship, Almira expanded the property of the Troy Seminary to include room for the students to cultivate their own botanical specimens on the grounds. Almira was remarried in 1831 to <mask>, a lawyer and politician from Vermont. Taking the name "<mask> <mask> <mask>", she once again gave up her career to raise a second family but continued to write new textbooks on chemistry, natural philosophy, and education. In 1838, <mask> was appointed principal of the literary department of the West Chester Young Ladies Seminary in West Chester, Pennsylvania run by a local medical doctor, Jesse W. Cook. <mask>' step-daughter Eunice was appointed assistant principal, another step-daughter Ann and daughter <mask> were appointed teachers. <mask>'s own textbooks were used in several of the classes. Almost from the very beginning there was conflict between the Cooks and <mask>es.The <mask>es were unhappy about Mrs. Cook's interference in running the school, including bothering the staff. <mask> considered Dr. Cook to be an amiable and courteous man, but unable to run the school properly and with no idea about how to properly educate young women. Another major point of contention between Almira and some of the Seminary's trustees was the place of religion in the

masks:
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John Phelps
Almira
Hart Lincoln
Phelps
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Emma Lincoln
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John Phelps


title: Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps

texts: curriculum. Almira wished to include religious instruction and worship into the curriculum, and the board of trustees wished to remain secular. Almira ultimately cited this as one of the main reasons for her later departure from the school. As early as December 1838, <mask> <mask> was considering leaving. She consulted a member of the Biddle family trying to gain support for opening a girls' school in Philadelphia.No support was forthcoming and Almira remained at West Chester. In April 1839, Almira offered her position to step daughter, <mask>. Almira considered her position as defined by Dr. Cook as beneath her. Helen refused the offer. In the spring of 1839, <mask> had conditionally leased a building in Philadelphia, so that Almira could open her own school. However, Almira refused to leave West Chester. She and John were at an impasse.He believed his strong willed wife should not be working for anyone else. Almira was concerned about self-financing her own school. The break with the Cooks was final by the summer of 1839. <mask> <mask> traveled to New York to interview with the Reverend John F. Schroeder (1800–1857) who opened a school, St. Ann's Hall at Flushing, Long Island that year. <mask> followed after his wife and finally persuaded her to open her own school. <mask> made arrangements to lease a building in Rahway, New Jersey and <mask> <mask> had her own school in 1839. Many of the students from West Chester followed her to Rahway.The West Chester School did not survive the split between <mask> <mask> and Dr. Cook and closed. None of <mask>'s step daughters taught at Rahway. Eunice married and remained at West Chester, Ann moved to Camden, South Carolina to teach for her sister

masks:
Almira
Phelps
Helen Phelps
John Phelps
Almira
Phelps
John Phelps
John Phelps
Almira
Phelps
Almira
Phelps
Almira


title: Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps

texts: Stella, and Helen had her own school in Brooklyn, New York. Ellicott Mills (now Ellicott City) had both a boys' school, Rock Hill, and a girls' school, the Patapsco Female Institute (PFI). By 1840, neither was doing well. The Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Maryland, William R. Whittingham, had a personal interest in education and became involved in both schools. The Rev.Alfred Holmead transferred from Baltimore County to run Rock Hill and Bishop Whittingham, personally interviewed <mask> <mask> to become the principal of the PFI. One of the conditions for her hire was that she had to have a chaplain on the payroll. Reverend Holmead became the first chaplain at PFI. In 1841, the <mask>es closed the Rahway school and took over the PFI on a seven years lease. <mask> <mask> was very hands on with her students, and had a good relationship with them. She emphasized academic achievement to enable a young woman to support herself, if necessary, as a teacher or governess. To that end, Almira actively sought positions for her students.While at PFI, Almira's textbook sales made her a successful author. Her daughter, <mask>  and step daughter <mask> helped to edit new editions of her text books. The <mask>es renewed their lease in 1848 for another seven years, and <mask> died in 1849. Almira toured Europe in 1854 and her oldest daughter, <mask> O’Brien, ran the PFI while she was gone. In 1855, her second lease had expired. She stayed on an extra year. The school was expanded so that the student body at the girls' school run in Baltimore by her successor, Robert H. Archer, could be accommodated at PFI.In 1859, <mask> <mask> was the third woman elected as a member of the American Association for the

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Almira
Phelps
Phelps
Almira
Phelps
Jane Lincoln
Helen Phelps
Phelps
John Phelps
Emma Phelps
Almira
Phelps


title: Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps

texts:
 Advancement of Science. After gaining her membership, she continued to write, lecture, and revise her textbooks until she died in Baltimore on July 15, 1884, her 91st birthday. Personal views and philosophies
<mask> <mask> saw science as an aid to religion, and as something which was important for women to learn. She believed that the study of science would enrich the minds of women and better prepare them to become intelligent wives to men of science, and knowledgeable mothers who were better equipped to raise children. Raised to believe that men and women had specific roles in the world, Almira saw the things she taught as an important aid toward helping women thrive in their roles as wives and mothers. Similarly, Almira believed that science and religion supported each other, and encouraged women to study science as a way of strengthening their religious convictions. She believed strongly that such a firm faith would be beneficial to future mothers, who could rear their children to honor God.Though she was a strong advocate for the education of women in the nineteenth century, Almira herself was adamantly and vocally against women's suffrage. She championed feminine grace and delicacy, and firmly believed that a woman's place was ultimately in the home. Among Almira's students' generation especially, there were many suffragists who advocated for equal rights. Select works

Familiar Lectures on Botany (1829)
Dictionary of Chemistry (1830)
Botany for Beginners (1831)
Geology for Beginners (1832)
Female Student; or, Fireside Friend (1833)
Chemistry for Beginners (1834)
Lectures on Natural Philosophy (1835)
Lectures on Chemistry (1837)
Natural Philosophy for Beginners (1837)
Hours

masks: Almira Phelps


title: Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps

texts:
 With My Pupils (1869)
Caroline Westerly (1833)
Ida Norman (1850)
Christian Household (1860)

See also

Timeline of women in science

References

Notes

Attribution

Bibliography

Arnold, L. B. (1984). 3: <mask> <mask> <mask>. In Four lives in science: Women's education in the nineteenth century (pp.37–60). New York: Schocken Books. Bolzau, E. L. (1936). <mask> <mask> <mask>, her life and work. In <mask> <mask> <mask>, her life and work. Science press printing company], 1936. Rudolph, E. (1984).<mask> <mask> <mask> (1793-1884) and the Spread of Botany in Nineteenth Century America. American Journal of Botany, 71(8), 1161–1167. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2443392

External links

1793 births
1884 deaths
19th-century American women scientists
19th-century American non-fiction writers
19th-century American women writers
19th-century American botanists
American women botanists
Emma Willard School
People from Berlin, Connecticut
People from Hudson Falls, New York
Writers from Troy, New York
People from Ellicott City, Maryland
Educators from Connecticut
19th-century American women educators
Writers from Connecticut
American textbook writers
Women textbook writers
American women non-fiction writers
Scientists from New York (state)
19th-century American

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Hart Lincoln
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Almira
Hart Lincoln
Phelps


title: Robert Benchley

texts:
<mask> (September 15, 1889 – November 21, 1945) was an American humorist best known for his work as a newspaper columnist and film actor. From his beginnings at The Harvard Lampoon while attending Harvard University, through his many years writing essays and articles for Vanity Fair and The New Yorker and his acclaimed short films, <mask>'s style of humor brought him respect and success during his life, from his peers at the Algonquin Round Table in New York City to contemporaries in the burgeoning film industry. <mask> is best remembered for his contributions to The New Yorker, where his essays, whether topical or absurdist, influenced many modern humorists. He also made a name for himself in Hollywood, when his short film How to Sleep was a popular success and won Best Short Subject at the 1935 Academy Awards. He also made many memorable appearances acting in films such as Alfred Hitchcock's Foreign Correspondent (1940) and Nice Girl? (1941). His legacy includes written work and numerous short film appearances.Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born on September 15, 1889, in Worcester, Massachusetts, the second son of Maria Jane (Moran) and Charles Henry <mask>. They were of Northern Irish (Protestant) and Welsh descent, respectively, both from colonial stock. His brother Edmund was thirteen years older. <mask> was later known for writing elaborately misleading and fictional autobiographical statements about himself (at one point asserting that he wrote A Tale of Two Cities before being buried at Westminster Abbey). His father served in the Union army for two years during the Civil War and had a four-year hitch in the Navy before settling

masks:
Robert Charles Benchley
Benchley
Benchley
Robert Benchley
Benchley
Benchley


title: Robert Benchley

texts:
 again in Worcester, marrying and working as a town clerk. <mask>'s grandfather Henry Wetherby <mask>, a member of the Massachusetts Senate and Lieutenant Governor in the mid-1850s, went to Houston, Texas and became an activist for the Underground Railroad for which he was arrested and jailed. Brother Edmund's death

<mask>'s older brother Edmund (born March 3, 1876) was a 4th year cadet at West Point in 1898 when his class was graduated early to support preparations for the Spanish–American War; he was killed July 1 at the Battle of San Juan Hill.When news reached the family, Maria's stunned reaction was to cry out, "Why couldn't it have been <mask>?! "; accounts conflict as to whether <mask> (who was nine at the time) heard this. Edmund's fiancée Lillian Duryea, a wealthy heiress, doted on <mask> for many years, and Edmund's death may have seeded the pacifist leanings seen in <mask>'s writing. Additionally, because the news about Edmund had arrived during a July 4th celebration, <mask> for the rest of his life associated fireworks with Edmund's death. Meeting his wife
<mask> met Gertrude Darling in high school in Worcester. They became engaged during his senior year at Harvard University, and they married in June 1914. Their first child, <mask>, was born a year later.A second son, <mask>, Jr., was born in 1919. Nathaniel also became a writer, and he published a biography of his father in 1955. He was also a well-respected fiction and children's book author. Nathaniel married and also had talented sons who became writers: <mask> was best known for the book Jaws (which was adapted as the film of the same name), and <mask> wrote and performed in an

masks:
Benchley
Benchley
Robert
Robert
Robert
Robert
Robert
Robert
Robert Benchley
Nathaniel Benchley
Robert Benchley
Peter Benchley
Nat Benchley


title: Robert Benchley

texts:
 acclaimed one-man production based on their grandfather <mask>'s life. Education
<mask> grew up and attended South High School in Worcester and was involved in academic and traveling theatrical productions  during high school. Thanks to financial aid from his late brother's fiancée, Lillian Duryea, he could attend Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire for his final year of high school. Benchley reveled in the atmosphere at the academy, and he remained active in creative extracurricular activities, thereby damaging his academic credentials toward the end of his term.<mask> enrolled at Harvard University in 1908, again with Duryea's financial help. He joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity in his first year, and continued to partake in the camaraderie that he had enjoyed at Phillips Exeter while still doing well in school. He did especially well in his English and government classes. His humor and style began to reveal themselves during this time: <mask> was often called upon to entertain his fraternity brothers, and his impressions of classmates and professors became very popular. His performances gave him some local fame, and most entertainment programs on campus and many off-campus meetings recruited Benchley's talents. During his first two years at Harvard, <mask> worked with the Harvard Advocate and the Harvard Lampoon. He was elected to the Lampoons board of directors in his third year.The election of <mask> was unusual, as he was the publication's art editor and the board positions typically fell to the foremost writers on the staff. The Lampoon position opened a number of other doors for Benchley, and he was quickly nominated to the

masks: Robert Robert Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley


title: Robert Benchley

texts:
 Signet Society meeting club as well as becoming the only undergraduate member of the Boston Papyrus Club at the time. Along with his duties at the Lampoon, Benchley acted in a number of theatrical productions, including Hasty Pudding productions of The Crystal Gazer and Below Zero. He also held the position of κροκόδιλος for the Pudding in 1912. Benchley kept these achievements in mind as he began to contemplate a career for himself after college. Charles Townsend Copeland, an English professor, recommended that Benchley go into writing, and Benchley and future Benchley illustrator Gluyas Williams from the Lampoon considered going into freelance work writing and illustrating theatrical reviews. Another English professor recommended that Benchley speak with the Curtis Publishing Company; but Benchley was initially against the idea, and ultimately took a position at a civil service office in Philadelphia.Owing to an academic failure in his senior year due to an illness, <mask> would not receive his Bachelor of Arts from Harvard until the completion of his credits in 1913. His shortcoming was the submission of a "scholarly paper" – which <mask> eventually rectified by a treatise on the U.S. – Canadian Fisheries Dispute, written from the point of view of a cod. He took a position with Curtis shortly after he received his diploma. Early professional career

Benchley did copy work for the Curtis Company during the summer following graduation, while doing other odd service jobs, such as translating French catalogs for the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. In September, he was hired by Curtis as a full-time staff member, preparing copy for its new house

masks: Benchley Benchley


title: Robert Benchley

texts:
 publication, Obiter Dicta. The first issue was roundly criticized by management, who felt it was "too technical, too scattering, and wholly lacking in punch." Things did not improve for Benchley and Obiter Dicta, and a failed practical joke at a company banquet further strained the relationship between Benchley and his superiors.He continued his attempts to develop his own voice within the publication, but <mask> and Curtis were not a good match, and he eventually left, as Curtis was considering eliminating <mask>'s role and he had been offered a position in Boston with a better salary

<mask> held a number of similar jobs in the following years. His re-entry into public speaking followed the annual Harvard–Yale football game in 1914, where he presented a practical joke involving "Professor Soong" giving a question-and-answer session on football in Chinese. In what the local press dubbed "the Chinese professor caper," Soong was played by a Chinese-American who had lived in the United States for over thirty years, and pretended to answer questions in Chinese while Benchley "translated." While his public profile rose, <mask> continued with freelance work, which included his first paid piece for Vanity Fair in 1914, titled "Hints on Writing a Book," a parody of the non-fiction pieces then popular. While <mask>'s pieces were bought by Vanity Fair from time to time, his consistent work dried up, and he took a position with the New York Tribune. <mask> started at the Tribune as a reporter. He was a very poor one, unable to get statements from people quoted in other papers, and eventually had greater success covering lectures around the city.He was

masks: Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley


title: Robert Benchley

texts: promised a position at the Tribunes Sunday magazine when it launched, and he was moved to the magazine's staff soon after he was hired, eventually becoming chief writer. He wrote two articles a week: the first a review of non-literary books, the other a feature-style article about whatever he wanted. The liberty gave his work new life, and the success of his pieces in the magazine convinced his editors to give him a signed byline column in the Tribune proper. <mask> filled in for P. G. Wodehouse at Vanity Fair at the beginning of 1916, reviewing theatre in New York. This inspired staff at the Tribune magazine to creativity for articles (such as arranging for the producers of The Thirteenth Chair to cast <mask> as a corpse), but the situation at the magazine deteriorated as the pacifist <mask> became unhappy with the Tribunes position on World War I, and the Tribune editors were unhappy with the evolving tone and irreverence of the magazine. In 1917, the Tribune shut down the magazine, and <mask> was out of work again. When a rumored opening for an editorial position at Vanity Fair fell through, <mask> decided he would continue freelancing, having made a name for himself at the magazine.This freelancing attempt did not start out well, with <mask> selling just one piece to Vanity Fair and accumulating countless rejections in two months. When a position as press agent for Broadway producer William A. Brady was offered, <mask> accepted it, against the advice of many of his peers. This experience was a poor one, as Brady was extremely difficult to work for. <mask> resigned to become a publicity director for the federal government's Aircraft Board at

masks: Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley


title: Robert Benchley

texts: the beginning of 1918. His experience there was not much better, and when an opportunity was offered to return to the Tribune under new editorial management, <mask> took it. At the Tribune, <mask>, along with new editor Ernest Gruening, was in charge of a twelve-page pictorial supplement titled the Tribune Graphic. The two were given a good deal of freedom, but Benchley's coverage of the war and focus on African-American regiments as well as provocative pictorials about lynching in the southern United States earned him and Gruening scrutiny from management.Amid accusations that both were pro-German (the United States was fighting Germany at the time), <mask> tendered his resignation in a terse letter, citing the lack of "rational proof that Dr. Gruening was guilty of...charges made against him..." and management's attempts to "smirch the character and the newspaper career of the first man in three years who has been able to make the Tribune look like a newspaper." <mask> was forced to take a publicity position with the Liberty Loan program, and he continued to freelance until Collier's contacted him with an associate editor position. <mask> took this offer to Vanity Fair to see if they would match it, as he felt Vanity Fair was the better magazine, and Vanity Fair offered him the position of managing editor. He accepted and began work there in 1919. An often overlooked influence upon Benchley's early professional career was the admiration and friendship of the Canadian economist, academic, and humorist Dr. Stephen Leacock. From Toronto Leacock closely followed the increasing body of Benchley's published humor and wit, and opened correspondence

masks: Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley


title: Robert Benchley

texts:
 between them. He admitted to occasional borrowing of a Benchley topic for his own reflection and writings.Eventually, he began lobbying gently for <mask> to compile his columns into book form, and, in 1921, was delighted when the result of his nagging - Of All Things - was published. The British edition of the book carried a Leacock introduction, and <mask>, for his part – in a tribute to Leacock – later said he wrote everything Leacock ever wrote. They had a marvelous friendship. Vanity Fair and its aftermath

<mask> began at Vanity Fair with fellow Harvard Lampoon and Hasty Pudding Theatricals alumnus <mask> Sherwood and future friend and collaborator Dorothy Parker, who had taken over theatre criticism from P. G. Wodehouse years earlier. The format of Vanity Fair fit <mask>'s style very well, allowing his columns to have a humorous tone, often as straight parodies. <mask>'s work was typically published twice a month. Some of <mask>'s columns, featuring a character he created, were attributed to his pseudonym Brighton Perry, but he took credit for most of them himself.Sherwood, Parker, and <mask> became close, often having long lunches at the Algonquin Hotel. When the editorial managers went on a European trip, the three took advantage of the situation, writing articles mocking the local theatre establishment and offering parodic commentary on a variety of topics, such as the effect of Canadian ice hockey on United States fashion. This worried Sherwood, as he felt it could jeopardize his forthcoming raise. The situation at Vanity Fair deteriorated upon management's return. They sent out a memo forbidding the discussion of salaries in an attempt

masks:
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Benchley
Benchley
Robert Emmet
Benchley
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title: Robert Benchley

texts: to rein in the staff. <mask>, Parker, and Sherwood responded with a memo of their own, followed by placards around their necks detailing their exact salaries for all to see. Management attempted to issue "tardy slips" for staff who were late.On one of these, <mask> wrote out, in very small handwriting, an elaborate excuse involving a herd of elephants on 44th Street. These issues contributed to a general deterioration of morale in the offices, culminating in Parker's termination, allegedly due to complaints by the producers of the plays she skewered in her theatrical reviews. Upon learning of her termination, <mask> tendered his own resignation. Word of it was published in Time by Alexander Woollcott, who was at a lunch with <mask>, Parker, and others. Given that <mask> had two children at the time of his resignation, Parker referred to it as "the greatest act of friendship I'd ever seen." Following word of <mask>'s resignation, freelance offers began piling up. He worked constantly while claiming he was intensely lazy.(According to legend, he submitted a magazine piece titled "I Like to Loaf" two weeks after deadline. His explanatory note: "I was loafing.") He was offered $200 per basic subject article for The Home Sector, and a weekly freelance salary from New York World to write a book review column three times per week for the same salary he received at Vanity Fair. The column, titled "Books and Other Things," ran for one year and roved beyond literature to mundane topics such as Bricklaying in Modern Practice. Unfortunately for <mask>, however, his writing a syndicated column for David Lawrence drew the ire of his World bosses, and "Books

masks: Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley


title: Robert Benchley

texts: and Other Things" was dropped. <mask> continued to freelance, submitting humor columns to a variety of publications, including Life (where fellow humorist James Thurber stated that Benchley's columns were the only reason the magazine was read). He continued meeting with his friends at the Algonquin, and the group became popularly known as the Algonquin Round Table.In April 1920, <mask> landed a position with Life writing theatre reviews, which he would continue doing regularly through 1929, eventually taking complete control of the drama section. His reviews were known for their flair, and he often used them as a soapbox for issues of concern to him, whether petty (people who cough during plays) or more important (such as racial intolerance). Things changed again for Benchley a number of years into the arrangement. A theatrical production by the members of the Round Table was put together in response to a challenge from actor J. M. Kerrigan, who was tired of the Table's complaints about the ongoing theatre season. The result, which played for one night April 30, 1922 at the 49th Street Theatre, was No Sirree! (the name being a pun of the European revue La Chauve-Souris), "An Anonymous Entertainment by the Vicious Circle of the Hotel Algonquin." Benchley's contribution to the program, "The Treasurer's Report," featured Benchley as a nervous, disorganized man attempting to summarize an organization's yearly expenses.The revue was applauded by both spectators and fellow actors, with <mask>'s performance receiving the biggest laughs. A reprise of "The Treasurer's Report" was often requested for future events, and Irving Berlin (who had been musical

masks: Benchley Benchley Benchley


title: Robert Benchley

texts:
 director for No Sirree!) prompted producer Sam H. Harris to request <mask> to perform it as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue. Reluctant to appear onstage as a regular performer, <mask> decided to ask Harris for the outlandish sum of $500 a week for his short act in order to get out of the situation entirely; when Harris replied "OK, Bob. But for $500 you better be good," Benchley was completely surprised. The Music Box Revue opened in September 1921 and ran until September 1922, with <mask> appearing in his eleven-minute turn eight times a week (evening performances on Monday through Saturday and matinees on Wednesday and Saturday). Hollywood and The New Yorker call
<mask> had continued to receive positive responses from his performing, and in 1925 he accepted a standing invitation from film producer Jesse L. Lasky for a six-week term writing screenplays at $500.While the session did not yield significant results, <mask> did get writing credit for producing the title cards on the Raymond Griffith silent film You'd Be Surprised (released September 1926), and was invited to do some titling for two other films. <mask> was also hired to help with the book for a George Gershwin musical, Smarty, starring Fred Astaire — <mask>'s name and Fred Thompson’s were listed as the book writers on the sheet music issued during the try—out period. This experience was not as positive, and most of <mask>'s contributions were excised and the final product, Funny Face, did not have <mask>'s name attached. Worn down, <mask> moved to his next commitment, an attempt at a talkie version of "The Treasurer's Report". The filming went by quickly, and though he was convinced

masks: Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley Benchley


title: Robert Benchley

texts: he was not good, The Treasurer's Report was a financial and critical success upon its release in 1928. <mask> participated in two more films that year: a second talking film he wrote, The Sex Life of the Polyp, and a third starring but not written by him, The Spellbinder, all made in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system and released by Fox Films. The films enjoyed similar success and were critically acclaimed, and <mask> was signed to a deal to produce more films before heading back to New York to continue writing.As Life would say following his eventual resignation in 1929, "Mr. <mask> has left Dramatic Criticism for the Talking Movies". During the time that <mask> was filming various short films, he also began working at The New Yorker, which had started in February 1925 under the control of <mask>'s friend Harold Ross. While <mask>, along with many of his Algonquin acquaintances, was wary of getting involved with another publication for various reasons, he completed some freelance work for The New Yorker over the first few years, and was later invited to be newspaper critic. <mask> initially wrote the column under the pseudonym Guy Fawkes (the lead conspirator in the English Gunpowder Plot), and the column was well received. Benchley tackled issues ranging from careless reporting to European fascism, and the publication flourished. He was invited to be theatre critic for The New Yorker in 1929, leaving Life, and contributions from Woollcott and Parker became regular features in the magazine. The New Yorker published an average of forty-eight Benchley columns per year during the early 1930s.With the emergence of The New Yorker, <mask> was