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 <mask> unable to box in the United States.The revocation was not permanent, as the commission voted 4–1 to restore <mask>'s boxing license on October 18, 1998. During his time away from boxing in 1998, <mask> made a guest appearance at WrestleMania XIV as an enforcer for the main event match between Shawn Michaels and Steve Austin. During this time, <mask> was also an unofficial member of Michaels's stable, D-Generation X. <mask> was paid $3 million for being guest enforcer of the match at WrestleMania XIV. 1999–2005

In January 1999, <mask> returned to the ring for a match against the South African Francois Botha. This match also ended in controversy. While Botha initially controlled the fight, <mask> allegedly attempted to break Botha's arms during a tie-up and both boxers were cautioned by the referee in the ill-tempered bout. Botha was ahead on points on all scorecards and was confident enough to mock <mask> as the fight continued.Nonetheless, <mask> landed a straight right hand in the fifth round that knocked out Botha. Critics noticed <mask> stopped using the bob and weave defense altogether following this return. Promoting the fight on Secaucus, New Jersey television station WWOR-TV, <mask> launched into an expletive-laden tirade that forced sports anchor Russ Salzberg to cut the interview short. Legal problems arose with <mask> once again. On February 5, 1999, <mask> was sentenced to a year's imprisonment, fined $5,000, and ordered to serve two years probation along with undergoing 200 hours of community service for assaulting two motorists after a traffic accident on August 31, 1998. He served nine months of that sentence.

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 After his release, he fought Orlin Norris on October 23, 1999.<mask> knocked down Norris with a left hook thrown after the bell sounded to end the first round. Norris injured his knee when he went down and said that he was unable to continue. Consequently, the bout was ruled a no contest. In 2000, <mask> had three fights. The first match in January was staged at the MEN Arena in Manchester, England against Julius Francis. Following controversy as to whether <mask> was allowed into the country, he took four minutes to knock out Francis, ending the bout in the second round. He also fought Lou Savarese in June 2000 in Glasgow, winning in the first round; the fight lasted only 38 seconds.<mask> continued punching after the referee had stopped the fight, knocking the referee to the floor as he tried to separate the boxers. In October, <mask> fought the similarly controversial Andrew Golota, winning in round three after Gołota was unable to continue due to a broken cheekbone, concussion, and neck injury. The result was later changed to no contest after <mask> refused to take a pre-fight drug test and then tested positive for marijuana in a post-fight urine test. <mask> fought only once in 2001, beating Brian Nielsen in Copenhagen by TKO in the seventh round. Lewis vs. <mask>

<mask> once again had the opportunity to fight for a heavyweight championship in 2002. Lennox Lewis held the WBC, IBF, IBO and Lineal titles at the time. As promising fighters, <mask> and Lewis had sparred at a training camp in a meeting arranged by Cus D'Amato in 1984.<mask> sought to fight Lewis in Nevada for a more lucrative box-office venue, but the Nevada Boxing

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 Commission refused him a license to box as he was facing possible sexual assault charges at the time. Two years prior to the bout, <mask> had made several inflammatory remarks to Lewis in an interview following the Savarese fight. The remarks included the statement "I want your heart, I want to eat your children." On January 22, 2002, the two boxers and their entourages were involved in a brawl at a New York press conference to publicize the planned event. A few weeks later, the Nevada State Athletic Commission refused to grant <mask> a license for the fight, and the promoters had to make alternative arrangements. After multiple states balked at granting <mask> a license, the fight eventually occurred on June 8 at the Pyramid Arena in Memphis, Tennessee. Lewis dominated the fight and knocked out <mask> with a right hand in the eighth round.<mask> was respectful after the fight and praised Lewis on his victory. This fight was the highest-grossing event in pay-per-view history at that time, generating $106.9 million from 1.95 million buys in the US. Later career, bankruptcy, and retirement

In another Memphis fight on February 22, 2003, <mask> beat fringe contender Clifford Etienne 49 seconds into round one. The pre-fight was marred by rumors of <mask>'s lack of fitness. Some said that he took time out from training to party in Las Vegas and get a new facial tattoo. This eventually proved to be <mask>'s final professional victory in the ring. In August 2003, after years of financial struggles, <mask> finally filed for bankruptcy.<mask> earned over $30 million for several of his fights and $300 million during his career. At the time, the

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texts: media reported that he had approximately $23 million in debt. On August 13, 2003, <mask> entered the ring for a face-to-face confrontation against K-1 fighting phenom, Bob Sapp, immediately after Sapp's win against Kimo Leopoldo in Las Vegas. K-1 signed <mask> to a contract with the hopes of making a fight happen between the two, but <mask>'s felony history made it impossible for him to obtain a visa to enter Japan, where the fight would have been most profitable. Alternative locations were discussed, but the fight ultimately failed to happen. On July 30, 2004, <mask> had a match against British boxer Danny Williams in another comeback fight, and this time, staged in Louisville, Kentucky. <mask> dominated the opening two rounds.The third round was even, with Williams getting in some clean blows and also a few illegal ones, for which he was penalized. In the fourth round, <mask> was unexpectedly knocked out. After the fight, it was revealed that <mask> was trying to fight on one leg, having torn a ligament in his other knee in the first round. This was <mask>'s fifth career defeat. He underwent surgery for the ligament four days after the fight. His manager, Shelly Finkel, claimed that <mask> was unable to throw meaningful right-hand punches since he had a knee injury. On June 11, 2005, <mask> stunned the boxing world by quitting before the start of the seventh round in a close bout against journeyman Kevin McBride.In the 2008 documentary <mask>, he stated that he fought McBride for a payday, that he did not anticipate winning, that he was in poor physical condition and fed up with taking boxing seriously. After losing three of his last


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 four fights, <mask> said he would quit boxing because he felt he had lost his passion for the sport. In 2000 <mask> fired everyone working for him and enlisted new accountants, who prepared a statement showing he started the year $3.3 million in debt but earned $65.7 million. In August 2007, <mask> pleaded guilty to drug possession and driving under the influence in an Arizona court, which stemmed from an arrest in December where authorities said <mask>, who has a long history of legal problems, admitted to using cocaine that day and to being addicted to the drug. Exhibition bouts

<mask>'s World Tour
To help pay off his debts, <mask> announced he would be doing a series of exhibition bouts, calling it <mask>'s World Tour. For his first bout, <mask> returned to the ring in 2006 for a  four-round exhibition against journeyman heavyweight Corey Sanders in Youngstown, Ohio. <mask>, without headgear at 5 ft 10.5 in and 216 pounds, was in quality shape, but far from his prime against Sanders, at 6 ft 6 in who wore headgear.<mask> appeared to be "holding back" in the exhibition to prevent an early end to the "show". "If I don't get out of this financial quagmire there's a possibility I may have to be a punching bag for somebody. The money I make isn't going to help my bills from a tremendous standpoint, but I'm going to feel better about myself. I'm not going to be depressed", explained <mask> about the reasons for his "comeback". After the bout was poorly received by fans the remainder of the tour was cancelled. <mask> vs. Jones

It was announced in July 2020 that <mask> had signed a contract to face former four-division world champion, Roy

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 Jones Jr., in an eight-round exhibition fight. Mixed martial arts coach Rafael Cordeiro was selected to be <mask>'s trainer and cornerman.The bout—officially sanctioned by the California State Athletic Commission (CSAC)—was initially scheduled to take place on September 12 at the Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson, California, however, the date was pushed back to November 28 in order to maximize revenue for the event. The fight went the full 8 rounds, and was declared a draw. The fight was a split draw and the three judges scored the fight as follows: Chad Dawson (76–76 draw), Christy Martin (79–73 for <mask>), and Vinny Pazienza (76–80 for Jones). <mask>'s Legends Only League
In July 2020, <mask> announced the creation of <mask>'s Legends Only League. <mask> formed the league in partnership with Sophie Watts and her company, Eros Innovations. The league provides retired professional athletes the opportunity to compete in their respective sport. On November 28, 2020, <mask> fought Roy Jones Jr. at the Staples Center in the first event produced under Legends Only League.The event received largely positive reviews and was the highest selling PPV event of 2020, which ranks in the Top-10 for PPV purchased events all-time. <mask> was The Ring magazine's Fighter of the Year  in 1986 and 1988. A 1998 ranking of "The Greatest Heavyweights of All-Time" by The Ring magazine placed <mask> at number 14 on the list. Despite criticism of facing underwhelming competition during his run as champion, <mask>'s knockout power and intimidation factor made him the sport's most dynamic box-office draw. According to Douglas Quenqua of The New York Times,

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texts: "The [1990s] began with <mask>, considered by many to be the last great heavyweight champion, losing his title to the little-known Buster Douglas. Seven years later, Mr. <mask> bit Evander Holyfield's ear in a heavyweight champion bout—hardly a proud moment for the sport." He is remembered for his attire of black trunks, black shoes with no socks, and a plain white towel fit around his neck in place of a traditional robe, as well as his habit of rapidly pacing the ring before the start of a fight.In his prime, <mask> rarely took a step back and had never been knocked down or seriously challenged. According to Martial Arts World Report, it gave <mask> an Honorable Mention in its Ten Greatest Heavyweights of All Time rather than a ranking because longevity is a factor and the peak period of <mask>'s career lasted only about 5 years. BoxRec currently ranks <mask> at number 13 among the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time. In The Ring magazine's list of the 80 Best Fighters of the Last 80 Years, released in 2002, <mask> was ranked at number 72. He is ranked number 16 on The Ring magazine's 2003 list of 100 greatest punchers of all time. <mask> has defeated 11 boxers for the world heavyweight title, the seventh-most in history. On June 12, 2011, <mask> was inducted to the International Boxing Hall of Fame alongside legendary Mexican champion Julio César Chávez, light welterweight champion Kostya Tszyu, and actor/screenwriter Sylvester Stallone.In 2011, Bleacher Report omitted <mask> from its list of top 10 heavyweights, saying that that "<mask> is not a top 10 heavyweight. He killed the fighters he was supposed to beat, but when he

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 fought another elite fighter, he always lost. I'm not talking about some of those B-level fighters he took a belt from. I'm talking about the handful of good boxers he fought throughout his career." In 2013, <mask> was inducted into the Nevada Boxing Hall of Fame and headlined the induction ceremony. <mask> was inducted into the Southern Nevada Hall of Fame in 2015 along with four other inductees with ties to Southern Nevada. <mask> reflected on his strongest opponents in ten categories for a 2014 interview with The Ring magazine, including best jab, best defense, fastest hands, fastest feet, best chin, smartest, strongest, best puncher, best boxer, and best overall.In 2017, The Ring magazine ranked <mask> as number 9 of 20 heavyweight champions based on a poll of panelists that included trainers, matchmakers, media, historians, and boxers, including:

 Trainers: Teddy Atlas, Pat Burns, Virgil Hunter, and Don Turner
 Matchmakers: Eric Bottjer, Don Chargin, Don Elbaum, Bobby Goodman, Ron Katz, <mask>te, Russell Peltz, and Bruce Trampler. Media: Al Bernstein, Ron Borges, Gareth A Davies, Norm Frauenheim, Jerry Izenberg, Harold Lederman, Paulie Malignaggi, Dan Rafael, and Michael Rosenthal
 Historians: Craig Hamilton, Steve Lott, Don McRae, Bob Mee, Clay Moyle, Adam Pollack, and Randy Roberts
 Boxers: Lennox Lewis and <mask> participated in the poll, but neither fighter ranked himself. Instead, a weighted average from the other panelists was assigned to their respective slots on their ballots. In 2020, Bill Caplan of The Ring magazine listed <mask> as number 17 of the 20 greatest heavyweights of all time. <mask> spoke with The Ring

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 magazine in 2020 about his six greatest victories, which included knockouts of Trevor Berbick, Pinklon Thomas, Tony Tucker, Tyrell Biggs, Larry Holmes, and Michael Spinks. In 2020, CBS Sports boxing experts Brian Campbell and Brent Brookhouse ranked the top 10 heavyweights of the last 50 years and <mask> was ranked number 7. Life after boxing

In an interview with USA Today published on June 3, 2005, <mask> said, "My whole life has been a waste – I've been a failure."He continued: "I just want to escape. I'm really embarrassed with myself and my life. I want to be a missionary. I think I could do that while keeping my dignity without letting people know they chased me out of the country. I want to get this part of my life over as soon as possible. In this country nothing good is going to come of me. People put me so high; I wanted to tear that image down."<mask> began to spend much of his time tending to his 350 pigeons in Paradise Valley, an upscale enclave near Phoenix, Arizona. <mask> has stayed in the limelight by promoting various websites and companies. In the past <mask> had shunned endorsements, accusing other athletes of putting on a false front to obtain them. <mask> has held entertainment boxing shows at a casino in Las Vegas and started a tour of exhibition bouts to pay off his numerous debts. On December 29, 2006, <mask> was arrested in Scottsdale, Arizona, on suspicion of DUI and felony drug possession; he nearly crashed into a police SUV shortly after leaving a nightclub. According to a police probable-cause statement, filed in Maricopa County Superior Court, "[<mask>] admitted to using [drugs] today and stated he is an

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texts: addict and has a problem." <mask> pleaded not guilty on January 22, 2007, in Maricopa County Superior Court to felony drug possession and paraphernalia possession counts and two misdemeanor counts of driving under the influence of drugs.On February 8 he checked himself into an inpatient treatment program for "various addictions" while awaiting trial on the drug charges. On September 24, 2007, <mask> pleaded guilty to possession of cocaine and driving under the influence. He was convicted of these charges in November 2007 and sentenced to 24 hours in jail. After his release, he was ordered to serve three years' probation and complete 360 hours of community service. Prosecutors had requested a year-long jail sentence, but the judge praised <mask> for seeking help with his drug problems. On November 11, 2009, <mask> was arrested after getting into a scuffle at Los Angeles International airport with a photographer. No charges were filed.<mask> has taken acting roles in movies and television, most famously playing a fictionalized version of himself in the 2009 film The Hangover. In September 2011, <mask> gave an interview in which he made comments about former Alaska governor Sarah Palin including crude and violent descriptions of interracial sex. These comments were reprinted on  The Daily Caller website. Journalist Greta van Susteren criticized <mask> and The Daily Caller over the comments, which she described as "smut" and "violence against women". After debuting a one-man show in Las Vegas, <mask> collaborated with film director Spike Lee and brought the show to Broadway in August 2012. In February 2013, <mask> took his one-man show

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texts: <mask>: Undisputed Truth on a 36-city, three-month national tour. <mask> talks about his personal and professional life on stage.The one-man show was aired on HBO on November 16, 2013. In October 2012, <mask> launched the Mike Tyson Cares Foundation. The mission of the Mike Tyson Cares Foundation is to "give kids a fighting chance" by providing innovative centers that provide for the comprehensive needs of kids from broken homes. In August 2013, <mask> teamed up with Acquinity Sports to form Iron Mike Productions, a boxing promotions company. In September 2013, <mask> was featured on a six-episode television series on Fox Sports 1 that documented his personal and private life entitled Being: <mask>. In November 2013, <mask>'s Undisputed Truth was published, which appeared on The New York Times Best Seller list. At the Golden Podium Awards Ceremony, <mask> received the SPORTEL Special Prize for the best autobiography.In May 2017, <mask> published his second book, Iron Ambition, which details his time with trainer and surrogate father Cus D'Amato. In February 2018, <mask> attended the international mixed martial arts (MMA) tournament in the Russian city of Chelyabinsk. <mask> said: "As I have travelled all over the country of Russia I have realised that the people are very sensitive and kind. But most Americans do not have any experience of that." On May 12, 2020, <mask> posted a video on his Instagram of him training again. At the end of the video, <mask> hinted at a return to boxing by saying, "I'm back". On May 23, 2020, at All Elite Wrestling's Double or Nothing, <mask> helped Cody defeat Lance Archer alongside Jake Roberts and

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 presented him the inaugural AEW TNT Championship.<mask> alongside Henry Cejudo, Rashad Evans, and Vitor Belfort appeared on the May 27 episode of AEW Dynamite facing off against Chris Jericho and his stable The Inner Circle. <mask> returned to AEW on the April 7, 2021 episode of Dynamite and helped Jericho from being attacked by The Pinnacle, beating down Shawn Spears in the process. He was the special guest enforcer on the April 14 episode of Dynamite for a match between Jericho and Dax Harwood of The Pinnacle, a preview of the upcoming Inner Circle vs. Pinnacle match at Blood and Guts. Personal life

<mask> resides in Seven Hills, Nevada. He has been married three times, and has seven children, one deceased, with three women; in addition to his biological children, <mask> includes his second wife's oldest daughter as one of his own. His first marriage was to actress Robin Givens from February 7, 1988, to February 14, 1989. Givens was known at the time for her role on the sitcom Head of the Class.<mask>'s marriage to Givens was especially tumultuous, with allegations of violence, spousal abuse, and mental instability on <mask>'s part. Matters came to a head when <mask> and Givens gave a joint interview with Barbara Walters on the ABC TV newsmagazine show 20/20 in September 1988, in which Givens described life with <mask> as "torture, pure hell, worse than anything I could possibly imagine." Givens also described <mask> as "manic depressive" – which was later confirmed by doctors – on national television while <mask> looked on with an intent and calm expression. A month later, Givens announced that she was seeking a divorce from the


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texts: allegedly abusive <mask>. According to the book Fire and Fear: The Inside Story of <mask>, <mask> admitted that he punched Givens and stated, "that was the best punch I've ever thrown in my entire life." <mask> claimed that book was "filled with inaccuracies." They had no children but she reported having had a miscarriage; <mask> claimed that she was never pregnant and only used that to get him to marry her.During their marriage, the couple lived in a mansion in Bernardsville, New Jersey. <mask>'s second marriage was to Monica Turner from April 19, 1997, to January 14, 2003. At the time of the divorce filing, Turner worked as a pediatric resident at Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington, D.C. She is the sister of Michael Steele, the former Lieutenant Governor of Maryland and former Republican National Committee. Turner filed for divorce from <mask> in January 2002, claiming that he committed adultery during their five-year marriage, an act that "has neither been forgiven nor condoned." The couple had two children; son Amir and  Ramsey who is non-binary. On May 25, 2009, <mask>'s four-year-old daughter Exodus was found by her seven-year-old brother Miguel unconscious and tangled in a cord, dangling from an exercise treadmill. The child's mother, Sol Xochitl, untangled her, administered CPR and called for medical attention.<mask>, who was in Las Vegas at the time of the incident, traveled back to Phoenix to be with her. She died of her injuries on May 26, 2009. Eleven days after his daughter's death, <mask> wed for the third time, to longtime girlfriend Lakiha "Kiki" Spicer, age 32, exchanging vows on Saturday, June 6, 2009,

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 in a short, private ceremony at the La Bella Wedding Chapel at the Las Vegas Hilton. They have two children; daughter Milan and son Morocco. In March 2011, <mask> appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show to discuss his new Animal Planet reality series Taking on <mask>. In the interview with DeGeneres, <mask> discussed some of the ways he had improved his life in the past two years, including sober living and a vegan diet. However, in August 2013 he admitted publicly that he had lied about his sobriety and was on the verge of death from alcoholism.In November 2013, <mask> stated "the more I look at churches and mosques, the more I see the devil". But, just a month later, in a December 2013 interview with Fox News, <mask> said that he is very grateful to be a Muslim and that he needs Allah in his life. In the same interview <mask> talked about his progress with sobriety and how being in the company of good people has made him want to be a better and more humble person. <mask> also revealed that he is no longer vegan, stating, "I was a vegan for four years but not anymore. I eat chicken every now and then. I should be a vegan. [No red meat] at all, no way!I would be very sick if I ate red meat. That's probably why I was so crazy before." In 2015, <mask> announced that he was supporting Donald Trump's presidential candidacy. In popular culture

At the height of his fame and career in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, <mask> was among the most recognized sports personalities in the world. In addition to his many sporting accomplishments, his outrageous and controversial behavior in the ring and in his private life has kept him in the


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texts: public eye and in the courtroom. As such, <mask> has been the subject of myriad popular media including movies, television, books and music. He has also been featured in video games and as a subject of parody or satire.<mask> became involved in professional wrestling and has made many cameo appearances in film and television. The film <mask> was released in 1995 and was directed by Uli Edel. It explores the life of <mask>, from the death of his guardian and trainer Cus D'Amato to his rape conviction. <mask> is played by Michael Jai White. Published in 2007, author Joe Layden's book The Last Great Fight: The Extraordinary Tale of Two Men and How One Fight Changed Their Lives Forever, chronicled the lives of <mask> and Douglas before and after their heavyweight championship fight. In 2008, the documentary <mask> premiered at the annual Cannes Film Festival in France. He is the titular character in Mike <mask> Mysteries, which started airing on October 27, 2014, on Adult Swim.In the animated series, <mask> voices a fictionalized version of himself, solving mysteries in the style of Scooby-Doo. In early March 2015, <mask> appeared on the track "Iconic" on Madonna's album Rebel Heart. <mask> says some lines at the beginning of the song. In late March 2015, Ip Man 3 was announced. With Donnie Yen reprising his role as the titular character, Bruce Lee's martial arts master, Ip Man, while <mask> has been confirmed to join the cast. Principal photography began on March 25, 2015, and was premiered in Hong Kong on December 16, 2015. In January 2017, <mask> launched his YouTube channel with Shots Studios, a comedy video and comedy music production

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 company with young digital stars like Lele Pons and Rudy Mancuso.<mask>'s channel includes parody music videos and comedy sketches. He hosts the podcast Hotboxin' with <mask>. In October 2017, <mask> was announced as the new face of Australian car servicing franchise Ultra Tune. He has taken over from Jean-Claude van Damme in fronting television commercials for the brand, and the first advert is due to air in January 2018 during the Australian Open. A joint Mainland China-Hong Kong-directed film on female friendship titled Girls 2: Girls vs Gangsters () that was shot earlier from July–August 2016 at several locations around Vietnam was released in March 2018, featuring <mask> as "Dragon". Tiki Lau released a dance music single, <mask> in October 2020 which includes vocals from <mask>. In 2021, <mask>'s Hard Lemonade Seltzer featured ads with <mask>.In March 2021, it was announced that Jamie Foxx will star in, and also executive produce the official scripted series, “<mask>". The limited series will be directed by Antoine Fuqua and executive produced by Martin Scorsese. A two-part documentary series titled <mask>: The Knockout premiered on May 25, 2021, on ABC

Professional boxing record

Exhibition boxing record

Pay-per-view bouts

Boxing

PPV home television

Closed-circuit theatre TV
Select pay-per-view boxing buy rates at American closed-circuit theatre television venues:

Professional wrestling

World Wrestling Federation

All Elite Wrestling

Awards and honors

Humane letters
The Central State University in Wilberforce, Ohio, in 1989 awarded <mask> an honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters: "<mask> demonstrates that hard work,

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title: Serhiy Klyuyev

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<mask> (also spelled: <mask>; ) is a Ukrainian businessman and a former member of the Ukrainian Parliament. <mask> was born on August 19, 1969 in Donetsk (Soviet Union). He is the brother of another politician <mask>. From 2006 to 2019 he was a deputy in the Verkhovna Rada (the national parliament of Ukraine) and the formal owner of the Mezhigorye residence of former President Viktor Yanukovych. In 2014, the EU imposed personal sanctions against the brothers, but in the years 2018-2019 they lifted them – first for Sergey, and then for Andrey. Political career
From 2002–2005, <mask> was Deputy Chairman of the Donetsk Regional State Administration. In 2006, he became a Member of the Parliament of the 5th legislation period as a member of the Party of Regions.From April 2006, he was a Member of the Permanent Parliamentary Delegation to PACE. In 2007, he became a Member of the Board of the National Bank of Ukraine as well as the Chairman of the Austria-Ukraine Inter-Parliamentary Friendship Group, Chairman of the Parliamentary Sub-Committee on Banking and Foreign Currency Policy, a member of the Parliamentary Committee on Finance and Banking and a member of the Ukraine-Azerbaijan and Ukraine-Japan Inter-Parliamentary Friendship Groups. In 2012, he was re-elected into parliament on the party list of Party of Regions. Since November 2012 he has been a member of the Ukraine–Austria Inter-Parliamentary Friendship Groups and Chairman of the Ukraine-China and Ukraine-USA Inter-Parliamentary Friendship Group. In the October 2014, <mask> was again re-elected into parliament at the Ukrainian parliamentary election; this time as a non-partisan candidate after winning a single-member districts seat in Artemivsk with 47.47% of the votes. Since November 2014, he was a member of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Committee on Fuel and Energy Complex, Nuclear Policy and Nuclear Safety and a member of the Ukraine–Austria,  Ukraine–China and Ukraine-USA Inter-Parliamentary Friendship Groups. <mask> did

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 not take part in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election.Activ Solar
In Ukraine, Klyuyevs owned the “Ukrpodshipnik” group of companies, “Semiconductor Plant” and the Activ Solar company, which is registered in Austria. The latter built solar power plants in the Crimea, Odessa and Nikolaev regions. The Ukrainian public organization “Center for Combating Corruption” described the scheme of Klyuevs’ “solar” business: their companies received land for free when the brothers were in power, and received loans from Ukrainian state-owned banks. Electricity was sold to the state at a special “green tariff” for renewable energy sources, which is five times higher than the wholesale price. The Verkhovna Rada adopted this tariff in 2009, when both brothers were members of the parliament. At the time of the annexation of Crimea and “Activ Solar”, Klyuyev brothers were managing four solar power plant complexes in Crimea and constructing two more. Criminal prosecution
In February 2014, the Office of the State Prosecutor in Vienna opened a criminal proceeding against the Klyuyevs and their associates for unlawful obstruction of peaceful protests, abuse of power and misappropriation of property.Thus, on 11 December 2014 the High Court of Vienna found that the initial suspicion was unsubstantiated. On 28 January 2016, the General Court of the EU annulled the financial sanctions imposed upon Ukrainian Member of Parliament <mask> <mask> by the Council of the EU. In 2017, Deutsche Welle wrote that Klyuevs’ companies did not return almost 28 billion hryvnias or $1 billion to Ukrainian state banks. The Ukrainian government had to cover the losses of the banks from the state budget. Journalists calculated that each Ukrainian taxpayer paid 2 thousand hryvnias (about $75) for the debts of the <mask> brothers. On 21 February 2018, the European Court of Justice ruled on the illegality of the last wave of sanctions imposed by the EU Council in 2017 on <mask> <mask>. In its decision, the court noted that

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texts:
 the European Council, introducing sanctions, should have checked grounds for accusations against those named and if there were grounds for "doubting the authenticity of evidence," which Ukraine provided the EU.On 5 March 2018, the Council of the European Union lifts sanctions from MP <mask> <mask>. According to Council Decision (CFSP)2018/333 of 5 March 2018 all 28th European Union member Countries remove the sanctions from MP Sergiy <mask> as well. On 16 March 2018, HM Treasury of the UK and the Government of Liechtenstein also excluded Sergiy <mask> from their asset freeze lists. On 26 March 2018, Montenegro, Albania, Norway, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova, aligned themselves with this decision and lifted the sanctions on <mask>. Professional career

From 1992–1994, <mask> was Commercial Director of Trade House Pidshipnik Ltd., a joint-venture company. Then, from 1994–2000 he was Vice-president and Chairman of the Ukrpidshipnik Supervisory Board.From 1997–2002 and for some months in 2005 he was a member of the Board of Directors of Slav AG Company in Vienna. From 2000–2002 and 2005–2006 he was CEO of the Ukrpidshipnik Group.<mask> and his brother Andriy <mask> sold Active Bank in March 2013. Education
From 1987 to 1992, <mask> <mask> studied at the Donetsk National Technical University (Donetsk Politechnic Institute). Upon graduation he received Bachelor of Science in Mining Engineering (the same specialization as his brother). He is an author and a holder of some 39 patents in the field of non-ferrous metallurgy, cable production and electric engineering. Personal life
<mask> is married to Iryna (born 1964) and has a daughter named Olha and a son named Andriy (1992). References

1969 births
Living people
People from Donetsk
Party of Regions politicians
Sixth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
Seventh convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
Eighth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
Fugitives wanted by Ukraine
Ukrainian businesspeople
Ukrainian

masks: Serhiy Klyuyev Klyuyev Klyuyev Klyuyev Klyuyev Klyuyev Klyuyev Serhiy Klyuyev Klyuyev


title: Samuel Hahnemann

texts:
<mask> (; 10 April 1755 – 2 July 1843) was a German physician, best known for creating the pseudoscientific system of alternative medicine called homeopathy. Early life
<mask> was born in Meissen, Saxony, near Dresden. His father <mask> was a painter and designer of porcelain, for which the town of Meissen is famous. As a young man, <mask> became proficient in a number of languages, including English, French, Italian, Greek and Latin. He eventually made a living as a translator and teacher of languages, gaining further proficiency in "Arabic, Syriac, Chaldaic and Hebrew". <mask> studied medicine for two years at Leipzig. Citing Leipzig's lack of clinical facilities, he moved to Vienna, where he studied for ten months.After one term of further study, he graduated MD at the University of Erlangen on 10 August 1779, qualifying with honors. His poverty may have forced him to choose Erlangen, as the school's fees were lower. <mask>'s thesis was titled Conspectus adfectuum spasmodicorum aetiologicus et therapeuticus. [A Dissertation on the Causes and Treatment of Spasmodic Diseases]

Medical practice
In 1781, <mask> took a village doctor's position in the copper-mining area of Mansfeld, Saxony. He soon married Johanna Henriette Kuchler and would eventually have eleven children. After abandoning medical practice, and while working as a translator of scientific and medical textbooks, he translated 15 books from English, 6 from French and 1 each from Latin and Italian from 1777 to 1806. <mask> travelled around Saxony for many years, staying in many different towns and villages for varying lengths of time, never living far from the River Elbe and settling at different times in Dresden, Torgau, Leipzig and Köthen (Anhalt) before finally moving to Paris in June 1835.Creation of homeopathy

<mask> was dissatisfied with the

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title: Samuel Hahnemann

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 state of medicine in his time, and particularly objected to practices such as bloodletting. He claimed that the medicine he had been taught to practice sometimes did the patient more harm than good:
My sense of duty would not easily allow me to treat the unknown pathological state of my suffering brethren with these unknown medicines. The thought of becoming in this way a murderer or malefactor towards the life of my fellow human beings was most terrible to me, so terrible and disturbing that I wholly gave up my practice in the first years of my married life and occupied myself solely with chemistry and writing. After giving up his practice around 1784, <mask> made his living chiefly as a writer and translator, while resolving also to investigate the causes of medicine's alleged errors. While translating William Cullen's A Treatise on the Materia Medica, <mask> encountered the claim that cinchona, the bark of a Peruvian tree, was effective in treating malaria because of its astringency. <mask> believed that other astringent substances are not effective against malaria and began to research cinchona's effect on the human body by self-application. Noting that the drug induced malaria-like symptoms in himself, he concluded that it would do so in any healthy individual.This led him to postulate a healing principle: "that which can produce a set of symptoms in a healthy individual, can treat a sick individual who is manifesting a similar set of symptoms." This principle, like cures like, became the basis for an approach to medicine which he gave the name homeopathy. He first used the term homeopathy in his essay Indications of the Homeopathic Employment of Medicines in Ordinary Practice, published in Hufeland's Journal in 1807. Development of homeopathy
Following up the work of the Viennese physician Anton von Störck,

masks: Hahnemann Hahnemann Hahnemann


title: Samuel Hahnemann

texts: <mask> tested substances for the effects they produced on a healthy individual, presupposing (as von Störck had claimed) that they may heal the same ills that they caused. His researches led him to agree with von Störck that the toxic effects of ingested substances are often broadly parallel to certain disease states, and his exploration of historical cases of poisoning in the medical literature further implied a more generalised medicinal "law of similars". He later devised methods of diluting the drugs he was testing in order to mitigate their toxic effects. He claimed that these dilutions, when prepared according to his technique of "potentization" using dilution and succussion (vigorous shaking), were still effective in alleviating the same symptoms in the sick.His more systematic experiments with dose reduction really commenced around 1800–01 when, on the basis of his "law of similars," he had begun using Ipecacuanha for the treatment of coughs and Belladonna for scarlet fever. He first published an article about the homeopathic approach in a German-language medical journal in 1796. Following a series of further essays, he published in 1810 "Organon of the Rational Art of Healing", followed over the years by four further editions entitled The Organon of the Healing Art, the first systematic treatise and containing all his detailed instructions on the subject. A 6th Organon edition, unpublished during his lifetime, and dating from February 1842, was only published many years after his death. It consisted  of a 5th Organon containing extensive handwritten annotations. The Organon is widely regarded as a remodelled form of an essay he published in 1806 called "The Medicine of Experience", which had been published in Hufeland's Journal. Of the Organon, Robert Ellis Dudgeon states it "was an amplification and


title: Samuel Hahnemann

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 extension of his "Medicine of Experience", worked up with greater care, and put into a more methodical and aphoristic form, after the model of the Hippocratic writings."Coffee theory of disease

Around the start of the nineteenth century <mask> developed a theory, propounded in his 1803 essay On the Effects of Coffee from Original Observations, that many diseases are caused by coffee. <mask> later abandoned the coffee theory in favour of the theory that disease is caused by Psora, but it has been noted that the list of conditions <mask> attributed to coffee was similar to his list of conditions caused by Psora. Later life

In early 1811 <mask> moved his family back to Leipzig with the intention of teaching his new medical system at the University of Leipzig. As required by the university statutes, to become a faculty member he was required to submit and defend a thesis on a medical topic of his choice. On 26 June 1812, <mask> presented a Latin thesis, entitled "A Medical Historical Dissertation on the Helleborism of the Ancients." His thesis very thoroughly examined the historical literature and sought  to differentiate between the ancient use of Helleborus niger, or black hellebore, and the medicinal uses of the "white hellebore", botanically Veratrum album, both of which are poisonous plants. <mask> continued practicing and researching homeopathy, as well as writing and lecturing for the rest of his life.He died in 1843 in Paris, at 88 years of age, and is entombed in a mausoleum at Paris's Père Lachaise Cemetery. Descendants
<mask>'s daughter, Amelie (1789–1881), had a son: Leopold Suss-<mask>. Leopold emigrated to England, and he practised homeopathy in London. He retired to the Isle of Wight and died there at the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Dr Leopold Suss-<mask>'s youngest daughter, Amalia, had two

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title: Samuel Hahnemann

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 children, Winifred (born in 1898) and Herbert. William Herbert Tankard-<mask> (1922–2009) was Winifred's son. He served as a Major in the British Army during World War II, and then had a career in the city of London.He was at one point appointed as a Freeman of the City of London. Mr William Herbert Tankard-<mask>, the great-great-great-grandson of <mask> died on 12 January 2009 (his 87th birthday) after 22 years of active patronage of the British Institute of Homeopathy. The William Tankard-<mask> line continues with his son, Charles. Writings
<mask> wrote a number of books, essays, and letters on the homeopathic method, chemistry, and general medicine:
 Heilkunde der Erfahrung. Norderstedt 2010,
  reprinted in
Fragmenta de viribus medicamentorum positivis sive in sano corpore humano obeservitis, a collection of 27 drug "provings" published in Latin in 1805. The Organon of the Healing Art (1810), a detailed delineation of what he saw as the rationale underpinning homeopathic medicine, and guidelines for practice. <mask> published the 5th edition in 1833; a revised draft of this (1842) was discovered after <mask>'s death and finally published as the 6th edition in 1921.Materia Medica Pura, a compilation of "homoeopathic proving" reports, published in six volumes between vol. I in 1811 and vol. VI in 1821; second edition of vol. I to Vol. VI from 1822 to 1827 and third revised editions of volumes I and II were published in 1830 and 1833, respectively. Chronic Diseases (1828), an explanation of the root and cure of chronic disease according to the theory of miasms, together with a compilation of "homoeopathic proving" reports, published in five volumes during the 1830s. The Friend of Health, in which <mask> "recommended the use of fresh air, bed rest, proper diet, sunshine, public hygiene and numerous other

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 beneficial measures at a time when many other physicians considered them of no value."Appeal to Thinking Philanthropist Respecting the Mode of Propagation of the Asiatic Choler, in which <mask> describes cholera physicians and nurses as the "certain and frequent propagators" of cholera and that whilst deriding nurses' "fumigations with chlorine", promoted the use of "drops of camphorated spirit" as a cure for the disease. <mask> also campaigned for the humane treatment of the insane in 1792. John Henry Clarke wrote that "In 1787, <mask> discovered the best test for arsenic and other poisons in wine, having pointed out the unreliable nature of the 'Wurtemberg test,' which had been in use up to that date." <mask>s Apothekerlexikon . Vol.2 . Crusius, Leipzig 1798–1799 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 Reine Arzneimittellehre . Arnold, Dresden (several editions) 1822–1827 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 Systematische Darstellung der reinen Arzneiwirkungen aller bisher geprüften Mittel .Vieweg, Braunschweig 1831 – Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf

See also
 Hahnemann University Hospital

Notes

References

, reprinted as

Further reading

External links

 Christian Friedrich <mask> A historical overview
 Hahnemann Building, Hope Street, Liverpool former site of the  Hahnemann Hospital, Liverpool

 A digitized copy of <mask>'s personal 5th edition with handwritten notes for the 6th edition
 Brief History of life of <mask>

1755 births
1843 deaths
18th-century Latin-language writers
18th-century German male writers
19th-century Latin-language writers
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Leipzig University faculty
18th-century German physicians
German homeopaths
People from Meissen
People from the Electorate of Saxony
University of

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title: Mike Kerrigan

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<mask> (born April 27, 1960) is a former professional quarterback. College
<mask> played high school football at Mt. Carmel High School in Chicago. He was recruited  by Yale, Weber State, and Utah, but opted to attend Northwestern as a walk-on. After sitting his entire freshman season, Kerrigan became the team's starting quarterback the second game of his sophomore season. In his first ever college game, Kerrigan led Northwestern to a 27 to 22 victory over Wyoming. Kerrigan was awarded a scholarship following the game.This would be the only victory for <mask> in his college career as the Wildcats lost their next 32 games - an NCAA Division I record. As he did not play his freshman year, <mask> was eligible to return for the 1982 season, however coach Dennis Green wanted to go in a different direction at quarterback, so Kerrigan opted to try professional football. In his three seasons as Northwestern's quarterback, Kerrigan attempted 379 of 797 passes for 4094 yards, and threw 23 touchdowns and 47 interceptions. He set Northwestern's single-season records for completions (173) and passing yards (1816) during his junior year. Professional career

New England Patriots
<mask> went undrafted in 1982, however, at the urging of director of player development Dick Steinberg, the New England Patriots signed <mask> as an undrafted free agent. He beat out Steve Sandon and Lou Pagley for the third-string quarterback position. He made the team again in 1983 and saw his first professional action on December 19, 1983, replacing Tony Eason during the fourth quarter of the season finale against the Seattle Seahawks.He went 6 for 14 for 72 yards with an interception and rushed once for 14 yards in a 24–6 loss. He was cut following the 1984 preseason and tried out for the Los Angeles Rams and the Edmonton Eskimos before returning to the Patriots following an injury to Eason. When Eason returned three weeks later, <mask> was released again. When Raymond

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 Berry took over as head coach later that season, he decided to add a third quarterback and brought back <mask>. <mask> appeared in one game versus Indianapolis, completing one pass for 13 yards, leading the offense on a fourth-quarter touchdown drive. He was released by the Patriots on June 20, 1985. Hamilton Tiger-Cats
In 1986, <mask> signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and competed with Tom Porras, Mark Casale, and Wilson Fraylon for the backup quarterback job.He won the second-string job and replaced Ken Hobart as starter in the team's fifth game of the year. He was named an Eastern Division All-Star by the Football Reporters of Canada and led the Ti-Cats to a 39–15 upset victory over the 12-point favourite Edmonton Eskimos in the 74th Grey Cup. He was named the game's most valuable offensive player. It was Hamilton's first Grey Cup title since 1972, and their first win over Edmonton since 1977. Both <mask> and Hobart missed much of the 1987 due to injury, which led to Tom Porras receiving the most of the playing time that year. <mask> entered the 1988 season in a competition with Hobart, Porras, and rookie Terry Andrysiak. The Ti-Cats opted to release Hobart and have <mask> and Porras split time as starter.On October 1, <mask> separated his shoulder and missed the rest of the season. Although he missed the last six games, <mask> finished fourth in the league in passing yards (2,764) and second in completion percentage (55%). The team struggled without <mask> and Porras was released after the season, which allowed <mask> to enter the 1989 season without competition for the starting job. He completed 248 of 486 passes for 3,635 yards and 20 touchdowns, ranking him fourth among CFL quarterbacks. He again led the Tiger-Cats to the league championship. In the 77th Grey Cup, he completed 23 of 35 passes for 303 yards and tied the game with 34 seconds left with a touchdown pass to Tony Champion. However, the Saskatchewan Roughriders won

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title: Mike Kerrigan

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 the game 43–40 on a last second field goal.<mask> struggled in 1990 and was benched in favor of backup Todd Dillon shortly into the 1991 season. On May 9, 1992, The Tiger-Cats signed Damon Allen, ending <mask>'s first stint in Hamilton. Toronto Argonauts
On June 4, 1992, <mask> signed with the Toronto Argonauts. He was signed by Toronto general manager <mask>, who had also brought Kerrigan to Hamilton when he was the Tiger-Cats director of player personnel. <mask> began the season as a third-string quarterback behind Rickey Foggie and John Congemi. On August 27, <mask> came off the bench to lead Toronto to a 24 to 16 comeback victory over the Ottawa Rough Riders. He threw a 43-yard touchdown pass to Darrell K. Smith put the Argonauts ahead by one point with a minute left in the fourth quarter.<mask> made his first start for the Argonauts in the following week's Labour Day Classic. It was <mask> Wynne Stadium since leaving the Tiger-Cats. Hamilton won the game 27 to 24, with <mask> throwing an interception that set up the game-winning touchdown. <mask> returned to the bench the following week due to a strained knee tendon. In 1993, the Argonauts brought in Tracy Ham to be the starter and <mask> beat out Chris Flynn for the backup job. On July 28, <mask> completed 13 of 20 passes for 279 yards and three touchdowns in relief of Ham in a 39 to 36 loss to the Calgary Stampeders, which led to <mask> taking over as starter. <mask> started three games before missing the rest of the season with a broken collarbone.<mask> was brought back in 1994 and won the starting job. <mask> started six games before being benched in favor of Reggie Slack. Slack started the next two games before coach Bob O'Billovich decided to return <mask> to the starting role. In his return as starter, <mask> led Toronto their first Labour Day victory over Hamilton in seven years. <mask> made one more start before another collarbone injury ended his season. On April 24,

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 1995, <mask> was released by the Argonauts after they acquired Kent Austin via trade. Return to the Tiger-Cats
On May 3, 1995, <mask> signed with the Tiger-Cats.He spent the year as the third string QB behind Anthony Calvillo and Steve Taylor. In the team's playoff game against the Calgary Stampeders, <mask> came off the bench and completed 23 of 36 for 244 yards and a touchdown. <mask> was waived by the Ti-Cats on May 29, 1996. On August 12, <mask> returned to the Tiger-Cats, this time as a quarterback coach. He, along with offensive line coach John Salavantis and receivers coach Terry Greer shared offensive coordinator duties following the dismissal of John Jenkins. He returned to active roster on August 29 as the backup to Marvin Graves following injuries to Matt Dunigan and Anthony Calvillo. He took over the starting role for the team's September 8 game against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers.He continued in his dual role as coach and player until September 11, when John Jenkins was rehired as offensive coordinator. In the team's September 15 game against the Edmonton Eskimos, <mask> passed Bernie Faloney as Hamilton's career passing leader. Anthony Calvillo took over the starting job following his return from injury, but <mask> remained with the team as the backup. He was released by the team prior to the start of the 1997 season. Personal life
<mask> married a member of Brock University's food services department that he met while the Tiger-Cats held training camp there. During his playing career, <mask> resided in St. Catharines and had an antique business in Stoney Creek, Ontario. References

1960 births
Living people
Players of American football from Chicago
Players of Canadian football from Chicago
American football quarterbacks
Northwestern Wildcats football players
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football quarterbacks
New England Patriots players
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Toronto Argonauts players
Hamilton

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title: Marcellin Marbot

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Jean-<mask> ( , ; 18 August 1782 – 16 November 1854), known as <mask>, was a French general, famous for his memoirs depicting the Napoleonic age of warfare. He belongs to a family that has distinguished itself particularly in the career of arms, giving three generals to France in less than 50 years. His elder brother, <mask>, was also a military man of some note. Biography

Early life
Jean-<mask> was born into a family of military nobility in Altillac, in the ancient province of Quercy in southwestern France. He was the younger son of General <mask>, former aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-Général de Schomberg, inspector general of the cavalry within the Military household of the king of France. After studying at the Sorèze Military College (1793–1798), he joined the 1st Hussards Regiment as a volunteer on 3 September 1799. He served under General Jean-Mathieu Seras, who promoted him to the rank of sergeant on 1 December 1799.In the same month, on 31 December 1799, he was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant in recognition of his courage. He fought with the Army of Italy and took part in the Battle of Marengo and the Siege of Genoa, during which his father, General Jean-<mask> died. Having returned to France, he joined the 25th Chasseur Regiment on 11 June 1801 and was detached to the School of Cavalry at Versailles. Napoleonic wars

He became aide-de-camp to General Pierre Augereau on 31 August 1803 and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant on 11 July 1804. During the war against the Kingdom of Prussia and the Russian Empire between 1806 and 1807, he fought in the VII corps

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title: Marcellin Marbot

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 of the Grande Armée. Having distinguished himself at the Battle of Austerlitz, he was promoted to the rank of captain on 3 January 1807. The following month, he took part in the Battle of Eylau, during the course of which he nearly lost his life.After this he served in the Peninsular War under Marshals Jean Lannes and André Masséna, and showed himself to be a dashing leader of light cavalry in the Russian campaign of 1812. On 15 November 1812 he was promoted to the rank of colonel and took part in the German campaign of 1813 as the commander of a cavalry regiment. During the morning of the first day of the Battle of Leipzig, <mask> nearly changed the course of the entire war when his regiment came close to capturing the Tsar of Russia, Alexander I and the King of Prussia, Frederick William III, as they had strayed from their escort. After a slow recovery from the wounds he had received at the battles of Leipzig and Hanau, he took part in the Battle of Waterloo alongside Emperor Napoleon I during the Hundred Days. After the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815, he was exiled during the first years of the Bourbon Restoration and only returned to France in 1819. July Monarchy

During the July Monarchy, his intimacy with King Louis Philippe I and his son, Prince Ferdinand Philippe of Orléans secured him important military positions. He was promoted to the rank of maréchal de camp (brigadier general), and in this rank he was present at the Siege of Antwerp in 1832.From 1835 to 1840 he served in various Algerian expeditions, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-général


title: Marcellin Marbot

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 (divisional general) in 1836. In 1845 he was made a member of the Chamber of Peers. Three years later, at the fall of King Louis Philippe I, he retired into private life. Family

His father, General Jean-<mask>, had four sons, only two whom reached adulthood: Antoine Adolphe Marcelin, the elder, maréchal de camp (brigadier general) during the July Monarchy, and Jean-Baptiste Antoine Marcelin, the younger. Through his mother, he was the cousin of François Certain de Canrobert, marshal of France during the Second French Empire. On 5 November 1811, he married Angélique Marie Caroline Personne-Desbrières (1790–1873), and by this alliance became the owner of the Château du Rancy in Bonneuil-sur-Marne. They had two sons:

 Adolphe Charles Alfred, known as Alfred (1812–1865): Master of Requests to the Council of State, uniformologist and painter.Charles Nicolas Marcelin, known as Charles (1820–1882): Whose daughter Marguerite first published her grandfather's famous Memoirs. Decorations

<mask> received the following decorations:

 French Empire
 National Order of the Legion of Honour:
  Knight: 16 October 1808. Officer: 28 September 1813. Kingdom of France
 Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis:
  Knight: 6 June 1827. Kingdom of France
 Royal Order of the Legion of Honour:
  Commander: 21 March 1831. Grand Officer: 30 April 1836. Kingdom of Belgium
 Order of Leopold:
  Commander: 10 March 1833.Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
 Order of the Oak Crown:
  Grand Cross: 9 September 1842. Wounds and injuries
<mask> endured 13 wounds and injuries during his service:

 A bayonet stab to the

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 left arm, received while he was left stunned by the "wind" of a cannonball that had just flown through his bicorn hat, at the Battle of Eylau: 8 February 1807. A sword slash to the forehead at Ágreda: 1 November 1808. A gunshot through the upper body at the Siege of Zaragoza: 9 February 1809. A gunshot to the right thigh at the Battle of Essling: 22 May 1809. A gunshot to the left wrist at the Battle of Znaim: 12 July 1809. A sword slash to the face and a sword stab to the belly at the Battle of Casal Novo: 14 March 1811.A gunshot to the left shoulder at the Battle of Klyastitsy: 31 July 1812. A lance stab to the right knee at Plieščanicy: 4 December 1812. An arrow hit to the right thigh (fired by Russia's Bashkir horse archers) at the Battle of Leipzig: 18 October 1813. A lance stab to the chest at the Battle of Waterloo: 18 June 1815. A gunshot to the left knee at Médéa during the Algerian expedition: 12 May 1840. Literary works

Publications

In exile after Battle of Waterloo, <mask> returned to France in 1819 and wrote two books:

 Critical remarks on the work of Lieutenant-Général Rogniat, entitled: Considerations on the art of war (1820). On the necessity of increasing the military forces of France; means of achieving this in the most cost-efficient way possible (1825).The first publication was a reply to General Joseph Rogniat’s treatise on war, in which <mask> effectively contrasted the human factor in war with Rogniat’s pure theory. The second presented his recommendations for the future development of the French Armed Forces. Napoleon read the first publication

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 while in exile on the island of Saint Helena. His aide-de-camp, General Henri-Gatien Bertrand recorded in his diary on 14 March 1821:

In the evening, the Emperor handed me <mask>'s book, [...] and said: "That is the best book I have read for four years. It is the one that has given me the greatest amount of pleasure. [...] He has expressed some things better than I did, he was more familiar with them because, on the whole, he was more of a Corps commander than I. [...] Throughout the book he never refers to 'the Emperor'.He wanted the King of France (Louis XVIII) to give him an appointment with the rank of Colonel; that is quite obvious. He uses 'Emperor' once, so as not to look as though he were afraid to do so, or to appear cowardly, and another time he uses 'Napoleon'. He mentions Masséna and Augereau frequently, and he has described the Battle of Essling better than I could have done it myself [...]. I should have liked to show <mask> my appreciation by sending him a ring. If I ever return to active life, I will have him attached to me as an aide-de-camp [...]. This publication earned <mask> the distinction of being remembered in Napoleon's will:

To Colonel <mask>, one hundred thousand francs. I recommend him to continue to write in defense of the glory of the French armies, and to confound their calumniators and apostates.Memoirs

His fame rests chiefly on the Memoirs of his life and campaigns, the Memoirs of General Baron <mask>, which were written for his children and published posthumously in Paris, in 1891. An English translation by Arthur John Butler was

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 published in London, in 1892. <mask>’s Memoirs were widely acclaimed, and Arthur Conan Doyle wrote of them:

The first of all soldier books in the world. [...] There are few books which I could not spare from my shelves better than the Memoirs of the gallant <mask>. Literary references
Several authors and personalities have cited <mask> and his Memoirs in their works:

 Andrew Lang's collections of stories written by various authors feature selected excerpts from <mask>'s Memoirs. Three appear in The Red True Story Book collection (1895): "Marbot's March", "Eylau. The Mare Lisette" and "How Marbot crossed the Danube".Another two appear in The All Sorts of Stories Book collection (1911): "How the Russian Soldier was Saved" and "Marbot and the Young Cossack". In Arthur Conan Doyle's novel Through the Magic Door (1907), the author shares his admiration for <mask>'s Memoirs with his readers. Doyle also modelled the fictional comedic character of Brigadier Gerard, the most entertaining of all his characters, on a number of real-life sources from the Napoleonic era, among them <mask>. In Theodore Roosevelt's writings and public statements, <mask> is cited on two occasions. He is mentioned in Roosevelt's address Biological Analogies in History (1910), delivered at the University of Oxford, and in his publication A Book Lover's Holiday in the Open (1916). In Virginia Woolf's novel Mrs Dalloway (1925), there are several mentions of the protagonist Clarissa Dalloway reading <mask>'s Memoirs. As with a number of other historical figures, <mask> appears prominently in the Riverworld

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 cycle of science-fiction novels (1967-1983) by Philip José Farmer.<mask> is first featured as the commander of Marines on Sam Clemens' riverboat, the Not for Hire. After the destruction of that boat and the death of its captain, <mask> joins the group led by famed English explorer Sir Richard Francis Burton and accompanies him on the journey to the head of the River. Accompanied by his lover, the English author Aphra Behn, <mask> reaches the Tower at the head of the River, only to die in combat when androids based on characters from Alice Through the Looking-Glass attack the guests during a Lewis Carroll-themed party. In Marc Bloch's book The Historian's Craft (1949), he uses the story of <mask> crossing the Danube, along with various documentary evidence, as an example of historical criticism unearthing erroneous history-writing, citing sources as wide-ranging as the Commentaries of Julius Caesar and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. In Ronald Frederick Delderfield's novel To Serve Them All My Days (1972), the protagonist David Powlett-Jones gets comfort from <mask>'s Memoirs during his time in the trenches, and again on the death of his wife and daughter in a road accident. Eponyms

Several places and buildings have been named after <mask>, the central square of Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne, department of Corrèze in France. Avenue des Généraux Marbot, the principal avenue of Altillac, department of Corrèze in France.Hôtel Marbot, a château in Tulle, department of Corrèze in France and seat of the departmental council of Corrèze. Marbot Lake, a lake in Baie-James, province of

masks: Marbot Marbot Marbot Marbot Marbot Marbot


title: Marcellin Marbot

texts:
 Quebec in Canada. Marbot, previous name of the town of Tarik Ibn Ziad, province of Aïn Defla in Algeria. See also
 List of French military leaders
 Napoleonic Wars
 Marbot family
 Jean-Antoine Marbot
 Adolphe <mask>

References

Sources

 Archives nationales (French Ministry of Culture):

Notes

Citations

External links

 Works by <mask> <mask> at HathiTrust. .
 .

1782 births
1854 deaths
Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Knights of the Order of Saint Louis
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy
French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the Bourbon Restoration
Marcellin
Cavalry commanders
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
19th-century French writers
Barons of the First French Empire
People from Corrèze
French military writers
French lieutenant

masks: Marbot Marcellin Marbot


title: Haridasa Thakur

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<mask> (IAST ) (born 1451 or 1450) was a prominent Vaishnava saint known for being instrumental in the initial propagation of the Hare Krishna movement. He is considered to be the most famous convert of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, apart from Rupa Goswami and Sanatana Goswami. His story of integrity and unflinching faith in the face of extreme adversity is told in Chaitanya Charitamrita, Antya lila. It is believed that Chaitanya Mahaprabhu himself designated Haridasa as , meaning the 'teacher of the Name'. <mask>ura, was a devotee of God, Krishna, and had practiced chanting the names of the Lord, Hare Krishna, 300,000 times daily. Background

<mask>ur was a prominent Vaishnava convert from Islam and is now venerated as a Hindu saint. From the very beginning of Chaitanya's 16th century bhakti movement in Bengal, Haridasa Thakur and other born Muslims as well as those of various faiths joined together to spread love of God.This openness received a boost from Bhaktivinoda <mask>'s broad-minded vision in the late 19th century and was institutionalized by Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati in his Gaudiya Matha in the 20th century. A disciple of Bhaktisiddhanta, Srila A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, is the founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, that celebrates festivals memory of <mask> Thakura in India and worldwide. However one of the early records of the period by Isana Nagara, (c. 1564), author of the Advaita-prakasa, describes contemporary condition of the Hindus under 'Ala-ud-din Hussain Shah (1493–1519):

Sources

According to Murari Gupta's Krishna chaitanya charitamria, mlecchas (a word used for those who do not follow the four regulative principles) are the objects of Lords saving mercy, and as is the case of Haridasa shows, it produces even a great saint. While in contrast to this, another

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title: Haridasa Thakur

texts: biographer, Kavi Karnapura, in his Krishna Chaitanya Chartamritam Maha-vakyam, written in Sanskrit in 1542, makes no explicit references to Islam, and when referring to the famed saint Haridasa, the author does not speak of his parentage. The earliest biography however, Chaitanya Bhagavata, would avoid use of the word 'mleccha', but would use 'yavana' some fifty times and it appears that the author himself knows more about Islam than an average Hindu will do. While some contend that Haridasa was born of Muslim parents and instead was simply brought up by them, Chaitanya Bhagavata suggests that apostasy from Islam was a capital offense in Bengal at the time and local qazi became aware of the conversion of Haridasa and brought him before the district governor, also a Muslim. Haridasa defends himself on the basis that there is only one God with many names.In this remarkable scene and speech Vaishnava convert <mask> Thakur refuses to recite from a Muslim scripture, and was therefore sentenced, beaten and left for dead in the river. He however recovered instantly, convincing many he was a pir, a special mystical person. As a result, according to the author of Chaitanya Bhagavata, qazi was removed from the office. Some suggest that the episode illustrates, that it was the pressure of  communal prestige rather than desire of the governor to instill the law, that resulted in the punishment of Haridasa, when he was caned on the marketplaces. In contrast with it, even if Hussain Shah was depicted as a destructive ruler in Orissa, author attests that many yavanas were devoted to Chaitanya, and would weep over Chaitanya and confess their faith in him. The elements of the historiographies of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Chaitanya Charitamrta and Chaitanya Bhagavata contain main points illustrating the religious bigotry of the


title: Haridasa Thakur

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 Muslims and the consequent persecution of the Hindus, Vaishnavas at the period. Both books retell a famous episode in the life of Chaitanya.He had introduced the public worship in the form of public kirtana and this enraged the local Muslim ruler. To prevent the recurrences of public kirtana the qazi patrolled the streets of Nadiya with a party. After organizing a large civil march, Chaitanya discussed with quazi the situation, who appears in more chastened mood. Author of Chaitanya Charitamrita attributes the change in the quazi's attitude to a miracle. In Chaitanya Chariamrita however it appears describes an overriding order by a superior of quazi to respect sankirtan Chaitanya, that was issued by the Husain Shah himself, who was impressed with the popularity of the saint. Ishana in chapter 7 of his Advaita-prakasa introduces Haridasa, being originally a Muslim, Haridasa is such an anomalous figure that his presence in the community seems to require explanation. Although Chaitanya himself insisted that anyone who is devoted to Krishna automatically becomes a brahmana, there were only very few non-brahmana, who played a role of leadership in the young group of Gaudiya Vaishnava movement.Ishana uses a reference from Bhagavata Purana (S.Bhag 10.13-14) to support high place of Haridasa in Gaudiya Vaishnavism, and to illustrate spiritual power of his guru, Advaita, to elevate him to such a position. He is a great saint

Early life

Born in the village of Buron (Budana), in the present district of Sat-khira, which was previously a sub-division of Khulna, now in Bangladesh. Haridasa was 35 years older than Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and his prayers along with prayers of Advaita Acharya were the reason for Chaitanya Mahaprabhu descent. Ishana Nagara in his book Advaita Prakasha, explains in great length that <mask>


title: Haridasa Thakur

texts: Thakur was a follower of Advaita Acharya and also his close friend, he was raised in a Muslim family and then converted to Vaishnavism as a young man. Advaita Acharya repeatedly proclaims that becoming a Vaishnava, regardless of one's background, removes all past conditioning. When <mask> Thakura was a young devotee of the Lord, he was allured by the incarnation of Maya-devi, but Haridasa easily passed the test because of his unalloyed devotion to Lord Krsna. He also believed to have stayed and chanted in a cave with a notorious snake, however, seemed unaffected by all of this.He did not even seem to be aware of the snake's presence. Haridasa first became associated with Advaita Acarya. Haricarana Dasa, the biographer of Advaita Acharya says that all the demigods in heaven heard prayers of Advaita and reveal themselves to him, therefore when Advaita saw Haridasa, he could immediately recognize that he was Brahma incarnate and named him Hari-dasa (literary meaning servant of God). He instructs Haridasa to recite Krishna's names and assures him that Krishna will always show mercy to Haridasa. The close relationship between the two and the fact that Advaita was feeding a Muslim, became a subject of malicious gossip. This apparent anomaly created a stir in the local brahmana community. Others couldn't understand why a powerful ascetic was disregarding a convention of staying away from Muslims.The fact that community was disturbed is reflected in both Chaitanya Charitamrita and in Chaitanya Bhagavata. Haricarana Dasa, according to historical records, confirms that while Advaita was from the higher ranks of  Bengali brahmana community, he completely ignored the facts about Haridasa's background, impressed with the young man's heartfelt devotion. While others became upset with Advaita's attention to Haridasa, and


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 threatened to excommunicate Advaita, Advaita tells Haridasa to pay no attention to 'those petty people'. Legend says that one  morning, Advaita schedules a fire ceremony, agnihotra. When preparations for this ritual is about to begin, there is no fire to be found in the whole town. The ceremony is thus stranded and couldn't proceed. Advaita points out to all local brahmana priests that if priests are true to their religious teachings, there must be fire, and tells them to approach Haridasa with dried grass in their hands.When Haridasa kindles the grasses by his potency, he also, according to this record, manifests his four-faced Brahma-like form. While Agni, the deity of Vedas responsible for fire, should have been under the control of the brahmanas, it's only the Muslim born Haridasa who ignites the fires, by the power of his devotion, 'the purity those born brahmana have lost'. Teachings

According to the philosophy of the holy name given by <mask> Thakura, if you are on the platform of namabhasa (early or reflective stage of the pure chanting), it gives the chanter liberation, moksa. Whereas pure chanting gives prema, or 'Love of God'. An episode from Chaitanya Charitamrita illustrates different side of the life of <mask> Thakura, and does not allude to the trial of the Haridasa by the Muslim ruler, but gives details of a sakta brahmana, who would hire a harlot to try (unsuccessfully) to seduce the celibate saint. In this story the avenging instruments of divine justice are none other than the agents of the Muslim king, who eventually punishes Ramachandra Khan. (CC Antya.3.98-163)

<mask> Thakur was chanting mantra consisting of the names Hare, Krishna and Rama. Hare Krishna mantra appears originally in the :

Hare Krishna Hare Krishna
Krishna Krishna Hare Hare
Hare Rama Hare Rama
Rama Rama Hare Hare

It

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title: Haridasa Thakur

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 is often referred to as the "Maha Mantra" (great mantra) by practitioners. Following the footsteps of <mask> Thakur in 1966, A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada established ISKCON (the International Society for Krishna Consciousness), a branch of the Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya Vaishnava sampradaya, and introduced the Hare Krishna mantra to the West, described as: "an easy yet sublime way of liberation in the Age of Kali." Preaching of Hare Krishna chanting
He was asked to join forces with Nityananda who was older than Chaitanya by some eight years, and he believed to infuse into the movement a great passion. <mask> and Nityananda are famed for  conversion of two notorious scoundrels, Jagai and Madhai, of Navadvipa into the new faith. They are considered important lieutenants in the campaign for spreading the sankirtana movement, chanting of the holy names: Brahma, in the form of <mask>  Thakura, and later, Balarama as Nityananda. Other associates of Chaitanya called Haridas
Different associates of Chaitanya with this name include:

1.<mask> Pandita (also known as Sri Raghu Gopala and as Sri Rasa-manjari), a disciple of Sri Ananta Acaryam. He is according to Tarapada Mukherjee is of a later generation. The fact that he is mentioned in the verses derived from Chaitanya Charitamrita, Adi 8 as a listener rather than participants in lila distinguishes them from contemporaries like that of Rupa and the others mentioned who were direct associates of Chaitanya. However according to Krishnadasa Kaviraja, the book which was read in the meetings of the first generation of Chaitanya followers in Vrindavan was the Bhagavata Purana itself and not Chaitanya's life story. 2. Haridas (Junior), who accompanied Chaitanya on the journey to South India. It is believed that Chaitanya forsook the company of Junior Haridas because of an

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title: Haridasa Thakur

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 incident, that was against strict principles of a detached saint.Identity

<mask> Thakur in Gaudiya Vaishnavism is believed to be a combined incarnation of Brahma Mahatapa, the son of Richika Muni and Prahlada. The respected Murari Gupta has written in his Chaitanya Charitamrita that this sage's son picked a tulasi leaf and offered it to Krishna without having washed it first. His father then cursed him to become a mleccha in his next life. He was thus born as Haridasa, a great devotee. (Gaura-ganoddesha-dipika 93-95)

Nabadwip-dhama-mahatmya by Bhaktivinoda Thakur has written the following account of how Brahma became Haridasa Thakur:

From the above it is understood that he was an incarnation of the secondary creator Brahma. It is said that in order to overcome his pride, he asked for a birth in a lowly family. Similar description is found in Advaita-vilasa.Last years
Last years Haridasa has spent in Jagannatha Puri as a close associate of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. One time Caitanya Mahaprabhu took <mask> Thakura within the flower garden, and in a very secluded place He showed him his residence. He asked Haridasa to remain there and chant the Hare Krishna mantra, and said that He would personally come there to meet him every day. “Remain here peacefully and look at the cakra on top of the temple and offer obeisances. As for as your prasadam is concerned, I shall arrange to have it sent here”. Although Haridasa was not allowed to visit the temple because of the custom, Chaitanya promised to come and see him daily. To the belief of Gaudiya Vaishnavas this indicates that <mask> Thakura was so advanced in spiritual life that although he was considered unfit to enter the temple of Jagannatha, he's being personally visited by the lord every day.Prabhupada however on a number of occasions states that one should not


title: Haridasa Thakur

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 imitate the behavior of Haridasa Thakura. He says the spiritual master gives different orders to different disciples:

Death (Disappearance)
He reasons ill who tells that Vaishnavas die When thou art living still in Sound! The Vaishnavas die to live & living try To spread the holy name around! Verse by Bhaktivinoda Thakura on the tomb of <mask> Thakura at Puri, India, published in Swami Prabhupada's Narada Bhakti Sutra, (3.50, purport). It is believed that <mask> was buried on the ocean shore by Caitanya himself. Dr. A. N. Chatterjee makes a point in his doctoral thesis entitled "Chaitanya's impact on medieval Indian society" that death of Haridasa Thakura is one of the most important incidents which deserve mention when dealing with the last few years of Caitanya Mahaprabhus life. <mask> dies after most of other Gaudiya Vaishnavas depart home from Puri, he collapses one day while singing Krishnas name.He is then placing a foot of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu on his chest and dies crying out "Sri Krishna Chaitanya". Even when mahatmas, great souls, do appear in human society, they are often not appreciated or understood. Illustrating Gaudiya Vaishnava perspective on it Prabhupada writes:

However, if one gets the association of a such mahatma and is receptive to his blessings, it is believed that one will infallibly be benefited. Books

Further information
For more details of his life story see Chaitanya Bhagavata In this text <mask>'s tribulations are given in detail. References

External links

1450s births
16th-century Hindu religious leaders
Converts to Hinduism from Islam
Devotees of Krishna
Devotees of Jagannath
Kirtan performers
Medieval Hindu religious leaders
Spiritual teachers
Gaudiya religious leaders
Indian former Muslims
Indian Vaishnavites
Vaishnava saints
Year of death unknown
Scholars from


title: Leo Amery

texts:
<mask>,  (22 November 1873 – 16 September 1955), also known L. S<mask>, was a British Conservative journalist, politician, and member of numerous Cabinets. During his career, he was noted for his interest in military preparedness, British India and the British Empire and for his opposition to appeasement. After his retirement and death, he was perhaps best known for the remarks he made to his colleagues in the House of Commons on 7 May 1940 during the Norway Debate. In these remarks, <mask> pitilessly attacked the Prime Minister, his old acquaintance Neville Chamberlain, for incompetence in the fight against Hitler’s Germany. Many of <mask>’s Parliamentary contemporaries pointed to this speech as one of the key drivers in the division of the House on the following day, 8 May, which led to Chamberlain being forced out of office and his replacement by Winston Churchill. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Gorakhpur, British India, to an English father and a mother of Hungarian Jewish descent. His father was <mask> (1833–1901), of Lustleigh, Devon, an officer in the Indian Forestry Commission.His mother Elisabeth Johanna Saphir (c. 1841–1908), who was the sister of the orientalist Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner, had come to India from England, where her parents had settled and converted to Protestantism. In 1877 his mother moved back to England from India, and in 1885 she divorced Charles. In 1887 <mask> went to Harrow School, where he was a contemporary of Winston Churchill. <mask> represented Harrow at gymnastics and held the top position in examinations for a number of years; he also won

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Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett Amery
. Amery
Amery
Amery
Leo Amery
Charles Frederick Amery
Amery
Amery


title: Leo Amery

texts:
 prizes and scholarships. After Harrow he went to Balliol College, Oxford, where he performed well. He gained a First in Classical Moderations in 1894; in literae humaniores ("Greats", i.e. classics) in 1896 and was proxime accessit (runner-up) to the Craven scholar in 1894 and Ouseley scholar in Turkish in 1896.He also won a half-blue in cross-country running. He was elected a fellow of All Souls College. He could speak Hindi at the age of three years; <mask> was born in India and would naturally have acquired the language of his ayah (nanny). He could converse in French, German, Italian, Bulgarian, Turkish, Serbian and Hungarian. <mask> was an active freemason. Journalism
During the Second Boer War <mask> was a correspondent for The Times. In 1901, in his articles on the conduct of the war, he attacked the British commander, Sir Redvers Henry Buller, which contributed to Buller's sacking.<mask> was the only correspondent to visit Boer forces and was nearly captured with Churchill. <mask> later edited and largely wrote The Times History of the South African War (7 vol., 1899–1909). The Boer War had exposed deficiencies in the British Army and in 1903, <mask> wrote The Problem of the Army and advocated its reorganisation. In The Times he penned articles attacking free trade using the pseudonym "Tariff Reformer" and in 1906, he wrote The Fundamental Fallacies of Free Trade. <mask> described it as "a theoretical blast of economic heresy" because he argued that the total volume of British trade was less important than the question of whether British trade was making up for the nation's lack of raw

masks: Amery Amery Amery Amery Amery Amery Amery


title: Leo Amery

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 materials and food by exporting its surplus manufactured goods, shipping, and financial acumen. He was a member of the Coefficients dining club of social reformers, set up in 1902 by the Fabian campaigners Sidney and Beatrice Webb. Early political career
<mask> turned down the chance to be editor of The Observer in 1908 and The Times in 1912 to concentrate on politics.He narrowly failed to win the 1908 Wolverhampton East by-election, by eight votes. In the 1911 Birmingham South by-election, he was unopposed as a Liberal Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) and he would hold that seat until 1945. One reason that <mask> agreed to stand there under the Liberal Unionist label (that party would fully merge with the Conservative Party the following year) was that he had been a longtime political admirer of Joseph Chamberlain and was an ardent supporter of tariff reform and imperial federation. According to A. J. P. Taylor, <mask> was a rare Conservative to promote protectionism "as merely the beginning of a planned economy". First World War

During the First World War, <mask>'s knowledge of Hungarian led to his employment as an Intelligence Officer in the Balkans campaign. Later, as war cabinet secretary in Lloyd George's coalition government, <mask> was vested with parliamentary under-secretary like powers, and the request of Lord Milner, he redrafted the Balfour Declaration. He also encouraged Ze'ev Jabotinsky in the formation of the Jewish Legion for the British Army in Palestine.<mask> was opposed to the Constitution of the League of Nations because he believed that the world was not equal and so

masks: Amery Amery Amery Amery Amery Amery


title: Leo Amery

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 the League, which granted all states equal voting rights was absurd. He instead believed that the world was tending towards larger and larger states that made up a balanced world of inherently stable units. He contrasted that idea with what he called US President Woodrow Wilson's "facile slogan of self-determination". First Lord of the Admiralty
After the war, <mask> was elected to the newly created seat of Birmingham Sparkbrook in the 1918 general election. He was First Lord of the Admiralty (1922–1924) under Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin. The Washington Naval Conference of 1921 to 1922 resulted in the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, which reduced the strength of the Royal Navy and the naval estimates from over £83,000,000 to £58,000,000. <mask> defended the financing of the Singapore Naval Base against both Liberal and Labour attacks.Colonial Secretary
<mask> was Colonial Secretary in Baldwin's government from 1924 to 1929. <mask> expanded the role of the Commercial Adviser into the Economic and Financial Advisership under Sir George Schuster. He also created the post of Chief Medical Adviser, under Sir Thomas Stanton, and a range of advisers on education (Sir Hanns Visscher for Tropical Africa), agriculture (Sir Frank Stockdale), a Veterinary Adviser, and a Fisheries Adviser. He also set up the Empire Marketing Board. A favourite scheme was to develop one or more colonies into white-ruled dominions, with special attention to Southern Rhodesia, Kenya, and Palestine. The strong opposition by the overwhelming nonwhite populations in Africa, and by the Arabs in Palestine, destroyed his plans. In

masks: Amery Amery Amery Amery


title: Leo Amery

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 India, the strong resistance of the Congress movement defeated his hopes for greater integration into the Commonwealth.Out of office
<mask> was not invited to join the National Government formed in 1931. He remained in Parliament but joined the boards of several prominent corporations. That was necessary as he had no independent means and had depleted his savings during the First World War and when he was a cabinet minister during the 1920s. Among his directorships were the boards of several German metal fabrication companies (representing British capital invested in the companies), the British Southern Railway, the Gloucester Wagon Company, Marks and Spencer, the famous shipbuilding firm Cammell Laird and the Trust and Loan of Canada. He was also chairman of the Iraq Currency Board. In the course of his duties as a director of German metal fabrication companies, <mask> gained a good understanding of German military potential. Adolf Hitler became alarmed at the situation and ordered a halt to non-German directors.<mask> had spent a lot of time in Germany during the 1930s in connection with his work. He was not allowed to send his director's fees out of the country so he took his family on holiday in the Bavarian Alps. He had a lengthy meeting with Hitler on at least one occasion, and he met at length with Czech leader Edvard Beneš, Austrian leaders Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt von Schuschnigg and Italian leader Benito Mussolini. Later career

Opposition to appeasement of Germany
In the debates on the need for an increased effort to rearm British forces, <mask> tended to focus on army affairs,


title: Leo Amery

texts: with Churchill speaking more about air defence and Roger Keyes talking about naval affairs. Austen Chamberlain was, until his death, a member of the group as well. While there was no question that Churchill was the most prominent and effective, <mask>'s work was still significant. He was a driving force behind the creation of the Army League, a pressure group designed to keep the needs of the British Army before the public.In the 1930s <mask>, along with Churchill, was a bitter critic of the appeasement of Germany; they often openly attacked their own party. Being a former Colonial and Dominions Secretary, he was very aware of the views of the dominions and strongly opposed returning Germany's colonies, a proposal seriously considered by Neville Chamberlain. On the rearmament question, <mask> was consistent. He advocated a higher level of expenditure, but also a reappraisal of priorities through the creation of a top-level cabinet position to develop overall defence strategy so that the increased expenditures could be spent wisely. He thought that either he or Churchill should be given the post. When the post of Minister for Co-ordination of Defence was finally created and given to a political lightweight, Sir Thomas Inskip, he regarded it as a joke. When war came <mask> opposed cooperation with the Soviet Union against Germany.He was a lifelong anticommunist. When Chamberlain announced his flight to Munich to the cheers of the House, <mask> was one of only four members who remained seated (the others were Churchill, Anthony Eden, and Harold Nicolson). <mask> differed from Churchill in hoping


title: Leo Amery

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 throughout the 1930s to foster an alliance with fascist Italy to counter the rising strength of Nazi Germany. A united front of Britain, France, and Italy would, he felt, have prevented a German occupation of Austria, especially with Czechoslovakia's support. He thus was for appeasing Italy by tacitly conceding its claims to Ethiopia. A start was made in the so-called Stresa Front of 1935, but he felt that Britain's decision to impose economic sanctions on Italy, for invading Ethiopia in 1936, drove Italy into the arms of Germany. <mask> distrusted the administration of US President Franklin Roosevelt.He resented American pressure on Canada to oppose imperial free trade, another of his favourite schemes. While the pressure was unsuccessful as long as Canadian Conservative Prime Minister Richard Bedford Bennett was in power, after he lost the 1935 election, his Liberal successor, William Lyon Mackenzie King, adopted a more pro-American stance. Second World War
<mask> is famous for two moments of high drama in the House of Commons, early in the Second World War. On 2 September 1939, Neville Chamberlain spoke in a Commons debate and strongly implied that he was not declaring war on Germany immediately even if it had invaded Poland. <mask> was greatly angered, and Chamberlain was felt by many present to be out of touch with the temper of the British people. As Labour Party leader Clement Attlee was absent, Arthur Greenwood stood up in his place and announced that he was speaking for Labour. <mask> shouted, "Speak for England, Arthur!"That strongly implied that Chamberlain was not doing so. The


title: Leo Amery

texts:
 second incident occurred during the Norway Debate in 1940. After a string of military and naval disasters had been announced, <mask> famously attacked Chamberlain's government in a devastating speech, finishing by quoting Oliver Cromwell:

You have sat too long here for any good you have been doing. Depart, I say, and let us have done with you. In the name of God, go! Lloyd George afterwards told <mask> that in 50 years, he had heard few speeches that matched his in sustained power and none with so dramatic a climax. The debate led to 42 Conservative Members of Parliament voting against Chamberlain and 36 abstaining, leading to the downfall of the Conservative government and the formation of a national government under Churchill's premiership.<mask> himself noted in his diary that he believed that his speech was one of his best received in the House and that he had made a difference to the outcome of the debate. Secretary of State for India and Burma
During the Churchill war ministry <mask> was Secretary of State for India despite the fact that Churchill and <mask> had long disagreed on the fate of India. <mask> was disappointed not to be made a member of the small War Cabinet, but he was determined to do all he could in the position he was offered. He was continually frustrated by Churchill's intransigence, and in his memoirs, he recorded that Churchill knew "as much of the Indian problem as George III did of the American colonies". <mask> opposed holding an inquiry for the 1943 Bengal famine, fearing that the political consequences could be "disastrous". In 1944, the Famine Inquiry Commission


title: Leo Amery

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 was held against his advice. Last years
At the 1945 general election, <mask> lost his seat to Labour's Percy Shurmer.He was offered but refused a peerage because it might, when he died, have cut short the political career of his son, Julian, in the House of Commons. However, he was made a Companion of Honour. In retirement, <mask> published a three-volume autobiography My Political Life (1953–1955). Legacy
Throughout his political career, <mask> was an exponent of Imperial unity, as he saw the British Empire as a force for justice and progress in the world. He strongly supported the evolution of the dominions into independent nations bound to Britain by ties of kinship, trade, defence and a common pride in the Empire. He also supported the gradual evolution of the colonies, particularly India, to the same status, unlike Churchill, a free trader, who was less interested in the Empire as such and more in Britain itself as a great power. <mask> felt that Britain itself was too weak to maintain its great power position.<mask> was very active in imperial affairs during the 1920s and 1930s. He was in charge of colonial affairs and relations with the dominions from 1924 to 1929. In the 1930s, he was a member of the Empire Industries Association and a chief organiser of the huge rally celebrating the empire at the Royal Albert Hall in 1936 marking the centenary of Joseph Chamberlain's birth. <mask> maintained a very busy speaking schedule, with almost 200 engagements between 1936 and 1938, many of them devoted to imperial topics, especially Imperial Preference. <mask> wanted to keep the UK and the


title: Leo Amery

texts:
 newly independent British Dominions united by trade behind a common tariff barrier and away from the United States. He viewed American intentions regarding the British Empire with increasingly grave suspicion. He hoped the Labour government elected in 1945 would resist promises of trade liberalisation made by Churchill to the United States during the Second World War.<mask>'s hopes were partially vindicated when the Attlee government, under intense American pressure, insisted upon the continuation of Imperial/Commonwealth Preference but conceded its more limited scope and promised against further expansion. Personal life

<mask> was a noted sportsman, especially famous as a mountaineer. He continued to climb well into his sixties, especially in the Swiss Alps but also in Bavaria, Austria, Yugoslavia, Italy and the Canadian Rockies, where Mount <mask> is named after him. He enjoyed skiing as well. He was a member of the Alpine Club (serving as its president, 1943–1945) and of the Athenaeum and Carlton Clubs. He was a Senior Knight Vice President of the Knights of the Round Table. On 16 November 1910, <mask> married Florence Greenwood (1885–1975), daughter of the Canadian barrister John Hamar Greenwood and younger sister of Hamar Greenwood, 1st Viscount Greenwood.She was normally known by the forename Bryddie. They had two sons. Their elder son, <mask> (1912–1945), became a Nazi sympathizer. During the Second World War he made propaganda broadcasts from Germany, and induced a few British prisoners of war to join the German-controlled British Free Corps. After the war, he was tried for treason,

masks:
Amery
Amery
Amery
Amery
John Amery