title: Catterino Cavos

texts:
 introduced principles of folk supporting voices, bass, which before were considered ornament for choir, led the main melody.This is a unique case for the beginning of the 19th century". The work in question, based on the tale of Ivan Susanin, was Glinka's epoch-making A Life for the Tsar. (another name for this Glinka's opera is Ivan Susanin, too). Mikhail Glinka took his creation A Life for the Tsar in the Petersburg Imperial theatre, in which the Department of opera was headed by <mask>. <mask> immediately adopted a new opera. Moreover, <mask> himself conducted the orchestra at the premiere of the opera A Life for the Tsar December 9 (November 27) 1836. Both opera with one plot – of <mask> and of Glinka – were included in the repertoire of the Bolshoi Kamenny theater in St. Petersburg for many years simultaneously.Singer Osip Petrov (a pupil of <mask> <mask>) sang the role of Ivan Susanin in both operas (the first singer of Ivan Susanin in the <mask> opera was a pupil of <mask> Cavos Piotr Zlov). <mask> acquainted the Russian public with the operas of Luigi Cherubini, Étienne Méhul, Carl Maria von Weber, and others. <mask> spent more than forty years in Russia and died in St Petersburg. Professional legacy and descendants
Orlando Figes says of him:In 1803 the Emperor Alexander took control of the public theatres and placed <mask> in charge of the Bolshoi Kamenny, until then the only public opera house and exclusively reserved for Italian opera. <mask> built the Bolshoi Kamenny into a stronghold of Russian opera. He wrote works such as Ilya Bogatyr (1807) on heroic national themes with librettos in Russian, and his music was strongly influenced by Russian and Ukrainian folk songs. Much of Glinka's operatic music, which

masks: Cavos Cavos Cavos Cavos Catterino Cavos Cavos Catterino Cavos Cavos Cavos Cavos


title: Catterino Cavos

type: original

texts: the nationalists would champion as the foundation of the Russian tradition, was in fact anticipated by <mask>.The 'national character' of Russian music was thus first developed by a foreigner. <mask>' wife, Camilla Baglioni (1773-1832), was a coloratura soprano who gained fame as an opera singer in the late 18th century. Opera was in Camilla's blood; three of her sisters and two of her brothers also had careers as opera singers. Arguably, the most successful member of the Baglioni family was Camilla's brother, Antonio Baglioni. Antonio served for nearly a decade (1787-1795/6) as the leading tenor in Domenico Guardasoni's opera troupe. In 1787, Antonio created the role of Don Ottavio in Don Giovanni in a performance personally conducted by the opera's composer, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Four years later, Antonio created the role of Tito in another opera composed and conducted by Mozart, La clemenza di Tito.This was a great honor, as only a handful of singers had multiple operatic roles written expressly for them by Mozart. <mask> and Camilla's eldest son, <mask> "Alberto" <mask> (1800-1863), was an architect best known for his theatre designs, having built Russia's two most iconic theatres, the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg (1859–1860) and the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow (1853–1856). Albert's daughter Camilla married Nicholas Benois, a prominent Russian architect, and became the matriarch of the Benois family. Her descendants included: Alexandre Benois artist and founder of Mir iskusstva, painter Zinaida Serebriakova, sculptor and graphic artist Eugene Lanceray, architect Leon Benois, and actor Sir Peter Ustinov. <mask> and Camilla's younger son, <mask> "Giovanni" <mask> (1805-1861), received musical training and served

masks:
Cavos
Cavos
Cavos
Albert Catterinovich
Cavos
Cavos
Ivan Catterinovich
Cavos


title: Catterino Cavos

texts:
 thirty years in the Imperial Theatres in St. Petersburg, holding various positions, including Director of Orchestras, Director of Italian Opera, and Inspector of the Smolny Institute. <mask>' daughter, Stefanida, taught music at the Smolny Institute from 1822 to 1837, before marrying an Italian named Corrinini, and settling in Venice. Operas
 Soliman second, ou Les trois Sultanes one-act vaudeville after Charles Simon Favart, June 7 [OS Mai 26] 1798 St. Petersburg.(Also with Russian libretto: Suliman vtoroi, ili Tri sultanshi – Сулиман второй или три султанши, 1813)
 Les Trois bossus (Three Brothers Crouchbacks)
 L'Alchimiste
 L'Intrigue dans les ruines
 Le Mariage d'Aubigny
 Lesta, dneprovskaya rusalka (May 17 [OS May 5], 1804, St Petersburg, Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre) by Ferdinand Kauer with the additional music by <mask> and Stepan Davydov. In connection with the dismissal of Charles Didelot for staging by another choreographer Alexis-Scipion Blache a composer Hippolyte Sonnet (Sonneu, Sonneux ?) composed his music. CDs
The Golden Age of Russian Guitar, Vol.2CD: Ovchinnikov, Oleg Timofeyev, D. Kushenov-Dmitrievsky, Andrei Osipovich Sychra, <mask> <mask>

Notes

References
 Mercier, J.: "Notice nécrologique sur <mask> Cavos" (St Petersburg, 1849). Aloys Mooser, R.: "Un Musicista Veneziano in Russia: <mask> <mask> (1775-1840)", Nuova Rivista Musicale Italiana III/1 (1969) 13-23. External links
Classical Composers
 Operone
 Biography (Russian)

Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian opera composers
Male opera composers
Russian classical composers
Russian male classical composers
Italian conductors (music)
Italian male conductors (music)
Musicians from Venice
1775 births
1840 deaths
Burials at

masks: Cavos Cavos Catterino Cavos Catterino Catterino Cavos


title: Owais Mohammad

texts:
<mask> is an Indian immunologist, nano-technologist and a professor at the interdisciplinary biotechnology unit of the Aligarh Muslim University. Known for his studies on nanotechnology-based vaccine and drug delivery, <mask> is the author of two books, Trypanothione reductase: a potential anti-leishmanial drug target and Antimicrobial properties of clove oil: clove oils as antimicrobial agent. He has also co-edited two books, Modern Phytomedicine: Turning Medicinal Plants into Drugs and Combating Fungal Infections: Problems and Remedy, and has contributed chapters. His studies have also been documented by way of a number of articles and ResearchGate, an online repository of scientific articles has listed 60 of them. He is a recipient of the Rashtriya Gaurav Award of the India International Friendship Society. The Department of Biotechnology of the Government of India awarded him the National Bioscience Award for Career Development, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences in 2007. His work has been displayed on cover pages of FEMS Immunol.Med Microbiology for all the issues of Year 2006 and Molecular Medicine in May–June issue of Year 2007. Education and career
Owais did his undergraduate and post-graduate studies in Pharmacy from Delhi University, India, after which he pursued his doctoral research from Institute of Microbial Technology

masks:
Owais Mohammad
Owais


title: Owais Mohammad

texts: Aggregated Ag85B Antigen for Its Biophysical Properties, Immunogenicity, and Vaccination Potential in a Murine Model of Tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol.2017, 27;8:1608. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01608. eCollection  2017. Dinh T, Zia Q, Zubair S, Stapleton P, Singh R, <mask> M, Somavarapu S. Novel biodegradable poly(gamma-glutamic acid)-amphotericin B complexes show promise as improved amphotericin B formulations. Nanomedicine. 2017, 13(5):1773-1783. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.02.003. Zia Q, <mask>, Rauf MA, Khan W, Zubair S. Biomimetically engineered Amphotericin B nano-aggregates circumvent toxicity constraints and treat systemic fungal infection in experimental animals. Sci Rep. 2017, 19;7(1):11873. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11847-0.<mask>, Kaur J, Singh G, Faisal SM, Azhar A, Rauf MA, Gupta UD, Gupta P, Pal R, Zubair S. TLR Agonist Augments Prophylactic Potential of Acid Inducible Antigen Rv3203 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in Experimental Animals. PLOS One. 2016, 29;11(3):e0152240. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152240. Tufail S, <mask> M, Kazmi S, Balyan R, Khalsa JK, Faisal SM, Sherwani MA, Gatoo MA, Umar MS, Zubair S. Amyloid form of ovalbumin evokes native antigen-specific immune response in the host: prospective immuno-prophylactic potential. J Biol Chem. 2015,13;290(7):4131-48. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.540989.Zia Q, Khan AA, Swaleha Z, <mask> M. Self-assembled

masks:
Owais
Mohammad O
Mohammad O
Owais
Owais


title: Owais Mohammad

texts:
 amphotericin B-loaded polyglutamic acid nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and in vitro potential against Candida albicans. Int J Nanomed. 2015, 5;10:1769-90. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S31565. Alam M, Zubair S, Farazuddin M, Ahmad E, Khan A, Zia Q, Malik A, <mask>. Development, characterization and efficacy of niosomal diallyl disulfide in treatment of disseminated murine candidiasis. Nanomedicine. 2013, 9(2):247-56. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.07.004.Tufail S, Badrealam KF, Sherwani A, Gupta UD, Owais M. Tissue specific heterogeneity in effector immune cell response. Front Immunol. 2013, 27;4:254. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00254. Nanomedicine

 Khan AA, Jabeen M, Khan AA, Owais M. Anticancer efficacy of a novel propofol–linoleic acid-loaded escheriosomal formulation against murine hepatocellular carcinoma. Nanomedicine. 2013, 8(8):1281-94. doi: 10.2217/nnm.12.166. Alam M, Dwivedi V, Khan AA, <mask>. Efficacy of niosomal formulation of diallyl sulfide against experimental candidiasis in Swiss albino mice.Nanomedicine. 2009, 4(7):713-24. doi: 10.2217/nnm.09.60. Chauhan A, Zubair S, Nadeem A, Ansari SA, Ansari MY, <mask>. Escheriosome-mediated cytosolic delivery of PLK1-specific siRNA: potential in treatment of liver cancer in BALB/c mice. Nanomedicine,. 2014, 9(4):407-20. doi: 10.2217/NNM.13.21. J Antimicrob Chemother

 Khan MA, <mask> M. Toxicity, stability and pharmacokinetics of

masks:
Mohammad O
Mohammad O
Mohammad O
Owais


title: Owais Mohammad

texts:
 amphotericin B in immunomodulator tuftsin-bearing liposomes in a murine model. J Antimicrob Chemother.2006, 58(1):125-32. Khan MA, Jabeen R, Nasti TH, <mask>. Enhanced anticryptococcal activity of chloroquine in phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes in a murine model. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005, 55(2):223-8. Nasti TH, Khan MA, <mask> M. Enhanced efficacy of pH-sensitive nystatin liposomes against Cryptococcus neoformans in murine model. J Antimicrob Chemother.2006, 57(2):349-52. Khan MA, Nasti TH, Owais M. Incorporation of amphotericin B in tuftsin-bearing liposomes showed enhanced efficacy against systemic cryptococcosis in leucopenic mice. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005, 56(4):726-31. Biochim Biophys Acta

 Ahmad N, Arif K, Faisal SM, Neyaz MK, Tayyab S, <mask> M. PLGA-microsphere mediated clearance of bilirubin in temporarily hyperbilirubinemic rats: an alternate strategy for the treatment of experimental jaundice. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006, 1760(2):227-32.Deeba F, Tahseen HN, Sharad KS, Ahmad N, Akhtar S, Saleemuddin M, <mask>. Phospholipid diversity: Correlation with membrane–membrane fusion events. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 May 20;1669(2):170-81. Younus H, <mask> M, Rao DN, Saleemuddin M. Stabilization of pancreatic ribonuclease A by immobilization on Sepharose-linked antibodies that recognize the labile region of the enzyme. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001, 9;1548(1):114-20.

masks:
Mohammad O
Owais
Owais
Mohammad O
Owais


title: Owais Mohammad

texts:
 Vaccine

 Ahmad E, Fatima MT, Saleemuddin M, <mask> M. Plasma beads loaded with Candida albicans cytosolic proteins impart protection against the fungal infection in BALB/c mice.Vaccine. 2012, 6;30(48):6851-8. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.010. Ansari MA, Zubair S, Mahmood A, Gupta P, Khan AA, Gupta UD, Arora A, Owais M. RD antigen based nanovaccine imparts long term protection by inducing memory response against experimental murine tuberculosis. PLOS One. 2011;6(8):e22889. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022889. Singha H, Mallick AI, Jana C, Fatima N, <mask> M, Chaudhuri P. Co-immunization with interlukin-18 enhances the protective efficacy of liposomes encapsulated recombinant Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase protein against Brucella abortus.Vaccine. 2011, 24;29(29-30):4720-7. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.088. Mallick AI, Singha H, Chaudhuri P, Nadeem A, Khan SA, Dar KA, <mask> M. Liposomised recombinant ribosomal L7/L12 protein protects BALB/c mice against Brucella abortus 544 infection. Vaccine. 2007, 4;25(18):3692-704. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.066. Sharma SK, Farah D, Misra-Bhattacharya S, Bajpai P, Agarwal A, <mask>. Escheriosome entrapped soluble blood stage antigens impart protective immunity against a multi-drug resistant isolate of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in BALB/c mice. Vaccine.2006, 13;24(7):948-56. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.010. Chauhan A, Zubair S, Tufail S,

masks:
Owais
Owais
Owais
Mohammad O


title: Owais Mohammad

texts:
 Sherwani A, Sajid M, Raman SC, Azam A, <mask> M. Fungus-mediated biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles: potential in detection of liver cancer. Int J Nanomed. 2011;6:2305-19. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S23195. Int J Nanomed

 Farazuddin M, Dua B, Zia Q, Khan AA, Joshi B, Owais M. Chemotherapeutic potential of curcumin-bearing microcells against hepatocellular carcinoma in model animals. Int J Nanomed. 2014, 3;9:1139-52. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S34668.Ansari MA, Zubair S, Tufail S, Ahmad E, Khan MR, Quadri Z, <mask> M. Ether lipid vesicle-based antigens impart protection against experimental listeriosis. Int J Nanomed. 2012;7:2433-47. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S25875. Farazuddin M, Sharma B, Khan AA, Joshi B, <mask> M. Anticancer efficacy of perillyl alcohol-bearing PLGA microparticles. Int J Nanomed. 2012;7:35-47. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S24920. Chauhan A, Zubair S, Tufail S, Sherwani A, Sajid M, Raman SC, Azam A, <mask> M. Fungus-mediated biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles: potential in detection of liver cancer.Int J Nanomed. 2011;6:2305-19. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S23195. PLOS One

 Owais M, Kazmi S, Tufail S, Zubair S. An alternative chemical redox method for the production of bispecific antibodies: implication in rapid detection of food borne pathogens. PLOS One. 2014 Mar 17;9(3):e91255. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091255. Chauhan A, Zubair S, Sherwani A, <mask> M. Aloe vera induced biomimetic assemblage

masks: Owais Owais Owais Owais Owais


title: Matthias Politycki

texts:
<mask> (born in Karlsruhe on May 20, 1955) is a German novelist and poet. He studied in Munich and Vienna and obtained a PhD in philosophy in 1987. His first novel Aus Fälle/Zerlegung des Regenbogens. Ein Entwickelungsroman. (Drop Outs / Disassembling the Rainbow. An Entwickelungsroman) appeared that same year. His breakthrough came in 1997 with Weiberroman (Novel of Women) and in 2008 with his cruise ship satire In 180 Tagen um die Welt (Around the World in 180 Days).His lifetime passion to travel to foreign countries also influences his perception of his own culture, and provides a source of new ideas for his writing. <mask>'s London for Heroes. The Ale Trail – an ale tale emerged from his excursions to London's East End pubs while he was Writer in Residence at Queen Mary University of London in 2009. His books have been translated into French, Italian, Japanese and Chinese. His Next World Novella (Jenseitsnovelle) was translated by Anthea Bell, OBE and published by Peirene Press in 2011. <mask> has completed numerous book tours, including at the Edinburgh World Writers' Conference in August 2012 and the Belfast Festival at Queen's in October 2014. His collected poems were published by Hoffmann und Campe in 2018.He has won numerous awards including the Ernst-Hoferichter-Preis in 2009. Life
<mask> grew up in Munich and began writing aged sixteen when he was disappointed in love. He achieved his school-leaving certificate (Abitur) in 1974 at the Maria-Theresia-Gymnasium. His military

masks:
Matthias Politycki
Politycki
Politycki
Politycki


title: Matthias Politycki

texts:
 service was with 541 Infantry Battalion in Neuburg an der Donau in 1974/75. He completed a training exercise as a military reserve in 1977, but from then on he refused further active duty. He was officially recognized as a conscientious objector on 21 December 1977. From 1975 to 1987, he studied German literature, philosophy, theatre- and communication studies at the Universities of Munich and Vienna and graduated in 1981 with a Magister degree.In 1987, he completed his PhD with Walter Müller-Seidel in Munich. His dissertation on Nietzsche as a subtle interpreter of the influence of tradition and contemporary value-ideals was entitled Umwertung aller Werte? Deutsche Literatur im Urteil Nietzsches. <mask> taught for three semesters as a tenured assistant professor at the Munich Insitut für Deutsche Philologie. His career as a freelance writer began in earnest in 1990, although he continued as a freelance editor for Munich Publishers C.H. Beck until 1999. He encouraged dialogue among writers, literary editors and critics as organizer of the annual "Untitled" conferences from 2000 to 2005 at Schloss Elmau in the Bavarian Alps.In 2011, he was curator of the Munich Literature Festival. <mask> is a member of the PEN Centre Germany and the Freie Akademie der Künste Hamburg in Hamburg. He lives in Hamburg and Munich. Literary work

Novels and short stories
<mask>'s first novel in 1987 Aus Fälle / Zerlegung des Regenbogens. Ein Entwickelungsroman. (Drop Outs / Disassembling the Rainbow. An

masks:
Politycki
Politycki
Matthias Politycki


title: Matthias Politycki

texts: Entwickelungsroman) was experimental and echoed the writing style of Arno Schmidt and James Joyce.He was described as a "form-fixated avant-gardist". By the early 1990s, his sights were set on a "new readability" of German literature. He argued that "literature must be like rock music". After Weiberroman in 1997, <mask> acknowledged his identity as a writer from the "Generation of 1978" (Reinhard Mohr) that he distinguished from the 1968 Movement with its strong protest tradition. His book was described as a cult novel; it is regarded as a key text of Postmodern literature in Germany. After five months in the Caribbean, his constant quest to explore the experience of a clash between familiar and foreign cultures emerged in his 2005 Cuba novel, Herr der Hörner (Lord of the Horns). This was the tale of an enlightened European's fight for survival in a culture influenced by archaic rituals.The story was a "search for the exotic" as much as about the will to resist the belief-system of Palo (religion) and Santería religions, and a "culmination of Nietzsche's admired 'Dionysian worldview'". In 2006, Hapag-Lloyd invited <mask> to become a writer-in-(non)-residence on board its luxury passenger ship MS Europa. Ten years after his best-selling Weiberroman, <mask> matched its success with his 2008 picaresque novel In 180 Tagen um die Welt. This is the story of a "modern Simplicissimus" who describes "the rituals of the rich and the super-rich". His Next World Novella gives a poignant insight

masks: Politycki Politycki Politycki


title: Matthias Politycki

texts: into the mind of his protagonist, an expert in Chinese studies Hinrich Schepp. Schepp's story begins with the discovery that his wife, Doro, suffered a fatal stroke while editing his manuscript. Her constant fear of death – the 'beyondness' of things (jenseits) – compels him to reassess their life together.However, he realizes, too late, that her eloquent criticisms of his forgotten manuscript also bring to light her hidden perception of their married life. As critic Rebecca Morrison explains, <mask> "leavens his grim tale with playful teasing of his reader's expectations". In his 2013novel Samarkand Samarkand, the carefully honed plot, which took about twenty-five years to create, shifts attention to the year 2026. The scene is set in legendary Samarkand, where Alexander Kaufner, a mountain ranger and frontier runner, embarks on a quest to find a mysterious cult place, a second Samarkand somewhere hidden high up in the mountains. The novel evolves a dark dystopia of the free West on the brink of collapse due to the aggression of Greater-Russia and the fundamentalist alliances of the Caliph of Baghdad. Kaufner's mission is to save the Western world from destruction. The critic Martin Halter commented that "Samarkand Samarkand is an immensely eloquent, oriental and vivid travelogue and adventure story that penetrates to the heart of darkness."Among <mask>'s literary role models – Laurence Sterne, Diderot, Gottfried Benn and Vladimir Nabokov – he recently acknowledged Ernest Hemingway as

masks: Politycki Politycki


title: Matthias Politycki

texts:
 an important influence for the "simplicity and reduction" of his own writing style. Essays
<mask>'s new hybrid genre of non-fictional literature became evident in 2015 with his 42,195, an autobiographical book about marathon running. His Schrecklich schön und weit und wild (Fearsomely Beautiful and Far and Wild) in 2017 was described as a "mix of philosophical essay and autobiographical field report" about "the past, present and future of travel". <mask>'s prolific newspaper articles are collected in two essay editions (1998 and 2007). He has voiced his view of the novel in German literature as an orientation map to the world in Relevanter Realismus, published as Was soll der Roman? (What Purpose for the Novel?) and, more focused on the growing controversy with other cultures, Weißer Mann – was nun?(What Now – White Man?). His standpoint on writing, which he compared to marathon running, was illustrated in a plenary lecture at the German Germanistentag in 2016. Programmatically entitled "Reduktion & Tempo", his talk was published in the Göttinger Sudelblätter (2017). Poetry
Politycki presented all of his many poetry collections on stage. In 1996–1997, he went on tour with Robert Gernhardt and their common lyrical program Wein, Weib und Gesang (Wine, Women and Song); in 2004–2005 he joined Hellmuth Opitz and Steffen Jacobs with Frauen. Naja. Schwierig (Women.Well Now. Difficult). Publisher Uwe Wittstock described him as "the greatest living linguistic gourmet among German poets".


title: Matthias Politycki

texts:
 <mask>'s collected poetry edition Sämtliche Gedichte 2017–1987 was awarded NDR Book of the Month in June 2018. It is a collection of previously published monographs, sporadically released poems as well as a new poem cycle and contains an afterword by Wolfgang Frühwald. Awards
<mask>'s first novel Aus Fälle / Zerlegung des Regenbogens won the Civitas-Literaturpreis in 1987 and the Bayerischer Staatsförderpreis for literature in 1988. In 2009, he received the Ernst-Hoferichter-Preis of the city of Munich.He was awarded the Preis der LiteraTour Nord in 2010. In 2014, he became Writer in Residence in Osaka to celebrate the 25-year anniversary of the town-twinning of Hamburg and Osaka. That same year, he was Artist in Residence in St Moritz. He received the travel scholarship Literarischer Landgang of the Literaturbüro Oldenburg in 2015. As a recipient of a travel stipend of the Deutscher Literaturfonds and Sylt Foundation, in 2017 he travelled in Cambodia on the trail of the Khmer Rouge. In 2018, Schrecklich schön und weit und wild received the ITB BuchAward of the Internationale Tourismus Börse (ITB) Berlin. His excursion to China in September 2018 was as Writer in Residence on the invitation of the Shanghai Writers' Association.He accepted a new invitation from the Chinese Writers' Association and the Lu Xun Academy as Writer in Residence in Beijing in 2019. Publications
<mask>'s works have been translated into English, Irish, French, Italian, Japanese and Chinese. Available in English:

masks:
Politycki
Matthias Politycki
Politycki


title: Matthias Politycki

texts:
 Vom Verschwinden der Dinge in der Zukunft. Bestimmte Artikel 2006–1998 (2007). Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg. Marietta – die Idee, der Datensatz und der Strohhut.Schreiben und Schreiben-Lassen im Internet (2000). Franz Steiner Verlag (=Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz, Abhandlung No 1/2000 der Klasse der Literatur), Stuttgart. Die Farbe der Vokale. Von der Literatur, den 78ern und dem Gequake satter Frösche (1998). Luchterhand Literaturverlag, Munich. Editorship and miscellaneous
 Das Gedicht. Nr.20. Das Beste aus 20 Jahren – und für die nächsten 20 Jahre (2012). Jubiliäumsausgabe, mit A. Leitner. Weßling. .
 London, Signale aus der Weltmaschine (2011). Corso Verlag, Hamburg. .
 Marietta / Ein Mann von vierzig Jahren (1999) Dokumentation des ZDF-Projekts "Novel in Progress" auf der Homepage von Aspekte ZDF. CD Rom. ZDF Online / Luchterhand Literaturverlag, Munich (et al.).Hundert notwendige Gedichte. Und ein überflüssiges (1992) Luchterhand Literaturverlag, Hamburg, Zurich. Non-fiction books
 Umwertung aller Werte? Deutsche Literatur im Urteil Nietzsches (1989). De Gruyter, Berlin. Der frühe Nietzsche und die deutsche Klassik. Studien zu Problemen literarischer Wertung (1981).Münchner Hochschulschriften, Straubing. Audio books
 42,195. Warum wir Marathon laufen und was wir dabei denken (Hörbuch, gelesen von <mask>cki). (2015). erlesen.TV GmbH. Samarkand Samarkand (Sprecher: <mask>cki). (2013).Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg. London für Helden. The Ale Trail (Mit Peter

masks:
Matthias Polity
Matthias Polity


title: Matthias Politycki

texts:
 Lohmeyer und Colin Soleman) (2011). Verlag Antje Kunstmann, Munich. Jenseitsnovelle (Mit Nina Petri) (2009). Radioropa/Technisat, Daun. Das Schiff.Erlebnisse einer Weltreise mit <mask> (2008). Hörbuch von Wolfgang Stockmann, Logbuchtexte und Erzähler: <mask>cki. Verlag Antje Kunstmann, Munich. Des Teufels Amulett (2007). Münchner Frühling Verlag, Munich. Frauen. Naja.Schwierig (Mit Hellmuth Opitz und Steffen Jacobs) (2005). Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg. Das Schweigen am andern Ende des Rüssels (2001). Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg. Ein Mann von vierzig Jahren (2000). Hörbuch Hamburg/Deutschlandradio, Hamburg. References

External links
  Official website of <mask>cki (mainly in German, but also containing videos and some examples of literary translations in English).Bibliography by and about <mask> in the catalogue of the German National Library. Short biography and information about literary works by <mask> at Literaturport. Short biography and reviews of literary works by <mask> at Perlentaucher. <mask> on the Literaturportal Bayern (Projekt der Bayerische Staatsbibiothek). <mask> reads from London für Helden on YouTube. Official YouTube channel of <mask>. 1955 births
Living people
German male novelists
German male poets
20th-century German non-fiction writers
20th-century German novelists
20th-century German poets
20th-century German male writers
21st-century German non-fiction writers
21st-century German novelists
21st-century German poets
21st-century German male writers
Writers from

masks:
Matthias Politycki
Matthias Polity
Matthias Polity
Matthias Politycki
Matthias Politycki
Matthias Politycki
Matthias Politycki
Matthias Politycki
Matthias Politycki


title: Helen Vernet

texts:
<mask> (1875–1956) was the first woman in the history of horse racing in Great Britain to be granted a license to legally carry out business as a bookmaker on a racecourse. Early life
<mask> is thought to have been born on 12 June 1875. She was the daughter of Arthur Bryden (d. 1897), a solicitor, of Broxmore House, Whiteparish, Wiltshire, and his wife Rosa Matilda, daughter of Sir Arthur Percy Cuninghame-Fairlie, 10th Baronet. In 1891 the family were living in Beauchamp Place. Reportedly, Vernet inherited £8,000 following the death of her father in 1897. When she was 21, she married Armyn Littledale Thornton, a stockbroker by profession on 2 November 1896. When she came of age, and having this capital of her own, she quickly developed a taste for gambling and a fondness for going to the racetrack as often as she could.Vernet was not yet a skilled enough operator of the kind she was later to become, gradually dissipating most of her inheritance in the process of her activities. Apparently, this was not a happy union from the outset, as the marriage ended in annulment in January 1905. As the marriage was annulled, in accordance with Matrimonial Causes Act 1857, both parties were free to marry again. Later in 1905 Vernet married another stockbroker, <mask>. She started divorce proceedings against him in November 1923, but they had lived separately for well over a decade. Bookmaking
At this time, Tote pool betting was not yet a feature of British racecourses, and the rough and tumble of the betting ring was very much a male preserve and socially out of bounds to the opposite sex. <mask> had noticed that many women wanted to bet.The problem was that for those women in the Tattersalls enclosure and grandstand areas wanting to place a small

masks:
Helen Monica Mabel Vernet
Helen Vernet
Robert Vernet
Helen Vernet


title: Helen Vernet

texts:
 mentor, Arthur Bendir, Vernet was made a partner in the firm in 1928 and was paid a reputed £20,000 per year in salary and commission as Ladbrokes' on-course rails representative. In 1939 she was living in Hove, Sussex. While never one to hoard money, she enjoyed an elegant and comfortable lifestyle that afforded Vernet the opportunity to eventually settle at 49 Eaton Place in London's Belgravia, and holiday regularly on the French Riviera where she liked to gamble at the casino tables. But nevertheless, she insisted on working almost until her death in 1956 at the age of 80, even to the extent of attending race meetings in a wheelchair pushed by her assistant, Alf Simmons, due to the crippling effects of arthritis. Death
<mask>t died on 30 March 1956 and while she did not die penniless, she did not die wealthy either. Given her taste for expensive living, and a love of taking chances, when she obtained money, she spent it, living life to her available means, if not occasionally above it.While there are apparently no photographs of <mask> in the public domain there is however a Punch cartoon of her, drawn by George Belcher, that dates from the mid-1930s. It depicts her and an accompanying male clerk ready to do business on some unnamed racecourse – the caption reads: "To see her standing on the rails – One woman in a world of males – Serene, as you hand your choice both ways – Far older than the odds she lays." Further reading

References

External links
 Legal interpretation (circa 1913) of the Betting Houses Act of 1853
 BBC announcement on the introduction of the Betting and Gaming Act of 1961
 Daily Telegraph newspaper article on the history of Royal Ascot
 Book review of "Ascot - The History" by Sean Magee

Bookmakers
1876

masks:
Helen Verne
Helen Vernet


title: Philip Arps

texts:
<mask> is a New Zealand white supremacist best known for being jailed after publicly sharing the livestream of the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings. His most recent arrest related to death threats made during the Convoy 2022 New Zealand protests. Before 2019
Prior to March 2019, <mask> was a Christchurch businessman, who owned a 'Nazi-themed insulation company' and had more than 30 previous criminal convictions for indecent assault, guns, drugs, burglary, and fraud. Conflicting statements on Daniel Laws shooting, 1998

In August 1998 a flatmate of Arps, Daniel Laws, was non-fatally shot by police when committing an offenses while high on dextromethorphan and carrying a shotgun. Arps made conflicting statements to two different press organisations. Indecent assault conviction, 1999
Amongst his earlier convictions, a news report published in 2019 included reference to "an indecent assault on a woman in 1999". Bankruptcy, 2001
Another news report in 2019, written after Arps' most prominent offending, described him as having been "previously made bankrupt in 2001".Offensive behaviour at Al Noor mosque, 2016

In 2016, Arps was charged with, and pled guilty to, 'offensive behaviour' for being part of a group that delivered pigs' heads and offal to a Al Noor Mosque in Christchurch. The mosque was collecting food donations to send to Fiji in the aftermath of Cyclone Winston and the animal remains were left in a box marked "Fiji". In a video of the crime taken by the offenders, Arps and another man give Nazi salutes and Arps says, "White power ... Bring on the cull." He was fined $800. Christchurch mosque shootings, 2019

On 15 March 2019

masks:
Philip Neville Arps
Arps


title: Philip Arps

texts: there was a mass shooting in Christchurch targeting Muslims. The livestream of the shooting was quickly classified by David Shanks of the Office of Film and Literature Classification as 'objectionable' under the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993 making it a criminal offense to possess or distribute it, and police took action against 13 people in relation to the video. Arps sent the video to 30 people, describing it as  'awesome' , and asked a friend to modify it by adding cross-hairs and a  'kill count.'When he was arrested he told police that he "could not give a fuck, mate" about the shooting victims. He was found guilty of distributing objectionable material. At one of his court appearances, Arps distributed copies of the 'Holocaust Handbooks' series by German holocaust denier Germar Rudolf to journalists and the public. In June 2019, <mask> was sentenced to 21 months in jail, with Massey University distinguished professor Paul Spoonley describing him as 'an unrepentant, hardcore white supremacist'. At his sentencing Judge Stephen O'Driscoll described Arps as "remorseless". <mask> himself agreed. His pre-sentencing report included matters that gave the judge "real concern", including Arps comparing himself to Rudolf Hess, Deputy Führer of Nazi Germany.Arps filed the first of two unsuccessful appeals against his sentence on the day he received it. While in prison he received death threats and was isolated for 23 hours a day. His sentencing and unsuccessful appeals were later referenced by the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attack as part of its paper on hate crime. The Royal Commission of Inquiry

masks: Arps Arps


title: Philip Arps

texts:
 into the shootings received a question from the public, asking whether Arps knew the shooter. The Commission reported "no evidence the individual knows <mask>s or that there was any other connection between them." Release on bail and subsequent charges
Arps was released on bail in January 2020. In August 2020 he was arrested and appeared in court after visiting a home brew store next door to Linwood Mosque.Charges were dropped, but in December he returned to court and a new condition was added to his release, preventing him from coming within 100m of the Linwood Islamic Centre. New bail-related charges were filed against Arps on January 8 2021. The Department of Corrections said, "The breach is in relation to failing to comply with the requirements of electronic monitoring." He was arrested again in March 2021, accused of sending obscene messages to a probation officer. Police opposed bail, but it was granted. On 18 February 2022 Arps appeared in the Christchurch District Court, again charged with breaching his release conditions. He refused to wear a mask or take a rapid COVID test, and told the court he was unvaccinated.A New Zealand flag was draped over his shoulder during his appearance. (He had been in court five days earlier on a separate matter relating to the Convoy 2022 New Zealand protest - see "Public execution" arrest, 2021 below.) <mask> was accused of abusing probation officers and failing to charge his GPS tracker. He was remanded on bail with the trial set to resume on June 16. "White supremicist" complaint
<mask> was called a "white supremacist" in a television piece filmed by Newshub journalist Patrick Gower and

masks:
Philip Arp
Arps
Arps


title: Rachida Dati

texts:
<mask> (; ; born 27 November 1965) is a French politician who served as Member of the European Parliament, representing Île-de-France. Prior to her election, she held the cabinet post of Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice. She was a spokesperson for Nicolas Sarkozy during the French presidential election of 2007. After his victory, Sarkozy appointed her to his Government on 18 May 2007. She was elected mayor of the 7th arrondissement of Paris on 29 March 2008. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 27 November 1965 in Saint-Rémy, Burgundy to a Moroccan father, a bricklayer named Mbarek, and an Algerian mother, named Fatima-Zohra. She was the second child of twelve in an impoverished family, and she spent her childhood in Chalon-sur-Saône in Burgundy.Even though Dati was raised in a devout Islamic environment, she attended Catholic schools; <mask>'s own personal religious beliefs have been described as "unclear. She studied at the University of Burgundy, where she received a master's degree in Economics, and at Panthéon-Assas University, where she received a  Law degree. Career

Early beginnings
At the age of sixteen, Dati started working as a paramedical assistant. She then worked for three years as an accountant at Elf Aquitaine while at university. After meeting Jean-Luc Lagardère in 1990, <mask> entered the audit management team of Matra Nortel communication. She later spent a year in London at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, in the records management and archiving department. In 1994, she was an auditing supervisor and secretary-general of the bureau of urban development studies at Suez (then Lyonnaise des Eaux).From 1995 to 1997, she

masks:
Rachida Dati
Rachida Dati
Dati
Dati


title: Rachida Dati

texts:
 worked as a technical advisor at the legal management division of the Ministry of Education. In 1997, <mask> was admitted to the École nationale de la magistrature, a public educational institution which offers courses necessary to become a magistrate. Upon leaving in 1999, she became a legal auditor at the Bobigny tribunal de grande instance (high court). She went on to become judge for collective procedures at the  in Péronne and eventually an assistant to the attorney general of the Évry tribunal. Career in politics
In 2002, <mask> became Nicolas Sarkozy's advisor, working for him on an anti-delinquency project. In 2006, she joined the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party. On 14 January 2007, she was named spokesperson for Sarkozy on the day he was chosen as UMP candidate for the presidential elections of April 2007.After Sarkozy's victory on 6 May 2007, she was appointed Minister of Justice. Her rationalization of the court system was publicly opposed by judicial professionals. Later on, it was recognised by the French Court of Auditors as one of the most ambitious reforms of the judicial institution. When the Sarkozys' marriage began to break up, <mask> frequently went on official presidential trips to accompany Nicolas Sarkozy. On 23 January 2009, Sarkozy announced that <mask> would take the second position on the UMP candidate list for Île-de-France constituency in the European Parliament election in June 2009, to which she was elected. She left her post as minister after being elected as a European deputy. Career in the private sector
Soon after she left the government, in summer 2009, <mask> switched to law, becoming a junior magistrate and assistant

masks: Dati Dati Dati Dati Dati


title: Rachida Dati

texts:
 prosecutor.She also founded a consulting company called "La Bourdonnais consultant," which she had to dissolve at the beginning of 2010 to be able to resume the profession of lawyer, which she had to do by special dispensation (like other former magistrates). She sits on the editorial board of the French version of the Huffington Post, where she writes a weekly column about women's issues. On the local level, <mask> is the Mayor of the 7th district of Paris and Member of Paris City Council. On 9 February 2013, <mask> announced she was a candidate for mayor of Paris in the 2014 local elections but she later withdrew because "the press has already chosen Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet". Member of the European Parliament, 2009–2019
A member of the European People's Party group in the European Parliament, <mask> served on the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and on the parliament's delegations for relations with the Mashreq countries, to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean, and for relations with the Arab Peninsula. In parliament, <mask> was the Parliament's rapporteur on several texts dealing with countering terrorism and the prevention of radicalisation and recruitment of European citizens by terrorist organisations. Following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in 2015, she drafted a report into how to prevent the radicalisation of young Europeans.Her parliamentary work also included dealing with the prison systems and conditions in the European Union, and finding solutions to face the migration crisis with an EU common list of safe countries of origin. In the UMP's 2012 leadership election, <mask> endorsed Jean-François Copé. In the


title: Rachida Dati

texts:
 Republicans’ 2017 leadership election, Dati endorsed Laurent Wauquiez. In early 2019, she announced her plan to run for the Paris municipal election in 2020. Controversy
In early 2009, <mask> received an anonymous death threat accompanied by a 9mm-calibre bullet. Soon after <mask> left the government in 2009 to stand for the European Parliament, she was hired by the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance as a legal adviser. In 2019, France's financial prosecutor launched an investigation into consulting fees she received from the alliance.In December 2013, French media reported that <mask> had received payments from French energy utility GDF-Suez. In early 2014, the President of the European Parliament Martin Schulz asked parliamentary services to look into conflict-of-interest concerns, but the inquiry was interrupted by the 2014 election campaign. At the same time, the French high authority for transparency in public life, France's anti-corruption watchdog, also opened a file on the case. In August 2021, <mask> was charged by France's financial crime unit with passive corruption and benefiting from abuse of power. on 27 September 2021, Arte TV reported how caviar diplomacy led to the rejection of the Aserbaidjan political prisoners report by the European Parliament in 2013. The rejection was due to bribed EU parliamentarians, and <mask> also stood out as one of the leading voices to reject the truth about a flawed democracy in Azerbaijan. Her Italian college Luca Volonté has already been sentenced for accepting bribes.Volontè received 2.4M Euro as bribes froma 30M bribe fund of the Aserbaidjan fund to thwart EU guidelines by bribing its institutions. Other activities


title: Rachida Dati

texts:
 PlaNet Finance, Member of International Advisory Board

Personal life
In September 2008, Dati announced that she was pregnant and would be a single mother. She revealed her pregnancy to a group of reporters who questioned her about mounting rumours. "I want to remain careful, because . . . I am still in the risky stage. I am 42", she was quoted as saying.Her daughter, Zohra, was born in early 2009. As the name of the father was not revealed, many names circulated in gossip magazines. However, in 2012, she started legal action against Dominique Desseigne, the chief executive of Groupe Lucien Barrière a casino market leader in France, Switzerland and Europe, to recognise paternity. In December 2012, a French court ordered Desseigne to undergo a paternity test to see if he fathered <mask>'s child. After Desseigne refused to undergo the test, a French court decision of 7 January 2016 ruled that Desseigne was indeed the father. In November 2016, she was listed as one of BBC's 100 Women. Distinctions
 : Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (April 2010)
  Two Sicilian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Francis I

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
People from Saint-Rémy, Saône-et-Loire
French Ministers of Justice
French people of Moroccan descent
French people of Algerian descent
MEPs for Île-de-France 2009–2014
MEPs for Île-de-France 2014–2019
21st-century women MEPs for France
Union for a Popular Movement MEPs
University of Burgundy alumni
French city councillors
Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University alumni
The Republicans (France) MEPs
Women government ministers of France
Female justice ministers
BBC 100 Women
Mayors of an


title: Rodney Mullen

texts:
<mask> (born August 17, 1966) is an American professional skateboarder who practices freestyle skateboarding and street skateboarding. He is considered the most influential street skater in the history of the sport, being credited for inventing numerous tricks, including the flatground ollie, kickflip, heelflip, impossible, and 360-flip. As a result, he has been called the "Godfather of Street Skateboarding". <mask> won his first world skateboard championship at the age of 14; over the following decade, he won 34 out of 35 freestyle contests, thus establishing the most successful competitive run in the history of the sport. Over the following years, he transitioned from freestyle to street skateboarding, adapting his accumulated freestyle skills to street and inventing or expanding upon additional tricks in the process, such as primo slides, dark slides, and casper slides. Mullen has appeared in over 20 skateboarding videos and has co-authored an autobiography, entitled The Mutt: How to Skateboard and Not Kill Yourself, with writer Sean Mortimer. Early life
Mullen was born in Gainesville, Florida.As a child, Mullen slept in boots designed to correct a severe pigeon-toe condition. Despite <mask>'s condition, "He had an incredible dexterity with his feet," said Phil Chiocchio, former owner of the Florida skatepark, Sensation Basin. Mullen began skateboarding at the age of ten, on New Years Day of 1977, after a neighborhood friend introduced him to a skateboard. He promised his strict father that he would cease skateboarding the first time he became seriously injured:

My dad wouldn't let me have a

masks:
John Rodney Mullen
Rodney Mullen
Mullen


title: Rodney Mullen

texts:
 Rodgers, Tim Scroggs, and Kelly Lynn. In later years, Mullen was coached by Barry Zaritsky (also known as "SIO Barry"), who owned a company called SiO Safety Shorts. When his family moved to a farm in a remote part of Florida, Mullen began perfecting his flat ground techniques in the family garage; he has said that the isolation and lack of terrain naturally guided him towards freestyle skateboarding. Mullen cites July 1979–August 1980 as his "most creative time," a time when he was predominantly a loner who counted the cows of the family farm as his best friends.<mask> then proceeded to win thirty successive amateur competitive victories in the late 1970s, mostly in his home state of Florida, culminating in a win at the Oceanside Nationals in June 1979. In 1980, the 14-year-old <mask> entered the Oasis Pro competition, defeating the world champion, Steve Rocco. At Oasis Skatepark Mullen also spotted a 12-year-old skater who "introduced himself as Tony Hawk." Recalled Mullen, "Before Tony was sponsored, before anybody knew anything about him, he made an impression on me," and the two would go on to become good friends. Bones Brigade
Shortly thereafter, Mullen turned professional as a member of the renowned Bones Brigade team sponsored by Powell Peralta, based on the recommendation by Powell Peralta rider and fellow Floridian skateboarder Tim Scroggs of Mullen to company co-founder Stacy Peralta, whom Mullen highly admired. Mullen competed voraciously throughout the 1980s, often frustrating competitors and judges with his consistency and progressive ability. Like most skaters at the time, Mullen skated

masks: Mullen Mullen


title: Rodney Mullen

texts:
 a mix of styles, including some vert, before skateboarding became more clearly delineated, as skaters who were more freestyle-oriented gravitated toward street and those who had skated more transition, bowls, and pools went into vert.Mullen enrolled in the chemical engineering program at the University of Florida, leaving during his senior year prior to completing his degree in order to take over management of World Industries with fellow Bones Brigade team member and company co-founder Steve Rocco. Invention of the flatground ollie
Among his most significant contributions to the evolution of modern skateboarding, <mask>llen adapted the ollie, first pioneered by Alan Gelfand on vert (where Gelfand would scoop off the back trucks to obtain more air off the wall, but without popping the tail of the skateboard in the process), to flat ground. This ability to pop the board off of the ground and drag it upward into the air, gaining significant altitude and air time, allowed ollieing onto rails and obstacles and opened the door to more complex flip tricks and other flat ground tricks. The invention of this trick alone, even apart from the numerous other tricks that he has invented and his design work, has ranked <mask> as one of the most important skateboarders of all time. In response to the praise that he has received for the flat ground ollie, Mullen stated in August 2012:

The origins of ollies—a guy named Alan Gelfand did it on vert…I had for a long time done a really simple movement, which was—it was just a transfer trick…and there are a ton of tricks where I needed to get to this side [demonstrates

masks:
Rodney Mu
Mullen


title: Rodney Mullen

texts:
 now considered essential building blocks of both modern vert skateboarding and street skateboarding. World Industries
In early 1989, <mask> left the Bones Brigade to join World Industries as a principal investor with longtime friend and former rival, Steve Rocco, in the formation of the very first skateboarder-owned company—professional skateboarder, Mike Vallely, later joined the company for a brief period of time.Mullen and Rocco had embarked on a very risky venture, as Powell Peralta was an established company and Rocco's upstart company had been struggling at the time. World Industries would later develop into the distribution company, Dwindle Distribution, which is the world's largest skateboard manufacturer in the 21st century. Transition to street and Plan B
As the popularity of freestyle skateboarding declined, <mask> was urged to transform his style to join the street skating trend that was becoming increasingly popular at that time; however, <mask> was very reluctant due to a fear of compromising his integrity, whereby the foundation of his skateboarding would be "sold out." Such pressure is alluded to in the World Industries video, Rubbish Heap, in which <mask>'s sequence ends with team member, Jeremy Klein, deliberately breaking his freestyle skateboard (which is also the first recorded focus of a skateboard) and then handing him a note from Rocco, accompanied by a street skateboard deck, in which the end of freestyle is declared. In 1991, <mask> joined the high-profile skateboarding team, Plan B Skateboards. Mike Ternasky, the owner of Plan B, influenced <mask> to transition from freestyle

masks: Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen


title: Rodney Mullen

texts:
 to street skating, and showcased his skills in the 1992 Plan B video, Questionable. His segment begins with traditional freestyle tricks executed on flat ground, but quickly transitions into Mullen skateboarding across public terrain to shift into street skating tricks and lines.<mask>'s video part signified a major transformation in relation to both his career and his skateboarding. Ternasky filmed <mask> as he sequenced tricks and mixed flip tricks with grinds and boardslides, while he also negotiated obstacles. <mask> also introduced two newly invented tricks in Questionable, the kickflip underflip and the Casper slide. <mask>'s Questionable performance might have marked the beginning of a new era in street skateboarding. His reluctant transition from freestyle to street skateboarding was a symbol that legitimized the technical direction street skating had taken over the previous few years. <mask> focused on the progression of this transition in subsequent Plan B videos, including 1993's Virtual Reality, in which Mullen showcases the newly mastered trick, the darkslide. <mask>'s participation in Plan B dissolved after Ternasky was killed in a car crash on May 17, 1994.<mask> later explained, "He was such a great person. He would lift you so high and that is why Plan B was what it was. And it was clear once Mike was gone that it was never the same." A-Team and Enjoi
In 1997, <mask> started company, the A-Team—along with Marc Johnson, Gershon Mosley, Dave Mayhew, and Chet Thomas—with the intention of forming a "super team." When A-Team folded in 2000, <mask> made the transition from company founder to

masks: Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen


title: Rodney Mullen

texts:
 company rider for Enjoi Skateboards. Former Maple rider, Marc Johnson, founded Enjoi Skateboards and also recruited riders Chris Cole and Bobby Puleo, with Jerry Hsu for the team. Stance erasure
As a result of injuries accrued over many years riding in a fixed regular stance, from 2007 onward Mullen made a conscious effort to "erase" his riding stance, re-learning tricks (and in many cases learning new tricks he was unable to do previously riding regular) goofy and endeavoring to re-learn riding a skateboard neutrally in the absence of any preferential "natural stance."In an interview with Tony Hawk, <mask> explained that he had developed problems in his right hip joint, with scar tissue having built up in his joint over years as a result of habitually hyper-extending his leg (e. g., doing the splits, a danger inherent in practicing riskier tricks such as darkslides) while skating. <mask> stated that through extensive stretching and the use of blunt objects he was able to break up the scar tissue in order to restore range of motion. <mask> further explained in an interview at Germany's Bright tradeshow in 2011:

For me, it was a grinding to a halt, until I could barely walk really…  I took about a couple of years, a year-and-a-half of breaking myself apart; pretty medievally. And as I did so, I realized that that was helping me unravel my stance; and so now, I've just been investigating, or pushing myself to try to, to, take apart my stance so that I no longer have one. And so it's not just doing everything switch, because everybody does whatever switch. It's to have no stance at a physical level. And

masks: Mullen Mullen Mullen


title: Rodney Mullen

texts:
 so even what you did in your regular, native stance, it feels…new.2014–present
The Almost company celebrated its 10th anniversary with an event at the Berrics indoor skate complex in early March 2014, and <mask> attended the venue for the first time. As part of the celebration, <mask> completed an interview with the Berrics that is titled "A Beautiful Mind," in which <mask> explained his current relationship with skateboarding: "Because we all have that fear of judgment…yeah, that's true. I'm like that—I'm afraid of being judged. I don't necessarily want to be seen in public sucking, getting older; but, what I keep inside, that joy of feeling what I do, rolling around, playing around—that's something I'm going to do as long as I can. That's who I am…who I am." The first video footage of <mask> skateboarding in nine years was published on Tony Hawk's RIDE YouTube channel in July 2014. <mask> appears in the video skateboarding at musician Ben Harper's residence and Harper also performs a single trick at the video's conclusion.The part was filmed by Ben Fordham of the Gracias L.A. brand, which released the Gracias Skateboarding Volumen Uno video in 2014 that also features <mask>. Together with other members of the Almost team, <mask> appeared in a June 2015 photo retrospective of the Almost brand that was shot and curated by skateboard photographer Seu Trinh. Mullen was part of the Globe brand's "EUTrippin'" 2015 European tour, alongside other team members including Mark Appleyard and Haslam. Other ventures

<mask> vs. Daewon
Around 1997, <mask> also initiated discussions with friend and fellow

masks: Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Rodney Mullen


title: Rodney Mullen

texts:
 professional skateboarder, Daewon Song, to plan the video <mask> vs. Daewon, released in 1997, which featured the two skaters "competing" with their respective video parts.. The concept developed into a series and, , three "rounds" have been produced. Tensor
Around 2000, <mask> engaged in the development of his own skateboard truck design, a concept that would later become the foundation for the company Tensor. In 2000, <mask> filed for a United States Patent in support of his innovative work in the area and submitted the following abstract to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office:

A skateboard having one or more truck assemblies configured to eliminate undesired ride characteristics such as hanger-jiggle and wheel bite, without sacrificing the skateboard's steering responsiveness.Each truck assembly includes an axle assembly with a ring-shaped hanger that is confined on a kingpin using a pair of bushings, at least one of which includes an annular flange that projects into an annular gap defined between the hanger and the kingpin. This prevents the hanger from moving laterally relative to the kingpin and thereby eliminates undesired ride characteristics such as hanger-jiggle and wheel bite. In a separate feature of the invention, the skateboard truck assembly further incorporates a low-friction slider plate that enhances the rider's performance of certain maneuvers and at the same time protects other components of the truck assembly from undue wear. A subsequent advertisement was released, entitled "The Patented Tensor Design." Tensor recruited team riders such as Daewon Song, Chris Cole, Chris Haslam,

masks: Rodney Mullen Mullen


title: Rodney Mullen

texts:
 Salman Agah, Ryan Sheckler, Kanten Russell, and Gailea Momolu. , the Tensor team consists of <mask>, along with Daewon Song, Ronnie Creager, Enrique Lorenzo,Manny Santiago, Zered Bassett, Felipe Ortiz, and Joey Brezinski. Almost and Dwindle Distribution

Mullen subsequently left Enjoi to co-found Almost Skateboards with Daewon Song, who had been unable to find success with the two preceding deck companies that he had founded, Deca and Artefact.Mullen and Song proceeded to recruit Cooper Wilt (a former Artefact rider), Chris Haslam (a former Deca and Artefact rider), Greg Lutzka, and Ryan Scheckler to form the initial basis of the company. After years of success and controversy, Steve Rocco decided to sell World Industries. In 2002, World Industries, under the holding name "Kubic Marketing," was sold to Globe International for US$46 million. Its owner Rocca and Mullen, a principal investor, both became instant multimillionaires. Kubic's management remained intact, and Mullen began working for Globe under the Dwindle Distribution brand. , Mullen remains the co-owner and a team rider for the Almost brand; his role at Almost also includes research and development on new designs and technologies, including Impact Support, Double Impact, and Uber Light. The Uber Light design was a collaborative effort between Mullen and the CL Composites company, utilizing a design that consists of "a deck inside a deck," whereby, "The internal carbon fiber foam deck is ultra light and nearly as stiff as metal.It acts like rebar, or a skeleton embodied by a standard 7-ply layup. It also vastly improved the lateral rigidity.


title: Rodney Mullen

texts:
 The deck wears, slides, and looks like a normal 7-ply, but it's lighter and has a supernatural pop that lasts far longer than any normal deck." <mask> also contributes to the design of experimental and composite deck constructions for Dwindle's other brands, such as Blind and Darkstar. Video game appearances
<mask>'s popularity grew in 2000 when he made his first appearance in the Tony Hawk's video game series. <mask> has since appeared in various titles of the Tony Hawk's Pro Skater series including:

 Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2
 Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3
 Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4
 Tony Hawk's Underground
 Tony Hawk's Underground 2
 Tony Hawk's American Wasteland
 Tony Hawk's Project 8
 Tony Hawk'sProving Ground
 Tony Hawk'sRide
 Tony Hawk'sPro Skater HD
 Tony Hawk'sPro Skater 1 + 2
In 2019, he also voiced Jace Skell in the video game Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Breakpoint. Books
In 2015, <mask> wrote the foreword to the Dwindle and Globe history book Unemployable: 30 Years of Hardcore, Skate and Street reflecting upon his twenty-year involvement with those companies.In 2003, <mask> wrote and released his autobiography, The Mutt:  How to Skateboard and Not Kill Yourself. Public speaking
<mask> has completed numerous public speaking engagements and has been invited to present on topics such as his personal life, skateboarding, innovation, creation, and the concept of community. The Lemelson Center at MIT invited <mask> to visit the center, a part of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History to discuss invention and innovation from within the context of American society. The Lemelson Center

masks: Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen


title: Rodney Mullen

texts:
 exchanged ideas and views with <mask> about skateboarding, in addition to the manner in which creativity and innovation can contribute to the development of an improved society. <mask> was invited by the Sapling Foundation, as part of its TED (Technology, Entertainment and Design) public speaking series, to present at the University of Southern California (USC) in June 2012. <mask>'s talk was entitled, "How Context Shapes Content", and featured his perspectives on the manner in which the street-based context of skateboarding influences his practice, in addition to his view of the skateboarding community, whereby he compared the community to the open source and hacking movements. <mask> also spoke about resilience and creativity in a talk entitled "Getting Back Up" at the Pop!Tech "Sparks of Brilliance" event in October 2013.In the first half of 2014, <mask> was invited by the O'Reilly Media technology company to present at its "Strata" and "Velocity" conferences, both of which were held in Santa Clara, California. <mask>'s Strata presentation in February 2014 was titled "The Art of Good Practice" and consisted of an analysis of the nuanced way in which skateboarders practice their craft. <mask> then presented the "Build on a Bedrock of Failure" keynote in June 2014, in which he spoke of the way that "failure, pain, injury, recovery" are "embedded in the very notion of what it is to be a skateboarder." Film
In December 2010, <mask> stated in an interview that he was preparing to film a part for the upcoming Almost video, although he did not appear in the 2012 video, 5-Incher. In the 2011 Bright

masks: Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen


title: Rodney Mullen

texts:
 tradeshow interview, <mask> stated, "At first, I just wanted to be able to be alright and walk okay and run. And then it was like, okay, skate again and now it's like 'Yeah, I can do something new!'. So, if I can do that, then I'll film.If I can't, then I'll keep my skating private." Both the skateboard media and in responses from Almost indicate that a full part from Mullen is scheduled for release following 5-Incher—<mask> was in attendance at the premiere of 5-Incher. Awards, accolades and influence

In 2002, <mask> won the Transworld Skateboarding Readers' Choice Award for Skater of the Year. In 2003, he was voted as the all-time greatest action sports athlete on the Extreme Sports Channel's Legends of the Extreme countdown. Transworld also included Mullen in its "30 Most Influential Skaters of All Time" list, released in December 2011 and he was elected into the third position, behind Tony Hawk (second) and Mark Gonzales (first). In May 2013, <mask> was an inductee of the Skateboarding Hall of Fame and was present at the award ceremony that was held in Anaheim, California. Fellow professional skateboarder Steve Caballero and musician Ben Harper shared their experiences of Mullen prior to the presentation of the award, and Caballero credited Mullen with changing the "face" of skateboarding.Professional skateboarder Paul Rodriguez identified Mullen as one of his "top ten" professional skateboarders in July 2013. Rodriguez explained his selection on his personal website: If you really wanna know Gonz [Mark Gonzales]  and <mask> pretty much innovated damn near everything in street skateboarding.

masks:
Mullen
Mullen
Mullen
Mullen
Rodney Mullen


title: Rodney Mullen

texts:
 <mask> has always had the most mind-boggling most difficult tricks on top of having invented 50, 60, who knows how many tricks. Just about every modern day flat ground trick that we are doing today he invented. Transworld has characterized him as possibly the most significant skater of all time, "<mask>llen built the house skateboarding lives in. After inventing the flatground ollie—in itself perhaps the most influential trick ever—he went on to unveil kickflips, backside flips, heelflips, 360 flips, double flips, impossibles, darkslides, and onward. Without <mask>, skateboarding would still be in the dark ages."Anthony Pappalardo of The RIDE Channel unequivocally stated, "From almost singled-handedly creating the entire vocabulary of flip-based tricks to revolutionizing the boards below our feet, <mask>llen is the biggest influence on modern skateboarding." In Transworld Skateboarding "Skater's Favorite Skater" video series, both Tony Hawk and Daewon Song have cited <mask>llen as their favorite skater. Trick invention
Mullen has been credited with inventing the following tricks (years included):

Godzilla rail flip (1979)
540 shove-it (1979)
50/50 Saran wrap (1979)
50/50 Casper (1980)
Helipop (1980)
Gazelle flip (1981)
No-handed 50/50 (1981)
No-handed 50/50 kickflip
Kick flip (1982)
Heel flip (1982)
Double heelflip
Impossible (1982)
Sidewinder (1983)
360 flip (1983)
Switch 360 flip
360 pressure flip (1983)
Casper 360 flip (1983)
Half-cab kickflip (1983)
50/50 sidewinder (1983)
One-footed ollie (1984)
Backside flip (Backside 180 Kickflip) (1984)
Ollie Nosebone (1986)
Ollie finger flip (1986)
Ollie

masks:
Rodney
Rodney Mu
Rodney
Rodney Mu
Rodney Mu


title: Rodney Mullen

texts: source community. During his attendance at the Biarritz international skateboard festival, <mask> was interviewed in relation to a used Mike Carroll skateboard deck from Carroll's time with the Plan B company. <mask> reflected on the personal influence of Plan B founder Mike Ternasky during the interview: "I miss Mike. And the day Jacob called me and goes, "Mike's dead."—I replayed that so many times…and how instrumental that was in driving me forward in a way that kind of honoring what he gave me: A second chance. And how real that is. And it goes back to Stacy [Peralta]'s film—it's not what you do; it's what makes you do what you do, is the thing that has to be protected and nurtured. As long as that's there, intact…you can do anything." In a June 2014 interview at O'Reilly Media's Velocity conference, <mask> stated that he does not believe that skateboarding can be categorized as a "sport". <mask> further explained that the self-expressive element of skateboarding shows that it is an art form, while the community element of skateboarding—whereby sharing of ideas occurs—distinguishes it as a "lifestyle" or "philosophy". <mask> also shared his perspective on goals and failure during the interview: "You focus so much on your failures and your weaknesses, it has a…paralyzing effect, where you're dwelling on stuff.For example, having goals: sometimes I have lofty goals, my friends do—we all do, we all have goals. But, if you fix yourself to that goal, and you don't see anything else on the horizon—which is natural, 'cos that what it takes, we all have that in our personality…but, sometimes, if you attach

masks: Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen Mullen


title: Rodney Mullen

texts:
 that to a goal that is out of your reach, and you continue to fail, it will just grind you into nothing. And if you dwell on that, it can end you." <mask>s says, "Just the enjoyment of doing what you want to do, all the way through—that's the beauty of skateboarding, that so many people actually never find their whole lives. And that's what skateboarding's given me:  I can't wake up—I can't wait to wake up in the morning to try something new; a lot of times I can't sleep because I can't wait to try something new… and how many people never really experience that feeling, often; and that's why I skate." Personal life
, Mullen resides in California with his girlfriend, Lori Guidroz. He describes himself as "juvenile" who prefers to skate during the night and on his own.He says, "Any eyes on me—a late-night street sweeper, some dude texting in his parked car, the homeless guy talking to himself—make me feel uncomfortable when I skate. Everyone expects me to do certain things. It puts a ceiling on your progress. You're blocked by your pride. To get good, you have to throw your board around and fall." <mask>'s interests extend beyond skateboarding and include mathematics, physics, engineering, and music. It has been publicly revealed that <mask> owns a pair of high-powered audio speakers, each weighing around , through which he plays a diverse range of music, including Sabaton and Beethoven: "Me and my neighbors, we have an understanding…and so I sit perfect, you know, triangle at the front.You sit there with the remote and you turn it up, just when it starts to hurt, and hit one more and then go like


title: Rodney Mullen

texts:
 [presses his hands to his ears] that, and then you just feel it in your whole body for a while, as long as you can take it. And then you 'arrgh! ', and then you turn it off you know and [hold his hand to his heart and breathes heavily], and then I go skate [laughs]. It's awesome, but only if I'm really usually, like, just sometimes when you really need it, you know?" In 2013 musicians Ben Harper and Lee Hartney revealed a close friendship with <mask> and described the skateboarder as a "brother". <mask> has also assisted Harper to learn skateboarding, as the musician has undertaken intensive practice in the fifth decade of his life. <mask> has spoken publicly about his spiritual beliefs, explaining in 2010: "The term religion bums me out.I can't go to church, I've got issues. I've got issues of non-conformity built into me…It's a personal thing and I get so scared about talking about it in public. This guy at HBO once said to me, 'Your skating is like a prayer.' That was the coolest thing anyone's ever said to me. That's what it is for me." References

Further reading

1966 births
Living people
American skateboarders
Freestyle skateboarders
University of Florida alumni
People from Gainesville, Florida
American collectors
Artist


title: John Horse

texts: <mask> (c. 1812–1882), also known as Juan Caballo, Juan Cavallo, <mask> (with spelling variations) and Gopher <mask>, was of mixed ancestry (African and Seminole Indian) who fought alongside the Seminoles in the Second Seminole War in Florida. He rose to prominence in the third year of what was to become a seven-year war when the first generation of Black Seminole leaders was largely decimated and the primary Seminole war chief, Osceola (Asi Yahola), fell into the hands of the American military commander, General Thomas Sydney Jesup. <mask> had been fighting alongside Osceola and acting as his interpreter by this time. When they were seized while under a flag of truce during negotiations with Jesup's emissary, Florida militia general Joseph Hernandez, <mask> found himself imprisoned along with Osceola and other members of his band at Fort Marion (Castillo de San Marcos), the old Spanish fort that formerly defended St. Augustine, the colonial capital of Spanish Florida. <mask> gained his initial fame for joining with a Mikasuki brave named Wildcat (Coacoochee), the son of the Mikasuki chief, King Phillip Emathla, in executing a daring escape from the fort which, until then, had been believed by American forces to be unbreachable. Wildcat and <mask> formed an alliance and went on to lead the remnants of the shattered Seminole bands, including members of the Mikasuki, Tallahassee, Appalachee and Yamassee bands (many of different ethnic backgrounds in what was by then a highly mixed grouping of Indians and Africans) to safety in the south-central part of Florida, ahead of Jesup's

masks:
John Horse
John Cowaya
John
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse


title: John Horse

texts: forces. In the Battle of Lake Okeechobee on Christmas Day in 1837, Halpatta Tustanagi (Chief Alligator), an ally of the captured Osceola, and the Seminole medicine man Abiaka (Sam Jones) led the escaping Seminole with Wildcat and <mask> Horse playing leading roles in holding off the assault of Zachary Taylor, then in hot pursuit.They successfully effected the escape of most of the fleeing Seminole who had joined with them by crossing Lake Okeechobee to take refuge in the Everglades. They fought Jesup himself on the Loxahatchee River the following January 1838, although the privations and losses they had suffered since their early victories in 1835 and 36 had taken their toll. Although General Jesup was wounded in the fight, the Seminole were forced to flee again. Offered a promise of peace and a new life west of the Mississippi with his family, <mask> finally agreed to surrender, although Wildcat refused to come in at that time and fought on until around 1840 when <mask> was brought back to Florida from his exile in Indian Territory. <mask> brought the offer of peace to Wildcat, contingent on his surrender and agreement to exile in Indian Territory, and Wildcat, by now the leading war chief of the remaining Seminole, finally accepted removal to the Territory (in present-day Oklahoma) which had been set aside for the eastern Indians in the early 1830s by Congress. Other bands still held out though and the war continued until August 14, 1842, when Colonel William J. Worth, finally declared "victory" and left the remaining fighters to their own devices deep in the Florida

masks:
John
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse


title: John Horse

texts:
 Everglades.<mask>, who was the son of a slave mother and an Indian father, was nominally a slave under both American and Seminole law until finally being freed by the American military for his service to the army in Florida after his return there at the military's request. He was later officially set free of any Seminole claims on his person by Chief Micanopy, titular head of all the Seminole bands, for his service to the Indians. When the Africans living among the Seminole continued to face threats of re-enslavement in their new home, thanks to the connivance of some American officials (despite Jesup's decree emancipating all surrendering escaped African slaves), <mask> would once again join forces with his old comrade, Wildcat, to lead a group of disaffected Seminole and former slaves across the Rio Grande to northern Mexico where they were granted land by the Mexican government in 1850 and where the Seminole blacks could finally be assured of their freedom, Mexico having abolished legal slavery in the 1820s. <mask> served as a captain in the Mexican army during this period and, after 1870, briefly with the US Army again as a scout. He disappeared several years later when, by now an old man, he made a trip to Mexico City to plead for reaffirmation of the land grant to his people which local Mexican landowners were seeking to overturn. It is generally thought that <mask> died in the course of this final errand to Mexico City. Early life and education

<mask>, called Juan as a child, was born around 1812 in Florida.He was a Seminole slave of Spanish, Seminole, and African

masks:
John Horse
John Horse
Horse
John Horse
John Horse


title: John Horse

texts: descent. He lived initially in the region that came to be called Micanopy after the last head chief of the Florida Seminole in north central Florida. <mask> assumed the surname of his father and nominal owner, the Seminole trader Charley Cavallo, his surname "<mask>" being believed to have been a translation of Cavallo (or Caballo, the Spanish word for horse). His mother was likely of pure African descent, a slave acquired by Charley Cavallo in his travels. Charley was, himself, of possibly mixed descent (Indian-Spanish parentage.). The young <mask> also had a sister, Juana (sometimes spelled "Wannah" or "Warner" in some sources). Not much is known about Charley Cavallo although it does not appear that he treated either of his two mixed-race children as slaves.The War of 1812 broke out between the United States and Great Britain in the year <mask> is thought to have been born. At that time he and Juana were probably living with their mother in one of the black settlements affiliated with, and under the jurisdiction of, the Alachua band of Oconee Seminole along the Suwannee River. When the American General Andrew Jackson invaded the area, he scattered the tribal peoples and their black allies in the region, destroying settlements and seizing blacks from among the Seminole for removal to the north to be returned to plantation slavery. <mask> was probably displaced with his family by these actions since he first enters the historical record some years later as a young adolescent in the Tampa area. <mask> spent his formative years among the Oconee Seminole, living like other Indian

masks:
John
Horse
John
John Horse
John
John Horse


title: John Horse

texts:
 boys, learning to hunt and fish and developing tracking skills. He also became proficient with bow and arrow and with a rifle, developing a reputation in later life as a keen marksman with a steady hand in combat. Unlike many of his fellows, however, he also learned to read and write and acquired linguistic skills in English, Spanish and the Hitchiti tongue spoken by the Oconee and many other Seminole bands.We can presume that he was also conversant with Muscogee, the tongue of the Upper Creek Indians from whom the great Seminole war chief, Osceola hailed because, in his adult years, he would be one of Osceola's main translators when dealing with the Americans (though Osceola, himself, spoke some English). Seminole Wars

The First Seminole War (1817–1818) occurred during <mask>'s childhood and the youngster, along with his sister and mother, was probably among those displaced blacks who fled south of the Suwannee River toward Tampa Bay. There young <mask> grew into adolescence and came into contact with American soldiers who had established an outpost, Fort Brooke, in the region with the formal annexation of Florida after the success of Jackson's incursions. <mask> first enters the written record in a short narrative by the officer in charge, Major George M. Brooke, who discovered the young Seminole black had been swindling his personal cook by selling him the same land turtle, or tortoise (a so-called "gopher"), multiple times for the major's personal mess. Discovering the young boy's fraud, Brooke opted for leniency and let <mask> go on condition he make good on the missing

masks:
Horse
John
John Horse
John


title: John Horse

texts: turtles which he apparently did. This began a lifelong relationship between <mask> and the American military and vouchsafed him his nickname in later life, Gopher <mask>. He would go on to fight against the American army, on the side of his fellow Seminole, and, eventually, to work with the Americans.During the Second Seminole War of 1835 to 1842, which began when American settlers pressured for Indian removal to free up their lands for white settlement, <mask> served as what would be called, today, a field officer on the Indian side. At first a translator for the Indian leaders (since few of them spoke English while their black allies did), he also became a lower level war chief. Because of his facility with languages and quickness of mind, <mask> eventually found himself in the midst of the Seminoles' negotiations with the U. S. Army as the war dragged on and open battles in the field gave way to guerrilla tactics and a long war of attrition. In the spring of 1838, after several pitched battles, <mask> finally decided the fight against the Americans was unwinnable and surrendered to US troops. This may have been prompted by the loss of his first wife, a Seminole woman said to have been a daughter of Chief Holatoochee, a brother or nephew of the chief Micanopy. The blacks in the war received promises of freedom if they would cease fighting as Indian allies and accept resettlement in the newly established Indian Territory west of the Mississippi. <mask> was later granted papers freeing him a second time by General William J.Worth for the services he subsequently rendered to the

masks:
John Horse
John
John Horse
John Horse
Horse
Horse


title: John Horse

texts:
 U.S. Army in the latter days of the Second Seminole War in Florida, as both translator and scout. But his initial decision to give up fighting had been in response to the offer of a prior general, Thomas Sydney Jesup, who had made the first promise of general freedom to all escaped slaves and their children willing to surrender and accept removal. Thus <mask>'s claim to freedom from slavery would rest on at least two legal claims, via decisions by two different American military officers. This would eventually be important as events unfolded a few years later in the west. Unfortunately, <mask>'s second wife and their children, who were removed to Indian Territory with him, did not gain freedom through his later service and had only the earlier declaration by Jesup to fall back on, thus remaining at risk from the increasingly aggressive activities of slave catchers in the new Indian Territory. With other Seminole, <mask> was shipped across the Gulf of Mexico from Tampa Bay to New Orleans and north from there by way of the Mississippi to Indian Territory. There he and his family joined with the other Seminole and Black Seminole who had accepted removal to take up residence at one of two locations assigned to the Seminole inside the Creek area.<mask> quickly rose as a leader among the Black Seminole because of his friendly relations with the Americans, his experience as a leader in the fighting, his linguistic skills and decisive cleverness. Life in Indian Territory

New conflicts and old issues
In the new territory, <mask> worked sporadically for the army as an interpreter and,

masks:
John Horse
Horse
Horse
Horse
John Horse


title: John Horse

texts: sometimes, as an intermediary for the officers and the Indian leaders. Asked to help persuade the remaining Indian fighters in Florida to surrender and relocate to Indian Territory as he and others had done, he returned to Florida in 1839 to act as go-between with one of the last Seminole war chiefs, Coacoochee (Wild Cat), eventually convincing his old friend to accept the inevitable and come in, too. <mask> was sent back to Indian Territory in 1842, as part of a group of about 120 other exiles, once the army felt he had done what they needed. In Indian Territory again, the exiled Seminole leadership finally voted freedom for <mask>, too, around the year 1843 in light of his services to the Seminole during their lengthy war. At the time the main chief, Micanopy (Mico Nuppa), had nominal ownership over him. It was Micanopy, in concert with his council, who finally granted the black warrior his freedom from any claims of enslavement against him which the tribe still had.Thus <mask> had been freed three times: by Jesup's original declaration, by General Worth who was Jesup's last successor (for services rendered), and by the Seminole leadership. Only the first of these actions applied to <mask>'s second wife, Susan (daughter of the black leader July) and their children, however, and that action would soon come into serious question. Conflict arose in the Territory because the transplanted Seminole had been placed on land allocated to the Creek Indians since the U.S. government had failed to recognize the tribal distinctions between the two peoples (the Seminole were a loose amalgam

masks:
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse


title: John Horse

texts: of Creek bands which had detached themselves from the Creek Indian federation a century earlier and relocated to then Spanish Florida, although they had continued to maintain ethnic and some kinship ties with their northern Creek brethren in Georgia, Alabama and part of the Carolinas). Because the Creek had adopted the American institution of chattel slavery while the Seminole had not done the same (they lived in very different ways), the presence of free blacks among the Seminole on Creek land and under the nominal sovereignty of the Creek tribal council, caused friction between the two groups. The free blacks threatened the Creek slave-holding status quo, because their very existence tempted the Creeks' own slaves to challenge their status, and provided a tempting target for Creek and affiliated groups seeking to acquire more slaves. Creek slavers and those from other Indian groups, and some whites, soon began raiding the Black Seminole settlements to kidnap and enslave anyone they could get their hands on, and <mask> quickly became a focal point for organizing resistance to these encroachments as well as lead spokesman for his fellow Black Seminoles. In one case, when some slavers succeeded in capturing Dembo Factor,  a veteran of the Seminole War, <mask> Horse and his on-again, off-again ally, Coacoochee (Wild Cat), who had hopes of succeeding Micanopy as leader of all the Seminole and who opposed living under the Creek, protested.The Army, responding to their concerns, demanded and got Factor's release but neither they nor the Creek tribal council pursued charges of

masks:
John Horse
John


title: John Horse

texts:
 kidnapping against the suspected slavers. The slave raids continued as tensions mounted. Seeking a solution

In 1844 <mask> traveled to Washington, D.C. with a delegation of Seminole including Coacoochee to argue for a separate land grant for the Seminole on the grounds that they were and had been a separate people for at least a hundred years. Failing to secure the backing they needed, they returned to Indian Territory, but <mask> traveled once more to Washington, this time on his own (acting as servant to an officer's brother) to lobby General Jesup to live up to his earlier promises. Jesup was sympathetic and probably felt a little guilty for having been instrumental in the treachery that took Osceola off the field and led to that chief's death. However he could not overcome political resistance in Washington where pressure was growing to reverse his grant of freedom to the blacks who came in voluntarily. Perhaps in response to <mask>'s advocacy, Jesup traveled to Indian Territory himself (he was now Quartermaster General for the entire U.S. Army) to arrange for the construction of new facilities at Fort Gibson, the army's headquarters in the Territory.While there he compiled a list of all those who had surrendered under his order and validated it. He also offered them work on the grounds of Fort Gibson on a construction project he had initiated. As a result, large numbers of Seminole blacks left the two Seminole settlements, Deep Fork and Little River, to re-settle outside the fort's walls under army protection. Once the work was done, however, the blacks chose to remain

masks:
John Horse
Horse
John


title: John Horse

texts: because of the ongoing predations of Creek, Cherokee and so-called half breed slave catchers, creating yet another flash point of contention with the army and the slaver gangs. <mask>, himself, was attacked by unknown assailants at one point, thought to have been members of the pro-Creek Seminole faction and came close to death from the bullet he took, but the would-be assassins were never located. After the incident, the officer in charge at Fort Gibson invited <mask> and his family to take up residence inside the fort, which he did, giving up the claim he had staked out in the Indian area. The tensions extended to the Seminole Indian sub-agent, Marcellus Duval, an Alabamian with land holdings back east and connections in Washington.His brother, William Duval, was also a connected attorney at nearby Fort Smith in Arkansas. The Seminole sub-agent hoped to profit with the restoration of the Seminole blacks' slave status and angled incessantly to bring it about. He also began objecting to what he deemed the army's unauthorized protection of the Seminole blacks, including allowing them to remain in their makeshift settlement under Fort Gibson's walls. Slavery again...? Some time after <mask>'s return from his second mission to Washington, and Jesup's own visit and subsequent return east, <mask>. Mason, US Attorney-General at the time, was designated by President James K. Polk to rule on the legitimacy of Jesup's emancipation of the former Seminole slaves. The demand for such a ruling was being pushed by Duval and his allies and urged by his brother, the attorney William Duval, who

masks:
John Horse
John
John Horse
John Y


title: John Horse

texts: had been retained by the Seminole tribal council, at the sub-agent's urging, to reclaim their rights to their former slaves. <mask>, a southerner, ruled that, since most of the Black Seminoles were descendants of fugitive slaves and thus legally still considered born into slavery, Jesup's decree had illegally deprived their Seminole owners of their legal property and could not be endorsed by the government.Thus the very reason many of the blacks had agreed to come in peacefully, and which had so seriously undermined the Seminoles' fight to remain in Florida, was suddenly and retroactively revoked. Seminole practice in Florida had acknowledged slavery, though not on the chattel slavery model then common in the American south. It was, in fact, more like feudal dependency since slaves of the Seminole generally lived in their own communities, carried weapons and hunted and fought beside the Seminole they were nominally owned by. In fact, except for the obligation of the blacks to join in hunting and war parties, and to supply an annual tribute of crops to the tribal chief for the general welfare of the tribe, there was little effective difference between how the Seminole lived and the lives of their nominal slaves. This changed in the course of the Second Seminole War when the old tribal system broke down under the pressure of the fighting and the Seminole resolved themselves into loose war bands living off the land with no distinction between tribal members and their so-called slaves. But this changed yet again in the new territory when the Seminole were obliged to settle on fixed


title: John Horse

texts: lots of land and take up settled agriculture. At that point the chattel slave model adopted by their Creek cousins and other displaced tribes in the region took on more attraction for many of the Seminole.Their increasing poverty, due to the poor land they had been given and their own farming inexperience also made regaining a source of slave labor attractive to them (since the blacks were generally better farmers and craftsmen than their "owners"). The Seminole sub-agent, Marcellus Duval, became a tireless advocate for restoration of alleged Seminole property rights over their former allies in the field, a restoration he apparently hoped to turn to his own benefit as much as to the Indians'. With Mason's reversal of Jesup's wartime decree, those who had been freed by Jesup now suddenly found their status reversed, as Duval and the pro-Creek Seminole demanded their return to Seminole service, only now as chattel slaves. A new open season by the raiders from nearby groups and towns was about to commence as more than 280 Black Seminoles, including <mask>'s own family, were now at risk again. Duval, who had slave interests of his own, then effectively procured a decision from Washington that would force the blacks living under the army's protection at Fort Gibson to return to the settlements of those Indians who were now deemed their legal owners. The Indian sub-agent had, in fact, already worked out an agreement with the pro-Creek faction within the Seminole tribal council to provide a large number of the re-enslaved blacks to his lawyer brother in payment for legal services


title: John Horse

texts:
 rendered on their behalf in Washington in pursuit of their property rights over the Seminole blacks. He and his brother apparently hoped to turn a profit by claiming so many of the new slaves, either to work on their family holdings back in Alabama or for sale on the open market.The stage was thus set for a major crisis as the army received orders to evict the blacks then sheltering under Fort Gibson's walls and force their return to enslavement under the Seminole, now headed up by the pro-Creek faction who supported the institution of chattel slavery as practiced back east. <mask>, with all his options exhausted and even the government and its army turned against him, faced a decision. Migration
Although the army generals were friendly to <mask> and his interests, they were bound by their duty. The War Department, from whom the army took its direction, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs were now arrayed against the interests of the Seminole blacks. <mask> soon found himself allied with Coacoochee again as the two fought a rear guard action to halt the rise of the pro-Creek leadership among the Seminole and the loss of freedom for the Seminole blacks. The two men wrangled with the various generals who quickly succeeded one another while the generals, themselves, played a delaying game with their Washington superiors. Eventually, however, Micaonopy's death ended the stalemate and the army could no longer delay evicting the ad hoc black settlement around the fort and sending its people back to certain enslavement.<mask> took charge of the exodus from Fort Gibson but, instead of


title: John Horse

texts: taking his people to the site Duval the Indian agent had selected for them close by his agency, <mask> and another ally, the black scout Toney Barnet, settled them at a place on the Little River he named Wewoka farther from the Creek and the Seminole agency than Duval had counted on. Settling in, they set up defenses against the gangs of slavers who quickly flocked around the black settlement. <mask> and Barnet settled on a plan which involved getting Marcellus Duval out of the way by inducing him to head off to Florida on a temporary mission which he thought would redound to his interest. To facilitate his agreement to make the trip, Barnet, also affiliated with the Seminole, offered to serve as scout and translator. (Barnet had reasons of his own for remaining behind since he was working to free his son who had been enslaved by two Cherokee brothers on Cherokee land within Indian Territory.) While Duval was gone with Barnet, <mask> speedily concluded a pact with his old friend Coacoochee (disaffected because of his failure to be selected to replace Micanopy) and the two of them led an exodus from Wewoka, and Indian Territory in general, in the dead of night. They led over a hundred blacks including men, women and children, and at least as many fleeing Seminole, out of the lands they had been placed on by the government, heading south across the Red River into Texas.There they began a dash across that vast state which would take them nearly a year, eventually incurring pursuit by Duval's slavers (dispatched after he had returned and discovered their flight) and the Texas Rangers

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title: John Horse

texts:
 who had been authorized by the Texas governor to recapture and return them to their Seminole owners (and to Duval who had placed a bounty on each man, woman and child). From October 1849 until the summer of 1850, <mask> and Coacoochee led the migration south, picking up a troop of disgruntled Kickapoo Indians along the way, and facing the war arrows of the Comanche who considered Coacoochee's presence in their territory an affront. The Comanche may have known of an agreement Coacoochee had concluded with representatives of the Mexican government to gain land on which to live once in Mexico in exchange for his service on the border repelling Texan and Comanche raiders. Racing to the border
After a pitched battle with the Comanche, the fleeing party had to cross a desert region, meeting up with an old adversary, Major <mask>. Sprague, at the springs of Las Moras just north of the Mexican border. That encounter is described in Sprague's own journals which he compiled to document an expedition of supply wagons he led across southern Texas to resupply the outpost at today's El Paso (then the town of Franklin). Sprague had been a young captain back in Florida and had known both <mask> and Wild Cat there, having been involved in the latter's initial and then his final surrender. The three men sat into the night reminiscing and drinking from a bottle of liquor Sprague had supplied.But some time in the early morning hours the Indians learned that someone from the army camp had secretly gone to a nearby town to alert the Texas Rangers of their presence. Whether Sprague, himself, was

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title: John Horse

texts:
 implicated remains unknown. In the pre-dawn hours <mask> and Coacoochee woke their people and secretly departed the camp at Las Moras to make a last desperate dash to the Rio Grande. There they built makeshift rafts to ferry their people across. They were still hard at it, only midway across the river, when the Rangers and their allies abruptly arrived. But it was too late and the Seminole and their black allies, with the Kickapoo who had joined them, got across and made contact with officials in the Mexican state of Coahuila. There, in return for a pledge to fight all invaders and raiding parties from Texas, they were given land for their people and captaincies in the Mexican army on or about  July 12, 1850.Older life
<mask> liked to drink and at one point after crossing back into Texas he allowed himself to get too drunk and was taken captive by some local whites who may have known him or had a grudge against him. They offered to ransom him back to his people and Coacoochee collected the gold they demanded and sent it to them for <mask>'s life. When they opened the bag they found the gold soaked with blood. It was Coacoochee's message to them and they fled. For several years <mask> and Coacoochee rode side by side in fulfillment of their contract with the Mexican government but Coacoochee soon died from smallpox and most of the Seminole and Kickapoo who had followed him drifted away. <mask> remained with his people and became the settlement's de facto leader. After the American Civil War and United States emancipation of slaves, the US Army recruited many of the Black Seminoles

masks:
John Horse
John Horse
John
John Horse
John Horse