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texts: worldwide, reaching No. 5 in the US and No. 6 in the UK. "Cockiness (Love It)" was released as the album's sixth and final single in a remixed form featuring rapper ASAP Rocky.In early 2012, two collaborations featuring <mask> were released: Coldplay's "Princess of China", from their album Mylo Xyloto, and Drake's "Take Care", from his album of the same name. In February 2012, <mask> won her third Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 2012 Grammy Awards for her Kanye West collaboration "All of the Lights" and was voted the Best International Female Solo Artist at the 2012 BRIT Awards for the second consecutive year. March 2012 saw the simultaneous releases of two collaborations between <mask> and Chris Brown: remixes of her song "Birthday Cake" and his "Turn Up the Music". The recordings received mainly negative responses due to the pair's history of domestic violence. In September 2012, "We Found Love" won the MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year, making <mask> the first woman to receive the accolade more than once. <mask>'s seventh studio album, Unapologetic, was released in November 2012. In the United States, the album debuted at No.1 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, marking <mask>'s first No. 1 album in the country. The lead single from the album, "Diamonds", reached No. 1 in more than 20 countries worldwide, including on the US Billboard Hot 100, where it became <mask>'s 12 No. 1 on the chart. The album's second single, "Stay", featuring Mikky Ekko, reached the top five in over twenty countries, including No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100.As promotion prior to the album's release, <mask> embarked on the 777 Tour, a mini tour of seven


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 shows in seven countries in seven days. On May 6, 2013, Fox aired a documentary about the tour, with a documentary DVD being released the following day as <mask>'s third live long-form video release. In February 2013, at the 55th Grammy Awards, <mask> won her sixth Grammy Award, in the category Best Short Form Music Video for "We Found Love" (2011). Also that month, the United Kingdom's Official Charts Company announced that <mask> had sold 3,868,000 records in the past year in the country, ranking at No. 1 in the list of 2013 BRIT Awards artist nominees. <mask>'s fifth headlining concert tour, the Diamonds World Tour, began in March 2013, in support of Unapologetic. <mask> then appeared in the Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg comedy film This Is the End, which was released in June 2013.That same month, American hip hop artist Wale released a remixed version of his single "Bad" featuring <mask>. In October 2013, Eminem released his Rihanna-assisted single, "The Monster", as the fourth release from his eighth studio album The Marshall Mathers LP 2 (2013). 2014–2017: Standalone releases, Home soundtrack and Anti

In 2014, <mask> appeared on Shakira's single, "Can't Remember to Forget You". Following the release of Unapologetic and its accompanying tour, <mask> aimed to take a hiatus from recording music, stating: "I wanted to have a year to just do whatever I want artistically, creatively." In May 2014, <mask> left Def Jam Recordings to sign fully with Roc Nation, the record label that had managed her career since October 2010. A year after <mask> began working on her eighth studio album, the single "FourFiveSeconds" was released, which featured <mask> paired up

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texts: with Kanye West and Paul McCartney. Two further singles followed its release: "Bitch Better Have My Money" and "American Oxygen"; neither made the final track listing for <mask>'s eighth studio album.During the creation of the album, <mask> ventured into other endeavors and appeared in the voice role of Tip in the animated feature film Home alongside Jim Parsons and Jennifer Lopez, the film was based on The True Meaning of Smekday by Adam Rex. <mask> also released a concept album soundtrack for the film. In late 2015, <mask> inked a $25 million contract with Samsung that would see her promoting Samsung's Galaxy line of products whilst Samsung would sponsor the release of her eighth studio album and its supporting tour. The Anti World Tour was announced in November 2015 and began in March 2016, with Travis Scott supporting in North America and Big Sean supporting at selected European dates. The Weeknd had also initially planned to support at certain European sites, but he backed out citing "unforeseen changes in upcoming projects". On January 28, 2016, <mask> released her eighth studio album, Anti, exclusively through streaming service Tidal. The album peaked at No.1 on the US Billboard 200, becoming <mask>'s second No. 1 and eighth top 10 album on the chart. The album was supported by the release of four singles, including the lead single "Work", featuring Drake, which topped the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. Further Platinum-certified singles "Needed Me" and "Love on the Brain" both peaked inside the top 10 of the US Hot 100. In 2016, <mask> was featured on several singles. The first collaboration single was Kanye West's "Famous", where <mask> provided

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 uncredited guest vocals. She was then officially featured on Calvin Harris' "This Is What You Came For", which was a success.<ref name="Came">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/listen-rihanna-calvin-harris-this-is-what-you-came-for-dance-7350215/|title=Listen to <mask> and Calvin Harris' 'This Is What You Came For|magazine=Billboard|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|date=April 29, 2016|access-date=January 31, 2022}}</ref> <mask> was also featured on Drake's "Too Good" and on Mike Will Made Its "Nothing Is Promised".In June 2016, <mask> released "Sledgehammer", a single from the Star Trek Beyond movie soundtrack. On August 28, 2016, <mask> was honored with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards after performing various medleys of her hit songs. <mask> released several collaborations in 2017. First she was the featured part in Future's "Selfish", the lead single from the rapper's sixth studio album, Hndrxx. Summer 2017 saw the release of <mask>'s collaborations with record producer DJ Khaled, "Wild Thoughts", which also featured Bryson Tiller and was a worldwide success, and Kendrick Lamar's single, "Loyalty", which earned <mask> her ninth Grammy Award at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards. In November 2017, <mask> was part of N.E.R.Ds comeback single "Lemon" from the band's album No One Ever Really Dies. 2018–present: Hiatus and upcoming ninth studio album
In October 2017, Shakka revealed that he was working with <mask> on her "absolutely insane" album.In December 2018, <mask> confirmed that the album would be released in 2019, and later announced that it is a reggae project. In August 2019, fans noticed that

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 <mask> and co-songwriters Collin Edwards, Monique Lawrence, and Alexander Ogunmokun registered a song titled "Private Loving" with the music publishing organization BMI. In September 2019, it was announced she had signed with Sony/ATV Music Publishing. In December 2019, <mask> alluded to her album being complete and indefinitely withholding the release date in an Instagram post. She was next featured on Canadian singer PartyNextDoor's song "Believe It", which was released on March 27, 2020. Artistry
Music and voice
<mask> is a mezzo-soprano, with a range spanning from B2 to C6. While recording tracks for her third studio album, Good Girl Gone Bad (2007), <mask> took vocal lessons from Ne-Yo.Speaking of the experience she stated, "I've never had vocal training, so when I'm in the studio, he'll tell me how to breathe and stuff... He'll call out these big fancy words: 'OK, I want you to do staccato.' And I'm like, 'OK, I don't know what that is.'" Her vocal performance on Loud (2010) received positive reviews from music critics. James Skinner from BBC praised <mask>'s vocals on the song "Love the Way You Lie (Part II)" and wrote that her voice is powerful and that "it is <mask>'s vocal – at once commanding, soulful and vulnerable – that anchors the song, and Loud itself". Andy Gill from The Independent feels that "California King Bed" features her best vocal performance. In a review of Unapologetic, Billboard magazine wrote, "Diamonds finds <mask> doing one of her throatiest, most impassioned vocals to date, on this inspirational pop ballad."Jon Caramanica of the New York Times stated, "over the years, as her game face froze in place, her voice cured into a

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texts: weapon of emotional chill and strategic indifference. It's decidedly unfriendly, made to give orders". Growing up in Barbados, she mainly listened to reggae, hip hop and soca music. When she first came to the US, she was exposed to different types of music with "rock being one of them, and I fell in love with it. [Now] I love rock music." During her debut, she recorded songs that were inspired by her Caribbean roots and described her early sound as "a fusion of reggae, hip-hop and R&B, with a little something different thrown in". Her early dancehall roots can be found on her debut album, Music of the Sun, and its follow-up, A Girl like Me.Her debut album demonstrates the influence of <mask>'s musical heritage of the Caribbean. Kelefa Sanneh of the New York Times complimented its combination of dancehall and reggae, who said, "Dancehall reggae sometimes seems like a furiously insular form of music, but ... <mask> is only the latest singer to discover how versatile the genre's spring-loaded electronic rhythms can be". Her debut single, "Pon de Replay" features a dancehall-pop mixture that infuses a reggae style, while "If It's Lovin' that You Want" talks about a girl seducing a guy to be her boyfriend. Aiming for artistic growth, A Girl like Me expresses personal experiences that typical 18-year-old girls go through with ballads that were described as elegant and mature. After her second album, she slowly dismissed her dancehall and reggae roots. <mask>'s musical career has been an experiment with new musical ideas and stated that she wants "to make music that could be heard in parts of the world that I'd never been to". With its provocative subject matter and

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 lyrics, she began incorporating a wide range of genres including, pop, R&B, reggae, dubstep, hip hop and EDM.During a review for Good Girl Gone Bad, Slant Magazine to write that <mask> "finally figured out that she's a dance artist and the majority of the album is  uptempo dance-pop [songs like]" "Push Up on Me" and "Don't Stop the Music". It represents a departure from the Caribbean sound of her previous albums and is described as a turning point in her career. While the first half of the record shares many 1980s pop influences with songs like "Don't Stop the Music" and "Shut Up and Drive", the second half retreats into standard R&B. Recorded after the assault by her then-boyfriend, Chris Brown, Rated R had a much darker tone and was filled with various emotions she experienced throughout 2009. In her fifth album Loud, <mask> reflects on the fun and energetic vibe she had while recording the album. The album is a mixture of ballads, party anthems and empowering love songs. Talk That Talk was similar to Rated R, as both contain hip hop, R&B, dancehall and dubstep genres.Loud and Talk That Talk saw her explore sexuality in her work ("S&M" and "Birthday Cake") and return to her dancehall roots ("Man Down" and "Watch n' Learn"). She also branched out into house music with tracks like "We Found Love", "Only Girl (In the World)" and "Complicated." Her songs are also inspired through record sampling from other artists. Influences

<mask> has named Madonna as her idol and biggest influence. She said that she wanted to be the "black Madonna" and praised her ability to reinvent herself throughout her career. She noted, "I think that Madonna was a great inspiration for


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texts: me, especially on my earlier work. If I had to examine her evolution through time, I think she reinvented her clothing style and music with success every single time.And at the same time remained a real force in entertainment in the whole world." Another major influence on <mask>'s music and career has been Mariah Carey, whose song "Hero" she performed when <mask> was still a teenager at her high school talent show. She revealed that Carey's song "Vision of Love" "was the song that made [her] want to do music." In her youth, she would see Bob Marley on television because of his fame in the Caribbean. She stated, "He's one of my favourite artists of all time – he really paved the way for every other artist out of the Caribbean". She built a shrine in her home dedicated to the reggae legend and has covered Marley's "Is This Love" and Bob Marley & The Wailers' "Redemption Song" during her concert tours. During her childhood, she would go around singing Whitney Houston songs and "A Whole New World" into her hairbrush so much that her neighbors started calling her "Robyn Redbreast".She also stated that one of the first songs she remembers falling in love with was Houston's version of "I Will Always Love You" and that it "was really inspiring, and it made me develop a passion for music, so really, she's partly responsible for me being here in this industry." <mask> was also influenced by Janet Jackson, Aaliyah, Beyoncé and Destiny's Child.<mask> – Fashion Inspired By Bob Marley, Tupac & Aaliyah . Shelby.tv. Retrieved June 5, 2014. Other musical influences and idols include Celine Dion, Grace Jones, Lil' Kim, Alicia Keys, Prince, Fefe Dobson, and Brandy.<mask> takes

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 influence from the different types of music she discovered when she came to America and revealed that rock music was one of the first genres she fell in love with. She commented, "as I grow older, I want to know more about music. I want to discover more types of music".She cited Brandy's fourth studio album, Afrodisiac (2004), as her main inspiration for her third album, Good Girl Gone Bad (2007). In her early career, her music contained strong influences of Caribbean music, including reggae and dancehall. The music video of the song "Rude Boy" featured images inspired by her Caribbean roots. Videos and stage

<mask> has worked with music video director Anthony Mandler on more than a dozen music videos, the first being "Unfaithful" (2006). "We've done 16 videos together; they're not all tough, [...] Yeah, I mean, I'm known for the 'Disturbia's and the 'Russian Roulette's and things like that, but 'Only Girl (In the World)' is certainly an ethereal kind of empowering, beauty-filled video," Mandler said. Jocelyn Vena of MTV wrote, "<mask>, like Madonna, also has a tendency to make truly thought-provoking music videos that fit the songs they represent. Smattered in between glitzier, more glamorous clips, Madge and Ri want us to think about bigger issues".Jon Bream of the Star Tribune commented "[i]n the tradition of Madonna and Janet Jackson, <mask> has become the video vixen of the '00s ... <mask> has perfected the pout, the long-legged strut and trend-setting hairdos that keep women and men alike checking her out on YouTube." George Epaminondas of InStyle considers <mask>'s music videos to be "cinematic" due to her "blend of lush island rhythms and swinging pop


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texts: and ... mischievous sensuality." Many of her music videos were shot as short films exploring issues such as love triangles, abuse and substance abuse romance, including "We Found Love" and "Man Down". Her music video for "Umbrella" shows <mask>'s transition into adulthood and her newly adopted image. The "dark, creepy" scenes of "Disturbia" have been compared to Michael Jackson's Thriller. The video for "Russian Roulette" features <mask> in a padded room playing a game of russian roulette with her partner. A scene of <mask> being approached by a speeding car at night was compared to the altercation with Chris Brown.In 2011, <mask> released three controversial music videos about sadomasochism, rape and domestic violence. "Man Down", which features <mask> shooting a man in a train station, was criticized by the Parents Television Council. "We Found Love", which shows <mask> and her love interest in a drug-filled unhealthy relationship, sparked criticism from the Rape Crisis Centre for its message. Charne Graham of the Houston Press defended her, asking, "Why should <mask>'s music videos get everyone riled up when others' equally sexual and controversial videos are in rotation? [...] she just like[s] to make music videos that give us something to talk about." <mask> was the first woman to pass 2 billion cumulative views on the music video website Vevo. As of December 2016, she has accumulated over 10 billion views on the site.Denis Armstrong of Canadian Online Explorer commented on her performance at the Ottawa Bluesfest, saying "her show was a Disney-esque choreographed fantasy of non-stop hip-swiveling, sassy attitude and personal endearments and a string of


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 funky, sugar-free hits." Her performance of "Disturbia" at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards was ranked tenth best on the MTV Video Music Awards, according to a Billboard poll. Her revealing leather costumes during her Good Girl Gone Bad Tour were highly criticized by Malaysia's conservative Islamic party, who recommended that her concert tour should be banned. Whilst commenting on her third album's accompanying tour, The Times compared <mask>'s stage wardrobe styling to that of Janet Jackson and called her "a vision of Ann Summers couture in thigh-high boots and a few scraps of black PVC." In the October 2011 issue of British Vogue, <mask> said her performance outfits and appearances are all an act; "[t]hat's not me. That's a part I play. You know, like it's a piece of art, with all these toys and textures to play with".Public image
Known for her style and image, the evolution of <mask>'s music and fashion sense have been constantly followed by the media. In 2009, New York magazine described <mask>'s early look as that of "a cookie-cutter teen queen", noting she has the ability "to shift looks dramatically and with such ease". Around the time of the release of her second studio album, A Girl like Me (2006), many critics felt that <mask>'s style, sound and musical material were too similar to those of Beyoncé. In an interview with Look magazine, <mask> spoke about comparisons to Beyoncé: "Beyoncé is a great artist and I feel honored to be mentioned in the same sentence, but we're different performers with different styles". She revealed during Oprah's Next Chapter that Def Jam's pop-princess blueprint made her feel claustrophobic during her early years with the

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texts: label. According to <mask>, "I felt like they were giving me a blueprint. [...] They had a brand, they had an idea of what they wanted me to be without figuring out who I was."With the release of her third album, Good Girl Gone Bad (2007), <mask> dismissed her innocent image for an edgier look with a new hairstyle, which was inspired by Charlize Theron's bob cut in the science fiction thriller Æon Flux (2005). She followed the likes of recording artists Janet Jackson and Christina Aguilera who also shed their innocent image for an edgier look and sound. Nico Amarca of Highsnobiety magazine wrote "over the course of her now 10-year career, [<mask>] has undergone one of the most significant aesthetic metamorphoses the world has ever seen". Her image and fashion has changed several times with different hairstyles since the release of her third album. She commented that as a child she "used to watch her [mother] get dressed" and that her love and admiration for fashion started with her mom. When putting together her own wardrobe she stated, "It's become more about taking a risk ... I always look for the most interesting silhouette or something that's a little off."Jess Cartner-Morley of The Guardian wrote that "<mask>'s wardrobe is the most talked-about, influential and dissected in pop right now" and that whatever she wears "is immediately reproduced on the high street, because it sells". Country singer Miranda Lambert admires <mask>'s fashion and style stating, "I don't necessarily get inspired by the whole no-bra thing, but I love that you never know what she's going to wear. It always keeps you guessing, which makes her sassy and interesting." In an interview


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 with Alexa Chung during Vogue Festival 2015, Balmain designer Olivier Rousteing praised <mask> by stylistically comparing her to some of the biggest fashion icons in music history, such as Madonna, David Bowie, Michael Jackson, and Prince. Commenting on the cultural expectation for pop stars to be role models, <mask> said "[being a role model] became more of my job than I wanted it to be. But no, I just want to make music. That's it."In a May 2013 interview with MTV, The Vagina Monologues writer and feminist Eve Ensler said, "I'm a huge <mask> fan, I think she has a kind of agency over her sexuality and she's open about her sexuality, she has enormous grace and she's immensely talented." Described as one of the sexiest women of her generation, she revealed that being a sex symbol is not a priority and that "it's definitely flattering, but also uncomfortable." Her appearance has landed her on the cover of magazines such as Maxim, FHM, Rolling Stone, and in December 2012, <mask> became the first woman to be featured on the cover of GQ magazine's "Men of the Year" issue. <mask> made her first appearance at the Met Gala in 2007. She has made eight appearances in the years since; notably in 2015, for China: Through the Looking Glass, her Guo Pei-designed yellow dress garnered the most attention of the event, accruing a billion impressions on social media. The dress, which had taken two years to make before <mask> came across it, became the subject of a documentary by Pietra Brettkelly, entitled Yellow Is Forbidden. She co-chaired the 2018 Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination themed event, wearing Maison Margiela.Legacy
<mask> is regarded by the


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texts: media as a pop and fashion icon, particularly since her third studio album Good Girl Gone Bad (2007). Nick Levine of Digital Spy described Good Girl Gone Bad as "the closest thing to a Thriller that 2007/08 is likely to produce". According to Rolling Stone, her single "Umbrella" and her eighth album Anti are regarded as among the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, respectively. Her single "We Found Love" was ranked by Billboard as the 24th biggest US Billboard Hot 100 hit of all time and her single "Work" has been credited by a Billboard editor for bringing the dancehall genre to the forefront of mainstream American music. Music critic Jayson Greene of Pitchfork described <mask> as the most influential singer of the past decade, writing:"Rihanna Voice has become an industry-wide idea, a creative property like the Korg synth or LinnDrum [...] We crave the thrill that you can only get when a dozen or so good ideas manifest themselves in a single voice. For the past 10 years, that voice has more or less been <mask>'s. Now that she's gleefully shredding it apart, she'll probably generate a whole new comet trail of Rihannabes.Inevitably, none of them will carry the charge, the glassy cool and subterranean heat, of the real thing." Time magazine included <mask> on its 100 Most Influential People in the World issue in 2012 and 2018, with Stella McCartney writing: "She's one of the coolest, hottest, most talented, most liked, most listened to, most followed, most impressive artists at work today, but she does it in her own stride. She works hard, very hard. She gives to her fans, friends and foundation not just herself but her energy


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texts: and spirit." On June 2, 2014, <mask> was presented with the Fashion Icon lifetime achievement award from Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA), a special prize reserved for "an individual whose style has made a significant impact on popular culture on an international stage". In August 2018, Billboard ranked <mask> as the tenth biggest Hot 100 artist of all time, as well as the fifth biggest female act of all time.Billboard also ranked <mask> the top Hot 100 artist of the 2010s decade. In 2014, Time magazine's pop stardom ranking metric ranked <mask> second in history, based on all-time chart performance and contemporary significance.<mask> has become a dominating figure on social media and internet streaming, ranking at No. 1 on Forbes' 2012 list of Social Networking Superstars. In 2013, <mask> was also named the most influential pop star in the United Kingdom by UK channel 4Music. <mask>'s work has directly influenced numerous artists such as Lorde, Sam Smith, Little Mix, Rita Ora, Billie Eilish, Selena Gomez, Justin Bieber, Ellie Goulding, Jennie from Blackpink, Marilyn Manson, Jessie J, SZA, Fifth Harmony, Camila Cabello, Demi Lovato, Alexandra Stan, Grimes, Sleater-Kinney, Tegan and Sara, Cover Drive, and Cher Lloyd. <mask> has an honorary title of Ambassador for Culture and Youth in Barbados. On February 22, 2008, former Barbados Prime Minister David Thompson launched the national "Rihanna Day" in their country. Although it is not a bank holiday, Barbadians celebrate it every year in honour of <mask>.In February 2017, <mask> was named Harvard University's "Humanitarian of the Year" by the Harvard Foundation. During <mask>'s third annual "Diamond


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 Ball", former U.S. president Barack Obama, praised <mask>'s work and stated: "[She's] become a powerful force in the fight to give people dignity." On September 20, 2018, <mask> was appointed by the government of Barbados to be an Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, with special duties of promoting "education, tourism and investment for the island." As of 2021, <mask> is the world's wealthiest female musician with an estimated net worth of $1.7 billion. She was also listed among Forbes Top 100 Most Powerful Women of 2019. In 2020, she debuted on the Sunday Times Rich List, claiming third place on the list of Britain's richest musicians. At the 2020 NAACP Image Awards, hosted by BET, <mask> accepted the President's Award from Derrick Johnson.Johnson stated that "<mask> has not only enjoyed a groundbreaking career as an artist and musician, but has also distinguished herself as a stellar public servant. From her business achievements through Fenty, to her tremendous record as an activist and philanthropist, <mask> epitomizes the type of character, grace, and devotion to justice that we seek to highlight in our President's Award." Business career
<mask>'s first fragrance, Reb'l Fleur, was released in January 2011. According to Rolling Stone, Reb'l Fleur was a financial success and was expected to gross US$80 million at retail by the end of 2011. <mask>'s second fragrance, Rebelle, was released in February 2012. The promotional campaign for Rebelle, was shot by director, Anthony Mandler, who also shot the promotional campaign for Reb'l Fleur. In November 2012, <mask> released her third fragrance, Nude.<mask>'s fourth women's fragrance, titled Rogue was


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texts: released on September 14, 2013, followed by a male version entitled Rogue Men which was released in 2014. On March 30, 2015, it was announced that <mask> is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specializes in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Jay-Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyoncé and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Kanye West, Beyoncé, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. "The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again, to recognize its value", stated Jay-Z on the release of Tidal. In 2016, it was revealed that <mask> would be releasing her music through her own label Westbury Road Entertainment, which was established in 2005.Westbury Road is the name of her Barbados residence. The music would be distributed through Universal Music Group. Westbury Road Entertainment's artist roster includes Melissa Forde as the label's photographer, and KazeLoon. In November 2015, <mask> and Benoit Demouy launched a beauty and stylist agency named Fr8me. The business based in Los Angeles was set up in order to assist artists in booking commercials, editorial shoots, ad campaigns and red-carpet appearances. <mask> stated, "Hair, makeup, and styling play an important role in creativity, I am very involved with that part of my process, so this agency was an organic thing for me to do." The roster includes <mask>'s makeup artist Mylah Morales, wardrobe stylist Jason Bolden, hairstylist Patricia Morales and Marcia Hamilton.In addition to Fr8me, <mask> opened a


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 photo agency called "A Dog Ate My Homework", which represents photographers Erik Asla and Deborah Anderson. Fenty

Fenty was a fashion brand by <mask> under luxury fashion group LVMH which launched in May 2019. She was the first woman to create an original brand for LVMH and also the first woman of color to lead an LVMH brand. The house launched in a pop-up store on May 22, 2019, in Paris, before launching worldwide online on May 29 and included clothing, accessories, and footwear. It was the first line that LVMH had launched since 1987. The fashion brand was described as groundbreaking, and in a statement regarding the launch, <mask> said that she had been given a "unique opportunity to develop a fashion house in the luxury sector, with no artistic limits." Due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, in February 2021, <mask> and LVMH decided to "put on hold" her Fenty fashion house and continue building on the SavagexFenty lingerie line.<mask> exclusively uses her surname for business endeavors not related to her music career so as not to conflate the two. In January 2019, <mask> filed a lawsuit against her father, Ronald Fenty, over the use of the Fenty name for commercial purposes. The lawsuit alleges <mask>'s cosmetics brand, Fenty Beauty, was damaged commercially by her father's company, Fenty Entertainment, through misrepresentation of his company being affiliated with her. In September 2021 <mask> dropped the lawsuit against her father. Fenty Beauty

In 2017, <mask> launched her critically acclaimed cosmetics company Fenty Beauty under LVMH's Kendo Brands. <mask> owns 50 percent of Fenty Beauty, according to Forbes. The partnership was worth

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 $10 million and would see <mask> release various beauty products.The first installment of Fenty Beauty was released on September 8, 2017, in stores and online, available in over 150 countries. It included an array of products including foundations, highlighters, bronzers, blush compacts, lip glosses and blotting sheets and was praised for its diverse range for all skin colours. Time magazine named Fenty Beauty as one of "The 25 Best Inventions of 2017", citing the breadth of its range. In what has been dubbed the "Fenty Effect", the brand revolutionized the way other cosmetic brands approached diversity in marketing and product formulation: "Suddenly beauty houses – niche, establishment and those in between – began extending their shade ranges to accommodate a wider variety of skin tones. Forty shades became the new standard." Savage X Fenty

In 2018, <mask> launched a lingerie brand named Savage X Fenty. The line was born from <mask>'s vision creating an inclusive brand.Products come in a variety of shades to match all skin tones and a range of sizes. She showcased the brand at the New York Fashion Week in September 2018. The brand has been positively reviewed by the public for including plus size models in their promotion, though some fans argued there were not enough plus sizes. In September 2019, <mask> promoted the brand in a show again during the New York Fashion Week held at the Barclays Center with modeling appearances from models Alex Wek, Bella Hadid, Cara Delevingne, actress Laverne Cox, and musicians Normani and 21 Savage. And featured performances by DJ Khaled, Halsey, ASAP Ferg, Big Sean, Migos, Fat Joe, Fabolous and Tierra Whack. The show

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 premiered on Amazon Prime Video on September 20, 2019, as Savage X Fenty Show. The show was renewed for a third time in 2020, with appearances from musicians such as Travis Scott, Rosalía, Bad Bunny, Ella Mai, Lizzo, Big Sean, Miguel, Roddy Ricch and Rico Nasty.This version also premiered on Amazon Prime Video on October 2, 2020. Fenty Skin
In July 2020, <mask> launched a skin care brand called Fenty Skin. Other ventures

<mask> has ventured into other businesses and industries. In October 2005, <mask> struck an endorsement deal with Secret Body Spray. In 2010, <mask> featured in the Optus commercial, in conjunction with Optus supporting <mask>'s Last Girl on Earth. The same year <mask> also featured in the Kodak commercial along with rapper Pitbull. In October 2010, she released a photo book featuring photos from the Last Girl on Earth tour and served as an accompaniment to her fourth studio album Rated R (2009).In 2011, <mask> and Vita Coco. Her first television program, Styled to Rock, premiered in the UK in August 2012 on Sky Living. In the 10-week series, <mask>, Nicola Roberts, Lysa Cooper and Henry Holland assist up-and-coming British designers with their clothing lines. The US version of Styled to Rock premiered on October 25, 2013, on Bravo. In 2013, <mask> collaborated with MAC Cosmetics and released her own summer, fall and holiday lines of makeup called "RiRi hearts MAC". In July 2013, lager production company Budweiser announced that <mask> had become a part of their global "Made For Music" campaign, also co-starring Jay-Z. Early in her career, <mask> made clear her interest in fashion and desire to work in the clothing design industry.Regarding

masks: Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihannaa Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna


title: Rihanna

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 this, she said, "Fashion has always been my defense mechanism". In November 2011, <mask> announced her first fashion venture with Armani. In February 2013, <mask> presented her first women's fashion collection at London Fashion Week for British brand River Island, collaborating with her personal stylist Adam Selman. They published three more collections for the brand. <mask> then collaborated with numerous fashion house's including Dior, Stance and Manolo Blahnik. In March 2015, <mask> was chosen as the new face of Dior; making her the first black woman to be the face of the brand. In 2014, <mask> became the creative director of the fashion sportswear Puma, overseeing the brand's women's line which will include collaborations in apparel and footwear.The following year, <mask> released her first trainer with Puma and it sold out online with three hours of its pre-sale launch. Over the next two years, <mask> released various other footwear in different colorways and styles, which were all met positively by both critics and buyers. 2016 saw <mask> debut her first clothing line in collaboration with Puma at New York Fashion Week; the collection was met with rave reviews from fashion critics. <mask> was ranked one of the best dressed women in 2018, by luxury fashion retailer Net-a-Porter. On June 2, 2014, <mask> received the Fashion Icon Award at the 2014 Council of Fashion Designers of America Fashion Awards at the Lincoln Center's Alice Tully Hall. Acting career

<mask> made her acting debut in a cameo role in the straight-to-DVD film Bring It On: All or Nothing, released in August 2006. <mask> starred as Petty Officer (GM2) Cora Raikes in her first theatrical

masks: Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna


title: Rihanna

texts: feature film Battleship, which was released on May 18, 2012.Loosely based on the game of the same name, both the film and <mask>'s performance received mixed-to-negative reviews; the New York Times said she was "just fine in the rather generic role". In 2015, <mask> appeared in the voice role of Tip in the animated feature film Home alongside Jim Parsons and Jennifer Lopez, the film was based on The True Meaning of Smekday by Adam Rex. <mask> played the recurring role of Marion Crane in the fifth and final season of Bates Motel. The show received universal acclaim from critics. <mask> also had a major role in the Luc Besson film Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets, an adaptation of the comic book series Valérian and Laureline. Also starring Dane DeHaan and Cara Delevingne, the film was released by STX Entertainment on July 21, 2017, in the US <mask> was one of the all-female cast in the heist film Ocean's 8, directed by Gary Ross and released by Warner Bros. on June 8, 2018. The movie grossed $300 million worldwide and became a major box office success.In August 2018, it had been reported that <mask> had been filming a secret project in Cuba titled Guava Island throughout that summer alongside Donald Glover. Glover's Atlanta collaborator Hiro Murai was directing, with Letitia Wright and Nonso Anozie also involved. The trailer for the full-length movie premiered on November 24 at the PHAROS festival in New Zealand. The exact details project were not announced until April 2019 when advertisements for Guava Island appeared on Spotify indicating something happening on "Saturday Night | April 13". It was later revealed Amazon Studios would distribute the


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 film and Regency Enterprises had financed the film, with it being released on April 13. Activism
Philanthropy

In 2006, she created her Believe Foundation to help terminally ill children. In 2007, <mask> was named as one of the Cartier Love Charity Bracelet Ambassadors, with each celebrity representing a different global charity.To help raise awareness and combat HIV/AIDS, <mask> and other public figures designed clothing for the February 2008 H&M Fashion Against AIDS line. In 2008, <mask> performed a series of charity concerts entitled A Girl's Night Out to benefit the Believe Foundation. The concerts were made free for the public. Money from sponsors and advertisers were to be donated to provide medical supplies, school supplies and toys to children in need. In September 2008, <mask> contributed to the song "Just Stand Up!" with fifteen other female artists, who shared the stage to perform the song live on September 5, 2008, during the "Stand Up to Cancer" television special. The proceeds from the single were given to the fundraiser.The television special helped raise $100 million for cancer research. <mask> founded the Clara Lionel Foundation (CLF) in 2012, in honor of her grandparents, Clara and Lionel Braithwaite. Programs include the Clara Braithwaite Center for Oncology and Nuclear Medicine at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Barbados, and education programs. The CLF hosts an annual Diamond Ball charity fundraiser event. The inaugural event in 2014 raised over $2 million and the second raised over $3 million. On February 12, 2012, <mask> performed a benefit show at the House of Blues to raise money for the Children's Orthopaedic Center and the Mark


title: Rihanna

texts:
 Taper-Johnny Mercer Artists Program at Children's Hospital. In November 2012, <mask> gave $100,000 to food bank donation for Hurricane Sandy.On January 3, 2014, <mask> was part of the MAC Viva Glam campaign, which benefits women, men and children living with HIV/AIDS. In March 2020, <mask> donated $5,000,000 to COVID-19 relief and followed that up with additional donations of personal protective equipment to the state of New York and an offer of $700,000 worth of ventilators to her home country Barbados. In April 2020, <mask> further donated an additional $2,100,000, matching Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey for a total of $4,200,000, to provide support and resources to individuals and children suffering from domestic violence amid the lockdown. Advocacy
During her performance at the NCAA March Madness Music Festival, <mask> expressed her disagreement with Indiana's Religious Freedom Restoration Act that allows companies and individuals to use their religious beliefs as protection, in case of being accused of discrimination against LGBT people. <mask> along with numerous other high-profile celebrities featured in an online video titled "23 Ways You Could Be Killed If You Are Black in America". The video was released in partnership with the We Are Here Movement and called for action against police brutality. In January 2017, <mask> participated in the 2017 Women's March, which took place in New York among protests the day after US President Donald Trump's inauguration.She has also criticized President Trump's immigration policies–including Executive Order 13769, which sought to ban citizens of Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen from entering the United


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 States–and his response to the 2019 shootings in El Paso and Dayton. In October 2019, she stated that she declined to perform at the 2020 Super Bowl halftime show in support of Colin Kaepernick following the controversy surrounding his role in the national anthem protests. In February 2021, <mask> extended her support to Indian farmers' protest against the farm bills through Twitter. Personal life

<mask> owns a $14 million penthouse in Manhattan, New York. She also purchased a house in West London for £7 million in June 2018, in order to be closer to her work with her FENTY fashion label. In December 2018, <mask> put her Hollywood Hills mansion up for sale after a break-in six months before. The mansion was reported to have sold for $10.4m.Forbes began reporting on <mask>'s earnings in 2012.<mask> began dating American singer Chris Brown in 2007. After their relationship ended in February 2009, she entered an on-again off-again relationship with Canadian rapper Drake; which lasted from 2009 to 2016. During an interview with Rolling Stone in January 2013, <mask> confirmed that she had rekindled her relationship with Brown, although he remained under probation for their 2009 domestic violence case. Their reunion followed persistent media speculation that occurred throughout 2012. In May 2013, Brown stated during an interview that he and <mask> had broken up again. In 2017, <mask> began dating Saudi businessman Hassan Jameel. They split in January 2020.On May 19, 2021, American rapper ASAP Rocky confirmed during an interview with GQ that he and <mask> are currently in a relationship. On January 31, 2022, it was revealed that the couple are expecting their first


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 child. Domestic violence case
On February 8, 2009, <mask>'s scheduled performance at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards was canceled. Reports surfaced that her boyfriend at the time, Chris Brown, had physically assaulted her. He turned himself in to police and was booked on suspicion of making criminal threats. On March 5, 2009, Brown was charged with assault and making criminal threats. Due to a leaked photograph from the police department obtained by TMZ.com—which revealed that <mask> had sustained visible injuries—an organization known as STOParazzi proposed "Rihanna's Law", which, if enacted, would "deter employees of law enforcement agencies from releasing photos or information that exploits crime victims."Gil Kaufman of VH1 reported the "nonstop coverage of the <mask>/Brown case has brought up a number of issues regarding the privacy of alleged victims of domestic violence, including the decision by almost all major news outlets to divulge the identity of the victim—which is not typically done in domestic-violence cases" and discussed the controversial distribution of the leaked photograph. <mask> was subpoenaed to testify during a preliminary hearing in Los Angeles on June 22, 2009. On June 22, 2009, Brown pleaded guilty to felony assault. Brown received five years of probation and was ordered to stay  away from <mask>, unless at public events, which then would be reduced to . On September 2, 2009, Brown spoke about the domestic violence case in a pre-recorded Larry King Live interview, his first public interview about the matter. He was accompanied to the interview by his mother, Joyce Hawkins, and attorney Mark Geragos, as he discussed growing up in a


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 household with his mother being repeatedly assaulted by his stepfather. Brown said of hearing details of his assault of <mask>, "I'm in shock, because, first of all, that's not who I am as a person, and that's not who I promise I want to be."Awards and achievements

, <mask> has sold over 250 million records worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. Throughout her career, she has received numerous awards and honours, including 9 Grammy Awards, 12 Billboard Music Awards, 13 American Music Awards, 8 People's Choice Awards, among others. <mask> received the "Icon Award" at the 2013 American Music Awards and the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards. She holds six Guinness World Records. In the United States, <mask> has sold over 10 million albums, while Nielsen SoundScan ranked her as the best-selling digital artist in the country, breaking a Guinness World Record for digital single sales of over 58 million as of 2012. On July 1, 2015, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) announced that <mask> had surpassed more than 100 million Gold and Platinum song certifications. In doing so, <mask> has the most digital single awards and is the first and only artist to surpass RIAA's 100 million cumulative singles award threshold.In the United Kingdom, she has sold over 7 million albums, making her the third best-selling female artist this century. According to Billboard, her total album sales stand at 54 million copies sold worldwide. <mask> has accumulated 14 No. 1 singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for the third most No. 1 songs in the chart's history. She has been named the top


title: Rihanna

texts: Mainstream Top 40 chart artist of the past twenty years by Billboard; she ranks first with most entries (36), most top tens (23) and most No. 1 songs (10)., <mask> has sold over 18 million singles and 6 million albums in the United Kingdom. She is the tenth best-selling and the second best-selling female singles artist in the country, only behind Madonna and is second only to the Beatles for the most million-selling singles in the UK of all time. Her collaboration with Eminem, "Love the Way You Lie", along with "Umbrella", "Disturbia", "Only Girl (In the World)", "We Found Love" and "Diamonds", are among the best-selling singles of all time. <mask> has seven No. 1 singles on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and Airplay chart, as well as sixteen No. 1 singles on the Rhythmic chart. She has also earned over 30 top-ten songs in the UK and Australia, making her the only artist in the 21st century to achieve this feat so

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title: Robert F. R. Lewis

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Captain <mask>. R<mask> (30 January 1826 – 23 February 1881) was an officer in the United States Navy. He participated in the Paraguay Expedition, fought in the Mexican War and American Civil War, and served briefly as commander of the Asiatic Squadron. Naval career
<mask> was born on 30 January 1826 in Washington, D.C. He was appointed as a midshipman in October 1841 and immediately was attached to the sloop-of-war , which was fitting out at Norfolk Navy Yard in Portsmouth, Virginia, at the time. Before Warren could put to sea, however, <mask> was transferred to the receiving ship  at the navy yard, remaining aboard her for a few months. In 1842, he was attached to the sloop-of-war , and served aboard her until 1845 off the coast of Africa and in the West Indies Squadron. Mexican War
<mask> next reported to the sloop-of-war  at Norfolk, Virginia, and served aboard her in the Pacific Squadron from 1845 to 1848.Aboard Cyane, he took part in the Mexican War, seeing action in the capture of San Diego, California – then a part of Mexico – the destruction of a Mexican artillery battery at San Blas, the seizure of La Paz in Baja California, and the bombardment of Guaymas in Sonora, where Cyane cut out the Mexican brig Condor while under fire from Mexican troops and artillery ashore and burned the small Mexican fleet there. Cyane went on to clear the Gulf of California of Mexican ships over the course of the next month and participated in the capture of Mazatlán before relieving the siege by Mexican troops and Yaqui Indians of San José del Cabo. Upon Cyanes return to the United States at the conclusion of the war in 1848, United States Secretary of the Navy John Y. Mason congratulated her crew for their significant contribution to the American victory. 1848–1861
After returning to the United States, <mask> reported to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, in 1848 and passed his examination. Sources differ on the date of his promotion to passed midshipman,

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 stating both that it came on 10 August 1847 while he was aboard Cyane and that it was in 1849 after he passed his examination at the Naval Academy. In 1849, <mask> went aboard the steamer , aboard which he cruised in the West Indies and along the Spanish Main. In 1850, he transferred to the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., for a few months, then in 1851 detached to serve aboard commercial steamers of the Collins Line on two or three transatlantic voyages between New York City and Liverpool, England.In 1852 he began an 18-month tour aboard the sloop-of-war , in service at the time as a training ship at the Naval Academy, then reported to the brig , which was fitting out at the Norfolk Navy Yard at the time. Before Dolphin sailed, he transferred in 1853 to the stores ship , which was fitting out at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn, New York. During his two years aboard Supply, he was promoted to master on 14 September 1855 and to lieutenant the following day, but he detached from Supply in 1855 before she embarked on the first of her two voyages to the Mediterranean to bring camels from the Ottoman Empire home to the United States for experimental use by the United States Army's Camel Corps. After a short leave period, <mask> was assigned to the receiving ship  at Baltimore, Maryland, in 1856. He transferred to the new sailing frigate  in 1858 and served aboard her during a three-year cruise, during which she took part in the Paraguay Expedition and operated in the West Indies. American Civil War
<mask> was aboard Sabine when the American Civil War broke out in April 1861. He spent his last few months aboard Sabine on duty in the Union blockade of the Confederate States of America, serving in the blockade of Pensacola, Florida.He commanded a group of boats which carried reinforcements to Fort Pickens under threat from Confederate Fort McRae and was made executive officer of Sabine. After Sabine was decommissioned at the Portsmouth Navy Yard in

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title: Robert F. R. Lewis

texts:
 Kittery, Maine, later in 1861, <mask> took a leave of absence from the Navy, but returned to service later in the year as executive officer of the steamer  in the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. He was promoted to lieutenant commander on 16 July 1862. In 1862, <mask> became commanding officer of the gunboat  on the Mississippi River, leading her in action at Man Shack Bend. Itasca later was reassigned to the blockade of Texas, where <mask> led her in an engagement with a Confederate artillery battery at Velasco, in the capture of two blockade runners, and in running aground and destroying two or three other blockade runners. After Itasca was ordered north to undergo repairs in 1863, <mask> was detached from her and took a short leave of absence. Upon returning to service, <mask> spent three months at Baltimore, Maryland, to oversee the repair and fitting out of ships there, then was sent to the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron in 1864, where he commanded successively the bark , the gunboat , the sidewheel steamer , and the monitor  in the blockade of Charleston, South Carolina, and on the St. Johns River.He was in command of Nantucket when she closed to destroy a stranded blockade runner with gunfire off Charleston and engaged the Confederate artillery batteries on Sullivan's Island, as well as during later duty at Port Royal, South Carolina, when Nantucket guarded the receiving ship  in case New Hampshire was targeted by the Confederate States Navy ironclad CSS Stonewall. After the Civil War ended in April 1865, <mask> brought Nantucket to Philadelphia, where she was laid up. Post-Civil War
In 1865, <mask> joined the staff of the Naval Academy, first as senior instructor in seamanship and later as superintendent of grounds and buildings, and was promoted to commander on 29 January 1867. From 1869 to 1871 he commanded the steamer  in the Pacific Squadron, then was on the Board of Inspectors from 1871 to 1874. He served in the Asiatic Squadron from 1874 to 1875,

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title: Robert F. R. Lewis

texts:
 first in command of the gunboat  and then in command of the sloop-of-war , and he temporarily served as commander of the entire squadron from 24 June to 16 August 1875. Detaching from Kearsarge in November 1875, he returned to the United States and spent four months awaiting orders before reporting for duty as Inspector of Ordnance at the Norfolk Navy Yard. He was promoted to captain on 26 February 1878.On 6 September 1879, <mask> took command of the screw sloop-of-war  two days before she recommissioned for service in the South Atlantic Squadron as the flagship of Rear Admiral Andrew Bryson. Personal life
<mask> was married to Henrietta A<mask> and had five living children at the time of his death. Death
<mask> contracted an illness while aboard Shenandoah and became sick enough to be ordered to return to the United States for treatment. During the voyage home, he died at sea off Martinique on 23 February 1881. He is buried with his wife at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery in Annapolis, Maryland. See also

Notes

References
 Naval History and Heritage Command: Officers of the Continental and U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775-1900. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: Cyane II
 Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: Supply I
 Hamersly, <mask>.The Records of Living Officers of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1870. Hamersly, <mask>. The Records of Living Officers of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, Bedford, Massachusetts: Applewood Books, 1878. Tolley, Kemp. Yangtze Patrol: The U.S. Navy in China. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1971. .External links

 Photograph of grave of <mask>. R<mask>

1826 births
1881 deaths
People from Washington, D.C.
United States Navy officers
United States Naval Academy faculty
United States Navy personnel of the Mexican–American War
Union Navy officers
People of Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War
People who died at sea
Burials at the United States Naval

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title: Les Kurbas

texts:
<mask> (; 24 February 1887– 30 November 1937), was a Ukrainian movie and theater director, is considered by many to be the most important Ukrainian theater director of the 20th century. He formed, together with Vsevolod Meyerhold, Yevgeny Vakhtangov and several other directors, the Soviet theater avant-garde in the 1920s and 1930s. He is one of the most prominent representatives of Ukrainian avant-garde art. He is considered to be one of the lead figures of the Executed Renaissance. Early work
<mask> was born in Sambir (then part of Austria-Hungary) on February 25, 1887 and was given a double name Oleksandr-Zenon, for short <mask> or Oles. His father, <mask> (Yanovych) (1862–1908), was a Ruthenian actor who descended from Lithuanian lineage. His mother, Vanda Adolfivna (nata Kulczycka), born in Stary Skalat, was also an actress, the daughter of an Austrian, Adolf Teichman.His parents' last name Yanovych was their pseudonym, for which they were better known, particularly in theater of "Ruska besida". Beside <mask> who was the first child there were three other children Kornylo (d. 2 July 1895), Nestor, and Nadia, however none of them survived past their teenage years. At first <mask> studied at Ternopil gymnasium. In 1907 he enrolled into the Philosophy Department of University of Vienna from where he transferred out in 1908, due to his father death enrolling later in Lviv University (1908–1910). This was determined by the need to lead Ukrainian culture out of the provincialism it had fallen into as a result of the century-long occupation by Poland and Russia. In the midst of the first world war <mask> formed the "Ternopil theatrical evenings" (1915–1916) and the Molody Teatr (Young Theater) in Kiev in 1916, which was the first ensemble to experiment with both new and ancient acting techniques. <mask> directed and acted in plays such as Gogol's Revizor and, most importantly and to much acclaim, Sophocles' Oedipus Rex.Due to the shortage in resources and the general political

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 chaos towards the end of the First World War the ensemble was disbanded. Along with it he was a professor at the Kiev Music-Drama Institute in 1916-1919 and later Kharkiv Music-Drama Institute in 1926-1933. In 1920-21 <mask> has found a Kiev Drama Theater "Kiydramte". <mask>' next major project was Haydamaks (several stagings from 1920 on), a poem on the eighteenth-century Ukrainian upsurge against Polish occupation by Ukrainian poet laureate Taras Shevchenko. The production was the most important Ukrainian theater production of the twentieth century and went on to be staged even after <mask>' death (without mention of his name, though). <mask> integrated all the techniques of the Molody era, most notably in his treatment of the choir. Berezil Theater
It was only in 1922 that conditions in the now Soviet-ruled Ukraine were stable enough to allow <mask> to found the "Berezil'" ("spring" or "new beginning") in Kiev.In a same year <mask> invited  Vadym Meller to cooperation as a chief artist of the "Berezil'" Theater. Vadym Meller joined "Berezil'" with the experience of both easel artist and scenographer. The expressively unchained drawing, characteristic of V.Meller's early work, will become foundation, the origin in later stage productions done together with <mask>rbas. Since 1922 <mask> also worked for the Odessa Film Studio where he directed such movies as "Shvedskaya spichka" (1922), "Arsenaltsy" (1925), and others. In 1925 Vadim Meller was awarded a gold medal for the scenic design of the "Berezil'" theatre (Exposition Internationale des Modernes, Paris ). "Berezil'" was not merely a theater, but a study and research institution which until today is nearly unequalled in its organisation. Every theater department has its own committees and workshops, and several branches were established in other Ukrainian cities."Berezil'" attracted not only the best actors of its time: dozens of future Ukrainian actors and directors received their education here, going through a

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title: Les Kurbas

texts: curriculum involving a whole series of acting techniques, rhythmic exercises, voice training and ensemble play. <mask> aimed at a scientific grounding of every development in "Berezil'", which could sometimes lead to endless discussions in one of the committees. He wrote: “Today the comedy is over. The actor entered the stage, the only one by which the theater will live. Theater—tribune and spectacle, court and school, thought and folly of new man”. In its early years the theater suffered from a shortage of suitable plays that the productions could be based on. <mask> was only one of several directors, if the most important one, and an outstanding organizer.His stagings of the time included "Gas" by the German author Georg Kaiser and "Jimmy Higgins" by Upton Sinclair. <mask> made mostly use of the expressionistic techniques he had developed during the Molody era, but increased further the rhythmic organisation of the entire production. In 1927 <mask> met up-and-coming playwright Mykola Kulish in the Ukrainian capital of the time, Kharkiv, where the "Berezil'" had moved in 1926. Kulish's early plays had been staged by other theaters in the rigid Soviet realist manner that would become the standard all over the Soviet Union in the 1930s. The collaboration between Kulish and <mask> proved to be both fortunate and unfortunate for the ensemble. While productions as The People's Malakhii (1928), Myna Mazailo (1929) and Maklena Grassa (1933) set new standards in ensemble play and dramatic rigor, they also fell foul with the official Soviet propaganda policy. Yet <mask> was determined to pursue his course in spite of the increasing threats.In 1930, just before the artificial famine in Ukraine, <mask> was forced to stage Dyktatura ("Dictatorship"), by Ukrainian playwright Ivan Mykytenko. The propaganda play was an attempt to justify the Soviet policy that ultimately led to the starvation of the Ukrainian peasantry and caused several million deaths (the Holodomor). <mask> turned the

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 sense of the play around, a technique he named "recoding", and made a satirical and tragic opera out of a what had been a dull realist plot. While the authorities regarded the production as a final opportunity for <mask> to give up his refractoriness and step back in line, <mask> followed his own political instincts. By exposing the regime for what it was, he also dealt the death-blow to the theater and himself. <mask> wrote: “We all know what dictatorship is, but few of us pay attention to it as to a fact of intellectual nature. The obligation of every actor of the play was to make every spectator understand that the rudder of history—is in his own hands.”

The Taras Schevchenko Academic Ukrainian Drama Theatre in Kharkiv is an heir to Berezil's magnificent artistic traditions.Imprisonment and execution
In 1933 <mask> was ousted from "Berezil". He was allowed to go to Moscow, where he probably was the major force behind Solomon Mikhoels' famous staging of King Lear (1934). Later in 1933 he was arrested and put into a labour camp (as were many other cultural figures). Even under these conditions <mask> showed his unshakable love for the theater. As his friend and competitor Vsevolod Meyerhold would do later during his own imprisonment, <mask> organized a camp theater and was even in touch with the author of one of the plays he staged to discuss dramaturgical decisions. <mask> was then moved to the remote Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea, and was one of the "lost transport" of prisoners shipped back to the mainland in 1937 from Solovki. It is now known that he was shot on 3 November 1937 with 289 other members of the Ukrainian intelligentsia at the killing field and burial ground of Sandarmokh near Medvezhyegorsk, in Karelia (northwest Russia), a site discovered in 1997 by members of the Memorial Society.Joseph Stalin had directly ordered the killing of over one thousand artists and intellectuals held in the Solovki prison camp. <mask>' friend Mykola Kulish, who had been

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 confined to a cage like an animal and consequently fallen into a state of utter mental derangement, met the same fate. After Stalin’s death, <mask> was rehabilitated in 1957. Posterity

The "Berezil'" Theater lived on under the name of "Shevchenko Theater". One of <mask>' lead actors, Marjan Kurshelnytsky, led it until the 1960s, but had to make many artistic compromises. <mask>' work could only be mentioned again from the 1960s onwards, yet the overdue research was only begun in late 1980s, mostly in Ukraine. There is a tendency in the Ukrainian research to glorify <mask>.Some hagiographers claim that <mask> was a genius (he was indeed multi-talented) who anticipated every development of the later 20th century theater (some of which he did, as for example in the work of Italian director Eugenio Barba's Odin Teatret). Another important falsification is that <mask> was not a communist. It would be more correct to say that he had an entirely different vision of communism and the potential of a new society for the development of human creativity. His most important goal as an artist was to "make the audience feel more alive". References

 Irena R. Makaryk: Shakespeare in the Undiscovered Bourn: <mask>, Ukrainian Modernism, and Early Soviet Cultural Politics, University of Toronto Press, 2004. The Last Address: Shooting executions of Solovki prisoners of Ukrainian origin in 1937-1938, Kyiv, Sfera, 2003. (Volume 1)

External links
 Page of the city of Kharkiv on Kurbas
 Encyclopedia of Ukraine on Mykola Kulish
 Encyclopedia of Ukraine on the Berezil'
 Encyclopedia of Ukraine on  Vadym Meller
Les Kurbas Theater Lviv

1887 births
1937 deaths
People from Sambir
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians
Austro-Hungarian emigrants to the Russian Empire
Ukrainian theatre directors
Ukrayinska Besida Theatre
Recipients of the title of People's Artists of Ukraine
Ukrainian people of Lithuanian descent
Great Purge victims from Ukraine
Soviet

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title: Chris Harman

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<mask> (8 November 1942 – 7 November 2009) was a British journalist and political activist, and a member of the Central Committee of the Socialist Workers Party. He was an editor of International Socialism and Socialist Worker. Life
Born <mask> into a working-class family, he attended Leeds University (where he joined the Socialist Review Group in 1961) and the London School of Economics (LSE) where he began (but did not complete) a doctorate under the supervision of Ralph Miliband. He was instrumental in publishing the magazine of the LSE Socialist Society, The Agitator, and was a leading member of the International Socialists (as the SRG had become) by 1968. He was involved in the Vietnam Solidarity Campaign and outraged many leftists when, at a meeting in the Conway Hall, he denounced Ho Chi Minh for murdering the leader of the Vietnamese Trotskyist movement, Tạ Thu Thâu, in 1945 after crushing the workers' rising of that year in Saigon. His main role in the IS (from 1977 the Socialist Workers Party, or SWP) was as a theorist and he produced numerous books and articles on a wide variety of topics. Almost all his writing appeared in the publications of the IS and SWP or has been published by related publishing houses, such as Bookmarks.He was first editor of Socialist Worker in 1976-77 and returned to the role after a break in 1982, remaining in the post until 2004, when he started editing the SWP's theoretical quarterly International Socialism Journal. <mask>'s work on the May 1968

masks:
Chris Harman
Christopher John Harman
Harman


title: Chris Harman

texts:
 events in France and other student and workers' uprisings of the late 1960s, The Fire Last Time, was recommended by rock band Rage Against the Machine in their album sleeve notes for Evil Empire. <mask> died on 7 November 2009, following a cardiac arrest while lecturing at the Socialist Days conference of the Center for Socialist Studies (CSS) in Cairo, Egypt. He is buried in Highgate Cemetery, London, a few yards from Karl Marx's tomb and adjacent to his comrade Paul Foot. (2008)
Zombie Capitalism: Global Crisis and the Relevance of Marx (London, 2009)
Selected Writings (2011)

Articles
"Party and Class"
"Gramsci Versus Reformism"
"The 'workers's' government" (with Tim Potter)
"The State and Capitalism Today"
"The Summer of 1981 – a post-riot analysis"
"Women's Liberation and Revolutionary Socialism"
"Base and Superstructure"
"From Feudalism to Capitalism"
"The Myth of Market Socialism"
"Engels and the origins of human society"
"The Prophet and the Proletariat"
"Analysing Imperialism"
"The workers of the world"
"Anti-capitalism: Theory and Practice"
"Spontaneity, strategy and politics"
"Gramsci, the Prison Notebooks and philosophy"
Trotsky and the New Stalinism

References
Notes

Sources

  Available online here
  Available online here
  Available online here

External links

<mask> Internet Archive
<mask>’s Back Pages (Blog containing notes, position papers and old articles)
International Socialism Journal
<mask>rman on Ho Chi Minh, 1969, from The Left in Britain, 1956–68, edited by

masks:
Harman
Chris Harman
Chris Harman
Chris Ha


title: Chris Harman

texts:
 David Widgery
"Taking Apart the West". Richard Seymour reviews Harman's People's History of the World in New Statesman, July 2008. Obituaries and posthumous articles on <mask>rman
<mask> Harman (1942-2009: Links to obituaries, sites, articles, videos etc.+ books online, on Modkraft.dk
<mask>: A life in the struggle by Ian Birchall, International Socialism, 125, (2010)
Obituary by John Molyneux, The Independent, 19 November 2009. RIP <mask>, The Third Estate Blog, 7 November 2009
Obituary by Alex Callinicos, Socialist Worker, 9 November 2009. Obituary by Michael Rosen, The Guardian, 9 November 2009. <mask> and 1968 by John Rose
Another Side of <mask> by Joseph Choonara, International Socialism, 125, (2010)
A whiff of teargas by Andy Durgan, International Socialism, 125, (2010)
Tribute by Panos Garganas
'A thinker and a polemicist' by Larry Elliott
"Obituary: <mask> 1942-2009", Alex Callinicos, Socialist Worker 14 November 2009
<mask>, 1968 and the historic Open Letter to the Polish Communist Party by John Rose, International Socialism, 158 (2018). <mask> and the critique of political economy by Alex Callinicos, International Socialism, 165 (2020). 1942 births
2009 deaths
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the University of Leeds
British anti-capitalists
British economics writers
British Marxist historians
British Marxists
British newspaper editors
British Trotskyists
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
Marxist theorists
British Marxist writers
Socialist Workers Party (UK)

masks:
Chris Ha
Chris
Chris Harman
Chris Harman
Chris Harman
Chris Harman
Chris Harman
Chris Harman
Chris Harman


title: Raymond Knister

texts:
<mask> (27 May 1899 – 29 Aug 1932) was a Canadian poet, novelist, story writer, columnist, and reviewer, "known primarily for his realistic narratives set in rural Canada ...  Knister was a highly respected member of the Canadian literary community during the 1920s and early 1930s, and recent criticism has acknowledged him as a pioneer in establishing a distinctively modern voice in Canadian literature." Life

Born at Ruscom (now part of Lakeshore), Ontario, near Windsor, Knister attended Victoria College at the University of Toronto, but had to drop out after catching pneumonia. At the age of eighteen he began to take a serious interest in literature, writing his first poems and short stories. While in Toronto he contributed articles on Miguel de Cervantes and Robert Louis Stevenson to Acta Victoriana, the college literary magazine. He worked on his father's farm until 1923. In 1919 Knister began writing and publishing stories and poems about Canadian farm life. He worked in 1922 and 1923 as a book reviewer for the Windsor Border Cities Star and the Detroit Free Press.He moved to Iowa in 1923 to become associate editor of literary magazine The Midland ("the most important magazine America had produced," according to H.L. Mencken) in Iowa City for a year. During the same time he took courses in creative writing at Iowa State University. By 1924 Knister was a taxi driver in Chicago, as well as a reviewer for Poetry magazine and the Chicago Evening Post. "In 1926 he moved to Toronto, where he freelanced; his work appeared in the Toronto Star Weekly and Saturday Night." In Toronto he became acquainted with writers Morley Callaghan, Mazo de la Roche, Merrill Denison, and Charles G.D. Roberts. Knister had work published in the Paris literary magazine This Quarter in 1925.In 1926, Knister put together a collection of nature


title: Raymond Knister

texts: poetry, Windfalls for Cider. Toronto's Ryerson Press accepted the book for publication, but later had to cancel because of the company's finances. <mask> married Myrtle Gamble in 1927. They had one daughter, Imogen, born in 1930. In 1928, Knister edited the anthology Canadian Short Stories. The Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada (2002) calls the book a "trend-setting anthology." Knister published his first novel, White Narcissus, in 1929.The book is still in print as part of McClelland & Stewart's New Canadian Library series of classic Canadian literature. Knister was fascinated with John Keats, the 19th century English Romantic poet who had died young. He accumulated "letters and stacks of books about Keats," according to his daughter, and enrolled his wife as a research assistant to help him go through it all. "Apparently, she was to use her reading time on this only, and he frowned upon her spending time reading women's magazines." The Knisters spent eight months researching Keats's life: the result was a 200,000-word, 700 page non-fiction novel, My Star Predominant. In 1931, Knister moved to Montreal, Quebec. There he became acquainted with the poets of the Montreal Group – with poet Leo Kennedy he began planning an anthology, similar to his Canadian Short Stories, of Canadian modernist poetry (an idea that eventually resulted in the landmark New Provinces in 1936).He also got to know poet Dorothy Livesay and novelist Frederick Philip Grove. Grove read My Star Predominant, and encouraged Knister to enter the manuscript in the Graphic Publishers' Canadian Novel contest. (Knister's daughter later said that her mother had encouraged him to enter the novel.) Knister cut the book to 120,000 words, mailed it off, and forgot about it. My Star Predominant won the $2,500.00 first prize in the 1931 cross-Canada contest.


title: Raymond Knister

texts:
 However, "owing to the failure of the firm of publishers which offered the prize," the novel was not published. In 1932, Ryerson Press, which had picked up the rights to My Star Predominant, offered Knister a job as an editor.Before he was to begin working there, Knister drowned in a swimming accident on Lake St. Clair while on a picnic with his family. (In a memoir published in the 1949 Collected Poems of <mask>, Livesay maintained that Knister had committed suicide. His wife and daughter strongly disputed that allegation.) My Star Predominant was published in 1934 in Canada by Ryerson and also in England. Knister's daughter, Imogen Givens, wrote a 5,000-word memoir of him, "<mask>: Man or Myth?". The memoir, which made extensive use of her mother's diary, was published in the journal Essays on Canadian Writing (No. 16, Fall-Winter 1979–80).In 2007, Alberta poet Micheline Mayler published Full Depth: The <mask>er Poems, an account of Knister's life and death written as a series of poems. Knister is buried in Port Dover, Ontario. His poem "Change" is inscribed on his tombstone. Dorothy Livesay has claimed that "Knister seemed to epitomize the struggle of a generation" ("Memoir" xxxvii). The struggle of his generation of writers was to bring Canadian poetry into the Twentieth Century. Like E.J. Pratt, W.W.E.Ross, Arthur Stringer (whose Open Water was the first book of modernist free verse by a Canadian), and others, Knister was a "Transitional modern" whose poetry, fiction, and criticism showed the effects of the many forces which were changing Canadian poetry and Canadian society. Writing
Besides his four novels, Knister wrote roughly one hundred poems, almost as many short stories and sketches, and dozens of critical works, including essays, editorials, and book reviews. "To his own writing and criticism, Knister brought

masks:
Raymond Knister
Raymond Knister
Raymond Knist


title: Raymond Knister

texts:
 especially A Boy's Will, 1913 and North of Boston, 1914. "<ref name=burke>Anne Burke, Introduction to "Some Annotated Letters of A.J.M. Smith and <mask>," Canadian Poetry: Studies/Documents/Reviews No. 11 (Fall/Winter 1982), Canadian Poetry, UWO, Web, Apr. 3, 2011.</ref>

In 2003 After Exile, the first reprint of Knister's verse in over 20 years, was released by Toronto's Exile Editions. The book presents dozens of poems never before in book form, plus 30 new poems, and selected prose pieces and letters. Critical Writing
Like his contemporaries in the McGill movement Knister was a rebel, and his criticism showed his dissatisfaction with the state of Canadian poetry and the Canadian literary milieu.The most important point raised in Knister's critical writings, one which is applicable to his own verse, was his rejection of the sublime in the language and thought of poetry. In general Canadian taste favoured a style of writing which was "a refreshing haven of genuine romanticism to which the reader may retreat when he seeks an antidote to the intellectual tension imposed by the future progeny of 'The Wasteland' and 'Spoon River' " Knister, however, valued plough horses above winged ones, and in the foreword to the Collected Poems he set out his objectives as a poet. His primary aim was to make his poems 'real' and to escape the false tone which made most Canadian poetry of his day an inaccurate portrayal of life. In order to do this he intended to drop all attempts at idealistic sublimity and instead simply present the images of things as accurately as possible. "We would feel differently about many other common things if we saw them clearly enough" (vii–viii). One more complaint which Knister had against Canadians was that they were 'colonials'. He ably described their cultural colonialism when he wrote of the "ideal


title: Raymond Knister

texts:
 result of colonialism and the dulled appetite for sublimity. His bitter feeling that he was one of a generation of writers who were being ignored is obvious. Although many of Knister's contemporaries were equally unhappy with the state of Canadian poetry, only he dared to attack established writers by name.In "Canadian Letter" Knister dismissed Carman, Maclnnis, Leacock, Roberts, and D.C. Scott with the comment that "their contributions were made at a time when any impulse in a backwater would have been valued" (p. 381). Elsewhere he compared Lampman's style to "one of those rambling, barrack-like houses once common to New England and our own eastern landscapes," formerly stylish but now outdated. Just as the smaller bungalow had replaced the large family home, so too would the more compact verse replace nineteenth- century styles. The tone of these attacks is disturbing. Leacock, Lampman, Roberts, and the others he mentioned do not deserve to be relegated to some literary trash heap. We must remember that at this time Roberts and the others had the status of literary giants and that one dramatic way for a newcomer to get attention has always been to play the part of the iconoclast. This, probably, was what Knister was doing in his excessively fierce criticism.Knister was not, however, a mere fault-finder. He was prepared to offer a solution to the problems he perceived. In his opinion, Canada needed a little magazine "devoted to creative work ... perhaps only a few pages every month, yet chosen for vital quality ... which should give a voice to what is actually being lived among us" ("Canadian Letter," p. 379). Through this medium, he hoped, a distinctively Canadian voice would be heard. Publications

Poetry
 Collected Poems of <mask>er. Dorothy Livesay ed. Toronto, Ryerson, 1949.Windfalls for Cider: The poems of <mask>.

masks:
Raymond Knist
Ray Knister


title: Raymond Knister

texts:
 Joy Kuropatwa ed. Windsor, ON: Black Moss, 1983. After Exile complete poems compiled by Gregory Betts (Exile, 2003)

Prose
 White Narcissus. London, UK: Cape, 1929. Toronto: Macmillan, 1929. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart New Canadian Library, 1962, 1990.My Star Predominant. Toronto: Ryerson, 1934. Selected Stories of <mask>. Michael Gnarowski ed. Ottawa. U of Ottawa P, 1972. "Canadian Literati."<mask>. Journal of Canadian Fiction, No. 14 (1975), 160. <mask>: Poems, Stories and Essays ed. David Aronson (1975)
 The First Day of Spring. Stories and Other Prose. Toronto, Buffalo: U of Toronto P, 1976. ,
 There Was a Mr. Cristi (Windsor: Black Moss, 2006)
 Boy Remembers in the Field (2006)
 Grapes (2006)
 Hackman's Night.Windsor: Black Moss, 2007. Soil in Smoke (unpublished)
 Turning Loam (unpublished)

Edited
 Canadian Short Stories. Toronto: Macmillan, 1928. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries P, 1971. Fonds
 The <mask>er papers. Bruce Whiteman comp. Hamilton, ON: Mills Memorial Library, McMaster U, 1981.<mask> fonds. Rev. ed. Toronto: Victoria University Library, 2006. Except where noted, bibliographic information courtesy of Online Guide to Writing in Canada. References

Further reading
 <mask>: An Annotated Bibliography, ed. Anne Burke (1981)."Chronological History of <mask>," Bonita O'Halloran. Canadian Literature. No. 23 (Winter, 1965), 45–52. "<mask>," Leo Kennedy. Canadian Forum'', 12 (1932), 459–61. External links

 The <mask>er Collection at the Victoria University Library at the University of Toronto
 <mask>er at University of Toronto Libraries

1899 births
1932 deaths
Canadian modernist poets
Canadian male poets
Canadian male novelists
Canadian male short story writers
University of Toronto alumni
20th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian male writers
20th-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian

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Raymond Knister
Raymond Knister
Raymond Knister
Raymond Knist
Raymond Knister
Raymond Knister
Raymond Knister
Raymond Knister
Raymond Knist
Raymond Knist


title: Abie Bain

texts:
<mask> (August 10, 1906 – April 9, 1993) was a rated Jewish Middleweight boxer from Newark, New Jersey. In 1930, he moved up a weight class and challenged Maxie Rosenbloom for the Light Heavyweight Championship of the World in Madison Square Garden, though he lost the bout. During his career as a Middleweight in the 1920s, he was more in his element and competed well against competitive middleweight contenders. In May 1930, Bain was still ranked seventh in the world among Middleweights by Ring Magazine and stayed in the top ten from May to October of that year. After his retirement from boxing, he had a career in Hollywood. Actor Anthony Quinn patterned the raspy voice and mannerisms of his character Mountain Rivera in Columbia Pictures' 1962 movie Requiem for a Heavyweight on Bain who worked on the production as an adviser. The film was considered one of America's greatest boxing movies of that era.Early life and boxing career

Brought to America as a child, Bain was born in St. Petersburg, Russia on August 10, 1906. Perhaps wary of the political climate of the period, he gave Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he lived as a child, as his birthplace during his boxing career in the 1930s. Bain reputedly started boxing at age 12 as a flyweight and worked his way up. With such an early start to his career, he competed in nearly every weight class at one time. He fought extensively in Newark from 1923 to 1925, garnering an impressive fight record, but gaining little national exposure while fighting few ranked opponents. Later boxing career

Bain fought 1934 World Middleweight Champion Vince Dundee twice, 1927–29 World Welterweight Champion Joe Dundee, and on November 4, 1929, Middleweight contender Phil Krug. He fought highly ranked middleweight contender "KO" Phil Kaplan, losing to him in a fifth-round knockout on


title: Abie Bain

texts:
 was ill-advised. He fought future World Heavyweight contender Tony Galento, in Dreamland Park on September 30, 1931, losing in a fourth-round TKO.<mask>'s New Jersey Hall of Fame bio noted that Bain was outweighed by as much as fifty pounds and the fight resulted in hospitalization and injuries that sped Bain's retirement from boxing. Galento would become a Heavyweight World contender fighting Joe Louis on June 28, 1939, in Philadelphia, actually knocking Louis to the mat in the bout, but losing in a fourth-round TKO. It is possible Bain's loss to Galento, which cost him seven weeks of hospitalization, made him a more likely model for Anthony Quinn's character "Mountain" Rivera in Quinn's classic boxing movie Requiem for a Heavyweight. The movie's plot centered on a Heavyweight's tragic loss to a stronger opponent on the poor advice of an ambitious manager. He fought ex-Middleweight champion Al McCoy for the Montreal Athletic Commission World Light Heavyweight title in Montreal on October 24, 1935. McCoy knocked out Bain in the second round, in what marked Bain's final descent as a top contender. Retirement from boxing and partial filmography
Fully retiring from boxing around 1939, Bain pursued his career in Hollywood full-time.He found work in Warner Brother's 1937 boxing film Kid Galahad as an adviser, along with dozens of other boxing greats including Joe Glick, Willie and Phil Bloom, Jack Perry, and Bain's old nemesis Maxie Rosenbloom. Bain was next cast in MGM's successful 1938 boxing movie, The Crowd Roars. The move featured actor Robert Taylor as "Kid McCoy", a boxer who kills an opponent in the ring. Over fifty boxers were called to work in a background gymnasium scene with Taylor in the foreground. The boxers included Larry Williams, fellow Jewish boxers Maxie Rosenbloom, Abe Hollandersky, Phil Bloom


title: Sadhana Shivdasani

texts: <mask> (2 September 1941 – 25 December 2015), known mononymously as <mask>, was an Indian actress active between 1960 and 1981. She is regarded as one of the greatest actresses in Indian cinema. Popularly known as "The Mystery Girl" for playing mysterious women in films directed by Raj Khosla,  <mask> ranked as the highest-paid actress in the country from mid-1960s to early 1970s. Born in Karachi, <mask> and her family migrated to Bombay during post-partition riots when she was 7 year-old. She aspired to become an actress since her childhood, and completed her education from Jai Hind College. After making an unnoticed appearance in Shree 420 (1955), <mask> became the protègè of the director Sashadhar Mukherjee, who enrolled her in his acting school and then provided her with her first starring role, in the romantic comedy Love In Simla (1960), where her distinctive hairstyle became a rage and came to be known as "Sadhana Cut". Following the success of Love In Simla, Shivdasini went on to establish herself with several hits, including the comedies Parakh (1960) and Asli-Naqli (1962), the war film Hum Dono (1961) and the adventurous Ek Musafir Ek Haseena (1962).Shivdasini followed this initial success with her greatest commercial successes—the romances Mere Mehboob (1963), Rajkumar (1964) and Arzoo (1965); the mystery dramas Woh Kaun Thi? (1964) and Mera Saaya (1966); and the drama Waqt (1965); she earned Filmfare nominations for her performances in Woh Kaun Thi and Waqt. Her health deteriorated in latter half of 1960s due

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Sadhana
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Shivdasani
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title: Sadhana Shivdasani

texts:
 to hyperthyroidism, which forced her to take a brief break from work. Shivdasini returned to acting in 1969 and starred in two consecutive box-office hits—Ek Phool Do Maali and Intaqam—but her subsequent films were unpopular with audience. In 1974, the actress made her directorial debut with the crime thriller Geetaa Mera Naam, and later withdrew from acting. Her final screen appearance was in the delayed release Ulfat Ki Nayee Manzeelein (1994). In 2002, she received the IIFA Lifetime Achievement Award for her contributions to Indian cinema.Shivdasini was married to Love in Simla director R.K. Nayyar in 1966. Their marriage lasted for 30 years and ended when Nayyar died in 1995. Shivdasini never re-married after his death and lived alone for most of her life. Her health had begun to decline after her diagnosis with thyroid disease in 1966. She was diagnosed with brain tumor that led her to her ultimate death at 74 on 25 December 2015 in her flat at Mumbai. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> <mask> in a Sindhi Hindu family in Karachi, British India on 2 September 1941. She was an only child.<mask> was named after her father's favourite actress-dancer <mask> Bose. Her father was the elder brother of actor <mask>, father of actress Babita. The family migrated from Karachi during the post-Partition riots and settled in Mumbai. Her mother home-schooled her until she was 8 years old, after which she studied at Auxilium Convent, Wadala and Jai Hind College. Although they encountered difficult times, <mask> was allowed to watch as

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Sadhana
Sadhana
Shivdasani
Sadhana
Sadhana
Hari Shivdasani
Sadhana


title: Sadhana Shivdasani

texts:
 many as two films. <mask> was inspired to become an actress and Nutan was said to have been her inspiration. Career

Early career
<mask> aspired to be an actress since childhood.Her father helped her enter films. In 1955 she played a chorus girl in the song "Mur mur ke na dekh mur mur ke" in Raj Kapoor's Shree 420. When she was 15 years old, she was approached by some producers who had seen her act in a college play. They cast her in India's first Sindhi film titled Abaana (1958), where she played the role of Sheila Ramani's younger sister. A photograph of her publicising Shree 420 appeared in the movie magazine Screen. It was then that Sashadhar Mukherjee, one of Hindi cinema's leading producers at that time, noticed her. She joined Mukherjee's acting school along with her debutant co-star Joy Mukherjee, Sashadhar's son.R.K. Nayyar, who had previously worked as assistant director on a few films, directed this film. He also created her trademark look, called the Sadhana cut, inspired by British actress Audrey Hepburn. The Filmalaya Production banner thus introduced Joy, <mask> and her iconic hairstyle in their 1960 romantic film Love in Simla. The film was declared a hit at the box office and was listed in the top 10 films of 1960. During this period she would again work under the same banner opposite Joy in Ek Musafir Ek Haseena. Stardom
Besides Love in Simla, <mask> was signed by acclaimed director Bimal Roy for his satirical film on Indian democracy, Parakh. She portrayed a simple village girl in this multi-award-winning

masks: Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana


title: Sadhana Shivdasani

texts:
 film.The film was a semi hit at box office and is known for the song "O Sajna Barkha Bahar Aai" sung by Lata Mangeshkar. Major breakthrough
 1961: Hum Dono - In this 1961's hit film, Hum Dono, she played the love interest of Dev Anand. This black-and-white film was colourised and re-released in 2011. Rediff.com in the film's review writes about <mask>: "Her eyes, expressive and captivating, do most of the work, while she balances out her submissiveness with a firm tongue." The duet "Abhi na jaao chhodkar" from the film Hum Dono is regarded as "the most romantic song" by actor Shah Rukh Khan and director Sanjay Leela Bhansali. Author Amit Chaudhuri in an essay comparing cultures, says that <mask>'s curious expressions in the song denote listener's peculiar ecstasy while in other cinemas it would mean sex or love. 1962: Asli-Naqli - In 1962, she was again paired with Dev Anand in Asli-Naqli by director Hrishikesh Mukherjee.The film has two hit songs "Tujhe Jeevan Ki Dor Se", sung by both Mohammed Rafi and Lata Mangeshkar and "Tera Mera Pyar Amar", sung by Lata Mangeshkar. The same year saw director-screenwriter Raj Khosla cast her opposite Joy Mukherjee in Ek Musafir Ek Hasina. She had debuted with Joy Mukherjee with the film Love in Shimla in 1960. Khosla would again work with <mask> to make a suspense thriller trilogy. 1963: Mere Mehboob - This film was the highest grossing Indian film of 1963. The film stars <mask>, Rajendra Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Nimmi, Pran, Johnny Walker and Ameeta. In this film, <mask> played her first

masks: Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana


title: Sadhana Shivdasani

texts: role in the technicolour film.The film Mere Mehboob was directed by H. S. Rawail. The song "Mere Mehboob Tujhe" was shot in the University Hall and in a couple of places, one gets to see the University. The song became very popular upon release. The opening scene of the film shows the famous residential hall and the associated hall "Victoria Gate". The film was the blockbuster of 1963, and ranked in the top 5 films of the 1960s. 1964: Woh Kaun Thi - In 1964, she played a double role in the first of the suspense-thriller trilogy; Woh Kaun Thi?. This white-sari-clad performance opposite Manoj Kumar earned her first Filmfare nomination as Best Actress.Through this role she got to be part of Lata Mangeshkar – Madan Mohan’s songs "Naina barse" and "Lag jaa gale". Rediff.com called her a show-stopper "with an intriguing Mona Lisa-like smile". The film was a box office hit. Raj Khosla cast her in two more successful mystery films; Mera Saaya (1966) and Anita (1967) thus making her famous as the "Mystery girl". 1965 : Arzoo- Arzoo was a box office success, with <mask>, Rajendra Kumar and Feroz Khan in lead roles. The film had songs like "Ae Phoolon ki Rani" sung by Mohammad Rafi and " Aji rooth kar ab" , sung by Lata Mangeshkar. 1966: Mera Saaya - Mera Saaya was a box office success, a courtroom drama film, again saw her playing a double role, now opposite Sunil Dutt.The film was the third film directed by Raj Khosla with <mask>. The song "Jhumka gira re" sung by Asha Bhosle and composed by Madan Mohan saw <mask> perform dance

masks: Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana


title: Sadhana Shivdasani

texts: steps choreographed by Saroj Khan. Khan was then an assistant to dance director B. Sohanlal. The song became so popular that excited audience in cinema halls used to throw coins at the screen, and is one of the most requested songs on the radio. The film also had the classic songs "Mera Saaya Saath Hoga" and "Nainon Mein Badra Chhaye", both voiced by Lata Mangeshkar. 1965: Waqt- In this 1965 drama film, <mask> appeared alongside Sunil Dutt. For her performance in this hit film, <mask> got her second Filmfare nomination as Best Actress for the role of Meena, in Yash Chopra's directorial saga Waqt (1965).She stood out in Bollywood's first ever ensemble cast by bringing out the fashion of tight churidar-kurtas. The song has hit Hindi songs such as "Aye Meri Zohra Zabeen", sung by Manna Dey, "Hum Jab Simat Ke", sung by Mahendra Kapoor and Asha Bhosle, "Waqt Se Din Aur Raat", sung by Mohammed Rafi and "Aage Bhi Jaane Na Tu", sung by Asha Bhosle. The film proved to be 1965's "blockbuster hit". 1967: Anita - In this 1967 suspense film, <mask> appeared alongside Manoj Kumar with whom she had starred in lead role in the blockbuster film Woh Kaun Thi. This was the last film of the suspense-thriller trilogy of Khosla-Sadhana partnership. 1969: Inteqam - This film was directed by R.K. Nayyar, and stars <mask> and Sanjay Khan in lead roles and supported by Ashok Kumar, Jeevan, Rajendra Nath, Rehman, Helen and Anju Mahendru. The film features the first cabaret number song "Aa Jaane Jaan", also a rarity through her career.The film was a


title: Sadhana Shivdasani

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 success at box office and marked the return of <mask> after her brief illness, and her husband directed the film. Her other notable works in the 1960s include performances in Gaban (1966) and Budtameez (1966). <mask> and Shammi Kapoor worked together in 4 films Rajkumar, Budtameez, Sachaai and Chhote Sarkar of which the first 3 were box office hits and the pair got good audience acceptance. 1964: Rajkumar - Rajkumar stars <mask>, Shammi Kapoor, Pran, Prithviraj Kapoor, Om Prakash and Rajindernath. The film was a box office success and has the hit songs "Aaja Aai Bahar", sung by Lata Mangeshkar, "Tumne Pukara Aur Hum Chale Aaye", sung by Mohammed Rafi and Suman Kalyanpur, "Tumne Kisi Ki Jaan Ko" and "Is Rang Badalti Duniya Mein", both sung by Mohammed Rafi. 1969: Sachaai - Sachaai stars <mask>, Shammi Kapoor , Sanjeev Kumar, Helen, Johnny Walker and Pran. This film was a box office hit with songs like " Sau baras ki zindagi", sung by Mohammed Rafi and Asha Bhosle " Ae dost mere maine duniya dekhi hai" , sung by Mohammed Rafi and Manna Dey and " Mere gunaah maaf kar" sung by Mohammed Rafi.1969: Ek Phool Do Mali - This Indian Hindi film of 1969 stars <mask> and Sanjay Khan in lead roles and has hit songs such as "Ye Parda Hata Do", sung by Asha Bhosle and Mohammed Rafi, "Aulad Walo", sung by Asha Bhosle and Mohammed Rafi, "O Nanhe Se Farishte" sung by Mohammed Rafi, "Saiyan Le Gayi Jiya", sung by Asha Bhosle and "Tujhe Suraj Kahoon Ya Chanda" sung by Manna Dey. End of acting career

<mask> had health issues due to her thyroid,

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title: Sadhana Shivdasani

texts:
 which she got treated in Boston. After returning from the US, she starred in the successful movies Intaquam (1969), Ek phool do mali (1969), Sachaai (1969), Dil Daulat Duniya (1972) and Geeta Mera Naam (1974). In Intaquam she played the role of a woman who revengefully lures the son of her own boss who cheated her, to be put behind the bars for a crime he did not commit. In 1974, her directorial venture Geeta Mera Naam was released. Produced by her husband, the film had herself playing the lead actress along with Sunil Dutt and Feroz Khan. It was also Saroj Khan's first film as an independent dance director.The film did "above average" business at the box office. After that, she retired from acting, as she did not want to be cast as a side-actress or do character roles. Later, she and her husband formed a production company. She also produced the movie Pati Parmeshwar, starring Dimple Kapadia in 1989. Personal life
<mask> married her Love in Simla director Ram Krishna Nayyar on 7 March 1966. Their love blossomed on the film set. But as she was very young then, her parents opposed it.They were married for nearly thirty years, until his death in 1995 from asthma. The couple had no children. In 2013, she stated that she doesn't keep in touch with her first cousin Babita but does keep in touch with actresses such as Asha Parekh, Waheeda Rehman, Nanda and Helen Jairag Richardson. She suffered from eye problems due to hyperthyroidism. After her retirement from acting, she refused to be photographed. Living in Santacruz, Mumbai,