title: Billy Wright (loyalist)

texts:
 Branch colluded with <mask>, providing him with information on suspected IRA members as well as alibis and protection. Before his assassination in 2001, journalist Martin O'Hagan revealed to fellow journalist Paul Larkin that a high-ranking RUC officer had told him <mask> received help from RUC Special Branch, and bore the code name "Bertie". Some in the UVF also suspected that <mask> was a police informer. An IRA Intelligence officer told Larkin that <mask> was selected and trained by Special Branch to take over from Robin Jackson, also an alleged Special Branch agent. A former member of the UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade, Laurence Maguire, claimed that police gave <mask> information on targets, and that he was nearby in a car when some meetings with police took place "up alleyways". Two senior security sources also told a BBC Spotlight team that <mask> was working for the police.Loyalist icon

Owing to his uncompromising stance as an upholder of Ulster loyalism and opposition to the peace process, <mask> has, since his death, become the most revered loyalist icon and cult figure in the history of the Troubles. For years after his death, his image adorned murals in housing estates in Portadown and elsewhere throughout Northern Ireland. However one of the most well-known of these, that on a wall near Portadown F.C. 's Shamrock Park home ground, was removed in 2006 with a mural of George Best painted in its stead. His picture appears on t-shirts, fridge magnets, key rings, and plates. He is regarded as a martyr and hero by hardline loyalists; many of whom have tattoos bearing his likeness. It was considered to be a

masks:
Billy Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright


title: Billy Wright (loyalist)

type: original

texts: status symbol in Portadown for loyalist men and women to display a <mask> tattoo on one's arm, leg, or back.Some of his more ardent devotees even have them on the private parts of their anatomy. His successor Mark "Swinger" Fulton had one tattooed over his heart. "Blood brothers' love consummated in death". Irish Tribune. Susan McKay. 16 June 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2011 Most of these tattoos were created by a Bolton-based member of Combat 18, who tattooed many LVF supporters with <mask>'s image at houses in Portadown's loyalist estates whilst visiting for the Twelfth.Immediately after his death, his grave became a shrine. One teenaged girl in North Belfast set up a shrine to <mask> in her bedroom complete with his photographs. She explained to a journalist, "I'm not interested in pop stars. <mask> was a real Loyalist hero and I like to go to sleep at night looking at him". Gunmen at a paramilitary display in Portadown in 2000 told journalists: "He [<mask>] did what he had to do to ensure that our faith and culture were kept intact." <mask> was also taken up as an inspiration by Johnny Adair and the UDA West Belfast Brigade. In the immediate aftermath of <mask>'s killing, Adair told his main gunmen Stephen McKeag and Gary Smyth that they had a free hand to "avenge" <mask>'s death, with McKeag almost immediately launching a machine gun attack on a bar in a mainly Catholic area despite the UDA being officially on ceasefire.The West Belfast Brigade would later reference <mask> as a true loyalist who had been a victim of the UVF in a leaflet circulated to foment a feud between the UDA and the UVF. Despite this, the

masks:
Billy Wright
Wright
Wright
Billy
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright


title: Billy Wright (loyalist)

texts:
 two men had had a fractured relationship during <mask>'s life and according to Adair's sometime girlfriend Jackie "Legs" Robinson, Adair had told her that <mask> was a "bastard" when the UVF leader attended a party at Robinson's house. Robinson wrote the incident off as jealousy on Adair's part as <mask> was already well established as a leading figure in loyalism by that stage whilst Adair was still making his name. The Belfast Telegraph newspaper summed up <mask> as having been "one of the most fear-inspiring loyalist paramilitaries in Northern Ireland since the Shankill Butchers in the 1970s". Peter Taylor offered an alternative insight into the reputation of <mask> by suggesting that popular myth had laid many killings and atrocities at <mask>'s door when there was actually little evidence to back them up. References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Sean McPhilemy The Committee: Political Assassination in Northern Ireland'' (Hardcover), Roberts Rinehart, May 1998,

External links
 Cory Collusion Inquiry Report -<mask> HMSO. 2004

 Archived <mask> Inquiry Website

1960 births
1997 deaths
1997 murders in the United Kingdom
20th-century British criminals
British male criminals
British Presbyterians
Deaths by firearm in Northern Ireland
Loyalist Volunteer Force members
Murdered criminals
People from County Armagh
People from Northern Ireland who died in prison custody
People from Portadown
People from Wolverhampton
People killed by the Irish National Liberation Army
People murdered in Belfast
Prisoners murdered in custody
Prisoners who died in Northern Irish detention
Ulster loyalists imprisoned on charges of

masks:
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Billy Wright
Wright
Billy Wright
Billy Wright


title: Alfie Burden

texts:
<mask> (born 14 December 1976) is an English professional snooker player from London. Career
Burden originally had his eyes set on making a career as a professional footballer, but a badly broken leg curtailed this ambition. He spent a couple of seasons at Arsenal F.C. as a schoolboy apprentice, but was with Swindon Town F.C. at the time of the injury. Burden soon showed he was well above average at snooker and qualified for the World Championship in 1998. He gave Tony Drago a run for his money before losing 8–10.In the 2006–07 season, Burden qualified for the China Open. He defeated Shokat Ali, Rod Lawler and former top-16 player David Gray to qualify for the tournament but lost in the Wild Card round to Chinese player Mei Xiwen, 2–5. He dropped off the main tour after the 2007/08 season. On 25 November 2009 he won the IBSF World Snooker Championship in Hyderabad, India, beating Brazilian Igor Figueiredo 10–8 in the final. With this he earned a place on the 2010/2011 professional main tour and did well enough over that and the following season to end 2011/12 ranked world number 60, inside the top 64 who retained their places for the 2012–13 season. Burden had an exceptional 2012/2013 season in the minor-ranking Players Tour Championship events. In the Second Event he beat Andrew Higginson, James Wattana, Barry Hawkins, Robert Milkins and Ryan Day to reach the semi-finals.There, he was defeated 1–4 by Martin Gould. In the European Tour Event 3 played in Antwerp, Belgium, Burden beat Gareth Allen, Joe Swail and Mark King, before losing 3–4 to Neil Robertson in the last 16. These results, together with three


title: Alfie Burden

texts: break, but fell short of reaching the first ranking event quarter-final of his career as Ryan Day knocked him out 5–2. He ended the season 67th in the world rankings which would have relegated him from the tour, but his Asian Tour performances earned him a new two-year card. Burden reached the first ranking event quarter-final of his career in the 2016 China Open courtesy of victories over Robbie Williams, Joe Perry, Rhys Clark and Rory McLeod, where he lost 5–1 to Stephen Maguire. He held a 9–5 advantage over Ryan Day in the second round of World Championship qualifying, before being defeated 10–9. Burden edged out Ryan Day 4–3 to qualify for the 2016 European Masters and then beat Yu Delu 4–1 and Ricky Walden 4–3 to play in his second career ranking event quarter-final, where he was thrashed 4–0 by Mark Selby. Four successive wins saw Burden reach the quarter-finals of the minor ranking 2017 Gibraltar Open, where he lost 4–2 to Michael White. In December 2016 Burden scored his first 147 Maximum Break in competition, coming against Daniel Wells in the English Open.<mask> went on to lose the match 4-3 but came away with £12,000 prize money on account of his high break. In January 2017, <mask> was found guilty of placing bets totalling £25,000 on snooker matches including those he had played in. He had bet on himself to win and over the 86 bets in 10 years he had lost £2,995. Burden was fined £5,000 and given a six-month ban, which will only come into force if he bets on snooker again before January 2018. His second quarter-final of the season came at the Gibraltar Open and he made breaks of 131 and 109 to

masks: Burden Burden


title: Alfie Burden

texts:
 force a deciding frame with Nigel Bond, but lost it. Burden went into Qualifying for the 2018 World Championships in danger of losing his place on the Tour and in need of a good showing to retain his place. He achieved this, clinching the deciding frame in the second round of qualifying to beat higher-ranked player David Gilbert 10-9 and secure his place on the Tour for two more years, despite having finished the season outside the top 64, on account of his performances in the 2017/18 season.Burden lost out to Thepchaiya Un-Nooh 10–8 in the final round of qualifying and thus failed to emulate his achievement of 1998 in reaching the last 32 and a place at snooker's biggest stage, the Crucible Theatre. In December 2018 Burden defeated former world champions Peter Ebdon and John Higgins on his way to reaching the quarter-finals of the Scottish Open. Remarkably, in rounds 2 and 3 he came back from 3-0 down to win 4–3 against Marco Fu and Zhang Yong, respectively. A lacklustre performance in the quarter-final resulted in a 5–0 loss to the eventual tournament winner Mark Allen. He has the highest number of centuries for any player never to have been ranked in the top 32. Burden announced his retirement from snooker on 2 September 2020. However, he returned to Q School in May 2021 and was successful in Event Two, winning a two-year Tour Card.Performance and rankings timeline

Career finals

Non-ranking finals: 2 (1 title)

Amateur finals: 2 (1 title)

References

External links

<mask> <mask> at worldsnooker.com

Profile on Global Snooker

1976 births
Living people
Snooker players from London
People from

masks: Alfie Burden


title: Dan Kapanke

texts:
<mask><mask> is a former Republican member of the Wisconsin Senate, representing the 32nd District from 2005 until losing his seat to Jennifer Shilling in the 2011 Wisconsin Senate recall elections. Early life, education and career
<mask> was born in La Crosse, Wisconsin on August 21, 1947. He graduated from Luther High School in Onalaska in 1965. He later graduated from the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, where he earned a B.S. in 1975 and a M.E.P.D. in Education in 1987. He served in the United States Marine Corps Reserve and in the Wisconsin National Guard.He also served on the Town of Campbell Board. He is the founding owner of the La Crosse Loggers Northwoods League Baseball Team and was a district sales manager at Kaltenberg Seed Farms for 30 years. Wisconsin Senate
<mask> won election to the Wisconsin State Senate twice, first in 2004 against LaCrosse County Board Supervisor Brad Pfaff, and again in 2008 against La Crosse County Supervisor Tara Johnson. Kapanke served as chair of the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Forestry, and Higher Education, and was also a member of the committees on Energy, Biotechnology, and Consumer Protection, on Financial Institutions and Rural Issues, and on Workforce Development, Small Business, and Tourism. He was also co-chair of the Joint Survey Committee on Retirement Systems. Kapanke has been criticized for ethics violations, including using $32,000 from a lobbyist-funded charity to pay off personal debt, and violating the state's open records law, causing taxpayers to pay $38,000 in legal bills. According to Kapanke, the violations were unintentional.During the 2011 Wisconsin protests, <mask> reported that he had received death threats from his vote, and

masks:
Daniel E
. Kapanke
Kapanke
Kapanke
Kapanke


title: Dan Kapanke

texts:
 claimed that the windshield of his car had been vandalized, causing him to cancel public appearances. However, a police report had previously concluded that the damage was instead caused by a stray rock. Nevertheless, Kapanke persisted in publicly blaming it on protesters; according to PolitiFact, "Kapanke allowed the myth of the smashed windshield to run wild and uncorrected for almost three weeks after he knew it was not true." 2011 recall

Kapanke was subject to an active recall effort to remove him from his seat in the Wisconsin Senate, as part of the 2011 Wisconsin protests. On March 2, 2011, the "Committee to Recall Kapanke" officially registered with the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board. 15,588 valid signatures of electors residing within the 32nd District must be collected by May 2, 2011 to generate a recall election. A March 9, 2011 poll by Survey USA indicated that 57% voters in <mask>'s district would vote for recall.<mask> indicated his strong support for Governor Scott Walker, explaining it by asking, "How can you go wrong following a leader that obviously gets his mission on this earth? ", referring to their strong religious beliefs. At a separate occasion, he indicated that he did not believe that Walker's plans went far enough, and stated that public safety unions (police, firemen, and state patrol unions) should be included in the collective bargaining ban (under Walker's plan, they are exempt.) On April 1, 2011, Wisconsin Democrats announced that they had enough signatures to recall Kapanke and filed petitions that day, with 22,561 signatures, 45% more than the 15,588 verifiable signatures required by the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board (GAB). On April 9, 2011,

masks: Kapanke Kapanke


title: Dan Kapanke

texts:
 State Rep. Jennifer Shilling (D - La Crosse) announced her candidacy against Kapanke in a possible recall election. At a LaCrosse County Republican Party meeting held in late May 2011, party officials discussed the possibility of running an additional Democratic Party candidate against Rep. Shilling, with the intent being to force a primary election against a token opponent, delaying the date of the recall election. According to election clerks, this would cost the state $101,000.At the same meeting, <mask> expressed concern over his re-election bid due to the large number of public workers in his district, saying that he hoped they would sleep through the election. <mask> challenges the petition
On April 15, 2011, <mask> filed a challenge with the Government Accountability Board stating that the recall petitions should be thrown out as organizers neglected to file a required registration statement. According to <mask>'s challenge, a specific organizer, Patrick Scheller, is the Recall Petitioner, as he was the one delivering the 22,561 petitions, and thus should have filed the registration himself (which was instead filed by the Recall Committee.) <mask> also challenged approximately 900 of the 22,561 signatures (15,588 valid signatures are required to force a recall election.) Pro-recall organizers filed a rebuttal in response, arguing that <mask>'s argument "proceeds from a false factual premise", noting that Scheller was simply a representative of the recall committee, as "a committee can neither be an elector or hold a pen." GAB rules against <mask>
In late May, the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board (GAB) approved the recall petition against Senator <mask>, rejecting his challenge. The date

masks: Kapanke Kapanke Kapanke Kapanke Kapanke Kapanke Kapanke Kapanke


title: Dan Kapanke

texts:
 for the recall election was set for August 9, 2011, following a Democratic primary on July 12, 2011.Recall results
<mask> lost the recall effort to Shilling on August 9, 2011, earning 45% of the vote (26,724) to Shilling's 55% (33,192). Political campaigns

2010 U.S. Congressional campaign
In the summer 2009, <mask> announced his intention to run for the United States House of Representatives in Wisconsin's 3rd congressional district. His state senate district was largely coextensive with the central portion of the congressional district, including its second-largest city, La Crosse. In October 2009, <mask> was added to the National Republican Congressional Committee's Young Guns Program as an "On the Radar" candidate. This designation was only given to ten Republican Congressional candidates in the Midwest. During the same month, Congressional Quarterly readjusted the 3rd Congressional District political status from a "Safe Democratic" to a "Likely Democratic" district. In September 2010, <mask> defeated Bruce Evers in the 3rd congressional district Republican Primary election.<mask> won with approximately 78% of the vote. <mask> then lost the general election to incumbent Congressman Ron Kind, taking 46 percent of the vote to Kind's 50 percent. It was easily the closest race in Kind's career. Electoral history

References

External links

32nd Senate District, Senator <mask> in the Wisconsin Blue Book (2005–2006)

1947 births
Living people
Politicians from La Crosse, Wisconsin
Wisconsin National Guard personnel
University of Wisconsin–La Crosse alumni
Wisconsin city council members
Wisconsin state senators
Wisconsin Republicans
Recalled state legislators of the United States
21st-century American

masks: Kapanke Kapanke Kapanke Kapanke Kapanke Kapanke Kapanke


title: Bassam Tibi

texts:
<mask> (), is a German political scientist and Professor of International Relations. He was born in 1944 in Damascus, Syria to an aristocratic family, and moved to Germany in 1962 where he later became a citizen in 1976. He is known for his analysis of international relations and the introduction of Islam to the study of international conflict and of civilization. <mask> is known for introducing the controversial concept of European Leitkultur as well as the concept of Euroislam to discussions about integration of Muslim immigrants to countries in Europe. He is also the founder of Islamology as a social-scientific study of Islam and conflict in post-bipolar politics. <mask> has done research in Asian and African countries. He publishes in English, German and Arabic.Academic career
He studied in Frankfurt am Main under Max Horkheimer, obtaining his Ph.D. there in 1971, and later habilitated in Hamburg, Germany. From 1973 until his retirement in 2009, he was Professor for International Relations at Göttingen University. Parallel to this appointment he was, from 1982 to 2000, at Harvard University in a variety of affiliations, the latest being a 1998 to 2000 stint as The Bosch Fellow. Currently, he is an A.D. White Professor-at-Large at Cornell University. Tibi had eighteen visiting professorships in all continents including fellowships in Princeton University, UC Berkeley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, and most recently (2010) at the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, Washington D.C. <mask> was also a visiting senior fellow at Yale University. After his retirement in 2009, he published "Islam's Predicament with Cultural Modernity", a book embodying his life's work..

Views

On Islam
Tibi is a Muslim, but criticizes Islamism and advocates "reforming" Islam. Tibi also suggests

masks:
Bassam Tibi
Tibi
Tibi
Tibi


title: Bassam Tibi

texts:
 that Muslim immigrants should refrain from engaging in religious missionary activities, Dawa.On Europe
When it comes to Europe, <mask> distinguishes positive and negative elements of European culture. The positive ones are, according to <mask>, enlightenment, pluralism, civil rights and secularization. <mask> argues that there is a need for Europe to defend these values, especially in times of globalization and migration from Muslim countries. On the other hand, <mask> argues that racism is a European invention, and that Europeans must overcome what he calls "Euro-arrogance" and xenophobia to integrate immigrants. He criticizes European imperialism, arguing that it disrupted and deformed other cultures. Acknowledging that Muslim conquerors also did wrongs, <mask> argues that, unlike the European conquests, Muslim conquests were not driven by any kind of racism. On Germany
He has criticised the left-green dominated German media for stifling debate about Islam in Germany, leading to ordinary people being afraid to state their opinions.As an example he gives Uwe Tellkamp, who expressed criticism against the German policy of migration and was attacked in mainstream media and painted as a right-extremist. He has also criticised authorities in Germany for not standing up to the large organised Islamic community organisations like the Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs and for not supporting liberal Muslims like Seyran Ateş and Necla Kelek. On Israel
<mask> <mask> has criticized the Likud party of Israel as blocking the peace process. He states that in the 1990s, the Likud adopted the "Three Nos" policy:
"No to the Palestinian State, no to dividing Jerusalem, no to returning Golan Heights to Syria. According to <mask>, the Likud government of 1996 engaged in provoking Arabs by

masks: Tibi Tibi Tibi Tibi Tibi Bassam Tibi Tibi


title: Bassam Tibi

texts:
 11 (Fall 2007) 1: 89-103."Islamism and Democracy: The Case of the Arab World," in: Leonard Weinberg, ed., Democratic Responses to Terrorism (New York: Routledge, 2008), 41-61. "Religious Extremism or Religionization of Politics? The Ideological Foundations of Political Islam", in: Hillel Frisch and Efraim Inbar, eds, Radical Islam and International Security (New York: Routledge, 2008), Chapter One, pp. 11–37, . "The Return of the Sacred to Politics as a Constitutional Law. The Case of the Shari’atization of Politics in Islamic Civilization", in: Theoria. A Journal of Social and Political Theory, vol.55 (April 2008), issue 115, pp. 91–119, . "Turkey’s Islamist Danger. Islamists Approach Europe", in: Middle East Quarterly, vol. 16,1 (Winter 2009), pp. 47–54. "Euro-Islam: An Alternative to Islamization and Ethnicity of Fear", in: Zeyno Baran (Ed.), The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010

References

External links
 Homepage of <mask> Tibi
 Europeanisation, not Islamisation <mask> <mask> argues for Euro-Islam as a bridge between civilisations
 Voices on Antisemitism Interview with <mask> <mask> from the US Holocaust Memorial Museum
  From Sayyid Qutb to Hamas, The Middle-East Conflict and the Islamization of Antisemitism, in Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Antisemitism, online working paper, 2010

German political scientists
Syrian political scientists
Cornell University faculty
Middle Eastern studies in the United States
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Muslim reformers
Harvard Fellows
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
German Muslims
Syrian emigrants to Germany
People from Damascus
1944 births
Living people
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
German scholars of

masks: Bassam Bassam Tibi Bassam Tibi


title: Rick Boucher

texts:
<mask> (; born August 1, 1946) is an American politician who was the U.S. representative for  from 1983 to 2011. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was defeated in his bid for a 15th term by Republican Morgan Griffith in the 2010 elections. Early life, education and career
<mask> is a native of Abingdon, Virginia, where he currently lives. He earned his BA from Roanoke College where he was a member of Kappa Alpha Order fraternity. He received his law degree from the University of Virginia School of Law. He has practiced law on Wall Street initially as an associate at Milbank Tweed in the firm's New York City office, and later in Virginia.Prior to his election to Congress, he served for seven years as a member of the Senate of Virginia. His a former member of the Law and Justice Committee of the National Conference of State Legislatures, the Board of Directors of the First Virginia Bank of Damascus, Virginia, and the Board of Directors of Client Centered Legal Services of Southwest Virginia. He formerly served on the Advisory Board of Virginia Cares Inc. In May 2011, Boucher joined prominent Washington law firm Sidley Austin and was charged with leading their government strategies practice. The Internet Innovation Alliance (IIA), an industry advocacy group, also announced that Boucher has joined as the honorary chair. The IIA includes among its members AT&T and Americans for Tax Reform and has focused on expanding broadband access and adoption with particular emphasis on increased mobile connectivity for underserved and rural communities. U.S. House of Representatives

Political campaigns
Boucher was first elected to Congress in 1982, defeating 16-year Republican incumbent Bill Wampler by 1,100 votes.He was narrowly reelected in 1984, defeating Delegate Jefferson Stafford by four points, even

masks:
Frederick Carlyle Boucher
Boucher


title: Rick Boucher

texts:
 sub-committee of the previous Congress which first drafted the legislation, and was deemed to be instrumental in the bills development. Boucher opened his pre-vote remarks on the bill by saying that he was in "strong support of the bill."In November 2009, Boucher, along with 39 other Democratic members of the House, voted against the Affordable Health Care for America Act. Also, on March 21, 2010, Boucher voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. <mask>r endorsed Barack Obama for the Democratic nomination for president, while his district went solidly for Hillary Clinton. In 2007, Congress.org ranked <mask> as the 10th most powerful member of the U.S. House of Representatives. Electoral history

Personal life
Boucher announced his engagement at age 59 to Amy Hauslohner, an editor of the Galax Gazette in Galax, Virginia. Said Boucher of the engagement "We have decided since I will be 60 in August and she just turned 50 last week, we probably are mature enough to handle marriage." Boucher and Houslohner were married on June 3, 2006.References

External links
<mask> for Congress official campaign site

<mask> speaks of Hulu, Boxee, gains major tech cred at Comcast-NBC hearing, Top of the Ticket, Los Angeles Times, February 5, 2010

1946 births
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
New York (state) lawyers
Virginia lawyers
Virginia state senators
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Roanoke College alumni
Politicians from Abingdon, Virginia
Virginia Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians
American United

masks:
Rick Bouche
Rick Boucher
Rick Boucher
Rick Boucher


title: Stefan George

texts:
<mask> (; 12 July 18684 December 1933) was a German symbolist poet and a translator of Dante Alighieri, William Shakespeare, Hesiod, and Charles Baudelaire. He is also known for his role as leader of the highly influential literary group called the George-Kreis and for founding the literary magazine  ("Journal for the Arts"). Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in 1868 in Büdesheim (now part of Bitburg-Prüm) in the Grand Duchy of Hesse (now part of Rhineland-Palatinate). His father, also named <mask>, was an inn keeper and wine merchant and his mother Eva (née Schmitt) was a homemaker. When <mask> was five years old, the family moved to Bingen am Rhein. According to Michael and Erika Metzger, both sides of the <mask> family had lived in the area for generations and had risen from peasants, to millers, and finally to small town merchants. At the time, the Roman Catholic Church was very important to the daily life of Bingen am Rhein and to the <mask> family.Life revolved around the feast days of the Liturgical Calendar. Furthermore, when <mask>'s mother died, the oleander trees she had planted when she had married her husband were donated to the nuns of the nearby Rochusberg, which symbolized a returning of God's gifts back to Him. After attending primary school in Bingen, <mask> was sent, at the age of thirteen, to one of the best secondary schools in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Ludwig-Georgs-Gymnasium in the Grand-Duke Louis IV's capitol city of Darmstadt. There, from 1882 to 1888, <mask>, "received a vigorous humanistic education in which Greek, Latin, and French were stressed." <mask> "excelled

masks:
Stefan Anton George
George
Stefan George
Stefan
George
George
Stefan
Stefan
Stefan
Stefan


title: Stefan George

texts:
 in French" and gained "a thorough knowledge of modern European literature, as well as of the Greek and Roman authors." Although later described as a loner, <mask> assembled his first circle of friends in Darmstadt, where he had access to libraries and to the theater, which fascinated him. He also taught himself to read Norwegian in order to read the works of Henrik Ibsen in the original language.The making of a poet
At the age of nineteen, <mask> and a few other students of the Gymnasium started a literary journal called Rosen und Disteln ("Roses and Thistles"). Here <mask> published his first poems under the pseudonym Edmund Delorme. Even though the Gymnasium emphasized the poetry of the German Romantics, <mask> taught himself Italian, in order to both read and translate the Renaissance poets whom he most revered. His first poems consisted of literary translations and imitations of the Italian poetry of Petrarch and Torquato Tasso. When his schooling was concluded in 1888, it was clear to <mask> and to his family that it would not work for him to follow the usual course into university, business, or the German civil service. Instead he began to travel. He later told a friend, "Germany was intolerable then; just think of Nietzsche!I would have thrown a bomb if they had kept me here; or I would have perished like Nietzsche. My father was glad to get rid of me, for he sensed the danger." Hoping to improve his grasp of English, <mask> lived in London between May and October 1888. Queen Victoria was on the throne and London was still the capital of the global British Empire. <mask> later recalled that

masks: Stefan George George George George George George


title: Stefan George

texts: in England he saw, "an expansive sense of life, borne by great political tasks and goals, an ancient cultural unity which carefully preserved traditions, a firmly moded way of life for all classes of the populace, a decorous politeness among all the people, phenomena which were no longer found in the Germany of those years, or which were just beginning to emerge." It is also believed to have been during his time in London that <mask> first encountered the English poetry of the, "honored masters", Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Algernon Charles Swinburne, and Ernest Dowson, whose works <mask> would later translate into German and publish in his homeland. While briefly returning to Germany and his parental home in Bingen, <mask> expressed a desire to convene a "Congress" of like-minded poets and to publish a collection of their works.This was an idea deeply rooted in both the Western Canon and in German literature, as Goethe, Schiller, and the other German Romantic poets had circles of adherents who gathered around them. Even before that, Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock had referred to his closest friends as, die wenigen Edlen ("The Noble Few") and had made detailed plans for, Die Gelehrtenrepublik ("The Republic of Scholars"). During his subsequent tours of Switzerland and northern Italy, <mask> played the title role in a production of Moliere's Le Misanthrope performed at Montreux. <mask> later recalled, "Can you imagine anything more contradictory than that I, the socialist, communard, atheist, should play in a comedy with a German baron in the house of a professor of theology surrounded by a whole bevy of

masks: George George George George George


title: Stefan George

texts: society ladies?" Suffering from severe loneliness, <mask> arrived in Paris in May 1889. On his first day there, he met the French poet Albert Saint-Paul, through whom <mask> was introduced into the city's literary bohemia. Despite the intensely anti-German revanchism reigning over French culture during the Belle Époque, <mask> found himself, "spontaneously accepted by his peers."Through Albert Saint-Paul, <mask> was introduced to Paul Verlaine, Francis Vielé-Griffin, Albert Mockel, and Waclaw Rolicz-Lieder. Saint-Paul also persuaded the poet Stéphane Mallarmé to invite <mask> to attend the Tuesday Symbolist soirées held in, "that little room in the Rue de Rome". <mask> had been described to Mallarmé as resembling, "the young Goethe before Werther". When they met, Mallarmé received <mask> warmly, particularly when the latter revealed that he had recently begun translating Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du Mal into German. Many years later, the members of Mallarmé's circle were to recall that they immediately identified <mask> as, "a poet of unusual promise." Despite his confidence, <mask> seemed extremely shy and rarely participated in the circle's discussions, preferring instead to listen and learn. Meanwhile, <mask> also filled 365 pages with poems by French and other European authors, many of which he was later to translate into German.According to the Metzgers, "For the Symbolists, the pursuit of 'art for art's sake', was a highly serious - nearly a sacred - function, since beauty, in and of itself, stood for a higher meaning beyond itself. In their ultimate higher striving, the French

masks:
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
Stefan George
George
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title: Stefan George

texts: Symbolists are not far from the Platonic ideals of the Good, the True, and the Beautiful, and this idealistic aspect was undoubtedly what appealed to <mask> far more than the Estheticism, the Bohemianism, and the apparent Nihilism so often superficially associated with this group." Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé were the only living poets whom <mask> considered his superiors and whose apprentice he ever wished to be. Particularly Mallarmé, whose circle of disciples called him Le Maître ("The Master"), was to be a lifelong model for <mask>'s art, philosophy, and way of life. The French Symbolists were every bit as enthusiastic for <mask>, as is revealed by the evidence of their surviving letters and subsequent memoirs of his visit to Paris, which were published in a 1928 theme issue of the Revue d'Allemagne. <mask> wrote in 1896, "Paris, the only place where I found and possess true friends." At this time, <mask> felt a very intense hostility to what he saw as the banality and philistinism of German culture during the German Empire.In his subsequent poem Franken ("Frankish Lands"), which celebrates his visit to Paris and, "whose title recalls the original unity of Germany and France under Charlemagne", <mask> denounced the militarism and expansionism of the Imperial Government, "the complacent materialism of the German middle class", and the hostility to German artists, poets, and intellectuals. <mask> asked the German people, "Where is your bard, you proud and boastful race?" He then answered that there was no one, as the German people had driven Friedrich Nietzsche insane and forced Arnold

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 Böcklin into exile. Even so, "<mask>'s experience in Paris during the early 1890's ... impelled him to return to Germany to give a new voice and form to German poetry." Blätter für die Kunst
After returning to Germany, <mask> first began to study Romance languages and their literature at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin, where he remained for three semesters. At the time, <mask> had serious doubts about the ability of the German language to say what he wished to say in his poems. For this reason, he preferred instead to write French and Spanish poetry and even invented a language which he dubbed Lingua Romana, which combined words from Spanish and Latin with German syntax.<mask> also seriously considered emigrating to Mexico at the urging of a wealthy Mexican family he had met and befriended in Paris. When <mask> saw the family off on a ship back to Mexico, he gifted them with a copy of the first collection of his poems in German; Hymnen ("Odes"), which had just been privately printed in a limited edition of 100 copies. Also while living in Berlin, <mask> joined forces with fellow student Carl August Klein to found the annual literary magazine entitled . At the time, <mask> felt that German poets had been reduced to two main literary movements, both of which he opposed. The first was for a poet to be, "a provider of a pleasant diversion", or as Arno Holz called such poetry, "a lilac-sweet spring rhapsode". The other role was for a poet to become a Naturalistic social critic, or what <mask> sarcastically termed, "an apostle of reality". <mask> and Carl Klein therefore intended for Blätter für

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texts: die Kunst to be a vehicle for what they termed, "the new art", which was intended to both build upon and supersede both literary movements within German poetry, while also drawing upon the ideas of the French Symbolists.While <mask> was not the first German poet to draw inspiration from the French Symbolists, he has been termed, "the most gifted, eloquent, and productive exponent of the poetic aspects of the movement in his homeland". <mask> also, "did not slavishly follow any masters", but set his own stamp upon those aspects of Symbolism that he found appropriate for his purpose of revitalizing German culture and German literature. <mask> was the main person of the literary and academic group known as the George-Kreis ("George-Circle"), which included some of the major, young writers of the time such as Friedrich Gundolf and Ludwig Klages. In addition to sharing cultural interests, the group promoted mystical and political themes. <mask> knew and befriended the "Bohemian Countess" of Schwabing, Fanny zu Reventlow, who sometimes satirised the group for its melodramatic actions and opinions. <mask> and his writings were identified with the Conservative Revolutionary philosophy. He was homosexual, yet exhorted his young friends to have a celibate life like his own.During 1914, at the start of the World War, <mask> foretold a sad end for Germany. In 1916, in a deliberate revolt against the jingoistic literary movement known as Hurrah-Patriotismus, which was overwhelmingly popular on the German home-front during the First World War, <mask> wrote and published the pessimistic poem " Der Krieg" ("The

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 War"). The outcome of the war was the realization of his worst fears. In the 1920s, <mask> despised the culture of Germany, particularly its bourgeois mentality and archaic church rites. He wished to create a new, noble German culture, and offered "form", regarded as a mental discipline and a guide to relationships with others, as an ideal while Germany was in a period of social, political, spiritual and artistic decadence. National Revolution
<mask>'s poetry was discovered by the small but ascendant Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), a precursor to Nazism, which had its roots in Bavaria. <mask>'s concepts of "the thousand year Reich" and "fire of the blood" were adopted by the NSDAP and incorporated into the party's propaganda.<mask> would come to detest their racial theories, especially the notion of the “Nordic superman”. According to Peter Hoffmann, however,  <mask>, "had a low opinion of Hitler, in whom he saw none of the greatness of a Caesar or a Napoleon". Shortly before Hitler became Chancellor on January 30, 1933, "the poet said that if the National Socialists came to power, everyone in Germany would have to wear a noose around his neck, and those who refused would be hanged immediately." In February 1933, the Nazis began dismissing all of their political opponents as well as Jews from the Prussian Academy of the Arts; including Thomas Mann, René Schickele, Georg Kaiser, and Franz Werfel. They were replaced with politically reliable, "national writers", such as Hans Grimm and Hans Carossa. By April 1933, <mask> was referring to the National Socialists as, "hangmen." He

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texts: also assigned the youngest of his followers, Karl Josef Partsch to talk Frank Mehnert out of joining any Nazi-affiliated organizations.On May 5, 1933, the Prussian Minister for Sciences, Arts, and Public Education, Bernhard Rust, informed <mask> that the new government wished to appoint him to an honorary position within the Academy. Rust further explained that he intended to publicly describe <mask> as the forefather of the Nazi Party's "national revolution", and also offered him a large sum of money to do with as he wished. If <mask> was agreeable to the proposal, President Paul von Hindenburg or Chancellor Adolf Hitler would personally write the official letter. On May 10, 1933, <mask> replied by letter. He declined both the money and the honorary position, "in the so-called academy", but said that he approved of its "national" orientation. <mask> explained, however, that he had administered German literature for five decades without any need for an academy. On the other hand, <mask> did not deny his, "ancestorship of the new national movement and did not preclude his intellectual cooperation".There were those within the Nazi Party, however, who were enraged by <mask>'s negative response to the offer, who suspected the sincerity of his claims of sympathy for the national revolution, and who even denounced <mask> by calling him a Jew. In order to renew his passport, <mask> returned to his native Bingen am Rhein at the beginning of July, but left for Berlin-Dahlem just four days before his 65th birthday. Some historians believe that this was a deliberate effort to evade official honors from the new

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 government. But the new Government made no further efforts beyond a personal telegram of congratulations from Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. Personal life

Ida Coblenz
Many years later, <mask> told his friends that there had been a woman who was "my world". <mask> met Ida Coblenz, a wealthy and cultured German Jewish heiress who both admired his poems and showed very deep insights into them, at Bingen am Rhein in 1892. Many of <mask>'s poems in Preisgedichte, Das Jahr der Seele (1897), and even in Der Siebente Ring (1907), were inspired by her.<mask> saw Ida often, particularly in the fall of 1894 and the summer of 1896. Ida's brief and unhappy arranged marriage to Leopold Auerbach, a Jewish businessman from Berlin, did nothing to interrupt her relationship with <mask>. When Ida, however, began a relationship with the married poet Richard Dehmel, whom she later married in 1901, <mask> viewed Ida's decision as a betrayal of the worst order. Dehmel, due to his Marxism, Bohemianism, and, "sensual glorification of life as it is", stood for everything that <mask> detested in German poetry in Imperial Germany. After meeting Dehmel before Coblenz's house in Bingen, <mask> wrote to her, "Our [friendship] arises from the fact that each of us is able to communicate what he thinks great and noble to the other - it rises and falls with this ability - and disappears entirely when something appears great and noble to one which is brutal and debased to the other." <mask> had been planning to dedicate his 1897 poetry collection Das Jahr der Seele to Ida Coblenz. Instead, the name of <mask>'s sister was

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 printed where that of Ida Coblenz was intended to have stood.Death in exile
On July 25, 1933, <mask> travelled to Wasserburg on Lake Constance, where he remained for four weeks. He was joined there at various times by Frank Mehnert, Berthold von Stauffenberg, Claus von Stauffenberg, and other younger members of the George-Kreis. On August 24, 1933, <mask> took a ferry across the Lake to Heiden, Switzerland. Although the Master had chosen to make the journey to escape the humid lakeside air and had spent the previous two winters at Minusio, <mask> later said, in an example of the Master's, "mild political humor", that in the middle of the Lake he began to breathe far more easily. Shortly after the attending the Roman Catholic wedding at Bamberg of his brother Claus to Baroness Nina von Lerchenfeld, Berthold von Stauffenberg arrived at Minusio on September 27, 1933 and found the Master feeling very weak and devoid of appetite. That same month, however, <mask> declared that both his way of life and his friendships were sufficient proof of his tolerance and indifference to all religions. In November 1933, Frank Mehnert spread the news that the Master's medical condition was very grave.Robert Boehringer, Frank Mehnert, Walter Kempner, and Clotilde Schlayer took turns keeping vigil at his hospital bedside. When Partsch, Albrecht von Blumenthal, Walter Anton, Ludwig Thormaehlen, and the three Stauffenberg brothers also arrived, they were allowed a brief glimpse of the Master in his darkened room; but the poet was not aware of their presence. <mask> died at Minusio on December 4, 1933. Although Berthold von

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texts: Stauffenberg, Thormaehlen, Anton, Blumenthal, and others wished to return the Master's body to Germany for burial, Boehringer, as the poet's heir, overruled them by quoting the Master's own words, "A man should be buried where he dies." In response, the <mask>-Kreis decided to inter the Master locally. Claus von Stauffenberg organized the wake in accordance with the customs of the Italian-speaking Canton of Ticino and the George-Kreis kept constant vigil at the Minusio cemetery chapel until the morning of December 6, 1933. On December 5, the German Consulate at Lugano contacted the city officials of Minusio and asked for the date and time of the funeral.The <mask>-Kreis replied that the funeral would be at 3pm on December 6, but added that mourners from outside the Circle were not wanted. Just in case, the funeral was then secretly rescheduled for 8:15 on the morning of December 6. Boehringer, however, disapproved of the deception and quietly informed Baron Ernst von Weizsäcker, the German Minister at Bern, that he could deliver a wreath to the grave on the day after the funeral. Twenty-five members of the George-Kreis, including Jewish members Ernst Morwitz and Karl Wolfskehl, attended the funeral. The laurel wreath later delivered by the German Foreign Office bore a swastika printed on a white ribbon. This subsequently caused a running battle within the Circle between those, like Clotilde Schlayer, who repeatedly chose to remove it and other members who kept replacing it with new swastika ribbons. As the mourners left the railroad station at Locarno following the ceremony, some of the younger

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 members of the George-Kreis were seen to give the Nazi salute.Legacy
According to the Metzgers, "When <mask> died in 1933, there was a grim dissonance between the eulogies from inside and outside Germany, the former claiming <mask> as the prophet of the Third Reich, which had taken power that year, the latter often interpreting his silence as expressing his utter contempt for the new regime." Literary achievements
From the inception of the Circle, <mask> and his followers represented a literary and cultural revolt against the Far-Left literary realism trend in German literature during the last decades of the German Empire. <mask> was also a highly important intermediary between German Romanticism and literary realism of the 19th century and the 20th-century Expressionist and Modernist poetry of Rainer Maria Rilke, August Stramm, Reinhard Sorge, and Berthold Brecht. Even though the Master was, like his fellow war poets Siegfried Sassoon, Hedd Wyn, and Wilfred Owen, a very harsh critic of his own era, <mask> was also very much a man of his own time. <mask>'s poetry is characterized by an aristocratic ethos; his verse is formal in style, lyrical in tone, and often arcane in language, being influenced by Greek classical forms. By both emulating and building upon the literary language of the German Romantics and Biedermeier poets, "<mask>'s poetry", according to Peter Hoffmann, "helped to form modern literary German." He also experimented with various poetic metres, punctuation, obscure allusions and typography.Believing that the purpose of poetry was to create an alternative to reality  he was a strong

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 advocate of art for art's sake  <mask>'s beliefs about poetry were drawn from the French Symbolist poets and he considered himself to be both the student and the successor of Stéphane Mallarmé and Paul Verlaine. <mask>'s "evident homosexuality" is represented by works such as Algabal and the love poetry he devoted to a gifted adolescent of his acquaintance named Maximilian Kronberger, whom he called "Maximin", and whom he believed to be a manifestation of the divine. The relevance of <mask>'s sexuality to his poetic work has been discussed by contemporary critics, such as Thomas Karlauf and Marita Keilson-Lauritz. Algabal is one of <mask>'s best remembered collections of poetry, if also one of his strangest; the title is a reference to the effete Roman emperor Elagabalus. <mask> was also an important translator; he translated Dante, Shakespeare and Baudelaire into German. <mask> was awarded the Goethe Prize during 1927. Das neue Reich
George's last complete book of poems, Das neue Reich ("The New Realm"), was published in 1928.It was banned in Occupied Germany after World War II, as the title sounded tainted by Nazism. But <mask> had dedicated the work, which includes the lyric Geheimes Deutschland ("Secret Germany") written in 1922, to Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, who, with his brother Claus, took a leading role in the 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler and overthrow the Nazi Party. Both brothers, who were executed after the plot failed, had considered themselves to be acting on the teachings of the Master by trying to kill Hitler and put an end to Nazism. The book describes a new

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 form of society ruled by a hierarchical spiritual aristocracy. <mask> rejected all attempts to use it for mundane political purposes, including those of Nazism. Influence
In a view inspired by the German Romantic poets and the French Symbolist, <mask> and his followers saw him as the monarch of a separate government of Germany, composed of his intellectual and artistic disciples, bonded by their faithfulness to "The Master" and to a common vision. In his memoirs, Albert Speer claims to have met <mask> during the early 1920s and that his elder brother, Hermann, was an acquaintance of his: <mask> "radiated dignity and pride and a kind of priestliness... there was something magnetic about him."<mask>'s poetry emphasized self-sacrifice, heroism, and power, which won him the approval of the National Socialists. Though many Nazis claimed <mask> as an influence, <mask> remained aloof from such associations. Soon after the Nazi seizure of power, <mask> left Germany for Switzerland where he died the same year. Some of the members of the 20 July plot against Hitler were drawn from among his devotees, notably the Stauffenberg brothers who were introduced to <mask> by the poet and classical scholar Albrecht von Blumenthal. Although some members of the <mask> circle were avowedly anti-semitic (for example, Klages), the Circle also included Jewish authors such as Gundolf, the historian Ernst Kantorowicz, the Zionist Karl Wolfskehl, and Erich Berger. <mask> was fond of his Jewish disciples, but he expressed reservations about their ever becoming a majority in the group. <mask>'s influence on Ernst Kantorowicz was

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 decisive in the latter's controversial biography of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, which was published in 1927.The book's account of Frederick II and his "dynamic personality and ability to shape the Empire according to a higher vision seemed to sum up the aspirations of the George Circle." <mask> is even reported to have "carefully corrected" the manuscript and saw that it was published. One of <mask>'s most well known collaborators was Hugo von Hofmannsthal, a leading literary modernist in the Austria-Hungarian Empire. Hofmannsthal, however, refused membership in the group. Later in life, Hofmannsthal wrote that no one had influenced him more than <mask>. Those closest to the "Master," as <mask> had his disciples call him, included several members of the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler, among them Claus von Stauffenberg himself. Stauffenberg frequently quoted <mask>'s poem Der Widerchrist (The Anti-Christ) to his fellow members of the 20 July plot.In popular culture

In Classical music
<mask>'s poetry was a major influence upon the 20th-century classical music composed by the Second Viennese School, particularly during their Expressionist period. Radically innovative Austrian Jewish composer Arnold Schönberg set <mask>'s poetry to music in the "Ich darf nicht dankend", Op. 14/1 (1907), String Quartet No. 2, Op. 10 (1908), and in The Book of the Hanging Gardens, Op. 15 (1909). Arnold Schoenberg's student Anton Webern also set <mask>'s poetry to music in his early choral work Entflieht auf leichten Kähnen, Op.2. Webern did the same in two other sets of songs, Op. 3 and 4 of 1909, and in several

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 posthumously published vocal compositions from the same period. Film
Rainer Werner Fassbinder's 1976 comedy film Satan's Brew pokes fun at both <mask> and the George-Kreis. In West Germany during the 1970s, a once famous Far-Left poet named Walter Kranz (Kurt Raab) is suffering from both excessive narcissism and a severe case of writer's block. In response, Kranz buys a tailored Wilhelmian-era suit, dons a white powdered wig, and attempts to become <mask> by plagiarizing his philosophy and poetry and lecturing to a group of disciples, who only attend and listen because Kranz is bribing them to be there. Eventually, Kranz's wife reminds him that <mask> was a homosexual, so Kranz picks up a male prostitute in a men's bathroom, but finds himself unable to go through with having gay sex with the gigolo.Kranz accordingly declares <mask> dead, but remains attached to the latter's philosophy of the Nieschtzean superman. Bibliography
 1890: Hymnen ("Hymns"), 18 poems written reflecting Symbolism; dedicated to Carl August Klein; limited, private edition
 1891: Pilgerfahrten ("Pilgrimages") limited, private edition. 1892: Algabal (1892); illustrated by Melchior Lechter; limited, private edition. 1897: Das Jahr der Seele ("The Year of the Soul"). 1899: Teppich des Lebens ("The Tapestry of Life"). 1900: Hymnen, Pilgerfahrten, and Algabal, a one-volume edition published in Berlin by Georg Bondi which first made <mask>'s work available to the public at large. 1901: Die Fibel ("Primer"), poems written from 1886–1889.1903: Tage und Taten ("Days and Works"; cf. Hesiod's Works and Days). 1907: Der siebente Ring ("The

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 Seventh Ring"). 1913: Der Stern des Bundes ("The Star of the Covenant")
 1917: Der Krieg ("The War"). 1928: Das neue Reich ("The Kingdom Come"). References

Further reading
 Breuer, <mask> (1996). Ästhetischer Fundamentalismus: <mask> und der deutsche Antimodernismus.Darmstadt: Primus. Capetanakis, D., '<mask>', in Demetrios Capetanakis  A Greek Poet In England (1947), p. 72–89
 Frank, Lore & Sabine Ribbeck (2000). Stefan-George-Bibliographie 1976–1997. Mit Nachträgen bis 1976. Auf der Grundlage der Bestände des <mask>-Archivs in der Württembergischen Landesbibliothek. Tübingen: Niemeyer. Goldsmith, Ulrich (1951).<mask> and the theatre. New York: The Modern Language Association (PLMA Publications LXVI:2). Goldsmith, Ulrich (1959). <mask>: A study of his early work. Boulder: University of Colorado Press (University of Colorado Studies Series in Language and Literature 7). Goldsmith, Ulrich (1970). <mask>.New York: Columbia University Press (Essays on Modern Writers). Goldsmith, Ulrich (1974). Shakespeare and <mask>: The sonnets. Berne: Franke. Kluncker, Karlhans (1985). "Das geheime Deutschland": Über <mask> und seinen Kreis. Bonn: Bouvier (Abhandlungen zur Kunst-, Musik- und Literaturwissenschaft 355).Norton, Robert E. (2002). Secret Germany: <mask> and his Circle. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Norton, Robert E. (2010). "Wozu <mask> George?" WestEnd. Neue Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, 7.Jg., Heft 2, : 133–141. Schmitz, Victor (1978). <mask> und Rainer Maria Rilke: Gestaltung und Verinnerlichung. Berne: Wild. Rieckmann, Jens (ed.) (2005). A Companion to the Works of <mask>.Camden House.

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 Lacchin, Giancarlo (2006). <mask> e l'antichità. Lineamenti di una filosofia dell'arte. Lugano: University Words. Schefold, Bertram. (2011).Politische Ökonomie als Geisteswissenschaft. Edgar Salin und andere Ökonomen um <mask>, in Studien zur Entwicklung der ökonomischen Theorie, XXVI. Edited by Harald Hagemann, Duncker & Humblot
 Lerner, Robert E. (2017). Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life, for <mask>'s relationship with his pupil Kantorowicz. External links

Concise overview
The Writings of <mask> Online (In German)
<mask> letters to Ernst Morwitz, 1905–1956. Manuscripts and Archives, New York Public Library. Some poems in both German and English

1868 births
1933 deaths
People from Bingen am Rhein
People from Rhenish Hesse
Conservative Revolutionary movement
German expatriates in Switzerland
German-language poets
German poets
German translators
German World War I poets
Writers from Rhineland-Palatinate
English–German translators
French–German translators
Italian–German translators
Translators of William Shakespeare
Translators of Dante Alighieri
German male poets
German male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century German dramatists and playwrights
German nationalists
Symbolist poets
LGBT poets from Germany
German gay

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<mask>. (October 23, 1935 – June 1, 2016) was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Appointed by President Jimmy Carter in 1979, <mask> served as chief judge of the circuit from 1996 to 2003 and wrote more than 1,100 opinions during his 34-year tenure. <mask> lived in Louisville, Kentucky. Early career

Born in Boston, Massachusetts, <mask> received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Davidson College in 1957. After graduating, he first worked in banking. Later, while serving in the United States Army Reserve, he went to the University of Virginia School of Law and received his Juris Doctor in 1963. Immediately after graduation he served as a law clerk to Shackelford Miller Jr., then Chief Judge of the Sixth Circuit – a position he would later hold himself.In 1964 and 1965, <mask> served first as an Assistant United States Attorney, and then as the United States Attorney for the Western District of Kentucky. He left for private practice in Louisville, Kentucky for a short time, but was soon appointed by the Governor of Kentucky to fill a vacancy on the Jefferson County Circuit Court in early 1974. In the November 1974 elections he was endorsed by the Louisville Courier-Journal which praised him for his "innate fairness, temperament, experience, and training necessary to become an outstanding circuit judge." He won by a landslide. Kentucky judicial reform efforts

In the 1970s, <mask> worked behind the scenes lobbying to reform the Kentucky judiciary. The Kentucky court system had been little changed since 1850, and it had a host of problems. "Kentucky had a multiplicity of misdemeanor courts that were presided over, for the most part, by non-lawyer judges.There were county courts, magistrate courts, municipal courts, and police courts. It was not uncommon for the judges of these courts to be totally untrained in the law, politically partisan, and, in some cases, of dubious literacy." Appeals from these courts went to the Kentucky Court of Appeals whose decisions were of high quality, but could take two or three years to be handed down. The reform efforts bore fruit on

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 November 4, 1975 when an amendment to the state constitution was passed by 54%. The amendment cleared the way to create a unified court system with a new intermediate Court of Appeals and the Kentucky Supreme Court replacing the old highest court. As a reformer and the first Chief Judge of the newly created Court of Appeals, <mask> quickly got the new court off the ground and cleared the backlog of cases that had developed under the old system. <mask>'s goals at the time were to speed up the appellate process, reduce cost, and create an efficient chain of justice, while maintaining a high level of conscientious decision-making.These goals were accomplished and the Court of Appeals was generally viewed as an unequivocal success. Federal judicial service

On June 5, 1979, <mask> was nominated by President Jimmy Carter to a new seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit created by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 25, 1979, and received his commission the following day. He served as Chief Judge of the Sixth Circuit from October 1, 1996, until September 30, 2003. During his tenure as Chief Judge he steered the circuit through a turbulent period when up to seven of the sixteen judgeships were vacant due to an impasse between Congress and the president over judicial nominations. <mask>'s style both on the bench and in written opinions was characterized by "no-nonsense jurisprudence," clear and concise writing, and a focus on common sense.He was cited as an example of how common sense helps "sustain the law, not destroy it." In his opinion, the purpose of an opinion is to "provide justice to the parties and explain the law to the lawyers and the public". To this end, he quickly published opinions so that the disputing parties need not wait longer than necessary. He was also known to liven his opinions with the occasional quote about ostriches or Homer Simpson. <mask> retired from the federal bench on August 16, 2013. Selected opinions

Death penalty

<mask> wrote forcefully about what he perceived to be the many failures in the American system of capital punishment. In

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 one case involving a debate regarding a jury's decision to sentence a defendant to death while a co-conspirator was not sentenced to death, <mask> dissented from the majority that held that the principle of proportionality did not apply.He wrote,
Jason Getsy and John Santine are not hypothetical players in a criminal law final exam. They are real people who committed real crimes, indeed, the same crimes. That Getsy will be put to death while Santine will be spared, and that the law (at least according to the majority) actually sanctions this result, makes it virtually impossible for me to answer in the affirmative what Justice Blackmun viewed as the fundamental question in Callins v. Collins. -namely, does our system of capital punishment "accurately and consistently determine" which defendants "deserve" to die and which do not? Getsy v. Mitchell. "This state of affairs I find unconscionable, even as I remain bound to apply the laws of this court and of the Supreme Court." Id.In a much-noted dissent in Moore v. Parker, <mask> forcefully objected to the current administration of the death penalty:
I have been a judge on this Court for more than twenty-five years. In that time I have seen many death penalty cases and I have applied the law as instructed by the Supreme Court and I will continue to do so for as long as I remain on this Court. This my oath requires. After all these years, however, only one conclusion is possible: the death penalty in this country is arbitrary, biased, and so fundamentally flawed at its very core that it is beyond repair. After discussing many of the studies and cases that have noted the numerous flaws in our system, he concluded,
As noted above, while the system suffers from many flaws, much of the arbitrary imposition of the death penalty stems from the exceedingly distressing fact that during all my years on the bench, the quality of lawyering that capital defendants receive has not substantially improved. In many cases it has deteriorated. In fact, one of the most clear examples of the arbitrariness of the death penalty is the common knowledge that those defendants with decent lawyers rarely

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texts:
 get sentenced to death.Death has more to do with extra-judicial factors like race and socio-economic status than with whether death is deserved. A system, whose basic justification is the interest in retribution and general deterrence, is not served when guided by such irrelevant factors. Nor should a system of life and death hinge on the proficiency of counsel. I have no delusions of grandeur and I know my place in the judiciary. My oath requires me to apply the law as interpreted by the Supreme Court of the United States. I will continue to do as I am told until the Supreme Court concludes that the death penalty cannot be administered in a constitutional manner or our legislatures abolish the penalty. But lest there be any doubt, the idea that the death penalty is fairly and rationally imposed in this country is a farce.Affirmative action

<mask> authored the affirmative action case Grutter v. Bollinger, which held that the University of Michigan Law School could take into account an applicant's race in making admission decisions. Grutter and its sister case Gratz v. Bollinger, which challenged the University of Michigan's undergraduate affirmative action plan, eventually were appealed to the United States Supreme Court. The Supreme Court affirmed Grutter and the Law School's affirmative action plan, while reversing Gratz and finding the undergraduate plan unconstitutional. The Grutter case was surrounded in controversy. Conservative judges on the Sixth Circuit claimed that then-Chief Judge <mask> had improperly steered the case to a more liberal panel. They also claimed that the en banc review of the case was tainted because it was delayed until two conservative judges of the Sixth Circuit had retired, giving the court a liberal majority. Judge Danny Julian Boggs took the unprecedented step of filing a "Procedural Appendix" as part of his dissent from Grutter, in which he explicitly accused <mask> and the rest of the majority of improperly tampering with the case.The majority took umbrage with Judge Boggs' decision to publish this appendix, with Judge Karen Nelson Moore noting that Boggs had not raised any complaint with

masks: Martin Martin Martin


title: Boyce F. Martin Jr.

texts:
 the composition of the en banc court when the en banc petition was circulated or when the case was argued before the en banc court, suggesting that Boggs's dispute was with the outcome of the case, rather than the procedures of the court. However, such a complaint could have been characterized as an ex ante attempt to influence the outcome of the case by manipulating the composition of the en banc panel, the very problem Boggs alleged. The Judicial Watch foundation filed a formal complaint with the court alleging administrative improprieties, and subsequently wrote a complaining letter to Rep. Sensenbrenner of the House Judiciary Committee requesting an impeachment investigation. The handling of the complaint itself was reviewed by the Judicial Conduct and Disability Act Study Committee (the "Breyer Committee"), which reviewed how complaints were being handled under the Judicial Conduct and Disability Act of 1980. The Breyer Committee report observed that the internal investigation into <mask>'s alleged actions in handling the Grutter case was flawed by the acting chief judge's decision to make certain findings of fact as "undisputed" without asking <mask> whether he disputed them (although the report agreed that certain of the findings, such as dates and the sequence of events, were truly undisputed). In this respect, the report found that the investigation was conducted in a manner inconsistent with the letter and spirit of the court's rules. At the same time, however, the report also took issue with the acting chief judge's decision to drop the complaint due to "corrective action".The committee considered this an insufficient remedy, since the Act requires that the corrective action be "voluntary action taken by the subject judge," and <mask> "did not participate in taking the corrective action". As Moore predicted in her concurrence, in the wake of Judge Boggs's "Procedural Appendix", relations between conservative and liberal members of the Sixth Circuit remain strained. Judicial complaint - investigation into improper travel expenses

In January 2014, nearly six months after Judge <mask>'s retirement from the federal

masks: Martin Martin Martin Martin


title: Boyce F. Martin Jr.

texts:
 judiciary, allegations surrounding government-reimbursed travel expenses were referred to the U.S. Justice Department, according to an opinion by the Committee on Judicial Conduct and Disability of the U.S. Judicial Conference. The case was significant because complaints against federal judges are rarely made public, and most do not result in disciplinary action. Referrals to the Department of Justice, which conducts criminal investigations, are rare. The Chief Judge of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, Alice M. Batchelder, made the initial complaint.She and fellow conservatives on the court had battled Judge <mask> and ideological allies of his for years, leading some to posit that the charge may have been politically motivated. In May 2013, Judge <mask> agreed to pay back all of his $138,500 worth of travel expenses over the contested time period, despite the fact that only a portion of those expenses were alleged to be improper. Judge <mask> contested some of the expenses and conceded mistakes with others, but offered to repay the entire amount to conclude the matter. According to an affidavit by <mask>'s lawyer, outside counsel for the special committee had suggested his resignation and payment of the money would "conclude the matter and it would remain confidential." But the judicial conduct committee opinion says those statements represented only advice or suggestions on how <mask> could improve his legal position rather than a promise. In March 2014, the Justice Department notified Judge <mask> that it had completed its review and would not be pursuing the matter. Death

<mask> died at his home in Louisville from brain cancer on June 1, 2016, aged 80.References

Sources

1935 births
2016 deaths
Assistant United States Attorneys
Davidson College alumni
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
Judges of the Kentucky Court of Appeals
Kentucky state court judges
Lawyers from Boston
Lawyers from Louisville, Kentucky
United States Attorneys for the Western District of Kentucky
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Jimmy Carter
20th-century American judges
University of Virginia

masks: Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin


title: Henri Laborit

texts:
<mask> (21 November 1914 – 18 May 1995) was a French surgeon, neurobiologist, writer and philosopher. In 1952, Laborit was instrumental in the development of the drug chlorpromazine, published his findings, and convinced three psychiatrists to test it on a patient, resulting in great success. Laborit was recognized for his work, but as a surgeon searching for an anesthetic, he became at odds with psychiatrists who made their own discoveries and competing claims. Laborit wrote several books where he vulgarizes his ethological laboratory research and marries it, through systems thinking, with knowledge from several other disciplines, being a strong advocate of interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity. His writings can also be found to have deep roots in anarchist thought. He was personally untroubled by the requirements of science and the constraints of university life. He maintained an independence from academia and never sought to produce the orderly results that science requires of its adherents.Family and early years
<mask> was born in Hanoi, French Indochina, in 1914. His father was a physician and colonial officer who died in 1920 from tetanus. Laborit contracted tuberculosis at age 12. In Paris, he earned a baccalaureate. He spent two years in Indochina on a hospital ship. He passed the examinations at the Naval Health Service in Bordeaux, and became a navy physician. He was sent to Sidi Abdallah Bizerte.Feeling that his options for recognition would be better, he switched to become a surgeon. During World War II he was stationed on the torpedo boat Sirocco, where he witnessed the evacuation of the Dunkerque, and then was sunk by the Germans. He was saved by an English sloop that picked him up.

masks:
Henri Laborit
Henri Laborit


title: Henri Laborit

texts:
 He received the French Military Cross with distinction. He was later stationed in Dakar. By about 1949 he was appointed to Val-de-Grâce hospital in Paris. Chlorpromazine

Laborit was the first to recognize the potential psychiatric uses of chlorpromazine.The science of anesthesiology was new since the 1930s. Surgeons were sometimes responsible for anesthetics and as a French navy surgeon, Laborit had seen patients die as a result of or after their operations. He became a researcher in anesthesiology. <mask>'s ideas on anesthesia included potentiated anaesthesia, lowering basal metabolism and lowering body temperature (so-called artificial hibernation). He advocated the use of procaine, synthetic antihistamines, Diparcol (diethazine), tetraethylammonium  bromide and vitamin B1. He did not like to use morphine. In his years in Bizerte he became interested in the use of the antihistamine promethazine to make patients more relaxed before surgery and in contributing to anesthesia, observations that were the forerunner of his later interest in chlorpromazine.With Pierre Huguenard, Laborit invented the lytic cocktail, a combination of drugs that could be given to patients to reduce the shock and stress they experienced during and after surgery. Huguenard had success with a combination of promethazine and pethidine, at the time under the trade names Diparcol and Dolossal, and told Laborit of his finding. Laborit thought that putting patients into a state of artificial hibernation would prevent some aspects of stress reactions. These drugs made bodies stop their reactions to cooling. Laborit suggested to Rhône-Poulenc (a pharmaceutical company that became Sanofi) that they create antihistamines that optimized


title: Henri Laborit

texts:
 institutions dropped from 559,000 in 1955 to 452,000 ten years later." Lasker award
Laborit shared the prestigious Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award in 1957 with Pierre Deniker and Heinz Lehmann for contributions towards the general use of chlorpromazine. No one won a Nobel Prize for the discovery, and Jean Delay of the Sainte-Anne Hospital Center, who wanted to win himself, sat on the Nobel committee but was opposed to giving it to <mask>. <mask> found himself at odds with Sainte-Anne hospital's staff for the rest of his life. In 1957, the Lasker Foundation also recognized Nathan S. Kline and Robert H. Noce, both of whom advanced reserpine as a treatment for mental illness, as well as Rustom Jal Vakil for treating hypertension with reserpine, and, unrelated, Richard E. Shope for pioneering our understanding of viruses.Career
Laborit became director of the Laboratoire d'Eutonologie at Boucicault Hospital in Paris. His interests included psychotropic drugs and memory. Alexander Zaytsev synthesized GHB in 1874, and Laborit synthesized the drug in 1960. He was researching GHB as a precursor to the neurotransmitter GABA. Laborit published "Sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate" in the International Journal of Neuropharmacology in September 1964. Awards and cultural references
<mask> received the Croix de Guerre with distinction. He was elected a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 1953.He received the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award which he shared in 1957, after traveling to the United States on behalf of Rhône-Poulenc. <mask>'s ideas are the substance of the Alain Resnais 1980 film Mon oncle d'Amérique in which he plays himself. Laborit interviewed Salvador Dalí about one of his books which

masks: Laborit Laborit Laborit Laborit


title: Henri Laborit

texts:
 Dalí had read but did not understand. Death and legacy

Healy wrote that <mask> felt cheated of his recognition and that he died a bitter man. Healy noted a few attempts to set the record straight: a 1980 book by Jean Thuillier that credits Delay and Deniker and Laborit, a 1960s book by Ann Caldwell that sided with Laborit, and a 1974 book by Judith Swazey, Chlorpromazine in Psychiatry, which gave credit to both sides. A 1992 commemoration by Rhône-Poulenc gave Laborit credit for anesthesia but gave Deniker and Delay credit for application of chlorpromazine to psychiatry. In 1994, on the 200th anniversary of the founding of Val-de-Grâce, a plaque was placed there commemorating the discovery of chlorpromazine by <mask>, Harmon, Paraire, and Velluz in 1952.<mask> was one of the pioneers of complexity theory and self-organization in France and the initiator of "complex thought" in his meetings with the "Groupe des Dix". "Complex thought" was later popularized by Edgar Morin. Publications

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Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

People from Hanoi
1914 births
1995 deaths
French male writers
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Winners of the Prix Broquette-Gonin (literature)
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Recipients of the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
Naval surgeons
French Navy officers
French military personnel of World War II
20th-century French male writers
French people in colonial

masks: Laborit Laborit Laborit


title: Andrew Cowan (soldier)

texts:
<mask> (September 29, 1841 – August 23, 1919) served as a Union artillerist in the American Civil War. He distinguished himself at the Battle of Gettysburg and the Battle of Sayler's Creek. Subsequently, he "amassed a fortune in the leather industry and used that wealth in a variety of philanthropic activities. In addition, he was a prominent force in healing the wounds between the North and South and bringing peace to a fractured nation." Pre-War
<mask> was born in Ayrshire, Scotland on September 29, 1841, and he migrated to the United States as a boy. He married his first wife, Mary Asdit, in upper New York State on February 23, 1864. She bore a son, <mask>, in August 1867 but she died the following month, most likely from complications from childbirth.Civil War service
<mask> had seen service in Virginia before becoming an officer in an independent battery. The 1st New York Battery was recruited by Capt Terance J. Kennedy, mostly in Cayuga County, beginning on October 18, 1861. The battery was organized at Auburn, New York. <mask> was commissioned as the unit's first lieutenant. The battery was mustered into the service as a volunteer unit for a term of three years on November 23. The battery arrived in Washington, D. C. on December 4. Officially designated the 1st New York Battery three days later, it was assigned to BG William F. Smith's division of the Army of the Potomac in January 1862.The division joined IV Corps in March of, 1862. The division joined VI Corps in May 1862, serving in the Peninsula Campaign. By that time, Lt <mask> was in charge. He was promoted to the rank of captain during the Peninsula Campaign. The 1st New York Battery served at the Battle of Yorktown and the Battle of

masks:
Andrew Cowan
Andrew Cowan
Albert Andrew Cowan
Andrew Cowan
Andrew Cowan
Cowan


title: Andrew Cowan (soldier)

texts: Williamsburg under the division's senior artillerist Capt Romeyn B. Ayres. It took part in Seven Days Battles, the Battle of South Mountain at Crampton's Gap,  the Battle of Antietam, and the Battle of Fredericksburg. In the Chancellorsville Campaign, the battery served in the Second Battle of Fredericksburg, covering the crossing of VI Corps into the town of Fredericksburg.It then supported the division of BG Albion Howe at  the Battle of Salem Church. The battery was assigned to the Artillery Brigade of VI Corps in May 1863. In that arrangement it served in the Battle of Gettysburg. In reserve at first, on July 3, 1863, it was placed just south of the copse of trees on Cemetery Ridge, in time to resist Pickett's Charge. <mask>'s guns filled a gap in the infantry line left when a regiment left the front. <mask> ordered his men to fire "double canister" on a group of Confederates trying to penetrate the federal line, and their fire broke up that threat. BG Henry J.Hunt, the army's chief of artillery, was present with them and had his horse shot out from under him. A newspaper account reported that Capt <mask> served in a gun crew at the height of the assault. A monument to the battery, executed by J. G. Hamilton, stands on the site of this action. In the autumn of 1863, the battery served in the Bristoe Campaign, especially the Battle of Rappahannock Station, and in the Mine Run Campaign. The battery served in the VI Corps Artillery Brigade in the Overland Campaign and in the earliest stage of the Siege of Petersburg. Then it served with the Army of the Shenandoah of MG Philip Sheridan from October 1864. In Sheridan's portion of the Valley Campaigns of 1864, <mask> was wounded at the Third Battle

masks: Cowan Cowan Cowan Cowan


title: Andrew Cowan (soldier)

texts: of Winchester.His battery saw particularly hard service at the Battle of Cedar Creek. <mask> served briefly in XXII Corps from December 1864 until it rejoined the Army of the Potomac on January 25, 1865. Men at the expiration of their term of service were given the chance to be discharged, but most reenlisted, permitting the battery to continue in service. In the Army of the Potomac, Capt<mask>, who had received the brevet rank of major, took command of the Artillery Brigade when Col Charles H. Tompkins was assigned to other duties. <mask> was in charge of the VI Corps guns during the Appomattox Campaign. At the Battle of Sailor's Creek on April 6, 1865, Cowan had gathered 20 guns near the Hillsman House.They opened fire at about 5:15 PM, experiencing no counter-battery fire from the Confederates, because their guns had not accompanied the infantry. Two divisions of VI Corps attacked the Confederate rear guard, under Ltg Richard S. Ewell, at about 6:00 PM. Ewell's men attacked the VI Corps divisions as they crossed the stream. The Federals were thrown back. However, <mask>'s guns stopped the Southern advance, allowing the infantry to reform and counterattack. The Confederate line was hit in the front by VI Corps and in the flank by federal cavalry. It collapsed, and Ewell was among the southerners captured on the field.After Robert E. Lee's surrender, at which he was present, the battery returned home. It was honorably discharged and mustered out June 23, 1865, at Syracuse, New York. The 1st New York Battery lost 1 officer and 12 enlisted men killed. 1 officer and 6 enlisted men died of wounds; another 38 enlisted men died of disease or other causes. <mask> left the volunteer services as a brevet

masks:
Cowan
. Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Andrew Cowan


title: Andrew Cowan (soldier)

texts:
 lieutenant colonel, this promotion dated April 9, 1865. Post war

Life in Louisville
After the war, <mask> married his second wife, Anna Gilbert, in New York State in 1876. On October 24, 1876, she bore a son, Gilbert S<mask>, in Louisville, Kentucky, where he had by then settled.He became a leather merchant and after a less than cordial welcome ("He was what you might call a carpetbagger.... In a postbellum Louisville dominated by ex-Confederates, Cowan was from the wrong place at the wrong time with the wrong political leanings.") he eventually became locally prominent. His company sold retail. He also served on company boards, headed a printing company for the blind and was a park commissioner. Cowan also served on the committee that raised funds for the erection of the Statue of Liberty as the city's representative. In 1900, he was a member of a Kentucky delegation that visited the White House to discuss problems in the state with President William McKinley.Louisville's parks
Although John Breckinridge Castleman is usually credited with creating Louisville's park system, credit is more properly due to <mask>. He originally proposed the park system in a newspaper essay of 1887. "It was <mask> who successfully lobbied for the state legislation to create a Louisville Park Commission. It was <mask> who first invited Olmsted, the renowned landscape architect, to Louisville and who secretly coached the firm on how to price their work in order to win the bid.... If Castleman had his way, Olmsted never would have been hired." Veteran's affairs
<mask> also was active in veterans' affairs. On July 3, 1887, Col. <mask> took a leading part in the dedication of the monument to his battery in Gettysburg.He

masks:
Andrew Cowan
. Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Cowan


title: Andrew Cowan (soldier)

texts:
 also gave to veterans of MG George Pickett's division, the Pickett Division association, a sword that had fallen into his hands at the Battle of Gettysburg. On September 9, 1895, <mask> gave a banquet for delegates to a convention of the Grand Army of the Republic. <mask> was close with Confederate survivors in Kentucky, who named him an honorary member of their Orphan Brigade in 1912. <mask> is credited with helping create the Gettysburg Peace Memorial Association, but he did not live to see the Peace Light dedicated in 1938. In 1915, <mask> was the father of a proposal to hold a Confederate reunion in Washington. Later that year, he gave an address at the dedication of a statue of BG Alexander S. Webb, who had commanded the Philadelphia Brigade at Gettysburg, in the Gettysburg National Military Park. When the Confederate reunion was held in 1917, Col. <mask> and President Woodrow Wilson were among the participants.<mask> presented an American flag that was hung beside the Confederate banner. Col. <mask> also served a term as president of the Society of the Army of the Potomac. <mask> died in Louisville on August 23, 1919, at the age of 78. References

 Murray, R. L., "Hurrah for the ould flag! ": the true story of Captain <mask> and the First New York Independent Battery at Gettysburg, Wolcott, N.Y.: Benedum Books, 1998. Phisterer, Frederick, New York in the War of the Rebellion, 6 vols., Albany, J.B. Lyon company, state printers, 1912. Sears, Stephen W., Gettysburg, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003, .Union Army officers
People from Ayrshire
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
1841 births
1919 deaths
Military personnel from Louisville, Kentucky
Scottish emigrants to the United

masks:
Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Andrew Cowan
Andrew Cowan


title: Elly Ameling

texts:
Elisabeth Sara "<mask>" Ameling (born 8 February 1933) is a retired Dutch soprano, who was particularly known for lieder recitals and for performing works by Johann Sebastian Bach. Performing with distinguished pianists and ensembles around the globe, she was awarded various honours and recording prizes. Career
Ameling was born in Rotterdam where she grew up. She later sang with Pierre Bernac. She won the first prize during the International Vocal Competition 's-Hertogenbosch in the Netherlands (1956) and the Concours International de Musique in Geneva (1958). After her professional début as a concert singer in Rotterdam in 1953, she performed for more than forty years in virtually every major cultural centre in the world. She appeared with most of the leading international orchestras and conductors, including Seiji Ozawa, André Previn, Wolfgang Sawallisch, Neville Marriner, Karl Münchinger and Edo de Waart.She made her career mainly as a concert and lieder singer with some excursions into opera, and became world-renowned for her recitals of French and German songs and for her superlative interpretive gifts. She has been equally at home in chamber music, orchestral music, operas, and oratorios. Her operatic roles included Ilia in Mozart's Idomeneo, Fiordiligi in his Così fan tutte in 1958, Jacqueline in Messager's Fortunio in 1959, and the Marchesa in Verdi's Un giorno di regno in 1974, She made her U.S. recital debut at New York's Lincoln Center in 1968 and her opera debut in 1974 as Ilia in Mozart's Idomeneo in Washington, D.C. In 1974,


title: Elly Ameling

texts:
 Heynis. In 1985, she recorded the Schubert's complete incidental music to Rosamunde with the Rundfunkchor Leipzig and the Gewandhausorchester, conducted by Kurt Masur. Icon: <mask> Ameling, The Dutch Nightingale (8CD), 2012, EMI Classics
 Elly Ameling 75 jaar, Live Concertopnamen 1957–1991, Nederlandse Omroep (5CD), 2008, Radio Broadcasts 1957–91, incl. Richard Strauss Vier letzte Lieder, Van Omnium audiovisueel, GW 80003. The Artistry of Elly Ameling (5CD), Philips. <mask> Ameling, After Hours..., Songs by Gershwin, Porter, Prévert a.o. ; Louis van Dijk, Philips.<mask> <mask>, Sentimental Me, Songs by Porter, Ellington, Sondheim a.o. ; Louis van Dijk, Polygram Classics. <mask> Ameling, Sweet Was The Song, international Christmas songs, EMI. <mask> Ameling, The Early Recordings (4CD), DHM (Sony BMG). Bach:
 Arias from Cantatas for soprano, oboe and b.c., Han de Vries (oboe),  (organ), Richte van der Meer (cello), EMI. Bauern-, Kaffee-, Hochzeitskantate, Non sà che sia dolore, with Gerald English, Siegmund Nimsgern, Collegium Aureum, DHM (Sony BMG). Ein feste Burg, Jauchzet Gott, Wachet auf, English Chamber Orchestra, Raymond Leppard, Deutsche Bachsolisten, Helmut Winschermann, Philips.Johannes-Passion, Stuttgarter Kammerorchester, Karl Münchinger, Decca. Matthäus-Passion, Stuttgarter Kammerorchester, Karl Münchinger, Decca. Magnificat / Osteroratorium, Stuttgarter Kammerorchester, Karl Münchinger, Decca. Weihnachtsoratorium, Stuttgarter Kammerorchester, Karl Münchinger, Decca. Berlioz: Les nuits d'été, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Robert Shaw,

masks: Elly Elly Elly Ameling Elly Elly


title: Elly Ameling

texts:
 Telarc. Brahms: Lieder, Rudolf Jansen, Hyperion. Debussy: Mélodies, Dalton Baldwin, EMI.For details, see here
 Fauré:
 Lieder, Complete Songs (4CD), with Gérard Souzay, Dalton Baldwin, Brilliant. Requiem, Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, Jean Fournet, Philips. Grieg: Peer Gynt, San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, Edo de Waart, Philips. Handel:
 Messiah, Academy of St Martin-in-the-Fields, Neville Marriner, Decca. <mask> <mask> sings Handel
Haydn:
 Orlando Paladino, Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne, Antal Dorati, Philips. Lieder, Jörg Demus, Brilliant Classics (3-Disc re-issue)
 Mahler:
 Symphony No. 2 & Symphony No.4, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Bernard Haitink, Philips. Martin:
 Le mystère de la nativité, Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, Ernest Ansermet, Cascavelle. Frank Martin interprète Frank Martin, with others, Frank Martin, Jecklin Disco. Mendelssohn:
 Elias, Gewandhausorchester, Wolfgang Sawallisch, Philips. Lieder, Rudolf Jansen, Sony BMG. Mozart
 Requiem, Wiener Philharmoniker, Istvan Kertesz, Decca. Mozart, Schubert, Opern-und Konzertarien, Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, Edo de Waart,  PENTATONE.The complete Mozart-Edition Vol. 24 (Lieder, Notturni), Philips. Poulenc: Edition du centenaire 1899–1963 (Melodies & Lieder), EMI Classics. Ravel: Mélodies-Lieder, Shéhérazade, Rudolf Jansen, Erato (Warner). Schubert, Lieder (4CD), Dalton Baldwin, Rudolf Jansen, Philips. Schubert, Schumann, Lieder, Jörg Demus, DHM (Sony BMG). Schubert, Duette-Terzette-Quartette, with Janet Baker, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Peter Schreier, Gerald Moore,

masks: Elly Ameling


title: Elly Ameling

texts:
 Deutsche Grammophon.Schumann: Frauenliebe und Leben, Dalton Baldwin,  PENTATONE. Vivaldi:
 Berühmte geistliche Chorwerke, Nulla in mundo pax, English Chamber Orchestra, Vittorio Negri, Philips. Juditha triumphans, with the Kammerorchester Berlin, Vittorio Negri, Philips. Wolf:
 Italienisches Liederbuch, Goethe- und Keller-Lieder, with Tom Krause, Irwin Gage, Rudolf Jansen, GLOBE. Spanisches Liederbuch, Rudolf Jansen, Hyperion. References

Sources
 Hamilton, David. (1987).The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Guide to the World of Opera. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo: Simon and Schuster. p. 21. .
 Sadie, Stanley and John Tyrrell. (2001). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Vol. 1, p. 462. .
 Janny de Jong: <mask> Ameling, vocaal avontuur.104 pages, Unieboek/De Gooise Uitgeverij, Bussum (NL) 1978, . External links

 Elly Ameling vinyldivas.com
 Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks
 <mask> Ameling (Soprano) Bach Cantatas Website
 Interview with <mask> Ameling by Bruce Duffie, 9 April 1982
 Hans Pieter Herman: Reunion: <mask> Ameling (interview) www.operanews.com 2012
 Unusual and loving tribute to <mask> Ameling instantencore.com
 Edith Mathis and Elly Ameling ORF 15 February 2018
 Chris Pasles: Dutch Soprano Shows She's Not the Retiring Type Los Angeles Times 10 March 1997

1933 births
Living people
Musicians from Rotterdam
Dutch operatic sopranos
Knights of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
20th-century Dutch women opera

masks: Elly Elly Elly Elly Elly


title: Monkhouse Davison

texts:
Monkhouse <mask> (1713–1793) was the senior partner in one of the leading grocers in 18th century London, Davison Newman and Co., that imported a wide range of produce including tea, coffee, sugar and spices. The company is best known today for the disposal of chests of its tea in the Boston Tea Party at the start of the American Revolution. Products branded with the company name are still being sold, over 360 years after its foundation. Monkhouse was born to wealthy parents Isaac and <mask> of Cowdall Hall (later known as Coledale Hall) in Newtown, on the outskirts of Carlisle, Cumbria. The name "Monkhouse" came from his mother's maiden name. Her family lived five miles away in Dalston, Cumbria. He had six siblings.John, who was born 13 years earlier in 1700 (who also became a grocer and served as the mayor of Carlisle in 1765), Jane in 1702, Isaac in 1703, Jacob in 1705,  Thomas in 1716 and Mary in 1720. We know that Thomas also worked in the Davison Newman business until he died. The cost of his lavish funeral is recorded in detail. Early years

It's probable that father Isaac accumulated his wealth from a grocery business in Carlisle which led to three sons pursuing this line. <mask> must have moved to London in his early 20s to embark on his career probably as a result of a family connection with the Rawlinson family living 47 miles away in Hawkshead, close to Windermere in Cumbria. Daniel Rawlinson of Grizedale Hall, 1614–79, became a wine merchant in London. His son Sir Thomas Rawlinson was born in London in 1647 became Lord Mayor in 1706, and his great nephew, also called Thomas Rawlinson, ran a

masks:
Davison
Jane Davison
Monkhouse


title: Monkhouse Davison

texts:
 from China, tobacco and truffles. The company accounts, in the mid 18th century, show that in just nine months £53,000 (about £80 million in today's money) of goods, mostly spices, were being imported from John Goddard in Rotterdam. Davison's tea leads to American Independence
The Davison and Newman customers were not only located across the British Isles but the company regularly shipped to North America. Over five months a Dublin merchant bought £6000 of tea (£9 million), spices and pepper, etc., a Bristol merchant in four months spent £4500, a Hull merchant spent £3842 in six months, and so on.The company must have been one of, if not the, largest grocery wholesaler in England. But they also had at least one retail outlet located in the City of London. In 1774, chests of tea from the company were amongst those thrown into Boston Harbour during the Boston Tea Party which started the American Revolution. The company sought compensation from George III for £480 for the loss of the tea. Personal life
The surviving eighteenth century company records ensure an unusually good insight into the daily transactions of the business. But much less is known about the day-to-day lives of its directors. Public records show that both Monkhouse and Abram were generous benefactors.<mask> was a trustee of Theatre Royal, Drury Lane and financially supported at least one production. He also contributed to the Foundling Hospital. We know that he provided the first public riverside walk for Carlisle and gave an annual dole for the poor. Monkhouse's sister, Jane who lived in Carlisle, was described as "a lady of exemplary piety