title: Gerhard Menk

texts:
<mask> (17 March 1946 – 18 October 2019) was a German historian and archivist. Life
Born in Nisterau, after elementary school, Menk attended the Städtische Realschule in Bad Marienberg and took his Abitur at the Staatliches Neusprachliches Gymnasium Altenkirchen in spring 1966. Starting from the summer semester 1966, he studied first at the Goethe University Frankfurt, then went to Geneva for the summer semester 1969, where he studied at the University of Geneva as well as at the Graduate Institute of International Studies. Here were next to Jacques Freymond (1911-1998), especially the former Czechoslovak Foreign Minister Jiří Hájek and Saul Friedländer his academic teachers. For the winter semester 1969/70 he moved to the University of Vienna, where his academic teachers were Gerald Stourzh, Heinrich Lutz and Herwig Wolfram. In the summer semester of 1970 he returned to the University of Frankfurt to take the first Staatsexamen for the teaching profession at grammar schools in 1971 (among others Jochen Bleicken and Friedrich Hermann Schubert). From the summer of 1971 Menk began his dissertation in Frankfurt under Friedrich Hermann Schubert, with a scholarship from the Fritz Thyssen Foundation allowing him to undertake extensive research trips to the Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, and finally to the United States.At the same time he was a research assistant and assistant at the History Department of the University with Notker Hammerstein. In 1975 he received his doctorate with the thesis: Die Hohe Schule Herborn in ihrer Frühzeit 1584-1660, which was published in 1981 by the Historical Commission for Nassau. In 1975 <mask> began an archival clerkship in the , which he completed with the Archivar Staatsexamen in September 1977 at the . Starting from October 1977 he registered for the Land

masks:
Gerhard Menk
Menk


title: Gerhard Menk

type: original

texts:
 hessischen Nachkriegspolitikers, Marburg 2004.
 as co-editor (together with Wilhelm A. Eckhardt): Christian Wolff und die hessischen Universitäten, Marburg 2004 (Beiträge zur hessischen Geschichte 18). Ein "antiquitätischer Herr." Leben und Werk des hessischen Denkmalpflegers und technischen Pioniers Ludwig Bickell (1838-1901). Marburg 2005; also in , <mask> (ed. ): Ludwig Bickell.Ein Denkmalpfleger der ersten Stunde, Stuttgart 2005. Vom Bismarckianer zum Liberalen. Der Politiker und Lehrer Otto Hufnagel (1885–1944) in Waldeck und Frankfurt am Main. 2 volumes, Marburg 2006. Landesgeschichte, Archivwesen und Politik. Der hessische Landeshistoriker und Archivar Karl Ernst Demandt (1909–1990), Marburg 2009. Waldeck im Dritten Reich.Voraussetzungen und Wirken des Nationalsozialismus im hessischen Norden, Wiesbaden-Korbach 2010. Zwischen Kanzel und Katheder. – Protestantische Pfarrer- und Professorenprofile vom 16. bis 20. Jahrhundert – Ausgewählte Aufsätze, Marburg 2011.
 as editor: Friedrich Uhlhorn: Geschichte der Grafen von Solms zwischen Reformation und Westfälischem Frieden. Darmstadt 2011. Politischer Liberalismus in Hessen zwischen Weimarer Republik und Nachkriegszeit – Rudolf Büttner, Margarete Grippentrog und die Deutsche Demokratische Partei Fuldas. Fulda 2012, .Articles and archival publications are listed on the website of the Justus Liebig University (see under Weblinks). Literature
 Andreas Hedwig: <mask> im Ruhestand. In  11/1, 2011, S. 69f. References

External links

 <mask> auf der Website der Universität Gießen with list of book publications, essays (in selection) and organization of conferences. Obituary of the Historischen Instituts der Universität Gießen

1946 births
2019 deaths
Writers from Rhineland-Palatinate
20th-century German historians
21st-century German historians
German

masks:
Gerhard Menk
Gerhard Menk
Gerhard Menk


title: Louise Richardson

texts:
<mask> FRSE (born 8 June 1958) is an Irish political scientist whose specialist field is the study of terrorism. In January 2016 she became the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford, having formerly served as the Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of St Andrews, and as the executive dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University. Early life and education
<mask> grew up in Tramore, County Waterford, one of seven children of Arthur and <mask>. After attending primary school at The Star of the Sea convent girls' school in Tramore, and St Angela's Secondary School, Ursuline Convent, Waterford, she studied at Trinity College, Dublin, where she obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in history, promoted in the usual way to a Master of Arts degree in 1982. In 1977, she received a Rotary Scholarship to study at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). She took an MA degree in political science from UCLA in 1981, followed by a move to Harvard, where she received a Master of Arts degree in government in 1984 and a PhD in 1989 on government, relating specifically to the Falklands War and Suez Crisis. Career
From 1989 to 2001 <mask> served as an assistant professor and then an associate professor in the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard.During this period she also served for eight years as Head Tutor and chair of the Board of Tutors (Director of Undergraduate Studies) in the School of Government Department. <mask> continued to serve in numerous administrative capacities at Harvard, including the Faculty Council and various committees concerned with undergraduate education, the status of women, and human rights. In July 2001, she was appointed executive dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. <mask>'s academic focus has been on international security with an emphasis on terrorist movements. She taught Harvard's large undergraduate lecture course, Terrorist Movements in International Relations, for which she won the
Levenson Prize, awarded by the undergraduate student body to the best teachers at the

masks:
Louise Mary Richardson
Richardson
Julie Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson


title: Louise Richardson

texts: university. This class, along with a number of graduate courses on terrorist movements and European terrorism, were for many years the only courses offered on the subject at Harvard. In addition to the Levenson Prize, <mask> has received teaching awards from the American Political Science Association and Pi Sigma Alpha for outstanding teaching in political science; the Abramson Award in recognition of her "excellence and sensitivity in teaching undergraduates" and many awards from the Bok Center for Teaching Excellence.After her 2001 Radcliffe appointment, she continued to teach, both at Harvard College and Harvard Law School. In 2009, <mask> was appointed Principal of the University of St Andrews, succeeding Brian Lang. Her installation took place on 25 March 2009. She is the first woman, as well as the first Roman Catholic in modern times, to occupy the position. She was appointed Professor of International Relations at St Andrews in November 2010. Unlike previous principals, <mask> was not granted honorary membership to the Royal and Ancient Golf Club, which was all-male. <mask> spoke out about how the membership policies interfered with fundraising and the values of the university.In 2014, just before the referendum on Scottish independence, it was revealed that <mask> had resisted pressure by then First Minister Alex Salmond to tone down her comments on the impact of Scottish independence on research universities, and resisted pressure from an aide to Salmond to issue a statement praising the SNP government. On 28 May 2015, the University of Oxford announced that <mask> had been nominated as the next Vice-Chancellor, subject to approval, to take up the post on 1 January 2016. The nomination was approved on 25 June 2015, and <mask> became the university's first female Vice-Chancellor in January 2016. She is also an Honorary Fellow at Kellogg College, Oxford. In October 2017, <mask> claimed that Oxford University was in need of reform, stating that the current system gives rise to "a waste of resources" and a "duplication of bureaucracy". At her annual

masks: Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson


title: Louise Richardson

texts: Oration, she stated, "We all know that change occurs slowly at Oxford…but the world is changing rapidly around us, and I believe that if we stand still we will enter a period of slow but definite decline." In late February 2018, the University of Oxford's support for cuts to the national lecturers' pension scheme triggered a 14-day strike.A resolution to revert the decision was spearheaded by six Oxford academics, including Karma Nabulsi and Robert Gildea. On Tuesday, 6 March 2018, <mask> used a technicality to upend a debate on the plans. At a meeting of Congregation, the governing body of Oxford, 20 members and supporters of <mask> stood up as the resolution was introduced, thereby blocking the debate. Academics then held an unofficial vote outside, which delivered a result of 442 for and 2 against. <mask> herself stated that she had been absent at the event due to having "scheduled a trip to New York". An initial offer on her part for a non-binding "town hall discussion" as a replacement for the debate was rejected. The following day, <mask> sent out an email to staff in which she stated that "In the light of the depth of feeling of so many colleagues, we will convene a special meeting of council today at noon" at which it would be recommended that the university's council "reverse its response to the UUK survey in line with the congregation’s resolution".In an interview with the Daily Telegraph in July 2019 <mask> addressed the issue of higher education funding in the UK, noting that "Our American competitors are so far ahead of us in fundraising". Her approach has been to explore alternative sources of funding, including a fundraising campaign, the Oxford Thinking Campaign, that raised £3.3 billion; a £4 billion partnership with Legal and General to provide staff housing and science facilities; securing a £150 million donation from US billionaire Stephen Schwarzman to fund humanities research at the University of Oxford; securing an £80 million donation from the Reuben Foundation to endow Reuben College (formerly Parks College); and a £750 million bond

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title: Louise Richardson

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 issuance in December 2017 (increased to £1 billion in 2020) - the biggest amount raised this way by a UK university. Amidst the 2019-20 Hong Kong protests, <mask> was recognized for her leadership and advocacy. <mask> was "admirably robust when threatened by the Chinese embassy with the withdrawal of Chinese students from Oxford unless she stopped its chancellor Chris Patten visiting Hong Kong", and was noted as having "more balls than any male [Vice-Chancellor]". As part of efforts to broaden access to the University of Oxford, <mask> committed the university to ensuring that by 2023, 25% of the British students admitted will be from underrepresented backgrounds – compared to 15% as of 2019. In November 2021, it was announced that <mask> would become the next president of the Carnegie Corporation of New York in January 2023, at the end of her 7-year term as Oxford vice-chancellor. Finances and criticism
<mask>'s salary was criticised as excessive in 2017 (quoted as £410,000).<mask> has separately been criticized for abuse of expenses, including claiming £70,000 in a single year on travel and dining as Vice-Chancellor. <mask> publicly lists her expenses on the university website. During the COVID-19 pandemic, she received further criticism for retaining her salary while University of Oxford staff were put on furlough. In September 2017, <mask> attracted criticism from students, academics, politicians, and the British press for remarks made in defence of academic freedom that were interpreted by critics as a defence of academics holding anti-gay views towards students. <mask> had previously been involved in debates around free speech and around attempts by university students to bar some speakers from campuses. At the University of St. Andrews, <mask> encouraged academics to share their views on the independence referendum and in her first few months at Oxford University she voiced the view that higher education was not meant to be a comfortable experience and that students ought to engage with views they found objectionable. <mask>'s comments in June 2020

masks: Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson


title: Louise Richardson

texts:
 during the Black Lives Matter protests attracted further public criticism.She suggested that Nelson Mandela would not have wanted the controversial statue of Cecil Rhodes removed. <mask> is the author of What Terrorists Want, an account of terrorism written after the September 11 attacks. Other publications include When Allies Differ: Anglo-American Relations in the Suez and Falkland Crises, The Roots of Terrorism (ed) and Democracy and Counterterrorism: Lessons from the Past (co-edited with Robert Art). She has also published many journal articles, book chapters, and reviews on the subject of terrorism. Between 2001 and 2008, in addition to her teaching and management roles, <mask> gave over 300 talks and lectures on terrorism and counter-terrorism to educational and private groups as well as policy makers, the military, intelligence, and business communities. She has testified before the United States Senate and has appeared on CNN, the BBC, PBS, NPR, Fox and a host of other broadcast outlets. Her work has been featured in numerous international periodicals.Published works

 What Terrorists Want: Understanding the Enemy, Containing the Threat (2006)
 The Roots of Terrorism, Routledge, New York (2006) ed
 When Allies Differ: Anglo-American Relations in the Suez and Falkland Crises (1996)
 Democracy and Counterterrorism: Lessons from the Past, United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC (2007) ed with Robert Art

Awards and honours
In 2009 <mask> received the Trinity College Dublin Alumni Award. In 2010 she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE), and in 2011 she was appointed to the Scottish Government's Council of Economic Advisers. In 2012, ahead of the centenary in 2014 of the outbreak of World War One, she was appointed to the Scottish Commemorations Panel. In 2013 Harvard University awarded <mask> The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Centennial Medal, and later in the year she received an honorary doctorate from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO). In 2015  <mask> received honorary doctorates from

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Research Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson


title: Louise Richardson

texts:
 the University of Aberdeen and Queen's University Belfast. and was named an honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy. In 2016 <mask> was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, named a fellow of the National Academy of Social Sciences, and awarded honorary doctorates by Trinity College Dublin and the University of St Andrews; she also received the inaugural Emily Winifred Dickson award from the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, which recognises women who have made an outstanding contribution to their field.In 2016 she was also elected to Honorary Fellowship of Trinity College Dublin. Additionally, <mask> serves as an elected member of the American Philosophical Society. In 2018, she received an honorary degree from the University of Notre Dame and spoke as the primary speaker at the Notre Dame Graduate School Commencement Ceremony. In October 2019, <mask> joined the board of trustees at The Sutton Trust. She serves on the boards of a number of other non-profit groups including the Central European University, the Carnegie Corporation and the EastWest Institute (to October 2015). She has served on the editorial boards of a number of journals and presses and been awarded numerous prizes including the Sumner Prize for work towards the prevention of war and the establishment of universal peace. She has lectured on the subject of terrorism and counter-terrorism to public, professional, media and education groups across the world.References

1958 births
Living people
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Academics of the University of St Andrews
Honorary Fellows of Trinity College Dublin
International relations scholars
Irish political scientists
Principals of the University of St Andrews
People from County Waterford
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Terrorism theorists
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences
Women heads of universities and colleges
Women

masks: Richardson Richardson Richardson


title: Juan Pujol García

texts: <mask>  (14 February 1912 – 10 October 1988), also known as <mask>, was a Spanish spy who acted as a double agent loyal to Great Britain against Nazi Germany during World War II, when he relocated to Britain to carry out fictitious spying activities for the Germans. He was given the codename Garbo by the British; their German counterparts codenamed him Alaric and referred to his non-existent spy network as "Arabal". After developing a loathing of political extremism of all sorts during the Spanish Civil War, <mask> decided to become a spy for Britain as a way to do something "for the good of humanity". <mask> and his wife contacted the British Embassy in Madrid, which rejected his offers. Undeterred, he created a false identity as a fanatically pro-Nazi Spanish government official and successfully became a German agent. He was instructed to travel to Britain and recruit additional agents; instead he moved to Lisbon and created bogus reports about Britain from a variety of public sources, including a tourist guide to Britain, train timetables, cinema newsreels, and magazine advertisements. Although the information would not have withstood close examination, <mask> soon established himself as a trustworthy agent.He began inventing fictitious sub-agents who could be blamed for false information and mistakes. The Allies finally accepted Pujol when the Germans spent considerable resources attempting to hunt down a fictitious convoy. Following interviews by Desmond Bristow of Section V MI6 Iberian Section, <mask> was taken on. The family were moved to Britain and <mask> was given the code name "Garbo". <mask> and his handler Tomás Harris spent the rest of the war expanding the fictitious network, communicating to the German handlers at first by letters, and later by radio. Eventually the Germans were funding a network of 27 agents, all fictitious. Pujol had a key role in the success of Operation Fortitude, the deception operation intended to mislead the Germans about the timing, location and scale of the invasion of Normandy in 1944.The

masks:
Juan Pujol Garcia
Joan Pujol Garcia
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Juan Pujol
Pujol
Pujol


title: Juan Pujol García

texts:
 false information <mask> supplied helped persuade the Germans that the main attack would be in the , so that they kept large forces there before and even after the invasion. <mask> had the distinction of receiving military decorations from both sides of the war—being awarded the Iron Cross and becoming a Member of the Order of the British Empire. Early life
<mask> was born in Barcelona to <mask>, a Catalan who owned a cotton factory, and <mask> Guijarro, from the Andalusian town of Motril in the Province of Granada. The third of four children, Pujol was sent at age seven to the Valldemia boarding school run by the Marist Brothers in Mataró,  from Barcelona; he remained there for the next four years. The students were only allowed out of the school on Sundays if they had a visitor, so his father made the trip every week. His mother came from a strict Roman Catholic family and took Communion every day, but his father was much more secular and had liberal political beliefs. At age thirteen, he was transferred to a school in Barcelona run by his father's card-playing friend Monsignor Josep, where he remained for three years.After an argument with a teacher, he decided that he no longer wished to remain at the school, and became an apprentice at a hardware store. Pujol engaged in a variety of occupations prior to and after the Spanish Civil War, such as studying animal husbandry at the Royal Poultry School in Arenys de Mar and managing various businesses, including a cinema. His father died a few months after the Second Republic's establishment in 1931, while Pujol was completing his education as a poultry farmer. <mask>'s father left his family well-provided for, until his father's factory was taken over by the workers in the early stages of the Spanish Civil War. Spanish Civil War

In 1931, Pujol did his six months of compulsory military service in a cavalry unit, the 7th Regiment of Light Artillery. He knew he was unsuited for a military career, hating horse-riding and claiming to lack the "essential qualities of loyalty,

masks:
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Joan Pujol
Mercedes García
Pujol


title: Juan Pujol García

texts:
 generosity, and honor". Pujol was managing a poultry farm north of Barcelona in 1936 when the Spanish Civil War began.His sister Elena's fiancé was taken by Republican forces, and later she and his mother were arrested and charged with being counter-revolutionaries. A relative in a trade union was able to rescue them from captivity. He was called up for military service on the Republican side (in opposition to Francisco Franco's Nationalists), but opposed the Republican government due to their treatment of his family. He hid at his girlfriend's home until he was captured in a police raid and imprisoned for a week, before being freed via the Traditionalist resistance group Socorro Blanco. They hid him until they could produce fake identity papers that showed him to be too old for military service. He started managing a poultry farm that had been requisitioned by the local Republican government, but it was not economically viable. The experience with rule by committee intensified his antipathy towards Communism.He re-joined the Republican military using his false papers, with the intention to desert as soon as possible, volunteering to lay telegraph cables near the front lines. He managed to desert to the Nationalist side during the Battle of the Ebro in September 1938. However, he was equally ill-treated by the Nationalist side, disliking their fascist influences and being struck and imprisoned by his colonel upon <mask>'s expressing sympathy with the monarchy. His experience with both sides left him with a deep loathing of both fascism and Communism, and by extension Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. He was proud that he had managed to serve both sides without firing a single bullet for either. After his discharge from the Nationalist army, he met Araceli Gonzalez in Burgos and married her in Madrid; they had one child, Joan Fernando. World War II

Independent spying
In 1940, during the early stages of World War II, <mask> decided that he must make a contribution "for the good of humanity" by helping Britain, which was at the

masks: Pujol Pujol


title: Juan Pujol García

texts: time Germany's only adversary.Starting in January 1941, he approached the British Embassy in Madrid three different times, including through his wife (though Pujol edited her participation out of his memoirs), but they showed no interest in employing him as a spy. Therefore, he resolved to establish himself as a German agent before approaching the British again to offer his services as a double-agent. <mask> created an identity as a fanatically pro-Nazi Spanish government official who could travel to London on official business; he also obtained a fake Spanish diplomatic passport by fooling a printer into thinking Pujol worked for the Spanish embassy in Lisbon. He contacted Friedrich Knappe-Ratey, an  agent in Madrid, codenamed "Frederico". The  accepted Pujol and gave him a crash course in espionage (including secret writing), a bottle of invisible ink, a codebook, and £600 for expenses. His instructions were to move to Britain and recruit a network of British agents. He moved instead to Lisbon, andusing a tourist's guide to Britain, reference books, and magazines from the Lisbon Public Library, and newsreel reports he saw in cinemascreated seemingly credible reports that appeared to come from London.During his time in Portugal, he stayed in Estoril, at the Hotel Palácio. He claimed to be travelling around Britain and submitted his travel expenses based on fares listed in a British railway guide. <mask>'s unfamiliarity with the non-decimal system of currency used in Britain at the time was a slight difficulty. At this time Great Britain's unit of currency, the pound sterling, was subdivided into 20 shillings, each having twelve pence. <mask> was unable to total his expenses in this complex system, so simply itemised them, and said that he would send the total later. During this time he created an extensive network of fictitious sub-agents living in different parts of Britain. Because he had never actually visited the UK, he made several mistakes, such as claiming that his alleged contact in Glasgow "would do anything for a litre

masks: Pujol Pujol Pujol


title: Juan Pujol García

texts:
 of wine", unaware of Scottish drinking habits or that the UK did not use the metric system.His reports were intercepted by the British Ultra communications interceptions programme, and seemed so credible that the British counter-intelligence service MI5 launched a full-scale spy hunt. In February 1942, either he or his wife (accounts differ) approached the United States after it had entered the war, contacting U.S. Navy Lieutenant Patrick Demorest in the naval attache's office in Lisbon, who recognised <mask>'s potential. Demorest contacted his British counterparts. Work with MI5
The British had become aware that someone had been misinforming the Germans, and realised the value of this after the  wasted resources attempting to hunt down a non-existent convoy reported to them by Pujol. He was moved to Britain on 24 April 1942 and given the code name "Bovril", after the drink concentrate. However, after he passed the security check conducted by MI6 Officer Desmond Bristow, Bristow suggested that he be accompanied by MI5 officer Tomás Harris (a fluent Spanish speaker) to brief Pujol on how he and Harris should work together. <mask>'s wife and child were later moved to Britain.<mask> operated as a double agent under the XX Committee's aegis; Cyril Mills was initially Bovril's case officer; but he spoke no Spanish and quickly dropped out of the picture. His main contribution was to suggest, after the truly extraordinary dimensions of <mask>'s imagination and accomplishments had become apparent, that his code name should be changed as befitted 'the best actor in the world'; and Bovril became "Garbo", after Greta Garbo. Mills passed his case over to the Spanish-speaking officer Harris. Together, Harris and <mask> wrote 315 letters, averaging 2,000 words, addressed to a post-office box in Lisbon supplied by the Germans. His fictitious spy network was so efficient and verbose that his German handlers were overwhelmed and made no further attempts to recruit any additional spies in the UK, according to the Official History of British

masks: Pujol Pujol Pujol Pujol Pujol


title: Juan Pujol García

texts: Intelligence in World War II. The information supplied to German intelligence was a mixture of complete fiction, genuine information of little military value, and valuable military intelligence artificially delayed. In November 1942, just before the Operation Torch landings in North Africa, Garbo's agent on the River Clyde reported that a convoy of troopships and warships had left port, painted in Mediterranean camouflage.While the letter was sent by airmail and postmarked before the landings, it was deliberately delayed by British Intelligence in order to arrive too late to be useful. <mask> received a reply stating "we are sorry they arrived too late but your last reports were magnificent." <mask> had been supposedly communicating with the Germans via a courier, a Royal Dutch Airlines (KLM) pilot willing to carry messages to and from Lisbon for cash. This meant that message deliveries were limited to the KLM flight schedule. In 1943, responding to German requests for speedier communication, Pujol and Harris created a fictitious radio operator. From August 1943 radio became the preferred method of communication. On occasion, he had to invent reasons why his agents had failed to report easily available information that the Germans would eventually know about.For example, he reported that his (fabricated) Liverpool agent had fallen ill just before a major fleet movement from that port, and so was unable to report the event. To support this story, the agent eventually 'died' and an obituary was placed in the local newspaper as further evidence to convince the Germans. The Germans were also persuaded to pay a pension to the agent's widow. For radio communication, "Alaric" needed the strongest hand encryption the Germans had. The Germans provided Garbo with this system, which was in turn supplied to the codebreakers at Bletchley Park. Garbo's encrypted messages were to be received in Madrid, manually decrypted, and re-encrypted with an Enigma machine for retransmission to Berlin. Having both the original text and the Enigma-encoded


title: Juan Pujol García

texts:
 intercept of it, the codebreakers had the best possible source material for a chosen-plaintext attack on the Germans' Enigma key.Operation Fortitude
In January 1944, the Germans told <mask> that they believed a large-scale invasion in Europe was imminent and asked to be kept informed. This invasion was Operation Overlord, and <mask> played a leading role in Operation Fortitude, the deception campaign to conceal Overlord. He sent over 500 radio messages between January 1944 and D-Day, at times more than twenty messages per day. During planning for the Normandy beach invasion, the Allies decided that it was vitally important that the German leaders be misled into believing that the landing would happen at the Strait of Dover. In order to maintain his credibility, it was decided that Garbo (or one of his agents) should forewarn the Germans of the timing and some details of the actual invasion of Normandy, although sending it too late for them to take effective action. Special arrangements were made with the German radio operators to be listening to Garbo through the night of 5/6 June 1944, using the story that a sub-agent was about to arrive with important information. However, when the call was made at 3 AM, no reply was received from the German operators until 8 AM.This enabled Garbo to add more, genuine but now out-of-date, operational details to the message when finally received, and thus increase his standing with the Germans. Garbo told his German contacts that he was disgusted that his first message was missed, saying "I cannot accept excuses or negligence. Were it not for my ideals I would abandon the work." On 9 June—three days after D-day—Garbo sent a message to German intelligence that was passed to Adolf Hitler and the  (OKW; German High Command). Garbo said that he had conferred with his top agents and developed an order of battle showing 75 divisions in Britain; in reality, there were only about 50. Part of the "Fortitude" plan was to convince the Germans that a fictitious formation—First U.S. Army Group, comprising 11


title: Juan Pujol García

texts:
 divisions (150,000 men), commanded by General George Patton—was stationed in southeast Britain. The deception was supported by fake planes, inflatable tanks, and vans travelling about the area transmitting bogus radio chatter.Garbo's message pointed out that units from this formation had not participated in the invasion, and therefore the first landing should be considered a diversion. A German message to Madrid sent two days later said "all reports received in the last week from Arabel [spy network codename] undertaking have been confirmed without exception and are to be described as especially valuable." A post-war examination of German records found that, during Operation Fortitude, no fewer than sixty-two of <mask>'s reports were included in OKW intelligence summaries. OKW accepted Garbo's reports so completely that they kept two armoured divisions and 19 infantry divisions in the Pas de Calais waiting for a second invasion through July and August 1944. The German Commander-in-Chief in the west, Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, refused to allow General Erwin Rommel to move these divisions to Normandy. There were more German troops in the Pas de Calais region two months after the Normandy invasion than there had been on D-Day. In late June, Garbo was instructed by the Germans to report on the falling of V-1 flying bombs.Finding no way of giving false information without arousing suspicion, and being unwilling to give correct information, Harris arranged for Garbo to be "arrested". He returned to duty a few days later, now having a "need" to avoid London, and forwarded an "official" letter of apology from the Home Secretary for his unlawful detention. The Germans paid <mask> US$340,000 over the course of the war to support his network of agents, which at one point totalled 27 fabricated characters. Honours
As Alaric, he was awarded the Iron Cross Second Class on 29 July 1944, for his services to the German war effort. The award was normally reserved for front-line fighting men and required Hitler's personal authorisation. The


title: Juan Pujol García

texts:
 Iron Cross was presented via radio. As Garbo, he received an MBE from King George VI, on 25 November 1944.The Nazis never realised they had been fooled, and thus <mask> earned the distinction of being one of the fewif not the only oneto receive decorations from both sides during World War II. After the war

After the Second World War, <mask> feared reprisals from surviving Nazis. With the help of MI5, <mask> travelled to Angola and faked his death from malaria in 1949. He then moved to Lagunillas, Venezuela, where he lived in relative anonymity running a bookstore and gift shop. <mask> divorced his first wife and married Carmen Cilia, with whom he had two sons, Carlos Miguel and Joan Carlos, and a daughter who died in 1975 at the age of 20. By 1984, <mask> had moved to his son Carlos Miguel's house in La Trinidad, Caracas. In 1971, the British politician Rupert Allason, writing under the pen name Nigel West, became interested in Garbo.For several years, he interviewed various former intelligence officers, but none knew Garbo's real name. Eventually, Tomás Harris' friend Anthony Blunt, the Soviet spy who had penetrated MI5, said that he had met Garbo, and knew him as "either <mask> or <mask>". Allason's investigation was stalled from that point until March 1984, when a former MI5 officer who had served in Spain supplied <mask>'s full name. Allason hired a research assistant to call every J. <mask>—an extremely common name in Spain—in the Barcelona phone book, eventually contacting <mask>'s nephew. <mask> and Allason finally met in New Orleans on 20 May 1984. At Allason's urging, Pujol travelled to London and was received by Prince Philip at Buckingham Palace, in an unusually long audience. After that he visited the Special Forces Club and was reunited with a group of his former colleagues, including T. A. Robertson, Roger Fleetwood Hesketh, Cyril Mills and Desmond Bristow.On the 40th anniversary of D-Day, 6 June 1984, <mask> travelled to Normandy to tour the beaches and pay his respects to the dead. <mask> died in Caracas in 1988

masks:
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Juan
José García
Pujol
García
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol


title: Juan Pujol García

texts:
 and is buried in Choroní, a town inside Henri Pittier National Park by the Caribbean Sea. Network of fictitious agents
Each of <mask>'s fictitious agents was tasked with recruiting additional sub-agents. Popular culture

Literature and Music
 The Counterfeit Spy (1971), by the British journalist Sefton Delmer; <mask>'s name was changed to "Jorge Antonio" in order to protect his surviving family. The Eldorado Network (1979), by the British novelist Derek Robinson published six years before Nigel West's non-fiction account. Overlord, Underhand (2013), by the American author Robert P. Wells is a fictionalised retelling of the story of <mask> (Agent Garbo), double agent with MI5, from the Spanish Civil War to 1944;
 Quicksand (1971), a song by David Bowie on the Hunky Dory album makes reference to him ("I'm the twisted name on Garbo's eyes"). Film and television
 Garbo: The Spy ().Documentary film, directed by Edmon Roch. Production: Ikiru Films, Colose Producciones, Centuria Films, Spain 2009. The Man Who Fooled the Nazis. The 90-minute Spanish documentary retitled and narrated in English, shown as part of the Storyville series, first shown on BBC Four, 22 February 2011. Secret D-DayUS television, 1998portrayed by French actor Sam Spiegel. Garbo-Master of Deception. 1992 Columbia House and A&E 30-minute documentary

Garbo feature films have been attempted on several occasions, but none have reached production to date.See also
 Spain in World War II

References

Bibliography

External links

1912 births
1988 deaths
Double agents
Double-Cross System
Honorary Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Barcelona
People who faked their own death
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd class
Spanish emigrants to Venezuela
Spanish spies
World War II spies for Germany
World War II spies for the United Kingdom
Spanish soldiers
Spanish people of World War II
Spanish anti-fascists
Spanish military personnel of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
Spanish anti-communists
Spanish military personnel of the Spanish Civil War

masks:
Pujol
Pujol
Juan Pujol


title: Rene Gilmartin

texts:
<mask> (born 31 May 1987) is an Irish professional football coach and former professional footballer who is currently the goalkeeping coach at Ipswich Town. He has previously appeared in the Football League for Walsall, Watford, Yeovil Town, Crawley Town, Plymouth Argyle and Colchester United, and has also played for League of Ireland side St Patrick's Athletic. Gilmartin has played international football for the Republic of Ireland at under-19 and under-21 levels. Career
Having previous played for Malahide United F.C. and St. Kevin's Boys, Gilmartin joined English League One side Walsall in the summer of 2005. He made his Walsall debut on 17 September 2005 in a 3–2 home defeat to Chesterfield, and played two further first-team matches that season. He also made his international debut for Republic of Ireland under-19s in February 2006.At the end of the 2005–06 season, <mask>'s contract was extended, with Walsall taking up one-year option. After signing, <mask> said he expected to fight for the first choice goalkeeper ahead of a new season. Gilmartin did not feature for Walsall over the next two seasons, but played for Republic of Ireland under-21s in 2007, and completed his UEFA B coaching licence in April 2008. During 2007, he joined Worcester City and Hednesford Town, in order to gain first team experience. In May 2008 Gilmartin signed another new 12-month contract. During the 2008–09 season, in which he made 12 appearances, Gilmartin said he would consider leaving the club if first choice goalkeeper Clayton Ince stayed on. Ultimately, he signed another new 12-month contract at the end of the season.In the 2009–10 season, <mask> replaced Ince as a first choice

masks:
Rene Patrick Gilmartin
Gilmartin
Gilmartin
Gilmartin


title: Rene Gilmartin

texts: goalkeeper. He credited the club's goalkeeping coach, Mick Kearns, for helping him improve as a player. In October 2009, he suffered a hamstring injury that would keep him out for three to four weeks. Despite the injury, Gilmartin played 24 times in 2009–10 season. <mask> was offered a new contract by Walsall on 10 May 2010, but joined Championship side Watford on 1 July 2010. He made his debut in a League Cup first round tie away to Aldershot Town, keeping a clean sheet in a 3–0 Watford win. Gilmartin struggled to displace Scott Loach as Watford's goalkeeper during the 2010–11 season, but did play in all four of the club's cup games.He also won the club's community ambassador prize at the end of season awards. Gilmartin displaced Loach to make his full league debut on 27 September 2011, in a 2–1 home victory over Millwall. He started the following game, a 3–0 defeat at Southampton, before Loach returned to the side. On 23 November 2011, <mask> was sent out on loan to League One side Yeovil Town until 3 January 2012. He returned to Watford on 19 January 2012, having made eight appearances for Yeovil. In February 2012 he joined League Two side Crawley Town on loan as back up to Michael Kuipers, following an injury to Scott Shearer. On 3 May 2012, Gilmartin was one of four players to be released by Watford after their contracts expired.<mask> signed a two-year contract with League Two side Plymouth Argyle in July 2012, and made 16 appearances in all competitions. He was transfer-listed by manager John Sheridan at the end of the 2012–13 season, and left the club by mutual consent in June 2013. Gilmartin returned to Dublin in July, having signed an 18-month contract

masks: Gilmartin Gilmartin Gilmartin


title: Rene Gilmartin

texts:
 with League of Ireland side St Patrick's Athletic. He made his Pats' debut later that month in a Dublin derby at Shamrock Rovers in the League of Ireland Cup. He made his league debut the following season, on 2 June 2014 against Drogheda United, when he came on as a half-time substitute for the injured Brendan Clarke. He continued Clarke's work and kept a clean sheet as Pats won 6–0. In total, he made 10 appearances for the Pats, with nine coming in cup competitions.Gilmartin returned to English football by re-signing with Watford on a one-year deal on 25 August 2014 as a back-up to Heurelho Gomes and Jonathan Bond, two years after he first left the club. He signed a new two-year contract in June 2015 as the club approached their first season back in the Premier League. Alongside his playing career with Watford he commentates on the club's away games for BBC Three Counties Radio, is taking further coaching qualifications and has taken training sessions for the club's academy. He left Watford at the end of the 2016–17 season. Following his release from Watford, <mask> signed for League Two club Colchester United as a player-coach. He made his debut for Colchester in the EFL Trophy against Reading U23 on 29 August. Gilmartin rejected the offer of a new contract in July 2019 and signed for Championship club Bristol City as a player with some Junior Coaching responsibilities.Coaching career
<mask> began his coaching career whilst still a player at Bristol City, coaching the club’s under-23 side. On 7 November 2019, it was announced that <mask> had taken up a role as goalkeeping coach for the Republic of Ireland under-21s under their new manager Stephen Kenny. On 1


title: Rene Gilmartin

texts:
 June 2021, <mask> was appointed assistant manager of Swindon Town. When John McGreal was named interim manager of Ipswich Town in December 2021, <mask> joined his coaching team as an interim coach, having previously been McGreal’s assistant manager at Swindon. Later that month, following the appointment of Kieran McKenna, Gilmartin was named first-team goalkeeping coach at Ipswich. Career statistics

Honours
League of Ireland (1):
 St Patrick's Athletic – 2013
FAI President's Cup (1):
St Patrick's Athletic – 2014

Personal life
Gilmartin married his wife Emma Nugent in the summer of 2015. References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Association footballers from Dublin (city)
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Republic of Ireland under-21 international footballers
Republic of Ireland youth international footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Walsall F.C.players
Worcester City F.C. players
Hednesford Town F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Yeovil Town F.C. players
Crawley Town F.C. players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
St Patrick's Athletic F.C.players
Colchester United F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
English Football League players
League of Ireland players
Swindon Town F.C. non-playing staff
Ipswich Town F.C. non-playing

masks: Gilmartin Gilmartin


title: Neil Hannon

texts:
<mask> (born 7 November 1970) is a Northern Irish singer and songwriter. He is the creator and front man of the chamber pop group The Divine Comedy, and is the band's sole constant member. Hannon wrote the theme tunes for the television sitcoms Father Ted and The IT Crowd. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Derry, Northern Ireland, the son of <mask>, a Church of Ireland minister in the Diocese of Derry and Raphoe and later Bishop of Clogher. He spent some of his youth in Fivemiletown before moving with his family to Enniskillen, in County Fermanagh, in 1982. While there, he attended Portora Royal School. Hannon enjoyed synthesizer-based music as a youngster; he has identified the Human League and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) as "the first music that really excited [him]".In the late 1980s he developed a fondness of the electric guitar, becoming an "indie kid". Career
Hannon is founder and mainstay of The Divine Comedy, a band which achieved their biggest commercial success in the mid to late 1990s with the albums Casanova (1996), A Short Album About Love (1997), and Fin de Siècle (1998). Hannon continues to release albums under The Divine Comedy name, the most recent being Office Politics (2019). In 2000 he and Joby Talbot contributed four tracks for Ute Lemper's collaboration album, Punishing Kiss. In 2004 he played alongside the Ulster Orchestra for the opening event of the Belfast Festival at Queen's. In 2005, he contributed vocals to his long-time collaborator Joby Talbot's soundtrack for the movie version of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. In 2006 it was announced that Hannon was to lend his vocal ability to the Doctor

masks:
Edward Neil Anthony Hannon
Hannon
Brian Hannon


title: Neil Hannon

texts: Who soundtrack CD release, recording two songs – "Love Don't Roam" for the 2006 Christmas special, "The Runaway Bride", and a new version of "Song For Ten", originally used in 2005's "The Christmas Invasion".On 12 January 2007, The Guardian website's "Media Monkey" diary column reported that Doctor Who fans from the discussion forum on the fan website Outpost Gallifrey were attempting to organise mass downloads of the Hannon-sung "Love Don't Roam", which was available as a single release on the UK iTunes Store. This was in order to attempt to exploit the new UK Singles Chart download rules, and get the song featured in the Top 40 releases. The same year Hannon added his writing and vocal talents to the Air album Pocket Symphony, released in the United States on 6 March 2007. He is featured on the track "Somewhere Between Waking and Sleeping", for which he wrote the lyrics. This song had been originally written for and sung by Charlotte Gainsbourg on her album, 5:55. Though it was not included in its 2006 European release, it was added as a bonus track for its American release on 24 April 2007. <mask> won the 2007 Choice Music Prize for his 2006 album, Victory for the Comic Muse.It was announced the following day that he had left EMI by 'mutual consent'. In 2015 he won the 2015 Legend Award from the Oh Yeah organisation in Belfast. When the band Keane played at the O2 Arena in London in July, "A Bad Dream" was introduced by <mask>. He introduced it by reading the poem "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death" by W. B. Yeats, upon which the song is based. He is credited with composing the theme music for the sitcoms Father Ted and The IT Crowd, the former

masks: Hannon Hannon


title: Neil Hannon

texts: theme composed for the show and later reworked into "Songs of Love", a track on The Divine Comedy's breakthrough album Casanova. Both shows were created or co-created by Graham Linehan. For the Father Ted episode, "A Song for Europe", Hannon co-wrote and sang "My Lovely Horse", the song Ted and Dougal enter in Eurosong (a parody of the Eurovision Song Contest).For the same episode, Hannon wrote "The Miracle Is Mine", the 'typical' Eurovision ballad sung by Ted's nemesis, Father Dick Byrne. A dream sequence in the episode shows Ted and Dougal in the song's pop video, with Hannon providing vocals. <mask> also wrote and performed "My Lovely Mayo Mammy", sung by Eoin McLove in the episode "Night of the Nearly Dead", and wrote "Big Men in Frocks", sung by Niamh Connolly in "Rock-a-Hula Ted". When a raffle is held in order to raise funds to repair the roof of the parochial house, the Kraftwerk-esque quartet of priests enlisted to perform play an electronic piece of music composed and performed by him. Both of the advertisements for telephone numbers; in The IT Crowd (the new emergency number) and Father Ted (Priest Chatback) have jingles composed by Hannon. In the episode "A Christmassy Ted", his name is mentioned by Mrs Doyle while she attempts to guess that of the mysterious guest. A new Divine Comedy album, Bang Goes the Knighthood, was released in May 2010.Hannon has also collaborated with Thomas Walsh, from the Irish band Pugwash, to create a cricket-themed pop album under the name The Duckworth Lewis Method. The first single, "The Age of Revolution", was released in June 2009, and a full-length album released the week after. The group's second album,


title: Neil Hannon

texts:
 Sticky Wickets, came out in 2013. Hannon contributed to a musical version of Swallows and Amazons, writing the music while Helen Edmundson wrote the book and lyrics, which premiered in December 2010 at the Bristol Old Vic. In April 2012 Hannon's first opera commission, Sevastopol, was performed by the Royal Opera House. It was part of a program called OperaShots, which invites musicians not typically working within the opera medium to create an opera. Sevastopol was based upon Leo Tolstoy's Sevastopol Sketches.<mask>'s second opera (book by Frank Alva Buecheler, English by Tim Clarke) for which he wrote music, In May, premiered in May 2013 in Lancaster and was shown in 2014 with overwhelming success e.g. in Glasgow and Brighton. The world premiere of To Our Fathers in Distress, in the words of the composer "a kind of oratorio" for chorus, strings and organ, was performed on 22 March 2014 at the Royal Festival Hall in London. It was inspired by Hannon's father, the Rt Rev <mask>, who suffers from Alzheimer's disease. Personal life
Hannon's partner is Irish musician Cathy Davey. The couple live in the Dublin area. He was previously married to Orla Little, with whom he has a daughter, <mask>.With Davey, Hannon is a patron of the Irish animal charity My Lovely Horse Rescue, named after the Father Ted Eurovision song for which he wrote the music. Politically, Hannon describes himself as being "a thoroughly leftie, Guardian-reading chap, but of the champagne socialist variety". Discography

The Divine Comedy

Fanfare for the Comic Muse (1990)
Liberation (1993)
Promenade (1994)
Casanova (1996)
A Short Album About Love (1997)
Fin de Siècle (1998)
A Secret

masks:
Hannon
Brian Hannon
Willow Hannon


title: Penn Kemble

texts:
<mask> (January 21, 1941 – October 15, 2005), commonly known as "<mask>," was an American political activist and a founding member of Social Democrats, USA. He supported  democracy and labor unions in the USA and internationally, and so was active in the civil rights movement, the labor movement, and the social-democratic opposition to communism. He founded organizations including Negotiations Now! and   Frontlash, and he served as director of the Committee for Democracy in Central America. <mask> was appointed to various government boards and institutions throughout the 1990s, eventually becoming the Acting Director of the U.S. Information Agency under President Bill Clinton. Biography

Early years

<mask> was born in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1941 and grew up in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He studied at the University of Colorado in the early 1960s, where he helped to organize a local branch of the Young People's Socialist League, the youth section of the Socialist Party of America.While at the University of Colorado, <mask> was influenced by the thinking of Alex Garber, a professor of sociology, who was a social democratic anti-communist. After moving to New York, <mask> stood out as a neatly dressed, muscular Protestant youth, in an urban political setting that was predominantly Catholic and  Jewish. He worked at The New York Times but was fired for refusing to cross a picket line during a typesetters' strike. A leader in the East River chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality, <mask> helped to organize a non-violent blockade of the Triborough Bridge during rush hour, to raise consciousness among suburbanites of the lives of Harlem residents. Political career

From the middle 1960s, <mask> was active

masks:
Richard Penn Kemble
Penn
Kemble
Penn Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble


title: Penn Kemble

texts: in the youth section of the Socialist Party of America, the Young People's Socialist League (YPSL). In the Party, <mask>'s realignment caucus attained majority of the votes in 1968. His caucus included  Paul Feldman, editor of the party paper New America and Tom Kahn, chief of the League for Industrial Democracy.<mask> was elected as the National Chairman of the YPSL, thereby becoming an ex officio member of the National Committee of the Socialist Party. Following its July 1968 National Convention the governing National Committee elected <mask> the new National Secretary of the Socialist Party, replacing George Woywod. He was also active in the Congress of Racial Equality. <mask> was Executive Secretary of the Socialist Party of America from 1968-1970. <mask> was a founder of Negotiation Now!, a group which called for an end to the bombing of North Vietnam and a negotiated settlement of the Vietnam War. He was opposed to a unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam. In 1972, <mask> organized a protest of the Coalition for a New Foreign and Military Policy, featuring a picket line of 76 Vietnamese.<mask>'s protest infuriated its master of ceremonies, Bruce P. Cameron. In 1972, <mask> was a founder the Coalition for a Democratic Majority (CDM), an association of centrist Democrats that opposed the "new politics" liberalism  exemplified by Senator George McGovern, who suffered the worst defeat of a Presidential candidate in modern times, despite the widespread dislike of Nixon. <mask> was Executive Director of CDM from 1972–76, at which time he left to become a special assistant and speechwriter for Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan. He remained with Moynihan until 1979. Concerned about the direct and

masks: Kemble Kemble Kemble Kemble Kemble Kemble Kemble Kemble Kemble


title: Penn Kemble

texts: indirect role of the Communist Party USA and of sympathizers of Marxist-Leninist politics in the US Peace Movement and in the National Council of Churches, <mask> helped found the Institute on Religion and Democracy. From 1981 until 1988 was the President of the Committee for Democracy in Central America (PRODEMCA), which criticized Marxist–Leninists in Central America, especially the Sandinistas in Nicaragua and the FMLN in Central America; PRODEMCA was also referred to as "Friends of the Democratic Center in Central America". Beyond criticizing revolutionaries, <mask> lobbied Congress to support the Christian Democratic President of El Salvador José Napoleón Duarte, during the Salvadoran Civil War; he also argued that Congress should fund the Nicaraguan Contras, then engaged in an armed campaign against the Sandinistas, to pressure the Sandinistas to negotiate a peace treaty with more guarantees for the civic opposition.In his support of Congressional funding of the Contras, <mask> was one of the "Gang of Four" of prominent social-democrats or opponents of the Vietnam War; a second was a former antagonist during the Vietnam War, Bruce Cameron, and the others were Robert S. Leiken and Bernard W. Aronson. The Gang of Four differed from the Reagan Administration on some questions. For example, they supported efforts to transfer control of Contra funding from the CIA and Department of Defense to the Department of State's USAID; they also supported negotiations opposed by Reagan Administration "hard-liners" who wished to defeat the Sandinistas, according to Cameron. <mask>'s 1980s Central American politics were unpopular among liberals and democratic socialists in the Democratic Party. He supported the Bill

masks: Kemble Kemble Kemble Kemble


title: Penn Kemble

texts:
 Clinton's campaign for the Presidency. During the Presidency of Bill Clinton, <mask> served first in 1993 as the Deputy Director and then in 1999 as Acting Director of the U.S. Information Agency. He was also made a special representative of Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright to the Council for a Community of Democracies initiative.In 2001, <mask> was appointed to the Board of International Broadcasting by President George W. Bush. He also became the Washington, D.C. representative of Freedom House; in his last years, he was especially involved in supporting peace efforts in the Middle East. He declined several offers of official positions in the Bush administration. However, Secretary of State Colin L. Powell appointed <mask> to be the Chairman of the International Eminent Persons Group on Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan. Death and legacy
<mask> died on October 15, 2005, at his home in Washington, D.C. after a year-long battle with brain cancer. He was 64 years old at the time of his death and was survived by his wife, two sisters, and his brother. <mask> referred to himself as a social democrat throughout his life.Footnotes

References

External links

American democracy activists
Members of Social Democrats USA
Executive Secretaries of the Socialist Party of America
New York (state) Democrats
AFL–CIO people
Leaders of American trade unions
Workers' rights activists
Activists for African-American civil rights
American political activists
American social activists
American speechwriters
People from Worcester, Massachusetts
Writers from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
University of Colorado alumni
Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C. Deaths from brain tumor
1941 births
2005

masks: Kemble Kemble Kemble Kemble Kemble


title: Alfonso Reyes

texts:
<mask> (17 May 1889 in Monterrey, Nuevo León – 27 December 1959 in Mexico City) was a Mexican writer, philosopher and diplomat. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times. Biography
He was the ninth of the twelve children of Aurelia de Ochoa-Garibay y Sapién and <mask>, a general and politician killed in the assault to the National Palace during the Decena Trágica. His father held important political posts under the administrations of Porfirio Díaz, including the governorship of Nuevo León and the Secretary of War and Navy. <mask> was educated at various colleges in Monterrey, El Liceo Francés de México, El Colegio Civil de Monterrey, and later at the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria and graduated from the La Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia, which later became the law school at UNAM in 1913. In 1909, he helped to found the Ateneo de la Juventud, along with other young intellectuals including Martín Luis Guzmán, José Vasconcelos, Julio Torri, and Pedro Enríquez Ureña, to promote new cultural and aesthetic ideals and educational reform in Mexico. In 1911, <mask> published his first book, Cuestiones estéticas.The following year, he wrote the short story La Cena ("The Supper"), which is considered a forerunner of surrealism and Latin American magical realism. In that year he was also named Secretary of the Escuela Nacional de Altos Estudios at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. <mask> obtained his law degree in 1913, the same year that his father died while he was participating in an attempted coup d'état against the then president Francisco I. Madero. <mask> was posted to Mexico's diplomatic service in France in 1913. After Germany invaded France in 1914, he moved to Madrid, Spain, and pursued a literary career as journalist, investigator, translator,

masks:
Alfonso Reyes Ochoa
Bernardo Reyes Ogazón
Reyes
Reyes
Reyes
Alfonso Reyes


title: Alfonso Reyes

texts:
 critic, and writer. In 1915, he wrote what is probably his best-known essay, Visión de Anáhuac (1519) with its famous epigraph, Viajero: has llegado a la región más transparente del aire, the source of the title of Carlos Fuentes's novel La región más transparente. Visión de Anáhuac is inspired by the “vitalist” philosophy of Henri Bergson and can be seen as a study on the metamorphosis in the process of creative evolution.<mask> was reinstated in the diplomatic service in 1920. He was the second secretary in Spain in 1920, was in Paris from 1924 to 1927, and then served as the ambassador to Argentina (1927–1930 and 1936–1937). He was the Mexican ambassador to Brazil from 1930 to 1935 and again in 1938. In 1939, he retired from the diplomatic corps and returned to Mexico, where he organized what is today El Colegio de México and dedicated himself to writing and teaching. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1950. Years in Spain

His time in Spain, where he resided from 1914 to 1924, was considered his best creative period when he became a great writer and master of literature. In Spain, where he experienced financial difficulties, he dedicated himself to literature and combined it with journalism.He worked at the Centro de Estudios Históricos (Historical Study Center) of Madrid under the direction of Ramón Menéndez Pidal. In 1919, he was named the Mexican
Commission Secretary "Francisco del Paso y Troncoso", the same year that Cantar de mio Cid was put into prose. Many of his friends insisted that he was a natural in Spanish and should pursue a career in politics, but he declined to do so. One time he was presented with an offer to teach, but he rejected it. He was more interested in the aesthetics of Benedetto Croce. He published numerous essays about poetry of


title: Alfonso Reyes

texts:
 the Spanish Golden Age, such as Baroque y Góngora; on top of that he was one of the first writers to study poetry of Juana Inés de la Cruz. From 1917 he produced Cartones de Madrid, his small masterpiece, Visión de Anáhuac, El suicida, and in 1921, El cazador.He was a collaborator of "Revista de Filología Española", Revista de Occidente and "Revue Hispanique". His works about Spanish literature, older classical literature and aesthetics are notable, and among the more notable of that time, "Cuestiones estéticas" (1911). In Spain he organized a ceremony on 11 September 1923 at the Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (Real Botanical Garden of Madrid) to honor the memory of the symbolic poet Stéphane Mallarmé. After 1924 he developed a diplomatic and social life in Paris, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. He translated a Mallarmé and edited his own literary mail, "Monterrey," publishing it in 1930. He wrote to friends abroad in every part of the world and gave talks, spoke at conferences and contributed to homages and cultural events. He published among others, "Cuestiones gongorinas" (1927), "Capítulos de literatura española" (1939–195), "Discurso por Virgilio" (1931).His poetic works reveal a profound knowledge of the formal means, notably "Ifigenia cruel" (1924), "Pausa" (1926), "5 casi sonetos" (1931), "Otra voz" (1936) and "Cantata en la tumba de Federico García Lorca" (1937). <mask> worked as a translator of works from Laurence Sterne, G.K. Chesterton, Anton Chekhov and as an editor of works by Ruiz de Alarcón, Cantar del Mio Cid, Lope de Vega, Baltasar Gracián, Juan Ruiz, Francisco de Quevedo. Legacy
The Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges referred to <mask> as "the greatest prose writer in the Spanish language of any age". At least five avenues in Monterrey's metropolitan area,

masks: Reyes Reyes


title: Alfonso Reyes

texts:
 three in the municipality and one in Mexico City are named after <mask>. On 17 May 2018, Google Doodle commemorated <mask>' 129th birthday. Works

Nonfiction
Cuestiones estéticas
El suicida
Visión de Anáhuac
Vísperas de España
Cartones de Madrid
Simpatías y diferencias
Calendario
Homília por la cultura
Capítulos de literatura española
Pasado inmediato
Estudios helénicos
La filosofía helenística
La X en la frente
Memorias de cocina y bodega
Las burlas veras
La experiencia literaria

Fiction
Los tres tesoros
El plano oblicuo
Árbol de pólvora
Quince presencias

Poetry
Huellas
Ifigenia cruel
Yerbas del tarahumara
Minuta
Homero en Cuernavaca

The Fondo de Cultura Económica published his complete works in 26 volumes, titled Obras Completas de <mask>. See also
<mask> International Prize
 <mask> (Monterrey Metro)
Enrique Díez Canedo, a Spanish writer and translator, friend of <mask> who called his house in Mexico City "la Capilla Alfonsina"
Homero en Cuernavaca.Estudio preliminar de Arturo Dávila, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 2013. List of people from Morelos, Mexico

References

External links
The web page of <mask>' house in Mexico City, known as "la Capilla Alfonsina". Robb, James Willis Distinguished professor at The George Washington University and a published authority on <mask> left his research documents on Mr. <mask> to the university library for scholarly research. 1889 births
1959 deaths
Members of El Colegio Nacional (Mexico)
Mexican essayists
Male essayists
Mexican male poets
20th-century Mexican philosophers
Writers from Monterrey
Hellenists
Mexican translators
Members of the Mexican Academy of Language
Ambassadors of Mexico to Brazil
Ambassadors of Mexico to Argentina
20th-century Mexican poets
20th-century translators
20th-century essayists
20th-century Mexican

masks:
Reyes
Alfonso Reyes
Alfonso Reyes
Alfonso Reyes
Alfonso Reyes
Alfonso Reyes
Alfonso Reyes
Alfonso Reyes
Reyes


title: Gariné Torossian

texts:
<mask>  is a Canadian filmmaker. Her works include Stone, Time, Touch which won best documentary at the Warsaw International Film Festival in 2007. Her films have screened at MoMa, the Telluride Film Festival (Colorado), Lux Cinema (London), the Egyptian Theatre (Los Angeles), the Jerusalem Film Festival, the Warsaw International Film Festival, Berlinale, and a host of cinematheques, including those in Berlin, Edmonton, Ottawa, Winnipeg and Vancouver. <mask>'s debut short, Visions (1992), was part of a retrospective at Centre Pompidou when she was 22. Her subsequent shorts were screened at New York Museum of Modern Art Cineprobe series when she was 25, and at the Spielberg theatre at the Egyptian (2019). <mask>'s work has been broadcast on Arte France, Documentary Channel (Canada), Bravo Canada, Sundance Channel (USA), SBS (Australia) and WTN (Canada). Her films focus on notions of memory, longing and identity, underlined by her diverse and comprehensive filmography.Awards
Girl from Moush (1994) was awarded best short at the Melbourne International Film Festival. <mask> was commissioned by the American indie rock band Sparklehorse to produce a music video. The resulting short film, SPARKLEHORSE (1999), received commendation at the 2000 Berlinale, the Berlin International Film Festival. Her short film featuring the music of Sparklehorse, BABIES ON THE SUN (2001), received the Panorama short film prize at the Berlinale, the Berlin International Film Festival. HOKEES won a gold prize for drama at the Houston Film Festival (2000) and best short at the Los Angeles AFFMA Film Festival (2000). <mask>'s Stone Time Touch (2007) is a feature-length documentary filmed mostly

masks:
Gariné Torossian
Torossian
Torossian
Torossian
Torossian


title: Gariné Torossian

texts:
 in Armenia. It was awarded best documentary feature at the Warsaw International Film Festival (2007).She was awarded a DAAD (Berliner Künstlerprogramm) filmmaker fellowship in Berlin in 2007. In 2019, Girl from Moush was selected to be part of the Panorama 40, for the 40th anniversary of the birth of the Panorama at the Berlinale. Critical reviews

"The Yerevan brilliantly indexed in An Inventory of Some Strictly Visible Things bears little resemblance to the hallucinatory Armenia of Girl From Moush. An Inventory’s (2017) crisply shot and starkly lit digital renderings belong to the here and now rather than there and then... I watched a retrospective of <mask>’s work hosted by the Los Angeles Filmforum at the Egyptian Theatre in July. It was the first retrospective program of her films in Los Angeles — a staggering fact given her monumental contributions to feminist diasporic cinema over the past quarter-century." From Hyperallergic, Mashinka Firunts (2019)

"In a nod to Perec, Torossian’s An Inventory of Some Strictly Visible Things is a riveting account of the everyday in a small post-Soviet republic: a country obsessed with the catastrophic...It is a powerful celebration of the extraordinary in the ordinary; an essential respite from the white noise of the White House, and the tyranny of the headline." —Bomb (2017)

"In a national culture seemingly obsessed with identity, the careening, intense, arresting works of <mask> Torossian are poetic cinematic searches for and expressions of those very elusive notions of belonging and identification that make her an idiosyncratic yet quintessentially Canadian artist. Formally freewheeling and merging the visual

masks: Torossian Gariné


title: Gariné Torossian

texts:
 languages of Super 8, 35mm, and video, her body of work is one of the most startling and original to have emerged in Canada over the last decade and a half. "—Tom McSorley, Executive Director, Canadian Film Institute (2010). "Torossian put together a stunning piece that comments on and extends Atom Egoyan's film's structure and themes. The resulting six-minute meditation on a homeland she has yet to visit, Girl from Moush, transforms the iconic architectural stills into a river of images. "—from Image and Territory, Adam Gilders, edited by Monique Schofen (2006)

"In 2002, she won the Panorama short film prize at the Berlinale for "Babies on the Sun" (2001), five impressive minutes in which Torossian nostalgically traces memories of childhood."—Berliner Kunstlerprogramm (2007)

"<mask>, a filmmaker whose work was featured at MoMA during a one-woman Cineprobe program in 1995, created a personal and somewhat autobiographical work for her first feature STONE TIME TOUCH. In search of her identity, she visits Armenia, the land of her forebears, and makes a vivid and impressionistic diary of beauty, wonderment, and sadness. "—Laurence Kardish, Senior Curator at MoMa, Department of Film

"One of Canada's most original filmmakers. "—Liam Lacey, Globe & Mail

Filmography

 1992 – VISIONS (4min, 16mm, Color) Director, Editor, Cinematographer
 1993 – PLATFORM (8min, 16mm, Color) Director, Editor, Cinematographer
 1994 – GIRL FROM MOUSH (5min, 16mm, Color) Director, Editor, Cinematographer
 1995 – DROWNING IN FLAMES (25min, 16mm, Color) Director, Editor, Cinematographer
 1996 – MY OWN OBSESSION (30min, 16mm, Color) Director, Editor, Cinematographer
 1997 – PASSION CRUCIFIED


title: Gerard Sweetman

texts:
<mask> (10 June 1908 – 28 January 1970) was an Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Minister for Finance from 1954 to 1957. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Kildare constituency from 1948 to 1970. He was a Senator for the Labour Panel from 1943 to 1948. Family and childhood
<mask> was born on 10 June 1908. His father, <mask>, was a practising barrister, and the family's return for the 1911 census shows that they employed three servants at their Lower Baggot Street home. The Sweetmans were no strangers to Irish politics. James' brother, <mask>, was elected to the First Dáil representing Wexford North and was one of the first TDs to publicly call for a negotiated settlement to the Irish War of Independence.<mask> was educated at the Beaumont School in Britain. He completed his studies at Trinity College, Dublin and went on to qualify as a solicitor in 1930. His son, Peter, is a well-known "serial environmental litigant". Early political career
<mask>'s first brush with politics came with his involvement with the Blueshirts: He was a member of the League of Youth, one of their youth wings, and was elected to Blueshirt's national council in August 1935. As the Blueshirts dissipated, <mask> folded into the newly formed Fine Gael. Three weeks after his 29th birthday, <mask> contested the 1937 general election. His target was the four-seater Carlow–Kildare constituency.Out of a field of 7 candidates, <mask> came in sixth with 8.5% of the vote. He did not contest the 1938 general election but ran again in 1943, and once again failed to secure election. He secured a Seanad seat in weeks that followed, and remained in the upper house through the 1944

masks:
Hugh Gerard Sweetman
Hugh Gerard Sweetman
James Sweetman
Roger Sweetman
Gerard
Sweetman
Sweetman
Gerard Sweetman
Sweetman


title: Gerard Sweetman

texts:
 election, until finally, with the creation of a separate Kildare constituency, he won a Dáil seat at the 1948 general election. The 1948 general election returned the first inter-party government under Taoiseach John A. Costello. This coalition represented an 'anybody-but-Fianna-Fáil' gathering from across the political spectrum, and the newest Kildare TD sat on the backbenches until the government fell in 1951. A second inter-party government took office in June 1954 with Sweetman promoted to Minister for Finance. In Professor Tom Garvin's review of the 1950s 'News from a New Republic', he comes in for praise as a moderniser and Garvin places him with a cross-party group including Daniel Morrissey of Fine Gael and William Norton of the Labour Party as well as Seán Lemass of Fianna Fáil who were pushing a modernising agenda

<mask> also served as a member of Kildare County Council, including a term as chairman of the Council in the late 1940s.Ministerial career
He was now 45 years old, and he inherited a national economy that was in crisis. Unemployment was at 421,000; over 100,000 people had left agriculture during the previous 8 years; the country was seeing a level of emigration unknown since the famine. Sweetman differed in his thinking from the protectionist policies espoused by Éamon de Valera since the 1930s. Rather than focussing on a self-sufficient Ireland, Sweetman enacted policies that would make Ireland a net exporter. In his first budget in 1955, he introduced a scheme whereby a tax exemption was provided for exported goods. He also established the Prize Bonds programme as a means of reducing the national debt. This debt was worrying in


title: Gerard Sweetman

texts:
 the mid-1950s.Two major bond issues were placed during <mask>'s tenure, for £20 million and £12 million. These were large sums at a time when an average worker entered the tax net with an annual salary of just £533. However, <mask>'s greatest initiative as Minister was the appointment of a young man of talent and vision. On 30 May 1956, he elevated a 39-year-old civil servant named Ken Whitaker to the position of Secretary-General of the Department of Finance. This was a revolutionary step, as it did not follow the convention of promotion based on time served. Whitaker's time at the Department has been seen as instrumental in the economic development of the country, and a 2001 RTÉ contest named him 'Irishman of the 20th Century'. Whitaker was inherited by the new FF government elected in 1957, and his seminal "First Programme for Economic Expansion" published in 1958 laid the foundations for economic growth in the 1960s.Later career
<mask>, this brief period of government was not to be repeated and he would remain in opposition for the rest of his life. During the 1960s, Fine Gael itself witnessed a major transformation. The decade began with a new leader, James Dillon, and a renewed focus on making the party relevant. This internal revolution culminated in the 'Just Society' document produced by Declan Costello. The distinctly social democrat flavour of the document was very much at odds with Sweetman's deeply conservative views. However, the support of Liam Cosgrave and Garret FitzGerald ensured that the document was adopted as the party's manifesto for the 1965 general election. In his last election, in June 1969, <mask> was again returned to the

masks:
Sweetman
Sweetman
For Sweetman
Sweetman


title: David Laird Dungan

texts:
<mask> (10 May 1936 – 30 November 2008) was an American scholar of Christianity. He served as Distinguished Professor of the Humanities and Emeritus Professor of New Testament and Early Christianity at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He also was a scholar of the synoptic problem. Biography
The son of Presbyterian missionaries, Dungan was born in New Haven, Connecticut, and grew up in Shanghai, China until 1940. His family moved back to the United States and he was then raised in Berea, Kentucky, where he graduated high school in 1953. He earned degrees from The College of Wooster (B.A. 1957), McCormick Seminary in Chicago (B.D.1963), and Harvard Divinity School (Th.D. 1968). From 1967 to 2002, Dungan was a faculty member in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, teaching courses in Biblical literature, Church history, and images of Jesus. His teaching was interdisciplinary, with courses linking religion to the environmental crisis, and a course in the 1980s on religious legacies of the Vietnam War, in which local veterans served as guest lecturers, sharing their experiences with students. His teaching was inquiry based; according to one colleague, it was designed "to put students in the presence of what is primitive and, far more, pristine about biblical texts," to put students "in the grip of serious uneasiness" with their prior assumptions, and to challenge them to work through dilemmas of faith and scholarship for themselves. Dungan was a proponent of the two-gospel hypothesis (Griesbach hypothesis), which argues that the Gospel of Mark


title: David Laird Dungan

texts: is derived from the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke. This meant he argued against both Markan priority and the necessity of the Q document proposed in the more accepted and common two-source hypothesis.He authored numerous articles and books on the subject, including A History of the Synoptic Problem (Yale University Press, 1999). He was also a founding member of the International Institute for the Renewal of Gospel Studies and a member of the Research Team of the International Institute for Gospel Studies, groups which facilitated and supported Dungan's work. In 1976-77 and again in 2006, he taught at the invitation of the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome. Documents for the Study of the Gospels, which he began co-editing in the 1970s with <mask>. Cartlidge, is used by scholars and students worldwide. Dungan frequently collaborated with William R. Farmer, one of the main proponents of the two-gospel hypothesis. From 1990 to 1998, he and Farmer co-edited the International Bible Commentary: A Catholic and Ecumenical Commentary for the 21st Century, a collection of commentaries from biblical scholars from diverse Christian traditions worldwide. At the time of his death, he was working on a multimedia book project entitled Images of Jesus in America.Colleagues have assembled a volume of essays in his honor, which includes an introductory set of essays on his life of teaching and scholarship. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, has established the <mask> L. Dungan Memorial Lecture Fund to support an annual lecture by a noted scholar on an issue that motivated Dungan's work.

masks:
David R
David


title: David Laird Dungan

texts:
 Publications by <mask> Dungan
Books Authored

 Constantine's Bible: Politics and the Making of the New Testament (Augsburg Fortress Publishers, 2006). A History of the Synoptic Problem:  The Canon, the Text, the Composition, and the Interpretation of the Gospels (Yale University Press, 1999). Beyond the Q Impasse: Luke's Use of Matthew: A Demonstration by the Research Team of the International Institute for Gospel Studies, co-authored with Allan J. McNicol, <mask>. Peabody, Lamar Cope, William R. Farmer, and Philip L. Shuler (Trinity Press International, 1996). The Sayings of Jesus in the Churches of Paul:  The Use of the Synoptic Tradition in the Regulation of Early Church Life (Philadelphia: Fortress Press; Blackwell Publishers, 1971). Books Edited
 International Bible Commentary: a Catholic and Ecumenical Commentary for the 21st Century, co-edited with William R. Farmer, Dominique Barrios-Delgado, Armando Levoratti, and Sean McEvenue, English language edition (Liturgical Press, 1998).Documents for the Study of the Gospels, co-edited with <mask>. Cartlidge, revised and expanded edition (Augsburg Fortress Publishers, 1994). Originally published as Sourcebook of Texts for the Comparative Study of the Gospels:  Literature of the Hellenistic and Roman Period Illustrating the Milieu and Character of the Gospels, co-edited with <mask>. Cartlidge, Society of Biblical Literature (Scholars’ Press, 1974). The Interrelations of the Gospels: a Symposium Led by M É Boismard, W R Farmer, F Neirynck, Jerusalem 1984, Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium 95 (Louvain, Belgium: Leuven Univ.

masks:
David Laird
David B
David R
David R


title: David Laird Dungan

texts:
 Studies Review (Oct. 1978): 113–127. "Lives of Jesus Series," review article co-written with James O. Duke, Religious Studies Review 4.4 (1978): 259-265. "Albert Schweitzer’s Disillusionment with the Historical Reconstruction of the Life of Jesus," in Perkins Journal 29 (1976): 27–48. "Reconsidering Albert Schweitzer," Christian Century 92.32 (8 Oct. 1975): 874-880. "New Testament Canon in Recent Study," Interpretation 29.4 (1975): 339-351."Reactionary Trends in the Gospel Producing Activity of the Early Church: Marcion, Tatian, Mark," in L’évangile du Marc, Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium #34, edited by M. Sabbe (Louvain Univ. Press 1974), 179–202. "Mark the Abridgment of Matthew and Luke," in Jesus and Man’s Hope, vol. I, edited by D. Miller (Pittsburgh Theological Seminary Press, 1970), 51–79. Repr. in  The Two Source Hypothesis: A Critical Appraisal, edited by A. Bellinzoni (Mercer University Press, 1985). References

Links
 Obituary for <mask> Dungan , Knoxville News-Sentinel, 5 December 2008, repr.at ChanVinson.com Blog, (5 Dec. 2008). <mask><mask> Memorial Lecture Fund , Religious Studies Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. "<mask> Dungan, Published Works" , (Last Revised March 2000), A Web Site for the Two Gospel Hypothesis, Research Team of the International Institute for Gospel Studies. Thomas R. W. Longstaff,  "A Web Site for the Two Gospel Hypothesis," Research Team of the International Institute for Gospel Studies

1936 births
2008 deaths
Harvard Divinity School alumni
American religion academics
American biblical scholars
College of Wooster

masks:
David Laird
David L
. Dungan
David Laird


title: Lovis Corinth

texts:
<mask> (21 July 1858 – 17 July 1925) was a German artist and writer whose mature work as a painter and printmaker realized a synthesis of impressionism and expressionism. Corinth studied in Paris and Munich, joined the Berlin Secession group, later succeeding Max Liebermann as the group's president. His early work was naturalistic in approach. Corinth was initially antagonistic towards the expressionist movement, but after a stroke in 1911 his style loosened and took on many expressionistic qualities. His use of color became more vibrant, and he created portraits and landscapes of extraordinary vitality and power. Corinth's subject matter also included nudes and biblical scenes. Early life
Corinth was born Franz Heinrich Louis on 21 July 1858 in Tapiau, in Prussia.The son of a tanner, he displayed a talent for drawing as a child. In 1876 he went to study painting in the academy of Königsberg. Initially intending to become a history painter, he was dissuaded from this course by his chief instructor at the academy, the genre painter Otto Günther. In 1880 he traveled to Munich, which rivaled Paris as the avant-garde art center in Europe at the time. There he studied briefly with Franz von Defregger before gaining admission to the Academy of Fine Arts Munich, where he studied under Ludwig von Löfftz. The realism of Corinth's early works was encouraged by Löfftz's teaching, which emphasized careful observation of colors and values. Other important influences were Courbet and the Barbizon school, through their interpretation by the Munich artists Wilhelm Leibl and Wilhelm Trübner .Except for an interruption for military service in 1882–83, Corinth


title: Lovis Corinth

texts:
 studied with Löfftz until 1884. He then traveled to Antwerp, where he greatly admired the paintings of Rubens, and then in October 1884 to Paris where he studied under William-Adolphe Bouguereau and Tony Robert-Fleury at the Académie Julian. He concentrated especially on improving his drawing skills, and made the female nude his frequent subject. He was disappointed, however, in his repeated failure to win a medal at the Salon, and returned to Königsberg in 1888 when he adopted the name "Lovis Corinth". Career

In 1891, Corinth returned to Munich, but in 1892 he abandoned the Munich Academy and joined the Munich Secession. In 1894 he joined the Free Association, and in 1899 he participated in an exhibition organized by the Berlin Secession. These nine years in Munich were not his most productive, and he was perhaps better known for his ability to drink large amounts of red wine and champagne.<mask> moved to Berlin in 1900, and had a one-man exhibition at a gallery owned by Paul Cassirer. In 1902 at the age of 43, he opened a school of painting for women and married his first student, Charlotte Berend, some 20 years his junior. Charlotte was his youthful muse, his spiritual partner, and the mother of his two children. She had a profound influence on him, and family life became a major theme in his art. Another of his students was Doramaria Purschian. He published numerous essays on art history, and in 1908 published Das Erlernen der Malerei ("On Learning to Paint"). In December 1911, he suffered a stroke, and was partially paralyzed on his left side.Thereafter he walked with a limp, and his hands displayed a chronic tremor. With the help of


title: Lovis Corinth

texts:
 heirs, represented by his U.S.-based niece and her daughter. In June 2021 the Royal Museums of Fine Arts in Brussels in Belgium agreed to return Corinth's 1913 “Blumenstilleben” or “Still life with Flowers” to the heir of Gustav and Emma Mayer, who were persecuted by the Nazis and forced to flee because of their Jewish heritage

Galleries
Landscapes and still lifes

Figures and portraits

Wife, family and self portraits

History painting

See also
 List of German painters
 Degenerate art

Notes

References
Corinth, L., Schuster, P.-K., Vitali, C., & Butts, B. (1996). Lovis Corinth. Munich: Prestel.Corinth, L., Uhr, Horst, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press, 1990. Makela, Maria. "Corinth, Lovis." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Rung, Gertrud."Georg Brandes i Samvær og Breve". Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag, 1930. External links

 Gallery at "Museumsportal Schleswig-Holstein"
 Gallery of works by <mask> Corinth
 Corinth Gallery at MuseumSyndicate
German masters of the nineteenth century : paintings and drawings from the Federal Republic of Germany, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Lovis Corinth (no. 13–16)

1858 births
1925 deaths
People from Gvardeysk
People from the Province of Prussia
19th-century German painters
19th-century male artists
German male painters
20th-century German painters
20th-century male artists
German Impressionist painters
German Expressionist painters
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
Alumni of the Académie Julian
20th-century German printmakers
Deaths from pneumonia in the


title: Gary Calamar

texts:
<mask> is a five-time Grammy Award-nominated film and television music supervisor whose credits include: The Man In The High Castle, Six Feet Under, True Blood, House, Weeds, Entourage, Dexter, and Varsity Blues. He is also an American DJ, who hosted a long-running program on the influential radio station KCRW in Santa Monica, CA. He eventually moved to 88.5 KCSN in September 2018. <mask> is also a songwriter and recording artist. Biography

Early life
Born in the Bronx and raised in Yonkers, NY, Calamar developed an early fascination with music and radio by listening to WNEW-FM. He told journalist Tony Pierce in a 2007 interview: "I …was the kid who kept a transistor radio under his pillow. I was a big fan of WNEW-FM and their amazing staff of DJ's.I remember Scott Muni, Pete Fornatelle, Allison Steel 'The Night Bird' and Dave Herman. I was listening when John Lennon surprised Dennis Elsas on the air and guest DJ'd." Calamar migrated to Los Angeles in the early 1980s. His intense interest in music eventually led him to manage Los Angeles-area boutique record stores Licorice Pizza, Moby Disc and Rhino Records. It was at Licorice Pizza that he met musician Jeff Davis. Calamar was enlisted to manage Davis' band, The Balancing Act, who went on to release three critically acclaimed albums on IRS Records. KCRW
In addition to his record store work, Calamar volunteered in the music library of highly influential NPR station KCRW in the early 1990s, opening mail and filing CDs.He quickly made his way on to the airwaves. He described his transition from volunteer to DJ to Tony

masks:
Gary Calamar
Gary


title: Gary Calamar

texts:
 Six Feet Under soundtracks that they produced. The final scene in the last episode of Six Feet Under featured the track "Breathe Me" by Sia Furler. The singer often credits this placement as a major event in her career, leading her to both a record deal and wider fame. In 2006, Calamar founded Go Music to manage his various music supervision projects. The success of Six Feet Under brought Calamar wide recognition as a music supervisor, leading to his work in some of the most popular and critically acclaimed shows on television; The Man In The High Castle, House, True Blood, Dexter, Weeds, and Entourage. Calamar produced four soundtrack albums for the Alan Ball HBO series, True Blood (a vampire drama set in Northern Louisiana), which led to Grammy Award nominations in 2010, 2011, and 2013 for "Best Soundtrack Compilation." In 2010 and 2011, <mask>r was honored as “Music Supervisor Of The Year (Television)” by his colleagues in the Guild Of Music Supervisors.Songwriter and Recording Artist
In the fall of 2014 Atlantic Records released <mask>'s debut ep; You Are What You Listen To. Some of the reviews:

“This is a killer EP and every track is filled to the brim with hooks, attitude and sublime pop musicality.”

-Mike Marrone (Sirius XM's The Loft)

“There's a lifetime of passion for pop music and the craft of recording in this bright shiny E.P. I particularly like “Giddy”, it sums up <mask>'s enthusiasm for all things musical.”

-Nic Harcourt (KCSN Los Angeles)

 “One of the best rock albums that I've heard this year....<mask>r's songs here are infused with great New

masks:
Gary Calama
Gary
Gary
Gary Calama


title: Gary Calamar

texts:
 Wave energy and hooks aplenty. Songs like "She's So Mid-Century" and "I Got An Idea" are full-time pleasures. -David Wild (Huffington Post, Rolling Stone)

 “<mask>’s songs are idiosyncratic gems. They’re reverent to great pop and classic rock but they have a spark of originality that is all <mask>. They’re witty, catchy & fun and are a breath of fresh air.”

- Michael Shelley (WFMU New Jersey)

 “One of the best rock albums that I've heard this year....<mask>'s songs here are infused with great New Wave energy and hooks aplenty.Songs like "She's So Mid-Century" and "I Got An Idea" are full-time pleasures. - David Wild (Huffington Post, Editor, Rolling Stone)

<mask> followed up with the single “Looking For A Job” / Anti-Social, Young American Christmas Lovers Brigade” in 2015, and “Little Tokyo / “Prince of Pico Blvd.” in 2017

Record Store Days
In 2010, Calamar's first book was published by Sterling Publishing -- Record Store Days: From Vinyl to Digital and Back Again—co-authored by music journalist Phil Gallo. The lavishly-illustrated volume features a foreword by R.E.M. 's Peter Buck and tells the story of the development of record stores. Personal life

<mask>r lives with his wife Ali and daughter Zoe in the Laurel Canyon area of Los Angeles. References

External links
 True Blood Official site
 http://www.kcrw.com
 http://www.885fm.org/programs/gary-calamar/
 http://www.GaryCalamar.com
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090716045300/http://laist.com/

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Record producers from New York (state)
People from Yonkers, New

masks:
Gary
Gary
Gary Calamar
Gary
Gary Calama


title: Andy Lee (South Korean singer)

texts:
<mask>-ho (; born January 21, 1981), mononymously credited as <mask> (), is a South Korean singer, rapper and the youngest member of six-member boy band Shinhwa. Besides rapping for his band, <mask> has ventured out into television acting, musicals, and solo singing. <mask> is also the producer of duo Jumper and boy bands Teen Top, 100% and UP10TION. Biography

Pre-debut
<mask> was raised in the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles, California, United States and had been a student at John F. Kennedy High School before moving to Seoul. He then completed high school at Korea Kent Foreign School in Seoul. <mask> was the second member to join Shinhwa. He originally planned to be a member of H.O.T.(another Korean boy band) with his friend Tony Ahn. However, his parents pulled their support for him joining H.O.T. because they thought he was too young. Nevertheless, he continued to stay with the management of H.O.T. and was even featured as a rapper on female group S.E.S. 's single I'm Your Girl along with Eric Mun (Mun would later join <mask> in Shinhwa as lead rapper). When <mask> was older, his parents let him join Shinhwa.He would continue with Shinhwa until the group's fourth album when he took some time out to study in the U.S. (he later confessed that it actually was due to his care for seriously sick mother). For the group's fifth album Perfect Man he returned and has been with the group ever since. His real English name was actually Jason, but SM Entertainment persuaded him to change it before his debut. 2003: Solo artist
In 2003, when the members of Shinhwa began doing solo activities, <mask> surprised everyone by being an actor on various dramas, most notably the drama Lovers In Prague. Although he had a very minor role in the drama, it gained many viewers

masks:
Lee Sun
Andy
Andy
Andy
Andy Lee
Lee
Lee
Andy
Lee


title: Andy Lee (South Korean singer)

texts: because of his role as a completely different, serious person. He began appearing in many banjun drama as well alongside former Fin.K.L member <mask>. The two acted together in numerous other banjun dramas as well as a couple for 6 months, longer than any other couple or actors/actresses did on the show segment for which they gained a lot of popularity due to their perfect match and chemistry.<mask> was also an MC on SBS Inkigayo and MBC Goldfish, though in January 2007, he step down from being MC on both SBS Inkigayo and MBC Goldfish in a period of 3 days (SBS Inkigayo on January 28 & MBC Goldfish on January 31). In 2007, <mask> left his group's management to set up his own company, ND (New Dream) Entertainment, concentrating on his solo career. As Shinhwa was on hiatus, <mask> return to acting in September 2007 to act as the lead role in a musical "Music In My Heart (Season 3)", a type of project that none of the Shinhwa members have tried to pursue yet. After finishing performances for the musical, <mask> released his very first digital single, titled "Irrelevant [or Extraordinary] Imagination" on November 30, 2007, a cover from the group Rollercoaster's song. Due to the help of Park Jin Young (also known as JYP; CEO of JYP Entertainment) and Yubin of Wonder Girls, <mask> was able to have a successful single. Yubin rapped while JYP wrote the lyrics for the rap part in the song. With the help, <mask> was able to attract a lot of attention for the single.By releasing the digital single as well, <mask> became the 5th member in Shinhwa to go solo behind <mask>-woo, Shin Hye-sung, Jun Jin, and Kim Dong-wan, leaving Eric Mun as the only member to have not yet pursue a solo singing career. In March 2008, <mask> joined MBC's reality show We Got Married where he was a

masks:
Lee Jin
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee Min
Andy


title: Andy Lee (South Korean singer)

texts:
 couple with singer Solbi to act out the lives of newlyweds. Solbi and <mask> made their official exit from We Got Married on October 5, 2008. He has taken an active career in stage such as playing as playing a 19-year-old in the musical Polaroid in August 2008, as well as live concerts throughout September and October. He has also produced a two-member boy band called Jumper under his company ND Entertainment. They have released two singles titled YES! featuring Eric and 눈이부셔 (Sparkling Eyes) featuring Kang Jiyoung of Kara.2009-2011: Military service
In November 2009, <mask> commenced an Asia tour with stops in Taipei, Tokyo and Shanghai and concluded it just after Christmas and held a fan meeting, <mask> Farewell Party-Bye for now a week before his enlistment. He enlisted for his mandatory military service on 11 January 2010 for 21 months of active duty at the Ministry of National Defense in Yongsan-gu, Seoul. He was discharged on 31 October 2011. In 2010, TOP Media, <mask>'s agency, debuted its first boy band Teen Top. 2012: Shinhwa comeback and boy band 100%
In March 2012, <mask> reunited with his Shinhwa bandmates for their comeback after four years, under the management of 'Shinhwa Company'. It is a joint venture agency for members to perform as a group, of which Eric and <mask>-woo are co-CEOs and the remaining members are shareholders. The Company manages the group as a whole, whilst members' individual activities are managed by their respective agencies.The group released their tenth studio album The Return on 23 March 2012, launched their comeback concerts 2012 Shinhwa Grand Tour: The Return throughout Asia and their first exclusive variety program Shinhwa Broadcast premiered on 17 March 2012 on cable channel JTBC. In September, under TOP Media, he

masks:
Andy
Lee
Andy
Andy
Lee
Lee Min