title: Paul K. Charlton

texts:
 Wall Street Journal explained further allegations: that the Department of Justice intentionally delayed part of the investigation of Renzi until after the November 2006 election. They wrote:

Further, the Journal noted that investigators had lobbied Washington for clearance to tap Renzi's phone for months. That clearance was only given in October 2006, but unfortunately for the investigators, word broke of the investigation soon after, disrupting their wiretap.On April 24, 2007, <mask> revealed to House investigators that Brian Murray, Renzi's top aide, called Charlton spokesman Wyn Hornbuckle shortly after news of Renzi's investigation became public, asking for information on the case. <mask>, in turn, notified the Department of Justice about the call. Justice, however, had not previously notified Congress of the contact. A second motivation for removing <mask> may have been the suggestions of Justice official Brent Ward, who said in a September 20, 2006 e-mail that <mask> was "unwilling to take good cases." Ward's reason for discounting <mask> appeared to be the US attorney's reluctance to pursue obscenity charges against adult video manufacturers in connection to Attorney General Alberto Gonzales's Obscenity Prosecution Task Force. After a disagreement over initiating the tape-recording of interviews and confessions by the FBI on American Indian reservations, which <mask> supported and the Justice Department opposed, <mask> offered to resign. In his congressional testimony on March 6, 2007, <mask> said he found "no small amount of irony" in the fact that he was eventually fired.The Justice Department reversed its longstanding no-recording policy in May 2014, now requiring federal law enforcement agencies to tape-record interviews with

masks: Charlton Charlton Charlton Charlton Charlton Charlton Charlton Charlton


title: Paul K. Charlton

type: original

texts:
 suspects in most instances. <mask> was quoted,

The most difficult part of proving a crime is the state of mind, and that is almost always obtained through a statement of the suspect. It was an unjustifiable policy. I think this one of the most significant improvements in the criminal justice system in a long time. <mask> had clashed with the Bush Administration over the death penalty; in at least two cases he did not seek capital punishment but was overruled from Washington. In its  formal investigation regarding the firing of the US Attorneys, the Department of Justice's Office of Inspector General found as follows:

We concluded that the most significant factor in <mask>'s removal was his actions in a death penalty case. <mask> persistently opposed the Department's decision to seek the death penalty in a homicide case, and he irritated Department leaders by seeking a meeting with the Attorney General to urge him to reconsider his decision.We are troubled that Department officials considered <mask>'s actions in the death penalty case, including requesting a meeting with the Attorney General, to be inappropriate. We do not believe his actions were insubordinate or that they justified his removal. Since leaving the U.S. Attorney's Office, <mask> was awarded Arizona's State Bar Criminal Justice Award, the University of Arizona Alumni Association Public Service Award and the Phoenix Business Journal's Most Admired Leaders Award. See also
 Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
 Alberto Gonzales
 <mask>
 Rick Renzi

References

External links
Steptoe & Johnson LLP: <mask> - Partner
<mask> Profile on LawTally

Living people
Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
United States Attorneys for the District of Arizona
Year of birth missing (living

masks:
Charlton
Charlton
Charlton
Charlton
Charlton
Charlton
Kyle Sampson
Paul Charlton
Paul Charlton


title: Philip Melanchthon

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and an influential designer of educational systems. He stands next to Luther and John Calvin as a reformer, theologian, and moulder of Protestantism. Melanchthon along with Luther denounced what they believed was the exaggerated cult of the saints, asserted justification by faith, and denounced what they considered to be the coercion of the conscience in the sacrament of penance (confession and absolution), which they believed could not offer certainty of salvation. Both rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation, i.e. that the bread and wine of the eucharist are converted by the Holy Spirit into the flesh and blood of Christ; however, they affirmed that Christ's body and blood are present with the elements of bread and wine in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. This Lutheran view of sacramental union contrasts with the understanding of the Roman Catholic Church that the bread and wine cease to be bread and wine at their consecration (while retaining the appearances of both). Melanchthon made his distinction between law and gospel the central formula for Lutheran evangelical insight.By the "law", he meant God's requirements both in Old and New Testament; the "gospel" meant the free gift of grace through faith in Jesus Christ. Early life and education

He was born <mask> on 16 February 1497, at Bretten where his father Georg Schwarzerdt (1459-1508) was armorer to <mask>, Count Palatine of the Rhine. The mother was Barbara Reuter (1476/77–1529). His birthplace,

masks:
Philip Melanchthon
Philipp Schwartzerdt
Philipp Schwartzerdt
Philip


title: Philip Melanchthon

texts: along with almost the whole city of Bretten, was burned in 1689 by French troops during the War of the Palatinate Succession. The town's Melanchthonhaus was built on its site in 1897. In 1507 he was sent to the Latin school at Pforzheim, where the rector, Georg Simler of Wimpfen, introduced him to the Latin and Greek poets and to Aristotle. He was influenced by his great-uncle Johann Reuchlin, a Renaissance humanist; it was Reuchlin who suggested <mask> follow a custom common among humanists of the time and change his surname from "Schwartzerdt" (literally 'black earth'), into the Greek equivalent "Melanchthon" (Μελάγχθων).<mask> was only eleven when in 1508 both his grandfather (17 October) and father (27 October) died within eleven days. He and a brother were brought to Pforzheim to live with his maternal grandmother, Elizabeth Reuter, sister of Reuchlin. The next year he entered the University of Heidelberg, where he studied philosophy, rhetoric, and astronomy/astrology, and became known as a scholar of Greek. Denied the master's degree in 1512 on the grounds of his youth, he went to Tübingen, where he continued humanistic studies but also worked on jurisprudence, mathematics, and medicine. While there he was also taught the technical aspects of astrology by Johannes Stöffler. After gaining a master's degree in 1516 he began to study theology. Under the influence of Reuchlin, Erasmus, and others, he became convinced that true Christianity was something different from the scholastic theology as taught at the university.He became a conventor (repentant) in the contubernium and instructed younger scholars. He also lectured on oratory, on Virgil and on Livy. His first publications were a

masks: Philipp Philipp


title: Philip Melanchthon

texts:
 number of poems in a collection edited by Jakob Wimpfeling (), the preface to Reuchlin's Epistolae clarorum virorum (1514), an edition of Terence (1516), and a Greek grammar (1518). Professor at Wittenberg

Opposed as a reformer at Tübingen, he accepted a call to the University of Wittenberg from Martin Luther on the recommendation of his great-uncle, and became professor of Greek there at the age of 21. He studied the Scriptures, especially of Paul, and Evangelical doctrine. Attending the disputation of Leipzig (1519) as a spectator, he nonetheless participated with his comments. After his views were attacked by Johann Eck, Melanchthon replied based on the authority of Scripture in his Defensio contra Johannem Eckium (Wittenberg, 1519).Following lectures on the Gospel of Matthew and the Epistle to the Romans, together with his investigations into Pauline doctrine, he was granted the degree of bachelor of theology, and transferred to the theological faculty. He married Katharina Krapp (Katharina article from the German Wikipedia), (1497–1557) daughter of Wittenberg's mayor, on 25 November 1520. They had four children: Anna (Anna article from the German Wikipedia), <mask>, Georg, and Magdalen. Theological disputes

In the beginning of 1521 in his Didymi Faventini versus Thomam Placentinum pro M. Luthero oratio (Wittenberg, n.d.), he defended Luther. He argued that Luther rejected only papal and ecclesiastical practises which were at variance with Scripture. But while Luther was absent at Wartburg Castle, during the disturbances caused by the Zwickau prophets, Melanchthon wavered. The appearance of Melanchthon's Loci communes rerum theologicarum seu hypotyposes theologicae (Wittenberg and


title: Philip Melanchthon

texts:
 offering of the body and blood in the symbols of bread and wine. Melanchthon discussed Bucer's views with the most prominent adherents of Luther; but Luther himself would not agree to a mere veiling of the dispute.Melanchthon's relation to Luther was not disturbed by his work as a mediator, although Luther for a time suspected that Melanchthon was "almost of the opinion of Zwingli" nevertheless he desired to "share his heart with him". During his sojourn in Tübingen in 1536 <mask> was heavily criticised by Cordatus, preacher in Niemeck, because he had taught that works are necessary for salvation. In the second edition of his Loci (1535), he abandoned his earlier strict doctrine of determinism which went even beyond that of Augustine of Hippo and in its place taught more clearly his so-called Synergism. He repudiated the criticism of Cordatus in a letter to Luther and his other colleagues stating that he had never departed from their common teachings on this subject and in the Antinomian Controversy of 1537 Melanchthon was in harmony with Luther. Controversies with Flacius

The final period of Melanchthon's life began with controversies over the Interims and the Adiaphora (1547). He rejected the Augsburg Interim, which the emperor sought to force upon the defeated Protestants. During negotiations concerning the Leipzig Interim he made controversial concessions.In agreeing to various Roman Catholic usages, Melanchthon held the opinion that they are adiaphora, if nothing is changed in the pure doctrine and the sacraments which Jesus instituted. However he disregarded the position that concessions made under such circumstances have to be regarded as a denial of Evangelical convictions.


title: Philip Melanchthon

texts:
 received him not; but as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God." When Caspar Peucer, his son-in-law, asked him if he wanted anything, he replied, "Nothing but heaven." His body was buried beside Luther's in the Schloßkirche in Wittenberg. He is commemorated in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod on 16 February, his birthday, and in the calendar of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on 25 June, the date of the presentation of the Augsburg Confession. Estimation of his works and character
Melanchthon's importance for the Reformation lay essentially in the fact that he systematized Luther's ideas, defended them in public, and made them the basis of a religious education. These two figures, by complementing each other, could be said to have harmoniously achieved the results of the Reformation. Melanchthon was impelled by Luther to work for the Reformation; his own inclinations would have kept him a student.Without Luther's influence <mask> would have been "a second Erasmus", although his heart was filled with a deep religious interest in the Reformation. While Luther scattered the sparks among the people, Melanchthon by his humanistic studies won the sympathy of educated people and scholars for the Reformation. Besides Luther's strength of faith, <mask>'s many-sidedness and calmness, as well as his temperance and love of peace, had a share in the success of the movement. Both were aware of their mutual position and they thought of it as a divine necessity of their common calling. Melanchthon wrote in 1520, "I would rather die than be separated from Luther", whom he afterward compared to Elijah, and called "the man full of the

masks: Melanchthon Melanchthon


title: Philip Melanchthon

texts: Holy Ghost". In spite of the strained relations between them in the last years of Luther's life, Melanchthon exclaimed at Luther's death, "Dead is the horseman and chariot of Israel who ruled the church in this last age of the world!" On the other hand, Luther wrote of Melanchthon, in the preface to Melanchthon's Kolosserkommentar (1529), "I had to fight with rabble and devils, for which reason my books are very warlike.I am the rough pioneer who must break the road; but Master <mask> comes along softly and gently, sows and waters heartily, since God has richly endowed him with gifts." Luther also did justice to Melanchthon's teachings, praising one year before his death in the preface to his own writings Melanchthon's revised Loci above them and calling Melanchthon "a divine instrument which has achieved the very best in the department of theology to the great rage of the devil and his scabby tribe." It is remarkable that Luther, who vehemently attacked men like Erasmus and Bucer, when he thought that truth was at stake, never spoke directly against Melanchthon, and even during his melancholy last years conquered his temper. The strained relation between these two men never came from external things, such as human rank and fame, much less from other advantages, but always from matters of church and doctrine, and chiefly from the fundamental difference of their individualities; they repelled and attracted each other "because nature had not formed out of them one man." It cannot be denied, however, that Luther was the more magnanimous, for however much he was at times dissatisfied with Melanchthon's actions, he never uttered a word against his private character; however Melanchthon


title: Philip Melanchthon

texts:
 method of theological study, so that it may safely be said that by his influence every department of theology was advanced even if he was not always a pioneer. As professor and philosopher

As a philologist and pedagogue Melanchthon was the spiritual heir of the South German Humanists, of men like Reuchlin, Jakob Wimpfeling, and Rodolphus Agricola, who represented an ethical conception of the humanities. The liberal arts and a classical education were for him paths, not only towards natural and ethical philosophy, but also towards divine philosophy. The ancient classics were for him in the first place the sources of a purer knowledge, but they were also the best means of educating the youth both by their beauty of form and by their ethical content. By his organizing activity in the sphere of educational institutions and by his compilations of Latin and Greek grammars and commentaries, Melanchthon became the founder of the learned schools of Evangelical Germany, a combination of humanistic and Christian ideals.In philosophy also <mask> was the teacher of the whole German Protestant world. The influence of his philosophical compendia ended only with the rule of the Leibniz-Wolff school. He started from scholasticism; but with the contempt of an enthusiastic Humanist he turned away from it and came to Wittenberg with the plan of editing the complete works of Aristotle. Under the dominating religious influence of Luther his interest abated for a time, but in 1519 he edited the Rhetoric and in 1520 the Dialectic. The relation of philosophy to theology is characterized, according to him, by the distinction between Law and Gospel. The former, as a light of nature, is innate; it also contains the


title: Philip Melanchthon

texts:
 great stress upon prayer, daily meditation on the Bible, and attendance of public service.See also
 Gottlob Frege, notable descendant of <mask>
 List of Erasmus's correspondents
 Dimitrije Ljubavić
 Philippists
 Ubiquitarians

Notes

References

Works cited

 This article incorporates material from this public-domain publication. This article incorporates material from this public-domain publication. Further reading

External links

Works at Open Library

 Examen eorum, qui oudiuntur ante ritum publicae ordinotionis, qua commendatur eis ministerium EVANGELLI: Traditum Vuitebergae, Anno 1554, at Opolska Biblioteka Cyfrowa

1497 births
1560 deaths
16th-century German Protestant theologians
16th-century male writers
16th-century Latin-language writers
Burials at All Saints' Church, Wittenberg
Critics of the Catholic Church
German astrologers
16th-century astrologers
16th-century German astronomers
German Lutheran clergy
German Lutheran theologians
German male non-fiction writers
German Protestant Reformers
German Renaissance humanists
German evangelicals
Heidelberg University alumni
Lay theologians
Lutheran biblical scholars
Lutheran sermon writers
People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
People from Bretten
People from the Margraviate of Baden

Translators of the Bible into German
University of Wittenberg


title: Jerry Bowyer

texts:
Gerald "<mask><mask> (born 1962) is an American investment manager, author, and columnist. He is a former radio and broadcasting host who has also been extensively involved in public affairs, political writing, and investment activities. Early career
<mask>, an accountant at the time, began what his biography calls his "first professional position" in 1990 at Arthur Andersen, then one of the six largest accounting firms in the United States. He left the firm in 1993 to work briefly as the vice president of the Beechwood Company, the holding company for Federated Investors, a mutual fund business. Media

<mask> started in broadcast media in 1993 as the host of WPIT-FM’s Cross-Town Perspectives program. Beginning in October 1999, he hosted The Jerry Bowyer Program on WPTT radio in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, a live 3-hour program focusing on business, politics and current events. He left WPTT in July 2005.Beginning in September 2005, <mask> was the host on an afternoon show on Christian talk radio station WORD-FM in Pittsburgh. He left in February 2006 after suffering chest pains after cross-country skiing. <mask> posted a message to listeners citing an ongoing stress-related illness and the need to scale back. <mask> has also been on many television programs. He is the former host of religious broadcaster Cornerstone TeleVision’s syndicated program Focus on the Issues. He also previously hosted Pennsylvania Newsmakers, a public affairs television program that airs through much of Pennsylvania. <mask> is also the former host of WorldView, a Sunday-morning political talk show that is syndicated on approximately 2 dozen TV stations.In his bio, <mask> mentions interviews done for the show that include those of Vice President Dick Cheney; Lynne Cheney, the Vice President’s wife; Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice; Presidential advisor Karl Rove; former Attorney General Edwin Meese; and publisher and former Republican presidential candidate Steve Forbes. <mask> has also

masks:
Jerry
" Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer


title: Jerry Bowyer

texts:
 been a guest on television programs, and has received criticism for statements surrounding universal healthcare aiding in terrorism. Public affairs and political writing

In 1993, <mask> was the founding president of the Allegheny Institute for Public Policy. The institute's "political arm" was the Allegheny Institute Taxpayer Coalition. In January 1997, the Pittsburgh Business Times reported that the "views of [<mask>'s] conservative think tank, the Allegheny Institute for Public Policy, were informally adopted last year by the newly elected Republican county commission majority." The institute was launched by Richard Mellon Scaife and has been funded in large part by the various Scaife Foundations; of the $3.8 million in grants to the Institute between 1995 and 2005, more than $3.5 million came from four of those foundations. <mask> resigned as head of the institute in early 2001 to spend more time with his radio and television activities.He was succeeded by Jake Haulk, PhD, a long-time employee of the institute. <mask> is the author of The Bush Boom: How a Misunderestimated President Fixed a Broken Economy, published by Allegiance Press in October 2003, and The Free Market Capitalist's Survival Guide: How to Invest and Thrive in an Era of Rampant Socialism, published by HarperCollins in February 2011. He is a weekly contributor to Forbes.com, and an occasional contributor to Forbes magazine. He also occasionally contributes to The Wall Street Journal. Business interests
<mask> was chairman of the board of Impact Total Return Portfolio, a mutual fund. (also known as "IMPACT Management Investment Trust"). He was an economic advisor to Independence Portfolio Partners  and a member of the investment committee of Blue Vase Capital Management.He was also a director of Gundaker/Jordan American Holdings, a financial services company, from May 2001 until late 2002. <mask> is the founder of Newsmakers Leadership Group, "a research and media company targeted at

masks: Bowyer Bowyer Bowyer Bowyer Bowyer Bowyer


title: Jerry Bowyer

texts:
 leaders", and its research and consulting arm, Verity Research & Media. Verity produces the Pennsylvania Newsmakers show, and does other research and media work. He is also the chairman of Bowyer Media, a company specializing in radio and television production, print and internet publishing, and economic analysis. <mask> is an economist for the Ronald Blue & Co. Investment Policy Committee, where he has helped to develop an approach to economics and investment known as Principled Reasoning. Principled Reasoning seeks to replace predominant academic models for portfolio risk assessment which are based on variability or volatility with models based on adherence with certain fundamental principles of human flourishing. According to a Principled Reasoning approach to risk, when nations violate fundamental principles they add inherent risk to their investment climate requiring higher risk premiums in valuations in order to compensate for the higher risk level.Personal
<mask> graduated from Robert Morris University. He lives in Boston, Pennsylvania, with his wife, Susan. The two have home-schooled their seven children. In the early 1990s, <mask> was the executive director of the National Reform Association, an organization with close ties to the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America,. He called for creation of a "theocracy" in America: "Christocracy, the rule of Christ over the nation," he called it once, according to a 1999 Washington Post article. <mask> changed his position on religion and state in the mid 90s and frequently asserted his disagreements with the religious right and agreements with the position of the founding fathers on his radio program. <mask> has previously blogged on crosswalk.com, a "Christ-centered, for-profit corporation", and is an Anglican Vestryman.References

External links
<mask>'s personal website

1962 births
Living people
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
Robert Morris University alumni
Human Events

masks:
Jerry Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer


title: Charles de Morny, Duke of Morny

texts:
<mask>, 1er <mask> () (15–16 September 1811, Switzerland10 March 1865, Paris) was a French statesman. Biography
Morny was born in Switzerland, and was the extra-marital son of <mask>s (the wife of Louis Bonaparte and queen of Holland) and <mask>, Comte <mask>lahaut, making him half-brother of Emperor Napoleon III and grandson of Talleyrand. His birth was duly registered in a misleading certificate, which made him the legitimate son of Auguste Jean Hyacinthe Demorny, and born in Paris on 23 October 1811, and described as a landowner of St. Domingo. M. Demorny was in fact an officer in the Prussian army and a native of St. Domingo, though he owned no land there or elsewhere. Morny was educated by his grandmother, <mask>ïde Filleul. After a brilliant school and college career the future duc <mask> received a commission in the army, and the next year he entered the staff college. The comte <mask>y, as he was called by a polite fiction, served in Algeria in 1834–1835 (during the French conquest of Algeria) as aide-de-camp to General Camille Alphonse Trezel, whose life he saved under the walls of Constantine.When Morny returned to Paris in 1838, he secured a solid position in the business world by establishing a major beet-sugar industry at Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne and by writing a pamphlet Sur la question des sucres in 1838. In these and other lucrative speculations he was helped by his mistress Françoise Mosselman, the beautiful and wealthy wife of the Belgian ambassador, <mask> Joseph Le Hon, Comte Le Hon. Eventually there were few great commercial

masks:
Charles Auguste Louis Joseph de Morny
Duc de Morny
Hortense de Beauharnai
Charles Joseph
de F
Adela
de Morny
de Morn
Charles Aimé


title: Charles de Morny, Duke of Morny

texts: enterprises in Paris in which he did not have an interest. Although Morny sat as deputy for Clermont-Ferrand from 1842 onwards, he took at first no important part in party politics, but he was heard with respect on industrial and financial questions. He supported the government of Louis Philippe, because revolution threatened his commercial interests, but before the Revolutions of 1848, by which he was temporarily ruined, he considered converting to the Bourbon legitimist cause represented by the Comte <mask>. His attitude was expressed by the witticism with which he is said to have replied to a lady who asked what he would do if the Chamber were "swept out." "Range myself on the side of the broom handle," was his answer.Presently he was admitted to the intimate circle of his half-brother Louis Napoleon, and he helped to engineer the coup d'état of 2 December 1851 on the morrow of which he was appointed to head the ministry of the interior. After six months in office, during which Morny showed his political opponents moderation and tact, he resigned his portfolio, ostensibly because he disapproved of the confiscation of the Bourbon-Orléans property but really because Napoleon, influenced by Morny's rivals, resented his claim to a foremost place in the government as a member of the Bonaparte family. He then resumed his financial speculations. When in 1854 the Emperor appointed him president of the Corps Législatif, a position which he filled for the rest of his life, he used his official rank to assist his schemes. In 1856, Morny was sent as special envoy to


title: Charles de Morny, Duke of Morny

texts: the coronation of <mask> of Russia and brought home a wife, Princess Sophie Troubetzkoi, who through her connections greatly strengthened his social position. Sophie was legally daughter of Prince Sergey Vasilyevich Trubetskoy, but may have been the illegitimate daughter of Nicholas I of Russia. In 1862, Morny was created a Duke.It is said that he aspired to the throne of Mexico, and that the French expedition sent to place Archduke Maximilian on the throne was prompted by Napoleon III's desire to thwart this ambition. In spite of occasional disagreements, <mask>'s influence with the emperor remained great, and the liberal policies which he advocated enabled him to serve the imperial cause through his influence with the leaders of the opposition, the most conspicuous of whom, Émile Ollivier, was detached from his colleagues by Morny's efforts. But while he was laying the foundations of the "Liberal Empire" his health deteriorated and was further injured by quack medicines. The emperor and the empress visited him just before his death in Paris on 10 March 1865. Morny's valuable collection of pictures, including Jean-Honoré Fragonard's The Swing, was sold after his death. In spite of his undoubted wit and social gifts, Morny failed to secure the distinction he desired as a dramatist, and none of his pieces, which appeared under the pseudonym of M. <mask> Rémy, including Sur la grande route, M. Choufleuri restera chez lui le . . ., and the Les finesses du mari, among others, met with success on the stage.M<mask> Chenneviėres, the director of the Beaux-Arts,

masks:
Alexander II
Morny
de St
. de


title: Charles de Morny, Duke of Morny

texts:
 admired Morny's taste in pictures as well as the man himself. <mask> <mask> was, he opined,"the most perfectly polite, the most elegant, the best bred man of his time". Thoroughbred horse racing
Morny played an important role in the development of the thoroughbred horse racing and breeding industry in France. In 1860, he purchased the English Triple Crown champion West Australian and brought him to France for breeding purposes. In 1862 Morny built the Deauville-La Touques Race Course near Deauville. The Prix Morny is named in his honour. Family

He had married at Saint Petersburg on 7 January 1857, Princess <mask>na Trubetskaya (Moscow, 25 March 18368 August 1898), the only daughter of Prince Sergey Vasilyevich Trubetskoy (181412 May (30 April Old Style), 1859) and his wife Ekaterina Petrovna Mussina-Pushkina (1 February 1816c.1897). Their children included:
 Marie Eugenie <mask> (1857–1883), who married a Spanish noble, José Ramón Gil Francisco <mask>ja Nicolás Osório <mask> Heredia, 9th Conde de La Corzana (1854–1919), in 1877 in Madrid, and had a son:
 José Osorio <mask> <mask> (Madrid, 1878Madrid, 1905). He married María de la Purificación Dorticos-Marín y León, Marquesa de Marín (1878–1928), in 1902 in Madrid. He had no children. <mask> Louis Valentin <mask> (1859–1920), who succeeded his father as the 2nd Duc <mask>y. He married Carlota <mask>-Blanco y <mask>ra (Caracas, 1869Courbevoie, 1939) in 1886 in Paris and had three children:
 <mask> <mask>, 3rd Duc <mask>y (1889–1935), unmarried and without issue. <mask> <mask>, 4th Duc <mask>y (1896–1943),

masks:
Charles de
Morny
Sofia Sergeyev
de Morny
de Bor
y de
y de
Morny
Auguste Charles
de Morny
de Morn
de Guzmán
de Ybar
Auguste de
Morny
de Morn
Antoine de
Morny
de Morn


title: Charles de Morny, Duke of Morny

texts:
 unmarried and without issue.Anna Teresa <mask> (1890–1924), unmarried and without issue. <mask> <mask> (1861–1922), who died unmarried and without issue. <mask> (Missy) <mask> (1863–1944), who married Jacques Godart, 6th <mask> Belbeuf (1850–1906) in 1881 in Madrid and divorced him in 1903; without issue. Theatrical interests
<mask> was influential in the early career of Sarah Bernhardt. In her autobiography, My Double Life, Bernhardt recounts that at a family conference which <mask>y attended as a family friend, the purpose of which was to determine what Bernhardt was to do with her future life, <mask> suggested that she be sent to the Conservatoire. The family took him up on the suggestion and her life turned to the theatre. Notes

References

Attribution:
.Endnotes:
 H. Castille, M<mask> <mask> (1859), an <mask> la Guéronniére, Etudes et portraits politique. ;  (1856). See the literature dealing with Napoleon III., and the article on Flahaut <mask> Billarderie;
 F. Loliée, Le Duc de Momy, adapted by B. O'Donnell. A volume, Extraits des mémoires de Alamy: Une Ambassade eh Russie 1856, was published in 1892. The figure of the duc <mask>y appears in the novel Duc de Mora of Le Nabab by Alphonse <mask> (1877, English: The Nabob, 1878) — <mask>t had been one of Morny's secretaries. Further reading

, pp. 40–64

External links

 Coat of arms  (in French)

1811 births
1865 deaths
Sportspeople from Paris
Dukes of Morny
French racehorse owners and breeders
French art collectors
French interior ministers
19th-century French politicians
Burials at Père Lachaise

masks:
de Morny
Serge de
Morny
Sophie Mathilde
de Morny
Marquis de
De Morny
de Morn
de Morny
. de
Morny
Arthur de
de la
de Morn
Daudet
Daude


title: Madison Brengle

texts:
<mask> (born April 3, 1990) is an American professional tennis player. Her biggest success occurred in early 2015, reaching her first WTA Tour final in January, followed by a fourth round Grand Slam appearance at the Australian Open. In May, she reached a career-high singles ranking of No. 35. Her greatest victory came in 2017 over world No. 2, Serena Williams. She has won two WTA Challenger singles titles, 15 ITF singles titles, and seven ITF doubles titles.In August 2007, she was ranked fourth in the world in juniors. <mask> then toiled for years in the ITF Circuit. Over the course of 24 consecutive majors between 2008 and 2014, she failed to make it out of the pre-tournament qualifier. The streak ended when she earned a wildcard for the 2014 US Open main draw, which she capitalized on for her first major match-win. Her ranking soon rose into the top 100 for the first time in September 2014. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Dover, Delaware, and is Jewish. Her mother (Gaby née Gamberg) coaches her, her father is <mask>, and she has a brother named David.Playing style
<mask> is what some coaches call a scrappy player, and her game is built around counter-punching and outlasting her opponents in long rallies while waiting for her opponent's error. When serving she uses an abbreviated service motion. Her forehand has a low follow-through. Sometimes on her backhand she will drive the ball flat, using a half-swing. Brengle moves quickly around the court, and is willing to battle to win her matches. Junior career
As a teenager, <mask> participated in an experimental USTA training regimen. In 2006, she won the Easter Bowl doubles championships with Kristy Frilling, defeating Sanaz Marand and Ashley Weinhold in the final.In 2007, <mask> reached the Australian Open girls' singles final, before going down to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. <mask> and Julia Cohen were the top seeds at the 2007 French

masks:
Madison Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Dan Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle


title: Madison Brengle

texts:
 Open girls' doubles competition, but the team lost in the first round. Seeded seventh, <mask> lost in the final of the Wimbledon girls' singles competition to Urszula Radwańska, in three sets. <mask> and Chelsey Gullickson reached the girls' doubles semifinals there before losing to top seeds and eventual champions, Pavlyuchenkova and Radwańska. In August 2007, she was ranked fourth in the world in juniors. Professional career

2005-2006: Early years, first ITF title

2005 saw <mask> win her first ITF title, when, as a 15-year-old, she won a tournament in Baltimore. In the final, she defeated Beau Jones.2007-2008: Grand Slam debut
In 2007, <mask> received wildcard entries into two Grand Slam tournaments, losing in the first round both times. Accepted into the Australian Open main draw, <mask> lost to ninth-seeded Patty Schnyder. She was allowed another wildcard into the US Open, where she lost to Bethanie Mattek-Sands. <mask> and Ashley Weinhold were doubles wildcards, but lost in the first round of the doubles competition to eventual quarterfinalists, Stéphanie Foretz and Yaroslava Shvedova. <mask> won her first WTA match of the season in August by defeating former top-20 player Flavia Pennetta, before losing to Elena Dementieva in the following round at the 2007 East West Bank Classic WTA tournament in Los Angeles. In addition, earlier in the year, the American reached the second round of the 2007 French Open qualifying draw. On the ITF Circuit, Brengle reached three out of four singles finals in the first four months of the year.<mask> and Kristy Frilling won an ITF doubles title in Augusta, Georgia. In the final, the team defeated Angelina Gabueva and Alisa Kleybanova. In 2008, <mask> received a wildcard into the French Open (after winning a wildcard tournament), defeating Ahsha Rolle in the finals. The US Open and the French Open agreed to exchange wildcards in their respective

masks: Brengle Brengle Brengle Brengle Brengle Brengle Brengle Brengle Brengle


title: Madison Brengle

texts:
 tournaments. 2011-2013
In 2011, <mask> finally won her second ITF title at Hammond, LA. She also reached the final at another ITF event at Rancho Santa Fe, California. At College Park, she defeated recent Wimbledon third rounder Melinda Czink to win her first WTA Tour match since Quebec City in 2009.In 2012, <mask> won her third ITF title at Fort Walton Beach, Florida. She also won the doubles title with Paula Kania of Poland. And in 2013, she won her fourth ITF title at Rancho Santa Fe. 2014: First Grand Slam match-win, top 100 debut
<mask> had a strong start to her 2014 season, qualifying through to the main draw at the Hobart International, but was narrowly defeated in the first round by top seed Samantha Stosur in a final-set tiebreak. The next week, she was in touching distance of a main-draw berth at the Australian Open, but lost to Irina-Camelia Begu in the final qualifying round. In July, she won the $50k Kentucky Bank Championships, beating Nicole Gibbs in the final. Later in the year, she was awarded a wildcard into the main draw of the US Open, where she recorded her first ever Grand Slam win over Julia Glushko of Israel.She moved into the top 100 for first time on September 29, 2014, after winning the $50k event Redrock Open in Las Vegas defeating Nicole Vaidišová, Kateryna Bondarenko and Michelle Larcher de Brito, all in straight sets. 2015-16: Australian Open fourth round, top 50 debut, career-high ranking

At the 2015 Australian Open <mask> defeated the 13th-ranked Andrea Petkovic in the first round. Then, she won in straight sets against both Irina Falconi and CoCo Vandeweghe, eventually losing in the fourth round to <mask>, 2–6, 4–6. This was her best performance in a Grand Slam tournament so far. In Stuttgart, she defeated No. 4 ranked Petra Kvitová, in straight sets. In May 2015, her singles ranking reached a career-best of No.35 in the world. She finished the 2015 season

masks:
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Madison Keys


title: Madison Brengle

texts:
 ranked No. 40. In 2016 in Dubai, she defeated No. 8 ranked Kvitová in three sets. 2017: First Wimbledon third round
<mask> began the season with an upset win over compatriot and world No. 2, Serena Williams, at the Auckland Open.Then, she won the $60k tournaments of Charlottesville and Charleston. At Wimbledon, she beat No. 12 ranked Petra Kvitová in the second round. 2020-2021: Second US Open and second Wimbledon third rounds
At the US Open, <mask> reached the third round for a second time since 2015 where she was defeated by eventual quarterfinalist Shelby Rogers. She also reached the third round at Wimbledon for the second time in her career, and sixth at a major overall, defeating two fellow Americans en route Christina McHale and fourth seed, world No. 6 and former Grand Slam champion, Sofia Kenin. Honors
In 2016, <mask> was named to the Delaware Tennis Hall of Fame.She was the youngest person ever to be inducted into the Hall of Fame. That year, she was also the first tennis player granted the Delaware Sportswriters & Broadcasters Association's John J. Brady Delaware Athlete of the Year Award. Performance timelines

Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win/loss records. Singles
Current through the 2022 Qatar Open. Doubles

WTA career finals

Singles: 1 (1 runner–up)

WTA 125 tournament finals

Singles: 2 (2 titles)

ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 27 (16 titles, 11 runner–ups)

Doubles: 12 (7 titles, 5 runner–ups)

Head-to-head record

Record against top 10 players
Active players are in boldface. Wins over top 10 players

See also
 List of select Jewish tennis players

Notes

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
American female tennis players
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish tennis players
People from Dover, Delaware
Tennis people from Delaware
21st-century American

masks: Brengle Brengle Brengle


title: Jean Victor Marie Moreau

texts:
<mask> (14 February 1763 – 2 September 1813) was a French general who helped Napoleon Bonaparte to power, but later became a rival and was banished to the United States. Biography

Rise to fame
<mask> was born at Morlaix in Brittany. His father was a successful lawyer, and instead of allowing Moreau to enter the army, as he attempted to do, insisted on Moreau studying law at the University of Rennes. Young Moreau showed no inclination for law, but reveled in the freedom of student life. Instead of taking his degree, he continued to live with the students as their hero and leader, and formed them into a sort of army, which he commanded as their provost. When 1789 came, he commanded the students in the daily affrays which took place at Rennes between the young noblesse and the populace. In 1791, Moreau was elected a lieutenant colonel of the volunteers of Ille-et-Vilaine.With them he served under Charles François Dumouriez, and in 1793 the good order of his battalion, and his own martial character and republican principles, secured his promotion as général de brigade. Lazare Carnot promoted Moreau to be général de division early in 1794, and gave him command of the right wing of the army under Charles Pichegru, in Flanders. The 1794 Battle of Tourcoing established <mask>'s military fame, and in 1795 he was given the command of the Army of the Rhine-and-Moselle, with which he crossed the Rhine and advanced into Germany. He was at first completely successful and won several victories and penetrated to the Isar, but at last had to retreat before the Archduke Charles of Austria. However, the skill he displayed in conducting his retreat—which was considered a model for such operations—greatly enhanced his own reputation, the more so as he managed to bring back with him more than 5000 prisoners. Intrigues

In 1797, after prolonged difficulties caused by want of funds and materiel, he crossed the Rhine again, but his operations were checked by the conclusion of the preliminaries of Peace of Leoben between Bonaparte and the Austrians. It was at this time he found a traitorous correspondence

masks:
Jean Victor Marie Moreau
Moreau
Moreau


title: Jean Victor Marie Moreau

texts: between his old comrade and commander Charles Pichegru and the émigré Prince de Condé.He had already appeared as Pichegru's defender against imputations of disloyalty, and now he foolishly concealed his discovery, with the result that he has ever since been suspected of at least partial complicity. Too late to clear himself, he sent the correspondence to Paris and issued a proclamation to the army denouncing Pichegru as a traitor. <mask> was dismissed, and only re-employed in 1799, when the absence of Bonaparte and the victorious advance of the Russian commander Aleksandr Suvorov made it necessary to have some tried and experienced general in Italy. He commanded the Army of Italy, with little success, for a short time before being appointed to the Army of the Rhine, and remained with Barthelemy Catherine Joubert, his successor in Italy, till the battle of Novi had been fought and lost. Joubert fell in the battle, and <mask> then conducted the retreat of the army to Genoa, where he handed over the command to <mask> Championnet. When Bonaparte returned from the French campaign in Egypt and Syria, he found <mask> at Paris, greatly dissatisfied with the French Directory government both as a general and as a republican, and obtained his assistance in the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire, when <mask> commanded the force which confined two of the directors in the Luxembourg Palace. In reward, Napoleon again gave him command of the Army of the Rhine, with which he forced back the Austrians from the Rhine to the Isar.On his return to Paris he married 19-year-old Eugénie Hulot, born in Mauritius and friend of Joséphine de Beauharnais, an ambitious woman who gained a complete ascendancy over him. After spending a few weeks with the army in Germany and winning the celebrated battle of Hohenlinden (3 December 1800), he settled down to enjoy the fortune he had acquired during his campaigns. His wife collected around her all who were discontented with the aggrandisement of Napoleon. This "Club Moreau" annoyed Napoleon, and encouraged the Royalists, but Moreau, though not unwilling to become a military

masks:
Moreau
Moreau
Jean Étienne
Moreau
Moreau


title: Jean Victor Marie Moreau

texts:
 dictator to restore the republic, would be no party to an intrigue for the restoration of Louis XVIII. All this was well known to Napoleon, who seized the conspirators. <mask>'s condemnation was procured only by great pressure being brought to bear by Bonaparte on the judges; and after it was pronounced the First Consul treated him with a pretense of leniency, commuting a sentence of imprisonment to one of banishment. In 1804, Moreau passed through Spain and embarked for America.Banished from France
<mask> arrived with his wife in New York City, in August 1805. He was received with enthusiasm in the United States, but refusing all offers of service he traveled for some time through the country and settled in 1806 in Pennsylvania, where he bought a villa formerly belonging to Robert Morris near the Delaware River in Morrisville, PA, across the river from Trenton. He lived there till 1813, dividing his time between fishing, hunting, and social intercourse. His abode was the refuge of all political exiles, and representatives of foreign powers tried to induce him to raise his sword against Napoleon. At the outbreak of the War of 1812, President Madison offered him the command of the U. S. troops. <mask> was willing to accept, but after hearing the news of the destruction of the Grande Armée in Russia in November 1812, he decided to return to Europe. <mask>, probably at the instigation of his wife, returned to Europe and began to negotiate with an old friend from the circle of republican intriguers: the former <mask> Bernadotte, now Crown prince Charles John of Sweden (later king Charles XIV of Sweden).Charles John and Tsar Alexander I of Russia were now together with the Prussians and the Austrians leading an army against Napoleon. <mask>, who wished to see Napoleon defeated and a republican government installed, gave advice to the Swedish and Russian leaders about how best to defeat France. <mask> was mortally wounded in the Battle of Dresden on 27 August 1813 while he was talking to Tsar Alexander and died on 2 September in Louny. Earlier, on 17 August 1813, the tsar had demanded the

masks:
Moreau
Moreau
Moreau
Moreau
Jean Baptiste
Moreau
Moreau


title: Jean Victor Marie Moreau

texts:
 post of supreme commander of the allied armies for himself, with <mask> and Jomini as his deputies, a request that had been resisted with great difficulty by Austrian Foreign Minister Metternich since the post had already been offered and taken by Field Marshal Schwarzenberg. After <mask> was shot down at his side, the tsar observed to Metternich: "God has uttered his judgment. He was of your opinion". <mask> was buried in the Catholic Church of St. Catherine in St. Petersburg.His wife received a pension from the tsar, and <mask> was given the rank of Marshal of France by Louis XVIII, but the Bonapartists spoke of his "defection" and compared him to Dumouriez and Pichegru. Legacy

<mask>'s fame as a general stands very high, though he was far from possessing Napoleon's gifts. His combinations were skillful and elaborate, and he kept calm under pressure. <mask> was a sincere republican, though his own father was guillotined in the Reign of Terror. His final words, "Soyez tranquilles, messieurs; c'est mon sort," ("Be calm, gentlemen; this is my fate") suggest that he did not regret being removed from his equivocal position as a general in arms against his own country. The town of Moreau, New York is named after him. In popular culture
Valentin Pikul's 1985 novel, Kazhdomu svoyo, centers on Moreau.Notes

References

 Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. Attribution

1763 births
1813 deaths
People from Morlaix
Marshals of France
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Russian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
French military personnel killed in the Napoleonic Wars
University of Rennes alumni
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe
Légion

masks: Moreau Moreau Moreau Moreau Moreau Moreau


title: Kenneth Spence

texts:
<mask> (May 6, 1907 – January 12, 1967) was a prominent American psychologist known for both his theoretical and experimental contributions to learning theory and motivation. As one of the leading theorists of his time, <mask> was the most cited psychologist in the 14 most influential psychology journals in the last six years of his life (1962 – 1967). A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked <mask> as the 62nd most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Personal history

<mask> was born in Chicago on May 6, 1907. In 1911, <mask>'s father, an electrical engineer, moved the family to Montreal, Quebec, Canada when transferred by his employer, Western Electric. <mask> spent his youth and adolescence there, attending West Hill High School in Notre Dame de Grace. While in high school, <mask> was involved in basketball, tennis and track.<mask> sustained a back injury during a track competition while attending McGill University. As part of his physical therapy, <mask> moved to live with his grandmother in LaCrosse, Wisconsin. There, <mask> attended LaCrosse Teacher's College and majored in Physical Education, and met his future wife Isabel Temte. He and Isabel had two children, Shirley Ann <mask>umroy and William James <mask>. <mask> and Isabel later divorced, and <mask> was remarried to Janet A. Taylor, his graduate student, in 1960. <mask> eventually returned to McGill University and changed his major to psychology. He received his B.A.in 1929, and M.A. in 1930. After McGill, <mask> attended Yale University as a research assistant to Robert M. Yerkes. Yerkes sponsored his dissertation, a study on the visual acuity of chimpanzees. <mask> received his PhD from Yale in 1933. While at Yale, <mask> collaborated with Walter Shipley to test Clark L. Hull's blind alley maze learning in rats, a contribution which led to further publications while pursuing his PhD. <mask> applied to a postdoctoral fellowship to study mathematics after the completion of his graduate training, but his application was rejected by a biologist on the grounds that psychology would never reach a level of precision to require sophisticated mathematical

masks:
Kenneth Wartinbee Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence P
Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence
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Spence


title: Kenneth Spence

texts:
 knowledge.Professional contributions

Discrimination learning
After his PhD, <mask> accepted a position as National Research Council at Yale Laboratories of Primate Biology in Orange Park, Florida from 1933 to 1937. There, <mask> examined discrimination learning in chimpanzees. From this and further research, <mask> developed the continuous learning account of two-choice discrimination learning in rats. As reported by Lashley (1929), rats in a two-choice discrimination task demonstrated an extended period of chance performance, followed by a sudden leap to a high percentage of accurate responding. Lashley explained this phenomenon by suggesting that the rat's essential learning emerged from testing and confirming the correct hypothesis "during the rapidly changing portion of the function, with the practice preceding and the errors following being irrelevant to the final solution." In contrast, <mask> proposed that essential learning was produced through increases in the excitatory tendencies of task-relevant characteristics of the display, and decreases in inhibitory tendencies of the non-relevant characteristics of the display – a continuous learning account not directly detected by the choice measure. Motivation
<mask> moved to the University of Iowa in 1938, and was appointed to the head of the psychology department in 1942.There, <mask> established an eyelid-conditioning lab to study the influence of motivation on classical conditioning, and contributed to Clark Hull's seminal Principles of Behavior book. Like Hull, <mask> believed learning was the result of the interaction between drive and incentive motivation. Unlike Hull, <mask>'s formulation summed drive (D) and incentive motivation (K) instead of multiplying them. This allowed <mask> "to show that increasing motivational level will facilitate performance on tasks in which the correct, to-be-learned response is stronger than those of other response-tendencies elicited by a stimulus, but will deter performance on tasks in which the habit-strength of the correct response is initially weaker than those of competing response-tendencies. He showed also that the mathematical form of the curves

masks: Spence Spence Spence Spence Spence Spence Spence Spence Spence


title: Kenneth Spence

texts:
 obtained when probability of the conditioned response is plotted against successive presentations of the paired stimulus changes systematically with motivational level." <mask> believed that differences in motivation were attributable to internal emotional responses created by an intraorganic brain mechanism. <mask>'s contributions to Hull's Principles of Behavior are commemorated in the book's foreword, where Hull stated: "To <mask><mask> I owe a debt of gratitude which cannot adequately be indicated in this place; from the time when the ideas here put forward were in the process of incubation in my graduate seminar and later when the present work was being planned, on through its many revisions, Dr. <mask> has contributed generously and effectively with suggestions and criticisms, large numbers of which have been utilized without indication of their origin."The variable for incentive motivation (K) was said to have been chosen in honor of <mask>. Teaching
<mask> directed a total of 75 PhD theses, producing faculty members in every major psychology department in the United States. Students of <mask> at Iowa referred to their degrees as PhDs in "theoretical-experimental psychology" due to <mask>'s emphasis on methodological rigor. Influential publications

Discrimination learning
The Nature of Discrimination Learning in Animals, 1936. The Differential Response in Animals to Stimuli Varying Within a Single Dimension, 1937. Continuous Versus Non-continuous Interpretations of Discrimination Learning, 1940. Theoretical
The Nature of Theory Construction in Contemporary Psychology, 1944.The Postulates and Methods of Behaviorism, 1948. Theoretical Interpretations of Learning, 1951. Mathematical Formulations of Learning Phenomena, 1952. Behavior Theory and Conditioning, 1956. Eyelid conditioning
Anxiety and Strength of the UCS as Determiners of the Amount of Eyelid Conditioning, 1951. Cognitive and Drive Factors in the Extinction of the Conditioned Eyeblink in Human Subjects, 1966. References

External links

1907 births
1967 deaths
American psychologists
McGill University Faculty of Science alumni
Yale University alumni
University of Iowa

masks:
Spence
Spence
Kenneth L
. Spence
Spence
Kenneth Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence


title: William Carstares

texts:
<mask> (also Carstaires) (11 February 164928 December 1715) was a minister of the Church of Scotland, active in Whig politics. Early life
Carstares was born at Cathcart, near Glasgow, Scotland, the son of the Rev. <mask>, a Covenanter. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh, and then at the University of Utrecht. In the Netherlands he had an introduction to Gaspar Fagel. Through Fagel he met the Prince of Orange, the future King <mask> of England and II of Scotland, and began to take an active part in politics. During the Third Anglo-Dutch War, Carstares acted as an intelligence agent for the Prince of Orange, making journeys to England as "<mask>".He corresponded with Pierre du Moulin (died 1676), who ran the Prince's espionage. He was suspected by the English, and arrested by warrant in September 1674 on English soil. 1674 to 1689
Carstares was then committed to the Tower of London; the following year, 1675, he was transferred to Edinburgh Castle. He was believed to be concerned with Sir James Stewart in the authorship of a pamphlet An Account of Scotland's Grievances by reason of the D. of Lauderdale's Ministrie, humbly tendered to his Sacred Majesty (1674). John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale himself got Carstares to admit he had been involved in printing the pamphlet. Lauderdale used the threat of the torture of the boot, which could be employed legally in Scotland; but Carstares was not tortured. In August 1679 he was released, one of the government sops to Scottish opinion after the Battle of Bothwell Bridge.He cannot therefore have been the <mask> who was the chief prosecution witness at the trial of <mask> (the first of the Popish Plot trials) in November 1678, although

masks:
William Carstares
John Carstares
William III
William Williams
William Carstares
William Staley


title: William Carstares

texts:
 that Carstares was also a Scotsman, and like his namesake is said to have acted as an intelligence agent. After this, Carstares visited Ireland, joined nonconformist circles in London, and then in 1681 became pastor to a congregation at Theobalds, near Cheshunt in Hertfordshire. The aftermath of the Exclusion Crisis saw him directly involved in conspiracy with the Whig faction. Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll in the Netherlands was in touch with Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury. Carstares provided liaison, while his brother-in-law <mask> was able to use his colonial project in the Province of Carolina as cover for Shaftesbury's preparations for rebellion. During 1682 Carstares was in the Netherlands, but the following year he was again in London. He was implicated in the Rye House Plot, and arrested in July 1683 at Tenterden, Kent, using an assumed name.He denied knowing any of the plot, though he had heard assassination rumours from Robert Ferguson. He was again threatened with torture in London, this time by Sir George Mackenzie. Once more he was transferred to Edinburgh. In July 1684 the Privy Council of Scotland tortured <mask>, Argyll's agent, and Carstares was implicated. Carstares himself, who had seen poor health in his detention, was tortured in September, with the thumbikins, and then the boot, clumsily applied. The next day John Drummond, Secretary of State in Scotland, made a deal with Carstares that his answers would not be used
in court, and had a doctor see him. Carstares then replied to the questions of the council.He signed a statement, managing to conceal the covert links to Dutch supporters, and the government published it. Later that month he was

masks:
William Dulop
William Spence


title: William Carstares

texts:
 moved to Stirling Castle. In the trial of Baillie of Jerviswood, Mackenzie as Lord Advocate found a way to use the statement by Carstares to secure a conviction; Baillie was hanged, drawn and quartered in December 1684. Carstares was freed, and went to London, and then to The Hague shortly before the Monmouth Rebellion, as an adviser to the Prince of Orange. Under <mask>
<mask> was court chaplain to <mask> as Prince of Orange, and at the time of the Williamite Revolution sailed with the Prince to Torbay. He continued as royal chaplain for Scotland, once <mask> was king in Great Britain. He was the confidential adviser of the king, especially with regard to Scottish affairs.He advocated that a Presbyterian polity should replace the Scottish bishops, and the immediate events of the Williamite conflicts bore out his opinion in practical terms. His subsequent influence on matters concerning the Kirk, as a courtier, earned him the nickname "Cardinal Carstares". He also manipulated the Parliament of Scotland, helped by being able to read James Johnston's mail. He was Queenberry's man at court in 1700. Later life
On the accession of Queen Anne, Carstares retained his post as Royal Chaplain in Scotland, residing in Edinburgh, having also been elected Principal of the University of Edinburgh in 1703. He was a reforming administrator, introducing the Dutch professorial system of teaching. From 1704 he was also "second charge" minister of Old Greyfriars under Rev James Hart in Edinburgh, and from 1706 was second charge of St Giles' under Rev George Hamilton.He was four times chosen Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, in 1705, 1708, 1711 and 1715. He took an important part in

masks:
William III
Carstares
William
William


title: William Carstares

texts:
 promoting the Union, and was consulted by Harley and other leading Englishmen concerning it. During Anne's reign, the chief object of his policy was to frustrate the measures which were planned by Lord Oxford to strengthen the Episcopalian Jacobites, especially a bill for extending the privileges of the Episcopalians and the bill for replacing in the hands of the old patrons the right of patronage, which by the Revolution Settlement had been vested in the elders and the Protestant heritors. On the accession of George I, <mask> was appointed, with five others, to welcome the new dynasty in the name of the Church of Scotland. He was received graciously, and the office of royal chaplain was again conferred upon him. A few months after he was struck with apoplexy, and died on 28 December 1715. He is buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh.The grave lies amongst the large monuments on the outer walls of the original churchyard, towards the south-west, slightly north-west of the Adam mausoleum. Family
On 6 June 1682 <mask> married Elizabeth, daughter of Peter Kekewich of Trehawk in Cornwall, who died in 1724. They had no children. He was uncle by marriage to <mask> (1692–1720). Publications

The Scottish Toleration Argued (1712)

See also
List of Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland

References

Principals of the University of Edinburgh
1649 births
1715 deaths
People from Cathcart
Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard
Scottish clergy
Scottish politicians
People of the Rye House Plot
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Scottish torture victims
Torture in Scotland
Judicial torture in Scotland
Ministers of St Giles'

masks:
Carstares
Carstares
William Dunlop


title: Vane Ivanović

texts: Ivan "<mask><mask> (9 June 1913 – 4 April 1999) was a Yugoslav-British athlete, shipowner, political activist, diplomat, writer and philanthropist. One of the founders of the European Movement and the consul general of Monaco in London, he devoted most of his life to the idea of Yugoslav unity. <mask> (pronounced "Vahnay") <mask> (pronounced "Ivanovich") was born in 1913 in Osijek, Austria-Hungary to a Jewish Croat father and a Serb mother. His father, <mask>, was originally born with the surname Kraus but like so many Jewish families feeling persecuted by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, they changed their name and converted to Catholicism. Ivan Rikard subsequently became a representative in Croatia's Sabor (Assembly). His mother, Milica (b. 26 February 1888) was a sister of Dušan Popović, a leading Serb politician in the ruling Croat-Serb Coalition.Svetozar Pribićević, the other leading Serb in the Coalition, was the best man at Rikard and Milica's wedding in July 1912, while Ivan Lorković, member of Ivan Rikard <mask>'s party and the leading Croat in the Coalition, was <mask>'s godfather. <mask> had a younger brother, Vladimir, born 1917, and a younger sister, Daška <mask> (pronounced "Dashka"), born in 1915. Whereas his family background clearly contributed to the development of <mask>'s strong Yugoslav identity, his life in Britain and the education he received there at Westminster School and at Peterhouse, Cambridge (where he read Economics) made him a staunch Anglophile. A rather dandyish figure who often supported an impressive cigar, <mask> appeared to Serbs and Croats an English gentleman who spoke a slightly archaic Croat; to the British he was considered a no less exotic 'Eastern gentleman'. Despite spending much time in Britain, <mask> never sought to be

masks:
Vane
" Stefan Ivanović
Background Vane
Ivanović
Ivan Rikard Ivanović
Ivanović
Ivanović
Ivanović
Ivanović
Ivanović
Ivanović
Ivanović


title: Vane Ivanović

texts:
 naturalised, although he did not hold a Yugoslav passport either. He was also the proud owner of two Dalmatian dogs. In 1930, <mask>, later a member of the British Dalmatian Club, took a pair to Dalmatia -- where the breed originated from -- as a present for his stepfather.Sports
A well-known athlete, <mask> was a member of the Yugoslav team at the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, running the 110-metre and 400-metre hurdles. He was the undisputed Yugoslav champion in both disciplines throughout the 1930s. At the event, he was among the number of athletes who refused to give Hitler the Nazi salute. In 110m he reached the semi-finals in Berlin and in 400m hurdles he held the Yugoslav record for 17 years, from 1936 until 1953. <mask> maintained his love of sport throughout his life. His only concession to age (in his 80s) was to cut back his runs around Hyde Park to alternate days. He was also an avid scuba diver.One of the pioneers of the sport, he contributed greatly to its development in Europe and the Bahamas. He wrote a number of books on spearfishing, of which one in particular, "Modern Spearfishing" (1974), remains a classic among diving enthusiasts. Shipping
After his parents' divorce in the early 1920s, <mask>'s mother remarried Božidar "Božo" Banac (pronounced "Borgia Banatz") in London on 9 November 1921. Banac lived in London where he ran a shipping business, Jugoslovenski Lloyd, Ltd., (Yugoslav Lloyd), then Yugoslavia's largest shipping company which operated vessels in the Atlantic, Adriatic and Mediterranean waters. <mask> and his siblings then moved in with their new stepfather. Banac, a native of Dubrovnik and a believer in Yugoslav unity, had helped the creation and activities of the Yugoslav Committee, a group of Habsburg Croat, Slovene and

masks: Ivanović Ivanović Ivanović Ivanović Ivanović


title: Vane Ivanović

texts:
 Serb politicians and intellectuals also based in London. In 1937 he was made director of his stepfather's company.World War II
In 1914, Banac had placed his ships at the disposal of the British war effort. The family did the same at the outbreak of World War II, when <mask> and <mask> were the first shipowners from a neutral country to join the Allies. After the invasion of Yugoslavia by Germany, Italy, and their external and internal allies in April 1941, <mask> organized other Yugoslav shipowners into the "Yugoslav Shipping Committee". Their aim was to prevent the capture of the Yugoslav mercantile fleet, still in neutral waters, by the Nazis. In the summer of 1943, <mask> joined the Yugoslav section of the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) the propaganda arm of Britain's Special Operations Executive. Even though most of the fleet of Yugoslav Lloyd had either been sunk or captured by this point, there were still enough independently owned Yugoslavian ships participating in the Allied effort under flags of convenience.In his memoirs, <mask> explained why he did not return to his occupied country to join Josip Broz Tito's or Draža Mihailović's resistance movements: "I had no desire to forget the enemy and engage in a fratricidal war among my fellow countrymen, especially as I did not wholly agree with either side." He spent the rest of the war between London, Bari and Cairo and was eventually demobilized as a Major in the British army. Because of the Communist seizure of power in Yugoslavia, he remained in Britain as a political refugee. In April 1945, Bozidar "Bozo" Banac, <mask>'s stepfather died. Post-war years
After the war, and despite the fact that most of his pre-war fleet had been either destroyed or nationalized by the new Yugoslav authorities, <mask>

masks: Ivanovićac Ivanović Ivanović Ivanović Ivanović Ivanović Ivanović


title: Vane Ivanović

texts: resumed a successful career in shipping. In February 1949 <mask>'s biological father died in Genoa-Quinto, Italy. That same year his sister was remarried to Lt. Col. Neil McLean, DSO, who had also been a member of Special Operations Executive during the war.That same year <mask> founded the "Benevolent Association of Free Citizens of Yugoslavia", a charity financed mainly by himself. Through this organization and as a private individual he helped innumerable refugees, students, artists and political dissidents escape Tito's dictatorship. During the Cold War years, along with other like-minded Yugoslavs, <mask> organized many discussions about the fate of his homeland, which led to the two-volume collection "A Democratic Alternative", published in 1963, which warned that the establishment of independent states in the Balkans would spawn 'fatal conflicts'. <mask> would continue to help his fellow countrymen right up until his death, sponsoring a number of postgraduate students who fled the 1990s conflict in Yugoslavia, and was also one of the founders of Jean Monnet's European Movement, heading the Yugoslav Committee for more than three decades. In 1967, <mask> was appointed by Prince Rainier III to the post of consul general of Monaco in London. His mother, Milica, subsequently moved there permanently and died in Monaco three years later. In 1977, he published his auto-biography entitled: LX, Memoirs of a Yugoslav.In 1982, the final memorandum of the "Democratic Alternative" argued that Yugoslavia could only survive as a democratic community of sovereign nations, and that any other scenario would almost inevitably lead to a civil war. <mask> lived long enough to witness the awful fulfillment of this prophecy with the outbreak of the Yugoslav wars. In 1990 <mask>

masks: Ivanović Ivanović Ivanović Ivanović Ivanović Ivanović Ivanović


title: Vane Ivanović

texts:
 became a citizen of the Republic of Croatia. He died in London on 4 April 1999. His father liked to point out that <mask> was the first Yugoslav in the family. Born on the eve of unification, he died as its last remnants collapsed. In October 1939 <mask> married June Fisher with whom he had two sons, Ivan Božidar ("Božo") and Andrija; and one daughter, Minja.His son Božo succeeded him as director of Ivanovic & Co. and as Consul of Monaco upon his death. References

Bibliography
 Submarine Spearfishing by <mask> <mask> (Kaye-Ward, London, 1951)
 Meštrović Genij by Vane <mask> (Essay, Notre-Dame Archives, Indiana 1962)
 Democratic Yugoslavia: Vol. 1: An Outline for Discussion by <mask> <mask> (Izvor, 1968)
 Democratic Yugoslavia: Vol. 2: An Outline for Discussion by <mask> <mask> (Izvor, 1972)
 Modern Spearfishing by <mask> <mask> (Kaye-Ward, London, 1974)
 LX, Memoirs of a Yugoslav by <mask> <mask> (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, London, 1977)
 Yugoslav Democracy on Hold by Vane <mask> (Dodir, London, 1996)

External links
Obituary
Kingston University/Vane Ivanović Lecture
Kingston University/Vane Ivanović Library
Kingston University/Vane Ivanović Library
Kingston University/Vane Ivanović Archive
Kingston University/Vane Ivanović Project
Classic Dive Books
Sports background

1913 births
1999 deaths
People from Osijek
Croatian Austro-Hungarians
Croatian people of Jewish descent
Croatian emigrants to England
Yugoslav emigrants to the United Kingdom
Yugoslav diplomats
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of Yugoslavia
Ambassadors of Monaco to the United Kingdom
British people of Croatian-Jewish descent
Underwater divers
Croatian people of Serbian descent
Yugoslav male hurdlers
British people of Serbian

masks: Ivanović Ivanović Vane Ivanović Ivanović Vane Ivanović Vane Ivanović Vane Ivanović Vane Ivanović Ivanović


title: Alfred Ewing

texts:
Sir <mask>   MInstitCE (27 March 1855 − 7 January 1935) was a Scottish physicist and engineer, best known for his work on the magnetic properties of metals and, in particular, for his discovery of, and coinage of the word, hysteresis. It was said of <mask> that he was 'Careful at all times of his appearance, his suits were mostly grey, added to which he generally wore – whatever the fashion – a white piqué stripe to his waistcoat, a mauve shirt, a white butterfly collar and a dark blue bow tie with white spots.' He was regarded as brilliant and successful, but was conscious of his dignity and position. On appointment to head the newly created Admiralty codebreaking department, the Director of Naval Intelligence, Henry Oliver, described him as 'too distinguished a man to be placed officially under the orders of the Director of Intelligence or Chief of Staff'. His first wife, Annie, was an American, a great great niece of George Washington. Life

Early life
Born in Dundee, Scotland, <mask> was the third son of the Reverend <mask> a minister of the Free Church of Scotland. He was educated at West End Academy and the High School of Dundee, <mask> showed an early interest in science and technology.<mask> won a scholarship to the University of Edinburgh where he studied physics under Peter Guthrie Tait before graduating in engineering. During his summer vacations, he worked on telegraph cable laying expeditions, including one to Brazil, under William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin and Fleeming Jenkin. Japan
In 1878, on Fleeming Jenkin's recommendation, <mask> was recruited to help the modernisation of Meiji Era Japan as one of the o-yatoi gaikokujin (hired foreigners). Serving as professor of mechanical engineering at the Tokyo Imperial University, he was instrumental in founding Japanese seismology. <mask> made two special friends at Tokyo University soon after arriving: Basil Hall Chamberlain and Lieutenant Thomas Henry James R.N. who taught navigation. He was also in close contact with Henry Dyer and William Edward Ayrton at the Imperial College of Engineering

masks:
James Alfred Ewing
Ewing
Ewing
James Ewing
Ewing
Ewing
Ewing
Ewing


title: Alfred Ewing

texts:
 (Kobu Dai Gakkō).In Tokyo, <mask> taught courses on mechanics and on heat engines to engineering students, and on electricity and magnetism to students of physics. He carried out many research projects on magnetism and coined the word 'hysteresis'. His investigations into earthquakes led him to help T. Lomar Gray and John Milne of the Imperial College of Engineering to develop the first modern seismograph, from 1880–1895. All three men worked as a team on the invention and use of seismographs, though Milne is generally credited with the invention of the first modern horizontal-pendulum seismograph. <mask> joined Gray and Milne in founding the Seismological Society of Japan (SSJ) in 1880. Return to Dundee
In 1883, <mask> returned to his native Dundee to work at the recently established University College Dundee as its first Professor of Engineering. He was appalled by the living conditions he found in many of the poorer areas of the town which he felt compared unfavourably with those in Japan.He worked fervently with local government and industry to improve amenities, in particular sewer systems, and to lower the infant mortality rate. Some of the letters <mask> wrote at this time are now held by Archive Services, University of Dundee along with some of his other papers. A reminder of <mask>'s connection with both University College and the city of Dundee is the University of Dundee's <mask> Building which was built in 1954 and named in his honour. The <mask> Building is currently used by the University's School of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics. University of Cambridge
In 1890, <mask> took up the post of Professor of Mechanism and Applied Mechanics at the University of Cambridge, initially at Trinity College, though he later moved to King's College. At Cambridge, <mask>'s research into the magnetisation of metals led him to criticise the conventional account of Wilhelm Weber. In 1890, he observed that magnetisation lagged behind an applied alternating current.He described the characteristic hysteresis curve and speculated that individual

masks: Ewing Ewing Ewing Ewing Ewing Ewing Ewing Ewing Ewing


title: Alfred Ewing

texts:
 molecules act as magnets, resisting changes in magnetising potential. (Note: According to the book Sir <mask>: A Pioneer in Physics and Engineering (1946) by Professor Bates, the discovery of magnetic hysteresis probably occurred before <mask>. However, <mask> re-discovered it, studied it in detail and coined the word hysteresis). <mask> also researched into the crystalline structure of metals and, in 1903, was the first to propose that fatigue failures originated in microscopic defects or slip bands in materials. In 1895 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Society for his work on Magnetic Induction in Iron and other Metals. <mask> was a close friend of Sir Charles Algernon Parsons and collaborated with him on the development of the steam turbine. During this time, <mask> published The Steam Engine and other Heat Engines around this time.In 1897 he took part in the sea-trials of the experimental vessel Turbinia, which set a new speed record of 35 knots. In 1898, <mask> took his wife and children to Switzerland for a mountaineering holiday with the family of noted Professor of Electrical Engineering at King's College, John Hopkinson. All five of the Hopkinson brothers were members of the Alpine Club and soon initiated <mask> into the sport of rock climbing. On 27 August, John Hopkinson set out with his son Jack and two of his three daughters to climb. <mask> decided not to go with them as he was feeling a little stiff after his climb the previous day. The party never returned, and was found the next morning, all four bodies roped together five hundred feet below the summit. In 1898 <mask> was elected to a Professorial Fellowship at King's College.Admiralty
On 8 April 1903, The Times announced that the Board of Admiralty selected <mask> for the newly created post of Director of Naval Education (DNE) in Greenwich. He married Anne Maria Thomasina Blackburn Washington on 14 May 1879 in Tokyo, Japan. She was a descendant of President George Washington's brother John Augustine Washington. <mask>'s first wife, Annie (née Washington) died in 1909 and, in

masks:
Alfred Ewing
Ewing
Ewing
Ewing
Ewing
Ewing
Ewing
Ewing
Ewing
Ewing
Ewing
Ewing


title: Alfred Ewing

texts:
 1912, he married Ellen, the surviving daughter of his old friend and patron, John Hopkinson. He had two children with his first wife: Maud Janet Wills, née <mask> (20 May 1880 – 27 April 1952) and <mask> <mask> (1 November 1881 – 5 December 1962). As reward for his services, <mask> was made Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1906 and then Knight Commander of the Bath in 1911. During World War I, from 1914 to May 1917, <mask> managed Room 40, the Admiralty intelligence department of cryptanalysis, responsible predominantly for the decryption of intercepted German naval messages.In this capacity, he achieved considerable fame in the popular press when Room 40 deciphered the Zimmermann Telegram in 1917 (which suggested a German plot to assist Mexico in recovering the southwestern United States). The publication of the Zimmermann Telegram is generally credited as the trigger event which brought American into the Great War. University of Edinburgh
In May 1916 <mask> accepted an invitation to become Principal of the University of Edinburgh, in the course of which he instituted an extensive series of effective reforms and which he held until his retirement in 1929. In 1927 he gave a lecture to the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution which contained the first semi-official disclosure of the work done by Room 40. A house in Pollock Halls of Residence is named in his honour. Sir <mask> died in 1935 and is buried at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge, with his second wife Lady <mask>. Honours
Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1878);
Fellow of the Royal Society (1887);
LL.D.(honoris causa), University of Edinburgh (1902)
John Scott Medal (1907);
CB (1907);
KCB (1911);
President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1924–1929);
Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts (1929);
President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1932);
The James Alfred <mask> Medal of the Institution of Civil Engineers has been awarded for specially meritorious contributions to the science of engineering in the field of research since

masks:
Ewing
Alfred Washington
Ewing
Ewing
Ewing
Ewing
Alfred Ewing
Ellen Ewing
Ewing


title: Alfred Ewing

texts:
 1938. Works
 1877: (with Fleeming Jenkin) On Friction between Surfaces moving at Low Speeds, Philosophical Magazine Series 5, volume 4, pp 308–10, link from Biodiversity Heritage Library. 1883: A Treatise on Earthquake Measurement. 1899: Strength of Materials, link from Internet Archive. 1900: Magnetic Induction in Iron and Other Metals, 3rd edition, link from Internet Archive. 1910: The Steam Engine and Other Engines, 3rd edition, from Internet Archive. 1911: Examples in Mathematics, Mechanics, Navigation and Nautical Astronomy, Heat and Steam, Electricity, for the use of Junior Officers Afloat.1920: Thermodynamics for Engineers, link from Internet Archive. 1921: The Mechanical Production of Cold, second edition, Cambridge University Press, link from Internet Archive. 1933: An Engineer's Outlook, London: Methuen Publishing

See also
Anglo-Japanese relations
Room 40

References

External links

 Portrait of <mask> <mask> from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections

Bibliography
Bates, L. F. (1946) Sir <mask>: A Pioneer in Physics and Engineering
Pedlar, Neil, '<mask> <mask> and his circle of pioneering physicists in Meiji Japan', Hoare, J.E. ed., Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits Volume III Chapter 8. Japan Library (1999). Scottish civil engineers
Scottish engineers
Scottish physicists
1855 births
1935 deaths
British people of World War I
People from Dundee
Academics of the University of Dundee
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Principals of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
Foreign educators in Japan
University of Tokyo faculty
Scottish expatriates in Japan
People educated at the High School of Dundee
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Presidents of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Presidents of the British Science Association
Deputy Lieutenants of Edinburgh
Royal Medal winners
Engineers

masks:
James Alfred
Ewing
Alfred Ewing
James Alfred
Ewing


title: Saman Piyasiri Fernando

texts:
Sellapperumage <mask> (23 March 1958 – 29 December 1989: : nom de guerre: Keerthi Vijayabahu), was the military wing leader of the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna during the 1987-89 insurrection in Sri Lanka, the JVP's military wing also known as Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya (DJV). His position in the JVP as the military commander was organizationally higher than the position of Rohana Wijeweera, the founder of the JVP. <mask> a graduate of the University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka later joined the JVP and promoted to the higher ranks of the party, appointed as the military wing leader and finally led the party after the death of the founding leader Rohana Wijeweera. He was also known as Kabraal, Mendis, Bappa, Mudiyanse, Mahinda, Dhammika and Janaka. Family background and early life
He was born on 23 March 1958 in Lunawa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka as the third child in a Karava ethnic family with four siblings. His father <mask> was an inspector at the Ports Commission. His mother, T. Josie Engalsina Peiris was a teacher.<mask>'s elder sister, a resident of Ganemulla, once worked as a nurse in a government hospital and was married in 1981 and later became a mother of two. His younger sister Ranjani later became a full time member of the JVP. The elder brother was a sick child and died in 1970 at the Angoda Hospital. Due to the financial difficulties of the family, his body was even buried at the hospital cemetery at the expense of the government. Although <mask>'s father was a supporter of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP) and helped everyone, the childhood of his children was very sad due to his excessive alcoholism. Meanwhile, they had to leave the Egoda Uyana in Moratuwa and move to Ganemulla, which belonged to a relative of his mother, due to disputes with neighbors and relatives. <mask>, who until then had been educated up to grade 5 at Egoda Uyana Junior School, entered grade 6 at Kuda Bollatha Primary

masks:
Saman Piyasiri Fernando
Saman Piyasiri
Ebert Fernando
Piyasiri
Piyasiri
Piyasiri


title: Saman Piyasiri Fernando

texts:
 School.He entered Hemamali College, Galahitiyawa in Grade 8 and later entered Galahitiyawa Central College. He passed the GCE Ordinary Level Examination with 6 marks. He entered the University of Kelaniya in 1978 after completing his Advanced Level in Commerce in 1977 with 1 Excellence, 1 Award and 2 Excellence. <mask> was 5 feet 2 inches tall and slightly fat. There was a black spot on the left hand and a similar spot on the back of the right ear. <mask>'s parents and family members, who were staying in the Moonagama area in Horana when <mask> became the military leader, later went to Poruwadanda. Later he went to Panadura and Nugegoda Ekawatte to several places including Udahamulla.They resided in his Nawala home since December 25, 1989. <mask>'s sister Ranjani was among those who had been with Wijeweera's wife and children for a short time to help with the house when Wijeweera was staying at the Haldummulla rice field in Haldummulla 1987 and the houses in Neluwa Lewgodawatte, Bandarawela since July 1987. On the day of <mask>'s arrest, he was ready for the marriage with his girlfriend Indrani, the sister of Daya Wanniarachchi, the son of former JVP secretary Weeraketiya Heenbunne. Later, <mask>'s mother, his younger sister Ranjani, girlfriend Indrani and her younger brother <mask> Bandula (who was 18 years old) were arrested by the security forces. <mask>'s mother was released a few months later. <mask>'s sister and girlfriend were interrogated at various locations, including the 6th floor of the CID headquarters, and were eventually released after two years of rehabilitation at the Ranmutugala home. But <mask> Bandula Wanniarachchi was killed two days after his arrest.Political career
<mask> joined the JVP through Ragama Some after listening to a speech by Upatissa Gamanayake at a JVP rally in Veyangoda in 1978. He participated in the education camp held at Pallewela Muddaragama in the

masks: Piyasiri Piyasiri Piyasiri Saman Piyasiri Piyasiri Saman Saman Saman Saman Piyasiri


title: Saman Piyasiri Fernando

texts: Mirigama electorate which was conducted by Wickramarala Jayatilleke. In the meantime, the JVP Socialist Students' Union was formed in Kelaniya University as a force against the UNP's Socialist Students' Union in the late 1970s under the leadership of Sudarshana Ponnaweera, <mask> <mask> <mask>, Sirimevan and others. <mask> is the second best student in the history of the university with the highest number of marks. After graduating as a Commerce graduate, <mask> opted for full-time JVP politics instead of a job. He later became a JVP organizer for the Kolonnawa and Ratnapura electorates. After the JVP was banned in July 1983, he became a member of the Central Committee in mid-February 1984.His commitment to rebuilding the JVP was appreciated and in October 1985 he was appointed to the JVP Politburo. The first formal discussion on the formation of the Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya (Patriotic People's Movement), the armed wing of the JVP, was held for two days on March 4 and 5, 1986 at the Ratnapura canal and <mask> was appointed as the leader of the military wing at the Politburo meeting held there. As Wijeweera was ill, it was chaired by Piyadasa Ranasinghe and the meeting was held at the house of Podi Mahaththaya, a businessman in Kudugalwatta, Ratnapura. On March 12, 1988, while at a house on Embillawatta Road in Boralesgamuwa, <mask> managed to escape by hiding in a pile of jackfruit leaves in front of his house. <mask> led the JVP in five major attacks on army camps and police stations, and had planned 12 more. The military intelligence of Sri Lanka believes that <mask> was masterminded the guerilla attacks on military bases and installations during the insurrection. The strategy was for the security forces to retreat without fighting in powerful situations and to launch vigilante attacks when they were weak.But by the middle of the Second insurrection, everything had turned upside down,

masks: Saman Piyasiri Fernando Piyasiri Piyasiri Piyasiri Piyasiri Piyasiri Piyasiri


title: Saman Piyasiri Fernando

texts: with the majority leading to killings and sabotage. Katunayake Air-force base and Kotelawala Defence Academy (May 1987). Katunayake Air-force base (April 1988). Magazine prison break (December 1988). Pannala Army detachment (1989). Panagoda Army base (1989). Police Field Force headquarters, Colombo (1989).Number of Police stations. After Wijeweera's assassination, <mask> became the leader of the JVP on November 28, 1989, at a meeting of the Political Bureau held at Panukerapitiya, Ratnapura. Later the government issued a statement on November 28, 1989, stating that they wanted to arrest Somawansa Amarasinghe, Shantha Bandara, <mask> <mask> <mask>, Gamini Gunasekara and Upali Jayaweera and that valuable rewards would be given to those who provided information about them. <mask> was first revealed to be the leader of the JVP through the Sinhala service of the Veritas Catholic Radio broadcast from the Philippines on 1 December 1989. Then the rebels launched several attacks across the country. Insurgents led by <mask>, bombed a meeting of the Janatha Estate Development Board in Slave Island in November 1989, during which Bank of Ceylon Deputy General Manager E. T<mask> died. During the bombing, they target Minister of State Samaraweera Weerawanni, who was to chair the meeting.On November 26, 1989, insurgents made another bomb attack to assassinate Minister of Sports Nanda Mathew and Minister of State for Justice <mask> during a meeting of the Youth Services Council at Prince of Wales College, Moratuwa. At least 25 people, including two ministers, were injured in a bomb attack. Under the leadership of <mask>, several such attacks were carried out in the capital and suburbs. But they almost completely failed, and the rebels who participated were killed in retaliation. Then on November 26, 1989, they destroyed Ukuwela Power Plant in Matale. Several train stations, including Ohio, were set on fire.

masks:
Piyasiri
Saman
Piyasiri
Fernando
Piyasiri
Piyasiri
. Fernando
Tyrone Fernando
Piyasiri


title: Saman Piyasiri Fernando

texts: Insurgents stormed a Korean Kiannam road project in Gokarella, looted Rs.80,000 and set fire to vehicles, killing one Korean engineer. Five JVP rebels stormed the police post at Alawwa Town Hall on November 25, 1989, and attempted to seize weapons, while four rebels were killed in a similar attack on the Dickwella Police on the same day. All attempts at hijacking also failed. On December 27, 1989, a special police team, led by SSP Lionel Gunathilake, arrested <mask> <mask>, along with his mother and fiancé, who is a sister of JVP politburo member Daya Wanniarachchi, at Koswatte, Nawala, at a rented house owned by Mark Antony <mask>, who works at SLBC. According to the police sources, the number of military books found inside the house and some of them are not found in Sri Lankan military libraries. <mask> was arrested on December 27, 1989, while staying at a house in Koswatta, Nawala by the special police team. In late years, he was suffered by Keloid.He was taken to the Police Crime Investigation Headquarters (CDB) on Gregory's Road, Borella and questioned under the supervision of Superintendents of Police: Lionel Goonetileke, Gamini Perera, Ariyasinghe and Jayasinghe. He was later taken to the Combined Operations Center (OPs Combine) and questioned at length, tortured, but he did not answer. Finally, he was assassinated on December 29, 1989, in Mattegoda and his body was dumped on a pile of coconut branches. Along with <mask>, two other JVP military wing members were assassinated: Samarapulige Somasiri alias Ragama Someda, a member of the Central Committee of the JVP who was arrested by the security forces at Delkanda, Nugegoda on December 28, 1989, and Justus Dilip <mask> alias Zoysa, a resident of Welisara who was the Armed Secretary of the Colombo and Gampaha Districts. The Sri Lankan government media released on December 29, 1989, as "the leader of the JVP military wing killed along with

masks:
Saman
Piyasiri
Fernando
Piyasiri
Piyasiri
Chandra Fernandoi


title: Saman Piyasiri Fernando

texts:
 four other cadres due to the cross fire between security forces and the JVP at their military wing headquarters, a farm located at Hedigama-Suwarapola, Piliyandala". As the second leader of the JVP on November 28, 1989, <mask> was the leader of the JVP for 32 days until he was assassinated on December 29, 1989. Rohan Gunaratna also stated that before <mask>'s death, he managed to deliver a speech to the interrogation personnel around him about the society of Sri Lanka based on capitalism and socialism.Rohan further stated, "but <mask> <mask> has not given any single information which could harm the party during the interrogation". The killings of rebels, their families, relatives and friends also intensified with these attacks. Due to <mask>'s inability to stay on target, the entire JVP machinery was destroyed by the security forces within seven weeks. Within seven weeks of Wijeweera's assassination, 12 of the 13 members of the First Politburo were assassinated and only Somawansa Amarasinghe was left. Meanwhile, nine of the 11 members of the Second Politburo headed by <mask> were also killed. Only Somawansa and Gamini Gunasekera were left. In popular media
The biographical film of Rohana Wijeweera's late life titled Ginnen Upan Seethala was released in 2018.The film was directed by Anurudha Jayasinghe and popular actor Susan Niroshan played <mask>'s role. Further reading
 SRI LANKA - A LOST REVOLUTION? The Inside Story of the JVP by Rohan Gunaratna
 Insurgency – 1971 : An Account of the April Insurrection in Sri Lanka by Justice A.C. Alles
Sri Lanka, the years of terror : The J.V.P. insurrection, 1987-1989 by C.A. Chandraprema

See also
Rohana Wijeweera

References

External links
 Official Website of Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP)

1989 deaths
Sinhalese nationalists
Sri Lankan communists
Sri Lankan rebels
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna politicians
Sri Lankan revolutionaries
Sinhalese

masks: Piyasiri Piyasiri Saman Piyasiri Piyasiri Piyasiri Piyasiri


title: Jim Long

texts:
<mask> (born Timothy John Moynihan, February 7, 1943) is an American entrepreneur, whose pioneering marketing concepts and creative “firsts” are iconic in the broadcast music industry. Experienced in the development of intellectual properties, his business holdings have focused on music production, master recordings, music publishing, and broadcast licensing and syndication for the radio, television and film industries. He founded/co-founded numerous broadcast and radio syndication companies, including Dallas-based TM Productions/Starr Broadcasting, FirstCom/Jim Long Music, Long-Pride Broadcasting, and a Nashville-based music and publishing group, OneMusic. At various times, he also held owner interest in 19 radio and TV stations throughout the U.S. His record label, Honest Entertainment, produced Grammy-nominated albums. Biography

Early years

<mask> (who took his maternal grandfather's name when he began his career as a radio announcer) was the only child of John Francis Moynihan and <mask>an, whose families immigrated to New England from County Kerry and County Mallow, Ireland in the 1800s. Always in some form of law enforcement, <mask>'s father retired as a United States Air Force major (provost marshal in Germany) and corrections officer for the State of Massachusetts. His mother was a registered nurse and homemaker.Fascinated by radio since childhood, <mask> built his first vacuum tube radio transmitter at the age of 13 and started his own radio station in his basement in Marlborough, Massachusetts. It was a successful enterprise until the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) showed up to confiscate his transmitter. It was interfering with a local radio station's signal. (<mask> later went to

masks:
Jim Long
Long
Marion Long Moynih
Long
Long
Long


title: Jim Long

texts:
 work for the station, WMRC, Milford, Massachusetts). At 15, he produced his first record, "Liza Lee" by Roger and The Markees, and started his own record company, Dell Mont Recording, to release it (also in his basement, using his savings and a $200 loan from his mother). This gave him his first taste of artist promotion, record production, and distribution, especially “returns”. After high school, <mask> worked at Walgreens Drug Stores, while taking courses in broadcasting, to fulfill his goal of becoming a D.J./radio announcer.He joined the United States Navy and was stationed at Anacostia Naval Base in Washington, D.C., where he served in the elite U. S. Navy Ceremonial Guard, with duty at Arlington National Cemetery. Honorably discharged, he returned to civilian life to pursue a career in broadcasting, where he put his talents as a writer and producer to work. Notable firsts

<mask> was the first to:

 Introduce the use of CDs in the U.S. as format for music production libraries;
 Introduce and market comprehensive multi-media image campaigns for radio stations, complete with station IDs, print and broadcast advertising, promotional materials, and market research programs. Such as, “Someplace Special”, “Rhythm of the City”, the “You” campaign;
 Create a major special for album oriented rock station programming, “Album Greats”, a 48-hour history of album rock. ;
 Successfully automate rock programming;
 Introduce a cappella and shotgun vocal formats for station IDs;
 Introduce commercial services and music production libraries for radio stations to sell their local advertisers. ;
 Introduce station ID image songs – station identification jingles of more than :60 seconds that sounded like the hits

masks:
Long
Jim Long