title: Anthony Quinn

texts: autobiography, The Original Sin: A Self-portrait by <mask>, he denied being the son of an "Irish adventurer" and attributed that tale to Hollywood publicists. <mask> later said he was not regarded as Mexican because of his surname.When he was 6 years old, <mask> attended a Catholic church and even contemplated becoming a priest. However, at age 11 he joined the Pentecostals at the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, which was founded and led by the evangelical preacher Aimee Semple McPherson. For a time <mask> played in the church's band and was an apprentice preacher with the renowned evangelist. "I have known most of the great actresses of my time, and not one of them could touch her", <mask> once said of the spellbinding McPherson, whom he credited with inspiring Zorba's gesture of the dramatically outstretched hand. <mask> grew up first in El Paso, Texas, and later in East Los Angeles and in the Echo Park area of Los Angeles, California. He attended Hammel Street Elementary School, Belvedere Junior High School, Polytechnic High School and Belmont High School in Los Angeles, with future baseball player and General Hospital star John Beradino, but left before graduating. Tucson High School in Arizona, many years later, awarded him an honorary high school diploma.As a young man, <mask> boxed professionally to earn money, then studied art and architecture under Frank Lloyd Wright at the designer's Arizona residence and his Wisconsin studio, Taliesin. The two men became friends. When <mask> mentioned he was drawn to acting, Wright encouraged him. <mask> said he had been offered $800 per week by a film

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 studio and didn't know what to do. Wright replied, "Take it, you'll never make that much with me." During a 1999 interview on Private Screenings with Robert Osborne, <mask> said the contract was for only $300 per week. 1936–1952: Beginnings on Cinema
After a short time performing on the stage, <mask> launched his film career performing character roles in the 1936 films The Plainsman (1936) as a Cheyenne Indian after Custer's defeat with Gary Cooper,  Parole (in which he made his debut) and The Milky Way, his first motion picture, although he was not credited.He played "ethnic" villains in Paramount films such as Dangerous to Know (1938) and Road to Morocco, and played a more sympathetic Crazy Horse in They Died with Their Boots On with Errol Flynn. A breakthrough in his career occurred in 1941 when he received an offer to play a matador in the bullfighting-themed Blood and Sand with Tyrone Power and Rita Hayworth. In 1942, he co-starred alongside Power in another critical and financial success, the swashbuckling adventure The Black Swan. In 1943, he had a role in the Oscar-nominated western The Ox-Bow Incident. He co-starred in Sinbad the Sailor (1947) with Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. and Maureen O'Hara. By 1947, he had appeared in more than fifty films and had played a variety of characters, including Indians, Mafia dons, Hawaiian chiefs, Filipino freedom-fighters, Chinese guerrillas, and Arab sheiks. He returned to the theater, replacing Marlon Brando as Stanley Kowalski in A Streetcar Named Desire on Broadway.In 1947, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He returned to Hollywood in the early 1950s

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 and was cast in a series of B-adventures such as Mask of the Avenger (1951). He solidified his position as one of Hollywood's premier actors in Elia Kazan's Viva Zapata! (1952) opposite Marlon Brando. <mask>'s performance as Zapata's brother won <mask> an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor while Brando lost the Oscar for Best Actor to Gary Cooper in High Noon. He holds the distinction of being the first Mexican-American to win an Academy Award. 1953–1959: International films and career success
In the late 1950s, <mask> traveled to Rome where he collaborated with several renowned Italian filmmakers and established himself as a star of world cinema.He worked with Dino De Laurentiis and Carlo Ponti in the Kirk Douglas film Ulysses, and starred as Attila the Hun with Sophia Loren in Attila. In 1953, he turned in one of his best performances as a dim-witted, thuggish and volatile strongman in Federico Fellini's Oscar winning La Strada (1954) opposite Giulietta Masina. <mask> won his second Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of painter Paul Gauguin in Vincente Minnelli's Lust for Life (1956), alongside Kirk Douglas, who portrayed Vincent van Gogh. He also starred as Quasimodo in the French language film The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Even after his return to the United States, <mask> would continue to periodically appear in European films. His frequent portrayal of Italian characters and appearance in Italian films led to the popular misconception that he was in fact Italian. 1959–1969: Return to Hollywood and Broadway
The following year, he received an Oscar nomination for Best Actor for his part in George

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texts: Cukor's Wild Is the Wind.He starred in the film The Savage Innocents (1959) as Inuk, an Eskimo who finds himself caught between two clashing cultures. He teamed with Kirk Douglas once again in the western Last Train from Gun Hill (1959). He appeared on Broadway to great acclaim in Becket, as King Henry II to Laurence Olivier's Thomas Becket in 1960. His performance earned him a Tony Award nomination for best leading actor and Becket received the award for best play. An erroneous story arose in later years that during the run <mask> and Olivier switched roles and <mask> played Becket to Olivier's King. In fact, <mask> left the production for a film, never having played Becket, and director Peter Glenville suggested a road tour with Olivier as Henry. Olivier happily agreed and Arthur Kennedy took on the role of Becket for the tour and brief return to Broadway.As the decade ended, <mask> allowed his age to show and began his transformation into a major character actor. His physique filled out, his hair grayed, and his once smooth, swarthy face weathered and became more rugged. He played a Greek resistance fighter in The Guns of Navarone (1961), an aging boxer in Requiem for a Heavyweight, and the Bedouin shaikh Auda abu Tayi in Lawrence of Arabia (both 1962). Lawrence of Arabia would go on to win the Oscar and Golden Globe for best picture, and <mask> received a Golden Globe nomination for best actor alongside co-star Peter O'Toole. He also played the title role in the 1961 film Barabbas, based on a novel by Pär Lagerkvist. In 1962, he returned to Broadway, playing the role of Caesario Grimaldi in the Tony Award


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 nominated Tchin-Tchin, and had the lead role in the film Requiem for a Heavyweight. The success of Zorba the Greek in 1964 resulted in another Oscar nomination for Best Actor.Other films included The 25th Hour, The Magus, Guns for San Sebastian and The Shoes of the Fisherman. In 1969, he starred in The Secret of Santa Vittoria with Anna Magnani; each was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. 1970–1979: Television and later films

In 1971, after the success of a TV movie named The City, where <mask> played Mayor Thomas Jefferson Alcala, he starred in the television series, The Man and the City. <mask>'s subsequent television appearances were sporadic, including Jesus of Nazareth. In 1972, he co-starred with Yaphet Kotto in the blaxploitation film Across 110th Street. He played NYPD Captain Frank Martelli, who along with Kotto, was investigating a robbery-homicide of Italian and Black gangsters in Harlem, New York City. He played the old racist violent Captain against Kotto's modern, educated, enlightened Lieutenant.In 1976, he starred in the movie Mohammad, Messenger of God (also known as The Message), about the origin of Islam, as Hamza, a highly respected uncle of Mohammad, the prophet of Islam. In 1981, he starred in Lion of the Desert. <mask> played real-life Bedouin leader Omar Mukhtar who fought Benito Mussolini's Italian troops in the deserts of Libya. In 1979, <mask> starred in the film, The Passage, as a Basque shepherd during WWII. He was tasked with leading a scientist and his family across the Pyrenees, while pursued by Nazis. Also starred James Mason and Malcolm McDowell. 1980–1994: Final works
In

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 1983, he reprised his role as Zorba for 362 performances in a successful musical version, called Zorba, opposite fellow film co-star Lila Kedrova, reprising her role as Madame Hortense.<mask> performed in the musical both on Broadway and at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. In 1990, he starred in The Old Man and the Sea, a television movie based on the novel by Ernest Hemingway. <mask>'s film career slowed during the 1990s, but he nonetheless continued to work steadily, appearing in Revenge (1990), Jungle Fever (1991), Last Action Hero (1993), A Walk in the Clouds (1995) and Seven Servants (1996). In 1994, <mask> played the role of Zeus in five television movies focusing on the legendary journeys of Hercules. These were, in order, Hercules and the Amazon Women, Hercules and the Lost Kingdom, Hercules and the Circle of Fire, Hercules in the Underworld, and Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur

Personal life

Relationships and children

<mask>'s first wife was the actress Katherine DeMille, the adopted daughter of Cecil B. DeMille; they wed in 1937. The couple had five children: Christopher (1938–1941), Christina (born 1 December 1941), Catalina (born 21 November 1942), Duncan (born 4 August 1945), and Valentina (born 26 December 1952). Their first child, Christopher, aged two, drowned in the lily pond of next-door neighbor W. C. Fields.In 1965, <mask> and DeMille divorced because of his affair with Italian costume designer Jolanda Addolori (died 2016), whom he married in 1966. They had three children: <mask> (22 March 1963 – 5 August 2011), <mask> (born 16 April 1964), and <mask> (born 7 May 1966). In the

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 1970s, during his marriage to Addolori, <mask> also had two children with Friedel Dunbar, an event producer in Los Angeles: <mask> (born 7 February 1973) and <mask> <mask> (born 30 December 1976). By the 1990s, <mask> then had two children with his secretary, Katherine Benvin; daughter Antonia Patricia Rose <mask> (born 23 July 1993) and son Ryan Nicholas <mask> (born 5 July 1996). His marriage with Addolori finally ended in divorce in August 1997. He then married Benvin in December 1997 and remained married until his death. Civil rights activism
<mask>, who experienced discrimination growing up in Los Angeles, participated in various civil rights and social causes.He provided funding for the Latino advocacy group, the Spanish-Speaking People's Congress. He assisted in fundraising efforts for the legal defense of Mexican American youth in the racially charged Sleepy Lagoon murder trial in 1942. While in Paris, he and several other prominent Americans, composed a petition endorsing the 1963 March on Washington; the petition, which was reprinted in several high-profile publications, was intended to rally support among Americans living abroad, according to Elliott Miller, writing in CounterPunch. In 1969, he visited with Native American student activists occupying Alcatraz Island in protest, promising to offer assistance. In 1970, <mask> was a panelist at the Mexican-American Conference. In 1971, he narrated a documentary film by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission discussing job discrimination faced by Hispanic Americans. He was a supporter of the United Farm Workers organization led by his friend and

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 labor activist Cesar Chavez.Painting and writing

Art critic Donald Kuspit explains, "Examining <mask>'s many expressions of creativity together—his art, collecting, and acting—we can see that he was a creative genius". Early in life <mask> had an interest in painting and drawing. Throughout his teenage years he won various art competitions in California and focused his studies at Polytechnic High School in Los Angeles on drafting. Later, <mask> studied briefly under Frank Lloyd Wright through the Taliesin Fellowship — an opportunity created by winning first prize in an architectural design contest. Through Wright's recommendation, <mask> took acting lessons as a form of post-operative speech therapy, which led to an acting career that spanned over six decades. Apart from art classes taken in Chicago during the 1950s, <mask> never attended art school; nonetheless, taking advantage of books, museums, and amassing a sizable collection, he managed to give himself an effective education in the language of modern art. By the early 1980s, his work had caught the eyes of various gallery owners and was exhibited internationally, in Mexico City, Los Angeles, New York City and Paris.His work is now represented in both public and private collections throughout the world. He wrote two memoirs, The Original Sin (1972) and One Man Tango (1997), a number of scripts, and a series of unpublished stories currently in the collection of his archive. Mafia
<mask> made an appearance at the John Gotti trial, according to John H. Davis, author of Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family. He told reporters he wanted

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 to play Paul Castellano, the boss of the Gambino family after Carlo Gambino. Gotti had Castellano murdered, becoming the boss of the Gambino family thereafter. Gotti was on trial concerning a variety of felony charges when <mask> visited the courtroom. Although he tried to shake hands with Gotti, federal marshals prevented him from doing so, Davis says.The actor interpreted the testimony of Sammy ("The Bull") Gravano, Gotti's underboss, against Gotti as "a friend who betrays a friend." He had not come to "judge" Gotti, <mask> insisted, but only because he wanted to portray Castellano, who inspired the actor because he had had a "thirty-year-old" mistress, which <mask> believed was "a beautiful thing". He would later portray Gambino family underboss Aniello Dellacroce in the 1996 HBO film Gotti as well as Joe Masseria in the 1991 film Mobsters. <mask> had a personal relationship with New York City Mafia crime boss Frank Costello and other Genovese gangsters. Death
<mask> spent his last years in Bristol, Rhode Island. He died of respiratory failure (due to complications from radiation treatment for lung cancer) on 3 June 2001, in Boston, at age 86. <mask>'s funeral was held in the First Baptist Church in America in College Hill, Providence, Rhode Island.His wife asked for the permission of Bristol authorities to bury him in his favorite spot in the backyard of his house, near an old maple tree. They had bought the property in 1995; it had a view of the Narragansett Bay. Permission was granted and he was laid to rest there. Tributes and legacy

On 5 January 1982, the Belvedere County Public Library in East Los


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 Angeles was renamed in honor of <mask>. The present library sits on the site of his family's former home. In 1984, artist Eloy Torrez produced a 70-foot high portrait mural of <mask> titled both <mask> and The Pope of Broadway in Los Angeles. It depicts <mask> in his famous Zorba the Greek role, and it remains one of the largest portrait murals in California, United States.Both the portrait mural and <mask> himself are the subject of a 2018 Google Arts & Culture exhibit. In his birthplace of Chihuahua, Mexico, there is a statue of <mask> doing his famous "Zorba the Greek" dance. There is an Anthony Quinn Bay and Beach in Rhodes, Greece, just  south of the village of Faliraki (aka Falirakion or Falirákion). <mask> bought the land during the filming of The Guns of Navarone in Rhodes; however, it was reclaimed by the Greek government in 1984 due to a change in property law. Since 2002, the National Council of La Raza has given the Anthony Quinn Award for Excellence in Motion Pictures as an ALMA Award. His widow, Katherine Benvin <mask>, established the Anthony Quinn Foundation which advocates the importance of arts in education. Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 The Estate of <mask> Quinn

1915 births
2001 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American Pentecostals
American people of Irish descent
Belmont High School (Los Angeles) alumni
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Cecil B. DeMille Award Golden Globe winners
Deaths from cancer in Massachusetts
Hispanic and Latino American male actors
Mexican

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title: Kim Hong-jae

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<mask>ae  (; born October 10, 1954) is a Zainichi Korean conductor. Early life
The first experience of music at his early age was an upright piano at his mother's maiden home. In 1967, he entered Amagasaki Korean Middle School and studied clarinet in school band. He also studied improved Korean folk instruments sent from North Korea. In 1969, School Band of Amagasaki Korean Middle School won a grand prize of 'Competition of Korean Students resident in Japan' under his direction. In 1973, <mask> entered Toho Gakuen School of Music as one of the first Korean nationals. He changed his clarinet major to conducting with Ken Takaseki and Naoto Otomo in 1975.Before his graduation in 1977, he attended the classes of, among others, Seiji Ozawa, Kazuyoshi Akiyama, Tadashi Mori and Shunsaku Tsutsumi. On Tsutsumi's recommendation, he was appointed as resident conductor of Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra when he studied in Toho. In 1977, he conducted Toho Orchestra with Seiji Ozawa on podium at Toho Gakuen's graduation concert. Début, competition, and television concerts
After graduation, <mask> was début officially with Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra on March 22, 1978 at Shibuya Public Hall, Tokyo. This concert, titled 'Special Concert of (North) Korean Orchestral Works,' got a sensational response-not only the first conductor of Korean nationality but of any work premièred in Japan. Following this year, he participated in Tokyo International Conductors' Competition and was awarded the second prize with a special prize named after Hideo Saito. In the same year, he was invited by North Korea to conduct the State Symphony

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texts: Orchestra of DPRK.In 1980, he conducted the concerts of prizewinners from Hokkaidō to Kyūshū. <mask> was appointed as the conductor of television program titled 'Here comes the orchestra' of Tokyo Broadcasting System(TBS) with Kazushi Ono and Deryck Inoue in 1980. Following this year, he conducted other television program titled 'My Concert' of Nippon Television(NTV). During these two years, he conducted numerous works from Bach to Shostakovich and accompanied many well-known soloists including Hiroko Nakamura, Mitsuko Uchida, Toshia Eto, Ko Iwasaki, Jean-Yves Thibaudet and Mikhail Pletnev with two regular orchestras-New Japan Philharmonic and Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra-and other cities' orchestras. In 1981, <mask> became a principal guest conductor of Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra. His other important positions were principal guest conductor of Nagoya Philharmonic Orchestra since 1985 and principal guest conductor of Kyoto Symphony Orchestra since 1987. He toured with Kyoto Symphony Orchestra in Pyongyang and Wonsan-first appearance of Japan's orchestra in North Korea-in 1987.He also appeared in Beijing with China Broadcasting Symphony Orchestra (now China Philharmonic Orchestra) in 1988. Meetings with Isang <mask> met the composer Isang Yun in 1986 and became an admirer of his music. He conducted Yun's first work Exemplum, in memoriam Kwangju on stage of '1st Hankyore Concert' in April 1989. He resigned three orchestras' positions and went to Germany in September. He studied Yun's works with the composer himself. In 1990, he participated in 'Pan-Nation Unification Concert' held in Pyongyang and

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 conducted Yun's Fanfare und Memorial in presence of the composer. And in 1992, <mask> appeared on '75th Birthday Celebration Festival of Isang Yun' held in Tokyo and conducted Yun's Third Symphony''' premiered in Japan.<mask> conducted more than pieces of Yun's works premiered in Japan, and was highly praised by the composer. Crossover, Hankyoreh Concert, and other appearances
<mask>'s activities were not only formal classical concerts but crossover and concerts of Korean residents in Japan including Hankyoreh Concert (1989–1993). He introduced many North and South Korean songs and orchestral works, including those produced by his maternal uncle Cheol-Woo Lee. The 8th Hankyore Concert held in Carnegie Hall of New York City in September 1992, which was also <mask>'s début concert in the US. He also met Joe Hisaishi, a well-known composer of Hayao Miyazaki and Takeshi Kitano's film music, with whom he appeared in many concerts together since 1991. <mask> also conducted crossover concerts with Jazz musicians including Aiko Takahashi and Terumasa Hino. And he conducted many concert bands in Japan, including Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra and Osaka Municipal Symphonic Band, of which he was a principal conductor from 1991 to 1994.In 1998, he conducted opening ceremony of 7th Winter Paralympic Games held in Nagano (produced by Hisaishi.) Following this appearance, he received music prize named after Akeo Watanabe and became the only one that won two grand prizes for Japanese conductor at that time. First appearance in South Korea
<mask> and South Korean violinist Jeong Chan-Woo held a concert named 'Unity Concert' in June

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 2000. This concert was previously planned in 1985, but South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs did not approve of Jeong's departure to Japan due to his North Korean nationality. Thus this concert was a famous event not only to Korean residents in Japan but also in South Korea. In October 2000, he visited South Korea for the first time for ASEM Music Festival held in Seoul where he conducted Isang Yun's Muak'' and Asian premiere of Ferruccio Busoni's Piano Concerto played by the well-known pianist Baek Geon-Woo (Kun-Woo Paik) and KBS Symphony Orchestra. At that time <mask> still held North Korean nationality.He switched to South Korean nationality in August 2005. By this time, <mask> conducted nearly all orchestras of Japan except NHK Symphony Orchestra. He conducts not only professional but orchestras of university, citizens and other amateur orchestras and concert bands. And he appeared several concerts of KBS Symphony Orchestra, Korean Symphony Orchestra and National Orchestra of Korea in South Korea. Since November 2007, <mask> was appointed to his very first position in South Korea as a principal conductor of the Ulsan Symphony Orchestra. References

Bibliography
 "Hong-Jae <mask>, I Conducts Fate (김홍재, 나는 운명을 지휘한다)" by Hong-Jae <mask> (dictate) & Seong-Mi Park (editor), Gimm-Young Publishers, Inc. (Korean only)

External links
 Official Homepage

1954 births
Korean conductors (music)
Living people
People from Itami, Hyōgo
Toho Gakuen School of Music alumni
Zainichi Korean people
North Korean expatriates in Germany
North Korean expatriates in Japan
South Korean expatriates in Japan
21st-century conductors

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title: George Read (American politician, born 1733)

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<mask> (September 18, 1733 – September 21, 1798) was a politician from New Castle in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a Continental Congressman from Delaware, a delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787, president of Delaware, and a member of the Federalist Party, who served as U.S. Senator from Delaware and Chief Justice of Delaware. <mask> was a Founding Father of the United States, one of only two statesmen who signed four of the great state papers on which the country's history is based: the original Petition to the King of the Congress of 1774, the Continental Association, the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the United States. Father

<mask> was the son of John and Mary (Howell<mask>. <mask> was born in Dublin, Ireland, the son of an Englishman of large fortune belonging to the family of <mask> of Berkshire, Hertfordshire, and Oxfordshire.The death of his beloved having left him bereft, <mask> came to the American colonies and, with a view of diverting his mind, entered into extensive enterprises in Maryland and Delaware. Soon after his arrival in America, <mask> purchased a large estate in Cecil County, Maryland, and founded with six associates the city of Charlestown on the headwaters of Chesapeake Bay, with the intention of creating a new market for the northern trade. They developed northern Maryland and built up the neighboring iron works of the Principio Company, in which the older generations of the Washington family, and at a later period General <mask>, were also largely interested. As an original proprietor of Charlestown, <mask> was appointed by the colonial legislature of Maryland one of the commissioners to lay it out and govern it. He held various military offices during his life, and in his later years resided on his plantation in New Castle County. Early life
<mask> was born in Cecil County, Maryland, on September 18, 1733. When he was an infant, the family moved to

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 New Castle County, Delaware, settling near the village of Christiana.As he grew up, <mask> joined Thomas McKean at the Rev. Francis Allison's Academy at New London, Pennsylvania, and then studied law in Philadelphia with John Moland. He was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 1753, and a year later he returned home to establish a practice at New Castle. In 1763 he married Gertrude Ross Till, daughter of the Rev. <mask>, the Anglican rector of Immanuel Church in New Castle and widowed sister of <mask>, also a future signer of the Declaration of Independence. They had four children, John, <mask>., William, and Mary, who married Matthew Pearce (she is often confused with her paternal aunt, <mask>, who in 1769 married Gunning Bedford, Sr., a future Governor of Delaware). They lived on The Strand in New Castle, and their house was in what is now the garden of the present Read House and Gardens, owned by the Delaware Historical Society.They were members of Immanuel Episcopal Church. In 1763 John Penn, the proprietary governor, appointed <mask> crown attorney general for the three Delaware counties, and he served in that position until leaving for the Continental Congress in 1774. He also served in the Colonial Assembly of the lower Delaware counties for twelve sessions, from 1764/65 through 1775/76. American Revolution

Eighteenth-century Delaware was politically divided into loose factions known as the "Court Party" and the "Country Party." The majority Court Party was generally Anglican, strongest in Kent and Sussex Counties, worked well with the colonial proprietary government and was in favor of reconciliation with the British government. The minority Country Party was largely Ulster-Scot, centered in New Castle County, and quickly advocated independence from the British. <mask> was often the leader of the Court party faction, and as such he generally worked in opposition to Caesar Rodney and his friend and neighbor Thomas

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 McKean.<mask>, like most other people in Delaware, was in favor of trying to reconcile differences with Great Britain. He opposed the Stamp Act and similar measures of Parliament but supported anti-importation measures and dignified protests. He was quite reluctant to pursue the option of outright independence. Nevertheless, from 1764 he led the Delaware Committee of Correspondence and was elected to serve along with the more radical McKean and Rodney in the First and Second Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777. He was frequently absent, and when the Congress voted on American Independence on July 2, 1776, <mask> surprised many by voting against it. That meant that Rodney had to ride overnight to Philadelphia to break the deadlock in Delaware's delegation for independence. However, when the Declaration of Independence was finally adopted, <mask> signed it despite his caution.Government of Delaware
Anticipating the Declaration of Independence, the General Assembly of the lower counties declared its separation from the British government on June 15, 1776, in the New Castle Court House. Once the Declaration of Independence was actually adopted, the General Assembly called for elections to a Delaware constitutional convention to draft a constitution for the new state. <mask>ean-drafted document, which became the Delaware Constitution of 1776. <mask> was elected to the first Legislative Council of the Delaware General Assembly and was selected as the speaker in both the 1776/77 and 1777/78 sessions. At the time of the capture of President John McKinly, <mask> was in Philadelphia attending Congress; after narrowly escaping capture himself while he was returning home, he became president on October 20, 1777, serving until March 31, 1778. The British occupied Philadelphia and were in control of the Delaware River. <mask> tried, mostly in vain, to recruit additional soldiers and to protect the state from raiders from Philadelphia

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 and off ships in the Delaware River.The Delaware General Assembly session of 1777/78 had to be moved to Dover, Delaware, for safety, and the Sussex County General Assembly delegation was never seated because disruptions at the polls had negated the election results. After Rodney was elected to replace him as president, <mask> continued to serve in the Legislative Council until the 1778–79 session. After a one-year rest nursing ill health, he was elected to the House of Assembly for the 1780/81 and 1781/82 sessions. He returned to the Legislative Council in the 1782/83 session and served two terms until the 1787/88 session. On December 5, 1782, he was elected judge of the Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture. Federalist

<mask> was again called to national service in 1786 when he represented Delaware at the Annapolis Convention. Because so few states were represented, this meeting produced only a report calling for a broader convention to be held in Philadelphia the next year.At what became the Constitutional Convention, <mask> again represented Delaware. Quoting from Wright & Morris in their Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution,

<mask> immediately argued for a new national government under a new Constitution, saying 'to amend the Articles was simply putting old cloth on a new garment.' He was a leader in the fight for a strong central government, advocating, at one time, the abolition of the states altogether and the consolidation of the country under one powerful national government. 'Let no one fear the states, the people are with us;' he declared to a Convention shocked by this radical proposal. With no one to support his motion, he settled for protecting the rights of the small states against the infringements of their larger, more populous neighbors who, he feared, would 'probably combine to swallow up the smaller ones by addition, division or impoverishment.' He warned that Delaware 'would become at once a cipher

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 in the union' if the principle of equal representation embodied in the New Jersey (small-state) Plan was not adopted and if the method of amendment in the Articles was not retained. He favored giving Congress the power to veto state laws, making the federal legislature immune to popular whims by having senators hold office for nine years or during good behavior, and granting the U.S. President broad appointive powers.Outspoken, he threatened to lead the Delaware delegation out of the Convention if the rights of the small states were not specifically guaranteed in the new Constitution. Once the rights were assured, he led the ratification movement in Delaware, which, partly as a result of his efforts, became the first state to ratify and did so unanimously. Senator
Following the adoption of the U.S. Constitution, the Delaware General Assembly elected <mask> as one of its two U.S. Senators. His term began on March 4, 1789, and he was reelected in 1791 but resigned on September 18, 1793. <mask> served with the Pro-Administration Party majority in the First and Second Congress, under President Washington. He supported the assumption of state debts, establishment of a national bank, and the imposition of excise taxes.He resigned to accept an appointment as chief justice of the Delaware Supreme Court and served in that capacity until his death. <mask>'s resignation from the Senate was before the first session of the Third Congress assembled, but it was not until February 7, 1795, four weeks before it adjourned, that Henry Latimer was elected to replace him. One of Delaware's Senate seats was, therefore, vacant from September 18, 1793, until February 7, 1795. Death and legacy

<mask> died at New Castle on September 21, 1798, from heart problems and is buried there in the Immanuel Episcopal Church Cemetery. William T<mask> in his Life and Correspondence describes <mask> as "tall, slightly and gracefully formed, with pleasing

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texts:
 features and lustrous brown eyes. His manners were dignified, bordering upon austerity, but courteous, and at times captivating. He commanded entire confidence, not only from his profound legal knowledge, sound judgment, and impartial decisions but from his severe integrity and the purity of his private character."However, a fellow delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 noted that "his legal abilities are said to be very great, but his powers of oratory are fatiguing and tiresome to the last degree; his voice is feeble and his articulation so bad that few can have patience to attend him." Historians like John Monroe have generally recognized that all in all, <mask> was the dominating figure in Delaware politics during his career, directly or indirectly providing consistent and reliable leadership to the new state. His home, Stonum, is a historic landmark. There is a school in New Castle and a dorm at the University of Delaware named for <mask>. In popular culture
In the Broadway musical 1776, <mask> is portrayed in a minor role as a proper, conservative, somewhat effete, and wealthy planter who has difficulty getting along with the other two members of the Delaware contingent who are for Independence. Duane Bodin played the character in the original Broadway cast and Leo Leyden appeared in the film version. <mask>'s brother Thomas was an officer in the Continental Navy during the war.Another brother, James, was an officer in the Continental Army and was later active in managing the navy under the Articles of Confederation. <mask>'s son <mask> Jr. served as the first U.S. Attorney for Delaware, and his grandson <mask> III served as the second. Another son, John, was a noted lawyer and banker of Philadelphia. <mask>'s great-granddaughter, Louisa, married Major Benjamin Kendrick Pierce, the brother of future President Franklin Pierce. Positions held
Elections for the Delaware General Assembly were held on October

masks:
Read
Read
Read
Family Read
Read
George Read
George Read
Read


texts:
 1, and members took office on October 20 or the following weekday. The colonial attorney general was appointed by the Crown. The Legislative Council was created in 1776, and its councilmen had a three-year term.State assemblymen had a one-year term. The whole General Assembly chose the Continental Congressmen for a one-year term and the state president for a three-year term. <mask> served as interim state president, filling the vacancy created by the resignation of McKean. The chief justice of the state Supreme Court was also selected by the General Assembly for the life of the person appointed. The General Assembly chose the U.S. Senators, who took office March 4 for a six-year term. However, <mask>'s first term was only two years to establish a rotation.See also
 Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

Notes

References

External links
 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
 Biography by Russell Pickett
 Delaware's Governors
 The Political Graveyard
 Hall of Governors Portrait Gallery; Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Dover. Delaware Historical Society; website
 University of Delaware; Library website
 Read House and Gardens
 Immanuel Episcopal Church

1733 births
1798 deaths
People from Cecil County, Maryland
People of colonial Maryland
People of colonial Delaware
American people of English descent
American Episcopalians
Continental Congressmen from Delaware
Signers of the Continental Association
Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence
Signers of the United States Constitution
Pro-Administration Party United States senators from Delaware
Delaware Federalists
Delaware Independents
Governors of Delaware
Independent state governors of the United States
Members of the Delaware House of Representatives
Delaware state senators
Chief Justices of Delaware
American slave owners
People from New Castle, Delaware
Delaware lawyers
Burials in New Castle

masks: Read Read


title: Martin Harlinghausen

texts: <mask> (17 January 1902 – 22 March 1986) was a German military aviator and general. Harlinghausen specialised in maritime interdiction and anti-warship operations. During World War II Harlinghausen was the leading exponent of anti-ship warfare with the destruction of 22 ships credited to him. Born in 1902 Harlinghausen joined the Reichsmarine, the Weimar navy. In 1931 he transitioned from sailor to pilot. After formation of the Third Reich in 1933, Harlinghausen was compelled to join the Luftwaffe. In 1936 he was selected to command an anti-shipping unit in the Condor Legion and subsequently served in the Spanish Civil War.Harlinghausen developed effective combat tactics and was highly decorated by Nationalist Spain. <mask> was appointed chief of staff of the anti-shipping Fliegerkorps X in 1939. During World War II Harlinghausen flew combat missions even while a staff officer. On 5 May 1940 he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for commanding anti-shipping units in the Norwegian Campaign. In mid–1940 Fliegerkorps X transferred to German-occupied France. The command supported the Kriegsmarine in the Battle of the Atlantic and the Battle of Britain. In January 1941 he was awarded the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross.In February 1941, <mask> was appointed commanding officer of the newly established Fliegerführer Atlantik. Harlinghausen lobbied hard for the expansion of his forces but other military theatres received priority. In October 1941 he was wounded in action while attacking a convoy leaving the command leaderless. On 5 January 1942 Ulrich Kessler replaced Harlinghausen.

masks:
Martin Harlinghausen
Harlinghausen
Harlinghausen


title: Martin Harlinghausen

texts:
 Harlinghausen was simultaneously appointed Geschwaderkommodore of Kampfgeschwader 26 and Bevollmächtigter for das Lufttorpedowesen (Plenipotentiary for airborne torpedoes). In January 1943 Harlinghausen was given command of Fliegkorps II and relieved five months later on 10 June. He returned to duty in October 1943 as chief of staff to the General der Kampfflieger.His last command was Luftgau XIV from 21 August 1944 through to April 1945. During the appointment Harlinghausen was promoted to Generalleutnant on 1 December 1944. Harlinghausen was captured in 1945 and remained a prisoner of war until 1947. He served in the Bundesluftwaffe from 1957 to 1961. Harlinghausen either resigned his commission or was forced into retirement after disputes with superiors. Early life
<mask> was born in Rheda, the German Empire in 1902. Son of industrialist <mask> (1866–1942) and Therese Zurmühlen.He married Inge Ruhenstroth in 1940. Harlinghausen received his elementary and secondary education in 1922. After completing his Abitur he studied law for one semester at the University of Göttingen. He joined the Reichsmarine (German Navy) on 1 April 1923 and trained on torpedo boats. In 1931 Harlinghausen began pilot training. He received his commission as Leutnant zur See in 1927 and the Oberleutnant zur See in 1929. With the Nazi seizure of power, and the founding of the Third Reich, he transferred to the Luftwaffe, the aerial warfare branch of the Wehrmacht (Nazi German Armed Forces) in October 1933.At this time Harlinghausen held the lowly rank of Leutnant zur See (Lt zS or LZS). In 1934 he began work as an

masks:
Harlinghausen
Wilhelm Harlinghausen


title: Martin Harlinghausen

texts: tactics. A particularly well-used approach against land targets was to fly at high altitude with engines switched off, then dive and release the bombs at 1,000 ft (300 metres), then start the engines for a hasty departure. By August 1938 16 sorties per week were flown, in small formations of three with each aircraft carrying a ton of bombs.12 He 59s were lost in 1938 and 1939—three to night fighters. Losses were replaced by aircraft flown in from Mallorca, via Sardinia. At this time the unit operated two Heinkel He 115s and evaluated them. AS/88 operations in Spain were undermined by a lack of support services. The He 59 units had been transferred to the Luftwaffe by the Kriegsmarine yet the navy still stored the spares for the complex machine. The only engineering unit was based in Seville, permanently and was not transferred to meet operational needs. The aircraft had to be sent back to Germany.They were flown to Cadiz, dismantled and shipped; a process that lasted three months and often left the unit severely under resourced. In his first combat mission he destroyed the Campsa fuel depots in Valencia which had been a priority target for some time. <mask> became the first pilot to sink a ship using an air-dropped torpedo when he sank a cargo ship off Valencia harbour on 21 July 1938. The 4,798-ton freighter was named Thorpeness and British. It sank one nautical mile from Valencia. Francisco Franco informed the English that the ship had struck a mine. On 1 August 1938 <mask> was promoted to Major.In commanding in Spain, Harlinghausen became a pioneer of attacking ships accurately with bombs.

masks: Harlinghausen Harlinghausen


title: Martin Harlinghausen

texts:
 German aircraft—mainly Heinkel He 59 and Heinkel He 60s—sank 144 ships out of the 554 lost by the Republican forces. Before the fall of Barcelona in 1939, for example, German aircraft sank 30 ships and damaged scores more in the harbour. At the end of the war, which ended in a Nationalist victory for Franco, Hitler and Mussolini, AS/88 had been credited with 52 ships sunk. Nevertheless, the anti-shipping arm failed to achieve any strategic results in Spain. Harlinghausen continued to develop this neglected sphere in opposition to the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe. The high command remained aloof from naval air power matters because it did not foresee a war with the British Empire.<mask> left AS/88 to return the air war school at Gatow in December 1938. In April 1939 he became the operations officer for Luftflotte 2 (Air Fleet 2) known at the time as Luftflottenkommando 2 (Air Fleet Command 2). World War II
On 3 September 1939—two days after the invasion of Poland—Hans Geisler was removed the staff of Luftflotte 2 and given command of Fliegerkorps X, which was initially named Fliegerdivision 10 upon formation on 5 September. <mask> was appointed as chief of staff, effective from 1 November 1939. The headquarters located to Blankenese, Hamburg. The OKL regarded the war at sea and the destruction of British sea communications as secondary to the defeat of the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the British aviation industry. In September 1939, Harlinghausen's Fliegerkorps carried out sporadic operations off Eastern England with some success.After it was renamed and formed from a division to a corps on 3 October


title: Martin Harlinghausen

texts: smaller ships; his cruiser and destroyers after the loss of  Gurkha.Harlinghausen's air corps flew in supplies to Eduard Dietl in the days following the invasion, as his forces fought the Battles of Narvik. The snow and weather conditions made landing and take off difficult. Aircraft were vulnerable in the narrow fjords. The supply operations had limited effect; they improved morale but did not improve the battle-readiness of Dietl's forces. On 30 April 1940 Harlinghausen flew a patrol between Trondheim and Namsos in one of two staffel KüFlGr (Coastal Flying Group) 506's He 115s. Over Namsfjord he discovered many targets. His reconnaissance mission guided 3./StG 1 to the area and the Junkers Ju 87 Stukas sank the anti-submarine warfare trawlers Siretoko, Jardine and Warwickshire.was also badly damaged necessitating her scuttling by . <mask> was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 5 May 1940 for his service piloting Heinkel He 115s and commanding an ad hoc group named Fliegerführer Stavanger. Harlinghausen's command made a significant operational contribution to the German victory in the Norwegian Campaign by rendering Allied sea communications insecure. On 18 May 1940 Harlinghausen probably sank the 55-year old 988 brt Sirius—claimed as a 1,500 grt freighter. The campaign ended on 9 June with the Allied evacuation from Norway. The Luftwaffe tipped the balance, compensating for the weakness of Wehrmacht sea power. Interdicting shipping lanes, air superiority and transport operations were crucial to the eventual German victory.The invasion cost Fliegerkorps X 1,130 air crew; 341


title: Martin Harlinghausen

texts: duration of the battle. The Norwegian and Danish-based German aircraft resumed the war against the Royal Navy and merchant traffic. Harlinghausen refined and developed ship-attack tactics that the Luftwaffe used over Great Britain in 1940. The bomber approached on the beam at low-level and released bombs to damage the ship's hull below the water line. The types of vessels targeted extended to Lightships and fishing boats which the Germans saw as legitimate targets.The number of ships attacked and damaged in 1940 rose to 127 in 1940 and to a peak of 164 in 1941. On 3 November 1940 <mask> was credited with sinking a 6,000 grt ship, probably the 3,871 grt Kildale off Kinnaird Head bringing his claim total to approximately 100,000 grt. The air corps was sent to Sicily, Italy in late 1940. It formed the first wave of attacks on the intensively bombed British base at Malta and to support the Axis powers in the Battle of the Mediterranean. The air corps moved to Axis-held Greece in June 1941, by which time <mask> had left the corps. During its operations in the first half of 1941, the air corps effectively suppressed the Royal Navy Submarine Service, and its 10th Submarine Flotilla. Even with two antishipping experts occupying the position of commander, and chief of staff, the air corps failed to neutralise or paralyse the island's defences.The staff blamed limited supplies and the distractions on other fronts for the failure to achieve more; and above all, closing the Strait of Sicily to British naval forces. Harlinghausen tried to secure assistance from the Regia Marina to help shut the straits. His


title: Martin Harlinghausen

texts:
 idea was for naval forces to patrol in darkness for his air corps could not see the enemy. The Italians could shadow the enemy until daybreak when his air power could be used against them. His efforts were in vain. The major success in this region was achieved on 11 January with the sinking of the cruiser Southampton and damaging of Gloucester. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () 30 January 1941.Harlinghausen was part of the disastrous raid on British convoys moving through the Suez Canal. After four hours they reached the southernmost region, but found nothing. Harlinghausen ordered the other seven to seek alternative targets. After attacking a Ferry, Harlinghausen spotted the scattered convoy in the Great Bitter Lake. The head winds were double than expected, and all the He 111s ran out of fuel. Harlinghausen and Kowalewski crash landed in the desert 280 km south east of Benghazi. They were rescued after five days; three crew were captured.Fliegerführer Atlantik
On 28 February 1941 <mask> was appointed Fliegerführer Atlantik (Flying Leader Atlantic). As a ship-attack expert, he was a logical choice to lead Atlantic air operations. His headquarters were stationed in the village of Brandérion. Harlinghausen was responsible for organising fleet and U-boat support, meteorological missions and even coastal protection, although Küstenfliegergruppe (KuFlGr) (coastal aircraft group), Minensuchgruppe (MSGr—minesearch group) existed for that purpose. He had barely 100 aircraft operational. His commitment to the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations while managing the


title: Martin Harlinghausen

texts: KG 40 Fw 200s. However, with never more than eight aircraft operational, this was an exception. Soon, British CAM ship (catapult aircraft merchantmen) appeared, and the time of light Condor losses ended. Three months into his leadership, <mask> was held responsible for the Luftwaffe'''s failure to prevent the loss of the battleship Bismarck, which sank on 27 May 1941.His command was reinforced by II./KG 1, II./KG 54 and I./KG 77, to help the Bismarck, but the air effort failed to reach the combat area before the ship sank. No German Capital ship sailed into the Atlantic again, leaving only the U-boat war in operation. The last half of 1941 had been a severe blow to Fliegerführer Atlantik. It had sunk just four ships (10,298 tons) and damaged two for the loss of 16 Condors, including seven to convoy defences. From 15 March to 31 October 1941 Fliegerführer Atlantik reported 57 convoys. Through cooperation with U-boats 74 ships, totalling 390,000 tons, one aircraft carrier, and one destroyer were sunk. The command sank 161 vessels for 903,000 grt, probably sank seven for 31,000 grt, damaged 113 for 590,000 grt.Within six months, this trend underwent a radical change. The transfer of Condors to other theatres, according to  OKL wartime report, in mid-December 1941 brought air-submarine cooperation to "a standstill". <mask>'s insistence on flying combat operations left his command leaderless after he was shot down and wounded without his usual pilot Robert Kowaleski on 13 October while attacking a transport ship in the Irish Sea. The crew managed to slip back to the French coast near Vannes,  where


title: Martin Harlinghausen

texts:
 they were rescued by fishermen. He spent the next three months in hospital. In January 1942 he was replaced by Ulrich Kessler as Fliegerführer Atlantik. North Africa, return to Mediterranean
In January 1942 <mask> was appointed Geschwaderkommodore of Kampfgeschwader 26, an anti-shipping bomber wing.KG 26 operated three Gruppen, groups, simultaneously but often they operated in different theatres. Harlinghausen and the staff command remained based in the Mediterranean. Harlinghausen had long been a supporter of torpedo bomber development. Along with the operational command, he was appointed Bevollmächtigten for das Lufttorpedowesen—Plenipotentiary for airborne torpedoes. KG 26 relocated to Italy in early 1942, and began torpedo training at Grosseto. Harlinghausen soon lost one Staffeln (6) to the Black Sea campaigns. I and III./KG 26 were ready for operations and deployed to Norway while II./KG 26 transferred to the Eastern Front in April, only to return in early August.<mask> remained wing commander through the intensive attacks on Malta convoys in February 1942. Among their successes was the Rowallan Castle, which sank after her escorts scuttled her. III./KG 26 moved to France near Rennes from Norway. Southwest of the  Scilly Isles on 3 and 4 August it carried out its first torpedo attack against a small convoy and claimed six ships totalling 20,000 grt. 6./KG 26, recalled from the Soviet Union, claimed two freighters from the infamous Pedestal convoy in mid–August. From May 1942, KG 26 engaged targets from Norway and sank a significant number of ships. Convoy PQ 10 and Convoy PQ 14 by KG 26 and


title: Martin Harlinghausen

texts:
 130,000 soldiers, starved of food, fuel and ammunition, surrendered. <mask> survived a month longer until dismissed from command on 10 June 1943 following a series of disputes with Kesselring. <mask>'s desire to rest and rebuild his Kampfgruppen was overruled by Göring. The Reichsmarschall demanded air attacks on Allied ports at night in strength.Harlinghausen's complaints to Kesslering were counter productive and the main reason for his dismissal. Later commands

After his dismissal, Harlinghausen briefly returned to Fliegerführer Atlantik as a member of Kessler's staff but was placed in reserve on 26 June 1943. In October 1943 he was appointed General der Kampfflieger. On 11 November, Reichsmarschall (Marshal of the Realm) Hermann Göring, in his role as commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, organized a meeting of high-ranking Luftwaffe officers, including Nordmann. The meeting, also referred to as the "Areopag" was held at the Luftkriegsakademie (air war academy) at Berlin-Gatow. This Luftwaffe version of the Greek Areopagus—a court of justice—aimed at finding solutions to the deteriorating air was situation over Germany. In December 1944 Harlinghausen was appointed Chef des Luftwaffenkommandos "West", a position he held until the cessation of hostilities.He was captured by American troops and was released in 1947. Postwar career
<mask> served in the new West German Air Force from 1957 to 1961. He was sent into retirement, having been politically uncomfortable during his post-war career, after demanding a proper investigation in the 1961 F-84 Thunderstreak incident, after which Oberstleutnant


title: Martin Harlinghausen

texts:
 Siegfried Barth, commander of Jagdbombergeschwader (JaBoG) 32, was removed from his post without a proper investigation. <mask> died in Gütersloh in March 1986. Awards
 Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords and Diamonds
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (30 January 1940)
 1st Class (3 February 1940)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 4 May 1940 as Major in the general staff and chief of staff of the X. Fliegerkorps
 8th Oak Leaves on 30 January 1941 as Oberstleutnant'' in the general staff and chief of staff of the X. Fliegerkorps
 Great Cross of Merit

References

Citations

Bibliography

1902 births
1986 deaths
People from Rheda-Wiedenbrück
Luftwaffe World War II generals
German World War II pilots
People from the Province of Westphalia
Lieutenant generals of the German Air Force
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
German military personnel of the Spanish Civil War
Condor Legion personnel
Reichsmarine personnel
Bundeswehr generals
Lieutenant generals of the Luftwaffe
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United


title: Bill Blass

texts:
<mask> (June 22, 1922 – June 12, 2002) was an American fashion designer, born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He was the recipient of many fashion awards, including seven Coty Awards and the Fashion Institute of Technology's Lifetime Achievement Award (1999). Early life
<mask> was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, the son of <mask>, a traveling hardware salesman, and his wife, Ethyl (Keyser<mask>. In his autobiography, <mask> wrote that the margins in his school books were filled with sketches of Hollywood-inspired fashions instead of notes. At fifteen, he began sewing and selling evening gowns for $25 each to a New York manufacturer. At seventeen he had saved enough money to move to Manhattan and study fashion. At eighteen, he was the first male to win Mademoiselle's Design for Living award.He spent his salary of $30 a week on clothing, shoes and elegant meals. In 1943, <mask> enlisted in the Army. Due to his intelligence and talent, he was assigned to the 603rd Camouflage Battalion. Its mission was to deceive the German Army into believing the Allies were positioned in fake locations, for example by using dummy tanks. He served in this unit at several major operations including the Battle of the Bulge, and the Rhine River crossing. Fashion career

After the war, <mask> returned to New York, and was promptly hired as Anne Klein's assistant. However, he was soon fired; allegedly, Anne told him that while he had good manners, he had no talent.He was a protégé of Baron de Gunzburg. In 1970, after two decades of success in menswear and womenswear, he bought Maurice Rentner Ltd., which he had joined in 1959, and renamed it Bill Blass Limited. Over the next 30 years he expanded his line to include swimwear, furs, luggage, perfume, and chocolate. In 1967, he was the first American couture fashion designer to start a men's wear line. That part of his business grew to offer everything from ties, socks and belts to suits and evening clothes. It was made by 18 licensees. Like many designers, his

masks:
William Ralph Blass
Blass
Ralph Aldrich Blass
) Blass
Blass
Blass
Blass


title: Bill Blass

texts:
 women's couture collections lost money but served to promote other parts of his business.By the mid-1990s, his ready to wear business grossed about $9 million annually and his 97 licensing agreements had retail sales of more than $700 million a year. His clients, many of whom were also his friends, included Happy Rockefeller, Brooke Astor, Nancy Kissinger, Jessye Norman, Gloria Vanderbilt and Patricia Buckley. Design Style
<mask> is largely credited with creating the relaxed, elegant look that American fashion favored in the late 20th century. In a time period where international attention was solely focused on French fashion, <mask> was able to create designs that would eventually shift the focus onto American fashion as well. Inspired by European fashion designers like Coco Chanel, <mask> modernized womenswear by allowing them comfort while still maintaining a sense of glamour; he would create designs typical of sportswear, but create them using luxurious fabrics. His signature style consisted of feminine ruffles, luxury materials such as mink or cashmere, and sharply-cut, simple silhouettes. <mask>'s looks would incorporate Golden Age Hollywood's glamour with sportswear, taking sportswear silhouettes, and creating them with luxurious materials such as mink, silk, and cashmere, or blending pieces traditionally found in sportswear with dramatic ball skirts.<mask> was the first American to incorporate fabrics traditionally only found in menswear, such as pinstripes and houndstooth, into womenswear. His clothing was always very wearable, a characteristic that set him apart from his contemporaries, as most of them were focused on creating fantastical clothes. Advertisements
<mask> was one of the first designers bold enough and recognizable enough to star in his own advertisements. In one such campaign launched during the 1960's, <mask> was pictured alongside two models wielding machine guns. Text proclaiming, "They can't knock off <mask>" was emblazoned across the image.

masks:
Blass
Blass
Blass
Blass
Blass
Blass
Blass
Bill Blass


title: Bill Blass

texts:
 Employing witty slogans such as ''Positively Blassphemous", <mask> became a celebrity in his own right. Versailles 1973
During November 1973, at the Palace of Versailles, five American fashion designers, one of whom was <mask>, faced off against five French designers who were at the time considered to be the best of the best: Hubert de Givenchy, Yves Saint Laurent, Emanuel Ungaro, Pierre Cardin, and Marc Bohan of Christian Dior, in a battle of fashion shows.The event is often credited as the event that put American fashion in the international spotlight. The Bill Blass Edition Continental Mark series
Beginning in 1975, and continuing until 1992, <mask> lent his talents to the Ford Motor Company for an edition of their Continental Mark series of automobiles. In 1976, he shared model configurations with Emilio Pucci, Hubert de Givenchy, and Cartier. Each year, as goes true fashion, the interior and exterior color combinations would be updated. One of the most popular was the 1979 edition honoring a nautical theme, as did the Blass logo of the time. Small anchors were incorporated into the exterior accent striping and interior accents within the Blass "back-to-back B" design theme. The 1979 through 1983 Mark series Blass models were available with a "carriage roof" giving a convertible top look to the cars.After 1983, the <mask> edition became a color option with rear quarter window model designations and a few features that were options on the standard model. Awards and recognition
Over the years, <mask> won three Coty American Fashion Critics Awards. He won the 1968 Coty for men's wear. The Council of Fashion Designers of American awarded <mask> their Lifetime Achievement Award in 1987 and was the group's first winner of their Humanitarian Leadership Award in 1996. He was also named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame List. New York Public Library
In 1994, <mask> gave $10 million to the New York Public Library. In recognition of the gift, the Public Catalog

masks:
Bill Blass
Bill Blass
Blass
Bill Blass
Blass
Blass
Blass


title: Bill Blass

texts:
 Room of the New York Public Library Main Branch at Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street was named the <mask> Public Catalogue Room.Retirement and death
In 1999, <mask> sold Bill Blass Limited for $50 million to Michael Groveman and retired to his home in New Preston, Connecticut. <mask> was diagnosed with oral/tongue cancer in 2000, not long after he began writing his memoir. His cancer later developed into throat cancer, resulting in his death on June 12, 2002, ten days away from his 80th birthday. <mask> collected art and was a connoisseur of antiquities and in his will bequeathed half of his $52 million estate, as well as several important ancient sculptures, to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Quote

"The beauty of being able to draw, or paint, from an early age is that you never feel trapped, least of all by your immediate circumstances." "The secret of living is not staying too long. I have learned when to leave the party."“When in doubt, wear red.”

“Fashion can be bought by anybody; style takes discernment, it has to do with individuality.”

“Sometimes the eye gets so accustomed that if you don't have a change, you're bored. It's the same with fashion, you know. And that, I suppose, is what style is about.”

“Simplicity is the soul of modern elegance.”

Publications
 Dining in Manhattan Cookbook: A Collection of Gourmet Recipes for Complete Meals from Manhattan's Finest Restaurants, with Joan G. Hauser (1983)
 Bare Blass, edited by Cathy Horyn (2002)

See also

 <mask> Group

References

External links
 Official website of Bill Blass Group

 American Ingenuity: Sportswear 1930s-1970s, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on <mask> (see index)

1922 births
2002 deaths
American fashion designers
Artists from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Deaths from throat cancer
Deaths from cancer in Connecticut
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers
People from New Preston,

masks:
Bill Blass
Blass
Blass
Blass
Bill Blass
Bill Blass


title: Cui Ning

texts:
<mask> (崔寧) (723 – November 10, 783), né <mask> (崔旰), was a general of the Tang dynasty of China. For over a decade, he ruled over Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan) effectively independently from the imperial government, but was eventually kept at the capital Chang'an by the imperial government in 779. Subsequently, when the general Zhu Ci rebelled in 783 and established a new state of Qin, the chancellor Lu Qi, apprehensive that <mask> would blame the rebellion on him, falsely accused <mask> of being complicit in Zhu's rebellion. Emperor Dezong, believing Lu's accusations, had <mask> strangled. Background
<mask> was born in 723, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. His family was from Wei Prefecture (衛州, in modern Puyang, Henan), and had a long tradition of Confucian scholarship. Despite this, though, <mask> was interested in military strategies.At one point, Ru Zhang () the prefect of Wei Prefecture recommended him to be the magistrate of Fuli County (符離, in modern Suzhou, Anhui). After his term of service was complete, however, he was not given another official position. He journeyed to Jiannan Circuit (劍南, headquartered in modern Chengdu) and became a soldier in the army there. He successively served under the military governor (Jiedushi) Xianyu Zhongtong () and the general Li Mi () and participated in Li Mi's campaign against Nanzhao in 754. After Li Mi's defeat that year, <mask> returned to the circuit headquarters at Chengdu. The military commander <mask> Lun () was impressed by <mask> Gan's appearance and was endeared to him because they shared the same surname, and therefore recommended him to be a commander of the guards for the military governor. Subsequently, <mask> Gan served under

masks:
Cui Ning
Cui Gan
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui Gan
Cui Gang
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui


title: Cui Ning

texts:
 <mask> Yuan and Pei Mian.After Pei was falsely accused and exiled in 762, Emperor Daizong (Emperor Xuanzong's grandson) sent eunuchs to try to investigate Pei for possible misconduct while serving as governor. <mask> Gan induced his subordinates to cut off their ears to proclaim Pei's innocence. When the eunuchs returned to capital Chang'an to report this to Emperor Daizong, <mask> was recalled to Chang'an to serve as an officer in the imperial forces. Around this time, there was much disturbance in the Shu region (i.e., modern Sichuan and Chongqing), and bandits often blocked off road access. Emperor Daizong was concerned about this, and the official Yan Wu () recommended <mask> Gan to be the prefect of Li Prefecture (利州, in modern Guangyuan, Sichuan) to combat the banditry. Once <mask> arrived at Li Prefecture, the banditry ceased, and this led to fame for him. Service under Yan Wu
Subsequently, in 764, Yan Wu was made the military governor of Jiannan Circuit, and as he was heading to his post, he went through Li Prefecture.He wanted <mask> Gan to serve under him, but as at that time <mask>'s superior was Zhang Xiancheng () the military governor of Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi), Yan did not feel comfortable requesting Zhang to allow him to have <mask> as a subordinate. <mask> pointed out that Zhang never fully trusted him and that Zhang favored treasure—suggesting that if Yan made the request and also gave Zhang a substantial gift, Zhang would agree. Once Yan arrived at Chengdu, he sent Zhang a gift of rare treasures, and then requested Zhang to allow him to have <mask>. Zhang agreed, and Yan commissioned <mask> as the prefect of Han Prefecture (漢州, in modern Deyang, Sichuan). At

masks: Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui


title: Cui Ning

texts:
 that time, a large part of former Jiannan territory had been captured by Tufan and its allied Qiang tribes. Yan had <mask> command an army to attack Tufan, and it was said that because <mask> was capable in comforting his soldiers, the soldiers fought hard for him. He was able to recapture four cities from Tufan, and when he returned to Chengdu, Yan showed his favor to <mask> by making a wagon with seven kind of jewels to welcome him back into the city.Seizure and control of Xichuan Circuit
Yan Wu died in 765. His deputy Du Ji () served as acting military governor after his death, but there were competing recommendations for his permanent replacement. One of the key officers, Guo Yinggan (), and the discipline officer Guo Jialin (), recommended Guo Yinggan's brother Guo Ying'ai (), who was then an imperial official at Chang'an. <mask> recommended another officer, Wang Chongjun (). Emperor Daizong named Guo Ying'ai as the military governor, and it was said that because of <mask>'s contrary recommendation, Guo Ying'ai bore a grudge against <mask> and Wang. Immediately after he arrived at Chengdu, he made false charges against Wang and executed him. He then summoned <mask>, who was then back on the Tufan front, back to Chengdu.<mask>, believing it to be a trap, refused. Guo Ying'ai then cut off <mask>'s army's food supplies and further took an army, ready to attack <mask>. His advances were stymied by a sudden snowstorm that killed many of his soldiers and animals, however, and <mask> then made a surprise attack, defeating him and forcing him to flee back to Chengdu. At that time, the army at Chengdu was resentful toward Guo Ying'ai because he was arrogant, wasteful, and harsh. <mask> seized the moment to publicly accuse Guo

masks: Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui


title: Cui Ning

texts: Ying'ai of treason—pointing out that Guo Ying'ai had taken an effigy of Emperor Xuanzong out of a Taoist temple dedicated to Emperor Xuanzong and converted the temple to his own mansion. <mask> then attacked Chengdu and defeated Guo Ying'ai, forcing him to flee. Once <mask> entered into Chengdu, he slaughtered Guo Ying'ai's household, and Guo Ying'ai himself was killed in flight by Han Cheng () the prefect of Pu Prefecture (普州, in modern Ziyang, Sichuan), who delivered Guo Ying'ai's head to <mask>.Several other Jiannan officers rose against <mask>—Bo Maolin () at Qiong Prefecture, Yang Zilin () at Lu Prefecture (瀘州, in modern Luzhou, Sichuan), and Li Changkui () at Jian Prefecture (劍州, in modern Guangyuan, Sichuan) -- throwing the circuit into a confused state. Emperor Daizong tried to settle the situation by dividing the circuit—making the eastern half of the circuit into Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang, Sichuan) and giving the command to Zhang Xiancheng, making the rest into Xichuan Circuit, while giving Bo and <mask> the lesser titles of defender (防禦使, Fangyushi) under the command of the new military governor Du Hongjian, who had been chancellor. <mask> did not submit to this arrangement, and when Zhang attacked him in spring 766, <mask> defeated Zhang easily. Meanwhile, Du and <mask> were exchanging messengers, and <mask> acted as respectfully as possible and offered bribes to Du. When Du arrived at Chengdu, <mask> treated him with the utmost formal respect but did not permit him any actual control over the governance. In response, Du repeatedly recommended to Emperor Daizong to let <mask> become military governor while placating Bo, Yang, and Li Changkui by making them prefects of their


title: Cui Ning

texts: prefectures. Emperor Daizong reluctantly agreed, although he initially made <mask> only the mayor of Chengdu Municipality and the military commander, under Du.In 767, Du requested to return to Chang'an. Emperor Daizong agreed, and he made <mask> the military governor and let Du resume his service as chancellor. Meanwhile, <mask> also assured of his position by giving large bribes to Du's powerful chancellor colleague Yuan Zai. In 768, <mask> went to Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Daizong, leaving his brother <mask> Kuan () as acting military governor in his stead. Yang took this opportunity to make a surprise attack from Lu Prefecture and briefly entered Chengdu. When the news arrived at Chang'an, Emperor Daizong immediately sent <mask> Gan back to Xichuan to put down Yang's uprising—and also bestowed on <mask> a new name of Ning (寧, meaning "comfort"). Meanwhile, <mask> Kuan initially could not fight Yang off, but <mask> Ning's concubine Lady Ren was herself capable in military matters, and she used her wealth to engage a group of soldiers; <mask> Kuan was able to use the soldiers she gathered to fight Yang off, and Yang left Chengdu, eventually leaving the circuit by heading east on Yangtze River.<mask> <mask> subsequently sent <mask> Kuan to Chang'an, and because of the large amount of bribes that <mask> <mask> gave Yuan Zai, Yuan had <mask> Kuan and another brother, <mask> Shen (), repeatedly promoted. In 775, <mask> <mask> reported that he had a great victory over Tufan forces, killing over 10,000 Tufan soldiers. In 776, he again reported a victory over Tufan and its allied Tujue, Tuyuhun, Di, and Qiang tribes, killing over 10,000 soldiers. He repelled a Tufan attack in 777 as well. Meanwhile, it was said that

masks: Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Ning Cui Cui Ning Cui Cui Cui Ning


title: Cui Ning

texts:
 because Xichuan Circuit had natural defenses and was rich, <mask> grew arrogant of his position and gathered great wealth. It was also said that he committed adultery with many wives and concubines of his subordinates. The imperial government feared him but could not control him, and had to repeatedly bestow additional honors on him to keep him in check.Retention by the imperial government
In 779, Emperor Daizong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Dezong. After Emperor Dezong's ascension, <mask> Ning went to Chang'an to pay homage to the new emperor, and was given several high honorific titles -- Sikong (司空, one of the Three Excellencies), chancellor (同中書門下平章事, Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi), director for construction of Emperor Daizong's tomb (山陵使, Shanlingshi), and chief imperial censor (御史大夫, Yushi Daifu). Treating his chief imperial censor title as not just honorary, however, <mask> proposed that the subordinate imperial censors be recommended by the chief imperial censor (i.e., himself) rather than by chancellors—and this drew resentment from Yang Yan, who by that point had become the most powerful chancellor at court, despite the fact that they had a previous cordial relationship as fellow associates of Yuan Zai's. The relationship between <mask> and Yang was further strained as Yang was repeatedly making accusations against another imperial official, Liu Yan, and <mask> was defending Liu. While <mask> was at Chang'an, Tufan and Nanzhao forces launched a major joint attack against Xichuan Circuit, and <mask>'s subordinates were unable to fight them off. When the news arrived at Chang'an, Emperor Daizong was inclined to order <mask> to return to Xichuan Circuit at once. <mask> was set to depart, but Yang

masks: Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui


title: Cui Ning

texts: opposed—pointing out that during <mask>'s tenure, he had effectively turned Xichuan into an independent realm, not submitting taxes or other resources to the imperial government.Yang argued that even if <mask> were able to successfully defeat Tufan and Nanzhao forces, it would be even more difficult to move him later on; instead, he suggested that imperial guard soldiers and elite soldiers from Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) -- who had followed their military governor Zhu Ci to Chang'an when Zhu was made chancellor—be sent to fight the Tufan and Nanzhao forces, and once the campaign was over, Xichuan would be back in imperial control. Emperor Dezong agreed with Yang's proposal and kept <mask> at Chang'an. Subsequently, Yang claimed that the northern border needed a senior general—someone like <mask>—to defend it, and had <mask> made the military governor of Shuofang Circuit (朔方, then headquartered in modern Yan'an, Shaanxi). Shuofang was normally a very important and powerful command. However, Yang weakened <mask>'s authority substantially by naming three deputies for <mask> with independent authorities to act—Du Xiquan (), stationed at Ling Prefecture (靈州, in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia); Zhang Guangsheng (), stationed at Sui Prefecture (綏州, in modern Yulin, Shaanxi); and Li Jianhui (), stationed at Fang Prefecture (坊州, i.e., at <mask>'s headquarters). Yang secretly ordered the three of them to watch over <mask> carefully. Nevertheless, <mask> and his subordinate Lü Xiqian () -- whom Yang had commissioned as well—were successful in persuading many Dangxiang tribesmen to submit to Tang, and this drew further displeasure from Yang.He had Lü recalled to Chang'an under guise of a promotion and replaced Lü

masks: Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui


title: Cui Ning

texts:
 with Shi Changchun (). Eventually, in 781, he also had <mask> recalled to the capital, and <mask> retained only his honorary title of Sikong but also had him serve as You Pushe (), one of the heads of the executive bureau of government (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng), but not chancellor. Death
By 783, Emperor Dezong was waging a number of campaigns against several military governors to the east who were not following imperial orders—Zhu Ci's brother Zhu Tao, Wang Wujun, Tian Yue, and Li Na. He summoned soldiers from Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu) to Chang'an, ready to send them to join the campaigns in the east. When the Jingyuan soldiers arrived at Chang'an, however, they were displeased at the lack of imperial awards, and they mutinied, forcing Emperor Dezong to flee to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi). The Jingyuan soldiers then supported Zhu Ci as their leader, and while Zhu was initially pretending to be preparing to put down the mutiny and welcome Emperor Dezong back to Chang'an, it soon became clear that he was planning to take over as emperor. Meanwhile, when Emperor Dezong fled out of the city, few imperial officials knew the direction of his flight and therefore few followed him.Several days later, <mask> Ning arrived at Fengtian, and initially, Emperor Dezong was pleased. However, Emperor Dezong's trusted chancellor Lu Qi soon received word that <mask> had commented:

Lu feared that <mask> would accuse him of causing the calamity, and therefore secretly plotted with an official who had arrived at Fengitan with <mask>, Wang Hong (). He had Wang make a secret report to Emperor Dezong that on the way to Fengtian, <mask> had frequently stopped to defecate or urinate and appeared to be

masks: Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui


title: Cui Ning

texts:
 waiting for Zhu Ci's soldiers. Meanwhile, Zhu, who had declared himself emperor of a new state of Qin, in order to try to create suspicion in Emperor Dezong's minds, also publicly announced that he was making <mask> and Liu Hun chancellors. Lu and Wang also forced <mask>'s secretary Kang Dan () into forging a letter from <mask> to Zhu, offering to betray Fengtian to him. Lu, presenting the forgery to Emperor Dezong, thus falsely accused <mask> of treason. Emperor Dezong believed Lu's accusations.He summoned <mask> to his presence under the guise of giving him the mission of comforting the Yangtze-Huai River region, and once <mask> arrived, had imperial soldiers strangle <mask> to death. When Emperor Dezong commissioned the imperial scholar Lu Zhi to issue an edict declaring <mask>'s guilt, Lu Zhi requested that Lu Qi give him the letter from <mask> to Zhu—and Lu Qi then claimed that the letter had been lost. Further, many people were then proclaiming <mask>'s innocence. As a result, Emperor Dezong, who was initially set to make <mask>'s family members slaves and confiscate his assets, did neither. In 796, <mask>'s former subordinate Han Tan (), then a military governor himself, offered to give up an honorary title he had in exchange to be posthumously declared innocent. Emperor Dezong agreed, and also returned <mask>'s body to his family for proper reburial. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol.117. New Book of Tang, vol. 144. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 224, 225, 226, 227, 228. 723 births
783 deaths
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Xichuan Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Shuofang Circuit
Tang dynasty generals at war against Tibet
Mayors of Chengdu
Politicians from Puyang
Tang dynasty generals from Henan
Tang dynasty politicians

masks: Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui Cui


title: Samoth

texts:
<mask> (born Tomas Thormodsæter Haugen, 9 June 1974) is a Norwegian musician and multi-instrumentalist in the country's black metal scene. He is well known for his distinct guitar work and drumming in the band Emperor, as well as his formation of the death metal band Zyklon. In very early Emperor releases, he was called Samot (his name "Tomas" backward), and with the formation of Zyklon he became known as Zamoth. <mask> was the owner of the record label Nocturnal Art Productions and had a close relationship with Candlelight Records. Biography
<mask> was born on 9 June 1974 in Hammerfest, Norway. He is the son of Spoonful of Blues bass player Jens Haugen, who encouraged his son to play bass guitar. He grew up in Akkerhaugen, Norway.When <mask> was a young man, he met a fellow musician, who would later become known as Ihsahn, at a rock clinic in Bergen. The two soon became friends and started playing music together. They formed a band and moved through various names – they were called Dark Device, Xerasia, and finally Embryonic. The group eventually settled on the name Thou Shalt Suffer in 1991. They were playing an early form of black metal with keyboards strongly influenced by death metal, particularly vocally. <mask> and Ihsahn's friendship proved to be strong, and the two eventually took their musicianship to a new level. Partially due to the influence of Euronymous of the band Mayhem, <mask> left Thou Shalt Suffer and with Ihsahn, began writing music for a new band called Emperor (in which he played drums).Ihsahn was the only member of Thou Shalt Suffer to remain, and soon bass player Mortiis and drummer Faust were recruited for Emperor; <mask> moved back to his more familiar

masks: Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth


title: Samoth

texts: position of guitar. At this point, the group was playing fully developed black metal. Emperor was quick to release several demos in 1992 and 1993, which gained them recognition and popularity in the underground. Mortiis did not stay in the band, and decided to form his own, more electronic-based solo band. He was succeeded by Tchort. In 1994 <mask> was sentenced to 16 months in prison for burning Skjold Church in Vindafjord, together with Varg Vikernes. The arson was committed during a pause in the recording of the Burzum EP Aske (Ashes), where <mask> performed as a session bass player.As Tchort and Faust were also imprisoned at this time, Ihsahn was the only remaining band member outside prison, and Emperor did not release another album for three years. Tchort and Faust did not return to the band. After years of playing in Emperor and being featured on various black metal side projects, <mask>, in conjunction with Ihsahn, decided to dissolve Emperor in 2001 due to their differing musical tastes. Although black metal was both <mask> and Ihsahn's biggest influence and favorite genre of music, <mask> was leaning toward a futuristic death metal sound, while Ihsahn was more influenced by progressive metal and symphonic metal. After Emperor's final release, Prometheus: The Discipline of Fire & Demise, composed entirely by Ihsahn, Emperor was no more. <mask> went on to play guitar with fellow drummer Trym in the death metal band Zyklon. Emperor regrouped in 2006 with the core trio of Ihsahn, <mask> and Trym augmented by a bassist and a keyboardist, and played a few one-night-off gigs in Europe and USA in 2006 and 2007.Recently <mask> was involved in Norwegian-American supergroup Scum,

masks: Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth


title: Samoth

texts:
 which also featured Bård Faust, Cosmocrator of Mindgrinder, Chasey Chaos of Amen and Happy Tom from Turbonegro. <mask> did voice work for 2007's Adult Swim cartoon Metalocalypse episode "Dethfashion". In 2008, <mask> formed The Wretched End with Cosmo and went on to release 3 albums: Ominous (2010), Inroads (2012) and In These Woods, From These Mountains (2016). Personal life

Haugen was married to German musician Andrea Haugen (née Meyer), with whom he fathered a daughter. The couple later divorced. On 13 October 2021, Andrea was killed alongside four other people in the Kongsberg attack. After his divorce from Andrea, he married his second wife Erin, with whom he also has a daughter.Endorsements and equipment
Endorsements
ESP Guitars & Basses
Marshall Amplifiers
Vader Cabinets
Dunlop Picks
Ernie Ball Strings
Other equipment
Gibson Guitars
Jackson Guitars
B.C. Rich Guitars
Fender Basses
ENGL Amplifiers
Peavey Amplifiers
Pearl Drums & Hardware
Sabian Cymbals
Ahead drumsticks

Drum kit
<mask> has stated in an interview with Metal Hammer that the following kit was used by himself to record drum tracks for the demo "Wrath Of The Tyrant". Emperor Interview - <mask>'s Interview for The Lodge
Zyklon Interview - <mask>'s Interview for The Lodge

|-

1974 births
Living people
Norwegian male bass guitarists
Norwegian heavy metal guitarists
Norwegian black metal musicians
Norwegian heavy metal drummers
Male drummers
Norwegian multi-instrumentalists
Norwegian rock guitarists
Musicians from Hammerfest
Satyricon (band) members
Gorgoroth members
Zyklon members
Arcturus (band) members
Emperor (band) members
21st-century Norwegian drummers
21st-century Norwegian bass guitarists
Norwegian

masks: Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth


title: James Price Dillard

texts:
<mask> is a distinguished professor of Communication Arts and Sciences Department at Penn State University. He has authored and co-authored over 50 manuscripts primarily on the role of emotion and persuasive influence. Dillard graduated in 1976 from the University of Kansas with a Bachelor's degree in Speech Communication and Psychology. In 1978, he earned his Master's degree in Communication from Arizona State University and in 1983, he received a Ph.D. in Communication from Michigan State University. Dillard is currently teaching Measurement in Communication Science and Persuasive Message Processing classes at Penn State University. His awards include the NCA Golden Anniversary Award for the most outstanding, Distinguished Book Award, Communication and Social Cognition Division of the National Communication Association and many others. Dillard is most known in the academic world for his views on affect and persuasion.His research aims to enhance understanding of the role of emotion in persuasion and interpersonal influence. Views on Affect
Dillard has done many studies of the use of affect in our social and environmental interactions. He theorizes how mood and emotion guide our behavior in our everyday interactions. Dillard concludes that affect affects human behavior in three main ways:

 The primary function of affect is to guide behavior. Affect evolved because it enabled successful interaction with the environment. For human beings, the most important environment was the social environment. Affect evolved in the presence and service of social interaction.Human beings strategically manage their affective states. The relative utility of these efforts can be judged only by reference to the environment. Dillard explains how affect is "phasic" and "tonic" or baseline, each one affecting the other. Affect as "phasic"  acting with emotion. If someone feels fear from a stimulus, then they run away from that stimulus. If someone feels happiness when around a certain stimulus, then they would approach


title: James Price Dillard

texts:
 experience. The communication of emotion is central to the development, maintenance, and modification of these structures." Academic Timeline
1971-76 B.A., Speech Communication & Psychology. University of Kansas. 1976-78 M.A., Communication. Arizona State University.1978-83 Ph.D., Communication. Michigan State University. 1982-83 Visiting Assistant Professor. Department of Communication Arts. University of Wisconsin–Madison. 1983-1989 Assistant Professor. Department of Communication Arts.University of Wisconsin–Madison. 1989-1994 Associate Professor. Department of Communication Arts. University of Wisconsin–Madison. 1992 Special Member of the Graduate Faculty. University of Maryland, College Park-College Park. 1993-2003 Director.Center for Communication Research. University of Wisconsin–Madison. 1994-2004 Professor. Department of Communication Arts. University of Wisconsin–Madison. 1997-1999 Associate Chair. Department of Communication Arts, University of Wisconsin–Madison.1999-fall Visiting Professor. Department of Communication. Michigan State University. 2001-spring Visiting Professor. Department of Communication. Kent State University. 2004-2007 Visiting Professor.Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin–Madison. 2004–present Professor, Department of Communication Arts & Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University

Books and Journals
 <mask>, J.P. (Ed.). (1990). Seeking compliance: The production of interpersonal influence messages. Scottsdale, AZ: Gorsuch-Scarisbrick. Dillard, J.P., & Wilson, B.J.(Eds.) (1993). Special issue of Communication Research on The Role of Affect in Persuading and Informing. Burgoon, M., & Dillard, J.P. (Eds.) (1995). Special issue of Communication Research on Social Influence.Wilson, S.R., Greene, J.O., & <mask>, J.P. (Eds.) (2000). Special issue of Communication Theory on Message Production. <mask>, J.P., & Pfau, M. (Eds.) (2002).The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. <mask>, J.P., & Shen, L. (2013). The

masks: Dillard Dillard Dillard Dillard


title: Billy Kidman

texts:
Peter Alan Gruner Jr. (born May 11, 1974) is an American retired professional wrestler, better known by his ring name <mask>. He is currently employed by the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) as a producer. As a wrestler, Kidman is best known for his work with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment (WWF/E) throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s. While in WCW, Kidman gained fame as a key member of several stables. In addition to being a member of Raven's Flock, he also was a member of The Filthy Animals and later The New Blood. As a member of these stables, Kidman participated in memorable feuds with top WCW names, including Hulk Hogan, Jeff Jarrett, and Rey Mysterio, Jr. Kidman also found championship success while in WCW, where he became a three time Cruiserweight Champion, a two time World Tag Team Champion (once with Mysterio Jr. and once with Konnan) and a one time (and the final) Cruiserweight Tag Team Champion with Mysterio Jr. Upon WCW's purchase by the World Wrestling Federation, Kidman became a member of the WCW/ECW Alliance.During his time in the WWF (later renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment), Kidman once again found success upon winning the Cruiserweight Championship an additional four times while the title was under the WCW banner and later the WWF/E banner, in addition to winning WWE's Tag Team Championship once with Paul London. Professional wrestling career

Early career (1994–1996)
Gruner was trained by Afa Anoaʻi, one half of The Wild Samoans, and wrestled his first match on September 11, 1994 in Hellertown, Pennsylvania against "Wild Thing" Dan Kallis on the independent circuit as Kid Flash. He formed a tag team with Ace Darling known as The Shooting Stars, and they would find success by winning the ECWA Tag Team Championship. World Championship Wrestling (1996 - 2001)

The Flock (1996–1998)

Gruner


title: Billy Kidman

texts:
 first started wrestling as <mask>, or simply <mask>, for World Championship Wrestling in mid-1996, where he spent over a year as an enhancement talent with no character. In 1997, Kidman was added to Raven's Flock and to fit in with the Flock's gimmick of being outcasts, Kidman was given the gimmick of a heroin addict, where he constantly scratched his arms and named his shooting star press the Seven Year Itch. Kidman found little personal success with the group and aided Perry Saturn in defeating Raven in a match, thus disbanding the group. Cruiserweight Champion (1998–1999)
Following the Flock's disbanding, Kidman shed his grungy attire and heroin gimmick and began performing as a clean-cut fan favorite before eventually defeating Juventud Guerrera to win his first Cruiserweight Championship.Although Guerrera won the title back a few weeks later, <mask> would regain it at World War 3. <mask> to Rey Mysterio Jr. Following this, Mysterio Jr. asked Kidman to be his tag team partner in a match for the World Tag Team Championship. <mask> at first declined, as a previous attempt at a tag team between the two did not reach any level of success. The two, however, faced Chris Benoit and Dean Malenko for the titles and succeeded with unwanted aid from Raven and Saturn. <mask> then faced off against Mysterio Jr. in an attempt to win back the Cruiserweight Championship at Spring Stampede, however, Mysterio Jr. retained his title. The three teams feuded for several weeks, which ended in a three-way tag team match for the titles.Chris Kanyon's interference led to the victory for Raven and Saturn. <mask> spent the next several months in assorted feuds. He won the Cruiserweight Championship one more time from Prince Iaukea at a house show, but lost it to Iaukea one day later. Kidman also defeated Psicosis in a hair vs. mask match, and came close to defeating Jeff Jarrett for the United

masks:
Billy Kidman
Kidman
Kidman
Kidmantro
Kidman
Kidman
Kidman


title: Billy Kidman

texts:
 States Heavyweight Championship. Filthy Animals (1999–2001)

During this time, Kidman joined The Filthy Animals alongside Rey Mysterio Jr., Konnan, and Eddie Guerrero. Guerrero left the group when he left WCW, and Kidman left the stable when the rest of its members turned heel. He later rejoined the Animals when they turned face once again during the last few months of WCW's existence.Following his first departure from the Filthy Animals, Kidman joined Vince Russo's New Blood stable, signalling another heel turn. Reflecting the gimmick of the New Blood, Kidman began acting as hotshot who refused to be held back by wrestlers beyond their prime. This led to the biggest feud of his career with Hulk Hogan, defeating him in three matches in a row. After the New Blood split up, Kidman became a face once more by entering a feud with Shane Douglas for the affection of his on-screen girlfriend Torrie Wilson. During the feud, Wilson turned on Kidman. Kidman was legitimately injured in a match at New Blood Rising in August 2000, when in a strap match, Douglas hung Kidman from the neck using the strap, and was forced to take several weeks off to recover. Following the Douglas feud, Kidman began teaming with Mysterio Jr. again.They entered the Cruiserweight Tag Team Championship tournament, but lost in the finals to Elix Skipper and Kid Romeo. On the final episode of Nitro, <mask> and Mysterio Jr. won the title from Skipper and Romeo. That night, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) purchased WCW and <mask>'s contract was picked up by the WWF. World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (2001 - 2005)

Cruiserweight Championship pursuit (2001–2003)
When the WWF purchased WCW, the contract of Gruner (who was still wrestling as <mask>) was one of twenty-five involved in the purchase. When The Invasion commenced, Gruner appeared on WWF television under his <mask> ring name as a tweener for

masks:
Kidman
Kidman
Billy Kidman
Billy Kidman


title: Billy Kidman

texts:
 The Alliance. In July 2001, he won the Cruiserweight Championship from Gregory Helms in the first televised WCW match on SmackDown!. As the WCW Cruiserweight Champion, Kidman proceeded to defeat the WWF Light Heavyweight Champion X-Pac at Invasion.After this, <mask> was later sidelined with an injury during the Invasion angle and thus did not have as big of an impact as other WCW wrestlers. On the October 11 episode of SmackDown!, <mask> won his record-tying fifth Cruiserweight Championship after defeating X-Pac. Following the end of The Alliance, Kidman turned fan favorite and was subsequently drafted to SmackDown! as part of the brand extension. In his return match, <mask> defeated Tajiri to win his record-breaking sixth Cruiserweight Championship. However, Tajiri reclaimed the title at Backlash. At Rebellion, <mask> and his real-life girlfriend Torrie Wilson defeated John Cena and Dawn Marie in an intergender tag team match.After this, he went on to win his record-breaking seventh Cruiserweight Championship after defeating Jamie Noble at Survivor Series. He later lost the title three months later to Matt Hardy at No Way Out. Teaming and feuding with Paul London (2004–2005)
Following the title loss, Kidman proceeded to spend the next few years as a cornerstone of the cruiserweight division before forming a tag team with newcomer Paul London in early 2004. Together, they slowly worked their way up the tag team ranks before ultimately winning the Tag Team Championship from the Dudley Boyz on the July 8, 2004 episode of SmackDown!. Proving the win was not an upset, they went on to defeat the Dudley Boyz in a rematch for the title. Their championship run came to an abrupt end after Kidman turned his back on London. The heel turn played off of a legitimate injury which occurred on an August 24, 2004 taping of SmackDown!, when Kidman's shooting star press unintentionally

masks: Kidman Kidman Kidman Kidman