title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts: <mask> (1740 – 24 January 1822), variously referred to as of Tepelena or of Janina/Yannina/Ioannina, or the Lion of Yannina, was an  Albanian ruler who served as pasha of a large part of western Rumelia, the Ottoman Empire's European territories, which was referred to as the Pashalik of Yanina. His court was in Ioannina, and the territory he governed incorporated central and southern Albania, most of Epirus and the western parts of Thessaly and Greek Macedonia. <mask> had three sons: <mask>, who served in the 1809 war against the Russians, <mask>, who became Pasha of the Morea Eyalet and <mask>, governor of Vlorë. <mask> first appears in historical accounts as the leader of a band of brigands who became involved in many confrontations with Ottoman state officials in Albania and Epirus. He joined the administrative-military apparatus of the Ottoman Empire, holding various posts until 1788 when he was appointed pasha, ruler of the sanjak of Ioannina. His diplomatic and administrative skills, his interest in modernist ideas and concepts, his popular Muslim piety, his respect towards other religions, his suppression of banditry, his vengefulness and harshness in imposing law and order, and his looting practices towards

masks:
Ali Pasha
Ali
Muhtar Pasha
Veli Pasha
Salih Pasha
Ali


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

type: original

texts:
 persons and communities in order to increase his proceeds caused both the admiration and the criticism of his contemporaries, as well as an ongoing controversy among historians regarding his personality. As his influence grew, his involvement in Ottoman politics increased culminating in his active opposition to the ongoing Ottoman military reforms.After being declared a rebel in 1820, he was captured and killed in 1822 at the age of 81 or 82, after a successful military campaign against his forces. In Western literature, <mask> became the personification of an "oriental despot". Name
His name in the local languages were:  or ; ;   or   (<mask> of Ioannina); and  (). Background and early years

At some point in the 19th century, <mask>'s family was attributed with a legendary ancestry; according to this claim, <mask>'s family supposedly descended from a Mevlevi dervish named Nazif who migrated from Konya to Tepelene through Kütahya. However, this tradition is unfounded, and <mask>'s family, in all likelihood, was of local Albanian origin. They had achieved some stature by the 17th century. <mask>'s grandfather (Muhtar Bey) and great-grandfather were both bandit chieftains.His grandfather had died during the 1716

masks:
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts: siege of Corfu. His father, Veli bey, was a local ruler of Tepelena. <mask> himself was born in Tepelena or in the adjacent village of Beçisht. According to George Bowen, <mask> was part of the Lab tribe; as this tribe was in disrepute among the other Albanians for their poverty and predatory habits, he thought it proper to call himself after Tepelena, a town of the Tosks; no one dared to dispute this until after his death. <mask>'s father was involved in a rivalry with his father's cousin Islam Bey, who was also a local ruler. Islam Bey was appointed mutasarrıf of Delvinë in 1752, but <mask>'s father managed to kill him and was allowed to succeed his cousin as mutasarrıf in 1762. However, his father was assassinated shortly after (when <mask> was nine or ten), and he was brought up by his mother, Chamko (or Hanko), who originally hailed from Konitsa.In <mask>'s early years, he distinguished himself as a bandit. He affiliated himself with the Bektashi sect. The family lost much of its political and material status following the murder of his father. In 1758, his mother, Hanko, reportedly a woman of extraordinary character, thereupon herself formed and led a brigand band, and studied to inspire the boy with her own

masks:
Ali
Ali Pasha
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts: fierce and indomitable temper, with a view to revenge and the recovery of their lost wealth. According to Byron: "<mask> inherited 6 dram and a musket after the death of his father. <mask> collected a few followers from among the retainers of his father, made himself master, first of one village, then of another, amassed money, increased his power, and at last found himself at the head of a considerable body of Albanians". <mask> became a famous brigand leader and attracted the attention of the Ottoman authorities.He was assigned to suppress brigandage and fought for the "Sultan and Empire" with great bravery, particularly against the famous rebel Pazvantoğlu. He aided the <mask> of Negroponte in putting down a rebellion at Shkodër, it was during this period that he was introduced to the Janissary units and was inspired by their discipline. In 1768 he married the daughter of the wealthy <mask> of Delvina, with whom he entered into an alliance. <mask> was appointed mutasarrıf of Ioanninna at the end of 1784 or beginning of 1785, but was soon dismissed, returning to the position at the end of 1787 or start of 1788. His rise through Ottoman ranks continued with his appointment as lieutenant to the <mask> of Rumelia.

masks: Ali Ali Ali Pasha Pasha Ali Pasha


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts: After supporting the Sultan in conflicts between local feudal lords, he was appointed to rule the Sanjak of Delvina in 1785 with the title of Pasha. In reward for his services at Banat during the Austro-Turkish War (1787–1791), he was additionally granted the Sanjak of Trikala in 1787, which was at the time suffering from brigand raids.After achieving peace in Trikala by hunting down brigands, he was granted the role of supervisor of the tolls of "Tosceria and Epirus". In 1787 or 1788 he seized control of town of Ioannina, the major financial centre of all of Epirus and Albania, and enlisted most of the brigands under his own banner. That same year, <mask> declared himself ruler of the Sanjak of Ioannina under the title <mask> of Yanina, delegating the title of Pasha of Trikala to his son, Veli. This marked the beginning of the Pashalik of Yanina, and Ioannina would be his power base for the next 33 years. Over this period, <mask> took advantage of a weak Ottoman government to expand his territory still further until he gained control over most of Albania and northwestern Greece. During war-time, <mask> could assemble an army of 50,000 men in a matter of two to three days and could double that number in two to three

masks:
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Pasha
Ali
Ali Pasha


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts:
 weeks. Leading these armed forces was the Supreme Council.The Commander-in-chief was the founder and financier, <mask>. Council members included Muftar <mask>, Veli <mask>, Celâleddin Bey, Abdullah Pashe Taushani and a number of his trusted men like Hasan Dervishi, Halil Patrona, Omar Vrioni, Meço Bono, Ago Myhyrdari, Thanasis Vagias, Veli Gega and Tahir Abazi. <mask> as ruler

As <mask> of Ioannina, he slowly laid the foundations for the creation of an almost independent state, which included a large part of Greece and Albania. During his rule, the town of Ioannina developed into a major educational, cultural, political and economic hub. In order to achieve his goals, he allied with all religious and ethnic groups in his territory. At the same time, he did not hesitate to fiercely crush any opponent. As he also developed relations with European powers.<mask>'s policy as ruler of Ioánnina was mostly governed by expediency; he operated as a semi-independent despot and pragmatically allied himself with whoever offered the most advantage at the time. In fact, it was <mask> and his Albanian soldiers and mercenaries who subdued the independent Souli. <mask> wanted to establish in the Mediterranean a sea-power which would

masks:
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Pasha
Pasha
Ali Pasha
Pasha
Ali
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts: be a counterpart of that of the Dey of Algiers, Ahmed ben <mask>. In order to gain a seaport on the Albanian coast, which was dominated by Venice, <mask> formed an alliance with Napoleon I of France, who had established François Pouqueville as his general consul in Ioannina, with the complete consent of the Ottoman Sultan Selim III. After the Treaty of Tilsit, where Napoleon granted the Czar his plan to dismantle the Ottoman Empire, <mask> switched sides and allied with Britain in 1807; a detailed account of his alliance with the British was written by Sir Richard Church. His actions were permitted by the Ottoman government in Constantinople. <mask> was very cautious and displeased by the emergence of the new Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II in the year 1808.Lord Byron visited <mask>'s court in Ioánnina in 1809 and recorded the encounter in his work Childe Harold. He evidently had mixed feelings about the despot, noting the splendour of <mask>'s court and the Greek cultural revival that he had encouraged in Ioánnina, which Byron described as being "superior in wealth, refinement and learning" to any other Greek town. In a letter to his mother, however, Byron deplored <mask>'s cruelty: "His Highness is a remorseless tyrant,

masks:
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Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha
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Ali Pasha
Ali


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts:
 guilty of the most horrible cruelties, very brave, so good a general that they call him the Mahometan Buonaparte ... but as barbarous as he is successful, roasting rebels, etc, etc.."

Different tales about his sexual proclivities emerged from western visitors to <mask>'s court (including Lord Byron, the , and Frederick North, Earl of Guildford). These documenters wrote that he kept a large harem of both women and men. Such accounts may reflect the Orientalist imagination of Europe and underplay the historical role of <mask> rather than telling us anything concrete about his sexuality. <mask>, according to one opinion, "was a cruel and faithless tyrant; still, he was not a Turk, but an Albanian; he was a rebel against the Sultan (Mahmud II), and he was so far an indirect friend of the Sultan's enemies". Throughout his rule he is known to have maintained close relations and corresponded with famous leaders such as Husein Gradaščević, Ibrahim Bushati, Mehmet <mask> and <mask>.Though certainly no friend to the Greek Nationalists (he had personally ordered the painful execution of the Klepht Katsantonis), his rule brought relative stability. It was only after his forceful deposition that the people of Greece objected to

masks:
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Pasha
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Ibrahim Pasha


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts:
 the rule of the Sultan Mahmud II and the newly appointed Hursid <mask> and thus began the Greek War of Independence. <mask> used Greek in his court, and over the gate of his castle in Yannina there was an inscription in Greek claiming his descent from King Pyrrhus of Epirus. It is reported that he conversed with foreigners in Greek. A long epic poem known as the Alipashiad consisting of more than 10,000 lines is dedicated to the exploits of <mask>. The Alipashiad was composed by Haxhi Shekreti, an Albanian Muslim from Delvina and was written entirely in Greek. Impact on modern Greek Enlightenment
Although <mask>'s native language was Albanian he used Greek for all his courtly dealings since the population of the region of Epirus (now mainly in northwestern Greece) which he ruled was predominantly Greek-speaking.As a consequence, a part of the local Greek population showed sympathy towards his rule. This also activated new educational opportunities, with businessmen of the Greek diaspora, subsidizing a number of new educational purposes. As historian Douglas Dakin notes:

Atrocities

In 1808, Mühürdar, a commanding Janissary of <mask>, captured one of his most renowned opponents, the Greek klepht Katsantonis, who was

masks:
Pasha
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts:
 executed in public by having his bones broken with a sledgehammer. One of <mask>'s most notorious crimes, without a legal indictment, was the mass murder of 17 or 18 chosen young Greek girls of Ioannina. They were, without a trial, sentenced as adulteresses, tied up in sacks and drowned in Lake Pamvotis. Oral Aromanian tradition (songs) tells about the cruelty of <mask>'s troops. In October 1798 <mask>'s troops attacked the coastal town of Preveza, which was defended by a small garrison of 280 French grenadiers and local Greeks.When the town was finally conquered, a major slaughter occurred against the local people as retaliation for their resistance. He also tortured the French and Greek prisoners of war before their execution. A French officer described the atrocities ordered by <mask> and his cruel character:

Every French captive was given a razor with which he was forced to skin the severed heads of his compatriots. Those who refused were beaten on the head with clubs. After the heads were skinned, the masks were salted and put in cloth bags. When the operation was finished, the French were driven back into the hangar, and they were warned to prepare for death. In the early nineteenth century his troops

masks:
Ali
Ali Pasha
Ali
Ali Pasha


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts:
 completed the destruction of the once-prosperous cultural center of Moscopole, in modern southeastern Albania, and forced its Aromanian population to flee from the region.Many Aromanians scattered throughout the Balkans, founding settlements such as Kruševo, but also left the region and went to other countries, forming an Aromanian diaspora. Downfall
In 1819, Halet Efendi brought to the attention of Sultan Mahmud II issues conspicuously related to <mask>; Halet Efendi accused <mask> of grabbing power and influence in Ottoman Rumelia away from the Sublime Porte. In 1820, <mask>, after long tensions with the Turkish Reforms, allegedly ordered the assassination of Gaskho Bey, a political opponent in Constantinople; Sultan Mahmud II, who sought to restore the authority of the Sublime Porte, took this as a major opportunity to move against <mask> by ordering his immediate deposition. <mask> refused to resign his official post and put up a fierce resistance to the Sultan's troop movements as some 20,000 Turkish troops led by Hursid <mask> were fighting <mask>'s small but formidable army. Most of his followers abandoned him without fighting and fled, including Androutsos and his sons Veli and Muhtar, or else joined the

masks:
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha
Pasha
Ali Pasha


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts: Ottoman army. Among these were Omer Vrioni and Alexis Noutsos, who went unopposed to Ioannina, which was besieged in September 1820. On December 4, 1820, <mask> and the Souliotes formed an anti-Ottoman coalition, to which the Souliotes contributed 3,000 soldiers.<mask> gained the support of the Souliotes mainly because he offered to allow the return of the Souliotes to their land, and partly by appeal to their perceived Albanian origin. Initially, the coalition was successful and managed to control most of the region, but when the Muslim Albanian troops of <mask> were informed of the beginning of the Greek revolts in the Morea, it was terminated. <mask>'s rebellion against the Sublime Porte increased the value of the Greek military element since their services were sought by the Porte as well. He is said to have contracted the services of the Klephts and Souliots in exile in the Ionian Islands as well as the armatoles under his command. However he feared that the Klephts might rout him before the arrival of the Ottoman Turks. His separatist actions constitute a great example of the institutional corruption and dividing trends prevailing in the Ottoman Empire at the time. His effort to become an independent ruler

masks:
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha
Ali


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts: finally caused the reaction of the Sublime Porte, which sent the army against him.After about two years of fighting, in January 1822, Ottoman forces had taken most of the fortifications of Ioannina except the fortified palace inside the kastro. <mask> opened negotiations. Deceived with offers of a full pardon, he was persuaded to leave the fortress and settle in the Monastery of St Panteleimon on the island in Lake Pamvotis, previously taken by the Ottoman army during the siege. He was killed there and beheaded by an Ottoman unit in 1822. Hursid <mask>, to whom it was presented on a large dish of silver plate, rose to receive it, bowed three times before it, and respectfully kissed the beard, expressing aloud his wish that he himself might deserve a similar end. To such an extent did the admiration with which <mask>'s bravery inspired these men to efface the memory of his crimes. <mask> was buried with full honors in a mausoleum next to the Fethiye Mosque, which still stands.Despite his brutal rule, villagers paid their last respect to <mask>: "Never was seen greater mourning than that of the warlike Epirotes." The former monastery in which <mask> was killed is today a popular tourist attraction. The holes made by

masks:
Ali Pasha
Pasha
Ali
Ali Pasha
Ali
Ali Pasha


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts:
 the bullets can still be seen, and the monastery has dedicated to him a museum, which includes a number of his personal possessions. Religion
<mask> was born into a Muslim family. Regardless, the struggle for power and the political turmoils within the empire required for him to support non-Muslim or heterodox priests, beliefs, and orders, and especially the Orthodox Christian population which formed the majority of the population in the region he ruled. One of the spiritual figures which influenced him was Saint Cosmas. <mask> ordered and supervised the construction of a monastery dedicated to him near Berat.<mask> maintained control over the Christian population but respected the monasteries and stayed on good terms with the upper clergy. He strongly supported the Sufi orders, well-spread in Rumelia at the time. <mask> was close to the dominant Sufi orders as the Naqshbandi, Halveti, Sâdîyye, or even Alevi. Specifically the famous Sufi shrines in Yanina and Parga were Naqshbandi. The order that was mostly supported by him was Bektashi and he is accepted today to have been a Bektashi follower, initiated by Baba Shemin of Fushë-Krujë. Through his patronage, Bektashism spread in Thessaly, Epirus, South Albania, and

masks:
Ali Pasha
Ali
Ali Pasha
Ali


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts:
 in Kruja. <mask>'s tomb headstone was capped by the crown (taj) of the Bektashi order.Nasibi Tahir Babai, a Bektashi saint, is regarded as one of three spiritual advisers of <mask>. <mask> in literature

According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, in Western literature, <mask> became the personification of an "oriental despot". In the early 19th century, <mask>'s personal balladeer, Haxhi Shekreti, composed the poem Alipashiad. The poem was written in Greek language, since the author considered it a more prestigious language in which to praise his master. <mask>hiad bears the unusual feature of being written from the Muslim point of view of that time. He is the title character of the 1828 German singspiel <mask>a von Janina by Albert Lortzing. In the novel The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, père, <mask>'s downfall is revealed to have been brought about by French Army officer Fernand Mondego.Unaware of Mondego's collusion with the Sultan's forces, <mask> is described as having entrusted his wife, Kyra Vassiliki, and daughter, Haydée, to Mondego, who sells them into slavery. Mondego then personally murders <mask> and returns to France with a fortune. The novel's protagonist, Edmond Dantés, subsequently locates

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Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha
Ali
Alipas
Ali Pasch
Ali Pasha
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Ali Pasha


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts: Haydée, buys her freedom, and helps her avenge her parents by testifying at Mondego's court martial in Paris. Mondego, who is found guilty of "felony, treason, and dishonor", is abandoned by his wife and son and later commits suicide. Alexandre Dumas, père wrote a history, <mask>ha, part of his eight-volume series Celebrated Crimes (1839–40). <mask> is also a major character in the 1854 Mór Jókai's Hungarian novel Janicsárok végnapjai ("The Last Days of the Janissaries"), translated into English by R. Nisbet Bain, 1897, under the title The Lion of Janina. <mask> and Hursid <mask> are the main characters in Ismail Kadare's historic novel The Traitor's Niche (original title Kamarja e turpit).<mask> provokes the bey Mustapha (a fictional character) in Patrick O'Brian's The Ionian Mission to come out fighting on his own account, when the British navy is in the area seeking an ally to push the French off Corfu. The Turkish expert for the British Navy visits him to learn this tangled story, which puts Captain Aubrey out to sea to take Mustapha in battle. Many of the conflicting versions about the origin of the "Spoonmaker's Diamond", a major treasure of the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul, link it with <mask> – though their

masks:
Ali Pac
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha
Pasha
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts:
 historical authenticity is doubtful. Loretta Chase's 1992 historical romance novel The Lion's Daughter includes <mask> and a possible revolt against him by a cousin, Ismal. See also
Albania under the Ottoman Empire
Dimitrios Deligeorgis, a secretary to <mask>
Greek War of Independence
History of Albania
History of Ottoman Albania

Notes

Sources
 "<mask> Tepelenë." Encyclopædia Britannica (2005)
 "<mask> (1744? – 1822)".The Columbia Encyclopedia (2004). Ellingham et al. Rough Guide to Greece, (2000)
 Fleming, Katherine Elizabeth. The Muslim Bonaparte: diplomacy and orientalism in <mask>'s Greece. Princeton University Press, 1999. .
 Koliopoulos, John S. (1987) Brigands with a Cause, Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece 1821–1912. Clarendon Press, Oxford. S. Aravantinos, Istoria <mask> tou Tepelenli, [the history of <mask> Tepelenli based on the unpublished texts by Panagiotis Arantinos] Athens 1895, (photographic reprint, Athens 1979).Gr. Lars, I Albania kai I Epiros sta teli tou IG’ kai stis arches tou IH’ aion. Ta Dytikovalkanika Pasalikia tis Othomanikis Autokratorias [Albania and Epirus I the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Ottoman Eyalets of Western Balkans, transl. A. Dialla, publ. Gutenberg,

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Ali Pasha
Ali Pasa
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasa
Ali Pasha


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts:
 Athens 1994, pp. 144–173. G. Siorokas, I eksoteriki politiki tou Ali pasa ton Ioanninon.Apo to Tilsit sti Vienni [the internal affairs policy of <mask>. From Tilsit to Vienna] (1807–1815), Ioannina, 1999. D. Skiotis, “Apo listis pasas. Ta prota vimata stin anodo tou <mask>ninon [From bandit to Pasha. The early years of <mask>], (1750–1784)”, Thisaurimata 6 (1969), pp. 257–290
Dim. A. Zotos, I dikaiosyni eis to kratos tou <mask> pasa [Justice in the state of <mask>], Athens, 1938.Vaso D. Psimouli, Souli kai Souliotes, Athens 1998
Ali Pasha Archives, 2007, I. Chotzi collection, Gennadius Library, Ed. – Cpmmentary – Index: V. Panagiotopoulos with collaboration of D. Dimitropoulou, P. Michailari, Vol. 4
A. Papastavros, <mask>, apo listarchos igemonas [<mask>, from bandit to leader], publ. Apeirotan, 2013. W. M. Leake, Travels in northern Greece, Α.Μ.Ηakkert-Publisher, (photographic reprint Amsterdam 1967). Vol. 1, pp.295,Vol. 4, pp. 260
I. Lampridis, “Malakasiaka”, Epirotika Meletimata [Epirote Studies] 5 (1888), publ. 2. Society for Epirote Studies. (EHM), Ioannina 1993, p. 25
Ali Pasha Archives, I. Chotzi collection, Gennadius Library, Ed. – Commentary – Index: V. Panagiotopoulos with the collaboration of D.

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Ali Pasha
Alioan
Ali Pasha
Ali
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasas
Ali Pasha


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts:
 Dimitropoulou, P. Michailari, 2007, Vol.B’, pp. 672–674 (doc. 851), 676–677, (doc. 855), 806-807 (doc. 943). G. Plataris, Kodikas Choras Metsovou ton eton 1708–1907 [Chora Metsovou Log of the years 1708–1907], Athens 1982, pp. 105, 120.V. Skafidas, “Istoria tou Metsovou” [History of Metsovo], Epirotiki Estia 11/121, 122 (1962), p. 387. M. Tritos, “Ta sozomena firmania ton pronomion tou Metsovou” [The surviving firmans about the privileges granted to Metsovo], Minutes of the 1st Conference of Metsovite Studies, Athens 1993, pp. 404. Further reading
 Brøndsted, Peter Oluf, Interviews with <mask>; edited by Jacob Isager, (Athens, 1998)
 Davenport, Richard, The Life of <mask>, Late Vizier of Jannina; Surnamed Aslan, Or the Lion, (2nd ed, Relfe, London, 1822)
 Dumas père, Alexandre, <mask>, Celebrated Crimes Fauriel, Claude Charles: Die Sulioten und ihre Kriege mit <mask> von Janina, (Breslau, 1834)
 Glenny, Misha The Balkans 1804–1999 Granta Books, London 1999. Jóka, Mór: Janicsárok végnapjai, Pest, 1854. (in English: Maurus Jókai: The Lion of Janina, translated by R. Nisbet Bain, 1897). Manzour, Ibrahim, Mémoires sur la Grèce et l'Albanie pendant le gouvernement d'<mask>, (Paris, 1827)
 Plomer, William The Diamond of

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Ali Pasha
Ali Pacha
Ali Paa
Ali Pacha


title: Ali Pasha of Ioannina

texts:
 Jannina:  <mask> 1741–1822 (New York, Taplinger, 1970)
 Pouqueville, François, Voyage en Morée, à Constantinople, en Albanie, et dans plusieurs autres parties de l'Empire Ottoman (Paris, 1805, 3 vol.in-8°), translated in English, German, Greek, Italian, Swedish, etc. available on line at Gallica
 Pouqueville, François, Travels in Epirus, Albania, Macedonia, and Thessaly (London: printed for Sir Richard Phillips and Co, 1820), an English denatured and truncated edition available on line
 Pouqueville, François, Voyage en Grèce (Paris, 1820–1822, 5 vol. in-8° ; 20 édit., 1826–1827, 6 vol. in-8°), his capital work
 Pouqueville, François, Histoire de la régénération de la Grèce (Paris, 1824, 4 vol. in-8°), translated in many languages. French original edition available on Google books
 Pouqueville, François, Notice sur la fin tragique d’Ali-Tébélen (Paris 1822, in-8°)
 Skiotis, Dennis N., "From Bandit to Pasha: first steps in the rise to power of <mask> of Tepelen, 1750–1784", International Journal of Middle East Studies 2: 3: 219–244 (July 1971) (JSTOR)
 Vaudoncourt, Guillaume de Memoirs on the Ionian Islands ... : including the life and character of <mask>''. London: Baldwin, Cradock and Joy, 1816

External links

masks:
Ali Pasha
Ali
Ali Pacha


title: Pierre Jean Louis Ovide Doublet

texts:
<mask> (25 August 1749 - 4 February 1824) was a French politician and writer who spent much of his life serving in the Knights of Malta. Following his enlistment as a soldier, he entered the service of the French Secretariat of the Knights and was eventually promoted to the leadership of the Secretariat. Doublet participated in the negotiations for the surrender of the Knights when Malta was captured by Napoleon in 1798. Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim had failed to bolster Valletta's defenses against the French fleet and had peacefully admitted some French ships to the harbor, leading to the island's capture. <mask>, being in the Grand Master's direct service, was accused as a collaborator with the French and became caught in the political maneuvering by other members to depose Hompesch. Doublet stayed in Malta during the French occupation, serving as Secretary General to the Commission of Government installed by Napoleon and later becoming Commissioner of Malta. He was exiled to France when the island became a British Dominion in 1800 and wrote a book about his experiences in Malta.<mask> remained in exile for most of his life, though he was allowed to make a permanent return soon before his death. The early years (1749  1781)
<mask> <mask> <mask>, the son of a gardener <mask> and his wife <mask>, was born in Beaugency, within  of Orléans, France. On 19 June 1779, he enlisted as a soldier to the Infantry Regiment of the Order of Malta and reached the rank of premier sergeant (first sergeant) in November 1782. Career in the Order of Malta (1781  1798)
In 1781, he also entered the service of the French Secretariat of

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Pierre Jean Louis Ovide Doublet
Doublet
Doublet
Pierre Jean
Louis Ovide
Doublet
Jean Doublet
Jeanne Desire


title: Pierre Jean Louis Ovide Doublet

texts:
 because he was French and thus reliable in the eyes of the occupiers. He is named as of June 1798 Secretary General to the Commission of Government installed by Napoleon at the time of his stay. On 10 November 1799 he became Commissioner to replace Regnaud de Saint <mask>'Angély who is recalled to France, a position that he remained until the surrender of Valletta on 5 September 1800. The President of this commission was another Frenchman, Citizen Bosredon de Ransijat, formerly commander of the Order and also its former treasurer. Business of the Grand Master
Following the capture of Malta by the troops of Bonaparte and in the débacle of the Order which followed, Doublet was shown to have communicated to the French authorities the secret code that the Grand Masters Hompesch and, before him, Rohan used to safeguard their diplomatic mails. Indeed, as a sovereign order, the Order of Malta then exchanged an abundance of correspondence with the different states around Europe.Bonaparte intercepted several messages to the Order's Grand Master, and its honorary Grand Master, the Czar of Russia. Bonaparte requested the decipher code. Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim yielded to this requirement and instructed <mask> to hand over of this secret code. These letters did not bring anything that the General-in-chief did not already know except perhaps, amusing details, certain appreciations of his own person emanating from French diplomats. However, Doublet had already aroused the jealousy of several members of the order, he was von Hompesch's right-hand man, and he was of French birth. A rumour quickly circulated that charged Doublet with the entire

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Jean d
Doublet


title: Pierre Jean Louis Ovide Doublet

texts:
 donat, shared these calumnies with Bosredon de Ransijat, another renegade in the eyes of Order.<mask>'s honour was wounded by this cabal, but more especially as he always hoped for the re-establishment of the Order and his return to Malta, Doublet protested his innocence in this business until the end of his days, innocence which will be attested to by several direct witnesses, including Matthius Poussielgue, Napoleon's finance adviser at the time of these events. Exile (1800  1824)
After the surrender of the French garrison in Valletta on 5 September 1800, the British expelled from the Maltese islands all those who collaborated with the French, expressed any sympathy with them, or accommodated them in some way. This included those who had taken an active part in the civil administration and French military, mixed French and Maltese, but also the French who had been long-term residents of Malta. Thus was the case for <mask>, a native Frenchman of Troyes in the department of Aube, living in Malta since 1749, who married there, started a family and had integrated into the Maltese population. After passing by the Balearic Islands, <mask> <mask> <mask> was disembarked in Marseilles, France, in December 1800. Bourrienne, private secretary of Napoleon, recalls in his own Mémoires <mask>'s presence in Paris in 1802, in spite of a decree from the  Directory to the Maltese refugees to remain in the departments of the Var, the Bouches-du-Rhône and in Corsica (departments of Liamone and Golo). After the Treaty of Amiens, Doublet once again believed he could settle in Malta; he returned a few times, but was exiled again when hostilities resumed

masks:
Doublet
Pierre Manchin
Pierre Jean
Louis Ovide
Doublet
Doublet


title: Pierre Jean Louis Ovide Doublet

texts:
 between France and England.Subsequently, his life became a long exile. He spent nine or ten years in Rome, living a precarious and penurious existence, while making brief sojourns to Malta, where he could not remain for long. He finally settled with his son in Tripoli, (Libya). In the last months of his life, he was finally permitted to return permanently to Malta and he died there soon after his return, 4 February 1824. Today, many of his descendants have been traced and are living in Malta, France, Australia, England, The Netherlands, Germany  and United States. Among these one still bears the name <mask> and toward the end of 19th century one was named Napoleon. Writing
<mask> <mask> Doublet left a book,  Mémoires Historiques sur l'Invasion et l'Occupation de Malte par une Armée Française, en 1798,  in which he tells of his experience.The first part is an analysis of the reign of Grand Master Emmanuel de Rohan; the second part reports the invasion and the occupation of Malta by the French. In 1832, when Sir Walter Scott wrote his work about the occupation of Malta by the French, someone presented Doublet's manuscript to him; it was not published until 1883. The father of Ivanhoe and Rob Roy will affirm he acted with good intent and left the most complete report on these events that had been given to him. This work most probably constitutes a kind of plea pro domo and some will suggest that Doublet could have portrayed himself in a more important role than in fact it actually was. External links

 Departmental records of Loiret, France. <mask> <mask> Doublet : Mémoires historiques sur l'invasion de Malte par une armée française, en

masks:
Louis Ovide
Pierre Jean
Louis Ovide
Pierre Jean
Louis Ovide


title: Pierre Jean Louis Ovide Doublet

texts:
 1798 - Librairie Firmin-Didot Paris 1883. Mr. Miège: Histoire de Malte - Bruxelles 1841.<mask> Fauvelet de Bourrienne: Mémoires de Napoléon. Clément de la Jonquière : L'expédition d'Egypte 1798-1801 (volume 5). Eusèbe de Salle : Pérégrinations en Orient (Volume 2). Henri Plon : Correspondance de Napoléon 1er - 1860. Chevalier de Meyer : Révolution de Malte en 1798 : réponse au manifeste du Prieuré de Russie - 1799. F.A. de Cristophoro d'Avalos : Tableau historique de Malte et de ses habitants - Paris 1820.<mask> de Villeneuve-Bargemont : Monument des grands maîtres de l'Ordre de St Jean de Jérusalem - 1829. Dennis Castillo : The maltese cross : a strategic history of Malta. Frederick W Ryan: House of the Temple - 2003. Bonaparte à Malte

1749 births
1824 deaths
French occupation of Malta
Maltese politicians
People of the French

masks:
Louis Antoine
Louis François


title: Elijah Abel

texts:
<mask>, or Able or Ables (July 25, 1808– December 25, 1884) was one of the earliest African-American members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and was the church's first African-American elder and Seventy. <mask> was predominantly of Scottish and English descent, and appears to have been the first and one of the few black members in the early history of the church to have received the priesthood, later becoming the faith's first black missionary. <mask> did not have his priesthood revoked when the LDS Church invoked a now-obsolete priesthood ban for black men, but was denied a chance to receive his temple endowment by third church president John Taylor . As a skilled carpenter, <mask> often committed his services to the building of LDS temples and chapels. He died in 1884 after serving a mission to Cincinnati, Ohio, his last of three total missions for the church. Early life
<mask> was born in Frederick-Town, Maryland on July 25, 1808 to Delilah Williams and <mask>. There is some confusion surrounding <mask>'s birth year, given that some sources put the year at 1808 and others at 1810.However, the 1850 Census record marks 1808 as the year of <mask>'s birth, and both <mask>'s patriarchal blessing and grave marker record 1808 as his birth year. His mother was of Scottish descent and his father of English descent; one of his grandmothers was "half white," or mulatto, and thus <mask> was considered to be "octoroon," or one-eighth African. <mask>'s mother died when he was 8 years old. Some believed that she was a slave from South Carolina, but evidence for this has never been produced. Others have also speculated, based on the unproven assumption that <mask> was the son of a slave, that he at some point migrated to Canada by way of the underground railroad. Apart from circumstantial evidence, this claim remains entirely unsubstantiated, apart from a few sources stating that

masks:
Elijah Abel
Abel
Abel
Abel
Elijah Abel
Andrew Abel
Abel
Abel
Abel
Abel
Abel
Abel


title: Elijah Abel

texts:
 <mask> spent some time in Canada in his early adulthood. Conversion to the LDS faith
<mask> later moved to Ohio, and in Cincinnati he was baptized and confirmed a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in September of 1832.He was baptized by local Mormon elder and blacksmith Ezekiel Roberts. Shortly after his baptism, <mask> moved to the area of Kirtland, Ohio to join in fellowship with the main body of church members congregating there. Priesthood ordination and church participation
<mask> was ordained an elder of the LDS Church on January 25, 1836 following Joseph Smith's declaration in 1836 that <mask> was "entitled to the Priesthood and all the blessings." He had been an active participant in the construction of the Kirtland Temple over the preceding months. <mask> participated in the "Pentecostal season" that accompanied the completion and dedication of the Kirtland Temple in 1836. At the end of that year, 11 months after his priesthood ordination, <mask> was ordained a seventy and inducted into the Third Quorum of the priesthood on December 20. In 1841, <mask> was reconfirmed in Nauvoo by Joseph Young and Albert P. Rockwood.<mask> was among the first church members to receive the ordinance of the initiatory in the Kirtland Temple following its dedication in 1836. Patriarchal blessing
<mask> received his patriarchal blessing from Presiding Patriarch Joseph Smith Sr., which was recorded by LDS Church scribe and newspaper editor Warren A. Cowdery. At the time, the common practice when giving patriarchal blessings was to declare an individual to be a descendant of a specific tribe of Israel. <mask>, however, was declared an "orphan" from a father who "hath never done his duty toward [him]," but it was stated in the blessing that <mask> would "be made equal to [his] brethren, and [his] soul be white in eternity and [his] robes glittering." Since the recorded blessing does not

masks: Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel


title: Elijah Abel

texts:
 specifically declare his tribal lineage, <mask> was perhaps "adopted" into the House of Israel. The blessing also included what seemed to be a foreshadowing of the civil war that would soon strike at the heart of the country:

Thou shalt see [the destroyer's] power in laying waste the nations, & the wicked slaying the wicked, while blood shall run down the streets like water, and thy heart shall weep over their calamities. Angels shall visit thee and thou shalt receive comfort.They shall call thee blessed and deliver thee from thine enemies. They shall break thy bands and keep thee from afflictions. Mission to Upper Canada
During the late 1830s, <mask> labored as a missionary in New York and Upper Canada, and preached among the black population in those areas. In 1838, <mask> baptized 25-year-old Eunice Ross Kinney while serving in St. Lawrence County, New York, who after <mask>'s death remembered him as a "powerful" minister, and one who had been "ordained by Joseph the martyr." <mask> taught Kinney and others he baptized that "the time was drawing near for [Christ's] coming, but that He would not come till God had a people prepared to receive Him, with all the gifts and blessings that adorned His church anciently." In his ministry <mask> often quoted the Apostle Peter: "Think it not strange, brethren, concerning the fiery trials which are to try you...". Due to civil unrest and rebellion in Upper Canada, <mask>'s missionary travels were frequently punctuated with dangerous situations and persecutions.Such circumstances were certainly not unfamiliar to many Mormon missionaries of the time, nor to their leaders. At one point during his mission <mask> was falsely accused of the murder of a family of six, and aggressively pursued by a mob bearing hot tar and feathers. Time in Nauvoo, temple building & civil marriage
<mask> moved from Kirtland to Commerce (later renamed Nauvoo), Illinois in 1839 upon

masks: Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel


title: Elijah Abel

texts: returning from his mission to Canada. He came to own a piece of property located northwest of the city on the banks of the Mississippi River. While living in Nauvoo, <mask> continued to further immerse himself in church work and activity, and is known to have performed at least two baptisms for the dead by proxy: one for a friend by the name of "John F. Lancaster," and one for his mother, Delilah. One of <mask>'s duties included acting as an undertaker at the request of Joseph Smith—responsible for the fashioning of coffins and the digging of graves—in response to the malaria epidemic of 1839-40. <mask> continued to work as a carpenter; he was a member of the group called the House Carpenters of the Town of Nauvoo.During <mask>'s time in Nauvoo he became personally acquainted with Joseph Smith. As part of <mask>'s priesthood license, Joseph wrote that he recommended <mask> as his "worthy brother in the Lord," one who is "duly authorized" to spread the gospel in a manner "equal to the authority of that Office." In June 1841, <mask> and six other men quickly mobilized themselves as an expeditionary militia force to attempt the rescue of Smith after his unlawful arrest by state officers at Quincy, Illinois. By the time they reached Quincy, however, Smith had obtained a writ of habeas corpus and had been returned safely to Nauvoo. In 1842, <mask> left the deed to his Nauvoo property to William Marks and returned to Cincinnati on assignment by Joseph Smith. There he continued his carpentry and boarded for a time with a local painter named John Price on Eighth Street. <mask> continued to act as a leader of the church in Cincinnati, and was recognized as such by Joseph Smith, who pronounced to Orson Hyde and others: "Go to Cincinnati... and find an educated negro, who rides in his carriage, and you will see a man who has risen by the power of his own mind to his exalted state of respectability."Marriage


title: Elijah Abel

texts:
On February 16, 1847, the thirty-nine-year-old <mask> married seventeen-year-old Mary Ann Adams of Tennessee, who was residing in Ohio. Adams was also one-eighth African-American. Little is known about Adams, other than the date of her marriage to <mask> and her residency status in both Tennessee and Ohio. The couple had eight known children: three were born in Cincinnati—Moroni, Enoch, and Anna Rebecca—and five more in Utah Territory—Delilah, Mary, <mask>., Maggie, and Flora. They also took into their home a young woman (about the age of their oldest son) named Rola from Ohio whom they later adopted. Migration and later years in Utah
In May 1853, <mask> and his family departed from Keokuk, Iowa and migrated as part of the Appleton M. Harmon pioneer company to Utah Territory, where the new headquarters of the LDS Church were located. After the company's arrival in the Salt Lake Valley on October 17, <mask>'s family moved to Millcreek, a few miles south of Salt Lake City.<mask> continued to work as a carpenter as part of the LDS public works program and assisted in the construction of the Salt Lake Temple. By 1860, the <mask> family had moved to Salt Lake City's Thirteenth Ward, and lived only a short distance from the Temple Block. <mask> remained a member of the Seventy and continued to be active in the church. Along with his wife and oldest son, <mask> was rebaptized on March 15, 1857 as part of the Mormon Reformation. During the mass southern migration of LDS Church members in 1858 to avoid conflict with Johnston's invading army during the Utah War, <mask> stayed behind with other watchmen who had been tasked with setting fire to the emptied city should the invaders make any false move; the U.S. troops marched through Salt Lake City without incident and the city remained intact. <mask> and his wife managed the Farnham House hotel, which was advertised as a "first class" boarding house that

masks:
Abel
Abel
Elijah Jr
Abel
Abel
Abel
Abel
Abel
Abel
Abel
Abel


title: Elijah Abel

texts:
 boasted "good stabling and corrals." By 1862, <mask> and his family had relocated to the Tenth Ward in Salt Lake City.Very little is known about the personal lives of the <mask> family. In 1870 they moved to Ogden, Utah for a short time before returning to Salt Lake City. Utah residents during this period remembered the <mask> family as traveling up and down the Wasatch front (a mountain valley stretch of contiguous towns from Provo to Ogden) entertaining audiences with their minstrel shows:

It seems most likely that <mask> played the fiddle or violin, while the family — including eight children between the ages of about one and twenty years old — acted, danced, sang, or played along with their father on other instruments. "There was a family of colored folks by the name of Able [sic]," remembered one Utah resident, "who went around from ward to ward and put on performances for the public." In 1871, <mask>'s son Moroni passed away, followed by <mask>'s wife in 1877 from pneumonia. <mask> remained a faithful member of the LDS Church throughout his life and served a final mission to Ohio and Canada in 1883-84, during which he became ill. His worsening health resulted in his return to Utah in December 1884. <mask> died two weeks after his return, on Christmas Day.His body was interred at the Salt Lake City Cemetery alongside his wife, and his original grave marker is inscribed with the words: "<mask> Able — At Rest." Disputes over priesthood

Meeting in Cincinnati, 1843
On June 25, 1843, a regional conference occurred in Cincinnati presided over by LDS Church apostles John E. Page, Orson Pratt, Heber C. Kimball, and future-apostle Lorenzo Snow. During the conference, questions regarding <mask> and his membership were addressed, including the acknowledgement of recent complaints about <mask>'s public preaching activity. Page stated that while "he respected a coloured Brother, wisdom forbid that we

masks: Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Elijah Abel Abel


title: Elijah Abel

texts:
 should introduce [him] before the public." Pratt and Kimball supported Page's statements, and the leaders resolved to restrict <mask>'s activities as a member of the church. While previously in Canada, <mask>'s activity to encourage flight from Canada and its civil uprisings to the American "Zion" was viewed with disdain, and was seen by the Canadians as "pro-American sympathizing." The former missionary associates who accused him cited <mask>'s claims "that there would be stakes of Zion in all the world."However, despite these allegations of teaching what was perceived by some to be "false doctrine," no disciplinary action was taken against <mask>. At the conclusion of the conference, <mask> was called to serve a second mission locally, but he was instructed to visit and teach only the "coloured population". The leaders of the conference in Cincinnati made no statement that the resolution of the meeting had been based on divine revelation or that it constituted any sort of doctrinal mandate, but rather they deemed it prudent to address the dynamic racial and politically turbulent climate of the times. The 1849 priesthood ban

In 1849, Brigham Young issued a church-wide ban on black men from being ordained to the priesthood. The policy's initial reveal by Young to the Twelve may have occurred up to two years earlier at Winter Quarters, Nebraska. Young's pronouncements in 1849 constitute the earliest known statements which officially exclude those of African descent from a temple endowment or the wielding of priesthood power. This decision may have been brought about in part by the actions of William McCary, an African-American convert to the church living in Cincinnati, who believed he was a prophet and claimed on various occasions to be Jesus and Adam, father of the human race.In 1847, as the Saints resided at Winter Quarters, McCary was excommunicated, following the discovery of various

masks: Abel Abel Abel Elijah Abel


title: Elijah Abel

texts:
 unauthorized polygamous sealings performed in his home. As members of the LDS Church continued to migrate to the West, Mormons were exposed to a larger population of blacks, and anti-black political attitudes continued to increase among church members. Other black members of the church such as Q. Walker Lewis also found themselves and their church membership under scrutiny during this period. By 1847, <mask>'s priesthood authority had begun to be challenged, despite his well-respected status within the church community. Even after the 1849 official prohibition for all Latter-day Saint "brethren of color," <mask> remained involved in the church. As one who already held the priesthood, he continued to serve as a seventy in Cincinnati from 1842 to 1853, and in the autumn of 1883 served another mission to Cincinnati shortly before his death. Denial of temple ordinances
After moving to Utah Territory, <mask> asked Brigham Young for permission to be sealed to his wife and children, which was denied.<mask> again requested a sealing five years later to his deceased wife, son, and daughter—this time from President John Taylor, who then passed it on for the body of the Twelve to consider. <mask>'s request was again refused, and he was not allowed to enter the temple to be endowed. 1879 meeting regarding Joseph Smith's statements
On May 31, 1879 a meeting was held at the residence of Provo mayor Abraham O. Smoot to discuss the conflicting versions of Joseph Smith's views on black men and the priesthood, in response to <mask>'s petition to be sealed to his recently deceased wife. <mask> had first been ordained to the priesthood by Ambrose Palmer in January 1836, then as a Seventy by Zebedee Coltrin in December of the same year. Coltrin claimed, however, that <mask> had been ordained as a Seventy in exchange for his work on the temples at Kirtland and Nauvoo, but that Joseph Smith had later realized his "error"

masks: Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel


title: Elijah Abel

texts:
 and promptly "dropped" <mask> from the quorum because of "his lineage. Coltrin reported having this conversation with Joseph Smith in 1834—yet <mask> had not received the priesthood nor had been made a Seventy until 1836, and construction had not even begun on the Nauvoo Temple until 1841, thus making it impossible to have been "dropped" from any such capacity in 1834. Joseph F. Smith contradicted Coltrin by pointing out that he had verified as being in <mask>'s possession two certificates which notarized his 1836 and 1841 priesthood licensings that declared <mask> to be an elder of the church and a seventy.The "Smoot meeting" was essentially a reaffirmation of the church's 1849 policy of excluding black men from receiving the priesthood. Beyond suddenly bringing into question <mask>'s long-held authority in a high-profile and likely humiliating setting, the meeting did not change the fact that <mask> held the priesthood. 1879 meetings with Taylor, Smith, and the Seventy
In 1879, <mask> was present at two separate meetings regarding his priesthood authority. At these meetings <mask> had addressed the church members and authorities present and reflected upon his nearly 45 years of experience as a priesthood-bearing Latter-day Saint. He had also recounted “his appointment an[d] ordination as a Seventy, and a member of the 3rd Quorum." <mask> recalled for them Joseph's personal words to him: "that those… called to the Melchisadec [sic] Priesthood [having] magnified that calling would be sealed up unto eternal life." At these meetings, <mask> himself defended his priesthood before church authorities, outlining its timeline and reaffirming that Joseph Smith himself had told him he was "entitled to the priesthood."<mask> expressed to President Taylor his lifelong hope that his endowment of priesthood might prove one day "the welding link" to bond all of God's people together regardless of race. At the

masks: Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel Abel


title: Elijah Abel

texts:
 end of these meetings, John Taylor concluded that Joseph Smith had made "an exception" and had given <mask> the priesthood despite his race—perhaps because he was of primarily European descent, and perhaps because he had further proved his worthiness by helping to advance and to build the early church. Taylor moved to honor Smith's decision and ruled that <mask>'s priesthood would be "allowed to remain." Posthumous commentary on <mask>'s priesthood
After <mask>'s death, LDS Church president Joseph F. Smith on multiple occasions declared <mask>'s ordination to the priesthood as "null and void by [Joseph Smith] himself because of his blackness", suggesting based on Coltrin's previous testimony that Joseph Smith before his death had indeed repented of his initial decision that <mask> receive the priesthood. Scarcely a few years had passed since Joseph F. Smith had himself been the one to ordain <mask> and to set him apart to serve his final church mission. Apostle Joseph Fielding Smith, who later became president of the church, went so far as to suggest that there had been two <mask>s — one white and one black. Legacy
Following <mask>'s death in 1884, his life and ordination to the priesthood remained a topic of conversation and debate for decades.The circumstance and story of <mask> often were referenced with the rise of questions concerning black men receiving the priesthood or temple blessings. All eligible men within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints were admitted to the priesthood beginning in 1978, when all former restrictions based on race were lifted with the revelation received by then-prophet and church president Spencer W. Kimball. Long before this, however, <mask>'s son and grandson, Enoch and <mask>, had both been ordained already to the Melchizedek priesthood; Enoch was ordained an elder on November 27, 1900, and <mask> to the same office on September 29, 1935. In 2002, a

masks:
Abel
Abel
Abel
Abel
Abel
Abel
Abel
Elijah Abel
Abel
Elijah Abel
Abel
Elijah
Elijah


title: Elijah Abel

texts:
 monument was erected in Salt Lake City over <mask>'s gravesite by the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation and the Genesis Group, to memorialize <mask>, his wife, and his descendants. The monument was dedicated by LDS Church Apostle M. Russell Ballard. See also

Black people and early Mormonism
Black people and Mormonism
Black people and Mormon priesthood
Walker Lewis
William McCary

Notes

Sources

Further reading
"<mask>ble," The Joseph Smith Papers. Joseph F. Smith biographical transcript for <mask>, as catalogued by The Joseph Smith Papers."<mask> and the Changing Status of Blacks Within Mormonism". (1979). Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 12(2):22–36. "Deaths," Deseret News, 31 December 1884:16. Sessions, Gene A. (2008) [1982]. Mormon Thunder: A Documentary History of Jedediah Morgan Grant.Second Edition. Greg Kofford Books: Draper, Utah. . Original publisher: Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Underwood, Grant. (1999) [1993]. The Millenarian World of Early Mormonism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.External links
 <mask> Black LDS site
 Mormon Central Catalogued LDS Church documentation and correspondence regarding blacks and the priesthood

1808 births
1884 deaths
People from Frederick, Maryland
Latter Day Saints from Maryland
People from Cincinnati
American Mormon missionaries in the United States
Converts to Mormonism
African-American Latter Day Saints
Mormonism and race
People from Barberton, Ohio
People from Kirtland, Ohio
Latter Day Saints from Ohio
Religious leaders from Ohio
American Christian clergy
Seventies (LDS Church)
African-American Christian clergy
19th-century Mormon missionaries
African-American missionaries
American Mormon missionaries in Canada
People from Nauvoo, Illinois
Latter Day Saints from Illinois
Mormon pioneers
People from Ogden, Utah
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery
19th-century American slaves
Harold B. Lee

masks:
Abel
Abel
Elijah A
Elijah Able
Elijah Abel
Elijah Abel


title: Alia Atkinson

texts:
<mask>, OD (born 11 December 1988) is a retired Jamaican swimmer and five time Olympian. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she became the second Jamaican swimmer to place in the top four at an Olympics Games, finishing fourth in the 100-metre breaststroke. In 2014, she became the second woman to swim a 1:02.36 in the short course 100-metre breaststroke tying the world record in the event. In 2016, <mask> set a new world record in the short course 50-metre breaststroke. Two years later, in 2018, she set a new world record in the short course 50-metre breaststroke for the second time. She was the first Afro-Jamaican to win a world title in swimming. Background
<mask> calls Roehampton, Jamaica her hometown.In 2000, when she was approximately 12 years old, her family permanently relocated to the United States, moving to Florida. As of 2018 she continues to live and train in Florida. In international swimming competitions, <mask> chooses to represent Jamaica. At three years of age, <mask> started swimming. When she was 13 years old, <mask> decided to focus her swimming in on breaststroke. Before then she swam mostly freestyle and butterfly. She has been coached by Chris Anderson since 2001.<mask> mostly trains with the South Florida Aquatic Club swim team  in Pembroke Pines, Florida in an Olympic-size swimming pool. <mask> has been vocal about not being related to Janelle <mask>, who was the first Jamaican swimmer to finish in the top four at an Olympic Games. <mask> shares her swimming mission in her SwimSwam bio:

In college, <mask> majored in Psychology, earning her Bachelor of Science degree from Texas A&M University in 2010. Career

2004 Summer Olympics

<mask> was 15 years old

masks:
Alia Shanee Atkinson
Atkinson
Atkinson
Atkinson
Atkinson
Atkinson
Atkinson
Atkinson
Atkinson
Atkinson
Atkinson
Atkinson


title: Alia Atkinson

texts:
 and a high school junior at the time of her Olympic debut at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. She competed in the 50-metre freestyle, ranking 44th overall, and the 100-metre breaststroke, ranking 32nd overall. 2006 Commonwealth Games
In March 2006, <mask> competed at her first Commonwealth Games, the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia. 2007 Pan American Games
She carried the flag for her Jamaica at the opening ceremony of the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where she set the Jamaican record in the 100-metre butterfly with a time of 1:02.40.2008 Summer Olympics

In the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, China she finished 25th in the women's 200-metre breaststroke. 2010 Commonwealth Games
She also competed in the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India in October. 2010 NCAA Championships
<mask> placed first in the 200-yard breaststroke at the 2010 NCAA Championships, swimming for Texas A&M. Her swim made her the second NCAA champion in swimming for Texas A&M after Julia Wilkinson. 2011 Pan American Games
At the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara, Mexico, <mask> won the silver medal in the 200-metre individual medley. 2012

2012 Summer Olympics

At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, England, <mask> competed in three individual events. She qualified for the 2012 Olympics 100 m women's breaststroke final after defeating Canadian rival Tera van Beilen with a time of 1:06.79 in a head to head swim-off for a spot in the final.She subsequently placed 4th in the final of the 2012 Olympics 100 m women's breaststroke finishing with a time of 1:06.93. This made <mask> the second Jamaican swimmer to place in the top four of a swimming event at an

masks: Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson


title: Alia Atkinson

texts:
 Olympic Games behind Janelle <mask> who achieved the feat at the 2000 Summer Olympics in the 400-metre freestyle. In the 200-metre breaststroke, <mask> ranked 27th in the prelims. She also competed in the 50-metre freestyle where she placed 37th overall. 2012 World Swimming Championships

Following the 2012 Olympics, <mask> competed in the 2012 World Swimming Championships conducted in short course meters and held in Istanbul, Turkey in December 2012. She won the silver medal in the 50-metre breaststroke with a time of 29.67 in the final. In the final of the 100-metre breaststroke, she swam a 1:03.80 and won the silver medal.2014

2014 Commonwealth Games
She won two medals at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in the summer of 2014, silver in the 50 m breaststroke and bronze in the 100 m breaststroke. She also set two Commonwealth Games records in the heats and semifinal of the 50 m breaststroke. Her swim of 2:25.48 in the long course 200-metre breaststroke set a new national record for Jamaica in the event. 2014 Swimming World Cup
At the 2014 FINA Swimming World Cup stop in Singapore in November 2014, <mask> won the short course 200-metre breaststroke, setting a new national record with her time of 2:17.84. 2014 World Swimming Championships

<mask> won the 100-metre breaststroke at the 2014 Short Course World Championships in Doha, Qatar in December (equaling the record of 1:02.36 set by Rūta Meilutytė in 2013), becoming the first Afro-Jamaican woman to win a world swimming title. Her swim was the second time a woman hit the 1:02.36 mark internationally after Meilutytė. Because <mask> was the second woman to reach the world record time she was not awarded the $10,000 associated

masks: Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson


title: Alia Atkinson

texts:
 with setting a world record because she did not set a new world record, instead tying the pre-existing one Meilutytė set in 2013.In the 50-metre breaststroke she won the silver medal with a time of 28.91. 2015

2015 World Aquatics Championships

In August 2015 at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships in Kazan, Russia, <mask> medaled in two individual events. She won the silver medal in the 50-metre breaststroke with a time of 30.11 in the final. Her swim set a new national record for Jamaica in the 50-metre breaststroke. In the 100-metre breaststroke, she swam a 1:06.42 in the final and won the bronze medal. 2015 Swimming World Cup
At the 2015 FINA Swimming World Cup stop in Dubai, United Arab Emirates in November 2015, <mask> swam a personal best time of 1:05.93 in the long course 100-metre breaststroke and set a new national record in the event. Her swim tied her for the 16th fastest swimmer in the event globally with Rikke Pedersen who was the world record holder in the long course 200-metre breaststroke at the time.2016

2016 Summer Olympics

At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, she placed eighth in the final of the 100-metre breaststroke, swimming a 1:08.10. 2016 Swimming World Cup
At the 2016 FINA Swimming World Cup stop in Chartres, France in August 2016, <mask> again tied the world record in the short course 100-metre breaststroke with a time of 1:02.36. She did not win the $10,000 prize money for a world record as it was not a new world record. In October 2016, at the Swimming World Cup stop in Tokyo, Japan, <mask> swam a 28.64 in the short course 50-metre breaststroke setting a new world record in the event. 2016 World Swimming Championships

In

masks: Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson


title: Alia Atkinson

texts:
 December 2016 at the 2016 World Swimming Championships in Windsor, Canada and conducted in short course meters, <mask> medaled in three individual events. She won the gold medal in the 100-metre breastsroke ahead of Lilly King. In the 50-metre breaststroke, she swam a 29.11 in the final and won the silver medal in the event.For the 100-metre individual medley she won the bronze medal, swimming a 58.04 in the final. 2018

2018 Swimming World Cup
<mask> competed for Jamaica at the 2018 FINA Swimming World Cup in Budapest, Hungary. In the 50-metre breaststroke she swam a 28.56, breaking her own world record in the event she set in 2016. 2018 World Swimming Championships

After the Swimming World Cup, <mask> went on to win two gold and one bronze medal in individual events at the 2018 Swimming World Championships in Hangzhou, China in December. The first medal she won in the competition was a gold medal in the 50-metre breaststroke, swimming a 29.05 and finishing ahead of second-place finisher Rūta Meilutytė. Her next medal was a bronze medal in the 100-metre individual medley, finishing third with a time of 58.11 in the final, less than one second behind Katinka Hosszú and Runa Imai. <mask>'s third and final medal of the competition was a gold medal in the 100-metre breaststroke where she finished before American swimmer Katie Meili with a time of 1:03.51 in the final.2019

2019 World Aquatics Championships
At the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea in July 2019, <mask> finished in fourth place with a time of 30.34 in the final of the 50-metre breaststroke. International Swimming League
In 2019 <mask> was a member of the 2019 International Swimming League


title: Alia Atkinson

texts:
 representing Team Iron. She was a valuable member of the team winning the 50m breaststroke in all 3 matches the team competed in, and she also picked up two wins and one second-place finish in the 100m breaststroke. 2021

2020 Summer Olympics

On 14 July 2021, FINA released its entry list for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan including that <mask> was entered to compete in the 100-metre breaststroke. Prior to the start of competition of Jamaican athletes at the 2020 Olympics, the Jamaica Olympic Association saluted its athletes including <mask>. In the prelims of the 100-metre breaststroke on Sunday 25 July, <mask> swam a 1:07.70, finishing third in her heat, and did not advance to the semifinals. She ranked 22nd for all the prelims heats and finished her competition at her fifth Olympic Games by not advancing to the semifinals.International Swimming League
The International Swimming League team London Roar selected <mask> to be a part of their roster for the 2021 International Swimming League. At the end of the 2021 season, <mask> ranked 17th out of the 488 swimmers who had competed in the International Swimming League since it started in 2019 and earned a positive number of most valuable player points. 2021 World Swimming Championships
<mask> entered to compete in the 50-metre and 100-metre breaststroke at the 2021 World Swimming Championships in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Leading up to the start of competition, <mask> attended the finale of the 2021 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix in Abu Dhabi with Zach Apple, Lydia Jacoby, and Melanie Margalis all of the United States. On day one of competition, <mask> tied Qianting Tang of China for first overall in the 50-metre

masks: Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson


title: Alia Atkinson

texts:
 breaststroke before Tang was disqualified, advancing <mask> as the fastest swimmer to the semifinals with her time of 29.55 seconds. In the semifinals, <mask> was disqualified, which marked the 14th disqualification in the prelims heats and semifinals of breaststroke events on day one. The third day of competition, <mask> swam a 29.14 for the breaststroke leg of the 4×50 metre mixed medley relay, helping achieve a time of 1:45.62 and rank of 17th and not qualifying the relay to the final.<mask> swam a 1:04.88 in the prelims heats of the 100 metre breaststroke on day four, qualifying for the semifinals ranking third. She ranked fourth in the semifinals, qualifying for the final with a time of 1:04.26. In the final <mask> placed fourth, finishing in a time of 1:04.03 and eleven-hundredths of a second behind bronze medalist Mona McSharry of Ireland. Retirement
Following her final event at the 2021 World Swimming Championships, <mask> announced her retirement from the sport of swimming in December 2021 via Instagram and said something she was glad she got to end her career with was, "I get to retire with my 2 world records in tact." Career best times

Long course meters (50 m pool)

Short course meters (25 m pool)

Worlds records

Short course meters (25 m pool)

Notes
 Not recognized as a new world record as it tied a pre-existing world record. Awards and honours
 2014 Swammy Award: Central American & Caribbean Female Athlete of the Year. 2014 Jamaican Sportsperson of the Year: Swimming.2015 Swammy Award: Central American & Caribbean Female Athlete of the Year. 2016 Swammy Award: Central American & Caribbean Female Athlete of the Year. In April 2018, <mask> was selected to

masks: Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson Atkinson


title: Alia Atkinson

texts: serve as the flag-bearer for Jamaica at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, where she was the only swimmer representing the country at the Games. In October 2018, <mask> received the fifth highest honor in Jamaica, the Order of Distinction, Rank of Commander from the Governor General. 2018 Swammy Award: Central American & Caribbean Female Athlete of the Year. In 2019, <mask> was inducted into the Texas A&M Athletics Hall of Fame. 2019 Swammy Award: Central American & Caribbean Female Athlete of the Year.In December 2020, <mask> was declared a champion ambassador to the Special Olympics with her outreach efforts focused on the Caribbean Community. 2020 Swammy Award: Central American & Caribbean Female Athlete of the Year. SwimSwam Top 100 (Women's): 2021 (#56). In November 2021, <mask> received an honorary degree, Doctor of Laws, from the University of the West


title: Al Simmons

texts:
<mask> (May 22, 1902 – May 26, 1956), born <mask>, was an American professional baseball player. Nicknamed "Bucketfoot <mask>", he played for two decades in Major League Baseball (MLB) as an outfielder and had his best years with Connie Mack's Philadelphia Athletics during the late 1920s and early 1930s, winning two World Series with Philadelphia. <mask> also played for the Chicago White Sox, Detroit Tigers, Washington Senators, Boston Braves, Cincinnati Reds and Boston Red Sox. After his playing career ended, <mask> served as a coach for the Athletics and Cleveland Indians. A career .334 hitter, <mask> was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953. Early life
<mask> was born in Milwaukee and grew up as a fan of the Philadelphia Athletics. In the fourth grade, he received a spanking from his father for insisting that he wanted to play professional baseball.When he persisted in asserting his desire to be a baseball player, his father replied that he had better become a good player. <mask> was known by his birth last name (Szymanski) until he was playing for a local minor league team and he was tired of hearing people mispronounce it. He saw an advertisement for a company named Simmons Hardware and decided to take on the last name of <mask>. Playing career

Philadelphia Athletics (1924–1932)
In 1925, his second season with Philadelphia, <mask> led the AL with 253 hits and 392 total bases, while posting a .387 batting average, 24 home runs and 129 runs batted in (RBI). He scored 122

masks:
Aloysius Harry Simmons
Alois Szymanski
Al
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons


title: Al Simmons

texts: runs, hit 43 doubles, and finished with a .599 slugging percentage. His 85 multi-hit games constitute a single-season MLB record. He earned the second-most votes for the league's Most Valuable Player Award.In the following three seasons, he hit .341, .392 and .351 and drove in 110, 108 and 107 runs in those respective years, while finishing fifth in 1926 MVP voting and fourth in 1927. <mask> led the A's to the AL pennant in 1929 as Philadelphia went 104–46, finishing 18 games ahead of the New York Yankees. The A's went on to defeat the Chicago Cubs in five games to win the World Series. That season he hit .365 with 34 home runs and led the AL with 157 RBI. He also scored 114 runs, had 212 hits with 41 doubles and a .642 slugging percentage. In his first World Series <mask> batted .300 with 2 home runs, 5 RBIs and scored 6 runs. <mask>' best year as a player was in 1930, when he won his first of successive batting titles, hitting .381 with 36 home runs, 211 hits, 41 doubles and 16 triples.He had a slugging percentage of .708, drove in 165 runs and scored 152 runs in 138 games. The A's won the AL pennant again, going 102–52, and defeated the St. Louis Cardinals to win back-to-back World Series titles. In that World Series, <mask> batted .364 with 2 home runs, 4 RBI with a .727 slugging percentage. In 1931, the A's won their third straight AL pennant, by 13.5 games over the Yankees, going 107–45. <mask> won his second batting title, hitting .390 with 22 home runs, 128 RBI, 100 runs

masks: Simmons Simmons Simmons Simmons Simmons


title: Al Simmons

texts:
 scored, 200 hits, 37 doubles, 13 triples and a .641 slugging percentage while playing in only 128 games. He finished third in AL MVP voting behind his MVP teammate Lefty Grove and the Yankees' Lou Gehrig. The A's were upset in their quest for a third consecutive World Series title, losing the World Series in seven games to the Cardinals.<mask> hit .333 with 2 home runs and 8 RBI in the series. In a final season with Philadelphia, <mask> led the AL with 216 hits. He batted .322, with 35 home runs, 151 RBIs and 144 runs scored in 1932. <mask> finished his Philadelphia Athletics tenure with a .356 batting average, 209 home runs, 1,179 RBI and 969 runs scored in 1,290 games. He drove in 100+ runs in all nine seasons and scored 100 or more runs in five seasons. In three World Series appearances for the A's, <mask> hit .333 with 6 home runs, 17 RBI and 15 runs scored in 18 games. Later career (1933–1944)

In late September 1932 the Athletics sold <mask>, Mule Haas and Jimmy Dykes to the Chicago White Sox for cash.The amount of the purchase was not disclosed at the time the sale was reported, though it was said to be the largest cash purchase ever made by the White Sox and possibly the largest purchase in AL history. Newspaper reports speculated that Athletics owner Connie Mack might be breaking apart the Athletics team that had been so successful between 1929 and 1931. During his first season in Chicago, <mask> batted .331 with 14 home runs, 119 RBI and 200 hits. In 1934 he batted .344 with

masks: Simmons Simmons Simmons Simmons Simmons Simmons


title: Al Simmons

texts:
 18 home runs, 104 RBI, 102 runs scored and 192 hits in 138 games. After a disappointing final season with the White Sox which saw <mask> bat just. 267 with 16 home runs and 79 RBI in 128 games (first time in his 11-year career he did not reach .300 and 100+ RBI) he rebounded by hitting .327 with 13 home runs, 112 RBI and 96 runs scored in 1936 for the Detroit Tigers. In 1937 he struggled again, this time with the Washington Senators, batting just .279 with 8 home runs and 84 RBIs in 103 games.He rebounded with a stellar season in 1938, batting .302 with 21 home runs and 95 RBI in just 125 games for Washington. His 21 home runs that year gave <mask> the distinction of being the first player to hit 20 home runs in a year for the Senators. <mask> was purchased from the Senators by the Boston Bees in 1939. The purchase price was not immediately revealed, though <mask> was reported as not getting along with Senators owner Clark Griffith. <mask> played in the major leagues until 1944. Overview
<mask> was one of the best hitters in MLB history. He had a career batting average of .334.He hit .340 or better in eight different seasons, with four seasons of better than .380. He recorded a .300 batting average and 100 or more RBI in his first 11 major league seasons. <mask> accumulated 1,500 hits in 1,040 games and 2,000 hits in 1,393 games, numbers that remain the fewest games needed to attain both marks in major league history. He compiled 200 hits or better in a season six times, with five of

masks: Simmons Simmons Simmons Simmons Simmons Simmons Simmons


title: Al Simmons

texts:
 those being consecutive (1929–33), and had 199 and 192 hits in 1926 and 1934. He compiled more hits than any right-handed batter in AL history until surpassed by <mask>. <mask> recorded 8 five-hit games and 52 four-hit games in the majors. <mask> hit 307 career home runs, finishing in the top six in AL in home runs for seven consecutive seasons (1925–32).In 19 World Series games, he hit .329 with 6 home runs, 17 RBI, 15 runs scored and a .658 slugging percentage. He was also a fine outfielder in his era, recording a career .982 fielding percentage. <mask> was nicknamed "Bucketfoot Al" because he strode toward third base when hitting. Later life and legacy
After his playing days ended, <mask> served as a coach for Mack's Athletics (1945–49) and the Cleveland Indians (1950). In early April 1951, <mask> announced he was dealing with an undisclosed illness and would be stepping down as a coach of the Indians. While Cleveland manager <mask> encouraged <mask> to think about his decision, <mask> said he could no longer help the team. <mask> died on May 26, 1956.He had collapsed on a sidewalk near the Milwaukee Athletic Club, where he lived, and was thought to have suffered a heart attack. He was pronounced dead at a hospital a short time later. He was buried at St. Adalbert's Cemetery in Milwaukee. <mask> was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1951, the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953, and the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame in 1975. In a 1976 Esquire

masks:
Al Kaline
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Al López
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons


title: Al Simmons

texts:
 article, sportswriter Harry Stein published an "All Time All-Star Argument Starter", consisting of five ethnic baseball teams. <mask> was the right fielder on Stein's Polish team. In 1999, <mask> ranked number 43 on Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.In the 2001 book The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, Bill James ranked <mask> as the 71st greatest baseball player of all time and the seventh greatest MLB left fielder of all time. See also

 List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders
 List of Major League Baseball batting champions
 List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders

References

External links

<mask> at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
<mask> at The Deadball Era

1902 births
1956 deaths
American League All-Stars
American League batting champions
American League RBI champions
American people of

masks:
Simmons
Simmons
Simmons
Al Simmons
Al Simmons


title: Rosemary Murray

texts:
<mask>,  (28 July 1913 – 7 October 2004) was an English chemist and educator. She was instrumental in establishing New Hall, Cambridge, now Murray Edwards College, Cambridge, and was the first woman to hold the office of Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. Background Information
<mask> was born in Havant, Hampshire, the eldest of six children born to Admiral <mask> and Ellen Maxwell Spooner, daughter of William Archibald Spooner, Warden of New College, Oxford. After attending Downe House, Newbury, she studied as an undergraduate chemist and doctoral student at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. She completed a B.A. in 1936, and received a D.Phil. in 1938 for her research on aspects of isomerism.Teaching career
<mask> went on to hold teaching positions at the Royal Holloway College, the University of Sheffield and Cambridge. She served in various positions throughout her career:
 Lecturer in Chemistry, Royal Holloway College (1938–41)
 Lecturer in Chemistry, University of Sheffield (1941–42)
 Lecturer in Chemistry, Girton College, Cambridge (1946–54)
 Fellow, Cambridge University (1949)
 Tutor, Cambridge University (1951–54)
 Demonstrator in Chemistry, Cambridge University (1947–52)
 Tutor in Charge, New Hall, Cambridge (1954–64)
 President, New Hall, Cambridge (1964–81)
 Vice-Chancellor, Cambridge University (1975–77)
 President, National Association of Adult Education (1977–80)
 Governor and Chairman, Keswick College of Education (1953–83)

World War II
While at the University of Sheffield (1941–1942) <mask> did research on organic chemistry as part of a team working for the Ministry of Supply. In 1942, she joined the WRNS, rising to the rank of chief officer. She worked at Chatham barracks as chief officer directing

masks:
Dame Alice Rosemary Murray
Rosemary Murray
Arthur John Layard Murray
Rosemary Murray
Murray


title: Rosemary Murray

texts:
 demobilisation. A 2013 BBC report

describes a secret major control bunker, later buried beneath the lawns of Magee College, Derry, Northern Ireland. From 1941 this bunker, part of Base One Europe, together with similar bunkers in Derby House, Liverpool, and Whitehall was used to control one million Allied personnel and fight the Nazi U-boat threat. <mask> was stationed at Base One Europe as WRNS Chief Officer and responsible for the welfare of 5,600 Wrens stationed at Londonderry.New Hall, Cambridge

In 1946, the mistress of Girton College invited <mask> to apply for a job at Cambridge. There, <mask> played a major role in establishing New Hall, to address the needs of women students. She served as the first president of New Hall from its founding in 1954 until 1981. In 1975 she became Cambridge University's first female vice-chancellor for a two-year term during which time she introduced student representation on university committees, founded the Cambridge Society, and inaugurated the clinical medical school, the new music school, and West Road concert hall. In 1980, <mask> published the booklet New Hall, 1954–1972: the Making of a College. In 2008, it was announced that New Hall would be renamed Murray Edwards College, in honour of the vision of its first President, <mask>, and the generosity of the Edwards family. Town and gown
<mask> was a magistrate in Cambridge for 30 years, from 1953 to 1983, and was the first female deputy lieutenant of Cambridgeshire in 1982.She was president of the National Association of Adult Education from 1977 to 1980. She was a member of the Committee on Higher Education in Northern Ireland chaired by  Sir John Lockwood (1963–65), which recommended
the closure of Magee College as well as the

masks:
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Rosemary Murray
Murray


title: Rosemary Murray

texts:
 location of Northern Ireland's 2nd University being Coleraine (February, 1965) and led to the controversial creation of the New University of Ulster, from which she was later awarded a Doctor of Science (DSc) Honorary Degree (1972). She was a member of the Armed Forces Pay Review Body (1971–81). She was a director of Midland Bank Ltd (1978–84), and an independent director of The Observer (1981–93). Achievements
Dame <mask> was the first woman to serve as the following:
 Vice-chancellor of the University of Cambridge
 Founder President of the "third foundation" for women, New Hall, Cambridge
 Director of a clearing bank, the Midland Bank
 Liveryman in the Goldsmiths' Company
 Deputy Lieutenant for Cambridgeshire

Honours and awards
She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1977. She received honorary degrees from universities in several countries:
 Doctor of Science (DSc), The New University of Ulster, 1972
 Doctor of Science (DSc), University of Leeds, 1975
 Doctor of Science (DSc), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1975
 Doctor of Civil Law (DCL), Oxford University, 1976
 Doctor of Law (DL), University of Southern California, 1976
 Doctor of Science (DSc), Wellesley College, 1976
 Doctor of Laws (LLD), University of Sheffield, 1977
 Doctor of Science(DSc), The Royal Australian Institute of Colleges, 1981
 Doctor of Law (DL), University of Cambridge, 1988
In 2004, a new rose was named in her honour at the Chelsea Flower Show. In 2008, New Hall, Cambridge was renamed <mask> Edwards College, in her honour.In 2008, New Hall's Transit of Venus garden was rebuilt as the <mask> <mask> Garden. Death
She died at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford on 7 October 2004, aged 91. She had an

masks:
Rosemary Murray
Murray
Dame Rosemary
Murray


title: Rosemary Murray

texts:
 operation to replace a heart valve, which was a dangerous procedure for a woman of 91 years. She was warned there was only a 50% chance of her survival but she went through with it anyway. After the operation, she appeared fine with cards and flowers surrounding her hospital bed and the vicar said, "I had one of those wonderful afternoons when a visit to a sick parishioner in hospital cheers you up so much, that you come home feeling a hundred time better than when you left." However, two days later she seemed to become distant and the day after that, she was totally unresponsive. References

Further reading

External links

The Times (online) obituary for Dame <mask>
The Independent Online obituary for <mask>

1913 births
2004 deaths
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
People from Havant
People from Oxford
People educated at Downe House School
Fellows of New Hall, Cambridge
Fellows of Girton College, Cambridge
Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
Academics of Royal Holloway, University of London
Academics of the University of Sheffield
Deputy Lieutenants of Cambridgeshire
Presidents of New Hall, Cambridge
British women in World War II
British women chemists
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
English chemists
20th-century British women scientists
Women heads of universities and

masks:
Rosemary Murray
Murray


title: Joel Osteen

texts:
<mask> (born March 5, 1963) is an American  pastor, televangelist,  and author, based in Houston, Texas. As of 2018, Osteen's televised sermons were seen by approximately 10 million viewers in the US and several million more in over 100 countries weekly. Osteen has also written several best-selling books. Early life and family
Osteen was born in Houston, Texas, and is one of six children of <mask> and Dolores ("Dodie") Pilgrim. His father, a former Southern Baptist pastor, founded Lakewood Church (of which Osteen is the current senior pastor) in the back of an old feed store. He graduated from Humble High School, a public high school in the city of Humble, Texas, in 1981, and attended Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he studied radio and television communications, but did not graduate; he did not receive a degree from a divinity school. In 1982, he returned to Houston, founded Lakewood's television program, and produced his father's televised sermons for 17 years until January 1999, when his father died unexpectedly from a heart attack.Career

On January 17, 1999, <mask> preached his first sermon. On October 3, 1999, he was installed as the new senior pastor of Lakewood Church. In 2003, Lakewood Church acquired the Compaq Center, former home of the NBA Houston Rockets and the AHL Houston Aeros and renovated it. According to Osteen in 2008, Lakewood Church's weekly service TV program was viewed in more than 100 countries. Lakewood Church estimates that 7 million viewers per week watch the services. <mask> was included on Barbara Walters's list of the 10 Most Fascinating People of 2006. Former presidential candidate John McCain described Osteen as his favorite inspirational author.The

masks:
Joel Scott Osteen
John Osteen
Osteen
Osteen


title: Joel Osteen

texts:
 <mask> family attended Easter breakfast hosted by President Barack Obama at the White House in 2010. As of 2014, Lakewood's attendance had grown from 5,000 to 43,000 people. Preaching style
Osteen's sermon preparation involves memorizing his remarks and listening to himself on tape. Osteen says he chooses to focus more on the goodness of God and on living an obedient life rather than on sin. He says that he tries to teach Biblical principles in a simple way, emphasizing the power of love and a positive attitude. When asked why he does not focus more on sin, the devil and hell in detail, <mask> stated in an interview with CBN News:

Events
Since 2004, <mask>, along with his wife, have hosted Night of Hope events, as well as their annual stadium event called "America's Night of Hope", in the U.S. and around the world. The event incorporates contemporary Christian music and inspirational messages to reach the masses at the venue and others watching online.<mask> also hosted an event at his Lakewood Church in 2018, in collaboration with rapper Kanye West, called Kanye’s Sunday Service. As per media reports, the event was attended by 17,000 as well as joined by many people streaming online. He also held his Easter service during COVID-19 with Mariah Carey and Tyler Perry. Books
<mask>'s first book, Your Best Life Now: 7 Steps to Living at Your Full Potential, was released in October 2004, and reached the number 1 position on The New York Times Best Seller list. He released his second book, titled Become a Better You: 7 Keys to Improving Your Life Every Day, in October 2007. It also topped The New York Times Best Seller list and had a first printing of three million copies. <mask> has said that the book

masks: Osteen Osteen Osteen Osteen Osteen Osteen


title: Joel Osteen

texts:
 focuses more on relationships and not getting stuck where we are in life.Personal life
On April 4, 1987, Osteen married <mask> (née Iloff), who later would become co-pastor of Lakewood Church. They have a son and daughter. In 2002, his older siblings, Paul, Lisa, and Tamara, and his younger sister, April, were also involved in full-time ministry, and his half-brother Justin was doing missionary work. Osteen lives with his family in a 17,000 square-foot mansion in River Oaks, with an estimated value of $10.5 million. Osteen says that as senior pastor, he draws no salary from the church, which has an annual budget of $70 million, and that he instead relies on income from book sales. Political and social views
Osteen has generally avoided discussing or preaching about controversial issues such as gay marriage, abortion, and politics. Having gone on record saying homosexuality is "not God's best", he has stated he believes the church has a tendency to become overly focused on single issues (such as homosexuality) to the point of neglecting others.When asked if he thought God approves of homosexuality, Osteen said homosexuality is a sin according to his interpretation of Scripture, but said gay people are welcome in his church without judgment. In an interview on Fox News in 2008 during the Republican Party presidential primary race, when discussing whether he thought that Mormons were Christians, Osteen indicated that he believed that they were. He further revealed that he had not studied the religion. In an interview in 2011, Osteen stated his support for Israel. Controversies

Prosperity gospel criticism
Osteen's sermons and writings are sometimes criticized for promoting prosperity theology, or the


title: Joel Osteen

texts:
 prosperity gospel, a belief that the reward of material gain is the will of God for all pious Christians. On October 14, 2007, 60 Minutes ran a 12-minute segment on Osteen, titled "<mask>en Answers His Critics", during which Reformed theologian Michael Horton told CBS News correspondent Byron Pitts that Osteen's message is heresy. Horton stated that the problem with Osteen's message is that it makes religion about us instead of about God.<mask> is estimated to have a net worth of over $50 million, with his church taking in $43 million a year in collections. Hurricane Harvey response
During the immediate aftermath of Hurricane Harvey in August 2017, Osteen received significant criticism for not making Lakewood Church, a 606,000-square-foot, 16,000-seat former sports arena, available as an emergency shelter for those displaced by the storm. On August 27, posts from the church and a Lakewood Church associate pastor's social media accounts stated that the church was "inaccessible due to severe flooding," and associate pastor John Gray posting further, "If WE could get there WE WOULD OPEN THE DOORS." Lakewood spokesperson Don Iloff later described floodwaters as one foot from spilling over the facility's floodgate and surging into the building. He also stated that pictures showing Lakewood free of flooding were taken on Monday, after the flood waters had lowered. Osteen disputed the claim that flood waters closed the church, saying "the church has been open from the beginning," and, "[w]e've always been open ... How this notion got started, that we're not a shelter and we're not taking people in is a false narrative." This contradicted his earlier statement that the church would open when other refugee

masks: Joelste Osteen


title: Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic

texts:
<mask>ic () is a Serbian American biomedical engineer. She is a University Professor at Columbia University, as well as the Mikati Foundation Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Sciences. She also heads the laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering at Columbia University. She is part of the faculty at the Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Center for Human Development, both found at Columbia University. She is also an honorary professor at the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy at the University of Belgrade, an honorary professor at the University of Novi Sad, and an adjunct professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Tufts University. Her focus is on engineering human tissues for regenerative medicine, stem cell research and modeling of disease. Together with her team she has published over 380 scientific papers, 70 book chapters and three books on tissue engineering.Vunjak-Novakovic has also given 380 invited lectures across the world and is named as co-inventor on 100 licensed, issued and pending patents. Building on these patents she co-founded four biotech companies: EpiBone, TARA Biosystems, Xylyx Bio, and Immplacate Health. Additionally, she is a frequent advisor to the federal government on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biography
Vunjak received her B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of Belgrade, in Belgrade, Serbia, her birthplace. After her postgraduate study in Germany, she returned as a faculty to the University of Belgrade in its Chemical Engineering Department. She was a Fulbright Fellow at Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology from 1986 to 1987 and held joint appointments as research scientist at the


title: Steven Richards

texts:
<mask> (born 11 July 1972) is a New Zealand-Australian racing driver, currently competing in the Porsche Carrera Cup Australia Championship. <mask>, the son of seven-time Bathurst 1000 winner <mask>, is himself a five-time Bathurst 1000 winner, having won the event in 1998, 1999, 2013, 2015 and 2018. Colloquially known as 'Richo', he also won the Bathurst 24 Hour in 2002. Career history

Early career
<mask>' first major career success was winning the Australian Formula Ford Championship on his second attempt in 1994 for Garry Rogers Motorsport. In 1995, <mask> made his debut in the Bathurst 1000, finishing fourth for Gibson Motorsport with Anders Olofsson. <mask> continued his association with Garry Rogers Motorsport in the years following, competing in the Australian Super Touring Championship from 1995 to 1997 driving an Alfa Romeo 155, Honda Accord and Nissan Primera and making his Australian Touring Car Championship debut for the team in 1996 in a Holden VR Commodore. <mask> competed with his father Jim at the Bathurst 1000 in 1996 and 1997, finishing second in the latter.<mask> continued with the team for 1998 before leaving to take up a testing role with Nissan in England. At the 1998 AMP Bathurst 1000 <mask> finished second in a Nissan Primera, only two seconds behind his father Jim. A month later driving a Ford EL Falcon, he won the FAI 1000 with Jason Bright for Stone Brothers Racing. Supercars Championship
In 1999 <mask> took up a full-time drive with Gibson Motorsport in 1999, as a team-mate to Greg Murphy in a Holden VT Commodore. <mask> finished seventh in the championship with the highlight being defending his Bathurst crown with Murphy. By winning his second Bathurst title in a Holden, he became the first driver to win the Bathurst 1000 in both a Ford and Holden, and remains the only driver to do so in consecutive years.

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title: Steven Richards

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 <mask> continued with Gibson Motorsport in 2000, winning the inaugural Canberra 400 as well as a round at Calder Park Raceway.In 2001, <mask> moved to Ford Tickford Racing. <mask> finished 12th in the standings for the team in 2001. With Ford Tickford Racing scaling back to one car, <mask> moved to Perkins Engineering in 2002. He continued with the team for five years and achieved consistent championship finishes between fifth and seventh. <mask> won two rounds for the team, both at the Perth 400 at Barbagallo Raceway. In 2007, <mask> made another manufacturer switch, joining Ford Performance Racing. <mask> started competitively for the team, with championship finishes of seventh and eighth, but dropped off in 2009 and 2010 with finishes of thirteenth and fifteenth.<mask> was subsequently replaced by Will Davison for 2011, and finished his full-time career with a podium in the final race of the season at the Sydney 500. <mask>' highlights for the team were winning the Skycity Triple Crown in 2008, and podium finishes at the 2007 Sandown 500 and 2009 Phillip Island 500 with Owen Kelly and Mark Winterbottom respectively. <mask> and Winterbottom were leading the 2007 Bathurst 1000 late in the race before Winterbottom went off the track in wet conditions. Endurance co-driver
Following his full-time career ending, <mask> became a highly sought-after co-driver for V8 Supercars' two endurance events, the Sandown 500 and Bathurst 1000. He decided to stay on with Ford Performance Racing, renewing his partnership with Winterbottom. In 2013, <mask> and Winterbottom won the 2013 Bathurst 1000 on their sixth attempt together. It was the first Bathurst victory for Winterbottom and the team, and <mask>' first since 1999.After his success in 2013, <mask> was poached by Triple Eight Race Engineering to drive with Craig Lowndes from 2014 onwards in what

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