title: Douglas Harding

texts:
 created to help share <mask>'s vision of “The Headless Way”. In the 1990s and early 2000s <mask> travelled and gave workshops with his second wife, Catherine. <mask> was married twice and had two sons and a daughter. He died at Nacton near Ipswich, England. Books
The Hierarchy of Heaven and Earth
Look for Yourself: The Science and Art of Self-Realization
On Having No Head:  Zen and the Rediscovery of the Obvious
Head Off Stress
Religions of the World
To Be and Not To Be, That is the Answer: Unique Experiments for Tapping Our Infinite Resources
The Trial of the Man who Said he was God
The Little Book of Life and Death
Open to the Source: Selected Teachings of <mask>. <mask>
Face to No-Face: Rediscovering Our Original Nature
As I See It: Articles, selected by Richard Lang.The Face Game: Liberation without Dogmas, Drugs or Delay. Visible Gods: A Modern Socratic Dialogue. The Science of the 1st Person: Its Principles, Practice and Potential. Journey To The Centre Of The Youniverse. Films
On Having No Head: Seeing One's Original Nature

References

Chapter from On Having No Head quoted and reviewed in The Mind's I - Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul''. Hofstadter & Dennett, 1981 Penguin. The Man With No Head: The Life and Ideas of <mask>.Richard Lang & Victor Lunn Rockliffe. External links
 Headless

1909 births
2007 deaths
20th-century English male writers
20th-century English philosophers
21st-century English male writers
21st-century British philosophers
English Christian mystics
English male non-fiction writers
English spiritual teachers
English spiritual writers
People

masks:
Harding
Harding
Harding
Douglas E
Harding
Douglas Harding


title: Clotilde

type: original

texts:
 follows Gregory. After the death of Chilperic, her mother seems to have made her home with Godegisil at Geneva, where her other daughter, Chrona, founded the church of Saint-Victor. Soon after the death of Chilperic in 493, Clovis asked and obtained the hand of Clotilde. They were married in 493.The marriage produced the following children:

 Ingomer (born and died 494). Chlodomer (495–524), King of the Franks at Orléans from 511. Childebert I (496–558), King of the Franks at Paris from 511. Chlothar I (497–561), King of the Franks at Soissons from 511, King of all Franks from 558. <mask> (500–531), married Amalaric, King of the Visigoths. Clotilde was brought up as a Christian and did not rest until her husband had abjured paganism and embraced Christianity. According to Gregory of Tours' Historia Francorum (History of the Franks), when Clotilde had their first child baptised, he died soon after.Clovis upbraided her; but when Chlodomer was born, she insisted on baptising him also. Although Chlodomer did indeed fall ill, he soon after recovered. More healthy children followed. Clotilde's victory came in 496, when Clovis converted to Christianity, baptised by Bishop Remigius of Reims on Christmas Day of that year. According to tradition, on the eve of the Battle of Tolbiac against the Alamanni, Clovis prayed to God, swearing to be baptised if he emerged victorious on the battlefield. When he did indeed triumph, Clovis readily took the faith. With him Clotilde built at Paris the Church of the Holy Apostles, afterwards known as the Abbey of St Genevieve.Significance
Unusually, Clotilde was a Catholic Christian at a time when Goths,


title: Clotilde

texts:
 appeared to dedicate herself to a saintly life.She occupied herself with the building of churches and monasteries, preferring to distance herself from the power struggles of the court. Churches associated with her are located at Laon and Rouen. Clotilde died in 545 at the tomb of St. Martin of Tours, of natural causes; she was buried at her husband's side, in the Church of the Holy Apostles (now the Abbey of St Genevieve). Veneration

Clotilde's cult made her the patron of queens, widows, brides and those in exile. In Normandy especially she was venerated as the patroness of the lame, those who came to a violent death and women who suffered from ill-tempered husbands. In art she is often depicted presiding over the baptism of Clovis, or as a suppliant at the shrine of Saint Martin. Several fine images of her remain, particularly in the 16th-century stained glass window at Andelys.Her relics survived the French Revolution, and are housed in the Église Saint-Leu-Saint-Gilles in Paris. Clotilde is the patron saint of Les Andelys, Normandy. In 511, the Queen founded a convent for young girls of the nobility there, which was destroyed by the Normans in 911. In its place was erected Our Lady's Collegiate Church, which contains a statue of Saint Clotilde. Also in Les Andelys is <mask>'s Fountain. The spring is popularly believed to heal skin diseases. See also

 List of Catholic saints
 List of Frankish queens

References

Burgundian women
Frankish queens consort
History of Burgundy
Merovingian dynasty
474 births
545 deaths
Christian royal saints
Princesses
Christian female saints of the Middle Ages
5th-century women
6th-century


title: Joshua Wurman

texts:
<mask> (born October 1, 1960) is an American atmospheric scientist and inventor noted for tornado, tropical cyclone, and weather radar research. Life and career

Education
<mask>'s father is noted architect and founder of the TED conferences, <mask>. He attended Radnor High School in suburban Philadelphia. He earned a S.B. in physics and interdisciplinary science in 1982, a S.M. in meteorology in 1982, and a Sc.D. in meteorology in 1991, all from MIT.His masters thesis was The Long Range Dispersion of Radioactive Particulates and his doctoral dissertation was Forcing Mechanisms of Thunderstorm Downdrafts. He moved to Boulder, Colorado to work at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and later to Norman, Oklahoma where he was a tenured faculty member at the University of Oklahoma (OU). He founded the Center for Severe Weather Research (CSWR) in 1998, which operates the Doppler On Wheels (DOW) radars. <mask> returned to Boulder in 2001. Research
<mask> is particularly interested in researching tornadogenesis and amassing sufficient datasets of tornado structure and dynamics observations for tornado climatology study. He is also the discoverer of sub-kilometer hurricane boundary layer rolls, and wrote the pioneering papers on mapping tornado winds, multiple vortices, and other tornado-related phenomena. <mask> participated in both the VORTEX projects, doing early deployments of the first scraped together DOW radars for VORTEX1 and served on the steering committee and was a principal investigator (PI) for VORTEX2, the field research phase of which occurred from 2009-2010.<mask>'s team observed the top two fastest wind events and two contenders for the largest tornado circulations. He leads the ROTATE (Radar Observations of Tornadoes And Thunderstorms Experiment) tornado observational project every spring and hurricane intercepts in the fall. A current major project of his is studying lake-effect snow in the OWLeS. Dr. <mask> has authored and co-authored many scientific

masks:
Joshua Michael Aaron Ryder Wurman
Joshua Wurman
Richard Saul Wurman
Wurman
Wurman
Joshua Wurman
Wurman
Wurman


title: Joshua Wurman

texts:
 publications relating to hurricane and tornado dynamics and weather radar technology including two articles in Science, articles in the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Monthly Weather Review, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Weather and Forecasting, and others. He was lead author of a controversial article in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society analyzing the potential impacts of a major tornado passing through urban areas. Radar innovations

<mask> and his team developed the DOW radars, a new concept of mobile radar, used to observe tornadoes, tropical cyclones, wildfires, winter storms, and other phenomena from close range. He built the first DOW in 1995 from spare parts from NCAR and other facilities and as of March 2014 has built eight DOW units.The success of the DOWs led to a revolution of mobile radars in severe storms and other meteorological field research. Furthermore, they developed meteorological bistatic radar multiple-Doppler networks, and the Rapid-Scan DOW, and holds about several patents related to bistatic and DOW technology. He founded BINET Inc., manufacturer of Bistatic Networks, in 1995. National profile
He manages the DOW radar network which is a National Science Foundation (NSF) Lower Atmospheric Observing Facility. His scientific work and DOW projects have been sponsored by NSF, as well as National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the United States Forest Service (USFS), the United States Department of Energy (DOE), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and other agencies of the U.S. government, as well as by The Discovery Channel, and the National Geographic Society, among others. <mask> is a member of the USA Science and Engineering Festival's Nifty Fifty, a collection of the most influential scientists and engineers in the United States that are dedicated to reinvigorating the interest of young people in science and engineering. In popular culture
<mask> has appeared in many television shows and his work,

masks: Wurman Wurman Wurman


title: Joshua Wurman

texts:
 particularly with the DOWs, and is cited in numerous popular and technical books about weather.He is best known to the general public as the "scientist" in The Discovery Channel's reality series Storm Chasers, where he led a group of storm chasers conducting research during tornado season. CSWR worked with Sean Casey's Tornado Intercept Vehicle (TIV) combining in situ intercept data and photogrammetry work with DOW remote sensing data. His scientific research style is often shown clashing with other chasers who are not government funded. He was also featured on National Geographic Channel's Tornado Intercept and The True Face of Hurricanes, as well as in the IMAX film Forces of Nature. He's also been seen in several other documentaries and shows including those on PBS' Nova and NewsHour, NHK, BBC, History Channel, and The Weather Channel (TWC), and on Dateline NBC, CBS' 48 Hours, Larry King Live, Nightline, and Good Morning America. Popular articles describing his work have appeared in Discover, Scientific American, New Scientist, The Economist, Biography, Newsweek, Time, FHM, Self, The New York Times, USA Today, The Washington Post, and many other publications. See also
 Howard Bluestein
 Paul Markowski
 Erik N. Rasmussen
 Roger Wakimoto

References
Notes

Sources

 USPTO Patent Full-Text and Image Database
 The Hunt for the Supertwister
 Tracking Tornadoes, Nature's Most Powerful Winds
 Guinness Book of World Records (2007)
 http://eol.ucar.edu/basics/wx_2_c.html
 Design of a Bistatic Dual-Doppler Radar for Retrieving Vector Winds Using one Transmitter and a Remote Low-gain Passive Receiver
 <mask>rman CV (2007)

External links
 <mask>rman's homepage at the Center for Severe Weather Research (CSWR)
 WeatherBrains interview, 10 March 2014

1960 births
Living people
American meteorologists
American science writers
Jewish American scientists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Storm chasers
University of Oklahoma faculty
21st-century American

masks:
Joshua Wu
Joshua Wu


title: Gallagher (comedian)

texts:
<mask>. (born July 24, 1946), known mononymously as <mask>, is an American comedian. His trademarks are prop comedy and smashing watermelons as part of his act. He had several popular HBO specials. Early life
<mask> was born on Fort Bragg, North Carolina, to a family of Irish and Croatian heritage. Until the age of nine, he lived in Lorain, Ohio, but because of his asthma, the family moved to South Tampa, Florida, where he attended H.B. Plant High School. He went on to graduate from the University of South Florida with a chemical engineering degree in 1970.He minored in English literature. Career
After college, <mask> began working as comic/musician Jim Stafford's road manager. Stafford and <mask> traveled to California in 1969, during which time <mask> decided to perform himself. He began honing his own comedy act while frequenting both The Comedy Store and The Ice House. He performed twice on The Tonight Show when Johnny Carson was hosting, though Carson disliked prop comedy. He first appeared on the show on Dec. 5, 1975, when he demonstrated his prop, "The Tonight Show Home Game", and again on May 9, 1979. He also performed several times on the show when guest hosts were filling in for Carson.<mask> was one of the most popular and recognizable American comedians during the 1980s. He did fourteen comedy specials for Showtime which have been re-broadcast numerous times, notably on Comedy Central. Running for Governor (as an independent) in the 2003 California gubernatorial recall election, <mask> finished 16th out of 135 candidates with 5,466 votes. Conflict with brother
In the early 1990s, <mask>'s younger brother Ron asked him for permission to perform shows using <mask>'s trademark Sledge-O-Matic routine. <mask> granted his permission on the condition that Ron, who shared a strong likeness to

masks:
Leo Anthony Gallagher Jr
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher


title: Gallagher (comedian)

texts:
 Leo, and his manager clarified in promotional materials that it was <mask>, not <mask>, who was performing. Ron typically performed in venues smaller than those in which <mask> performed. After several years, Ron began promoting his act as Gallagher Too or Gallagher Two.In some instances, Ron's act was promoted in a way that left unclear the fact that he was not the original <mask>. This, and also Ron's off-stage troubles, left a stain on Leo's reputation as well. <mask> initially responded by requesting only that his brother not use the Sledge-O-Matic routine. Ron nonetheless continued to tour as Gallagher Too using the routine. In August 2000, <mask> sued his brother for trademark violations and false advertising. The courts ultimately sided with him, and an injunction was granted prohibiting Ron from performing any act that impersonated his brother in small clubs and venues. This injunction also prohibited Ron from intentionally bearing likeness to Leo.Comedy style
<mask>'s signature sketch is a pitch for the "Sledge-O-Matic," a large wooden mallet that he uses to smash a variety of food items and other objects, culminating with a watermelon. It also features a variety of props, including a large trampoline designed to look like a couch. While the Sledge-O-Matic act is an example of physical prop comedy, the act itself (and even its name) is a parody of ads for the Ronco Veg-O-Matic, a kitchen appliance that was heavily advertised on American television from the mid-1960s through the 1970s. <mask> also uses wordplay in his act, pointing out the eccentricities of the English language. In July 1999 he did a show in Cerritos, California, in which he used stereotypes that were considered offensive towards Mexicans. In January 2011, <mask> walked out of comedian Marc Maron's WTF podcast when Maron

masks:
Ron Gallagher
Leo Gallagher
Leo Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher


title: Gallagher (comedian)

texts:
 continued to ask <mask> about the jokes after <mask> had responded that, out of a two-to-three-hour show, they were only five jokes that he had heard in the street. In a subsequent interview which touched on the incident, <mask> accused Maron of "taking the other side of everything".In July 2012, <mask> was featured in a television commercial for GEICO Insurance, repeating his Sledge-O-Matic routine. Sledge-O-Matic
Though it varies from performance to performance, <mask> will usually end each of his shows with his signature sledge-o-matic routine. It traditionally begins with the following preamble:

"Ladies and gentlemen! I did not come here tonight just to make you laugh. I came here to sell you something and I want you to pay particular attention! The amazing Master Tool Corporation, a subsidiary of Fly-By-Night Industries, has entrusted who? Me!To show you! The handiest and the dandiest kitchen tool you've ever seen. And don't you wanna know how it works!? Well first you get out an ordinary apple. You place the apple between the patented pans. Then you reach for the tool that is not a slicer, is not a dicer, is not chopper in a hopper! What in the hell could it possibly be?!The Sledge-O-Matic!" <mask> would then produce a large, usually wooden, mallet, roughly the size of a sledgehammer, and smash it down onto the apples, hurling chunks of produce into the audience. People in the first several rows are usually prepared with tarps and raincoats and many comedy clubs also take great measures to cover up and protect their interiors with tarps and plastic sheeting. Audience injuries

Given the messy nature of his shows, on some occasions audience members have sustained injuries during <mask>'s performances. At a show at the Coach House in San Juan Capistrano on September 29, 1990, a woman named

masks: Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher


title: Gallagher (comedian)

texts:
 Robin Vann was in the audience and struck on the head with a heavy plush penguin that had a fire extinguisher inside it. She later sued the comedian for $13,000 in medical bills, $20,000 in lost wages and punitive damages reportedly in excess of $100,000. The case went to trial in 1993 with the jury ultimately siding with <mask> after a raucous trial where <mask> himself took the stand and reportedly got as many laughs as he would during one of his shows.The presiding judge William Froeberg would later say "... in seven years on the bench, I've seen a lot of characters, but none so theatrical...It was entertaining. It certainly wasn't boring." At a show at the Washington County Fair in Hillsboro, Oregon, on July 8, 2010, a woman rushed the stage and slipped on debris and was taken to the hospital for her injuries. Legacy
In 2004, Comedy Central rated <mask> the 100th best stand-up comedian of all time. <mask> was displeased with being ranked so low, and he told The Oregonian, "I looked at the other people and I was trying to find anyone I ever heard of. How could I be behind people I never heard of? ...I made 13 one-hour shows for Showtime, which are available on videotape. I invented the one-man show on cable." Personal life
<mask> has claimed that he lost nearly all of his fortune speculating on the stock market, and jokes that he is currently "broke." However, his longtime manager, Craig Marquardo, disputed this as a bit of comedic exaggeration, adding "We all need to be as broke as Leo." During a performance on March 10, 2011, in Rochester, Minnesota, <mask> collapsed on stage, clutching his chest. He was rushed to Saint Marys Hospital, where it was determined that he had suffered a minor heart attack. A year later, on March 14, 2012, just before a performance in Lewisville, Texas, <mask> began


title: Gallagher (comedian)

texts:
 to experience intense chest pains.<mask>'s manager said the comic suffered a "mild to serious" heart attack and was placed in the hospital in a medically induced coma while doctors tried to determine what was wrong with his heart. After replacing two coronary stents, doctors slowly brought him out of the coma on March 18, 2012. He quickly recovered and started talking to his family. His manager, Christine Sherrer, stated that he was breathing on his own, moving, and telling jokes. Filmography

Comedy specials
An Uncensored Evening (1980)
Mad as Hell & Two Real (1981)
Totally New (1982)
That's Stupid (1982)
Stuck in the Sixties (1983)
The Maddest (1983)
Melon Crazy (1984)
Over Your Head (1984)
The Bookkeeper (1985)
The Messiest (1986); contains clips from previous specials
Overboard (1987)
We Need a Hero (1992)
Smashing Cheeseheads (1997)
Messin' Up Texas (1998)
Sledge-O-Matic.com (2000)
Tropic of Gallagher (2007)
Gotham Comedy Live (2014); episode "Gallagher" recorded on October 9 at the Gotham Club in Chelsea in New York City

Acting performances
 Record City (1978)
 The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour (1988 TV series); 1 episode
"Nontourage" (2010 short)
The Book of Daniel (2013) as Astrologer-Abib

Other

 Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour (1983) - Game Show Participant / Celebrity Guest Star

 The Eric Andre Show (2013) - Cameo

Celebrity Big Brother 2 (2019) - Guest, performed Sledge-O-Matic routine for a Power of Veto Competition. References

External links

1946 births
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
American male comedians
American people of Croatian descent
American people of Irish descent
Henry B. Plant High School alumni
Living people
People from Tampa, Florida
Prop comics
University of South Florida alumni
United Artists Records artists
Liberty Records


title: Robert Homans

texts:
<mask> (November 8, 1877 – July 28, 1947) was an American actor who entered films in 1923 after a lengthy stage career. Life and career

<mask> was born November 8, 1877, in Malden, Massachusetts. Although he studied medicine for three years after his college graduation, a 1906 newspaper article noted that "the 'stage bee' got into his bonnet and nothing would do but that he become an actor." His Broadway credits include The Blue Bird (1910), The Blue Envelope (1915), Johnny, Get Your Gun (1916) and Like a King (1921). His screen debut came in Madame Sherry. He appeared in some 400 films between 1917 and 1946. On April 18, 1909, <mask> married Agnes J. Mellon in San Francisco.Another source gives his wife's name as Agnes Maynard. <mask> died in Los Angeles, California on July 28, 1947, from a heart attack. Hood (uncredited)
 Unexpected Uncle (1941) as Police Sergeant (uncredited)
 It Started with Eve (1941) as Railway Conductor (uncredited)
 The Maltese Falcon (1941) as Policeman (uncredited)
 Unholy Partners (1941) as Insp. Flynn
 They Were Expendable (1945) as Bartender (uncredited)
 Anchors Aweigh (1945) as Old Cop (uncredited)
 Because of Him (1946) as Police Sergeant (uncredited)
 Cluny Brown (1946) as New York Policeman (uncredited)
 The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946) as Gallagher (uncredited)
 No Leave, No Love (1946) as Railroad Ticket-Taker (uncredited)

References

External links

1877 births
1947 deaths
American male stage actors
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
People from Malden, Massachusetts
20th-century American male actors

masks:
Robert Edward Homans
Robert Homans
Homans
Homans


title: Rudolph Rummel

texts: <mask> (October 21, 1932 – March 2, 2014) was an American political scientist and professor at the Indiana University, Yale University, and University of Hawaiʻi. He spent his career studying data on collective violence and war with a view toward helping their resolution or elimination. Contrasting genocide, <mask> coined the term democide for murder by government, such as the genocide of indigenous peoples and colonialism, Nazi Germany, the Stalinist purges, Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution, and other authoritarian, totalitarian, or undemocratic regimes, coming to the conclusion that democratic regimes result in the least democides. <mask> estimated that a total of 212 million people were killed by all governments during the 20th century, of which 148 million were killed by Communist governments from 1917 to 1987. To give some perspective on these numbers, <mask> stated that all domestic and foreign wars during the 20th century killed in combat around 41 million. His figures for Communist governments have been criticized for the methodology which he used to arrive at them, and they have also been criticized for being higher than the figures which have been given by most scholars. In his last book, <mask> increased his estimate to over 272 million innocent, non-combatant civilians who were murdered by their own governments during the 20th century.<mask> stated that his 272 million death estimate was his lower, more prudent figure, stating that it "could be over 400,000,000." <mask> came to the conclusion that a democracy is the form of government which is least likely to kill its citizens because democracies do not tend to wage wars against each other. This latest view is a concept, which was further developed by <mask>, known as the democratic peace theory. <mask> was the

masks:
Rudolph Joseph Rummel
Rummel
Rummel
Rummel
Rummel
Rummel
Rummel
Rummel
Rummel


title: Rudolph Rummel

texts:
 author of twenty-four scholarly books, and he published his major results between 1975 and 1981 in Understanding Conflict and War (1975). He spent the next fifteen years refining the underlying theory and testing it empirically on new data, against the empirical results of others, and on case studies. He summed up his research in Power Kills (1997). His other works include Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocides and Mass Murders 1917–1987 (1990), China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (1991), Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder (1992), Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (1994), and Statistics of Democide (1997).Extracts, figures, and tables from the books, including his sources and details regarding the calculations, are available online on his website. <mask> also authored Applied Factor Analysis (1970) and Understanding Correlation (1976). Early life, education, and death
<mask> was born in 1932 in Cleveland, Ohio, to a family of German descent. A child of the Great Depression and World War II, he attended local public schools. <mask> received his B.A. and M.A. from the University of Hawaiʻi in 1959 and 1961, respectively, and his Ph.D. in political science from Northwestern University in 1963.<mask> died on March 2, 2014, aged 81. He is survived by two daughters and one sister. Academic career and research
<mask> began his teaching career at Indiana University. In 1964, <mask> moved to Yale University, and in 1966 returned to the University of Hawaiʻi, where he taught there for the rest of his active career. In 1995, <mask> retired and became professor emeritus of political science. His research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation, DARPA, and the United States Peace Research Institute. In addition to his

masks: Rummel Rummel Rummel Rummel Rummel Rummel Rummel


title: Rudolph Rummel

texts:
 books, <mask> was the author of more than 100 professional articles.<mask> was a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Democide

<mask> coined democide, which he defined as "the murder of any person or people by a government, including genocide, politicide, and mass murder." <mask> further stated to "use the civil definition of murder, where someone can be guilty of murder if they are responsible in a reckless and wanton way for the loss of life, as in incarcerating people in camps where they may soon die of malnutrition, unattended disease, and forced labor, or deporting them into wastelands where they may die rapidly from exposure and disease." In his work and research, <mask> distinguished between colonial, democratic, and authoritarian and totalitarian regimes, and found a correlation with authoritarianism and totalitarianism, which he considered to be a significant causative factor in democides. <mask> posited that there is a relation between political power and democide. Political mass murder grows increasingly common as political power becomes unconstrained. At the other end of the scale, where power is diffuse, checked, and balanced, political violence is a rarity.For <mask>, "[t]he more power a regime has, the more likely people will be killed. This is a major reason for promoting freedom." He wrote that "concentrated political power is the most dangerous thing on earth." This correlation is considered by <mask> to be more important than reliability of estimates. Democracy and peace
After Dean Babst, <mask> was one of the early researchers on the democratic peace theory. <mask> found that there were 205 wars between non-democracies, 166 wars between non-democracies and democracies, and no wars between democracies during the

masks: Rummel Rummel Rummel Rummel Rummel Rummel Rummel Rummel Rummel Rummel


title: Rudolph Rummel

texts:
 period between 1816 and 2005. The definition of democracy used by <mask> is "where those who hold power are elected in competitive elections with a secret ballot and wide franchise (loosely understood as including at least 2/3 of adult males); where there is freedom of speech, religion, and organization; and a constitutional framework of law to which the government is subordinate and that guarantees equal rights."In addition, it should be "well-established", stating that "enough time has passed since its inception for peace-sufficient democratic procedures to become accepted and democratic culture to settle in. Around three years seems to be enough for this." Regarding war, <mask> adopted the definition of a popular database, namely that war is a conflict causing at least 1,000 battle deaths. The peace is explained thus: "Start with the answer of the philosopher Immanuel Kant to why universalizing republics (democracy was a bad word for Classical Liberals in his time) would create a peaceful world. People would not support and vote for wars in which they and their loved ones could die and lose their property. But this is only partly correct, for the people can get aroused against nondemocracies and push their leaders toward war, as in the Spanish–American War. A deeper explanation is that where people are free, they create an exchange society of overlapping groups and multiple and crosschecking centers of power.In such a society a culture of negotiation, tolerance, and splitting differences develops. Moreover, free people develop an in-group orientation toward other such societies, a feeling of shared norms and ideals that militates against violence toward other free societies." Mortacide
While democide requires governmental intention, <mask> was also interested in analyzing

masks: Rummel Rummel Rummel


title: Rudolph Rummel

texts:
 the effects of regimes that unintentionally, yet culpably, cause the deaths of their citizens through negligence, incompetence or sheer indifference. An example is a regime in which corruption has become so pervasive and destructive of a people's welfare that it threatens their daily lives and reduces their life expectancy. <mask> termed deaths of citizens under such regimes as mortacide, and posited that democracies have the fewest of such deaths. Famine, economic growth, and happiness
Rummel included famine in democide, if he deemed it the result of a deliberate policy, as he did for the Holodomor. <mask> stated that there have been no famines in democracies, deliberate or not, an argument first advanced by Amartya Sen, and he also posited that democracy is an important factor for economic growth and for raising living standards.He stated that research shows average happiness in a nation increases with more democracy. According to <mask>, the continuing increase in the number of democracies worldwide would lead to an end to wars and democide. He believed that goal might be achieved by the mid-21st century. Political views
<mask> started out as a socialist but later became an anti-communist, a libertarian, and an advocate of economic liberalism. Apart from being an outspoken critic of communism and Communist states, <mask> criticized right-wing dictatorships and the democides that occurred under colonialism, which also resulted in the hundreds of million deaths. <mask> was a strong supporter of spreading liberal democracy, although he did not support invading another country solely to replace a dictatorship. <mask> posited that there is less foreign violence when states are more libertarian.<mask> was critical of past American foreign policy such as the Philippine War,

masks: Rummel Rummel Rummel Rummel Rummel Rummel Rummel Rummel


title: Rudolph Rummel

texts:
 involvement in the 1900 Battle of Peking, and the strategic bombing of civilians during World War II, and he also believed that the United States under the Democratic Party United States president Woodrow Wilson was a domestic tyranny. <mask> strongly supported the War on Terror and the Iraq War initiated by the Republican George W. Bush administration, arguing that "the media [was] biased against freeing Iraqi from tyranny." <mask> also proposed that an intergovernmental organization of all democracies outside of the United Nations deals with issues about which the United Nations cannot or would not act, in particular to further the promotion of peace, human security, human rights, and democracy through what he termed "an Alliance of Democracies [which] can do much better." <mask> thought that Democratic United States senator Ted Kennedy's opposition to the Vietnam War led to the state killings in Cambodia and Vietnam during the 1970s. Following the death of Kennedy, <mask> condemned the media reaction as too benign, and stated that "the post-war blood of millions is on Kennedy's hands." <mask> was critical of Barack Obama and the Democratic Party, alleging that they were seeking to establish an authoritarian, one-party state. He believed that global warming was "a scam for power" and opposed Obama's carbon-trading scheme.<mask> thought that Obama killed off a democratic peace that Democratic Bill Clinton and Republican George W. Bush had been pursuing. <mask> posited that there was a leftist bias in some parts of the academic world that selectively focused on problems in nations with high political and economic freedom and ignored much worse problems in other nations. Related to this, he also criticized the tenure system. Reception

Democratic peace theory

The democratic


title: Rudolph Rummel

texts: peace theory is one of the great controversies in political science and one of the main challenges to realism in international relations. More than a hundred different researchers have published multiple articles in this field according to an incomplete bibliography until 2000, and from 2000 to August 2009. Some critics respond that there have been exceptions to the theory. While it is generally statistically true that democides happen more in authoritarian than democratic regimes, there have been a few exceptions for democratic regimes, and some authoritarian regimes have not engaged in the megamurder category of democide.<mask> discussed some of these exceptions in his FAQ, and he has referred to books by other scholars such as Never at War. Criticism of the democratic peace theory include data, definition, historical periods, limited consequences, methodology, microfoundations, and statistical significance criticism, that peace comes before democracy, and several studies fail to confirm democracies are less likely to wage war than autocracies if wars against non-democracies are included. Jeffrey Pugh summarized that those who dispute the theory often do so on grounds that it conflates correlation with causation, and the academic definitions of democracy and war can be manipulated so as to manufacture an artificial trend. <mask>'s first work on democratic peace received little attention. His results were incorporated in a "gigantic philosophical scheme" of 33 propositions in a five-volume work. It was reviewed in 1992 as having "immoderate pretensions", and demonstrated <mask>'s "unrelenting" economic liberalism and "extreme" views on defense policy. Nils Petter Gleditsch said that these elements may have distracted readers from <mask>'s more conventionally acceptable

masks: Rummel Rummel Rummel Rummel


title: Rudolph Rummel

texts:
 propositions.<mask>'s version of the democratic peace theory has some distinctive features disputed by some other researchers who support the existence and explanatory power of the theory. <mask>'s early research found that democracies are less warlike, even against non-democracies; other researchers hold only that democracies are far less warlike with one another. <mask> held that democracies properly defined never go to war with each other, and added that this is an "absolute or (point) claim." Other researchers such as Stuart A. Bremer found that it is a chance or stochastic matter; in this sense, <mask>'s version of the democratic peace theory was deterministic. A review by James Lee Ray cited several other studies finding that the increase in the risk of war in democratizing countries happens only if many or most of the surrounding nations are undemocratic. If wars between young democracies are included in the analysis, several studies and reviews still find enough evidence supporting the stronger claim that all democracies, whether young or established, go into war with one another less frequently, while some do not. <mask> did not always apply his definition of democracy to governments under discussion, and he did not always clarify when he did not apply it.The opening paragraphs of an appendix from his book Power Kills adopt Michael Doyle's lists of liberal democracies for 1776–1800 and 1800–1850. Doyle used a much looser definition, namely the secret ballot that was first adopted by Tasmania in 1856, while Belgium had barely 10% adult male suffrage before 1894. Factor analysis

Critical reviews of <mask>'s estimates have focused on two aspects, namely his choice of data sources and his statistical approach. Historical sources <mask> based his estimates upon can


title: Rudolph Rummel

texts:
 rarely serve as sources of reliable figures. The statistical approach <mask> used to analyze big sets of diverse estimates may lead to dilution of useful data with noisy ones. <mask> and other genocide scholars are focused primarily on establishing patterns and testing various theoretical explanations of genocides and mass killings. In their work, as they are dealing with large data sets that describe mass mortality events globally, they have to rely on selective data provided by country experts, so precise estimates are neither a required nor expected result of their work.Yehuda Bauer, noted scholar of the Holocaust who commented that democide is more appropriate to describe mass atrocities perpetrated by state actors than genocide, wrote in Rethinking the Holocaust: "<mask> has been criticized for exaggerating the losses. Even if the criticisms were valid, a figure lower by 10 or 20 or even 30 percent would make absolutely no difference to the general conclusions that <mask> draws." Awards and nominations
In 1999, <mask> was awarded the Susan Strange Award of the International Studies Association. This award recognizes a person "whose singular intellect, assertiveness, and insight most challenge conventional wisdom and intellectual and organizational complacency in the international studies community." In 2003, <mask> was given The Lifetime Achievement Award from the Conflict Processes Organized Section of the American Political Science Association for "scholarly contributions that have fundamentally improved the study of conflict processes." <mask> used to publicly claim that he was a finalist for the Nobel Prize for Peace, based on an Associated Press report reprinted in his local paper about an alleged Nobel short list of 117 names. Although he retracted the claim, it


title: Rudolph Rummel

texts:
 still appeared in one of his books.<mask> was nominated multiple times for the Peace Prize by Per Ahlmark but no shortlist has been made public. Never Again Series
<mask> wrote the Never Again Series of alternative-history novels. According to the series' website, Never Again is "a what-if, alternative history" in which "two lovers are sent back in time to 1906 with modern weapons and 38 billion 1906 dollars" in order to prevent the rise of totalitarianism and the outbreak of world wars. Published works
Most books and articles by <mask> are available for free download at his Freedom, Democide, War website, including those not listed here. Books
 Dimensions of Nations, SAGE Publications, 1972
 Wilkenfeld, J., ed. Conflict Behavior & Linkage Politics (contributor), David McKay, 1973
 Peace Endangered: Reality of Détente, SAGE Publications, 1976
 Understanding Conflict and War, John Wiley & Sons, 1976
 Conflict in Perspective (Understanding Conflict and War), SAGE Publications, 1977
 Field Theory Evolving, SAGE Publications, 1977
 Der gefährdete Frieden. Die militärische Überlegenheit der UdSSR ("Endangered Peace.The Military Superiority of the USSR"), München, 1977
 National Attitudes and Behaviors (with G. Omen, S. W. Rhee, and P. Sybinsky), SAGE Publications, 1979
 In the Minds of Men. <mask>'s blog (2008–2013)
 Why A New "Democratic Peace" Blog? – <mask>'s blog (2008–2013)
 Communist Body Count – chart of <mask>'s estimates
 Nazi Body Count – chart of <mask>'s estimates

1932 births
2014 deaths
American people of German descent
American libertarians
American anti-communists
American male non-fiction writers
American political scientists
American political writers
Indiana University faculty
Northwestern University alumni
University of Hawaiʻi alumni
University of Hawaiʻi

masks:
Rummel
Rummel
Rummel
– Rummel
Rummel
Rummel
Rummel


title: Michael Duursma

texts:
<mask> (born 26 February 1978, Heiloo) is a Dutch professional baseball player who currently plays for Pioniers and the Dutch national team. He is the brother of <mask> and was one of the few Dutch players to play in NCAA Division I. Career
<mask> hit .343/.414 in 1999 as a sophomore for Cypress Community College; he had started at shortstop and as a freshman as well. Also in 1999, <mask> played for the Dutch team in the European Championship and was rated the best defensive player. He also was with HCAW in the Hoofdklasse and went 5 for 9 with 2 runs, 2 RBI, 2 doubles and a steal in a valiant effort in a losing cause in the 1999 Holland Series. In 2000, he transferred to Purdue University. As a junior, he fielded .942 and hit .267/.367/.331.He was hit by a pitch 13 times, which at the time ranked second in school history behind Sean Helsel. He played for the Dutch team in the preliminary games for the 2000 Summer Olympics, but was not selected for the final squad that represented the nation in Sydney. In his senior year, he started every game for Purdue at shortstop, usually hitting 9th. He fielded .938 and was called by the Purdue website arguably the best defensive shortstop in the Big Ten. He batted .298/.378/.416 and went 3 for 7 in the Big Ten Conference tournament. He made the All-Conference team as the top shortstop. Overall, he had hit .283/.351/.374 with Purdue.Undrafted in the 2001 amateur draft, <mask> returned to the Netherlands with the Minolta Pioniers. He hit .340 in 2002 but did not qualify for the batting championship; he would have tied Percy Isenia for 4th in Hoofdklasse. He did tie for sixth with two triples. <mask> replaced Ralph Milliard on the Dutch national team for the 2003 World Port Tournament but saw limited action, going 0 for 2 with 3 runs, presumably used as a pinch-runner. He also was on the

masks:
Michael Steven Duursma
Mark Duursma
Duursma
Duursma
Duursma
Duursma


title: Michael Duursma

texts: European Cup winners with Pioniers. In the Hoofdklasse he led in runs (43, 6 more than runner-up Milliard) and tied for 9th with 10 steals. <mask> hit .328 in 2004, fifth in Hoofdklasse.He again led in runs (39, four more than René Cremer) and tied Johnny Balentina for sixth in hits (45) and led in steals (20 in 21 tries, two more SB than Milliard). He also went 0 for 4 against Japan in the 2004 Haarlem Baseball Week. He failed to make the final cut for the 2004 Summer Olympics as the Dutch team went with Evert-Jan 't Hoen, Milliard and Reily Legito on the middle infield. In 2005, <mask> batted .307/.439/.346 and fielded .964. He was 10th in Hoofdklasse in average, fifth with 47 hits (one behind brother Mark), 6th with 24 RBI and tied for 7th with 9 steals. He led the 2005 European Championship with 14 walks in 10 contests; no one else had more than 9. He also played error-free ball at second base.In the 2005 Baseball World Cup, <mask> hit .302/.412/.395 with 12 runs in 11 games. During the 2006 World Baseball Classic, <mask> had the best average on the Dutch team, though he played in just one game. He went 2 for 4 with two strikeouts in the contest against Panama. <mask> slipped a bit in 2006, hitting .274/.433/.306 with 12 steals in 13 tries and a .952 fielding percentage. He was still second in Hoofdklasse in runs, with 38, only two behind leader Balentina. He was 4th in the circuit in stolen bases. He led the league with 11 times hit by pitch and his 33 walks tied brother Mark for the lead.In the 2006 Holland Series, he hit .278/.409/.333 in a losing cause, leading the Series with two steals. He was 4 for 15 with 4 walks and 3 runs in the 2006 Haarlem Baseball Week as the Netherlands took the title. In the 2006 Intercontinental Cup, <mask> batted .323/.432/.323. In the Gold Medal game, with the Netherlands down 3–2 in the

masks: Duursma Duursma Duursma Duursma Duursma Duursma


title: Michael Duursma

texts: bottom of the 10th, <mask> singled off of Frank Montieth, then scored on a double by Dirk van 't Klooster. The Dutch team got no closer but still won the silver medal. <mask> batted .319/.440/.333 in 2007 Hoofdklasse, scoring 37 runs in 38 games. He tied for 10th in the league in OBP, was 4th in runs and tied for fifth with 25 walks.He hit .231/.286/.231 in the 2007 Holland Series; his 3 hits came in game one, in which he also had a crucial run-costing error. The Pioniers lost the Series to Kinheim. <mask> hit .143/.208/.286 and made two errors as the worst Dutch starting position player in the 2007 European Baseball Championship. The team still won the Gold and qualified the 2008 Summer Olympics. He was 3 for 16 with 4 walks in the 2007 World Port Tournament. <mask> struggled again in the 2007 Baseball World Cup, going 1 for 7 with a run and an error in three games as Roel Koolen took over as the main second baseman. <mask> played for Dutch national team at the 2008 Haarlem Baseball Week and batted .200 and led the team with 5 walks.<mask> was selected by coach Robert Eenhoorn in the team that represents the Netherlands at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. During the 2008 season he batted .279 in Hoofdklasse and scored 34 runs in 38 games for Pioniers. In 2009, <mask> played for the Dutch national team which went on to upset the Dominican Republic at the 2009 World Baseball Classic. <mask> batted .260 in Hoofdklasse and scored 31 runs in 33 games while playing shortstop for Pioniers. At the 2009 World Port Tournament he played shortstop and second base and led the tournament with 10 walks in 8 games. <mask> struggled in 2010 when he batted .203/.309/.258 but had a .957 fielding percentage for Pioniers in de Hoofdklasse. Playing at the 2010 Haarlem Baseball Week he batted .294 as the Dutch national team took the title.In

masks: Duursma Duursma Duursma Duursma Duursma Duursma Duursma Duursma Duursma


title: Michael Duursma

texts:
 Germany, At the 2010 European Baseball Championship he batted .273 with a home run while playing shortstop and second base. The Dutch lost the final against Italy. In 2011, <mask> batted .301/.451/.368 in the Hoofdklasse. His .451 OBP was 3rd in the league and his 32 walks was tied for 3rd in the league. He ended up scoring 33 runs in 39 games for Pioniers. Shortstop, <mask>, had a .963 fielding percentage. Pioniers went on to win the play-offs as <mask> went 12 for 29 for a .414 average and had a .528 OBP before struggling in the Holland Series as Pioniers lost to Amsterdam.<mask> was selected by coach Brian Farley for the 2011 World Port Tournament and started at shortstop all 8 games while batting .261 for the Dutch. In 2012, <mask> batted .333/.465/.389 in 2012 while playing for Pioniers in Hoofdklasse. His .333 average was tied for 9th in the league, while his .465 on-base percentage was 3rd highest. He scored 30 runs and had 28 runs batted in and had a .963 fielding percentage at shortstop. His 10 sac bunts led Hoofdklasse. During the 2012 Haarlem Baseball Week he started all 7 games at shortstop for the Dutch national team. He led the tournament with a .429 average, going 9 for 21 and a tournament high .600 OBP.At the 2012 European Baseball Championship <mask> played third base as Italy went on to beat the Netherlands in the final. References

External links
<mask>'s profile at honkbalsite.com
<mask> @ Baseball Reference

1978 births
Living people
2009 World Baseball Classic players
2006 World Baseball Classic players
Baseball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Cypress Chargers baseball players
Dutch expatriate baseball players in the United States
Olympic baseball players of the Netherlands
Purdue Boilermakers baseball players
People from Heiloo
Konica Minolta Pioniers players
Vaessen Pioniers players
L&D Amsterdam

masks:
Duursma
Duursma
Duursma
Duursma
Duursma
Duursma
Duursma
Michael Duursma


title: Jo Jorgensen

texts:
<mask> (born May 1, 1957) is an American libertarian political activist and academic. <mask>n was the Libertarian Party's nominee for president of the United States in the 2020 election, in which she finished third in the popular vote with about 1.9 million votes, 1.2% of the national total. She was previously the party's nominee for vice president in the 1996 election, as Harry Browne's running mate. She is a full-time lecturer of psychology at Clemson University. Early life and career
<mask>n was born on May 1, 1957, in Libertyville, Illinois, and raised in neighboring Grayslake. She is an alumna of Grayslake Central High School. Her grandparents were Danish immigrants.<mask>n received a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology at Baylor University in 1979 and a master's degree in business administration at Southern Methodist University in 1980. She began her career at IBM working with computer systems, leaving to become part owner and President of Digitech, Inc. She received a Ph.D. in Industrial and Organizational Psychology from Clemson University in 2002. She has taught full-time at Clemson since 2006. Political career

1992 U.S. House of Representatives campaign
<mask>n first ran for office in the 1992 United States House of Representatives election. She ran as a Libertarian to represent SC-04, in northwest South Carolina, against incumbent Democrat Liz J. Patterson and Republican challenger Bob Inglis. <mask>n placed third with 2.2% of the total vote. 1996 vice presidential campaign

Before the 1996 United States presidential election, the Libertarian Party nominated <mask>n for vice president, as Harry Browne's running mate.She was nominated on the first ballot with 92% of the vote. She participated in a vice-presidential debate televised nationwide by C-SPAN on October 22, along with Herbert Titus of the Taxpayers Party and Mike Tompkins of the Natural Law Party. Browne and <mask>n, who were on the ballot in all 50 states and D.C., received 485,759 votes, finishing in fifth place with 0.5% of the popular vote. This was the Libertarian Party's best performance since 1980. 2020

masks:
Jo Jorgensen
Jorgense
Jorgense
Jorgense
Jorgense
Jorgense
Jorgense
Jorgense


title: Jo Jorgensen

texts:
 presidential campaign

On August 13, 2019, <mask>n filed with the FEC to run for the Libertarian presidential nomination in the 2020 election. She formally launched her campaign at the November 2, 2019, Libertarian Party of South Carolina convention before participating in the South Carolina Libertarian presidential debate the same day. In the non-binding Libertarian primaries, <mask>n was second in the cumulative popular vote, winning two of the 12 primaries.On May 23, 2020, <mask>n became the Libertarian presidential nominee, making her the first woman to be the Libertarian nominee and the only female 2020 presidential candidate with ballot access to over 270 electoral votes. Spike Cohen, a mostly unknown figure in mainstream politics, was nominated for vice president. The same day, <mask>n's supporters repurposed Hillary Clinton's unofficial 2016 campaign slogan, "I'm With Her". The slogan trended on Twitter that night and made national headlines. She registered minimal support in opinion polling. <mask>n released a list of potential Supreme Court nominees in September 2020 in response to the vacancy on the Court created by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's death. <mask>n received more than 1.8 million votes in the general election, about 1.2% of the national total.After the election, several media outlets speculated that <mask>n's candidacy resulted in vote splitting significant enough to be decisive in Democrat <mask>'s victory over Republican Donald Trump, pointing to <mask>n's vote share being higher than Biden's margin of victory over Trump in multiple battleground states. Political positions

Healthcare and social security
<mask>n supports a free-market healthcare system financed by individual spending accounts that could keep any savings, which she believes would increase healthcare providers' incentive to compete by meeting consumer demand for low-cost services. She opposes single-payer healthcare, calling it "disastrous". <mask>n supports replacing Social Security with individual retirement accounts. In the final debate of the 2020 primaries, candidate Jacob Hornberger accused

masks:
Jorgense
Jorgense
Jorgense
Jorgense
Jorgense
Jorgense
Jorgense
Joe Biden
Jorgense
Jorgense
Jorgense


title: Jo Jorgensen

texts:
 <mask>n of "support[ing] the welfare state through Social Security and Medicare". In response, she called Social Security a "Ponzi scheme". She then expressed the desire to allow people to opt out of the program on her first day in office, while emphasizing the constitutional inability of a president to unilaterally end the program without Congress's support, as well as the need for the government to fulfill existing Social Security obligations.Under <mask>nsen's plan, those who opt out would put 6.2% of their payroll taxes in individual retirement accounts and receive prorated Social Security benefits for existing contributions as zero-coupon bonds for retirement. Criminal justice and drug policy
<mask>n opposes federal civil asset forfeiture and qualified immunity. She opposes the war on drugs and supports abolishing drug laws, promising to pardon all nonviolent drug offenders. She has urged the demilitarization of police. Foreign policy and defense
<mask>n opposes embargoes, economic sanctions, and foreign aid; she supports non-interventionism, armed neutrality, and the withdrawal of U.S. troops from abroad. Immigration, economics, and trade
<mask>n calls for deregulation, arguing that it would reduce poverty. She supports cutting government spending to reduce taxes.<mask>n supports the freedom of American citizens to travel and trade, calls for the elimination of trade barriers and tariffs, and supports the repeal of quotas on the number of people who can legally enter the United States to work, visit, or reside. In a Libertarian presidential primary debate, <mask>nsen said she would immediately stop construction on President Donald Trump's border wall. During another primary debate she blamed anti-immigration sentiment on disproportionate media coverage of crimes by immigrants. She argued that immigration helps the economy and that the blending of cultures is beneficial. COVID-19
<mask>n has characterized the U.S. government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic as overly bureaucratic and authoritarian, calling restrictions on individual behavior (such as stay-at-home orders) and

masks: Jorgense Jorge Jorgense Jorgense Jorgense Jorgense Jorge Jorgense


title: Jo Jorgensen

texts:
 corporate bailouts "the biggest assault on our liberties in our lifetime". <mask>n opposes government mask mandates, considering mask-wearing a matter of personal choice. She argues that mask-wearing would be widely adopted without government intervention because market competition would drive businesses to adopt either mask-required or mask-optional policies, allowing consumers the freedom to choose their preferred environment.<mask>n has invoked the analogy of dollar voting to argue that consumer preferences would shape businesses' policies on face masks in the absence of a government mandate. Personal life
<mask>n is married and has two adult daughters and a grandson. She briefly paused her presidential campaign after her mother's death on September 3, 2020. Electoral history

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Republican gain from Democratic
|-

See also

List of female United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates
Third party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election
Spike Cohen, <mask>n's running mate in the 2020 presidential election

References

External links

 Issue Positions and quotes at On the Issues
 Profile at Center for Responsive Politics

|-

1957 births
Living people
1996 United States vice-presidential candidates
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American women politicians
American people of Danish descent
American women academics
American women activists
American women business executives
Baylor University alumni
Businesspeople from Illinois
Businesspeople from South Carolina
Candidates in the 2020 United States presidential election
Clemson University alumni
Clemson University faculty
Female candidates for President of the United States
Female candidates for Vice President of the United States
Libertarian Party (United States) presidential nominees
Libertarian Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
Non-interventionism
People from Lake County, Illinois
Organizational psychologists
South Carolina Libertarians
Southern Methodist University alumni
Women in South Carolina

masks: Jorgense Jorgense Jorgense Jorgense


title: Roberta Leigh

texts:
<mask> was an assumed name for Rita Lewin (née Shulman) (22 December 1926 – 19 December 2014) who was a British author, artist, composer and television producer. She wrote romance fiction and children's stories under the pseudonyms <mask>, Rachel Lindsay, Janey Scott and Rozella Lake. She published her first novel in 1950 and was still actively working on new titles until a year before her death. In addition, she wrote and produced the children's puppet television series Sara and Hoppity, Torchy the Battery Boy, Wonder Boy and Tiger, Send for Dithers and Space Patrol. Life and career
Best known as <mask>, she was born Rita Shulman in London to sometimes-poor Jewish parents who had emigrated from Russia. In 1948, she married Michael Lewin, with whom she had one son, and was widowed in 1981. She died age 87 on 19 December 2014.<mask> wrote her first romantic fiction at age 14, while still a schoolgirl at St Mary's convent in Rhyl. She published a romance in 1950 as <mask>, the first of over 160 novels. She also published children's books and romances under the pseudonyms Janey Scott, Rachel Lindsay, and Rozella Lake. Following the death of her husband, she stopped writing romance novels but continued to produce serious fiction and children's books while developing various television and film projects. She made a total of 275 cinematic works, becoming the first woman producer in Britain to have her own film company. She created eight puppet TV series, including The Adventures of Twizzle (1957), Torchy the Battery Boy (1958), Sara and Hoppity (1962), Space Patrol (1962), Wonder Boy and Tiger, and Send for Dithers. The first two were made with Gerry Anderson.Space Patrol was syndicated around

masks:
Roberta Leigh
Roberta Leigh
Roberta Leigh
Leigh
Roberta Leigh


title: Roberta Leigh

texts:
 the globe and achieved the highest ratings of any children's show up to that time - chronicled the year 2100 adventures of Captain Larry Dart of the spaceship Galasphere 347. This was followed by Paul Starr (1964) and a live-action colour space adventure series, The Solarnauts (1967). For these two later series, however, only the pilot episodes were filmed. <mask> developed a keen interest in music during childhood, and was credited as the composer for most of her shows. However, most of her compositions were simply hummed into a tape recorder and translated into a score by a composer. She did, however, tinker with electronic equipment to create the opening theme for Space Patrol, after asking a shop clerk for something that made interesting sounds. In addition to collaborations on Twizzle and Torchy, <mask> teamed with Barry Gray for three musical compositions (Riding My Bike, Sleeping Time and Why?)featured on Vera Lynn's 1955 album "Songs for Children." Her surname appears as Lee on the record, but the proper spelling is featured on the sheet music. In addition to two tie-in albums for Twizzle, <mask> also reinterpreted the popular stories Cinderella and Jack and the Beanstalk with original songs, plus she wrote and narrated The Wonderful Story of How You Were Born, a frank spoken-word sex education record. Paul Starr
Though made in 1964, Paul Starr appeared to be a decade ahead of Space Patrol. A 25-minute marionette puppet series in the same vein as Space Patrol, it was produced in colour. Agent Paul Starr and his crewman, Lightning, work for the Space Bureau of Investigation (SBI). They have a squat rocket, SBI-5, which can travel through space, in air and underwater (SBI uses an

masks: Leigh Leigh Leigh


title: Roberta Leigh

texts:
 undersea base).While jets propel the craft through the air, in space it is powered by "solar energy". It is armed with various weapons, including nuclear missiles. The robots of Paul Starr appear to be more developed and fans of Space Patrol will notice the similar sound effects used. The movements of the puppet characters are "less wooden" and there is no sign of strings. The puppets were made by Martin and Heather Granger who, with Joan Garrick, also operated them. Realistic mouth movements were used long before the arrival of Gerry Anderson's Terrahawks in the 1980s. Actor Edward Bishop provided the voice of Paul Starr; other voices were provided by Patricia English, Dick Vosburgh and Peter Reeves.Besides creating and scripting the series, <mask> also wrote the title song and lyrics (sung by Jerry Dane). Arthur Provis served as director of photography and co-producer. In this adventure, Starr's boss sends him to Mars where five atomic power stations (used to pump water) have been destroyed by fire. Starr and Lightning work as security guards to try to uncover the cause. The chief suspect is General Darynx. The Martians are shown as non-human fish people. The Solarnauts
This was a colour live-action space adventure TV series, produced in 1967, and starred John Garfield, Jr. and Derek Fowlds.Like Paul Starr, its filmed material survives. Bibliography
Books credited to <mask>, Rachel Lindsay, Janey Scott or Rozella Lake. Some novels were credited to both <mask> and Rachel Lindsay. Hero

The Adventures of Mr. Hero (1961)
Mr. Hero and the Raggler Children (1961)
Mr. Hero and the Pearly Queen
Mr.Hero and the Animal
Mr. Hero in Bongo Island
Mr. Hero and Puss the Octo
Mr. Hero helps a

masks:
Leigh
Roberta Leigh
Roberta Leigh


title: Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1953)

texts:
<mask> (born 3 January 1953) is an English retired footballer who is the manager of National League South club Welling United. He was previously manager at Dartford, Enfield, Southend United, Dover Athletic, Leicester City, Brighton and Hove Albion, Hull City, Crystal Palace, Kerala Blasters, Stevenage Borough, Wycombe Wanderers, Bradford City and (twice) Gillingham, leaving the last role at the end of 2014. He also had two spells as head coach of the England under-21 team and took charge of the England national team as caretaker manager for one game against Italy, for which he made David Beckham captain of England for the first time. He managed the England under-20 team in 2013. Outside England, <mask> was the head coach of the Bahrain national football team. During his time as a player with Crystal Palace during the 1970s, <mask> became one of the few players to have been selected for the senior England team when not playing in the top two flights of a domestic league. Playing career
<mask> enjoyed a successful playing career as a winger.He began his youth career with Canvey Island, and had trials at Tottenham Hotspur and Crystal Palace before signing as a junior with Southend United in 1971. Southend gained promotion to the old third division in 1972 and <mask>'s part in their success brought him to the attention of Crystal Palace manager, Malcolm Allison, who signed him on 11 October 1973 for £110,000. Palace were relegated to the third tier at the end of that season, but <mask> was named Player of the Year and remained at the club for two further seasons, becoming player of the year again in 1976. The 1975–76 season was a high point in <mask>'s career as Palace reached the FA Cup semi-final, <mask> scoring two goals in the quarter-final in a 3–2 away win at Chelsea and he also made four appearances for the full England team, scoring twice. However, Palace's season tailed off after the semi-final and they did not achieve

masks:
Peter John Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor


title: Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1953)

texts:
 promotion to the second tier. At the end of the season Allison resigned and was replaced by Terry Venables, and on 30 September 1976 <mask> was allowed to depart for top-flight Tottenham Hotspur for a fee of £400,000. <mask> scored on his debut in a 4-2 defeat at The Hawthorns to West Bromwich Albion.He had a mixed career at Spurs; the club suffered relegation in 1977 but was promoted in 1978. <mask> did not make another England appearance and in 1980 moved on to Leyton Orient, having made 123 appearances for Tottenham during which he scored 31 times. He played 56 times for Orient, scoring 11 times in three seasons, and had a brief loan spell at Oldham Athletic. In 1983–84 <mask> made eight appearances for Exeter City before moving into non-league football with firstly Maidstone United, and then Chelmsford City, Dartford and Enfield. <mask> made his England debut as a substitute versus Wales and scored the winning goal in the 80th minute of that game. He scored his second international goal against the same opponents in the next match that he played. <mask> was the last English footballer to score two goals in his first two international games before Rickie Lambert repeated the feat in 2013.After his playing career ended, <mask> embarked on a career as a coach and manager. Management career

Early management
<mask> became player manager at non-league club Dartford. In his four seasons there, club attendances rose from 400 to around 1000, he won the Southern Cup twice and each season he was there Dartford scored more than 100 goals. <mask>'s first managerial role in the Football League was at Southend United. He spent two years between 1993 and 1995 as manager, but quit at the end of the 1994–95 season after failing to get them beyond the middle of the Division One table. <mask> took on the job as manager of Conference club Dover Athletic in 1995–96 season and guided the club to 20th, enough to stave off the threat of

masks: Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor


title: Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1953)

texts:
 relegation as only two clubs were relegated that season. England U-21
He agreed and signed a two-year contract at Dover in May 1996 but was to leave the club only two months later after being asked by then England boss Glenn Hoddle to manage the England under-21 side.His record (for competitive matches) was 15 played; 11 won, three drawn and one defeat. In this time, England finished ninth in 1998 European Championship and qualified for the 2000 finals comfortably, winning every match without conceding a goal. But with three matches to play, <mask> was replaced in a controversial manner by Howard Wilkinson, who won the next two matches. The three goals conceded in the 3–1 defeat to group runners-up Poland were the only blemish on the team's qualifying record. England under Wilkinson later got knocked out in the group stage of the finals, winning against Turkey but losing to Slovakia and champions Italy. Gillingham
<mask> returned to club management at the beginning of the 1999–2000 season with Gillingham, and at the end of the season guided them to victory over Wigan Athletic in the Division Two play-off final which marked the Kent club's promotion to the upper half of the English league for the first time in their history. During this season he also guided the Gills to the quarter-finals of the FA Cup after impressive wins over Premiership opposition in Bradford City and Sheffield Wednesday (a brace of 3–1 home wins), before losing 5–0 away to Chelsea in the last eight.Leicester City
A few weeks later he left the club to take charge at Leicester City in the Premier League. He had an excellent start at the East Midlands club and they went top of the league on 1 October 2000. They stayed at the top of the league for two weeks (<mask> having been voted Premier League Manager of the Month for September 2000) and were in contention for a UEFA Cup place for well over half a season, but nine defeats from their final 10 games sucked

masks: Taylor Taylor Taylor


title: Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1953)

texts:
 them down to 13th place in the wake of a shock defeat by Wycombe Wanderers in the FA Cup quarter-final. After a terrible start to the 2001–02 season, <mask> was sacked on 30 September 2001. England
In November 2000, whilst managing Leicester, <mask> was appointed caretaker manager of England for one match. For that game, a 1–0 defeat by Italy in the Stadio Delle Alpi in Turin on 15 November 2000, <mask> looked to youth. He handed David Beckham the captain's armband for the first time, and used six players then still eligible for the Under-21s; Gareth Barry, Jamie Carragher, Kieron Dyer, Rio Ferdinand, Emile Heskey and Seth Johnson.Brighton and Hove Albion
After being sacked by Leicester, he returned to management within two weeks to take charge at Brighton & Hove Albion whose previous manager Micky Adams had become the new assistant manager of Leicester City. <mask> guided Brighton to the Division Two championship (marking their return to the upper half of the English league after 11 years) but resigned from his job at the end of the season, citing a low budget and the delay to the new stadium. Hull City
In November 2002 <mask> was appointed manager of Hull City who were weeks away from their move to the 25,404-seat KC Stadium. A mid-table finish was followed in 2003–04 by promotion as Division Three runners-up. They finished League One runners-up the following season, 2004–05, and thus reached the Football League Championship in the 2005–06 season – their first appearance at that level since 1990–91, and they finished 18th in the league. England U-21 (second spell)
<mask> had returned to manage England's U-21 team for a second spell in 2004, combining the role with his job at Hull. England comfortably progressed from their qualification group for the 2006 finals but lost to eventual semi-finalists France in a play-off over two legs.He initially retained his position after joining Crystal Palace, and the team qualified for

masks: Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor


title: Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1953)

texts:
 the 2007 finals. However, he left in January 2007 as the new senior manager, Steve McClaren, wanted the England U-21 manager's role to be a full-time position. <mask>'s record in competitive fixtures in his second spell with the U21s was 16 played; nine won, five drawn and two lost. Crystal Palace

Success at Hull drew attention from other clubs, and <mask> returned to former club Crystal Palace in June 2006 after Palace agreed a £300,000 compensation package with Hull. He only lasted 16 months at Selhurst Park as he was sacked in October 2007 after a run of poor form left the Eagles hovering dangerously above the bottom three. Stevenage Borough
A few weeks after his departure from Palace, <mask> was appointed manager of Conference team Stevenage Borough in November 2007. His first purchase in this role was Junior Lewis, a player he had previously brought into five other clubs (Dover, Gillingham, Leicester, Brighton and Hull).On 28 April 2008, <mask> left Stevenage Borough after 6 months in-charge when his short-term contract ran out and he had failed to get them into the end of season play-offs. They finished the season in sixth place, 22 points behind the champions, having been in third place and just four points off top spot when he first took charge. Wycombe Wanderers
On 29 May 2008, he became Wycombe Wanderers manager, following the resignation of Paul Lambert after their failure to reach the League Two play-off final. He signed Junior Lewis, this time as first team coach. <mask> had a successful start to the 2008–09 season as Wycombe went on an 18-game unbeaten run in the league with promotion to League One being secured on the final day of the season. However, he was dismissed on 9 October 2009 after Wycombe's slow start to the League One season. Bradford City
On 16 February 2010, <mask> replaced Stuart McCall to become manager of League Two side Bradford City, initially on a three-month contract until the end of the


title: Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1953)

texts:
 2009–10 season.Junior Lewis was employed as first team coach, working with assistant manager Wayne Jacobs and youth team coach David Wetherall. <mask> signed a one-year contract at Bradford the day before Bradford played Northampton. In January 2011, <mask> turned down an offer from Premier League Newcastle United to be assistant to their new manager Alan Pardew. After three successive defeats later in the month, <mask> came under pressure but vowed to carry on, saying: "I'm not a fool, I can tell that I'm probably not the most popular manager Bradford City's ever had. I'm not prepared to walk away, I'm prepared to take this difficult job head on." City's run of poor form continued and the following month, <mask> and City parted company by mutual consent; although the announcement came before City's game with Stockport County, <mask> remained in charge for one final time. Bahrain
On 11 July 2011, the Bahrain Football Association signed <mask> to train the national football team.Just a few months later he led Bahrain to winning the football tournament at the 1st GCC Games in Manama, the first time Bahrain's national team had won a regional competition in their history. Bahrain beat arch rivals Saudi Arabia 3–1 in a one-sided final. <mask> received a lot of praise from the players, fans and officials for his achievement. Two months later, <mask> successfully led the Bahrainian team to clinch football gold in the 2011 Arab Games in Doha, beating Jordan 1–0 in the final with a last-gasp goal by striker Ismail Abdullatif. Asked in April 2012 about the arrest and torture of up to 150 pro-democracy athletes, including three of his own players, <mask> told reporters: "Don't go there. You're getting boring." FIFA had to investigate a match after Bahrain defeated Indonesia 10–0, in a World Cup qualifier.Bahrain needed to overcome a 9–0 deficit to have a chance of qualifying for the next stage. He was sacked on 17 October 2012 after a

masks: Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor


title: Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1953)

texts:
 2–6 loss to United Arab Emirates in a friendly match. England U-20
In March 2013, <mask> was appointed as the England national under-20 football team manager on a two-month contract, to lead the team who had qualified for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Turkey. In the finals, England under <mask> were knocked out in the group stages, drawing with Iraq and Chile, and losing to Egypt; England finished bottom of their group. Return to Gillingham
In October 2013, <mask> was appointed Gillingham manager for the second time, on an interim basis, following the club's sacking of Martin Allen. On 11 November he was appointed full-time manager, with a contract lasting until the end of the season. He was relieved of his duties on 31 December 2014.Kerala Blasters
On 8 May 2015, Indian Super League franchise Kerala Blasters FC appointed <mask> as the head coach for the season ahead. However, after four defeats in the series, on 28 October 2015, <mask> departed as Kerala head coach by mutual consent. New Zealand (assistant) and third Gillingham spell

In September 2016, <mask> accepted the offer to become assistant to Anthony Hudson with the New Zealand national football team. <mask> was to be based in England and mainly to work with the New Zealand players based there. In May 2017 he was appointed as director of football at Gillingham, alongside his New Zealand duties. He was appointed Gillingham's interim manager following the departure of head coach Adrian Pennock on 25 September 2017. He left both roles at Gillingham on 12 October 2017.Dagenham & Redbridge
Taylor was appointed manager of National League club Dagenham & Redbridge on 5 June 2018, with Terry Harris as his assistant. <mask> left Dagenham & Redbridge in December 2019; the club stated that a change was required due to recent results. Welling United
On 28 September 2021, <mask> was appointed manager of National League South club Welling United. Honours

As a player
Southend


title: A. J. Wallace (American football)

texts:
<mask> "A. J.<mask><mask>. (born May 23, 1988) is a former American football cornerback and kick returner. He was signed by the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent in 2010. He played college football at Penn State. <mask> has also been a member of the Georgia Force of the Arena Football League. <mask> attended Maurice J. McDonough High School in Pomfret, Maryland where he played running back, cornerback, and kick returner.He earned The Washington Post first-team All-Met honors, and played in the U.S. Army All-American Bowl. At Penn State, he rushed for 153 yards and a touchdown, and caught one pass for five yards. He returned 47 kickoffs for 1,128 yards and one touchdown in his four-year career. In 2007, <mask> broke the Nittany Lions football record for kickoff yardage in a season with 581 yards, breaking the previous record set by Kenny Watson in 1999 with 522 yards. Early years
<mask> attended McDonough High School in Pomfret, Maryland. He lettered in football and played running back, cornerback and kick returner. As a running back, he rushed 220 times for 2,100 yards and 28 touchdowns in his high school career, averaging 9.5 yards per carry.As a cornerback, he made three interceptions, and was rated the 6th-best cornerback nationally by Scout.com. As a kick returner, he returned three kicks for touchdowns. He earned The Washington Post first-team All-Met honors. He earned U.S. Army All-American honors and played in the U.S. Army All-American Bowl. He was also chosen first-team small-school all-state. College career

2006 season
In 2006, <mask> played in every game on offense, defense and special teams. He averaged 21.8 yards every time he touched the ball.He finished fourth on the team in all-purpose yardage with 546. He had 25 touches during the season, and was fourth in the Big Ten in average kick return yards with a 24.2 average on 16 returns. He ran for 153 yards on eight carries with a

masks:
Anton Dominic
" Wallace
, Jr
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace


title: A. J. Wallace (American football)

texts:
 19.1 average. <mask> made eight solo tackles (10 total) at cornerback. He also had five plays that exceeded 40 yards. In the season-opener against Akron, <mask> took a second-quarter reserve 42 yards in his first ever college football play. He returned two kickoffs for 41 and 54 yards each in his college debut.Against Notre Dame, <mask> had a 17-yard run on a reverse and caught his first career  pass that went for five yards. He also returned two kickoffs for 26 yards. Against Youngstown State, <mask> took a reverse 76 yards for a touchdown. Against Northwestern, <mask> rushed for 12 yards on two carries. Against Michigan, <mask> returned the opening kickoff 46 yards and had a total of 82 yards on three returns. He also made two solo tackles. Against Illinois, <mask> returned four kickoffs for 89 yards, including one for 33 yards.Against Temple, <mask> returned a kickoff 31 yards. Against Michigan State in the regular season finale, <mask> recorded five solo tackles. In the 2007 Outback Bowl against Tennessee, <mask> rushed once for 11 yards and returned two kickoffs for 34 yards. 2007 season
Throughout the 2007 season, <mask> and Lydell Sargeant competed for the starting left cornerback job, with Sargeant earning it in the beginning of the season. However, <mask> started the last four games of the season at left cornerback. He played in every game of the season, and accumulated 33 tackles (22 of them solo), one interception, three fumble recoveries, and four broken-up passes. <mask> broke the school record for kickoff returns in a season with 581, which broke the record set by Kenny Watson in 1999 with 522.<mask> ranked third in the Big Ten in kickoff return yardage with an average of 26.4 yards on his 22 returns. Against Notre Dame, <mask> ran a kickoff return 68 yards on the opening kickoff of the second half. He also made a solo tackle. Against Buffalo, he returned a kickoff 51 yards and made

masks: Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace


title: A. J. Wallace (American football)

texts:
 three tackles. Against Michigan, <mask> had two solo tackles and recovered a fumble. He also returned two kickoffs for 41 yards. Against Illinois, <mask> returned four kickoffs for 55 yards.Against Indiana, <mask> made a career-high five tackles and recovered a muffed punt return by the Hoosiers. He also returned one kickoff for 33 yards. Against Ohio State, <mask> started at cornerback for the first time in his career. He ran a kickoff 97 yards for a touchdown, the first Penn State player to do so since <mask> had a 97-yard return against Illinois in 2001. He also made three tackles and broke up a pass. Against Purdue, <mask> returned three kickoffs for 42 yards. Against Temple, <mask> made five tackles, tying his career-high.Against Michigan State, he made four tackles and returned a kickoff 56 yards. He had a total of 98 yards on four kickoff returns. In the 2007 Alamo Bowl against Texas A&M, <mask> made five tackles, three of which were solo, intercepted a pass, and recovered a fumble. He also returned one kickoff for 15 yards. 2008 season
<mask> was named third-team preseason All-American by Phil Steele's College Football as a kick returner. In the 2008 season, <mask> again had to compete with Sargeant for a starting cornerback job. <mask> played in every game for the Nittany Lions, and accumulated 20 tackles, 16 of which were solo, two broken-up passes, and returned six kickoffs for an average of 19.8 yards per return.<mask> was hampered by a slight hamstring injury early in the season. In the season-opener against Coastal Carolina, <mask> made two tackles and returned a kickoff 35 yards, his season best. Against Syracuse, <mask> returned two kickoffs for 37 yards and made two tackles. Against Illinois, <mask> made a career-high six tackles (five solo) and returned two kickoffs for 31 yards. He started in games against Purdue and Wisconsin. He made two tackles each against Ohio State and Iowa.

masks:
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Larry Johnson
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace


title: A. J. Wallace (American football)

texts:
 In the 2009 Rose Bowl against USC, <mask> made three tackles.2009 season
After all four starting defensive backs for the Nittany Lions graduated, <mask> was given the opportunity to start in 2009, without having to compete with Sargeant for a starting job. Against Iowa, <mask> made four tackles and intercepted a pass. Against Illinois, <mask> returned two kickoffs for 21 yards and made one tackle. Against Eastern Illinois, <mask> made an interception and returned it for 11 yards. He also made a career-high seven tackles. Against Minnesota, <mask> returned a kickoff 19 yards and made four tackles. Against Northwestern, <mask> made six tackles.<mask> missed the game against Michigan State due to a head injury. At Penn State, <mask> accumulated 95 tackles and three interceptions. He has rushed for 153 yards and a touchdown, and caught one pass for five yards. He has returned 47 kickoffs for 1,128 yards and one touchdown in his four-year career. <mask> played in the Texas vs. The Nation Game on February 6, 2010. Professional career

Pre-draft
<mask> was projected by NFLDraftScout.com to go undrafted in the 2010 NFL Draft.He is ranked 61st out of all cornerbacks nationally. Miami Dolphins
<mask> was signed by the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent following the 2010 NFL Draft. He left the team on August 4. He was waived on August 9. Georgia Force
Wallace signed with the Georgia Force of the Arena Football League on November 30, 2010. Calgary Stampeders
<mask> signed with the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League on January 31, 2011. References

External links
 Just Sports Atats
 Penn State Nittany Lions football bio

1988 births
Living people
American football cornerbacks
American football return specialists
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
Miami Dolphins players
Georgia Force players
Calgary Stampeders players
Milwaukee Mustangs (2009–2012) players
Colorado Crush (IFL)

masks: Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace Wallace


title: William Robert Grove

texts:
<mask>, FRS FRSE (11 July 1811 – 1 August 1896) was a Welsh judge and physical scientist. He anticipated the general theory of the conservation of energy, and was a pioneer of fuel cell technology. He invented the <mask> voltaic cell. Early life
Born in Swansea, Wales, <mask> was the only child of John, a magistrate and deputy lieutenant of Glamorgan, and his wife, Anne née Bevan. His early education was in the hands of private tutors, before he attended Brasenose College, Oxford to study classics, though his scientific interests may have been cultivated by mathematician Baden Powell. Otherwise, his taste for science has no clear origin though his circle in Swansea was broadly educated. He graduated in 1832.In 1835 he was called to the bar by Lincoln's Inn. In the same year, <mask> joined the Royal Institution and was a founder of the Swansea Literary and Philosophical Society, an organisation with which he maintained close links. Scientific work

In 1829 at the Royal Institution <mask> met Emma Maria Powles, and he married her in 1837. The couple embarked on a tour of the continent for their honeymoon. This sabbatical offered <mask> an opportunity to pursue his scientific interests and resulted in his first scientific paper suggesting some novel constructions for electric cells. During 1839, <mask> developed a novel form of electric cell, the <mask> cell, which used zinc and platinum electrodes exposed to two acids and separated by a porous ceramic pot. <mask> announced the latter development to the Académie des Sciences in Paris in 1839.In 1840 <mask> invented one of the first incandescent electric lights, which was later perfected by Thomas Edison. Later that year he gave another account of his development at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Birmingham, where it aroused the interest of Michael Faraday. On Faraday's invitation <mask> presented his discoveries at the prestigious Royal Institution Friday Discourse on 13 March 1840. <mask>'s

masks:
Sir William Robert Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove


title: William Robert Grove

texts:
 presentation made his reputation, and he was soon proposed for Fellowship of the Royal Society by such distinguished men as <mask> Brande, <mask> Harris and Charles Wheatstone. <mask> also attracted the attention of John Peter Gassiot, a relationship that resulted in <mask>'s becoming the first professor of experimental philosophy at the London Institution in 1841. <mask>'s inaugural lecture in 1842 was the first announcement of what <mask> called the correlation of physical forces, in modern terms, the conservation of energy. In 1842, <mask> developed the first fuel cell (which he called the gas voltaic battery), which produced electrical energy by combining hydrogen and oxygen, and described it using his correlation theory.In developing the cell and showing that steam could be disassociated into oxygen and hydrogen, and the process reversed, he was the first person to demonstrate the thermal dissociation of molecules into their constituent atoms. The first demonstration of this effect, he gave privately to Faraday, Gassiot and <mask> Brayley, his scientific editor. His work also led him to early insights into the nature of ionisation. For observations made in Ref., <mask> is credited for the discovery of sputtering. In the 1840s <mask> also collaborated with Gassiot at the London Institution on photography and the Daguerreotype and calotype processes. Inspired by his legal practice, he presciently observed:

In 1852 he discovered striae, dark bands that occur in electrical breakdown, and investigated their character, presenting his work in an 1858 Bakerian lecture. On the Correlation of Physical Forces
In 1846, <mask> published On The Correlation of Physical Forces in which he anticipated the general theory of the conservation of energy that was more famously put forward in Hermann von Helmholtz' Über die Erhaltung der Kraft (On the Conservation of Force) published the following year.His 1846 Bakerian lecture relied heavily on his theory. James Prescott Joule had been

masks:
William Thomas
William Snow
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Edward William
Grove
Grove
Grove


title: William Robert Grove

texts:
 energized by his investigations into the mechanical equivalent of heat by comparing the mass of coal consumed in a steam engine with the mass of zinc consumed in a Grove battery in performing a common quantity of mechanical work. <mask> was certainly familiar with <mask>'s theoretical analysis of Joule's experimental results and Thomson's immature suggestions of conservation of energy. Thomson's public champion, Peter Guthrie Tait was initially a supporter of <mask>'s ideas but later dismissed them with some coolness. Though <mask>s's ideas were forerunners of the theory of the conservation of energy, they were qualitative, unlike the quantitative investigations of Joule or <mask> von Mayer. His ideas also shaded into broader speculation, such as the nature of Olbers's paradox, which he may have discovered for himself rather than through a direct knowledge. <mask> also speculated that other forms of energy were yet to be discovered "as far certain as certain can be of any future event."Royal Society politics
As soon as he became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1840 <mask> was a critic of the Society, deprecating its cronyism and the de facto rule of a few influential Council members. In 1843, he published an anonymous attack on the scientific establishment in Blackwood's Magazine and called for reform. In 1846 <mask> was elected to the Council of the Royal Society, and was heavily involved in the campaign to modernise its charter, in addition to campaigning for the public funding of science. A charter committee had already been established, and <mask> joined it. <mask>s's fellow campaigners included Gassiot, Leonard Horner and Edward Sabine. Their principal objectives were for the number of new Fellows to be subject to an annual limit, and limitation of the power of nomination to the Council. The reformers' success in 1847 led to the resignation of several key conservatives and the establishment of <mask> and his associates with domination of the Council.To celebrate, the

masks:
Grove
William Thomson
Grove
Grove
Julius Robert
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove


title: William Robert Grove

texts:
 reformers founded the Philosophical Club. Though the Philosophical Club succeeded in ensuring that <mask>, 3rd Earl of Rosse was appointed next President, they failed to get <mask> appointed as Secretary. <mask> continued to campaign for a single home for all the scientific institutions at Burlington House. Legal career
From 1846 <mask> started to reduce his scientific work in favour of his professional practice at the bar, his young family providing the financial motivation; and in 1853 became a QC. The bar provided him with the opportunity to combine his legal and scientific knowledge, in particular in patent law and in the unsuccessful defence of poisoner <mask> in 1856. He was especially involved in the photography patent cases of Beard v. Egerton (1845–1849), on behalf of Egerton, and of Talbot v. Laroche (1854). In the latter case <mask> appeared for <mask> Talbot in his unsuccessful attempt to assert his calotype patent.<mask> served on a Royal Commission on patent law and on the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers. In 1871 he was made judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and was appointed to the Queen's Bench in 1880. He was to have presided at the Cornwall and Devon winter assizes of 1884, which would have entailed him trying the notorious survival cannibalism case of R v. Dudley and Stephens. However, at the last minute he was substituted by Baron Huddleston, possibly because Huddleston was seen as more reliable in ensuring the guilty verdict that the judiciary required. <mask> did sit as one of five judges on the final determination of the case in the Divisional Court of the Queen's Bench. <mask> was a careful, painstaking and accurate judge, courageous and not afraid to assert an independent judicial opinion. However, he was fallible in patent cases, where he was prone to become overinterested in the technology in question and to be distracted by questioning the litigants as to potential improvements in their devices, even going so far as to suggest his own

masks:
William Parsons
Grove
Grove
Grove
William Palmer
Grove
William Fox
Grove
Grove
Grove


title: William Robert Grove

texts:
 innovations.He retired from the bench in 1887. His portrait was painted by Helen Donald-Smith in the 1890s. <mask> married Emma Maria Powles, daughter of John Diston Powles, in 1837, and had several children, including Major-General Sir Coleridge <mask>. <mask>s's daughter, Imogen Emily (died 1886), married <mask> Hall in 1866. His daughter Anna married Herbert Augustus Hills (1837–1907) and was mother to Edmond Herbert <mask> ("Colonel Rivers") and John Waller Hills. His health perpetually troubled, <mask> died at home, 115 Harley Street in London, after a long illness. He is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, London.Honours

<mask> became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1840, and received its Royal Medal in 1847. He was Vice-President of the Royal Institution in 1844. Receiving a knighthood in 1872, he was given an honorary degree by Cambridge University in 1879 and became Privy Councillor in 1887. The lunar crater "<mask>" is named in his honour. The Grove Fuel Cell Symposium and Exhibition is organised by Elsevier. See also

Timeline of hydrogen technologies

Notes

Bibliography

Obituaries:
The Times, 3 August 1896
Nature, 27 August 1896
Law Journal, 8 August 1896*

Lyons, H. G. (1938) Notes and Records of the Royal Society London, 1:28–31

Vernon, K. D. C. (1966) Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 41:250–80

External links

Sir <mask> (1811–1896)
Archive of the Royal Institution
Darwin Correspondence Project – correspondence with Charles Darwin

1811 births
1896 deaths
British inventors
British chemists
Welsh inventors
Welsh chemists
Welsh lawyers
People from Swansea
People educated at Bishop Gore School
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Royal Medal winners
Justices of the Common Pleas
Battery inventors
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Common Pleas Division judges
19th-century Welsh lawyers
Knights Bachelor
People associated with electricity
Welsh judges
19th-century

masks:
Family Grove
Grove
Grove
William Edward
Grove Hills
Grove
Grove
Grove
William Grove


title: June Hunt

texts:
<mask> (born <mask> on December 31, 1944, in Dallas, Texas) is Founder and CSO (Chief Servant Officer) of Hope for the Heart, the nonprofit Christian ministry she founded in 1986. <mask> is the author of the Biblical Counseling Library, a 100-volume collection of topical, Biblical counseling manuals, that serves as the foundation for Hope for the Heart's international broadcasts, training, publishing, teaching and biblical counseling ministry. <mask>'s two radio broadcasts—Hope in the Night, a live 2-hour call-in counseling program, and Hope for the Heart, a half-hour teaching program—air on approximately 900 radio outlets worldwide. Early years
<mask> was born as daughter of H. L<mask> and Ruth Ray. She grew up in Dallas, where <mask> attended the Hockaday School. <mask> then graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1966 with a Bachelor of Music degree, and later earned a Master of Arts degree in Counseling from Criswell College,

Career
<mask> initially worked as Junior High Division Director—and later as College & Career Director—at First Baptist Church in Dallas, Texas, overseeing the spiritual formation of 1,200 members combined. In these roles, she was often called on to answer questions from students and parents about Christian living.Later, as a conference speaker, she was likewise approached by conference-goers to answer questions about "what the Bible has to say" on a myriad of topics. To respond to these questions, <mask> created curriculum for a multi-year Bible survey course. Between 1989 and 1992, she developed and taught Counseling Through The Bible, a scripturally-based counseling course addressing 100 topics in categories such as marriage and family, rocky relationships, emotional

masks:
June Hunt
Ruth June Hunt
Hunt
Hunt
Hunt
. Hunt
Hunt
Hunt
Hunt
Hunt