title: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

texts:
 published in 1927. Sinha and  <mask> exchanged several letters in the Modern Review, in which Sinha compared parts of his thesis with  <mask>'s publication, presenting altogether 110 instances of "borrowings." <mask> felt compelled to respond, stating that Sinha and he had both used the same classical texts, his translation were standard translations, and that similarities in translations were therefore unavoidable. He further argued that he was lecturing on the subject before publishing his book, and that his book was ready for publication in 1924, before Sinha's thesis was published. Scholars such as Kuppuswami Sastri, Ganganath Jha, and Nalini Ganguli confirmed that <mask> was distributing the notes in question since 1922. Ramananda Chatterjee, the editor of The Modern Review, refused to publish a letter by Nalini Ganguli confirming this fact, while continuing publishing Sinha's letters.The General Editor of Radhakrishnan's publisher, professor Muirhead, further confirmed that the publication was delayed for three years, due to his stay in the United States. Responding to this "systematic effort [...] to destroy <mask>'s reputation as a scholar and a public figure," Summer 1929 the dispute escalated into a juristic fight, with <mask> filing a suit for defamation of character against Sinha and Chatterjee, demanding Rs. 100,000 for the damage done, and Sinha filing a case against Radhakrishnan for copyright infringement, demanding Rs. 20,000. The suits were settled in May 1933, the terms of the settlement were not disclosed, and "all the allegations made in the pleadings and in the columns of the Modern Review were withdrawn." Influence

Radhakrishnan was one of India's best and most influential twentieth-century scholars of comparative religion and philosophy. <mask>'s defence of the Hindu traditions has been highly influential, both in India and the western world.In India, Radhakrishnan's ideas contributed to the formation of India as a nation-state.

masks: Radhakrishnan Radhakrishnan Radhakrishnan Radhakrishnan Radhakrishnan Radhakrishnan Radhakrishnan


title: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

type: original

texts:
 <mask>'s writings contributed to the hegemonic status of Vedanta as "the essential world view of Hinduism". In the western world, Radhakrishnan's interpretations of the Hindu tradition, and his emphasis on "spiritual experience", made Hinduism more readily accessible for a western audience, and contributed to the influence Hinduism has on modern spirituality:

Appraisal
Radhakrishnan has been highly appraised. According to Paul Artur Schillp:

And according to Hawley:

Criticism and context
Radhakrishnan's ideas have also received criticism and challenges, for their perennialist and universalist claims, and the use of an east–west dichotomy. Perennialism

According to Radhakrishnan, there is not only an underlying "divine unity" from the seers of the Upanishads up to modern Hindus like Tagore and Gandhi, but also "an essential commonality between philosophical and religious traditions from widely disparate cultures." This is also a major theme in the works of Rene Guenon, the Theosophical Society, and the contemporary popularity of eastern religions in modern spirituality. Since the 1970s, the Perennialist position has been criticised for its essentialism.Social-constructionists give an alternative approach to religious experience, in which such "experiences" are seen as being determined and mediated by cultural determinants:

As Michaels notes:

Rinehart also points out that "perennialist claims notwithstanding, modern Hindu thought is a product of history", which "has been worked out and expressed in a variety of historical contexts over the preceding two hundreds years." This is also true for Radhakrishan, who was educated by missionaries and, like other neo-Vedantins used the prevalent western understanding of India and its culture to present an alternative to the western critique. Universalism, communalism and Hindu nationalism
According to Richard King, the elevation of Vedanta as the essence of Hinduism, and Advaita Vedanta as the "paradigmatic


title: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

texts:
 trying to establish forms of knowledge and understanding which are grounded in and informed by Indian traditions, instead of being dominated by western forms of knowledge and understanding. Awards and honours

Civilian honours

National
:
 Recipient of the Bharat Ratna (1954)
:
 Knight Bachelor (1931), ceased to use the pre-nominal of Sir in 1947 following India's independence. Foreign
:
 Recipient of the Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts (1954)
:
 Sash First Class of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (1954)
:
 Honorary member of the Order of Merit (1963)

Other achievements

 A portrait of Radhakrishnan adorns the Chamber of the Rajya Sabha.1933–37: Nominated five times for the Nobel Prize in Literature. 1938: elected Fellow of the British Academy. 1947: election as Permanent Member of the Instutut international de philosophie. 1961: the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade. 1962: Institution of Teacher's Day in India, yearly celebrated at 5 September, <mask>'s birthday, in honour of Radhakrishnan's belief that "teachers should be the best minds in the country". 1968: Sahitya Akademi fellowship, The highest honour conferred by the Sahitya Akademi on a writer (he is the first person to get this award)
 1975: the Templeton Prize in 1975, a few months before his death, for advocating non-aggression and conveying "a universal reality of God that embraced love and wisdom for all people." He donated the entire amount of the Templeton Prize to Oxford University.1989: institution of the Radhakrishnan Scholarships by Oxford University in the memory of Radhakrishnan. The scholarships were later renamed the "Radhakrishnan Chevening Scholarships". He  was nominated sixteen times for the Nobel prize in literature, and eleven times for the Nobel Peace prize. In popular culture
Sarvepalli Radhakrishna (1988) is a documentary film about Radhakrishnan, directed by N. S. Thapa, produced by the Government of India's Films Division. Quotes

 "It is not God that is


title: Greg Palast

texts:
<mask> (born June 26, 1952) is an author and a freelance journalist who often worked for the BBC and The Guardian. His work frequently focuses on corporate malfeasance but he has also worked with labour unions and consumer advocacy groups. Early life, family, and education
<mask> was born in Los Angeles, growing up in the San Fernando Valley community of Sun Valley. <mask> is his sister. <mask> said his desire to write about class warfare is rooted in his upbringing in the "ass-end of Los Angeles," a neighborhood wedged between a power plant and a dump. He said that kids in that neighborhood had two choices: Vietnam or the auto plant. "We were the losers," he said.He was saved from the war by a favorable draft number. "A lot of people didn't make it out. Because I made it out, and my sister (Geri, a former Clinton administration assistant secretary of labor) made it out, I feel I have this obligation to tell these stories on behalf of all of those people who didn't make it out." He attended John H. Francis Polytechnic High School, and transferred to San Fernando Valley State College (now California State University, Northridge) in 1969 before completing his senior year of high school. Palast said about high school: "Basically they were melting my brain, and I had to save myself. Before I finished high school, I talked my way into college. Before I finished college, I talked my way into graduate school."<mask> then attended the University of California, Los Angeles, University of California, Berkeley, and University of Chicago, from which he graduated in 1974 with a Bachelor of Arts in economics and in 1976 with a Master's of Business Administration. <mask> majored in economics at Chicago from the advice of a Weather Underground member he met at Berkeley who suggested Palast "familiarize himself with right-wing politics and learn about the 'ruling elite' from 'the inside.'"

masks:
Gregory Allyn Palast
Palast
Geri Palast
Palast
Palast
Palast


title: Greg Palast

texts:
 Career

Since 2000, <mask> has made more than a dozen films for the BBC programme Newsnight with the Investigations Producer Meirion Jones, which have been broadcast in the UK and worldwide. In addition to the films on US elections they have investigated oil companies, the Iraq War, the attempted coup against Hugo Chávez, and the vulture funds which target the poorest countries. <mask> spoke at a Think Twice conference held at Cambridge University and lectured at the University of São Paulo. Presidential elections
<mask>'s investigation into the Bush family fortunes for his column in The Observer led him to uncover a connection to a company called ChoicePoint. In an October 2008 interview <mask> said that before the 2000 Election ChoicePoint "was purging the voter rolls of Florida under a contract with a lady named Katherine Harris, the Secretary of State.They won a contract, a bid contract with the state, with the highest bid." After subsequently noticing a large proportion of African-American voters were claiming their names had disappeared from voter rolls in Florida in the 2000 election, <mask> launched a full-scale investigation into voter fraud, the results of which were broadcast in the UK by the BBC on their Newsnight show prior to the 2004 Election. <mask> claimed to have obtained computer discs from Katherine Harris' office, which contained caging lists of "voters matched by race and tagged as felons." <mask> appeared in the 2003 documentary film, Florida Fights Back! Resisting the Stolen Election, along with Vincent Bugliosi, former Los Angeles Deputy District Attorney and author of The Betrayal of America. <mask> also appeared in the 2004 documentary Orwell Rolls in His Grave, which focuses on the hidden mechanics of the media. In May 2007, <mask> said he'd received 500 emails that former White House Deputy Chief of Staff Karl Rove exchanged through an account supplied by

masks:
Greg Palast
Palast
Palast
Palast
Palast
Palast
Palast
Palast
Palast


title: Greg Palast

texts:
 the Republican National Committee.<mask> says the emails show a plan to target likely Democratic voters with extra scrutiny over their home addresses, and he also believes Rove's plan was a factor in the firing of U.S. Attorneys. After <mask> was invited by Robert F. Kennedy Jr. to appear on his Air America talk show to discuss, among other things, election fraud, the pair teamed up to publish a report in October 2008 in Rolling Stone, concluding that the 2008 election had already been stolen. "If Democrats are to win the 2008 election, they must not simply beat John McCain at the polls -- they must beat him by a margin that exceeds the level of GOP vote tampering", <mask> and Kennedy summarized. To combat the extensive acts of voter suppression that <mask> and Kennedy uncovered, the duo launched a campaign called Steal Back Your Vote, which features a website and free downloadable voter guide / adult comic book. <mask> has conducted a multi-year investigation into Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach's Interstate Voter Registration Crosscheck Program (commonly referred to as "Crosscheck"). The program utilizes states' voter registration lists to match possible "double voters," using their first and last names and the last four digits of their Social Security number.In 2014, <mask> investigated Crosscheck for Al Jazeera America, finding that the program was inherently biased toward removing minority voters from states' voter rolls. In 2016, he followed up with a documentary film, The Best Democracy Money Can Buy, along with an article

Energy companies
In 1988, <mask> directed a U.S. civil racketeering investigation into the Shoreham Nuclear Power Station project, under construction by Stone & Webster and Long Island Lighting Company. A jury awarded the plaintiffs US$4.8 billion; however, New York's federal judge Jack B. Weinstein, reversed the verdict, and the case was later

masks: Palast Palast Palast Palast Palast Palast Palast


title: Greg Palast

texts: settled for $400 million. The racketeering charges stemmed from an accusation that LILCO filed false documents in order to secure rate increases. LILCO sought a dismissal of these charges on the grounds that Suffolk County lacked authority under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act and that the allegations of a history of racketeering did not qualify as a continuing criminal enterprise. Palast has also taken issue with the official story behind the grounding of the Exxon Valdez, claiming the sobriety of the Valdez'''s captain was not an issue in the accident. According to Palast, the main cause of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989 was not human error, but an Exxon decision not to use the ship's radar in order to save money.The Raytheon Raycas radar system would not have detected Bligh Reef itself - as radar, unlike sonar, is incapable of detecting submerged objects. The radar system would have detected the radar reflector, placed on the next rock inland from Bligh Reef for the purpose of keeping vessels on course via radar. <mask> points out that the original owners of the land, the local Alaska Natives tribe, took only one dollar in payment for the land with a promise not to pollute it and spoil their fishing and seal hunting grounds. In An Open Letter to <mask> on Peak Oil Richard Heinberg offers friendly criticism of <mask>, saying he conflates the "amount of oil left" with "peak (maximal) flow rates" for oil, the latter being key to the Peak Oil concept. On October 27, 2010, <mask> wrote, "The Petroleum Broadcast System Owes Us an Apology. ... BP has neglected warnings about oil safety for years! ...But so has PBS. The Petroleum Broadcast System has turned a blind eye to BP perfidy for decades. If the broadcast had come six months before the Gulf blow-out, after [major accidents in 2005 and 2006 or after years of government fines], I would say, “Damn, that

masks:
Palast
Greg Palast
Palast
Palast


title: Greg Palast

texts:
 American automotive industry:

Works

Books

FilmsBush Family Fortunes. 2004.American Blackout. 2006.Big Easy to Big Empty [Pt 1], [Pt 2]. 2007.The Election Files. 2009.Palast Investigates. 2010.The Best Democracy Money Can Buy 2016.Newsnight
 "Microsoft" (2000)
 "US Election 2000" (2001)
 "Bush dances with Enron" (2001)
 "Bush and the Bin Ladens" (2001)
 "Stiglitz" (2001)
 "Chavez and the Coup" (2002)
 "Iraq – Jay Garner's story" (2004)
 "US Election 2004" (2004)
 "Secret US plans for Iraq's oil" (2005)
 "Chavez and Oil" (2006)
 "Vulture Funds attack Zambia" (2007)
 "Tim Griffin" (2007)
 "Bush and the Vultures" (2007)
 "Chevron and Ecuador" (2007)
 "US Election 2008" (2008)
 "Vulture Funds attack Liberia" (2010)

See also
2004 United States election voting controversies
International Monetary Fund
World Bank
World Trade Organization

References

External links

 GregPalast.com - 'The Writings of <mask>' (official website)
 GregPalastOffice - <mask>'s YouTube page

 Election 2004 Shoplifting the Presidency? - interview on Democracy Now! Scoop.co.nz - 'OPEC & The Economic Conquest Of Iraq', <mask>last
 New York Inquirer interview with <mask>
 Palast article 'On the 2006 Mid-Term Elections'
 "A Sleeper Cell of Rove-Bots" - May 24, 2007 interview
 <mask> Tracks Vulture Funds Preying on African Debt - Video report by Democracy Now!'' 1952 births
Living people
Alternative Tentacles artists
American documentary filmmakers
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
20th-century American Jews
American male non-fiction writers
American newspaper journalists
American political writers
American investigative journalists
California State University, Northridge alumni
John H. Francis Polytechnic High School alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of Chicago Booth School of Business alumni
Writers from Los Angeles
Voter

masks:
Greg Palast
Greg Palast
Greg Pa
Greg Palast
Greg Palast


title: Dawn Langley Simmons

texts:
<mask> (probably 1922 – 18 September 2000) was a prolific English author and biographer. Born as <mask>, <mask> lived her first decades as a male. As a young adult, she became close to British actress Dame Margaret Rutherford, whom she considered an adoptive mother, and who was the subject of a biography <mask> wrote in later years. Early life
<mask>' parents were servants at Sissinghurst Castle, the English estate of biographer Harold Nicolson and his novelist wife, Vita Sackville-West. <mask> was born in Sussex as <mask> to Jack Copper, Vita Sackville-West's chauffeur, and another servant, Marjorie Hall Ticehurst, before they were married. Although she claimed to have been born with an unusual condition that resulted in the swelling of her genitals with the result that she was mistakenly identified as a boy, Charleston author Edward Ball's book Peninsula of Lies (2004) states that she was born male. As a child, <mask> was raised by her grandmother and at one point visited the castle and met Virginia Woolf, Sackville-West's lover.Woolf made Sackville-West the subject of the novel Orlando: A Biography, which bears a striking resemblance to <mask>' own life story. Early career

In 1946 <mask> emigrated to Canada. Still living as a man, she crewcut her hair and became a teacher on the Ojibway native reserve on Lake Nipigon, experiences from which were translated into the best-selling Me Papoose Sitter (1955)—the first of many published books. After a stint as an editor for the Winnipeg Free Press, <mask> moved back to England in 1947, to teach theatre at the Gregg School in Croydon, Surrey. She moved to the United States in 1950, and became the society editor for the Nevada Daily Mail in Missouri before moving to New York and working as the society editor of the Port Chester Daily Item. Shortly after moving to New York, <mask> met artist Isabel Whitney, beginning a friendship that would last until Whitney's death in 1962. During this time, <mask> began a prolific writing career, including a series of

masks:
Dawn Langley Pepita Simmons
Gordon Langley Hall
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Gordon Langley Hall
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons


title: Dawn Langley Simmons

texts:
 biographies which covered personalities such as Princess Margaret (1958), Jacqueline Kennedy (1964), Lady Bird Johnson (1967), and Mary Todd Lincoln (1970) among many more.While living in Whitney's New York townhouse in the 1950s, <mask> was introduced to Margaret Rutherford and her husband Stringer Davis. Rutherford, interested in meeting <mask> to discuss a role in a possible adaptation of Me Papoose Sitter, became enamored with the young author and she and Davis agreed to serve as unofficial adoptive parents. Subsequently, <mask> and Whitney purchased a house in Charleston, South Carolina, though Whitney would die two weeks later, leaving <mask> the house and $2 million. Move to South Carolina
The mansion <mask> purchased with Whitney, was located in the Ansonborough neighbourhood of Charleston, a neighbourhood known for housing the city's queer elite. <mask> began restoring the house, and designed the interior with early American antiques and furniture by Thomas Chippendale. Much later, shortly before her death, her pursuit of Chippendale pieces brought her into contact with Edward Ball, a journalist whose family had owned a Chippendale-style commode, and who would later write a biography about her. In her autobiographical books, <mask> said she was born intersex with ambiguous genitalia, as well as an internal uterus and ovaries, and was inappropriately assigned male at birth.<mask> underwent sex reassignment surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1968, carried out by Dr. Milton Edgerton. In Ball's Peninsula of Lies, he disputes <mask> claim that she was intersex, suggesting instead that <mask> had male genitalia and was unable to bear children. Marriage
<mask> legally changed her name to <mask> <mask>, and became engaged to John-Paul <mask>, then a young black motor mechanic with dreams of becoming a sculptor. Their marriage on 21 January 1969 was one of the first in South Carolina after Loving v. Virginia invalidated state laws against interracial marriage, and the ceremony was carried out in their

masks:
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Dawn Pepita
Langley Hall
Simmons


title: Dawn Langley Simmons

texts:
 drawing room reportedly after threats to bomb the church. After a second ceremony in England, the crate containing their wedding gifts was firebombed in Charleston, and <mask> received a ticket the next day when the charred remains were obstructing a sidewalk. On 17 October 1971, her daughter, Natasha Margienell Manigault <mask>, was born, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ball claims to have been told by John-Paul <mask> that Natasha was his child from another relationship, although "Natasha fervently believed <mask> was her mother".After an intruder raped <mask> and broke her arm, the family moved to Catskill, New York. Later years and death
In 1982, she divorced John-Paul <mask>, who had been abusive and suffered from schizophrenia. After spending several years in Hudson, New York, she moved in with her daughter and three grandchildren, who had returned to Charleston. In 1985, while back in Charleston, <mask> was featured as an extra in several scenes of ABC's miniseries North and South. In her final years, <mask> developed Parkinson's disease, and died at her daughter's home on 18 September 2000. In culture
In the 1987 film Withnail and I, set in 1969, the character Marwood reads a tabloid newspaper article about <mask> Hall, entitled "I Had to Become a Woman". Author Jack Hitt profiled <mask> in a 1996 episode of This American Life titled "Dawn".Hitt, a native of Charleston, had grown up down the street from <mask>. From interviews, including with <mask>, Hitt assembled stories of her transsexuality, interracial marriages in the South, her rumoured voodoo powers, and rumoured hosting of a full-fledged debut for her chihuahua. Hitt expanded the piece for publication in the October 1998 GQ. Bibliography

References

Transgender and transsexual women
Transgender and transsexual writers
Intersex women
English writers
1920s births
2000 deaths
LGBT writers from England
LGBT people from South Carolina
Women's page journalists
British expatriates in Canada
British emigrants to the United States
20th-century

masks:
Simmons
Paul Simmons
Simmons
Dawn
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Gordon Langley
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons


title: Erhard Hübener

texts:
Dr<mask> (4 August 1881 – 3 June 1958) was a German politician and member of the German Democratic Party (DDP) until 1933. After World War II he engaged in rebuilding structures of self-rule in the Soviet occupation zone and was co-founder and member of the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany (LDPD). Early years
<mask> was born in Tacken (now part of Groß Pankow (Prignitz)), Province of Brandenburg. His father was a Protestant pastor. After attending the school at Pforta, Hübener studied history and political science at Christian Albert's University, Kiel and Frederick William's University, Berlin. He graduated with a doctorate. <mask> and Otti Bornemann married in 1909.He served as an officer in World War I. First term of political career
After the war he joined the liberal DDP. In 1919 Otto Fischbeck (DDP), Prussian minister of trade, gained him as a collaborator in the Prussian ministry of trade. In 1922 <mask> was elected vice land-captain of the Prussian Province of Saxony with Rudolf Oeser (*1858–1926*) serving as Saxon land-captain. In 1924 the Saxon Provinziallandtag (provincial parliament) elected him Landeshauptmann (land-captain), the elected highest ranking representative of provincial self-rule. He distinguished himself as an expert in economics and administration, searching consensus among the representatives of the different parties. Already in the 1920s he developed ideas for a reorganisation of the heterogenous German states.So he proposed the creation of an independent state called Saxony-Anhalt, combining Prussian Saxony and the independent Free State of Anhalt. In 1930 the members of the provincial parliament reelected him land-captain for another six years with the votes of the SPD, DDP and DNVP. The Nazi regime compulsorily pensioned him after their takeover in 1933. Hübener then dedicated his time and effort to scientific

masks:
. Erhard Hübener
Hübener
Hübener
Hübener


title: Erhard Hübener

texts:
 and artistic questions, publishing smaller works in these fields under the pseudonym J.S. <mask>. Second term of political career
After the US Army had invaded the Province of Saxony in April 1945 the U.S. Group Control Council, Germany (precursor of the OMGUS) reappointed him land-captain of the Province of Saxony. By early July the US Army retired in order to allow the Red Army taking Prussian Saxony as part of its Soviet occupation zone, as agreed by the London Protocol in 1944.On 9 July the Soviet SVAG ordered to merge what prior to 1933 had been the land of Anhalt, two Bezirke of Prussian province of Saxony, Halle-Merseburg and Magdeburg, and some Brunswickian eastern exclaves and salients into the Land of Saxony. The third Bezirk of Prussian Saxony, the Erfurt governorate, had become a part of Thuringia. Then the SVAG appointed <mask> as the president of the Province of Saxony, a newly created function based in Halle upon Saale. In summer 1945 <mask> became one of the co-founders of the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany (LDPD) in Halle upon Saale. He also received a chair at Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. Although he had signed, as Soviet-appointed official, the Soviet-inspired expropriation ordinance on 3 September 1945, pretendingly aiming at Nazi war criminals and other circles (large real estate holders, often of noble descent) uniformly identified as apt for expropriation, he criticized the abuse of the expropriation ordinance as a free ticket to completely destroy property structures and certainty of law. On the occasion of the first and one and only election in the Soviet zone, allowing parties to compete for seats in provincial and state parliaments, on 20 October 1946, the Province of Saxony was renamed the  Province of Saxony-Anhalt, reflecting the prior merger.On 3 December 1946 the members of the provincial

masks: Erhard Hübener Hübener


title: Erhard Hübener

texts: parliament elected <mask> the first minister-president of Saxony-Anhalt with the votes of CDU and LDPD. This made him only governor in the Soviet zone, who was not a member of the communist Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). As such, he was an inconvenience for the Soviet occupation authorities. By threatening the SVAG to resign from office, Hübener enforced the participation of the Soviet zonal governors in the Conference of Governors in Munich on 5 June 1947, which last time convened the elected governors of all states from all four zones of occupation in Germany. Hoping to avoid the eventual establishment of separate German republics – which was underways with the Bizone – he was, however, disappointed by his western colleagues (among them his long-time fellow party member Reinhold Maier, then minister-president of Württemberg-Baden). Most of them were already assured that the constitution of a democratic and autonomous German republic can impossibly include the Soviet zone with their puppet states, whereas the zonal central administrations (Zentralverwaltungen) established in July 1945, staffed with communists and directed by the SVAG, were actually taking the decisions. While easterners hoped with a quadripartite Allied agreement there would be the chance that the Soviet Union will release its prey, many westerners had already come to another conclusion.However, for westerners the perpetuated stay of their respective occupying power had by no means the same meaning in everyday life than the Soviet occupation in their zone. Hübener then saw himself fighting a losing battle. In May 1949, speaking on the third term of Deutscher Volkskongress, a quasi parliament deciding the first constitution of the to-be-founded separate East German republic, Hübener appealed as main speaker of LDPD to the delegates: Our future government shall, will and


title: Erhard Hübener

texts:
 must learn, to stand with a free people on free ground. While West Germany had been founded on 23 May 1949 the foundation of East Germany was planned for 7 October. On 1 October <mask> resigned from office. He was succeeded by Werner Bruschke (SED). Late years
While many of his political friends fled oppression and persecution in the Soviet zone and later East Germany and East Berlin, Hübener stayed.He retired totally from politics and committed himself again to studies in art and history. He wrote his autobiography, later published in West Germany. He died during a stay at the health spa of Bad Salzuflen in West Germany on 3 June 1958. His remains were translated to East German Wernigerode, where he had spent his retirement. Legacy
The Free Democratic Party, section Sachsen-Anhalt, established in his honour the Erhard-Hübener-Stiftung, a foundation in Halle upon Saale. In Magdeburg a square was named after him. Works
 <mask> Hübener, Lebenskreise.Lehr- und Wanderjahre eines Ministerpräsidenten, Cologne and Vienna: Böhlau, 1984, (=Mitteldeutsche Forschungen; vol. 90), . <mask> Hübener, "Liberales als soziale Verantwortung", in: LDP-Informationen; No. 3 (1949). References
 Helmut Müller-Enbergs: "Hübener, Erhard", in: Wer war wer in der DDR?, 5th ed., Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag, 2010, , vol. 1.External links

 Hübener's Biography on Prignitzlexikon
 CV on the website of Erhard-Hübener-Stiftung
"Hübener, Erhard", on: Biographische Datenbanken of the Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur. Notes

1881 births
1958 deaths
People from Prignitz
People from the Province of Brandenburg
German Democratic Party politicians
Liberal Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Members of the Provisional Volkskammer
Ministers-President of Saxony-Anhalt
University of Kiel alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
German military personnel of World

masks: Hübener Erhard Erhard


title: Eugene List

texts:
<mask> (July 6, 1918March 1, 1985) was an American concert pianist and teacher. Early life
<mask> was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He spent his formative years in Los Angeles, where his father <mask> (originally Lisnitzer) was a language teacher in the Los Angeles Unified School District and his mother, Rose, a pharmacist. Louis Lisnitzer had immigrated to America from Odessa, Ukraine and settled in Philadelphia, where he met and married Rose, whose family had also come from the same region. In 1937, Louis decided officially to change his name and that of his family to "<mask>". The family soon relocated to California. Showing early musical talent, young <mask> studied with Julius V. Seyler who soon proclaimed him a prodigy.His striking musical gifts were obvious. In 1929, at the age of 12, he performed with the Los Angeles Philharmonic under Artur Rodziński, playing Beethoven's 3rd Piano Concerto. Rodziński recommended that he go to Philadelphia to study with the renowned teacher Olga Samaroff. In 1932 she accepted young <mask> with great enthusiasm. Too young for the Juilliard School, <mask> first studied at the Philadelphia Conservatory under Samaroff's tutelage, transferring a few years later to Juilliard in New York. During his second year with Madam Samaroff at Philadelphia (1934), <mask> entered and won Philadelphia's annual piano competition, giving him the opportunity to perform with Philadelphia's celebrated orchestra. Although he had planned to perform the Schumann Piano Concerto in A minor, <mask> was given the most stunning challenge of his career.Six weeks before the scheduled concert, Leopold Stokowski asked him to play the premiere of Piano Concerto No. 1 by Dmitri Shostakovich that he had just received from the Soviet Union. <mask> accepted the challenge and

masks:
Eugene List
Eugene List
Louis List
List
Eugene
List
List
List
List
List


title: Eugene List

texts:
 learned the new concerto within the six-week time frame. Concert career
At the age of sixteen, <mask>'s official concert career began in December 1934 at Philadelphia's Academy of Music. Although under great stress, he delivered a dazzling performance and received rave reviews. He was declared the wunderkind and a mature artist almost immediately. <mask>'s performance as the young American who met Stokowski's challenge established him as a star, a status that would stay with him the rest of his fifty-year career.As the only pianist in America who knew Shostakovich's Piano Concerto No. 1, he received many more invitations to appear with major orchestras in the US, including the New York Philharmonic under conductor Otto Klemperer. His celebrity status spanned four continents, including Europe, South America and Asia. In the US, he performed with most all the nation's major orchestras, conductors and leading chamber ensembles. <mask>'s personality was known to be personable and unpretentious, uncommon qualities in the performing concert world. Everyone liked him. Conductors, composers, colleagues, students and even presidents valued his modest demeanour, his intellect, and his quick wit.World War II
In December 1941, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, <mask> enlisted in the Army without waiting for his formal call-up, asking only that he be allowed to finish the season, since he was committed to several concert dates. In March 1942, the Army assigned <mask>, aged 26, to the New York Port of Embarkation, Brooklyn, where he was given an office job as a typist. In 1943, he married the well-known violinist, Carroll Glenn, in New York, whom he had met at Juilliard. Like her husband, Glenn was a prodigy. She had already won the prestigious Naumburg Competition, which gave her a New York

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 debut and helped to launch her illustrious career. <mask> was soon assigned to the Special Services, a post he had wanted since his enlistment. He performed concerts in the New York area, where all his fees went to the Army Emergency Relief.In 1945, he was sent overseas along with other enlisted entertainers. He was sent to the Paris suburb of Chatou, where he joined a collection of GI talent, including Mickey Rooney, violinist Stuart Canin, modern dancer José Limón, Bobby Breen and Josh Logan. Later, both Canin and <mask> were ordered to start an orchestra. This eventually became the famous Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra. In June 1945, Canin and <mask> were ordered to Potsdam, Germany where they were told to play for the President and his staff at the Potsdam Conference. Soon they learned the occasion was to play for President Harry S. Truman, Joseph Stalin and Winston Churchill, including their large entourage at the Big Three conference. Both musicians performed for the President and the conference members for the next few weeks, with President Truman even turning the pages for <mask> when he was asked to play the Chopin Waltz in A-flat, Op.42, a work he did not have memorized. Both musicians were astounded at the headlines in the papers and the star-studded celebrity status they had acquired. <mask> soon became known as the "Pianist of the Presidents" or "The Potsdam Pianist." <mask> would perform many more times at the White House, the last in 1980 for President and Mrs. Carter. Post-war career
<mask>'s post-war concert career flourished, even gaining him a role in a movie, The Bachelor's Daughter. In 1964, he and his wife Carroll Glenn joined the faculty at Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York. Both husband and wife would teach in Rochester until 1975 before they

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 returned to New York, where Glenn taught violin at Queens College and the Manhattan School of Music.<mask> joined the faculty at NYU as a part-time teacher, and for two years—1983–85—traveled by plane twice a month to teach at Carnegie Mellon in Pittsburgh. Like his former teacher Olga Samaroff, <mask> guided his students to form their own sound and interpretation as long as it was valid to the score and intent of the composer. He stimulated their imagination and urged them to explore the vast piano repertoire. In addition to his advocacy for playing and recording American music, <mask> also recorded the Carlos Chávez Concerto with the composer conducting. In 1975, he recorded Shostakovich's two concertos in Russia, with the composer's son, Maxim, conducting. <mask>'s great interest in Louis Moreau Gottschalk's music led to his recreation of the composer's Monster Concerts, where he featured many pianos and pianists playing together on stage. <mask> recreated the Monster Concerts at Eastman in 1970.They were televised on The Ed Sullivan Show with 10 pianos, nine student pianists and <mask>. He continued the Monster Concert agenda through the 1970s and into the early 1980s, including a performance at UCLA in collaboration with Henri Temianka and some 36 pianists, and a performance at Brooklyn College in 1980 in collaboration with students of Agustin Anievas. He served on the jury of the Paloma O'Shea Santander International Piano Competition in 1980. Death

In April 1983, Carroll Glenn's earlier bout with cancer suddenly returned. Several days later, she slipped into a coma. At that same time, <mask> was scheduled to perform the Vincent Persichetti Concerto in Carnegie Hall. The next morning, after the Carnegie Hall concert, Carroll Glenn died.Only two years later, on March 1, 1985,


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 while at home planning his own 50th anniversary concert in Carnegie Hall, <mask> accidentally fell on the stairway of his New York brownstone and was killed. An autopsy revealed he died instantly of a broken neck. During their forty-two year marriage, <mask> and Carroll Glenn raised two daughters, Rachel and Allison, while actively pursuing their respective concert and teaching careers. Notes

References
Bachus, Nancy, former Eastman students, phone interview with author, March 2007. Glover, Daniel, former students, Interview with author, San Francisco, January 2007. <mask>, <mask>, copy of interview with Oliver Daniel, New York, 1976. <mask>, <mask>, copy of written reminiscences given to author by <mask>, undated.<mask>, Rachel, Interview with author, January 2007. Canin, Stuart, Interview with author, San Francisco, October 27, 2006. Kline, Donna S. "An American Virtuoso on the World Stage", Texas A and M University Press, 1996. Shookhoff, William, former Eastman student, interview with author, December 2006. Schonberg, Harold C. copy of "<mask>, 67, the Pianist." 1918 births
1985 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in New York (state)
American classical pianists
Male classical pianists
American male pianists
United States Army personnel of World War II
Juilliard School alumni
American music educators
Piano pedagogues
Musicians from New York City
New York University faculty
Musicians from Los Angeles
Musicians from Philadelphia
United States Army soldiers
University of Rochester alumni
University of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni
20th-century classical pianists
Jewish classical pianists
20th-century American pianists
Classical musicians from California
Classical musicians from New York (state)
Classical musicians from Pennsylvania
20th-century American male

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title: Alexandru Averescu

texts: <mask> (; 9 March 1859 – 2 October 1938) was a Romanian marshal, diplomat and populist politician. A Romanian Armed Forces Commander during World War I, he served as Prime Minister of three separate cabinets (as well as being interim Foreign Minister in January–March 1918 and Minister without portfolio in 1938). He first rose to prominence during the peasants' revolt of 1907, which he helped repress with violence. Credited with engineering the defense of Moldavia in the 1916–1917 Campaign, he built on his popularity to found and lead the successful People's Party, which he brought to power in 1920–1921, with backing from King Ferdinand I and the National Liberal Party (PNL), and with the notable participation of Constantin Argetoianu and Take Ionescu. His controversial first mandate, marked by a political crisis and oscillating support from the PNL's leader Ion I. C. Brătianu, played a part in legislating land reform and repressed communist activities, before being brought down by the rally of opposition forces. His second term of 1926–1927 brought a much-debated treaty with Fascist Italy, and fell after <mask> gave clandestine backing to the ousted Prince Carol. Faced with the People Party's decline, <mask> closed deals with various right-wing forces and was instrumental in bringing Carol back to the throne in 1930.Relations between the two soured over the following years, and <mask> clashed with his fellow party member Octavian Goga over the king's attitudes. Shortly before his death, he and Carol reconciled, and <mask> joined the Crown Council. <mask>, who authored over 12 works on various military

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 topics (including his memoirs from the frontline), was also an honorary member of the Romanian Academy and an Order of Michael the Brave recipient. He became a Marshal of Romania in 1930. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Babele, United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (later renamed to Alexandru Averescu, today Ozerne, a village northwest of Izmail, Ukraine). The son of Constantin <mask>, who held the rank of sluger, he studied at the Romanian Orthodox seminary in Izmail, then at the School of Arts and Crafts in Bucharest (intending to become an engineer). In 1876, he decided to join the Gendarmes in Izmail.Seeing action as a cavalry sergeant with the Romanian troops engaged in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, he was decorated on several occasions, but was later moved to reserve (after failing his medical examination due to the effects of frostbite). He was, however, reinstated later in 1878, and subsequently received a military education in Romania, at the military school of Târgoviște (Dealu Monastery), and in Italy, at the Military Academy of Turin. <mask> married an Italian opera singer, Clotilda Caligaris, who had been the prima donna of La Scala. His future collaborator and rival Constantin Argetoianu stated that <mask> "chose Mrs. Clotilda at random". Upon his return, <mask> steadily climbed through the ranks. He was head of the Bucharest Military Academy (1894–1895), and, in 1895–1898, Romania's military attaché in the German Empire; a colonel in 1901, he was advanced to the rank of Brigadier General and became head of the Tecuci regional Army Command Center in 1906. Before the

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 World War, he led the troops in crushing the 1907 peasants' revolt — where he engaged in using very harsh means of repression, especially when dealing with soldiers who refused to fight against the rebels — and was subsequently Minister of War in Dimitrie Sturdza's National Liberal Party (PNL) cabinet (1907–1909).According to the recollections of Eliza Brătianu, a split occurred between him and the PNL after <mask> attempted to advance various political goals — the conflict erupted when he sought support with King Carol I and then, as the National Liberals deeply resented Romania's alliance with the Central Powers, he approached the Germans for backing. Subsequently, he was commander of the First Infantry Division (stationed in Turnu Severin) and, later, of the Second Army Corps in Craiova. In 1912, he became a Major General, and, in 1911–1913, he was Chief of the General Staff. In the latter capacity, <mask> organized the actions of Romanian troops operating south of the Danube in the Second Balkan War (the campaign against Bulgaria, during which his troops met no resistance). World War and first cabinet

During the World War (which Romania entered in 1916), General <mask> <mask> led the Second Romanian Army in the successful defense of the Predeal Pass, and was then moved to the head of the Third Army (following the latter's defeat in the Battle of Turtucaia). He commanded Army Group South in the Flămânda operation against the Third Bulgarian Army and other forces of the Central Powers, ultimately stopped by the German offensive (<mask>'s forces did not register important losses, and orderly retreated

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texts: to Moldavia, where Romanian authorities had taken refuge from the successful German operations). <mask> again led the Second Army to victory in the Battle of Mărăști (August 1917); his achievements, including his brief breakthrough at Mărăști, were considered impressive by public opinion and his officers.However, several military historians rate <mask> and his fellow Romanian generals very poorly, arguing that, overall, their direction of the war "could not have been worse". Despite controlling an army of 500,000 plus 100,000 Russian reinforcements, they were defeated by a German-Austrian-Bulgarian army of 910,000 in less than four months of combat. <mask> was widely seen as the person behind a relatively successful resistance to further offensives on Moldavia (the single piece of territory still held by the Romanian state), and he was considered by many of his contemporaries to have stood in contrast to what was seen as endemic corruption and incompetence. The state of affairs, together with the October Revolution in Russia, was to be blamed for the eventual Romanian surrender to the Central Powers; promoted Premier by King Ferdinand I during the period of crisis, <mask> began armistice talks with August von Mackensen in Buftea and Focșani, but was vehemently opposed to the terms — he resigned, leaving the <mask> Marghiloman cabinet when it signed the Treaty of Bucharest. Despite <mask>'s talks yielding no result, he was repeatedly attacked by his political adversaries for having initiated them. During the period, he also faced a Russian Bolshevik military action: just before <mask> came to power, as

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 Russia's Leon Trotsky negotiated the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, the Rumcherod administrative body in Odessa, led by Christian Rakovsky, ordered an offensive from the east into Romania. In order to prevent further losses, <mask> signed his name to a much-criticized temporary armistice with the Rumcherod; eventually, Rakovsky was himself faced with a German offensive (sparked by the temporary breakdown of negotiations at Brest-Litovsk), and had to abandon both his command and the base in Odessa.People's Party

Character
<mask> quit the army in the spring of 1918, aiming for a career in politics — initially, with a message that was hostile to the National Liberal Party (PNL) and its leader Ion I. C. Brătianu. He presided over the People's Party (initially named People's League), and he was immensely popular especially among peasants after the end of the war. His force had an appealing populist message, translated into vague promises and relying on the image of the General: peasants had been promised land at the beginning of the war (and they were being rewarded with it at the very moment, through an agrarian reform that reached its full scope in 1923); they had formed the larger part of the Army, and had come to see <mask> as the one to fulfill their expectations, as well as a figure who was still commanding their allegiance. Eliza Brătianu, the PNL leader's wife, placed <mask>'s ascension in the context of Greater Romania's creation through the addition of Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Transylvania (while making use of the condescending National Liberal tone towards the Romanian National Party that

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 The grouping also established close links with Garda Conștiinței Naționale (GCN, "The National Awareness Guard"), a reactionary group formed by the electrician Constantin Pancu, engaged in violence against communist activists in Iași (the latter were feared by <mask> as well). Nevertheless, in late 1919, <mask> and Argetoianu approached the Socialist Party of Romania and its associate, the Social Democratic Party of Transylvania and Banat, with an offer for collaboration, negotiating the matter with the parties' reformist leaders — Ioan Flueraş, Ilie Moscovici, and Iosif Jumanca. At the time, Argetoianu claimed, his conversations with Moscovici revealed the fact that the latter was growing suspicious of the party's far left wing, where "the blanket-maker Cristescu and others were agitating". <mask> proposed merging the two parties, as a distinct section, into the People's Party; he was refused, and talks broke down when the general expected the Socialists to support his electoral platform. Impact
According to Eliza Brătianu (who was comparing <mask> with the French rebel soldier Georges Boulanger), several voices inside his movement called on <mask> to lead a republican coup d'état against King Ferdinand and her husband — a move allegedly prevented only by the general's loyalism. Argetoianu, who admitted that "I shook hands with <mask> [...] expecting a dictatorial regime", claimed that, during his stay in Italy, the general had been decisively influenced by Radicalism and the Risorgimento movement.This, in Argetoianu's view, was the cause for his repeated involvement in conspiracies; he recalled that, in

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 1919, Davila's house was the scene of regular reunion of officers, who plotted Brătianu's ousting and pondered dethroning the king (in this version of events, <mask> initially accepted to be proclaimed dictator, but, around October of that year, called on conspirators to renounce their plan). Aiming to answer most of Romania's social and political issues, the League's founding document called for:
"A land reform, with the passage of the land which is at the moment expropriated only on principle [ - a reference to the 1917 promise for a land reform] into the effective and immediate ownership of villagers through the means of communes; an electoral reform, through universal suffrage, direct election, secret ballot, and compulsory voting, with representation given to ethnic minorities, since the latter would not hinder the free manifestation of political individualities; administrative decentralization." According to Argetoianu,
"in the autumn of 1919, [<mask>'s] popularity had reached its peak. In the villages, people would dream of him, some swore that they had seen him descending from an airplane into their midst, others, who had fought in the war, told that they had lived by his side in the trenches, it was through him that hopes were solidified, and he was expected of to provide a miracle for people to live a carefree and fulfilling life. His popularity was something mystical, something supernatural, and all sorts of legends had begun to surround this Messiah of the Romanian people." Although he was also Prime Minister of Romania for three mandates (1918, 1920–1921, 1926–1927), his political success is

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 not as spectacular as the military one. Averescu ended up as one of the pawns maneuvered by Brătianu.Argetoianu later repeatedly expressed his distaste for <mask>'s hesitant stance and openness to compromise. Second cabinet

Establishment
Initially, Brătianu approached <mask> using their shared displeasure over the Alexandru Vaida-Voevod Romanian National Party (PNR)-Peasants' Party (PȚ) cabinet; the National Liberals managed to obtain the general's renunciation of his goal to prosecute their party for alleged mis-management of Romania before and during the war, as well as his promise to respect the 1866 Constitution of Romania when carrying out the planned land reform. At the same time, Brătianu kept a tight relationship with King Ferdinand. On March 13, 1920, he gave news of the Vaida-Voevod cabinet's dissolution, and was widely expected to call for early elections as soon as this had happened. Instead, he read a document convened with King Ferdinand, which suspended Parliament (the first legislative body in Greater Romania) for ten days — the measure was intended to give <mask> the time to negotiate a new majority in the chambers. These moves caused a vocal response from the opposition: Nicolae Iorga, who was president of the Chamber of Deputies and sided with the National Party, called for a motion of no confidence to be passed on March 26; in return, <mask> obtained the support of the monarch in dissolving the Parliament, and invested his cabinet's energies into winning the early elections by enlisting the help of county-level officials (local administration came to be dominated by People's Party


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 officials). It carried the vote with 206 seats (223 together with Take Ionescu's Conservative-Democratic Party).As agreements between the PNR and PȚ broke down (with the PNR awaiting for new developments), the PȚ joined Iorga's party, the Democratic Nationalists, in creating the Federation of National-Social Democracy (which also drew support from the group around Nicolae L. Lupu). Policies
His mandate was marked by the signing of the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary, and initial steps leading to the creation of the Little Entente—formed by Romania with Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It was also at this stage that Romania and the Second Polish Republic inaugurated their military alliance (see Polish–Romanian alliance). The goal to create a cordon sanitaire against Bolshevist Russia also brought him and his Minister of the Interior Argetoianu to oversee repression measures against the group of Socialist Party of Romania members who voted in favor of joining the Comintern (arrested on suspicion of "attempt against the state's security" on May 12, 1921). This came after a long debate in Parliament over the imprisonment of Mihai Gheorghiu Bujor, a Romanian citizen who had joined the Russian Red Army in Bessarabia during the later stages of the October Revolution, and who had been tried for treason. Argetoianu, who proclaimed communism to be "over in Romania", later indicated that <mask> and other members of the cabinet were hesitant about the crackdown, and that he ultimately resorted to taking initiative for the arrests — thus presenting his fellow politicians with a fait


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 accompli. The regions coming under Romania's administration at the end of the war still maintained their ad hoc administrative structures, including the Transylvanian Directory Council, set up and dominated by the PNR; <mask> ordered these dissolved in April, facing protest from local notabilities.At the same time, he ordered all troops to be demobilized. He unified currency around the Romanian leu, and imposed a land reform in the form in which it was to be carried out by the new Brătianu executive. In fact, the latter measure had been imposed by the outgoing PNL cabinet through the order of Ion G. Duca, in a manner which Argetoianu described as "destructive". As an initial step, <mask>'s government appointed the noted activist Vasile Kogălniceanu, a deputy for Ilfov County, as rapporteur; Kogălniceanu used this position to give an account of the agrarian situation in Romania, stressing the role played by his ancestor, Constantin, in abolishing Moldavian serfdom, as well as that of his father, Mihail Kogălniceanu, in eliminating corvées throughout Romania. The People's Party found itself hard pressed to limit the effects of the reform as promised by Duca — reason why Constantin Garoflid, seen by Argetoianu as "the Conservative and theorist of large-scale landed property", was promoted as Minister of Agriculture. Argetoianu also accused the Premier of endorsing reform in an even more radical shape, and contended that:
"[...] peasants blessed «father <mask>», who gave them land, and rallied around him even tighter. Brătianu, Duca, they were nowhere mentioned except in curses.O, human gratitude!" In October

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 1920, <mask> reached an agreement with the Allied Powers, recognizing Bessarabia's union with Romania — expressing a hope for the Bolshevik government to be overthrown, it also imposed the region's cession on a projected democratic government in Russia (while calling for further negotiations between it and Romania); throughout the interwar period, the Soviet Union refused to bind itself to the provisions of the agreement. Italy also refused to ratify the document, citing, alongside various foreign interests (including its friendship with the Soviet Union), the 250 million Italian lire owed to Italian investors in Romanian state bonds. Scandals and fall
In March 1921, Argetoianu became implicated in a scandal involving the actions of his associate Aron Schuller, who had attempted to contract a 20 million lire loan with a bank in Italy, using as collateral Romanian war bonds that he had illegally obtained from the Finance Ministry reserve. With Nicolae Titulescu as Finance Minister, <mask> resumed the interventionist course in economic policies, but broke with tradition when he attempted to legislate a major increase in taxes and proposed nationalizations — with potential negative effects on the PNL-voting middle class. The National Liberals, through the voice of <mask> Constantinescu-Porcu, helped exploit the rivalry between the Peasants' Party and Iorga, using the latter's rejection of Constantin Stere (a conflict sparked by Stere's support for Germany during the World War); Stere won partial elections for the deputy seat in Soroca, Bessarabia, causing a political scandal which saw all parties (including

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 the PNR) declare their dissatisfaction. The conflict worsened during a prolonged parliamentary debate over <mask>'s proposal to nationalize enterprises in Reșița (an initiative the opposition mistrusted, alleging that the new owners were to be People's Party members), when Argetoianu addressed a mumbled insult to the Peasant Party's Virgil Madgearu.Ion G. Duca of the PNL expressed his sympathies to Madgearu (who had repeated out an obscene word whispered by Argetoianu), and all opposition groups appealed to Ferdinand, asking for <mask>'s recall (July 14, 1921). Ferdinand then attempted to facilitate a fusion between the Romanian National Party and the National Liberals, but negotiations broke down after disagreements over the possible leadership. Eventually, Brătianu convened with Ferdinand his return to power, and the king called on Foreign Minister Take Ionescu to resign, thus causing a political crisis that profited the PNL and put an end to the <mask> cabinet. Shows of popular support in Bucharest were called of by <mask> himself, after he had negotiated with Brătianu for a People's Party cabinet to be formed "at a proper time". Ionescu took over as premier until late January 1922, when he was replaced by Brătianu. Third cabinet

New political alliances
In early 1926, the general was again named Premier, and approached the PNR and its close ally, the Peasants' Party, proposing a merger around his leadership. This met with a stiff refusal, as it seemed that the two were about to win the elections with additional support, but the king, suspicious of the left-wing credentials of the Peasants' Party, used


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 his Royal Prerogative and nominated <mask> as premier (with PNL support).<mask>'s party was instead joined by PNR dissidents, Vasile Goldiș and Ioan Lupaș, who represented a Romanian Orthodox segment of the Transylvanian voters (rather than the Greek Catholics supporting Iuliu Maniu). The 1926 elections, which <mask>'s cabinet organized in March and won with a landslide (269 mandates) also brought a massive defeat for the PNL, who held just 16 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Italian-Romanian Treaty
Although not fascist itself, the new government he formed displayed gestures of friendship towards Benito Mussolini's Fascist Italy, a state which advertised itself as a rising force — The Nation called <mask> "Romania's Mussolini", as "an epithet which the new premier of Rumania bestowed upon himself". Contacts established (as early as a June 1926, when Mihail Manoilescu had negotiated a loan in Rome) were one of the major points of divergence between the policies of <mask> and those of Brătianu: the former attempted to overcome the embarrassment provoked by Mussolini when, due to Romania's debt, the Italian government had recalled the ambassador and had refused to permit King Ferdinand's pre-convened visit. The loan convened by Manoilescu and Mussolini made important concessions to Italy in return for a clarification of Romania's debt status; it also led to the signing of a five-year Friendship Treaty (September 16), widely condemned by Romanian public opinion for not having called on Italy to state its support for Romanian rule in Bessarabia, and created tension inside the Little Entente (Yugoslavia feared


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 that Italy had attempted to gain Romania's neutrality in case of a potential irredentist conflict). Writing at the time, Constantin Vișoianu also criticized the vague terms in which the sections of the document dealing with mutual defense had been drafted:
"What have we gained from Italy through this pact? Nothing.In truth, article 3 — which does not [even] refer to Bessarabia — makes provisions for the eventuality of a violent incursion and organizes a mutual assistance system [that is] original through its Platonic love-like character." The treaty expired in 1932, and, after being prolonged by six months, it was not renewed. Overall, the political impact of contacts was minor, given that the Italians mistrusted the Romanian movement for its traditional role as instrument for Brătianu. Referring to the parallel project to marry Princess Ileana to Prince Umberto of Italy, <mask> himself allegedly stated: "I didn't get much from Italy except a throne for a Princess of Rumania". <mask>'s controversial projects
<mask> continued to offer his support to far right groups (especially to the National-Christian Defense League formed by A. C. Cuza, his early collaborator), and probably considered assuming dictatorial powers. The cabinet clashed with Brătianu when it was discovered that it had been negotiating in secret with the disinherited Prince Carol (a traditional adversary of the PNL) as Ferdinand's health was taking a turn for the worse (<mask> later claimed that he had been asked by Brătianu: "So, after I have brought you to power, you wish to rise and dominate?"). The PNL withdrew its support, and, through


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 an order signed by Constantin Hiott, <mask>'s was replaced by the broad coalition government of Barbu Știrbey, Brătianu's brother-in-law.The general's deposition, confirmed by King Ferdinand on his deathbed, created a vacuum on the Right, soon filled by the Iron Guard, a fascist movement formed by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (formerly an associate of Cuza's). Late 1920s politics

The People's Party involved itself in solving the dynastic crisis after Ferdinand's death in July 1927, again approaching Carol to replace the child-king Michael and Prince Nicholas' regency. In November 1927, <mask> took the stand in the trial of his supporter Mihail Manoilescu, who was arrested after having incited pro-Carol sentiment; in his testimony, he backed the notion that, despite his initial anger, Ferdinand had ultimately planned to have Carol return to the throne. His grouping lost much of its supporters to the newly formed National Peasants' Party, and scored under 2% in the 1927 elections. Around 1930, <mask> began opposing the universal suffrage he had endorsed earlier, and issued an appeal to the intellectuals in order to have it discarded from legislation on the basis that it was easily influenced by the parties in power. He and his supporter, the pro-authoritarian poet Octavian Goga, received criticism from the left-wing Poporanist journal Viața Românească, who claimed that <mask> had in fact provoked and encouraged widespread electoral irregularities during his time in office. In November 1930, he filed a complaint against the poet and journalist Bazil Gruia, claiming that the latter had libeled him by publishing,


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 in January, an article in Chemarea which began by questioning the People's Party claim that <mask> was "the only honest comrade of the Romanian peasant" and contrasted it with the general's activities during the 1907 Revolt.The trial was held in Cluj, and Gruia was represented in court by Radu R. Rosetti. On December 1, Gruia was found guilty and sentenced to 15 days in a correctional facility with reprieve, and to a fine of 3,000 lei (soon after, Gruia benefited from a pardon). <mask> was promoted to Marshal of Romania in the same year, during the time when Carol returned to rule as King — the appointment was attributed by Time to his political support for the latter's return. According to the same source, by the end of 1930, <mask> was again at the center of Romanian politics, owing to Carol's favor, to the deaths of Ion I. C. and Vintilă Brătianu, and to the unexpected support he gained from the PNL dissident Gheorghe I. Brătianu. Final years

He ultimately showed himself hostile to Carol's inner circle, and especially to the king's lover Magda Lupescu; consequently, Goga was instigated by Carol to take over as leader of the People's Party, and the latter attacked <mask> for "subverting [...] the traditional respect enjoyed by the Crown". The clash led to Goga's creation of the splinter National Agrarian Party, which, although never an important force, obtained more of the vote in the 1932 elections (approx. 3% compared to <mask>'s 2%).Around 1934, as the Guard proclaimed its allegiance to Nazi Germany, the Italians (still rivals of Adolf Hitler), approached <mask> (as well as Manoilescu, Nicolae


title: Alexandru Averescu

texts: Iorga, Nichifor Crainic, Cuza, Goga, and other non-Guardist reactionaries), with an offer for collaboration (see Comitati d'azione per l'universalità di Roma). This apparent alliance was, in fact, marked by major dissensions — <mask> and Iorga were routinely attacked by Crainic's Calendarul. Eventually, <mask>'s group formed, in 1934, the Constitutional Front, a nationalist electoral alliance with the National Liberal Party-Brătianu, which was joined by Mihai Stelescu's Crusade of Romanianism (an Iron Guard offshoot), and the minor party created by Grigore Forțu (the Citizen Bloc); after the latter two parties disappeared, the Front survived in its original form until 1936, when it disbanded. In 1937, despite his ongoing feud with Carol, <mask> was appointed a member of the Crown Council. Argetoianu recalled that he and the Marshal had reconciled — at a time when Argetoianu pondered rallying all opposition forces, including the National Peasants' Party, the National Liberal Party-Brătianu, and the Iron Guard, in a single electoral bloc (before the general election of December, the various groups successfully negotiated an electoral pact against the government of Gheorghe Tătărescu). <mask>, who, according to Argetoianu, declared was more interested in convincing Carol to allow his estranged wife Elena of Greece to return to Romania, remained opposed to the deal. The following year, he was briefly minister without portfolio in the cabinet of Premier Miron Cristea, created by Carol to combat the ascension of the Iron Guard, and opposed the monarch's option to renounce the 1923 Constitution and proclaim his


title: Sonya Yoncheva

texts:
<mask> (; born 25 December 1981) is a Bulgarian operatic soprano. Early life
Yoncheva was born in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. From the age of 6, she was "working", according to her own words from an interview for Metropolis. She studied piano and voice at the National School for Music and Dance in Plovdiv. During her teenage years, she hosted a Bulgarian television show about music. She won several music competitions in Bulgaria in 2000 and 2001, including a joint win with her brother as "Singers of the Year 2000" in the "Hit-1" competition organised and produced by Bulgarian National Television. She took advanced studies in classical singing with Danielle Borst at the Conservatoire de Musique de Genève and obtained the master's degree in 2009.Career
<mask> was an invited participant in William Christie's "Jardin des Voix" academy for young singers in 2007. She has continued work in the baroque repertoire with Christie, and also with Emmanuelle Haïm. Yoncheva was the female first-place winner of the 2010 Operalia competition and the special CulturArte prize. In May 2011, she portrayed Cleopatra in a co-production of Giulio Cesare by the  and , performances of which also took place at the Royal Opera of Versailles. In June she performed in L'elisir d'amore as Adina as part of Festival Nuits Musicales Sainte Victoire in Peynier. Her debut at the Metropolitan Opera was in November 2013 when she stepped in as Gilda in Rigoletto, in advance of her previously scheduled official debut. In 2014 at the Met, she sang her stage role debut as Mimì (La bohème) in November and shared the role of Violetta (La traviata) in December.In 2015 she appeared as Desdemona in the season opening production of Otello the Metropolitan Opera and in September 2016 she made her debut as Norma at the Royal Opera House, where she sang Antonia

masks:
Sonya Yoncheva
Yoncheva


title: Sonya Yoncheva

texts: in Les contes d'Hoffmann in November of the same year. In June 2017 she made her debut at the Teatro alla Scala as Mimì in La bohème. She made her role debut in the title role of Puccini's Tosca at the Metropolitan Opera for their 2017/18 season to great critical acclaim. Yoncheva set a record as first singer to appear in leading roles in three movie-theater broadcasts of the Metropolitan Opera in one season (Tosca, Mimi in La bohème and Luisa Miller in the 2017/18 season). Other role debuts in the 2017/18 season include Luisa Miller at the Metropolitan Opera and Élisabeth de Valois in Don Carlos at the Paris Opera. For her role debut as Imogene in Bellini's Il pirata at the Teatro alla Scala in June 2018, the first production of the piece after a legendary 1958 staging with Maria Callas as Imogene the press proclaimed that her performance would "surely see Yoncheva enter La Scala's hall of fame alongside Callas". In summer 2018 <mask> sang the role of Poppea in L'incoronazione di Poppea at the Salzburg Festival.<mask> began the 2018/19 season performing the title role of Médée in a staging at Staatsoper Berlin conducted by Daniel Barenboim. Other performances in 2018/19 included Desdemona in Verdi's Otello and the title part of Iolanta at the Metropolitan Opera, Desdemona in a new production for Festspielhaus Baden-Baden and at the Berlin Philharmonic Hall as well as Tosca at Staatsoper Berlin. In the spring of 2019, <mask> <mask> announced that she was expecting her second child in the coming fall as a result of which she did not perform from mid July to November 2019. She returned to the stage for the concerts of the Puccini Gala  at the Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg, the Tchaikovsky Hall in Moscow, and in Sofia. In the 2019/20 season, she performed Mimì in La bohème at the Royal Opera House Covent

masks: Yoncheva Yoncheva Sonya Yoncheva


title: Sonya Yoncheva

texts: Garden, the title role of Médée at the Staatsoper Berlin and as Imogene in Il pirata to the Teatro Real in Madrid. Several important role debuts in the 2019/20 and 2020/21 season had to be cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, among them her first Manon Lescaut, Leonora in Il trovatore and Rusalka at the Metropolitan Opera as well as Fedora at the Teatro alla Scala. In Spring 2020, <mask> returned to the stage after the first European lockdown as the soprano soloist of Ludwig van Beethoven's 9th Symphony at the Victoria Hall in Geneva, telecast by Arte.She also participated in the 2020 edition of Le Concert de Paris in front of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, performed the title role of La traviata at the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino and appeared in concert at the Salzburg Festival, at the Arena di Verona, in Lucca and Caserta. In June 2020, <mask> announced the creation of her newborn company SY11 and a gala concert organised by the company for August at the Roman Theatre of Plovdiv. In summer 2020, <mask> <mask> and Rolex announced a concert series in aid of musicians affected by the pandemic and the ongoing cancellations. <mask> at the Bayerische Staatsoper, the Season Inauguration Gala A Riveder le Stelle of the Teatro alla Scala and a Christmas concert hosted by the German president Frank-Walter Steinmeier and telecast by ZDF. <mask> <mask> began the year 2021 starring in the Metropolitan Opera's "Met Stars Live in Concert" streaming concert series, which saw her singing arias and songs from the Schussenried Abbey in Germany. On French television, she appeared in "Fauteils d'Orchestre" on France 5, before embarking on a series of recitals and concerts throughout Spain, which brought her to Valencia, Bilbao and Madrid, where she performed her first Zarzuela concert at the Teatro de la Zarzuela.With the

masks: Yoncheva Yoncheva Sonya Yoncheva Yonchevasca Sonya Yoncheva


title: Sonya Yoncheva

texts:
 NOSPR led by her husband Domingo Hindoyan, Yoncheva sang Henri Duparc "L'Invitation Au Voyage" in Katowice, before starring in the title role of Tosca at the Wiener Staatsoper. In June, she took part in the Gala "Musiques en Fête" at the Chorégies d'Orange, telecast by France 3. <mask> <mask>'s busy summer season also included Stephana in Umberto Giordano rarity Siberia at the Maggio Musicale in Florence, a production of La traviata at the Arena di Verona that was recorded for telecasts on ZDF and 3sat, recitals and concerts in Toulouse, Munich, Baden-Baden, Ljubljana, Montpellier, Sofia, Bucharest and the Salzburg Festival. Awards and honors
Yoncheva is a Rolex artist and was named Medici.tv's 2017 Artist of the Year. She is also the winner of the 2019 Readers Award of the International Opera Awards. In 2021, <mask> <mask> received a number of honors: she was named honorary citizen of her hometown Plovdiv and received Germany's most important classical music award Opus Klassik as "Singer of the Year" for her solo album "Rebirth". She won a Young Artist of the Year award () in 2015 Echo Klassik.In 2016, she was awarded the Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius for her "contribution to the field of art". She was one of the recipients of the 13th annual Opera News Awards. She was presented Award of the Year from the Círculo Críticos de Arte de Chile for her recital at the Teatro del Lago. Since November 2021, <mask> <mask> is a UNICEF Ambassador for Bulgaria, standing up for the rights of children. Personal life
Yoncheva married Venezuelan conductor Domingo Hindoyan in July 2014 and they live in the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The couple have a son, Mateo, born 6 October 2014. In October 2019, their daughter Sophia was born.Her younger brother Marin Yonchev is a former rock singer and is now appearing in

masks: Sonya Yoncheva Sonya Yoncheva Sonya Yoncheva


title: Sonya Yoncheva

texts:
 operatic concerts alongside <mask>. Discography
<mask> is featured on commercial audio recordings on the Virgin Classics label. In November 2013, she signed a recording contract with Sony Classical and has released several solo CDs including:
 2015: Paris, mon amour, Orquestra de la Comunitat Valenciana conducted by Frédéric Chaslin (Sony)
 2017: Handel, Academia Montis Regalis, Alessandro De Marchi (conductor) (Sony)
 2018: The Verdi Album, Münchner Rundfunkorchester conducted by Massimo Zanetti (Sony)
 2021: Rebirth, Cappella Mediterranea conducted by Leonardo García Alarcó (Sony)

On video she appears in DVD releases of Monteverdi's L'incoronazione di Poppea and Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria, and of Pergolesi's Il Flaminio. Additionally, she is featured on Pergolesi's "Stabat Mater" and Mozart's "Le Nozze di Figaro" on Deutsche Grammophon. She can be seen as Desdemona in the Met Opera's HD streaming video of Otello (2015). In 2016, she substituted for Anna Netrebko in Covent Garden's controversial season opener of Bellini's Norma, issued on DVD by Opus Arte. On DVD/Blu-Ray, she can also be seen on recordings of La bohème and Les Contes d'Hoffmann from the Royal Opera House Covent Garden, Iolanta from Paris Opera, and in the ZDF Adventskonzert 2015 from Dresden.Documentary
 Sonya Yoncheva: Sempre Libera (2018). directed by Ema Konstantinova and Georgi Toshev. premiered at the 32nd Kinomania Film Festival in Sofia on 26 November 2018. References

External links

 <mask> <mask> at Opéra national de Paris
 <mask> Yoncheva at Sony Classical
 Sonya Yoncheva at Medici.tv

1981 births
Living people
Musicians from Plovdiv
Bulgarian operatic sopranos
Bulgarian expatriates in Switzerland
Operalia, The World Opera Competition prize-winners
21st-century Bulgarian women opera singers
Sony Classical Records

masks: Yoncheva Yoncheva Sonya Yoncheva Sonya


title: Philemon Wright

texts:
<mask> (September 3, 1760 – June 3, 1839) was a farmer, lumberman and entrepreneur who founded what he named Columbia Falls Village, mostly known as  (or Wrightstown) and Wright's Village to others, the first permanent settlement in the National Capital Region of Canada. Wright's Town, later became incorporated in 1875 and renamed Hull, Quebec, and then in 2002, as a result of a municipal amalgamation, it acquired its present name of the City of Gatineau. Biography

<mask> was born in Woburn, Massachusetts into the family of <mask> and Elizabeth Chandler, a large and prosperous Woburn family that had been among the town's founders, 120 years before. <mask> was raised as a farmer. At the young age of 16, he was thrust into service for two years with the rebel forces in the first years of the American Revolution, leaving service as a sergeant. He fought in several battles including the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775. Nicknamed "the Old Squire" by his employees and friends, <mask> was once described by John Mactaggart as "about six feet high, a tight man, with a wonderfully strange, quick reflective wild eye”.On May 16, 1782, <mask> <mask> married Abigail Wyman, a Woburn woman whose ancestors were among the founding families of Charlestown, Massachusetts in 1628. Charlestown would later become Boston. <mask> and Abigail would have a large family of 9 children. Their children (ages listed as of 1800, when they arrived in Hull Township) were: <mask> Jr. (Phil) 18, Tiberius (Bearie) 13, Abigail (Nabby, who

masks:
Philemon Wright
Wright
Thomas Wright
Philemon Wright
Wright
Philemon
Wright
Philemon
Philemon


title: Philemon Wright

texts:
 died at 7 yrs. ), Mary (Polly) 10, Ruggles (Rug) 8, Abigail (Abbie) 6, Christopher Columbus (Chris) 2, Christiana (Chrissie) b. 1803 and Susana b. 1805.Settlement of Wright's Town
Feeling the strain of overpopulation in Massachusetts, <mask> first came to see the isolated and unsettled area of the Ottawa Valley in 1796, returned again in 1798, and once more in 1799. He finally decided that the best location for a new settlement would be next to the Chaudière Falls, near the intersection of the Tenàgàtino-sibi or Gatineau and Kitchi-sibi or Ottawa rivers, where he found thousands of acres of good soil and vast amounts of timber. He applied for the lands of the Township of Hull under the "leader and associates" regime and after swearing allegiance to the Crown, received the grant. <mask> used his natural leadership abilities to convince a group of Massachusetts settlers to come north with him. He sold his holdings in Woburn and led a group of 4 other families and 33 labouring men to the area, leaving on February 2, 1800, at the age of 39. With the help of a native Algonquin scout, who volunteered to help the group negotiate the treacherous voyage over ice from Kinodjiwan or Long-Sault at Carillon to the Akikodjiwan or Chaudière Falls, the group arrived on the western shore of the Gatineau River where it meets the Ottawa on March 7, 1800 and began to clear land. At first, their objective was to clear what was needed for homes and farmland for their survival.Two farms, the 'Gateno Farm' (1800), as he named it, and

masks: Wright Wright


title: Philemon Wright

texts: the 'Columbia Falls Farm' (1801) were the first to be cleared. Then, in 1801, at the foot of the Chaudière Falls, construction began on other enterprises. <mask> preferred to call the falls the Columbia Falls, but the name never stuck. The name Columbia, however, was repeatedly used throughout the new settlement: Columbia Pond (now, Leamy Lake), the Columbia farm, the Columbia hotel and Columbia road (now, St. Joseph blvd.). <mask>'s settlement quickly became Wright's Town with the shops, mills and other enterprises that were built so that the small community would not be dependent on the expensive practice of importing goods from Montreal. <mask> built a lumber mill, a hemp and grist mill and a smithy to fulfill their needs. When a fire burned down the smithy, he rebuilt it in stone, adding a trip hammer mill, four forges and four bellows operated hydraulically.He built a large bakehouse, shops for a shoemaker, a tailor, a bark grinding mill, as well as a tannery for curing leather. Always the opportunist, he also saw to it that a brewery and distillery were operating to slake the thirsts of the many employees he employed. Before long, he and his wife Abigail also saw to it that there was a teacher to teach all of the children in the community. The process was long and difficult and by 1806 <mask> had nearly exhausted his original capital of $20,000. In an effort to earn money and in order to keep his workers busy in the wintertime, he began the cutting of timber. Then, he attempted what was then thought

masks: Wright Wright Wright Wright


title: Philemon Wright

texts: impossible: to build a raft of timber and float it all the way to Quebec City. There, it would be sold for export to Britain.He built the first raft at the mouth of the Gateno River and named it "Columbo". Then, on June 11, 1806, he, his 18 yr-old son Tiberius and just 3 other men (London Oxford, a free black man & friend/associate of <mask>, Martin Ebert, and John Turner) began the treacherous journey down the Grand (Ottawa) River. Despite taking two months and encountering many hurdles he reached Quebec on August 12, and sold his 700 logs and 6000 barrel staves. The timber trade on the Ottawa River had begun. He founded several companies, among them a limestone quarry for building-stone and producing cement, The Hull Mining Company and P. Wright & Sons which, in particular, made him a great deal of money exporting timber, during the Napoleonic Wars when Britain was cut off from its traditional Baltic region suppliers. As a pioneer and an entrepreneur, <mask> had few equals. He was the point man for every builder, land speculator and government project in the region.According to John Mactaggart, the Royal Engineer in charge of the construction of the Rideau Canal and a contemporary of <mask> <mask>, <mask> should also be credited with having been the person who first suggested the building of the Rideau Canal, and once the canal's construction was under way, <mask> secured most of the contracts for supplies, materials and craftsmen. Despite his many achievements, he and his community faced near bankruptcy on

masks: Philemon Wright Philemon Wright Wright Wright


title: Philemon Wright

texts:
 several occasions. His earliest efforts to establish his settlement almost exhausted his entire capital and then, when his town was ravaged by a disastrous fire in May 1808, the village was practically wiped out. A despondent <mask> was ready to abandon the venture and possibly would have, if not for the encouragement he received from his sons <mask> Jr. and Tiberius to rebuild. They rebuilt the grist, hemp and sawmills, a larger foundry and the tavern within 6 months. In 1819, <mask> established the first passenger ship service on the Ottawa River. The first ship he used was the Packet, a four-ton vessel propelled by “sail and oars”.In 1822, he contracted Thomas Mears to construct a steamboat, which resulted in the Union of the Ottawa, which first set sail in 1823. The Union is described as “...measuring 125 feet on the deck, by 23 feet beam, drawing but little water, carrying 150 tons, and propelled by a 28-horsepower engine.”

<mask>'s son Ruggles travelled to Europe to learn Scandinavian timber methods, and armed with this knowledge, returned home and constructed the first ever timber slide in Canada on the north side of the Chaudière Falls in 1829, which allowed logs to be transported over the falls without having to use the previous method of waiting for calm water, which could take weeks. By 1820, Wrightstown was properly established. The population was 703, all either native New Englanders or first-generation Canadians. There were five mills, four stores, three schools, two hotels, two distilleries,

masks: Wright Philemon Wright Wright


title: Philemon Wright

texts:
 and a brewery. For livestock, the count was 123 horses, 418 oxen, 503 cows, 505 pigs, and 558 sheep. Political career
<mask> was elected to the legislature of Lower Canada to represent Ottawa County in 1830 and he and his settlement both saw great success.He voted against the Ninety-Two Resolutions. He was also the leader of Freemasonry in the area for many of the villagers and surrounding communities. <mask> farms
Although he and his family spent their lives as lumber barons, <mask> <mask> was always a farmer at heart. He was a strong advocate for "scientific farming" and selective breeding, and he was the first person to import prize Devon and Herefordshire cattle to the Ottawa Valley. In 1813, <mask> sold 3,000 bushels of wheat in Québec for $3.00 a bushel (this astronomically high price courtesy of the War of 1812). By 1823, the <mask> family had created several large and lucrative farms, some of which covered most of the land occupied by present-day Hull & Aylmer. These included the Gatteno Farm near Leamy Lake, the Columbia Falls Farm (at <mask>'s village), The Columbia Farm (Chelsea Rd.), The Dalhousie Farm (by Leamy Lake), the Britannia Farm (on the Britannia Turnpyke), the Chaudière Farm (where Aylmer began), the second Gatteno Farm (east side of the Gatineau) and the Onslow farm (Township of Onslow). In fact, <mask>'s agricultural community, at the time of his death in 1839, was the most developed of Lower Canada. From Onslow Township (present-day Wyman) to present-day Buckingham, <mask> <mask> owned

masks: Wright Wright Philemon Wright Wright Wright Wright Wright Philemon Wright


title: Philemon Wright

texts: 36,978.5 acres (over 150 km2) The fame of Hull as an agricultural community in Canada, the US and Britain was well deserved. The Gatteno Farm was the site of the original clearing by the <mask> expedition in 1800, where stood <mask> <mask>'s first cabin he affectionately called "The Wigwam". His second home, a bigger home with a stone foundation, was built just north of the Wigwam. In 1801, at the Chaudière Falls, <mask> & his sons created the Columbia Falls Farm  and that is the location where Wright's Town grew up. In 1810, <mask> Sr. moved to his third home, built on the Columbia Falls Farm, on its 800 acres.He lived in that home until 1818, when he handed it over to his son Ruggles, along with the reins of all of the family's Chaudière operations. Eventually this property was purchased by E.B.Eddy and he tore down the <mask> home and built a mansion named "Standish Hall". That 1st mansion burnt down in 1900 and he built another that ultimately became the very popular Hotel in Hull by the same name, where Louis Armstrong and many big bands came to play. <mask>'s 4th home was built just west of the Standish Hall near the Chaudière Falls and was a grand home he named "The White House". The White House closely resembled the Wright Farm home in Winchester Massachusetts where <mask> grew up. Almost a perfect copy of <mask>'s White House can be found at the Billings estate in Ottawa and given that Braddish Billings started his career in the employ of <mask>, it may be no surprise that Billing's "grand, genteel"

masks: Wright Philemon Wright Wright Philemon Wright Philemon Wright Wright Wright


title: Philemon Wright

texts: home, as he called it, would have been modeled after The Squire's, as <mask> was often referred to by his friends. When <mask> Sr. moved to the Columbia Falls Farm in 1810, the Gatteno farm was put in the hands of <mask> Jr. and <mask>, where Sarah, principally, raised animals and operated a distillery.It eventually ended up in the hands of Andrew Leamy who married Erexina <mask>, the daughter of Sarah and <mask> <mask>. The Columbia Farm of  was located at the junction of what would be the Brigham Road (now Gamelin) and Columbia Road (now boul. St. Joseph), and was operated first by <mask> Jr., then eventually owned by Thomas Brigham, who had married <mask> Sr.'s daughter, Abigail. The Britannia Farm, on the road leading to Aylmer, was owned by <mask> Jr. as was the Dalhousie Farm, south of what is now Leamy Lake. The Britannia Farm is now the site of the Royal Ottawa Golf Club, the Champlain & Château Cartier golf clubs. A farm at Lac Deschênes in Aylmer, called the Chaudière Farm, was established in 1818 by <mask> Jr. also a store and Inn was built at the landing. After <mask> Jr.'s tragic death in a stagecoach accident on Dec. 5th, 1821, <mask> Jr.s' heirs ended up losing ownership of the Britannia Farm and only retained ownership of the Gatteno Farm because of some dubious paperwork that <mask>. had fabricated.He confessed to this in a codicil to his Will, dated 1838. In 1826, <mask> Jr.'s widow, Sarah (Sally) Olmstead <mask>, married Nicholas Sparks (politician), who was then in the employ of P. Wright &

masks:
Philemon
Philemon
Philemon
Sarah Wright
Wright
Philemon
Wright Jr
Philemon
Philemon
Philemon
Philemon
Philemon
Philemon
Wright Sr
Philemon
Wright


title: Philemon Wright

texts:
 Sons. Sparks would become a wealthy landowner & politician in the future Bytown. In 1822, <mask> Sr. gave the Chaudière Farms to Tiberius and Ruggles, and in 1823, he put the Chaudière Farm under the supervision of Charles Symmes, his nephew. The Dalhousie Farm went to Ephraim Chamberlain who was married to <mask> Sr.'s daughter Mary (Polly) <mask>. As well, there were additional Wright farms along the Mountain Road. Tiberius <mask> established the (second) Gatteno Farm in 1816, which his son Alonzo <mask> would inherit.By 1823, nearly  at this farm had been cleared. It occupied the site of the current Collège St-Alexandre in Limbour. Retirement & death
At the end of his life, <mask> Sr. retired to another farm, this time in Onslow Township, Lower Canada (now the province of Quebec). <mask> owned 12,000 acres that spanned the entire width of the County in the first six ranges of Onslow Township. In <mask>'s papers, in the National Archives of Canada, he frequently refers to his properties in Onslow, both his timber cutting operations and his farming activities there, listing acreages of oats and potatoes and his numbers of cattle. Unfortunately he did not state who was living on the properties or looking after his interests in the township. Joseph Bouchette's map, dated 1831, shows a few buildings and a road in the easternmost lots on the river, which is most likely to be the location of <mask>'s Onslow Farm.<mask> <mask>'s brother-in-law, Joseph Wyman, and his son Joseph Jr., who also came from Woburn,

masks: Philemon Philemon Wright Wright Wright Philemon Wright Wright Philemon Philemon Wright


title: Philemon Wright

texts:
 obtained several hundred acres in the west end of the township through <mask>. They named the new settlement Woburn after their New England home, and brought in other settlers. Woburn was later renamed Billerica (after Billerica, Mass.) and the name was eventually changed to Wyman. <mask> died on June 3, 1839 in Wright's Town, and is buried in St. James Anglican Cemetery, Gatineau (Hull Sector). He was survived by a large family, including his son Ruggles <mask> who invented the timber slide. <mask> <mask> is regarded as the founder of both the cities of Ottawa and of Gatineau.<mask> <mask> High School in Gatineau is named after him. Genealogical relationships
Interesting research through the years has established that through his own family and that of his wife, Abigail, <mask> <mask>'s family members are related to every President of the United States with the exception of Martin Van Buren and Donald Trump, and also related to the English Royal family

References

Bibliography

External links

The Family of John and Priscilla <mask>
 <mask> <mask> (1760-1839); Article on Outaouais Heritage WebMagazine by Bruce S. Elliott

1760 births
1839 deaths
American emigrants to pre-Confederation Quebec
Pre-Confederation Canadian businesspeople
Settlers of the National Capital Region of Canada
Canadian people of English descent
People from Woburn, Massachusetts
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
History of Gatineau
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Immigrants to Lower

masks: Wright Wright Wright Philemon Wright Philemon Wright Philemon Wright Wright Philemon Wright


title: Adam Buckley

texts:
<mask> (born 2 August 1979) is an English former professional footballer. He played as a midfielder from 1996 to 2013. <mask> played as a professional in the Football League for Grimsby Town and Lincoln City between 1998 and 2003, after coming through the youth ranks at West Bromwich Albion. He then forged a career in non-league football and has played for Brigg Town, Harrowby United, Stamford, Spalding United, Bourne Town, Lincoln Moorlands Railway, Sleaford Town, Nettleham and Gainsborough Town. Career

Grimsby Town
<mask> first got his break in the professional game with West Bromwich Albion as an academy player in 1996, This was while his father, <mask> was the club's manager. With limited chances though he failed to make the grade and step up to the first team at Albion, prompting <mask> to eventually follow his father to Grimsby Town in 1997, when Alan re-took the managerial post at Blundell Park for the second time. He made his debut for Grimsby in a First Division defeat to Swindon Town on 24 April 1998.He would make one further appearance that season in another away defeat, this time to Watford. The following season, <mask> was eased into first-team action by his father, and was a regular presence on the bench during the 1999–00 campaign. During his time with The Mariners <mask> was cast aside by Grimsby supporters as a player who only featured professionally because his father was the club's manager. There may have been truth in that factor as following the departure of his father from his managerial role in September 2000, <mask> junior failed to be included in any of new manager's Lennie Lawrence's teams. With this he would not even make the Grimsby substitute bench during the 2000–01, and to add to this he also struggled to hold down a place in the club's reserve team and in July 2001, his contract with Grimsby was cancelled by mutual consent. Lincoln City
In July 2001, <mask> joined his father once again, agreeing a two-year contract with Lincoln City. He made his Football League debut, as a substitute, for

masks:
Adam Christian Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Alan Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley


title: Adam Buckley

texts:
 Lincoln in the 3–0 home victory over Swansea City on 25 August and was a regular presence in the first-team squad during his first season, making a total of 31 league appearances, 12 of which came from the substitutes bench.In April 2002, due to financial constraints, <mask> departed Lincoln, and under new manager Keith Alexander chances were rare. <mask> would make only three league appearances, all from the substitutes bench, during the 2002–03 season with a further three appearances in cup competitions. The season did, however, bring <mask> his only goal in his professional career when he netted a free-kick in the 2–1 home defeat to Shrewsbury Town in the Football League Trophy on 12 November 2002. <mask> like at Grimsby also found cast aside by the Lincoln City supporters for only playing a part in first team affairs because his father was the team's manager. His career at Lincoln ended when he was arrested over allegations of theft from the club's ground in May 2003. In June 2003 he was sentenced to 120 hours of community service after pleading guilty to four counts of theft from his teammates. Non-League
<mask> then moved into Non-League football.He had an unsuccessful trial with Ilkeston Town, which was followed by a short spell with Brigg Town. He then joined Harrowby United in March 2004. In October 2005, he signed for Stamford, linking up with his former Harrowby boss Graham Drury. In February 2006, <mask> joined Spalding United on loan, debuting in the defeat to Kidsgrove Athletic on 19 February 2006; the move became permanent in April 2006. He was released by Spalding in September 2006 and was next heard of at Bourne Town, making his debut in the 4–0 home defeat to St Neots Town on 7 March 2007. After an unsuccessful trial with Boston United in August 2007, <mask> linked up with Spalding United for a second time. <mask> then moved on to play with Lincoln Moorlands Railway in 2008.He made a brief sojourn to Sleaford Town, appearing for the club in a 1–1 friendly draw with Lincoln United on 12 November 2008,

masks:
Alan Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley