title: W. B. Yeats

texts:
 books, as his publishers Macmillan sought to capitalise on the publicity. For the first time he had money, and he was able to repay not only his own debts but those of his father.Old age and death
By early 1925, <mask>'s health had stabilised, and he had completed most of the writing for A Vision (dated 1925, it actually appeared in January 1926, when he almost immediately started rewriting it for a second version). He had been appointed to the first Irish Senate in 1922, and was re-appointed for a second term in 1925. Early in his tenure, a debate on divorce arose, and <mask> viewed the issue as primarily a confrontation between the emerging Roman Catholic ethos and the Protestant minority. When the Roman Catholic Church weighed in with a blanket refusal to consider their anti position, The Irish Times countered that a measure to outlaw divorce would alienate Protestants and "crystallise" the partition of Ireland. In response, <mask> delivered a series of speeches that attacked the "quixotically impressive" ambitions of the government and clergy, likening their campaign tactics to those of "medieval Spain." "Marriage is not to us a Sacrament, but, upon the other hand, the love of a man and woman, and the inseparable physical desire, are sacred. This conviction has come to us through ancient philosophy and modern literature, and it seems to us a most sacrilegious thing to persuade two people who hate each other... to live together, and it is to us no remedy to permit them to part if neither can re-marry."The resulting debate has been described as one of <mask>'s "supreme public moments", and began

masks: Yeats Yeats Yeats Yeats


title: W. B. Yeats

type: original

texts: his ideological move away from pluralism towards religious confrontation. His language became more forceful; the Jesuit Father Peter Finlay was described by <mask> as a man of "monstrous discourtesy", and he lamented that "It is one of the glories of the Church in which I was born that we have put our Bishops in their place in discussions requiring legislation". During his time in the Senate, <mask> further warned his colleagues: "If you show that this country, southern Ireland, is going to be governed by Roman Catholic ideas and by Catholic ideas alone, you will never get the North... You will put a wedge in the midst of this nation". He memorably said of his fellow Irish Protestants, "we are no petty people". In 1924, he chaired a coinage committee charged with selecting a set of designs for the first currency of the Irish Free State. Aware of the symbolic power latent in the imagery of a young state's currency, he sought a form that was "elegant, racy of the soil, and utterly unpolitical". When the house finally decided on the artwork of Percy Metcalfe, <mask> was pleased, though he regretted that compromise had led to "lost muscular tension" in the finally depicted images.He retired from the Senate in 1928 because of ill health. Towards the end of his life—and especially after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and Great Depression, which led some to question whether democracy could cope with deep economic difficulty—<mask> seems to have returned to his aristocratic sympathies. During the aftermath of the First World War, he became sceptical about the efficacy of democratic government, and anticipated


title: W. B. Yeats

texts: political reconstruction in Europe through totalitarian rule. His later association with Pound drew him towards <mask>, for whom he expressed admiration on a number of occasions. He wrote three "marching songs"—never used—for the Irish General Eoin O'Duffy's Blueshirts. At the age of 69 he was 'rejuvenated' by the Steinach operation which was performed on 6 April 1934 by Norman Haire. For the last five years of his life <mask> found a new vigour evident from both his poetry and his intimate relations with younger women.During this time, <mask> was involved in a number of romantic affairs with, among others, the poet and actress Margot Ruddock, and the novelist, journalist and sexual radical Ethel Mannin. As in his earlier life, <mask> found erotic adventure conducive to his creative energy, and, despite age and ill-health, he remained a prolific writer. In a letter of 1935, <mask> noted: "I find my present weakness made worse by the strange second puberty the operation has given me, the ferment that has come upon my imagination. If I write poetry it will be unlike anything I have done". In 1936, he undertook editorship of the Oxford Book of Modern Verse, 1892–1935. From 1935 to 1936 he travelled to the Western Mediterranean island of Majorca with Indian-born Shri Purohit Swami and from there the two of them performed the majority of the work in translating the principal Upanishads from Sanskrit into common English; the resulting work, The Ten Principal Upanishads, was published in 1938. He died at the Hôtel Idéal Séjour, in Menton, France, on 28 January 1939, aged 73.He was buried after a discreet

masks:
Benito Mussolini
Yeats
Yeats
Yeats
Yeats


title: W. B. Yeats

texts:
 and private funeral at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. Attempts had been made at Roquebrune to dissuade the family from proceeding with the removal of the remains to Ireland due to the uncertainty of their identity. His body had earlier been exhumed and transferred to the ossuary. <mask> and George had often discussed his death, and his express wish was that he be buried quickly in France with a minimum of fuss. According to George, "His actual words were 'If I die, bury me up there [at Roquebrune] and then in a year's time when the newspapers have forgotten me, dig me up and plant me in Sligo'." In September 1948, <mask>'s body was moved to the churchyard of St Columba's Church, Drumcliff, County Sligo, on the Irish Naval Service corvette LÉ Macha. The person in charge of this operation for the Irish Government was Seán <mask>, son of Maud Gonne <mask>, and then Minister of External Affairs.His epitaph is taken from the last lines of "Under Ben Bulben", one of his final poems:
Cast a cold Eye
On Life, on Death. Horseman, pass by! French ambassador Stanislas Ostroróg was involved in returning the remains of the poet from France to Ireland in 1948; in a letter to the European director of the Foreign Ministry in Paris, "Ostrorog tells how <mask>'s son Michael sought official help in locating the poet's remains. Neither <mask> nor <mask>, the Irish foreign minister who organised the ceremony, wanted to know the details of how the remains were collected, Ostrorog notes. He repeatedly urges caution and discretion and says the Irish ambassador in Paris should not be informed." <mask>'s body was exhumed in 1946 and

masks:
Yeats
Yeats
MacBride
MacBride
Yeats
Michael Yeats
Sean MacBride
Yeats


title: W. B. Yeats

texts:
 the remains were moved to an ossuary and mixed with other remains. The French Foreign Ministry authorized Ostrorog to secretly cover the cost of repatriation from his slush fund.Authorities were worried about the fact that the much-loved poet's remains were thrown into a communal grave, causing embarrassment for both Ireland and France. Per a letter from Ostroróg to his superiors, "Mr Rebouillat, (a) forensic doctor in Roquebrune would be able to reconstitute a skeleton presenting all the characteristics of the deceased." Style

<mask> is considered one of the key twentieth-century English-language poets. He was a Symbolist poet, using allusive imagery and symbolic structures throughout his career. He chose words and assembled them so that, in addition to a particular meaning, they suggest abstract thoughts that may seem more significant and resonant. His use of symbols is usually something physical that is both itself and a suggestion of other, perhaps immaterial, timeless qualities. Unlike the modernists who experimented with free verse, <mask> was a master of the traditional forms.The impact of modernism on his work can be seen in the increasing abandonment of the more conventionally poetic diction of his early work in favour of the more austere language and more direct approach to his themes that increasingly characterises the poetry and plays of his middle period, comprising the volumes In the Seven Woods, Responsibilities and The Green Helmet. His later poetry and plays are written in a more personal vein, and the works written in the last twenty years of his life include mention of his son

masks: Yeats Yeats


title: W. B. Yeats

texts:
 and daughter, as well as meditations on the experience of growing old. In his poem "The Circus Animals' Desertion", he describes the inspiration for these late works:
Now that my ladder's gone
I must lie down where all the ladders start
In the foul rag and bone shop of the heart. During 1929, he stayed at Thoor Ballylee near Gort in County Galway (where <mask> had his summer home since 1919) for the last time. Much of the remainder of his life was lived outside Ireland, although he did lease Riversdale house in the Dublin suburb of Rathfarnham in 1932. He wrote prolifically through his final years, and published poetry, plays, and prose. In 1938, he attended the Abbey for the final time to see the premiere of his play Purgatory.His Autobiographies of <mask> <mask> was published that same year. The preface for the English translation of   Rabindranath Tagore's  Gitanjali (Song Offering)(for which Tagore won the Nobel prize in Literature) was written by <mask> in 1913. While <mask>'s early poetry drew heavily on Irish myth and folklore, his later work was engaged with more contemporary issues, and his style underwent a dramatic transformation. His work can be divided into three general periods. The early poems are lushly pre-Raphaelite in tone, self-consciously ornate, and, at times, according to unsympathetic critics, stilted. <mask> began by writing epic poems such as The Isle of Statues and The Wanderings of Oisin. His other early poems are lyrics on the themes of love or mystical and esoteric subjects.<mask>'s middle period saw him abandon the pre-Raphaelite character of his early work and attempt

masks:
Yeats
William Butler
Yeats
Yeats
Yeats
Yeats
Yeats


title: W. B. Yeats

texts: to turn himself into a Landor-style social ironist. Critics characterize his middle work as supple and muscular in its rhythms and sometimes harshly modernist, while others find the poems barren and weak in imaginative power. <mask>'s later work found new imaginative inspiration in the mystical system he began to work out for himself under the influence of spiritualism. In many ways, this poetry is a return to the vision of his earlier work. The opposition between the worldly-minded man of the sword and the spiritually minded man of God, the theme of The Wanderings of Oisin, is reproduced in A Dialogue Between Self and Soul. Some critics hold that <mask> spanned the transition from the nineteenth century into twentieth-century modernism in poetry much as Pablo Picasso did in painting; others question whether late Yeats has much in common with modernists of the Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot variety. Modernists read the well-known poem "The Second Coming" as a dirge for the decline of European civilisation, but it also expresses <mask>'s apocalyptic mystical theories and is shaped by the 1890s.His most important collections of poetry started with The Green Helmet (1910) and Responsibilities (1914). In imagery, <mask>'s poetry became sparer and more powerful as he grew older. The Tower (1928), The Winding Stair (1933), and New Poems (1938) contained some of the most potent images in twentieth-century poetry. <mask>'s mystical inclinations, informed by Hinduism, theosophical beliefs and the occult, provided much of the basis of his late poetry, which some critics have judged as lacking in intellectual

masks: Yeats Yeats Yeats Yeats Yeats


title: W. B. Yeats

texts:
 credibility. The metaphysics of <mask>'s late works must be read in relation to his system of esoteric fundamentals in A Vision (1925). Works

Legacy
Yeats is commemorated in Sligo town by a statue, created in 1989 by sculptor Rowan Gillespie. On the 50th anniversary of the poet's death, it was erected outside the Ulster Bank, at the corner of Stephen Street and Markievicz Road.<mask> had remarked on receiving his Nobel Prize that the Royal Palace in Stockholm "resembled the Ulster Bank in Sligo". Across the river is the Yeats Memorial Building, home to the Sligo Yeats Society. Standing Figure: Knife Edge by Henry Moore is displayed in the W. B. Yeats Memorial Garden at St Stephen's Green in Dublin. There is a blue plaque dedicated to <mask> at Balscadden House on the Balscadden Road in Howth. This was his cottage home from 1880-83. In 1957 the London County Council erected a plaque at his former residence on 23 Fitzroy Road, Primrose Hill, London. Adaptations
Composer Marcus Paus' choral work The Stolen Child (2009) is based on poetry by <mask>.Critic Stephen Eddins described it as "sumptuously lyrical and magically wild, and [...] beautifully [capturing] the alluring mystery and danger and melancholy" of <mask>. Argentine composer Julia Stilman-Lasansky based her cantata No. 4 on text by <mask>. Notes

References

Sources

External links

 <mask> <mask> on Magic & The Occult, edited by Claudio Rocchetti, Black Letter Press, 2019
 The National Library of Ireland's exhibition, Yeats: The Life and Works of <mask> Yeats

 List of Works

 <mask> Yeats: Profile and Poems at Poets.org
 Yeats's

masks:
Yeats
Yeats
Yeats
Yeats
Yeats
Yeats
W B
Yeats
William Butler
William Butler


title: W. B. Yeats

texts:
 correspondence and other archival records at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Special Collections Research Center
 Collection of Yeats family papers at John J. Burns Library, Boston College
 Yeats and Mysticism, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Roy Foster, <mask> and <mask> (In Our Time, 31 January 2002)
 Yeats and Irish Politics, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Roy Foster, Fran <mask> & <mask> (In Our Time, 17 April 2008)
W.B. Yeats Collection, 1875–1965 and Maud Gonne and W.B. <mask> Papers at Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University
Yeats family letters at Columbia University.Rare Book & Manuscript Library

1865 births
1939 deaths
19th-century Irish dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Irish poets
20th-century Irish male writers
20th-century Irish dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Irish poets
Abbey Theatre
Alumni of the National College of Art and Design
Anglican poets
Anglo-Irish artists
Anthologists
Burials in the Republic of Ireland
<mask> of the Royal Society of Literature
Formalist poets
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
Independent members of Seanad Éireann
Irish Anglicans
Irish Dominion League
Irish expatriates in France
Irish fantasy writers
Irish folklorists
Irish male dramatists and playwrights
Irish male poets
Irish Nobel laureates
Irish occult writers
Irish occultists
Members of the 1922 Seanad
Members of the 1925 Seanad
Modernist poets
Modernist theatre
Nobel laureates in Literature
People educated at The High School, Dublin
People from Sandymount
People from West Kensington
Protestant Irish nationalists
Sonneteers
Symbolist dramatists

masks:
Warwick Gould
Brenda Maddox
Brearton
Warwick Gould
Yeats
William Fellows


title: William J. Oliver

texts:
<mask><mask>, (?1774–1827) also known as <mask>, W. J. Richards and W. O<mask>, was a police informer and supposed agent provocateur at a time of social unrest, immediately after the Napoleonic Wars. The Luddite protests of 1811–15 had been followed by the Spa Fields riots of 1816, the Blanketeers demonstration in March 1817 and soon afterwards the Pentridge or Pentrich rising, in June, and it was a time when many of Britain’s middle and upper classes saw a genuine risk of revolution. The system of police informers was not new, but had largely escaped popular censure during the wars against France. In peacetime, it was more difficult to justify. Early life and family
Although some early newspaper reports described <mask> as Welsh and a native of either Cardigan or Pembroke, in evidence to the Home Office he claimed to be from Pontesbury in Shropshire, England. He may have been baptised there in October 1774. He married Harriet Dear of Fulbourn, Cambridgeshire, and they had a son.By the time he came to public notice he had been living for thirty years in London, and had worked as a carpenter and builder, and also latterly as a surveyor. He had not done well as a builder and he declared that he had lost money. He was described as "a person of genteel appearance and good address, nearly six feet high, of erect figure, light hair, red and rather large whiskers, and a full face, a little pitted with the small-pox. His usual dress ... was a light fashionable coloured brown coat, black waistcoat, dark-blue mixture pantaloons, and Wellington boots". Career as informer
On 28 March 1817 <mask> approached the Home Office offering his services as an informer. He was accepted by Lord Sidmouth and on 23 April began a tour of the North and Midlands, ostensibly for the purpose of obtaining petitions for Parliamentary

masks:
William J
. Oliver
Oliver the Spy
. Jones
Oliver
Oliver


title: William J. Oliver

texts: Reform and representing himself as a "Liberal patriot". To the more staid reformers he represented himself as intent on organising a large petition, while insinuating that stronger measures might soon be necessary.To the more violent reformers, angry about the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, he spoke of the use of physical force in London, where seventy thousand men were allegedly ready to rise, as soon as plans were complete. Birmingham, Derby, Sheffield, Wakefield, Huddersfield, Dewsbury, Leeds, Halifax, Royton, Middleton, Manchester, Barnsley and Nottingham were all visited, during which time he wrote reports for the Home Office. <mask> toured again in June and began making plans with locals for revolution; a large meeting was to be held on 6 June 1817 in Thornhill Lees, a district of Dewsbury. However on 4 June, he slipped away and met General Byng, the commander of troops in the North and gave him advance warning of the Thornhill Lees gathering. The meeting of would-be revolutionaries, including <mask>, was surrounded and all were arrested by the troops. A few hours later however, <mask> was spotted in Wakefield talking to a liveried footman, by a tradesman called Dickinson, that he had earlier attempted to recruit. Dickinson asked him how he had managed to escape the troops of General Byng, and he gave an embarrassed answer and hurriedly left the town by stagecoach for Nottingham.Dickinson then spoke to the liveried footman who readily admitted to being one of General Byng’s servants. All was now clear; <mask> was not a revolutionary, but instead worked for the authorities. Word spread and the editor and reform campaigner Edward Baines of the Leeds Mercury was soon in the know. By the time <mask> reached Nottingham, some rumours of treachery had already reached the town and he was given a

masks: Oliver Oliver Oliver Oliver Oliver


title: William J. Oliver

texts:
 gruelling cross-examination that he was lucky to survive. <mask> and the Pentrich revolutionaries were not at Nottingham however and the news that <mask> was a spy, did not reach Pentrich in time to stop its uprising. Pentrich rising
Following the brief Pentridge or Pentrich rising on the night of 9/10 June 1817 on the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire border, three rebel leaders, <mask>, Isaac Ludlam and <mask>, were captured. They were subsequently tried for treason, hanged and posthumously beheaded.Others who had taken part in the uprising were transported to Australia. A few days after the uprising, in a series of astonishing articles in the Leeds Mercury beginning on 14 June 1817, Edward Baines alleged that the Pentrich events had in fact been incited by the earlier activities of "<mask> the Spy", who had been known to the rebels as "London delegate" <mask>. Baines also alleged that the authorities, had known from <mask> that the rising was about to happen, but had let it go ahead in order to advance their own political ends. Baines revealed that <mask> was actually W. J. Richards, "a spy" working for Lord Sidmouth's Home Office. The newspaper article of 14 June was read out almost in its entirety by Francis Burdett on the 16th in the House of Commons, where it gave rise to sensational debates which were repeated several times. The accusation, of course, was that <mask> the Home Office informer was, in fact, the moving spirit in the Pentrich disturbances, and that without him they would not have taken place at all. Although <mask> was not present at the uprising, debate as to his rôle and responsibility for it has continued ever since.While the use of informers had become routine on the part of magistrates during the Luddite period, the practice was regarded by a wide section of public opinion as

masks:
Jeremiah Brandreth
Oliver
Jeremiah Brandreth
William Turner
Oliver
William Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver


title: William J. Oliver

texts:
 being alien to the spirit of English law, and the exposure in the Leeds Mercury of <mask>’s role, as an agent provocateur, astounded public opinion. Earl Fitzwilliam, the Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire, wrote to Lord Sidmouth on 14 June about the uprising, squarely blaming <mask> for what had happened:
There certainly prevails very generally in the country a strong and decided opinion that most of the events that have recently occurred in the country are to be attributed to the presence and active agitation of Mr. <mask>. He is considered as the main spring from which every movement has taken its rise. All the mischievous in the country have considered themselves as subordinate members of a great leading body of revolutionists in London, as cooperating with that body for one general purpose, and in this view to be under its instructions and directions, communicated by some delegate appointed for the purpose. Had not then a person pretending to come from that body and for that purpose, made his appearance in the country, it is not assuming too much to say that probably no movement whatever would have occurred - it does not follow that a dangerous spirit could not have been found lurking in any breast, but that that spirit would not have found its way into action. E. P. Thompson in The Making of the English Working Class (1963) more succinctly called <mask> the "archetype of the Radical Judas". Move to Cape Town
It was plainly now in the best interests of the authorities for <mask> to leave the political scene, and in 1819 Henry Goulburn, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, wrote to Cape Colony Governor Lord Charles Somerset ordering that a grant of land be made to a "Mr <mask> whose object in proceeding to the Cape of Good Hope is to settle in that Colony".<mask> arrived at

masks:
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
William Jones
Oliver


title: William J. Oliver

texts:
 Cape Town in 1820, where it was generally believed that he was the notorious police informer. Here he operated as a builder and contractor until about 1825. His friendship with <mask>, Government Inspector of buildings, led Melvill to recommend him as his deputy in 1821. During 1821 he acted as surveyor in the Cape Town suburb of Newlands. He was commissioned to draw the first designs for an English Church, St George's, for the 1820 settlers in Grahamstown, completed in 1828. Death
<mask> died as "<mask> <mask>" on 2 February 1827, and was buried in Green Point Cemetery on the outskirts of Cape Town. He left a will, dated 10 December 1824, in which he described himself as "a native of Ponsonbury (sic) in the County of Salop, aged about fifty, and married to Harriet born Dear of Fulbourn, Cambridgeshire".He left "less than 6000 guilders" and a gold watch to his wife and son. Legacy
<mask>'s historical significance arguably lies less in his activities than in his exposure as an officially sanctioned spy. Readers of the Leeds Mercury and the public at large, were outraged that Lord Liverpool's Government, having been alerted by <mask>, allowed the Penrich rising to continue, rather than nipping it in the bud. The public indignation generated by the spy's activities was one more step on the road to reform, and the newspaper revelations made sure of a quite different outcome to that which had been hoped for by the Home Secretary, Lord Sidmouth. In literature
Police informers are the subject of Charles Lamb's deeply disapproving poem of 1820, "The Three Graves", which contains the lines:

<mask> was well known to the public for his role as an informer in the Spa Fields riots; and George Edwards for a similar role in the Cato Street Conspiracy. References

English spies
1774 births
1827 deaths
19th-century

masks:
John Melvill
Oliver
William Oliver
Jones
Oliver
Oliver
John Castle


title: Bamber Gascoigne

texts:
<mask>  (24 January 1935 – 8 February 2022) was an English television presenter and author. He was the original quizmaster on University Challenge, which initially ran from 1962 to 1987. Early life and education
<mask> was born in London on 24 January 1935. He was the elder son of Lieutenant-Colonel <mask>  by his marriage in 1934 to Mary ("Midi") Louisa Hermione O'Neill. <mask> was  educated at Sunningdale School in Berkshire before winning scholarships to both Eton College and Magdalene College, Cambridge (1955), where he read English literature. He initially wanted to become an actor, though found it tiresome to have to play the same part for more than a week, so instead turned to writing. While at Magdalene, he initially submitted scripts to the Footlights sketch troupe, though they were never performed.However, he wrote a college review in his second year, which was seen by the producer Michael Codron. He liked it enough to put it on in the West End as a musical called Share My Lettuce, in 1957. It was performed by Maggie Smith and Kenneth Williams (with music by Keith Statham and Patrick Gowers). He then spent a year as a Commonwealth Fund scholar at Yale University (1958–59). He carried out his National Service in the Grenadier Guards, where he spent six months guarding the Queen at Buckingham Palace, before being posted to Germany. After completing his National Service, he became employed as a theatre critic, firstly for The Spectator, and then The Observor. He met his wife, Christina, at Cambridge, and they married in 1965.Ancestry
Gascoigne's family were originally Norman, arriving in the early 13th century. Gascoigne's mother was a daughter of Captain, the Hon. Arthur O'Neill and Lady Annabel Hungerford Crewe-Milnes. His father was the son of Brigadier-General

masks:
Arthur Bamber Gascoigne
Gascoigne
Derek Ernest Frederick Orby Gascoigne
Gascoigne


title: Bamber Gascoigne

texts:
 Sir Ernest Frederick Orby <mask> and Laura Cicely, daughter of General Edward Henry Clive, of that family of Styche Hall, Shropshire, from which also came the soldier and administrator of India Robert Clive (Clive of India). Gascoigne's great-grandfathers included Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe, and Edward O'Neill, 2nd Baron O'Neill. He was a nephew of Sir <mask>, who was in charge of the Household Division during the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, and of Terence O'Neill, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (1963–1969). Gascoigne was a direct descendant of the 18th-century Lord Mayor of London Sir Crisp Gascoyne and the Tory politicians <mask> Gascoyne (the elder) and Isaac Gascoyne.Isaac's son General Ernest Frederick Gascoyne, of Raby Hall, Liverpool (1796–1867), was his great-great-great-grandfather. The name <mask> was the surname of the Lord Mayor's wife, and was given to their son. University Challenge
Gascoigne was the original presenter (from 1962) of the television quiz show University Challenge, based on the US series College Bowl. He held the position for 25 years, until the end of the initial run in 1987. As well as presenting the show, in its initial series he also set all the questions. His questioning manner was regarded as firm yet polite. Phrases he often used which became catchphrases include: "Your starter for ten, no conferring", "fingers on buzzers” and "I'll have to hurry you."The show was initially only set for 13 episodes, but it was such a hit that Gascoigne eventually presented 913 episodes. A number of notable people appeared, before going on to find fame in their respective careers, including Stephen Fry and Miriam Margoyles. When the show was revived in 1994, he refused to apply to present it again, as he was now involved with

masks:
Gascoigne
Julian Gascoigne
Bamber
Bamber


title: Bamber Gascoigne

texts:
 other projects. In 1984, Gascoigne was parodied by Griff Rhys Jones in the alternative comedy series The Young Ones, in an episode entitled "Bambi". Adrian Edmondson, a regular cast member of The Young Ones, later appeared on the real University Challenge. In 1998, Gascoigne presented a parody named Universe Challenge based on the sci-fi comedy series Red Dwarf. Gascoigne was also portrayed in the 2006 feature film, Starter for Ten by the actor Mark Gatiss.Television and books
<mask> was the author of Murgatreud's Empire, a 1972 satirical novel concerning an entrepreneur who finds an island of pygmies, and trades them arms for treasure, recreating the development of European medieval weaponry and armour. This was originally written as a script, although the play was abandoned due to the impossibility to find suitable performers for a cast of forty pygmies. In 1977, Gascoigne wrote and presented The Christians, a 13-hour television documentary series on the history of Christianity, produced by Granada Television and broadcast on ITV. The same year he wrote a companion book, under the same title, with photography by his wife, <mask>, published by Jonathan Cape. In 2003 it was revised and republished as A Brief History of Christianity by Robinson Publishing. Gascoigne wrote Quest for the Golden Hare, a 1983 account of the internationally publicised treasure hunt associated with the publication in 1979 of Kit Williams' book Masquerade. On 8 August 1979, Gascoigne was witness to the burial by Williams of a unique jewelled, solid gold hare pendant in an earthenware jar "somewhere in Britain".The book documents the search and a scandal associated with finding it. In 1987, Gascoigne presented a documentary series of six 30-minute programmes on Victorian history, Victorian Values,

masks:
Gascoigne
Christina Gascoigne


title: Bamber Gascoigne

texts:
 produced by Granada Television. The programmes looked at how Victorian society put in place the infrastructure of the modern welfare state. In 1988, Gascoigne devised and presented a BBC Two arts quiz called Connoisseur, for which he also set the questions. Gascoigne was the writer and presenter for the TV series The Great Moghuls (1990), a study of the Mughal Empire of India. The series was based on <mask>'s 1971 book of the same name, which features photographs by his wife. Other activities
Gascoigne established an online history encyclopaedia, HistoryWorld, based on British history.He had already published a hard copy of this encyclopaedia, though saw the internet as an opportunity to reach millions more than the book alone. He also established TimeSearch, which presents multiple searchable timelines collected from various websites. In August 2014, Gascoigne was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue. On the death of his great-aunt Mary Innes-Ker, Duchess of Roxburghe, in 2014, Gascoigne inherited an estate at West Horsley, Surrey, including West Horsley Place, a large country house dating from the 16th century. Gascoigne sold some of the late Duchess's possessions using the proceeds to restore the house, which was followed by the building of an opera house in its grounds, the Theatre in the Woods, which serves as the home base of the Grange Park Opera. An original pencil and chalk study for the painting Flaming June by Sir Frederic Leighton was found on the back of a bedroom door in the house. Art historians had known a sketch existed as it had been included in an art magazine in 1895, but did not know who owned it; it was probably bought by the


title: Bamber Gascoigne

texts:
 Duchess's paternal grandfather after Leighton's death.Since 2019, West Horsley Place has been used as the filming location for the fictional Button House in the BBC TV comedy series Ghosts. External interests
Gascoigne was elected in 1976 as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. He was a trustee of the National Gallery, a trustee of the Tate Gallery, a member of the council of the National Trust, and a member of the board of directors of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. He was also a patron of the Museum of Richmond. Personal life, honours and death
Gascoigne was married, for 57 years, to Christina (née Ditchburn), daughter of civil servant Alfred Henry Ditchburn, . He met Christina at Cambridge. They lived in Richmond, London, from the late 1960s.She is an artist working in ceramics, silks and other media. The couple did not have any children together. Gascoigne was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2018 Birthday Honours for services to the Arts. Following a short illness, he died in Richmond on 8 February 2022, at the age of 87. Stephen Fry led the tributes to Gascoigne, saying he was "such an elegant, intelligent man". Victoria Coren Mitchell, host of BBC quiz show Only Connect, said: "No quiz host has ever seemed more like they could answer all the questions themselves." Selected publications
 1962: Twentieth Century Drama, London: Hutchinson University Library
 1968: Leda Had a Little Swan  (play, cancelled on the day before opening, in New York, after fourteen previews)
 1968: World Theatre: An Illustrated History, Ebury Press
 1971: The Great Moghuls (with photographs by <mask>), London: Jonathan Cape; New York: Harper & Row
 1973: The Treasures and Dynasties of China (with photographs by <mask> and Derrick Witty),

masks:
Christina Gascoigne
Christina Gascoigne


title: Anthony Browne (author)

texts:
<mask>  (born 11 September 1946) is a British writer and illustrator of children's books, primarily picture books. <mask> has written or illustrated over fifty books, and received the Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2000. From 2009 to 2011 he was Children's Laureate. <mask> won two Kate Greenaway Medals from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book illustration. For the 50th anniversary of the Medal (1955–2005), a panel named his 1983 medalist Gorilla one of the top ten winning works, which composed the ballot for a public election of the nation's favourite. Life and work
<mask> was born in Sheffield, Yorkshire. His parents, Jack and <mask>, ran a pub called the Red Lion (now the Wyke Lion) at Hellfire Corner between Bradford, and Huddersfield in West Yorkshire, and <mask> and his older brother Michael grew up there.As a young boy, he enjoyed art, and used to draw with his father. He also played rugby and cricket. His career ambition was then to be a journalist, a cartoonist, or a boxer. He studied graphic design at Leeds College of Art, where he graduated in 1967. When he finished school <mask> intended to become a painter, but being short of money he took a job as a medical illustrator, producing detailed paintings of operations for Manchester Royal Infirmary. After three years he grew tired of the job's repetitiveness and moved on to design greeting cards for Gordon Fraser. He designed cards for five years before he started writing and illustrating his own books.<mask>'s debut book both as writer and as illustrator was Through the Magic Mirror, published by Hamish Hamilton in 1976. A Walk in the Park followed next year and

masks:
Anthony Edward Tudor Browne
Browne
Browne
Anthony Browne
Doris May Browne
Browne
Browne
Browne


title: Anthony Browne (author)

texts: gained a cult following and Bear Hunt (1979) was more successful commercially. His breakthrough came with Gorilla, published by Julia MacRae in 1983, based on one of his greeting cards. For it he won the Kate Greenaway Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book illustration by a British subject. He was a highly commended runner-up for an edition of Alice in Wonderland (1988), he won the 1992 Medal for Zoo and he was again highly commended for Willy's Pictures (2000). Gorillas are frequently featured in <mask>'s books, as he has said he is fascinated by them. He was once asked to present a children's programme, whilst sitting in a cage of gorillas, and despite being badly bitten by one of them he completed the interview before being taken to hospital.his character "Willy" is said to be based on himself. <mask> and writer Annalena McAfee won the 1985 Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis, Picture Book category, for Mein Papi, nur meiner! (The Visitors Who Came to Stay). He also won the Kurt Maschler Award "Emil" three times, which annually (1982 to 1999) recognised one British "work of imagination for children, in which text and illustration are integrated so that each enhances and balances the other." <mask> was a winner for Gorilla (Julia MacRae Books, 1983), Alice's Adventure in Wonderland (MacRae, 1988) and Voices in the Park (Doubleday, 1998), as the illustrator of all three books and the writer of two. In 2000 <mask> was awarded the Hans Christian Andersen Medal, an international award given to an illustrator for their body of work. This prize is the highest honour a children's writer or illustrator can win and <mask> was

masks: Browne Browne Browne Browne Browne


title: Anthony Browne (author)

texts:
 the first British illustrator to receive the award.In 2001–2002 <mask> took a job as writer and illustrator at Tate Britain, working with children using art as a stimulus to inspire visual literacy and creative writing activities. It was during this time that <mask> conceived and produced The Shape Game (Doubleday, 2003). On 9 June 2009 he was appointed the sixth Children's Laureate (2009–2011), selected by a panel that former Poet Laureate Andrew Motion chaired. <mask>'s books are translated into 26 languages and his illustrations have been exhibited in many countries including; The United States, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, France, Korea, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Japan, and Taiwan. He currently lives in Canterbury, England. <mask> was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2021 New Year Honours for services to literature. Works

As writer and illustrator
 Through the Magic Mirror (Hamish Hamilton, 1976)
 A Walk in the Park (Hamilton, 1977)
 Bear Hunt (Hamilton, 1979)
 Look What I've Got!(Walker, 2011, )
 One Gorilla, A Counting Book (Walker, 2012)
 What If...? (Doubleday, 2013)
 Willy's Stories (Walker, 2014)
 Frida and Bear (Walker, 2015)
 Willy and the Cloud (Walker, 2016)
 Hide and Seek (Doubleday, 2017, )

As illustrator
 Hansel and Gretel by Brothers Grimm (MacRae, 1981)
 The Visitors Who Came to Stay by Annalena McAfee (Hamilton, 1984) – winner of the 1985 German youth literature prize for picture books in its German-language translation retaining <mask>'s illustrations
 Knock, knock! Who's there? by Sally Grindley (Hamilton, 1985), picture book
 Kirsty Knows Best by Annalena McAfee (MacRae, 1987), picture


title: Anthony Browne (author)

texts:
 book
 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (MacRae, 1988) – an edition of the 1865 classic, highly commended for the Greenaway and winner of the Emil
 Trail of Stones by Gwen Strauss (MacRae, 1990), picture book
 The Night Shimmy by Gwen Strauss (MacRae, 1991), picture book
 The Topiary Garden by Janni Howker (Hamilton, 1993), short stories published 1991
 <mask>'s King Kong (MacRae, 1994) – from the 1932 novelised story of King Kong
  The Daydreamer by Ian McEwan (New York: HarperCollins, 1994), novella
 <mask>, Playing the Shape Game by <mask> (Doubleday, 2011), biography

See also

Notes

References

Further reading
 D. Martin, "<mask>", in Douglas Martin, The Telling Line: Essays On Fifteen Contemporary Book Illustrators (Julia MacRae Books, 1989), pp. 279–90. Jane Doonan, "The object lesson: picture books of <mask>", Word & Image 2:2 (1986 April–June), pp. 159–72.Tony Bradman, "Through the magic mirror: the work of <mask>", British Book News, 1984 Autumn [Children's Books], pp. 2–5. Ellen Handler Spitz, Inside Picture Books, Yale University Press, 1999, pp. 192–94. External links
 <mask> Personal website

 <mask> index at The Guardian —includes one Gallery (14 pictures)
 <mask> at Children's Book Illustration —with extensive Gallery

1946 births
Living people
British illustrators
British children's writers
British children's book illustrators
Hans Christian Andersen Award for Illustration winners
Kate Greenaway Medal winners
Writers who illustrated their own writing
Writers from Sheffield
Alumni of Leeds Arts University
British Children's Laureate
20th-century British writers
21st-century British writers
Commanders of the Order of the

masks:
Anthony Browne
Anthony Browne
Joe Browne
Anthony Browne
Anthony Browne
Anthony Browne
Anthony Browne
Anthony Browne
Anthony Browne


title: Albert Rust

texts:
<mask> (April 4, 1870) was an American politician and slaveholder, who served as a delegate from Arkansas to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1862. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the U.S. representative from  (1859–1861). He also served as a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded infantry in the Eastern, Western, and Trans-Mississippi theaters of the American Civil War. Early life and career
<mask> was born circa 1818 in Fauquier County, Virginia, to <mask> and his wife Elizabeth; his exact birth date is not known. He was admitted to the bar in 1836 and the following year moved from Virginia to Arkansas, settling in Union County, Arkansas. He bought land and a store near the river in 1837. By 1838, he held the U.S. government contract to survey land in the new state.In 1839, the county seat was moved present day Champagnolle. As he owned the only building suitable, so his storehouse also became the courthouse. <mask> then read law and was admitted to the Arkansas bar. In 1842, he won a seat in the Arkansas House of Representatives, where he was re-elected twice, and also elected 1852–1854. He ran in a special election for an open congressional seat in 1846. He won fourteen counties, yet got only third place. In 1852 he was elected Speaker Pro-Tempore of the Arkansas House of Representatives a very powerful position.Two years later. Democrats nominated him for United States Congress. He won the general election and went to Washington, D.C. In 1856, <mask> drew public attention for his efforts to oppose Nathaniel P. Banks of Massachusetts, who appeared likely to become Speaker of the House. Banks opposed further extension of slave territory, unlike <mask> and his constituents. According to the <mask> family history, He introduced something labeled a compromise resolution, which New York Tribune newspaperman Horace Greeley characterized <mask>'s as

masks:
Albert Rust
Albert Rust
William Rust
Rust
Rust
Rust
Rust
Rust


title: Albert Rust

texts:
 an attempt to make it appear that the contest over the speakership was about personal rivalries among the candidates and not about principles. Greeley believed its true purpose was to oppose Banks's candidacy.After Congress adjourned, on the day The Tribune reached Washington, <mask> accosted Greeley on the Capitol grounds and felled him with his cane. A few days later, <mask> again struck Greeley again on the streets of Washington. <mask> showed little interest other than in military matters. He was not renominated; Edward A. Warren succeeded him. After working to regain his political reputation, <mask> once again won a seat in the House of Representatives in 1858. His interest in military affairs continued in his second term. A supporter of Stephen A. Douglas in the 1860 Presidential election and strong advocate for Union, <mask> shifted his position after Lincoln's call for troops.In May 1861 Arkansas seceded from the Union, and he was named a delegate to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States. American Civil War

Returning to Arkansas, <mask> received a commission as  colonel on July 5, 1861, and assisted Van H. Manning in recruiting and organizing the 3d Arkansas Infantry Regiment. The Third Arkansas would become Arkansas's most celebrated Civil War regiment and the only Arkansas regiment to be permanently assigned to General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. In the fall of 1861, <mask> and the Third Arkansas traveled to Western Virginia and took part in the Battle of Cheat Mountain under Lee. During that winter, he and the regiment were under the command of General Stonewall Jackson. They would go on to serve in almost every major battle fought in the east, including the Battle of Gettysburg, although mostly after <mask>'s promotion and transfer from the regiment. On March 4, 1862, <mask> was promoted to brigadier-general and transferred back to Arkansas, where he was assigned

masks: Rust Rust Rust Rust Rust Rust Rust Rust Rust


title: Albert Rust

texts:
 to Lieutenant-General Earl Van Dorn's Army of the West.He led troops at the Battle of Hill's Plantation in July 1862. After the Battle of Pea Ridge, most Confederate States forces were removed from Arkansas and transferred east of the Mississippi River. <mask> fought at the Battle of Corinth, Mississippi in October. In April 1863, he was once again transferred back to Arkansas and placed under Major-General Sterling Price in the Trans-Mississippi Department. He later served under Major-Generals Thomas C. Hindman in Arkansas and John Pemberton and Richard Taylor in Louisiana. After his active military service, he moved to Austin, Texas to reunite with his family, who had abandoned their home in Arkansas during the Federal occupation and spent considerable time with his brother Dr. George W. <mask> in Virginia. Later life and death
After the war <mask> moved from his home in El Dorado, Arkansas, across the Arkansas River from Little Rock.He returned to Washington as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives and was even a Republican candidate for the U.S. Senate in 1869 before Congressional Reconstruction began and former Confederates were forbidden to hold elective office and he withdrew himself from candidacy. On April 3, 1870, he died in Pulaski County, Arkansas, from a brain abscess, while his wife and children were away visiting family in Virginia. His burial place is the subject of some dispute. Contemporary accounts state that he was buried at the historic Mount Holly Cemetery in Little Rock; his Congressional biography reports his "..interment in the Old Methodist Cemetery." but other accounts  indicate that he was buried in an unmarked grave next to the Confederate monument in Oakland Cemetery. A cenopath memorial stone is in the Oakland and Fraternal Cemetery. Personal life
<mask> married Jane Carrington (1824-1847) of Charlotte County, Virginia, on April 17, 1844, but she soon died, and was

masks: Rust Rust Rust Rust


title: Albert Rust

texts:
 buried in Hervey Cemetery in Hempstead County, Arkansas.He then married Anne Bouldin Cabell, and at least three of their children (raised in Virginia during the American Civil War) would survive to adulthood: <mask> Tutwiler (1854-1923), Breckenridge Cabell <mask> (1855-1892) and author Pauline Carrington <mask> Bouve (1860-1928). See also
 List of Confederate States Army generals
 List of people from Fauquier County, Virginia
 List of speakers of the Arkansas House of Representatives

References

Further reading

 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders.Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. . External links

 <mask> at The Political Graveyard

Year of birth uncertain
1818 births
1870 deaths
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American politicians
3d Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Confederate States)
American Civil War prisoners of war
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
American planters
American slave owners
American surveyors
Arkansas Democrats
Arkansas lawyers
Burials in Pulaski County, Arkansas
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
Deaths from brain abscess
Infectious disease deaths in Arkansas
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Deputies and delegates to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Arkansas
Military personnel from Arkansas
Neurological disease deaths in Arkansas
People of Arkansas in the American Civil War
People from Desha County, Arkansas
People from Fauquier County, Virginia
People from Union County, Arkansas
Recipients of American presidential pardons
Speakers of the Arkansas House of

masks:
Julia Rust
Rust
Rust
Albert Rust


title: Ed Bass

texts:
<mask><mask><mask> (born ) is an American businessman, financier, philanthropist and environmentalist who lives in Fort Worth, Texas. He financed the Biosphere 2 project, an artificial closed ecological system, which was built between 1987 and 1991. He is the chairman of Fine Line, an investment and venture-capital management firm in Fort Worth, and Chairman of the board of directors of the Sid W. Richardson Foundation, a philanthropic organization. He was listed as #239 on the Forbes 400 list of wealthiest Americans in 2012, with an estimated net worth of $2 billion. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Fort Worth, Texas to Perry R. (1914–2006) and Nancy Lee (née Muse) <mask> (1917-2013), the second-oldest of four sons; his brothers are <mask>, <mask>, and <mask>. His father, Perry, was an adviser and later partner of his own bachelor uncle, Sid W. Richardson (1891–1959), starting in the 1930s. When Richardson died, he left each of the <mask> brothers $2.8 million, and Perry managed the bulk of the family oil fortune, which was initially beset by legal problems.<mask> attended Phillips Academy, and graduated from Yale in 1967 with a bachelor's degree in administrative science. He served for a short time in the United States Coast Guard and returned to Yale, studying for a master's degree in architecture, which he did not complete. All four brothers attended Yale, from which their father had also graduated in 1937. He has one child Henry Richardson <mask> (January 1993). Early projects
After leaving Yale, <mask> "set out to explore the world". He moved to New Mexico and spent some time with "an unusual counterculture group at Synergia Ranch", run by John P. Allen. While in New Mexico, <mask>

masks:
Edward Perry "
Ed
" Bass
Bass
Bass
Lee Marshall Bass
Sid Richardson Bass
Robert Muse Bass
Bass
Ed Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass


title: Ed Bass

texts:
 built the Llano Compound, a condominium in Santa Fe and began an association with Allen that focused on ecology projects.He later spent money on a hotel in Nepal, a  Australian ranch, a Puerto Rican rainforest, and the now-defunct Caravan of Dreams performing arts center in Fort Worth. Biosphere 2

In 1984, <mask> and Allen founded the Biosphere 2 project, which <mask> funded with an initial commitment of $30 million. The project was part of a  ranch in the Santa Catalina Mountains in Oracle, Arizona, near Tucson. The purpose of its 3 acre living space was to be an experiment in "recreating the earth" and as a possible way to settle Mars. The project began with eight people living inside in an attempt to be a self-contained settlement, raising food and recycling air and water. After the environment was sealed in 1991, noxious gases built up, and while some of the 4,000 species thrived, the water and crops failed in 1994. In April 1994 <mask> obtained a court order to "formally oust the key managers of the Biosphere and seize the premises," and he dissolved Space Biospheres Ventures, a partnership, which the Los Angeles Times called a "volatile blend of New Age idealism and corporate sophistication."The Biosphere project had in 1992 installed an independent Science Advisory Committee (SAC), chaired by Thomas E. Lovejoy, a senior official at the Smithsonian Institution, and the members came to be at odds with <mask> "on questions of scientific standards," and the science committee was dissolved in February 1993. <mask> attempted to make Steve Bannon the interim chief executive officer. The existing management, however, refused Bannon admittance to the property, according to an affidavit <mask> later

masks: Bass Bass Bass Bass Bass Bass


title: Ed Bass

texts:
 submitted to a Fort Worth court, where he filed his dissolution suit. In 1995, it was turned into a research facility overseen by Columbia University, which declined to provide funding for continued research after June 2003. In 2007, <mask> sold some of the land adjacent to the project, and the building was leased to the University of Arizona. The total cost of the privately funded Biosphere project has been variously reported as $150 million to $200 million. The University of Arizona announced a full acquisition of the Biosphere buildings and grounds in June 2011.Conservation efforts
<mask> has funded numerous projects focused on environmental conservation, and has stated that he feels conservation "most effective when approached as an enterprise". His investment in Nepal also included conservation efforts for rhinos and tigers. He has supported and worked with the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the New York Botanical Garden, the Jane Goodall Institute, and the National Environmental Education and Training Foundation. He is currently the vice chairman of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas and is the founder of the ecological nonprofit Philecology Trust, which he created in 1986. He additionally owns tens of thousands of acres of land in Kansas Flint Hills, and has been active in maintaining that the majority of the land is for conservation purposes and intends on donating much of it to the Nature Conservancy. Urban redevelopment
<mask> is a long-time supporter of downtown redevelopment, and has been described as a "leader in what is recognized as one of the most successful urban revitalization efforts in America". He and his family began the Sundance Square development in 1982.It combines

masks: Bass Bass Bass


title: Ed Bass

texts:
 commercial and residential space in the central business area of Fort Worth, and it received the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce's Spirit of Enterprise award in 2004. He led the development of Bass Performance Hall, financed without public funding, which opened in 1998. Philanthropy
2002: Established the Edward P. <mask> Distinguished Visiting Environmental Scholars Program at Yale
2006: $60 million donation to Yale (He and his family have donated more than $200 million to Yale.) 2007: $12 million to WWF
2017: $10 million to Yale University toward a state-of-the-art, 500-seat lecture hall to be named the O.C. Marsh Lecture Hall in honor of Othniel Charles (O.C.) Marsh, a pioneering professor of vertebrate paleontology at Yale
2017: $30 million to the University of Arizona to support Biosphere 2
2018: $160 million to renovate the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University

Current activities
Named as a Successor Fellow of the Yale Corporation, the governing body of Yale, in 2001. He no longer serves on the board of Yale and is now an emeritus trustee.References

1945 births
Living people
American businesspeople in the oil industry
Philanthropists from Texas
People from Fort Worth, Texas
Phillips Academy alumni
American billionaires
Yale University 1960s alumni
<mask>

masks: Bass Bass


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts: <mask> (3 June 1924 – 7 August 2018) was an Indian writer and politician who served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for almost two decades over five terms between 1969 and 2011. He was popularly referred to as Kalaignar (Artist) and <mask> (Tamil Scholar) for his contributions to Tamil literature. He had the longest tenure as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu with 6,863 days in office. He was also a long-standing leader of the Dravidian movement and ten-time president of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam political party. <mask> has the record of never losing an election to the Tamil Nadu Assembly, having won 13 times since his first victory in 1957. Before entering politics, he worked in the Tamil film industry as a screenwriter. He also made contributions to Tamil literature, having written stories, plays, novels, and a multiple-volume memoir.<mask> died on 7 August 2018 at Kauvery Hospital in Chennai after a series of prolonged, age-related illnesses. <mask> was born in the Tamil Nadu village of Thirukkuvalai on 3 June 1924. His parents were from the Isai Vellalar caste, a caste of musicians that perform at temples and other social gatherings. Growing up in a caste-ridden culture, Karunanidhi was learned about the crippling circumstances that arose from being born into a low caste. When he was 14, he formed a student movement against the imposition of Hindi as India's national language during the Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–40. This served as a forerunner to <mask>'s wider anti-Hindi demonstrations in 1965. As a high school student, Karunanidhi created the Tamil Nadu Tamil Manavar Mandram, the Dravidian Movement's first student wing.He also started a news

masks:
Muthuvel Karunanidhi
Mutthamizh Arignar
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts: paper during his school days, which grew into the Murasoli, the DMK's official publication. <mask> began participating in theatrical productions at a young age, including composing plays. Later on, he started writing for movies. As a writer, he wrote  screenplays, historical novels, screenplays, biographies, poems and novels. He utilized his writing to propagate reformist ideals effectively. He wrote the script and dialogue for M.G. Ramachandran's (MGR) maiden film as a hero, Rajakumari.He also composed the dialogue for Sivaji Ganesan's debut film, Parasakthi which promoted the Dravidian Movement's socialist and rationalist ideas and criticised the exploitative caste structure which created a controversy and made the government to try banning the fim. He was critical of organized religion and superstition He was an atheist and a self-described rationalist. <mask> started his political career in 1957, when he was voted to the Madras state legislature. When the DMK first entered the state legislature the following year, he was named treasurer and deputy leader of the opposition. <mask> ascended quickly through the ranks. After the death of C.N. Annadurai in 1969, he became the DMK's leader and Chief minister of Tamil Nadu and led the party to a landslide win in the 1971 Assembly elections.He was influenced by the rationalist and egalitarian ideology of Periyar and DMK founder C N Annadurai. <mask> was among those who fought Indira Gandhi’s Emergency in 1975 which led to governments getting dismissed in 1976. In the 1976 Assembly elections, he gave the Congress 50 percent of the seats, but the partnership fell apart, and MGR prevailed. After MGR's

masks: Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts:
 Tamil language.Early life and family

<mask> was born on 3 June 1924, in the village of Thirukkuvalai in Nagapattinam district, Madras Presidency, to Ayyadurai (Grand father) <mask>uvel and Anjugam. He had two elder sisters, Periyanayaki and Shanmugasundari. There was some misconception that his birth name was Dakshinamurthy, later changed to <mask> as influenced by Dravidian and rationalist movements, <mask> himself stated that C.N. Annadurai asked him to keep his birthname "Karunanidhi", since it is already popular among the people. In his own writings <mask> said that his family were of the Devadasi (renamed as Isai Vellalar) caste, a small community that traditionally played musical instruments at ceremonial occasions; however his political rival M. G. Ramachandran and some observers contested that and said that he was of Telugu ancestry. <mask> started his education at a local school. <mask>'s father was eager to teach him music.His music teachers were from the Isai Vellalar group, and the lessons were conducted in temples where he was not allowed to cover his upper body, wear slippers, or wear a cotton cloth around his hips as a sign of respect for the upper caste people. He couldn't tolerate learning in an environment where he wasn't treated with respect which made his father agree to stop his music classes. His father also asked the local headmaster to set up special tutoring courses for Karunanidhi and paid a tuition fee of milk every morning and evening.My music lessons were actually my first political studies. I learnt about the oppression of humans based on their caste. I saw the delight with which certain individuals could humiliate

masks: Karunanidhi Muth Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts:
 others, and the self-righteousness of others in carrying out their customs without realizing that they were mistreating a large majority of the people. At the age of 12, he left to Thiruvarur to start his high school. Karunanidhi started to organize school students for the Anti-Hindi agitations.The deaths of two anti-Hindi agitators by the police made a profound impact on him. At the age of 13, he wrote his first Tamil historical novel titled Selvachandira. Entry into politics and early writing career
<mask> entered politics at the age of 14, inspired by a speech by Alagirisamy of the Justice Party, and participated in Anti-Hindi agitations. As a teenager he was captivated by the political writings of Tamil leaders including Panagal Arasar, Periyar and Pattukottai Azhagirisamy (after whom Karunanidhi later named one of his sons). <mask> joined the anti-Hindi protests sparked by the provincial government's legislation making Hindi-education mandatory in schools, and in 1938 organised a group of boys to hold demonstrations travelling around Tiruvarur on a cycle rickshaw. The law was rescinded in 1939. The taste for activism however stuck and in the ensuing years, after a brief flirtation with Communism, <mask> started following the work and speeches of leaders of Justice Party, Self-Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam.According to Karunanidhi, he joined the Periyar's movement when he saw his father hurriedly rising and tied his towel to his waist from his head as a gesture of servitude when an upper caste landlord walked past him. At the age of fifteen, <mask> started his own magazine Maanavanesan (). He along with his friends would make fifty


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts: copies of the magazine and circulate it and also sometimes mailed them to the leaders of Self-respect movement. A political activist after reading his magazine asked him to lead the forum for peace, liberty equality and justice, he accepted and became its elected secretary. Later, he dissolved the forum after there was a blatant attempt to convert the forum into as a front of the Congress party. He refunded the subscription money many refused to take the refund. Using the rest of seventy five rupees, he started the Tamil Nadu Tamil students association in 1941.In 1942, the association held an annual function attended by Bharathidasan K.A Anbazhagan and K. A<mask>gan and student leaders from Annamalai university. He couldn't afford to pay for the invitees' and guest speakers' travels and expenditures, so he was forced to steal a gold necklace that his mother had made for him but which he rarely wore, pawned it for 50 rupees, and paid his invitees. As his writings were gaining popularity in Thiruvarur, he started <mask>oli to widen his publishing platform. Its writer and chief editor was <mask>, and its secretary was his friend Thennan. It had a large print run, was mailed to many Tamil political organisations, and was in the forefront of the fight against caste, social isolation, sophistry, and supremacy. He wrote a critical piece in <mask>oli titled "Varnama, Maanama?" in 1944 when a conference was organized by conservatives in support of varna system.He penned an article named 'Ilamaibali' (Youth Sacrifice) and sent it to C.N Annadurai's Dravida Nadu magazine. It appeared in the next issue. For a week, he wandered the streets of Thiruvarur with a

masks:
. Mathiazha
Muras
Karunanidhi
Muras


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts: job.<mask> then fell in love with a girl. He was certain that the girl was infatuated with him as well. When he and his family met the girl's parents, they demanded that if a wedding was to take place, it must be performed in the presence of Brahmin priests and vedic chanting. <mask> rejected, citing his belief in the Self-Respect movement as justification. After marriage, he worked as a play-wright through the help of R.V Gopal who help his earlier with his play. Their first camp for the troupe was at Villupuram where he was joined by his friends Thennan and C.<mask>. Their plays failed to bring people even after the attendance of Periyar and Annadurai.The failure was due to their comments against the caste prejudices, the troupe was named "Dravida Theatre group", the term "Dravida" was perceived to be a term for Dalits and hence non-Dalits boycotted it. The troupe started to play in Pondicherry which was a at the time a hub for social cultural and political change. His plays were an instant success and people started to call him as "Sivaguru", the name of his character. During his stay in Pondicherry, <mask> penned "That Pen!" a criticism of Gandhi and the Congress centred on a pen which was lost from the Sabarmati Ashram, which infuriated the congress workers. He followed up with a piece titled "What If Gandhi Became Viceroy?" Later, members of the congress attacked a public gathering in Pondicherry attended by Periyar, Annadurai, and Pattukottai Azhagirisamy.<mask> was chased down and beaten till he fell unconscious. They dropped his unconscious body into the sewers and departed, thinking he was dead. He was nursed back by an old women and taken

masks:
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
T Murthy
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts:
 to Periyar who applied medicines to him and took him to erode along with him where he worked as an assistant editor with Periyar's Kudi Arasu magazine in Erode for a year. Early political career
<mask> along with a group of young band of Tamil enthusiasts led by Annadurai dissented from Dravidar Kazhagam and formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) on 17 September 1949. Kallakudi demonstration

The first major protest that aided <mask> in gaining ground in Tamil politics was his involvement in the Kallakudi demonstration in Kallakudi in 1953 when he was 29. The original name of this industrial town was Kallakudi. Kallakudi was renamed as "Dalmiapuram" by the state administration led by Rajagopalachari to commemorate the North Indian business magnate Ram Krishan Dalmia, who owned a cement factory there.DMK wanted to change the name back to Kallakudi because Ram Krishna Dalmia depicted north Indian hegemonic power and predatory businesses. In the protest <mask> and his companions erased the name Dalmiapuram from the railway station and lay down on the tracks blocking the course of trains. Six people died in the protest and <mask> was arrested and was sent to jail for six months. MLA and deputy leader of opposition
At the age of 33, Karunanidhi entered the Tamil Nadu assembly by winning the Kulithalai seat in Tiruchirapalli during the 1957 election among the 15 DMK legislators elected. During the 1959 elections of the Madras Municipal Corporation, he was managing the party campaigns, the party won 45 out of the 90 contested. He was elected as DMK treasurer on 25 September 1960. <mask> was elected to the state assembly for the second time on 21

masks: Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts:
 February 1962, from the Thanjavur constituency.He defeated Congress candidate A.Y.S. Parisutha Nadar. In the same year, he became the deputy leader of opposition in the state assembly. During this time, <mask> recognised the necessity for a regular engagement with party cadres. He began sending daily letters to his party members, whom he referred to as udanpirappukal (blood brothers), a practice he followed for fifty years. 1965 Anti-Hindi Agitations and imprisonment

Anti-Hindi agitations in Tamil Nadu started when the Union government announced that Hindi would become the single official language. The DMK, led by CN Annadurai, planned to organise a series of rallies against the action and declared 26 January to be a day of mourning.Chants of 'Hindi Ozhiga, Tamil Vaazhga' (Down with Hindi, long live Tamil) were heard everywhere. Violence continued across the state and several set themselves on fire. <mask>, the leader of the DMK's anti-Hindi agitation, was arrested on 16 February 1965, and was sentenced to six months imprisonment at the Central Prison in Palayamkottai. He was later released at 15 April 1985. Minister of state

Annadurai declared Karunnanidhi as a DMK candidate for the February 1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election, at the DMK's State-level meeting at Virugambakkam, Chennai. <mask>, as DMK treasurer, raised 11 lakh rupees for the party's election campaign. For the first time, the DMK was elected with an absolute majority in February 1967 and Annadurai became the Chief minister.After being elected to the Saidapet Assembly constituency in Chennai in March 1967, <mask> was appointed as the Minister of Tamil Nadu Public Works


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts:
 Department. On 14 January 1969, under CN Annadurai's administration, Madras State was rechristened as Tamil Nadu. <mask> was in control of five ministries at the time: Transportation, Public Works, Highways, Ports, and Minor Irrigation. First term as Chief minister (1969 – 1971)

On 3 February 1969, the existing chief minister Annadurai died of cancer. On 9 February 1969, the DMK's MLAs chose <mask> to lead the party. He was also chosen as the DMK's legislative assembly leader. <mask> was appointed chief minister on 10 February 1969, the next day and was sworn in by Governor Sardar Ujjal Singh.Members of the DMK selected him as the leader of the DMK on 27 July 1969, a position that had been kept vacant during Annadurai's tenure in honour of Periyar. The six Ministers of Annadurai's Cabinet were kept by <mask>. In addition to his own ministries, <mask> took on the ministries of late Annadurai and Nedunchezhiyan, who had refused to join his cabinet. He once found himself in a difficult situation in the state Assembly when members of the Congress party and Rajagopalachari's Swatantra Party hammered him and his amateur ministers with hard questions. Swatantra Party MP HV Hande described his new government as 'third rate.' <mask> sprang up and exclaimed, 'Sorry, this is not third-rate government', This is a fourth-rate government." The house was startled for a few minutes.Some people believed Karunanidhi had admitted to the government's incompetence. Then <mask> indicated that his government of Shudras, the lowest caste in the caste hierarchy which enraged the opposition. <mask> started sending letters to his party members in Murasoli, opening with the

masks: Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts:
 words "Udan pirappe" (My blood brothers). These letters covered a wide range of themes, including the DMK's philosophy, his justifications for various party actions, and encouragements to party members to work very hard throughout electoral campaigns, among other things. <mask> sent around 7,000 of these letters to party leaders between 1969 and his death in December 2016. They were later published in seven volumes. <mask> sponsored and presided over a State Autonomy Conference in Madras on 12 September 1970, which included Periyar, West Bengal Chief Minister Ajoy <mask>, numerous Parliamentarians, and other dignitaries.During his tenure, he granted legal status to self-respect marriages and implemented a number of other programs aimed at protecting women and children. <mask>'s administration established the Sattanathan commission for backward classes in 1969 to recognize underprivileged groups and give them with representation in government employment and educational institutions. He implemented the "Manu Needhi Thittam", which mandated district officials to set aside a day every week to hear public grievances, and set up grievance redress procedures. <mask> founded the Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board in September 1970 to build permanent houses for those living in slums. His government gave free eye surgeries for the blind from the 'Kannoli Thittam" In 1970, he proposed the Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Reduction of Ceiling on Land) Act, which cut the maximum amount of land a family could possess to 15 standard acres, down from 30 acres under the previous Congress rule. Second term as Chief Minister (1971 – 1976)

In March 1971, <mask> formed an

masks: Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Muerjee Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts: alliance with the Congress headed by Indira Gandhi, on the precondition that her party will not contest in any Assembly seats. In March 1971, the DMK contests for both the Assembly and the Lok Sabha.The DMK-Congress combination beat the Swatantra Party-Congress (Organisation) alliance led by Kamaraj and Rajagopalachari. The DMK won a landslide victory, with its candidates capturing 184 of the 234 seats on the ballot. <mask> is re-elected as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for the second time. He was elected from Saidapet. Chief Minister M<mask> dismissed DMK's Treasurer M.G. Ramachandran from the party. He made this decision in response to a request from 26 of the executive council's 31 members.<mask> later described the decision as "painful" at a public platform. The DMK send him a requisition accusing him of breaking party rules. MGR said he was banned because he "demanded the party's finances, especially those connected to elections". But the finances were submitted to the party executive committee. There had been conflict in the past, with <mask> wanting to be Health Minister but Karunanidhi unwilling to satisfy him. On 18 October 1972, MGR founded the ADMK. <mask> in 1970 issued an order that he said would "eliminate the thorn in the heart" of social reformer Periyar.The decree made it possible for people of all castes to become priests in public temples. However, the Supreme Court overturned this decision in 1972. Until 1973, Governors raised the national flag in state capitals on both Republic Day and Independence Day. <mask> protested in February of that year that the Chief Ministers were "ignored" on Independence Day and Republic Day. In view

masks:
Karunanidhi
. Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
MGR
M Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts:
 of the Rajamannar Committee's report on Centre-State relations(1969-1971) being submitted at the time, he was reinforcing his call for State autonomy. In July, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi gave in to his demands, announcing that Chief Ministers would now hoist the flag on Independence Day, while Governors would do so on Republic Day. <mask> became the first Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu to raise the national flag at Fort St. George on 15 August 1974.<mask> launched the "Beggar rehabitation scheme" on his 48th birthday on 3 June 1971, and begged for funds for the scheme from shopkeepers near his residence, collecting Rs 3,000 and said "Begging is not an insult to the person doing the begging. But it is an insult to the country and society that made him a beggar." <mask> established the Government Servants' Family Benefit Fund Scheme to give financial compensation to an employee's relatives in the event that he loses his job owing to permanent complete disability, medical incapacity, or death. In 1971, His government increased reservation for BC from 25% to 31% and the reservation for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) from 16% to 18%. <mask> established a separate Ministry for the Welfare of the backward classs, the first such in the country. During 1973, women were first inducted into the police force. The Emergency and government dismissal

He resisted to let the Emergency's on Tamil Nadu for approximately seven months, until his administration was ousted on 31 January 1976.<mask> was a supporter of Jayaparakash Narayan's anti-Emergency campaign and was the first one to ally with his Janata Party. During an event at Don Bosco School,


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts:
 <mask> stated, "Most likely, this would be my final public function as Chief Minister." He was dismissed before he even got home form the function. This occurred just 50 days before his tenure ended. The DMK suffered a great deal of damage once it was dismissed. 25,000 members of the party including <mask>'s close relatives and friends were imprisoned. His maternal uncle <mask> <mask> and his son M.K Stalin suffered health issues from torture and C. Chittibabu died trying to save M.K Stalin in prison.He sent 200 rupees a month to their families of jailed DMK members through the party office. A one-man Sarkaria Commission was established in February 1976 under Supreme Court judge Ranjit Singh Sarkaria, shortly after the Indira Gandhi government ousted the DMK administration after allegations of corruption were made by opposition leader <mask>. DMK tried to make out that the investigation was an act of political vendetta. The Sarkaria commission described the evidence on the claims as "cogent, convincing, and reliable." Although none of the corruption charges against him were proved. Leader of the opposition (1977 – 1989)
AIADMK led alliance won 34 seats out of 39 seats in the 1977 Indian general election. Top party figures such as general secretary K. Rajaram, Nedunchezhiyan and S<mask> quit accusing <mask> for the DMK's failure in the general elections and demanded <mask> to resign as the party's leader.Later, DMK lost the 1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, Karunanidhi won from Anna Nagar consistency and became the leader of the opposition. On 29 October 1977, DMK supporters brandished black flags and yelled "Go back, Indira!" as she

masks:
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Murasoli
Maran
MGR
. Madhavan
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts: exited the Madras airport for dissolving the DMK government in1975. Indira Gandhi's vehicle was unable to pass through the black flag barrier in Madurai. <mask> violated the police prohibition in Madras and led protests in Guindy. <mask> and 28 other DMK leaders were detained the next day and were held in judicial custody. MGR offered a kind hand to the <mask> Desai government, while <mask> renewed his alliance with Indira Gandhi.When Indira returned to power following the untimely end of Desai's government, she lost no time in dissolving MGR's cabinet. In the 1980 Indian general election and 1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, the state voted in favour of the AIADMK. MGR was re-elected as Chief Minister. <mask> was elected from Anna Nagar consistency again. <mask> and DMK general secretary K. Anbazhagan resigned from the State Assembly soon after the 1983 anti-Tamil riots in Sri Lanka in protest of the union government and state's failure to defend the Eelam Tamils in Sri Lanka. In May 1986, <mask> established the Tamil Eelam Supporters Organisation (TESO) and held a major national conclave in Madurai to promote the Tamil aspiration for self-determination in Sri Lanka. In February 1982, <mask> embarked on a week-long padayatra from Madurai to Tiruchendur, spanning about 200 kilometres, in order to seek 'justice' for Subramania Pillai, a Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department (HR&CE) officer who was found dead in November 1980.There were allegations that he was assassinated to cover financial misappropriation in the Tiruchendur temple. While Chief Minister <mask> said the victim died by suicide, the DMK claimed it was an

masks: Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Morarji Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi MGR


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts: assassination. Karunanidhi walked over 30 kilometres during the day with a large crowd of cadres and leaders, stopping for lunch in small towns along the way. He gave public speeches in the evenings. The number of persons joining the padayatra grew by the day, and it became a topic of conversation in every family. The ruling government alarmed by the DMK's support, appointed a one-man committee chaired by retired judge C.J.R. Paul.The conclusions of the panel were never presented to the Assembly. <mask> was able to obtain a copy of the study and disclosed it to the public in 1982 which revealed the panel's conclusion that Pillai had not committed suicide. Soon after AIADMK's election win in 1980, Congress abandoned its ally DMK and allied with AIADMK. The 1984 elections took place against the backdrop of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's assassination. In December 1984, contested as allies in both Lok Sabha and the State Assembly which conducted together and were carried to victory by the sympathy generated for Indira Gandhi and MGR who was undergoing a Kidney transplant in New york. After being voted to the legislative council in April 1984, <mask> decided to skip the elections. In 1986, the MLC was however abolished by the then Chief Minister, the late <mask>.<mask> was instrumental in bringing the seven-party National Front together in Chennai in October 1988. With a plea for social justice, he backed Vishwanath Pratap Singh and his announcement of the Mandal Commission Report. Earlier on 17 September 1988, he organized a large rally in Chennai with largely DMK members and a public meeting to commemorate the National Front's formation. It was the

masks:
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
MG Ramachandran
Karunanidhi


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts:
 largest rally Chennai has ever seen. It's inauguration was attended by 20 top national opposition leaders, including three non-Congress(I) chief ministers. Third term as Chief minister (1989 – 1991)

After a 13-year break, the DMK returned to power in 1989. Following MGR's death from a heart attack, the AIADMK split into two.The late Chief Minister <mask>n's wife Janaki Ramachandran led one faction, while J Jayalalithaa led another that helped the DMK. With about 33% of the vote, the DMK was able to secure a solid majority of 151 seats. Karunandihi was elected Chief Minister for the third time from Chennai's Harbour constituency. Karunanidhi allowed the LTTE to use Tamil Nadu as a rear base for its battle for Eelam Between 1989 and 1991, even after Prabhakaran took up arms against the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF). <mask> accused the Indian soldiers of rape and massacre of Tamils in Sri Lanka and refused to receive the returning soldiers. The <mask> administration is then dismissed and placed under presidents rule by the Chandra Shekhar led union government after only two years of its five-year tenure due to its inability to act against Sri Lankan Tamil militants. Despite Governor S.S. Barnala's unwillingness to report to the Union Cabinet that Tamil Nadu's constitutional apparatus had broken down, the government has been dismissed.He enacted legislations which provided financial assistance to widows and inter-caste weddings. In 1989, <mask> passed a law giving equal rights to women in family properties. In 1989, Tamil Nadu became the first state to reserve 30% of government jobs for women. After announcing on 17 November 1990, that his

masks:
MG Ramachandra
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts:
 government would give free power connection, he followed it up with a Government Order giving power connection to 12.40 lakh farmers. Women's self-help groups were first established in 1989 in Dharmapuri to integrate women and increase self-employment opportunities. In 1990, Karunanidhi separated reservation for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) which gave 1% separate quota for STs. Leader of the DMK (1991 – 1996)
Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi by the LTTE took place during the electoral campaign for the 1991 Indian general elections.The DMK was accused in the incident, mobs vandalised the properties of DMK members and functionaries. The allies AIADMK and the Congress campaigned together and spread propaganda claiming that the DMK was to responsible for Rajiv Gandhi's assassination and it worked. The AIADMK-Congress coalition won a decisive win in the Assembly elections on 24 June 1991, and Jayalalithaa is elected Chief Minister for the first time. Except for <mask>, all DMK candidates lost in the elections. Following the Demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992, the DMK began holding rallies and public gatherings criticizing the inrentions of Kar sevaks. On 5 December 1992, <mask> stated in <mask>oli: "What does Kar Seva mean? God's service?Or The service of planting the seeds of unrest?". Fourth term as Chief minister (1996 – 2001 )

In 1996, he formed an alliance with the Tamil Maanila Congress, led by G.K<mask>, and was elected Chief Minister for the fourth time in the state. At the centre, he joined the Deve Gowda-led United Front government. <mask>'s party, which had only two seats in the 1991 elections got 173 MPs, nine more than

masks:
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Muras
. Moopanar
Karunanidhi


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts: the AIADMK had the year before. In 1999, <mask> made his most significant ideological concession. The DMK joined the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance to fight the elections, portraying Vajpayee as a softer ideological character than LK Advani. The National Democratic Alliance won the elections.Following the DMK's support of the BJP, the TMC, CPI(M), and CPI withdrew. The alliance with the BJP put him under increased pressure from both within and outside of the party. Following the 2002 Gujarat riots, <mask> stated that both DMK and BJP were simply partners in the NDA and that the DMK had no intention of forming an alliance with the BJP. "We are not affiliated with the BJP." We are members of the NDA, and so is the BJP. That's it. So, where does the matter of forming an alliance with the BJP stand?".Later, A Raja said that <mask> told him that he regretted the alliance. He had to deal with caste animosity in numerous districts of Tamil Nadu throughout his tenure. In 1996–97, <mask> introduced the free bus pass system, which exempted government school and college students from paying for a ticket while giving private school and college students a 50% discount. <mask> devised the Uzhavar Sandhai plan in 1999, which aims to promote farmer-to-consumer communication and remove the middleman and helped farmers gain more remuneration. He opened the Samathuvapuram (Equality Village) schemes in 145 places in Tamil Nadu in 1998 in order to forget and to eliminate caste-based segregation. His administration was credited for accelerating the IT revolution, introducing mini-buses for connectivity. Karunanidhi renamed Madras to Chennai to reflect Tamil


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts:
 DMK-led alliance by a large majority. Karunanidhi assumption that the DMK will be re-elected on the grounds of its government's good performance proved incorrect.His government's performance was praised by voters but it was not transferred into votes. <mask> was elected from Chepauk constituency. Leader of the DMK (2001 – 2006 )
He served as the president of the DMK. K. Anbazhagan was made the leader of opposition. Controversy of arrests in Tamil Nadu about construction of flyovers

In the midnight 30 June 2001, he was arrested on the orders of J. Jayalalithaa as an act of Vendetta based on a First Information report over of alleged losses of ₹12 crore on construction of flyovers filed by Commissioner J. C. T. Acharyalu who Karunanidhi had earlier kept under suspension. He was arrested after a few hours after the complaint with no time for investigation. Sun TV broadcast these images live across the state, the cops stormed in, busted open his bedroom door, and hauled him out.The images of <mask> falling, being dragged, being lifted up and pushed by the police created a sympathy wave for him. T R Baalu and <mask> <mask>, two Union ministers, were also detained. <mask> told reporters "They didn't have a summons. They didn't have an arrest warrant. They claimed that these were unnecessary. They dragged me. They pushed me.They ripped my shirt. We treated her with respect when we arrested her." Union Law Minister Arun Jaitley claimed it was a case of 'personal agenda'. The Union ministers were freed and the allegations against them were dismissed. <mask> was later released on bail on humanitarian grounds. The police later dropped the case on 2006

masks: Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Murasoli Maran Karunanidhi Karunanidhi


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts:
 citing it was a "mistake of facts". 2004 general elections
<mask>, on the other hand, left the BJP coalition in 2004 as the Union government refused to revoke the Prevention of Terrorism Act.He stood for the United Progressive Alliance led by the Congress party in the general elections, which won all 39 seats of the Parliament from Tamil Nadu. Fifth term as Chief minister (2006 – 2011)

On 8 May 2006, <mask>'s administration became the first minority administration in Tamil Nadu's history, and soon after declared a price cut for rice and the waiver of cooperative farmer loans, two of the DMK's main electoral promises. The DMK won 96 of the 234 seats and emerged as the single-largest party in the Assembly with the alliance of CPI-M, Congress and CPI. <mask> won from Chepauk constituency. <mask> in January 2009 threatened to resign from the ruling alliance if India does not assist in securing a cease-fire in the Sri Lankan civil war. In 2006, the DMK administration formed 30 special welfare boards entrusted with lobbying for the rights of disadvantaged and marginalised people ranging from transgenders to construction workers who may not have political influence or form voting groups and endure many forms of oppression. In 2006, <mask> introduced the 'Anaithu Grama Anna Marumalarchi Thittam,' which aimed for the establishment of a library in each village panchayat.In September 2006, he implemented the free land distribution scheme for the benefit of the landless poor. <mask> saw the value of the ramp as a wheelchair user. He mandated that all new government buildings, as well as existing ones, include a ramp and an elevator. He reserved 3% of

masks: Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts:
 government jobs for the physically challenged. He launched the free gas connection distribution scheme in mid-January 2007. In September 2008, he declared that 1 kg of rice will be offered at ₹1 at PDS stores, surpassing the campaign promise of ₹2. In 2009, he introduced a special quota of 3 percent reservations for the Arunthathiyar community.In 2019, the Arunthathiyars started building a temple "as a mark of thanksgiving to Kalaignar". <mask> launched the "Kalaignar Kapitu Thitam" in 2009 to give people from economically disadvantaged backgrounds receive quality medical treatments without discrimination. At least 3 out of 5 people in the state have medical insurance due to this scheme. In 2010, he introduced the "Kalaignar Veetu Vasathi Thittam" to convert thatched huts to concrete houses in the state. During this tenure he implemented the construction of new Collectorates in nine districts, many universities were established, and highways and flyovers were built. The bus terminal in Koyambedu in Chennai, which is the largest in Asia, was built. His health-care initiatives in the tenure, which included financial help for pregnant mothers, were well received by Jayalalithaa.Multiple medical camps were held around the state as part of the Varumun Kappom Thittam initiative, benefiting a huge portion of Tamil Nadu's population. Schemes were implemented to provide free color TVs to every family with ration cards and to provide gas stoves with free gas connection to the poor women who use wood stove-kerosene stove. Leader of the DMK (2011 – 2016)

During the 2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, the AIADMK alliance won 203 seats and the DMK


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts:
 alliance won 31. Karunanidi won by a huge margin of 50,249 votes Tiruvarur Assembly constituency. Following the defeat, M<mask> said, "People have given me proper rest," before congratulating the people of the state. On his 86th birthday, <mask> donated his Gopalapuram home to the Annai Anjugam Trust, which would manage a free hospital for the underprivileged after his and his wife's demise. During the 2016 Tamil Nadu Assembly Elections, which the DMK lost only by 1.5 per cent votes.<mask> won from Tiruvarur constituency with margin of 68,366 votes thereby recording his 13th straight victory since 1957. In January 2017, <mask>'s son M.K Stalin was made as the working president of the DMK at the general council meet due to his deteriorating health. Political policies

Sri Lankan Tamil issue
<mask> was known among his supporters as the "Tamil Inaththalaivar" (leader of the Tamil race) He was close to numerous Sri Lankan Tamil politicians. In 1956, <mask> issued a resolution at the DMK council in Chidambaram denouncing Sri Lanka's 'Sinhala Only policy'. He was acquainted with S.J.V. Chelvanayakam and was close with A. Amirthalingam, the head of the Tamil United Liberation Front. After 1977 anti-Tamil pogrom and 1983 anti-Tamil pogrom, the his administration was at the forefront of organizing protest demonstrations in Tamil Nadu.In protest at the 1983 riots, <mask> and DMK general secretary K. Anbazhagan resigned from the State Assembly. The DMK was thought to support the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO). After the LTTE started a war against its fellow Tamil militant group TELO in May 1986, <mask> was skeptical of the LTTE's strategy. <mask>

masks:
. Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts:
 founded the Tamil Eelam Supporters Organisation (TESO) and held a large national conference in Madurai in May 1986 to emphasize the Tamil aspiration for sovereignty in Sri Lanka, during which he urged the LTTE to cease murdering TELO cadre. The LTTE then proceeded to kill the majority of the TELO cadres. The infighting was criticized by Karunanidhi as Sagodhara Yudham’ (A Battle Between Brothers). Since the AIADMK and MGR were prepared to support the LTTE as the only representation of Sri Lankan Tamils, his constant attempts to convey the necessity for an unified front to the LTTE were ignored.<mask> was a vocal opponent of the decision to send Indian peace keeping forces (IPKF) to Sri Lanka as part of the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord, and he was accused of being anti-national for his outspoken criticism of the atrocities perpetrated by the IPKF. He viewed the expulsion of Muslims from the North by the LTTE in 1990 as “ethnic cleansing.” His inaction against the LTTE in the state finally led to the Chandrasekhar government dismissing his cabinet in January 1991. After the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi by LTTE he was not friendly with the overt LTTE sympathizers in the state. He ordered a special investigation of the conditions in the Tamil refugee camps in 2006, and subsequently provided funds to repair deteriorating dwellings. In 2009, during the final stages of the war, <mask> was unable to convince the UPA alliance to intervene. Tamil language
Karunanidhi on multiple occasions, expressed his admiration for Thiruvalluvar. The DMK administration built Valluvar Kottam, a memorial in Chennai dedicated to Valluvar in the mid-1970s.However, the government

masks: Karunanidhi Karunanidhi


title: M. Karunanidhi

texts:
 was removed from power in 1976, just weeks before the memorial was to be opened. Karunanidhi awaited 13 years to visit the memorial, and when the DMK regained power in January 1989, he held the swearing-in ceremony there. <mask> built the Silappadikaram Art Gallery in Poompuhar and a special department for Tamil development as Chief Minister. His administration passed an order making Tamil obligatory in all schools until Class 10th a few weeks after he became Chief Minister in May 2006. <mask>, a supporter of the two-language formula, had stressed the need of retaining English as the sole additional language in educational institutions. After consulting with scholars, his government determined in 1972 that Thiruvalluvar was born in 31 BCE. Karunanidhi and Congress leader Sonia Gandhi were vital in ensuring classical language status to Tamil in 2004.World Tamil Conference

He delivered the special address on the inaugural day of 3rd World Tamil Conference held in Paris in 1970, and also on the inaugural day of 6th World Tamil Conference held in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) in 1987. He penned the song "Semmozhiyaana Tamizh Mozhiyaam", the official theme song for the World Classical Tamil Conference 2010, that was set to tune by A. R. Rahman. In June 2010,  his administration organized the World Classical Tamil Conference in Coimbatore. 'Ulaga Tamizh Manadu' (World Tamil Conference), was the first coined word for the conference in 2010, however the IATR organisation that had right to conduct the conference was not happy hence change in name. In the conference, <mask>  described Tamil as supreme among all classical languages. He reinforced the demand for

masks: Karunanidhi Karunanidhi Karunanidhi