title: Mohammed Fahim

texts:
 that air raids will continue "for as long as it takes to finish off the terrorists." Relations with other states
As Minister of Defence in his first months, Fahim traveled extensively to neighbouring countries to build relations between the new government and Afghanistan's most influential neighbours. When US-envoy to Afghanistan Zalmay Khalilzad said in January 2002 that Iran might be backing Afghan fighters in an attempt to unsettle the Karzai-government, <mask>, who visited the Iranian minister of Defense half January, stated that there was no sign of Iran "creating insecurity". At the end of January 2002, <mask> set in on a meeting of Karzai met with United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan and spoke with the two of them about security issues. First term as Vice President

During the 2002 loya jirga, where a new transitional government was formed, Fahim supported the candidacy for president of Karzai. In turn he retained as vice-president and defense minister.In the summer of 2002, American officials are said to have picked up intelligence that Fahim was considering an attempt to assassinate Karzai, as a result of which, in July 2002, US Special Forces wrested presidential bodyguard duties away from soldiers loyal to Fahim. The move followed the assassination earlier in the month of one of Karzai's vice presidents, Abdul Qadir, a powerful Pashtun warlord and Karzai ally. As Defense Minister, he toured army bases in the United Kingdom, negotiated security issues with US General Tommy Franks and Canadian Defense Minister John McCallum, NATO Secretary General George Robertson, visited Moscow and Washington, DC. He also replaced 15 ethnic Tajik generals with officers from the Pashtun, Uzbek and Hazara ethnic groups, although he was accused of delaying reforms that would have required him to replace his Tajik generals with a more ethnically balanced officer corps. The reform was a precondition for carrying out a $200 million UN-sponsored plan to pay off and disarm 100,000 militiamen loyal to the warlords. While holding the position, he continued to

masks: Fahim Fahim


title: Mohammed Fahim

type: original

texts: command his own militia which he inherited from the United Front or more commonly known as the Northern Alliance. However, on 10 December 2003, he ordered part of his militia to transport their weapons to an Afghan National Army installation near Kabul.On 12 September 2003, Miloon Kothari, appointed by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights to investigate housing rights in Afghanistan, announced that many of the government ministers including Fahim and Education Minister Yunus Qanuni were illegally occupying land and should be removed from their posts. However, three days later, Kothari sent a letter to Lakhdar Brahimi, the head of the UN in Afghanistan, saying he had gone too far in naming the ministers. In 2004, many expected Karzai to name <mask> or Qanuni as candidate for vice-president in the upcoming presidential election, but he named Ahmad Zia Massoud instead. Subsequently, Fahim backed the candidacy of his fellow Tajik, Yunus Qanuni for president. After Karzai's victory, <mask> was not reappointed Defense Minister and was succeeded by his deputy Abdul Rahim Wardak. Karzai dropped <mask> from his cabinet to rebalance the Ministry of Defence, and as a result of intense pressure from various foreign organizations who viewed Fahim as a major bottleneck in the disarmament process. He was dismissed in August 2004.Fahim also had no higher education, and article 72 of Afghanistan's constitution states that an appointed Minister to the President's cabinet should have a higher education. In a decree made in December 2004, Karzai, who called Fahim his "close friend and confidant" confirmed that Fahim would hold the rank of Marshal, Afghanistan's highest, for life. Years after his death, at a gathering of <mask>'s supporters and Afghan politicians, Marking the 5th anniversary of his death, Hazara leader Muhammad Mohaqiq, defending Fahim's military title arguing "When he was given the title of Afghanistan's Marshal by the former president, he deserved it. Because the Mujahideen had won the war against the occupier forces." Although Fahim lost his

masks: Fahim Fahim Fahim Fahim


title: Mohammed Fahim

texts:
 formal role in the government, he remained a powerful and influential figure in Afghanistan. In 2006, Karzai, faced with a resurgent Taliban, returned Marshal <mask> to Government as an advisor. Some Afghan analysts attest that, despite losing his military position, Fahim remained a very powerful figure in the country."[He] is particularly popular among people in the north, because he had fought Soviet Russia, and later the Taliban and Al-Qaeda. He spent many years fighting aggressors." (Erada, 2005)

Later in the year 2006, Karzai said, "Marshal <mask> is one of the sons of our [mujahedin], a patriot and [a man who loves] his country. I have a great deal of respect for Marshal <mask>. He has been my close friend and confidant. He has his own unique place in Afghanistan. He has been a respectable military man.He is a five-star general. And he is a senator." Regarding his decision in appointing Marshal <mask> as one of his advisors, Karzai added that "I hope that officially as my adviser, he will continue to cooperate with me. He comes to all of the National Security Council meetings. He is my dear brother. No one can ever reduce the respect that Marshal <mask> has earned for himself." (Azadi Radio, 5 April 2006) Throughout his time as a public figure, he has had persistent accusations of corruption and human rights abuses.When he died, the American-led coalition simply expressed condolences to <mask>'s family. Fahim was a member of the (now defunct) political party United National Front, a broad coalition of former and current strongmen, mainly with a basis in the United Islamic Front. Second term as Vice President
In 2009, <mask> was chosen by incumbent President Karzai as candidate for first Vice President in the 2009 presidential election. Fahim by then had a reputation as one of Afghanistan's most powerful, brutal and corrupt warlords. Karzai's decision to include him on his ticket therefore dismayed international observers. Many in Kabul alleged Marshal <mask> was at the time involved in criminal activities, including kidnapping for ransom. By

masks: Fahim Fahim Fahim Fahim Fahim Fahim Fahim Fahim


title: Mohammed Fahim

texts:
 choosing <mask> as his vice-president, Karzai was said to have stained his own credibility even further.But for Karzai such considerations were trumped by <mask>'s status as a leading member of Afghanistan's Tajik minority (the second largest ethnic grouping after Karzai's Pashtun community), which helped to split the Tajik vote which might otherwise have gone to Karzai's Tajik rival, Abdullah Abdullah. The election was won by Karzai and from 19 November on, <mask> again served as vice president. Assassination attempts

<mask> survived several assassination attempts. His convoy was targeted when a mine exploded underneath the central car in Fahim's convoy. He had been on an official visit to the eastern city of Jalalabad "to discuss a new government campaign to stop farmers growing poppies for the opium trade and other issues with local commanders and tribal leaders." (BBC, 8 April 2002)

Fahim survived another attack later in 2002. This time, the man behind the attack was arrested by the intelligence agency.The alleged person carried with him "22 pounds of explosives in the pockets of his jacket, attached to wires and apparently ready to explode." (The New York Times, 24 November 2002)

In June 2003, a bomb was found in front of his home. Later in the year, the head of his personal security died at the hands of a suicide bomber. <mask> survived another assassination attempt in the northern Kunduz province. Only 26 July 2009, as the running mate of President Karzai for the 2009 elections, his convoy was attacked in an ambush staged by the Taliban. The Taliban attacked <mask>'s convoy using automatic rifles and rocket propelled grenades. Peace negotiations of 2010
On the celebrations of Nowruz, New Year's Day, of 1389 (21 March 2010) in Mazar-i-Sharif in Northern Afghanistan, Fahim reached out to militants.He declared that, with their input, a coming national conference would lay the foundations for a peace that would end the Taliban insurgency. He called on resistance forces to participate in a jirga, or assembly, planned for late April or early May. He

masks: Fahim Fahim Fahim Fahim Fahim Fahim


title: Mohammed Fahim

texts:
 pledged that the Afghan government "will try to find a peaceful life for those Afghans who are unhappy," a euphemism for militants, though he didn't mention the Taliban by name. Afghans had travelled from across the country to Mazar-i-Sharif united behind the wish that the advent of a new year would bring them peace. According to the police, up to half a million people are in the city to mark the spring equinox and the first day of the traditional Afghan new year and celebrated across Central Asia and Iran. Mazar is at the heart of one of the most peaceful regions of the country. City police chief Abdul Rauf Taj said that 4,000 security personnel had been deployed against insurgent attacks and that all visitors were being screened at seven check points around the city perimeter.The Peace Jirga took place in Kabul on 2–4 June 2010. Other activities

He was a member of the leadership council of the United Islamic Front, a coalition of top national and regional leaders. Other members included former President Professor Burhanuddin Rabbani, House Speaker Yunus Qanuni, Vice-president Ahmad Zia Massoud. In June 2007, <mask> stated that his advisory role was merely symbolic and that he never had the chance to advise the President. He further said that after the 2004 elections President Karzai formed a "one-sided" cabinet and began to employ unilateralism as his main policy driver. <mask> argued that without the backing of foreign forces, President Karzai's regime would not last longer than a week. In 2009, he was one of Karzai's running mates in the presidential election, bringing a lot of Tajik votes to the ticket.The selection was condemned by Human Rights Watch. In September 2010, an Afghan news agency reported that Fahim had died of cancer in Paris, France. An official statement was later released by Fahim, who said: "I am completely healthy. I request the Afghan people not to trust news published by irresponsible websites". Death
Fahim's last years were beset by health problems which required hospital treatment in Germany. He died of a heart attack on 9


title: Mohammed Fahim

texts:
 March 2014. Karzai called Fahim's death "a huge loss for Afghanistan" and the government of Afghanistan called for a three-day national mourning period.The UN called him in a statement "a good and trusted partner of the UN." Prime Minister of India while emphasizing his role in fostering India-Afghanistan relations called him as "a brave and fearless military commander, whose contribution to Afghanistan's stabilisation and reconstruction after over three decades of war and conflict will always be remembered. Marshal <mask> was also a close friend of India. We shall never forget his personal contribution to nurturing and strengthening the India Afghanistan strategic partnership." Ambassador James Cunnigham of the United States called him  "a leader during the Jihad, and that he played a major role in moving Afghanistan toward moderation." After his death, the Afghan National Defense University was renamed Marshal Fahim National Defense University (MFNDU). His death came only a few weeks before Karzai was due to step down from the presidency, and as NATO forces pull out of Afghanistan, added to the prevailing atmosphere of fear and uncertainty.His life and legacy is commemorated annually on 9 March in Kabul and other provinces. References

External links

Afghanistan Online Biography of <mask> Fahim
globalsecurity.org – Afghanistan Politics: <mask> Fahim
Azadi Radio, Karzai Interview
Official Biography as the member of Afghanistan's senate
Erada Weekly, 2005
Afghan minister escapes blast, BBC 8 April 2002
Another Assassination Attempt Is Stopped, The New York Times, 24 November 2002
Adviser calls Karzai a weak, foreign-influenced leader, The Daily Times, Monday, 4 June 2007
The Real Winner of Afghanistan's Election, Foreign Policy Magazine, 31 August 2009

1957 births
2014 deaths
Members of the House of Elders (Afghanistan)
Vice presidents of Afghanistan
People of the Soviet–Afghan War
Field marshals
Afghan expatriates in Pakistan
Afghan military officers
Afghan Tajik people
Afghan warlords
United National Front (Afghanistan) politicians
Survivors of

masks:
Fahim
Mohammed Qasim
Mohammed Qasim


title: Richard Stöhr

texts:
<mask> (11 June 1874 – 11 December 1967) was an Austrian composer, music author and teacher. Born in Vienna, <mask> studied composition with Robert Fuchs at the Vienna Conservatory. After working there as a repetiteur and choral instructor from 1900, he taught music (theory of harmony, counterpoint, form) from 1903 to 1938, being professor from 1915. Among his students were Herbert von Karajan, Rudolf Serkin, Erich Leinsdorf, Samuel Barber, Erich Zeisl, Louis Horst, Marlene Dietrich, Alois Hába, Hellmut Federhofer, and Mimi Wagensonner. Fired from the Vienna Conservatory due to his Jewish heritage in 1938, he emigrated to the US in 1939 and taught at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia. His students there included Leonard Bernstein and Eugene Bossart. From 1941 to 1950 he taught at St. Michael's College in Vermont, where he maintained emeritus status until 1960.He died in Montpelier, Vermont in the United States. Biography

Early life

<mask> was born in Vienna, in the same year as Arnold Schoenberg. His Jewish parents had come from Hungary. His father, Samuel Stern, was a professor of medicine at the University of Vienna. His mother, Mathilde, was a member of the Porges family (her brother was Heinrich Porges, a close associate of <mask>). <mask> had one sibling, a sister named Hedwig (birth date unknown) who would later perish in Modliborzyce in the custody of the Nazis on January 2, 1942. Study in

masks:
Richard Franz Stöhr
Stöhr
Richard Stöhr
Richard Wagner
Stöhr


title: Richard Stöhr

texts:
 Vienna
He began composing at the age of six and kept a daily diary from the age of 15.<mask> first obtained an M.D. degree (1898) but immediately entered the Vienna Academy of Music as a composition student of Robert Fuchs. At this time he also changed his name from Stern to <mask> and converted to Christianity. In the annual summary of his diary from 1898 he wrote:

This was the year the big change occurred. Herewith I have sealed the fate of my future life. Now I am a musician and I carry this responsibility seriously, consciously and without regret. At the same time came the actual change of my name to "<mask>", on which I had decided already in the summer.It was just the right time for this and I am glad I didn't miss it. I am certain that in the future advantages will come from this for me. He was also encouraged in his musical activities by Heinrich Porges, who helped him get around in Viennese musical circles, and who introduced him to Gustav Mahler, among others. Career in Austria
After completing his studies with Fuchs and earning a PhD in music (1903) he first worked at the Academy as a rehearsal pianist and choir director. Soon he was teaching courses in theory, composition and the history of music, and coaching chamber music. When Fuchs retired in 1911, <mask> took over his most advanced courses and he became a professor of music theory at the Academy in 1915. That same year he was called up to serve

masks: Stöhr Stöhr Stöhr Stöhr


title: Richard Stöhr

texts: as a doctor by the Austrian army.He served in a hospital in the suburbs of Vienna and was able to live at home and continue teaching at the Academy. The length of his service is unknown. The extent of his success as an author and composer is summed up the diary summary of 1909: "Of even greater importance for me was the success of my "Harmonielehre", of which the first edition was already sold out in June and has therefore already appeared in the second edition. The critiques of this work were extremely positive from all sides. The performances of my compositions reached such frequency this season that some newspapers even commented that this was inappropriate." <mask> was married to his first wife in 1904, a marriage which lasted only three years. In 1909 he met his second wife Marie (Mitzi).As he was unable to obtain a divorce from his first wife, <mask> and Marie lived together from 1909 until 1923, when they were finally able to marry. Their children <mask> and Hedwig (Hedi) were born in the 1920s. In this decade he solidified his status as a leading musical theorist and also published treatises and textbooks on counterpoint and musical form. He also performed frequently as a pianist and he was able to have virtually all of his compositions published. Before his exile there were hundreds of performances of his works annually in Europe. Around 1930, Austria's dismal economy and growing antisemitism prompted

masks: Stöhr Richard Richard


title: Richard Stöhr

texts:
 <mask> to begin learning English. It is unknown exactly why, though it may have been part of a plan to emigrate, or simply as preparation in case he had to emigrate.A candid picture of <mask>'s life in the 1920s comes from the following reminiscence by a former student, Hedy Kempny, written in 1954 on the occasion of <mask>'s 80th birthday:

During the 1920s I was a student of Dr. <mask> at the Academy of Music in Vienna. He was my teacher of History of Music and Harmony. All of us women students were very fond of him. Not only was he a very handsome man, but we also found his teaching fascinating. Soon we followed him wherever he went; to concerts or when he was invited into private homes, where musicians dared to make us acquainted with a new kind of music by composers such as <mask>, Gustav Mahler, Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Eric Korngold and many others. <mask> was still Conservative, but open minded about the new era, which soon hypnotized us. We followed with enthusiasm.At the end of World War One many Viennese young people, including myself, were stricken with tuberculosis. This was no wonder after the starvation and hardship during the war and inflation. But <mask> had plans for helping us. He had connections through former students in Switzerland and Norway. He wrote personal letters to each of them begging them to invite us to their countries in order to help us recuperate and to feed us so we

masks:
Stöhr
Stöhr
Stöhr
Richard Stöhr
Richard Strauss
Stöhr
Stöhr


title: Richard Stöhr

texts: would lose the "string bean" look. He suggested in his letters that we would bring along the renowned Viennese charm, the love of music and an optimistic outlook in spite of all the misery we had experienced. The effort was a tremendous success, and I believe that our benefactors were not disappointed to have invited us.Stöhr lived in a typical "old Vienna" home with two pianos in the huge music room. On the walls, there were photos of composers and famous people he knew in various countries, as well as snapshots of students and friends. Every two weeks he had an "open house" to which anyone who wanted to come was invited. We would gather at about seven o'clock and bring along friends who wanted to meet Dr. Stöhr. It was quite informal, and sometimes he came later and found the apartment crowded by thirty or more people. Many of us brought food such as cheese, sausages, salads, fruit or cakes. We deposited these in the kitchen and after a short time, we gathered in the living room, where all the goodies were displayed on the table and we helped ourselves.But soon <mask> got up and went to the music room and sat at the piano. He called out "Purfferl", his pet name for his wife Mitzi, and she came quickly and stood behind him and massaged his head while he played. Indeed this was strange, but we knew of this eccentric behavior of his and nobody minded. He had other strange habits. For instance, when he was invited


title: Richard Stöhr

texts:
 to someone's house he brought out of a pocket a folding coathanger for his coat. Many times all kinds of famous people attended these gatherings without fanfare. For instance Bruno Walter, Felix Weingartner, Korngold and other musicians.Sometimes <mask>'s beautiful Lieder were interpreted by opera singers. Later in the evening, there were discussions, not only about music, but also about what was new and exciting in Vienna. We discussed the music of Gustav Mahler. We younger ones loved it from the beginning. There was never a concert of Mahler's music, often conducted by Bruno Walter, without a fight between us and the older generation. After a Mahler symphony, when we admirers stood up, applauded and shouted with excitement, the opponents were chased out by us and finally after many calls, Bruno Walter would come out once more. We stood close to the ramp, stretching our hands out to him - the greatest interpreter and friend of Gustav Mahler.Stöhr talked and listened and argued. He was versed in every field and subject. The discussions were most interesting and stimulating. <mask>'s heart and mind stayed young and flexible. He gave help and advice to us younger ones who asked for it. What a wise man he was! National socialist takeover and dismissal
After German troops marched into Austria as part of the Anschluss on 13 March [1938], an SS intelligence unit was housed in the state Academy.Over the next few days,

masks: Stöhr Stöhr


title: Richard Stöhr

texts:
 the interim director suspended eleven teachers who, under the Nuremberg Race Laws, did not have the "right" to swear allegiance to Hitler due to their Jewish extraction. A list of cuts dated May 1938 contains the names of 23 teachers who were no longer to be employed on the grounds of their "race." <mask> was among them. Several of the teachers were allowed to emigrate. The fate of several other teachers is unknown. Emigration to the USA
In February 1939 <mask> emigrated to the United States. From this time until the end of his life he used the alternate spelling of his name: Stoehr.He was hired by the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, initially as music librarian and subsequently to teach courses in theory and composition. Leonard Bernstein was among his students at Curtis. Stoehr was also hired to translate part of the Burrell Collection of the Letters of Richard Wagner. Curtis downsized their faculty in 1941 due to the war and Stoehr was let go from his position there. He quickly found another position at Saint Michael's College, then in Winooski Park, now in Colchester, Vermont. There he taught German language as well as music courses. The college was not able to pay a full-time salary, so Stoehr was assisted by at least one refugee aid organization.Stoehr continued to compose prolifically during his years in the US in all major classical genres except opera. None of the numerous compositions from

masks:
Stöhr
Richard Stöhr


title: Richard Stöhr

texts:
 his US years were ever published. <mask> died in December, 1967 in Montpelier, Vermont and is buried in Merrill Cemetery in Colchester. Legacy
<mask>'s diary spanning more than six decades is stored in the Austrian National Library along with his published compositions. Copies of most of his published compositions as well as the manuscripts of his compositions from the post-emigration years are available at the Saint Michael's College Archive. His work encompasses choral music, chamber music, seven symphonies, symphonic poems, two operas, an oratorio and two cantatas. While Schoenberg and others of the Second Viennese School were creating a new 20th Century style of composition, Stoehr seemed hardly influenced by them.Contemporary critics respected his music which maintained the tonal tradition of the 19th Century. In 2003 the City of Vienna dedicated a plaque at the site of his former residence at Karolinengasse 14. In 2010 ORF (Austrian National Radio) released a <mask> compact disc recording (CD 3093) of his String Quartet in D minor, Opus 22 from 1903 amongst other pieces. His flute sonata is available on an David Shostac CD entitled Masterpieces Remembered. <mask>'s cello works are available on a CD released by Toccata Classics. In February 2010  his String Quartet was performed in Vancouver, Canada by the Vancouver Chamber Players for Rediscovered Treasures on the Out For Lunch concert series.

masks:
Richard Stoehr
Richard Stoehr
Richard Stöhr
Stöhr


title: Richard Stöhr

texts:
 Bibliography

By <mask> (selection)
 (1906).Praktischer Leitfaden der Harmonielehre. Vienna: Universal Edition; Japanese Edition, 1954, Tokyo. (1911). Formenlehre der Musik. Leipzig: Kistner und Siegel. (1911). Praktischer Leitfaden des Kontrapunktes.Hamburg: Benjamin. (1915). Praktische Modulationslehre. Leipzig: Kistner und Siegel. (1917). Anhang zu der praktischen Modulationslehre. Leipzig: Kistner und Siegel.(1921). "Erfahrungen im Theorieunterricht", Musikpädagogische Zeitschrift (Wien) Xl/6. (1931). Fragen und Aufgaben zur Harmonielehre. Vienna: Universal Edition. (1954). Über den Ursprung der modernen Musik (Japanese), Tokyo.As translator
 <mask> (1950). Letters of <mask>. The Burrell Collection. New York: The Macmillan Company. About <mask>hr
 Hans Sittner (1965). <mask>hr. Mensch/Musiker/Lehrer.Vienna: Doblinger. Musical compositions

The following is a list of Dr. Stoehr's musical compositions, arranged by genre. In general, Opus numbers 70 and lower were assigned by Stoehr's publishers in Europe and represent items printed and sold in the sheet music trade in Europe up to 1938. Opus numbers 71 and above were assigned by Stoehr himself and represent completed but unpublished works composed in the United States after 1938. The list has been adapted from Appendix 4 of Dr. Hans Sittner's biography of <mask>. Operas
 Ilse, Romantic opera in three acts, Op. 31 (Text by <mask>) (Universal Edition, Wien)

masks:
Richard Stöhr
Richard Wagner
Richard Wagner
Richard Stö
Richard Stö
Stöhr
Richard Batka


title: Richard Stöhr

texts:
 KS-(Robitschek, Wien)
 19  Vier Lieder (4)!KS-(Robitschek, Wien)
 20  Fünf Lieder nach Goethe  (KS-(Robitschek, Wien)
 21  Drei Lieder mit obligato Violoncello (3)! Schuberthaus, Wien. 28  Fünf Lieder (5)! (Universal Edition, Wien)
 47  Vier Lieder nach Natalie von Oldenburg (Kistner und Siegel, Leipzig)
 48  Fünf Lieder (5)! (Universal Edition, Wien)
 54  Fünf Lieder (5)! (Kistner und Siegel, Leipzig)
 55  Zehn Lieder (10)1 (Kistner und Siegel, Leipzig)
 56  Drei Lieder nach H. Dietrolf (Kistner und Siegel, Leipzig)
 no#  Acht Lieder (8)? (Kistner und Siegel, Leipzig)
 60  Zwölf Lieder (12)!Strache, Wien. 65  Vier Lieder nach Walter Pfund mit obligato Geige (Kistner und Siegel, Leipzig)
 no#  Brautlied für eine Singst., Orgel und Harfe (Kistner und Siegel, Leipzig)
 91 Zwö lf Lieder (12)! MS.
 96  Zehn Lieder (10)! Ms.
 104a  Zehn Lieder (10)! Ms.
 104b  Sechs Lieder nach Janie Rhyne (Ms)
 109  Sechs Lieder (6)! Ms.
 110  Zwölf Lieder (12)! Ms.
 119 Dreizehn (13) Gesange osterreichiscger Dichter (Ms)
 no#  Bergwiese in Vermont nach Raab (Ms)
 no#  Voice of Lake Champlain, song by Charles Ballantyne (Ms)

Duets
 24  Sechs Duette fur Sopran und Alt (Kistner und Siegel, Leipzig)
 34  Sechs Duette fur Sopran und Tenor!Kahnt, Leipzig. References

External links
 St. Michael's College Archives
 Biography (in German)
 About <mask> (in German)
 Short biography in English
 <mask> <mask> at Österreichisches

masks:
Stöhr
Richard Franz
Stöhr


title: Fredrik Ljungström

texts:
<mask> (16 June 1875 – 18 February 1964) was a Swedish engineer, technical designer, and industrialist. Considered one of the foremost inventors of Sweden, <mask> accounted for hundreds of technical patents alone and in collaboration with his brother <mask> (1872–1948): from early bicycling free wheeling hubs techniques and mechanical automatic transmissions for vehicles, to steam turbines, air preheaters, and circular arc hulls for sailing boats. He co-founded companies such as The New Cycle Company, Ljungström Steam Turbine Co. and Ljungström Swedish Turbine Manufacturing Co. (STAL), and associated with other industrialists such as Alfred Nobel, Helge Palmcrantz, Gustaf de Laval, Curt Nicolin, and Gustaf Dalén. As innovative as his ideas were in function, they also often turned out in terms of unconventional external design, such as his steam turbine locomotives and sailboats. During the resource scarcity of World War II, <mask>'s innovative technology for oil shale underground gasification by electrical energy, called the Ljungström method, provided a strategical impact for the Swedish Armed Forces. In addition, <mask>'s technology contributed to the first Swedish jet engine, torpedoes, and more. With <mask>'s air preheater implemented in a large number of modern power stations around the world until this day with total attributed worldwide fuel savings estimated to 4,960,000,000 tons of oil, "few inventions have been as successful in saving fuel as the Ljungström Air Preheater".In 1995, the Ljungström air preheater was distinguished as the 44th International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. His works are represented by the Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology, the Nordic Museum, and the Swedish Railway Museum, as well as internationally such as by the Science Museum in London, England and by Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci in Milan, Italy. Early life and background

<mask> <mask> was born in 1875 in Stockholm to cartographer Jonas Patrik <mask> and

masks:
Fredrik Ljungström
Fredrik Ljungström
Birger Ljungström
Fredrik Ljungström
Ljungström
Fredrik Ljungström
Fredrik
Ljungström
Ljungström


title: Fredrik Ljungström

texts:
 Amalia (née Falck). His second great uncle was Johan Börjesson, and his third great uncle Bishop Johan Wingård. Among his siblings were <mask>, <mask>, Birger <mask>, and among his brothers-in-law, George Spaak. <mask> <mask> was married twice, first to Elizabeth (née Waesterberg), daughter of Amanda Sandborg Waesterberg, from whom he was widowed, and secondly to Signe (née Söderberg), daughter of Wilhelm Theodor Söderberg. Among his issue was Gunnar <mask>, and among his sons-in-law, Arthur Lundblom, and Torsten Cassel.Educated at Östra Real, he attended the Royal Institute of Technology from where he was subsequently conferred an Honorary Doctorate in 1944. Technical innovativity was notably initiated in the ateliers of his father in Östermalm in Stockholm, that cooperated among others with the early manufactory of L. M. Ericsson. Of importance to his significant autodidact studies was also the tutorship in physics by Salomon August Andrée, as was the early mentorship of Alfred Nobel. Later, <mask> <mask> would in turn offer mentorship to junior industrialists such as Curt Nicolin. Alfred Nobel was aged 61 when he met <mask> and Birger <mask>, 19 and 22 years old. Nobel, who didn't have any children of his own, would enthusiastically collaborate in the brothers' early endeavours. Nobel and the brothers soon became good friends, discussing the world's problems and existential questions of the time, as a certain "father-and-son-like relation" emerged.60 years later, when recalling their talks and time spent together, <mask> <mask> commended Nobel's capacity to "discuss the most complex questions with the unexperienced youngsters yet on equal terms", and that "his critical eye to the contemporary issues was extraordinarily bright"; concluding that "the blood runs warm in my old veins when I think of him." <mask> <mask> died in 1964 on Lidingö, and was buried at Norra begravningsplatsen, Stockholm. Svea Velocipede

The Svea Velocipede was an early invention by <mask> <mask> in collaboration with his brothers Birger, Axel and <mask>. Helge

masks:
Georg Ljungström
Oscar Ljungström
Ljungström
Fredrik
Ljungström
Ljungström
Fredrik
Ljungström
Fredrik
Ljungström
Fredrik
Ljungström
Fredrik
Ljungström
Fredrik
Ljungström
Oscar Ljungström


title: Fredrik Ljungström

texts:
 Palmcrantz was also part of the project. An early example in the history of the bicycle, the pedals mechanism of the Svea Velocipede was straight vertical, driven by free wheeling hubs, which was patented by the brothers in 1892, with the shift patented in 1895. Attended and supported by Alfred Nobel, the project was further developed stretching also to London, where the <mask> brothers relocated in 1895 upon recommendation by Nobel. Under the company name The New Cycle Company, to which also George Spaak was connected, the product sold about 2,000 units in Sweden, and 150 units in Great Britain.Production remained until 1898. Although the general preference for circular pedal mechanisms became clear with time, later bicycle models on the market would adopt its foot-operated bicycle brakes while also employing its free wheeling hubs. The Svea Velocipede is exhibited inter alia at the Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology and the Nordic Museum in Stockholm, Sweden. Steam generator

By 1895, <mask> <mask> had developed and patented a steam generator, an invention in which Alfred Nobel put particular interest, especially its surface condenser invention. Applied to a sloop, with speed reaching 12 knot, it became the fastest steamboat around Stockholm archipelago. Also this invention was exported to England in 1896 along with <mask>, first catching the interest of the early Dunford & Elliot in Newcastle upon Tyne. Although the project's initial supporter Alfred Nobel died in 1896, in 1900, The Ljungström Engine Syndicate Limited was founded for the purposes in Newcastle, to which the brothers relocated along with their families, with George Spaak designated as CEO.Although the productions where halted in 1902, several principles of the construction would prove important to the subsequent Ljungström steam engine. After The Ljungström Engine Syndicate Limited, <mask> and Birger went on to work out the first automatic milking device in Sweden, Beta (1901), which caught the interest of Alfred Nobel's nephew Ludvig Nobel (1868–1946) as well

masks: Ljungström Fredrik Ljungström Fredrik Fredrik


title: Fredrik Ljungström

texts:
 as Gustaf Laval at Laval AB Separator. <mask> would remain leading engineer in this venture, Mjölkningsmaskin AB in Kungsholmen, Stockholm, until 1908. At the same time, the brothers also developed methods for paraffin of mineral oil, i.e. die casting of brass, zinc and aluminium that would become well received. The technology would however only prove successful for the market in 1922. Soon enough, however, it was evident that steam turbines would be the main focus for the brothers' ventures.Steam turbines

It has been said that <mask> <mask>'s insights in the steam power came to him already as a child at home, observing how cuisine was prepared in the kitchen. While late Alfred Nobel had continuously paid interest in the development of the steam turbines, this invention were also endorsed figures such as Professor Aurel Stodola in 1907. Ljungström Steam Turbine Co. The new steam turbine technology became the base for the company Ljungström steam turbine Co. (AB Ljungströms Ångturbin, ALÅ), founded in 1908 in Sweden, that owned all the patents on this revolutionising turbine construction. A workshop was first established on Kungsholmen, in premises where a predecessor of Electrolux had recently been founded. Next year the workshop was relocated to Liljeholmen, Stockholm (future :sv:Färgfabriken), where the first turbine was finished in 1910. Already the first unit indicated world records performance.By 1911, a significantly larger unit was produced and successfully tested, with improvements attributed solely to <mask> <mask>'s hand. With also a new generator construction added by Fredrik, the Ljungström turbine's defining features were now ready for the market. The first turbine was sold to North Metropolitan Electric Power Supply Co. for energy supply of the London County Council Tramways. Despite being a prototype, the unit would remain in service for 50 years until it was relocated for exhibition in the Science Museum in London. Ljungström Swedish Turbine Manufacturing Co. In 1913 together the brothers founded a new company, STAL (Svenska

masks: Fredrik Fredrik Ljungström Fredrik Ljungström


title: Fredrik Ljungström

texts: Turbinfabriks Aktiebolaget Ljungström; Swedish turbine manufacturing Co.) under the aegis of ALÅ. Just some two years after the last artillery pieces ceased production in Finspång, Östergötland - a former epicenter of the military industry of Sweden since Louis De Geer founded it in 1631 - STAL acquired Finspång complete with the Finspång Castle along with surroundings territories and real estate, erecting a new large scale factory complex at the site.The design studies and management facilities were installed inside the castle. Mechanical engineer Karl Gustaf Karlson, later Professor at Chalmers University of Technology, was connected to the development. This company handled the manufacturing and sales of complete steam turbine driven electric generators. The turbine provided a 10% higher thermodynamic efficiency than previous constructions, in addition to being more compact, requiring less space. STAL:s solutions proved successful, and with contracts such as with Siemens and General Electric, its activities expanded into Europe and beyond, both for stationary uses as well as for marine vessels. "<mask> <mask> was", writes Anders Johnson in Turbines from Finspång - from STAL to Siemens 1913-2013, "not only a successful inventor but also skilled in management and leading the construction processes." His modern work methods were reflected in a checklist of 56 questions to the engineers at STAL, which also included aspects of safety and ergonomics.Most reputed of these questions was nr 14: "Is the construction unnecessarily hideous?". STAL was acquired by ASEA in 1916 as they wished to market complete packages with turbine driven electric generators. The deal was carried out when significant owners and representatives where away on business trips in the turbulent Russian Empire, unable to remain in communication. The brothers then left the company but kept control over all the patents and manufacturing licenses for the Ljungström steam turbines within the company ALÅ. STAL merged with De Laval in the 1950s under the name Stal-Laval. In the

masks: Fredrik Ljungström


title: Fredrik Ljungström

texts:
 1960s, <mask> Ljungström returned to operations to make significant renewed contributions to the technology the years before he died in 1964. After then having been managed by ABB, the factories would eventually be acquired by Siemens 2003 under the name Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB.The technical solutions developed by the brothers at STAL remains employed all over the world with several world records throughout its history in terms of efficiency, fuel savings, size and power until present-day. In 2009, it was estimated some 328 units where equipped with Ljungström's technology, some of which has consisted of the largest vessels ever produced, from vehicles such as the London Underground or the word's largest supertanker Seawise Giant to a vast number of power plants. Only in Sweden, out of its 18 nuclear plants 16 were equipped with the turbines. Furthermore, increasingly since 2005, the technology has proved successful in solar power. In 2008, almost 100% of all sun power plants where equipped by the Ljungström turbines. Steam turbine locomotives

The brothers also designed a number of steam turbine locomotives, some of which were highly successful, starting in 1917. One of the largest factory in the region was set up for the purpose in Gåshaga, Lidingö, Stockholm, in 1918, where the Ljungström brothers also worked out the Ljungström heat exchanger for their locomotives.After successfully assembled, this locomotive proved to be the strongest to ever have been produced. On top of the increased power, since the locomotive reused much of the steam from the turbine exits, its permitted more far-reaching distances without having to fill up water. The first successful attempt for the Swedish Railways in March 1921, patented in July 1922, was a rather odd-looking 12 tons machine. Its three driving axles were located under the tender, and the cab and boiler sat on unpowered wheels. Tests on the designated distance Stockholm-Gothenburg Western Main Line indicated 35% coal savings in comparison with the conventional solutions. The design with


title: Fredrik Ljungström

texts:
 turbine locomotive SJ Littera Å, employed in London, Midland and Scottish Railway. Its design power was 2000 hp at 10,500rpm, corresponding to a speed on the rails of 78 mph. Design steam conditions were 300 lb/sqin at 200 degC superheat. It was employed for regular passenger service in lines from Derby to Manchester, Birmingham and London with "very considerable economies in coal and water consumption." Deutsche Reichsbahn had use for the technology especially in Bavaria. The old locomotive factory on Lidingö was demolished with dynamite in 1972.Three engines of the Ljungström type have been preserved in Sweden. Two units (71 and 73) are exhibited by the Railway Museum of Grängesberg, and the third (72) by the Swedish Railway Museum. The one in Grängesberg is the world's only remaining steam turbine locomotive in function, Ljungström M3t nr 71, manufactured in 1930 by Nydqvist & Holm AB and renovated by the Locomotive Museum for the 125th anniversary of the Swedish Railways in June 1981, and again in 2014, financed by the Swedish National Heritage Board. Still "world unique" steam turbine locomotives, with a power of 22 tons, it is still Sweden's most powerful steam locomotive in funcion: practical tests showed that it was able to transport 2,000 tons in 17 per mille elevation. Digital emulations has also been created for the 3D train simulator video game Trainz. Air preheaters

<mask> Lindström also invented an efficient air preheater, which even in a modern utility boiler provides up to 20 percent of the total heat transfer in the boiler process, but only represents 2 percent of the investment. One of <mask> <mask>s first patents was a heat exchanger radiator acquired in 1896.Several years later, the Ljungström air preheater innovation was a result of the factory in Lidingö, with patent achieved in 1930, although an anecdote traces the inception to an air conditioning concern during a visit in the smoky premises of the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm in 1919. The factory and workshop activities and laboratories in Lidingö would remain

masks: Fredrik Fredrik Ljungström


title: Fredrik Ljungström

texts:
 throughout the 1920s, with some 70 personnel. In the 1930s it was used a film studio, and was finally demolished in the 1970s to give space for new industry premises. ASEA acquired a majority of the company in 1916, and Erik Sundblad was designated CEO. Royalties were ceased in 1944. In 1995, it was estimated that the Ljungström air preheater had sold in 10,000s of units for in total some 20 billion dollars. Shale oil extraction
During the resource scarcity of World War II, <mask> Ljungström's innovative technology for shale oil extraction underground gasification by electrical energy, called the Ljungström method, provided a significant strategical impact for the Royal Swedish Navy and Air Force.<mask> <mask> obtained his last patent in this industry in 1954. The Ljungström fields outside Örebro, with a war production of about 70 000 m3, were inactived after the war but with a possibility of reactivation in case of renewed need of domestic oil source. While the project was initially supported by Vattenfall, eventually Svenska Skifferolje AB (SSAB) was employed with maintaining the Ljungström fields, which remained in active production until 1966. Naval engineering

<mask> <mask>, an enthusiastic sailor and keen member of the Royal Swedish Yacht Club, made several inventions out of new ideas related to sailing boats. The Ljungström sailboat with the circular arc hull and the Ljungström rig, without a boom and double sail that can work as a spinnaker, is named after <mask> Ljungström. The history of the productions are represented at the Maritime Museum in Stockholm. He also experimented with a vibrationless yacht motor.Other ventures
The transmission technology Spontaneous gear 1920, an automatic gear box developed by <mask> <mask> in the 1920s, attracted attention on the Swedish market, and several private cars were equipped with the system with positive results. A new company was established with this purpose and, Ljungströmsbilen (Swedish: The Ljungström Car). Interest of Axel Wenner-Gren followed by that of Chrysler in the United States

masks: Fredrik Fredrik Ljungström Fredrik Ljungström Fredrik Fredrik Ljungström


title: Fredrik Ljungström

texts:
 got involved, but shortly afterwards had to retreat due to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression. Still, an invention of hydraulic gear saw success during World War II with royalties paid by the United States. This gear was used for rail buses and also for the Swedish rail cars by Scania and Vabis. Part of the other technology also moved on to the first Saab cars. Although initially interested in aerospace engineering - <mask> drafted a flight machine project late 19th century - applied aerodynamics never competeted among his main subjects of interest, especially after having lost his son and pilot Lieutenant Einar <mask> in an airplane crash in 1927.Yet, after World War II, <mask>'s technology contributed to the first Swedish jet engine, with STAL Dovern based in part on his technology, developed by the company he founded. <mask> <mask> become a well-reputed figure in the 20th century technical industry in Sweden. Together with his fellow at Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences Gustaf Dalén, the two inventors once came late to a meeting  going around town in their coach in enthusiastic discussions on new ideas. Curt Nicolin praised the influence in an obituary on <mask> <mask>. The works of <mask> <mask> are represented in the Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology, the Nordic Museum, the Swedish Railway Museum, the Maritime Museum, the Nobel Museum, and the Lidingö Museum, among others. Image gallery

Bibliography
 Studie över fartyg med formen bestämd av cirkelbågar och dess tillämpning på segelbärande motrofartyg och passagerarfartyg, Stockholm, Sveriges standardiseringskommission, 1952
 Unda Maris 1947–48. Tema: Nordisk fiskebåtbyggarekongress 1947, Sjöfartsmuseet, 1948
 Cirkelbågsskrov (Segel och motor), 1939: nr.dr <mask> <mask>, Fiskebäckskil
 Ljungström Prize of the Swedish National Mechanics' Association (sv)
 SRM 100 year jubilee, the story about the Ljungström brothers
 Free Patents Online: <mask> Ljungstrom
 LJUNGSTRÖM Corporate website
 Pupulär Historia  (Swedish)
  (Swedish)

masks: Fredrik Ljungström Ljungström Fredrik Ljungström Fredrik Ljungström Fredrik Ljungström Fredrik Ljungström Fredrik


title: J. J. Cale

texts:
<mask> "J. J.<mask> (December 5, 1938 – July 26, 2013) was an American guitarist, singer, songwriter and sound engineer. Though he avoided the limelight, his influence as a musical artist has been widely acknowledged by figures such as Mark Knopfler, Neil Young, <mask>, and Eric Clapton, who described him as "one of the most important artists in the history of rock". He is considered to be one of the originators of the Tulsa sound, a loose genre drawing on blues, rockabilly, country, and jazz. In 2008, <mask> and Clapton received a Grammy Award for their album The Road to Escondido. Life and career

Early years
<mask> was born on December 5, 1938, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.He was raised in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and graduated from Tulsa Central High School in 1956. As well as learning to play the guitar he began studying the principles of sound engineering while still living with his parents in Tulsa, where he built himself a recording studio. After graduation he was drafted into military service, studying at the Air Force Air Training Command in Rantoul, Illinois. <mask> recalled, "I didn't really want to carry a gun and do all that stuff so I joined the Air Force and what I did is I took technical training and that's kind of where I learned a little bit about electronics." <mask>'s knowledge of mixing and sound recording turned out to play an important role in creating the distinctive sound of his studio albums. Early musical career
Along with a number of other young Tulsa musicians, <mask> moved to Los Angeles in late 1964, where he found employment as a studio engineer as well as playing at bars and clubs. <mask> first tasted success that year when singer Mel McDaniel scored a regional hit with <mask>'s composition "Lazy Me".He managed to land a regular gig at the increasingly popular Whisky a Go Go in March 1965. With <mask> already performing there

masks:
John Weldon
" Cale
Waylon Jennings
Cale
Cale
Cale
Cale
Cale
Cale
Cale
Johnny Rivers


title: J. J. Cale

texts:
 regularly, club co-owner Elmer Valentine rechristened <mask> as J.J<mask> to avoid confusion with the <mask> in the Velvet Underground. In 1966, while living in the city, he cut a demo single (in those days professional demos were actual 45 rpm vinyl singles) with Liberty Records of his composition "After Midnight". He distributed copies of the single to his Tulsa musician friends living in Los Angeles, many of whom were successfully finding work as session musicians. The A-side was a tune called "Slow Motion", but it was the B-side that would have long-term ramifications for <mask>'s career when Eric Clapton recorded the song and had a Top 20 hit. He found little success as a recording artist and, not being able to make enough money as a studio engineer, he sold his guitar and returned to Tulsa in late 1967, where he joined a band with Tulsa musician Don White. Rise to fame
In 1970 it came to his attention that Eric Clapton had recorded a cover of "After Midnight" on his debut album.<mask>, who was languishing in obscurity at the time, had no knowledge of Clapton's recording until it became a radio hit in 1970. He recalled to Mojo magazine that when he heard Clapton's version playing on his radio, "I was dirt poor, not making enough to eat and I wasn't a young man. I was in my thirties, so I was very happy. It was nice to make some money." <mask>'s version of "After Midnight" differs greatly from Clapton's frenetic version, which is itself based on <mask>'s own arrangement:

It was suggested to <mask> that he should take advantage of this publicity and cut a record of his own. His first album, Naturally, released on 25 October 1971, established his style, described by Los Angeles Times writer Richard Cromelin as a "unique hybrid of blues, folk and jazz, marked by relaxed grooves and <mask>'s fluid guitar and iconic vocals. His early use of drum machines

masks:
Cale
. Cale
John Cale
Cale
Cale
Cale
Cale
Cale
Cale


title: J. J. Cale

texts: and his unconventional mixes lend a distinctive and timeless quality to his work and set him apart from the pack of Americana roots music purists."His biggest U.S. hit single, "Crazy Mama", peaked at No. 22 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1972. In the 2005 documentary film To Tulsa and Back, <mask> recounts the story of being offered the opportunity to appear on Dick Clark's American Bandstand to promote the song, which would have moved it higher on the charts. <mask> declined when told he could not bring his band to the recording and would be required to lip-sync the words. Really was produced by Audie Ashworth, who would go on to produce <mask> until 1983. <mask>'s second album further developed the “Tulsa sound” that he would become known for: a swampy mix of folk, jazz, shuffling country blues, and rock ‘n’ roll.Although his songs have a relaxed, casual feel, <mask>, who often used drum machines and layered his vocals, carefully crafted his albums, explaining to Lydia Hutchinson in 2013, “I was an engineer, and I loved manipulating the sound. I love the technical side of recording. I had a recording studio back in the days when no one had a home studio. You had to rent a studio that belonged to a big conglomerate.”   <mask> often acted as his own producer / engineer / session player. His vocals, sometimes whispery, would be buried in the mix. He attributed his unique sound to being a recording mixer and engineer, saying, "Because of all the technology now you can make music yourself and a lot of people are doing that now. I started out doing that a long time ago and I found when I did that I came up with a unique sound."Although <mask> Skynyrd recorded "Call Me the Breeze" for their 1974 LP Second Helping. As he put it in an interview with Russell Hall, "I knew if I became too well known, my life would change drastically. On the other hand,

masks: Cale Cale Cale Cale Cale Cale Caled


title: J. J. Cale

texts:
 getting some money doesn't change things too much, except you no longer have to go to work." His third album Okie contains some of <mask>'s most covered songs. In the same year of its release, Captain Beefheart recorded "I Got the Same Old Blues" (shortened to "Same Old Blues") for his Bluejeans & Moonbeams LP, one of the few covers to ever appear on a Beefheart album. The song would also be recorded by Eric Clapton, Bobby Bland, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and Bryan Ferry."Cajun Moon" was recorded by Herbie Mann on his 1976 album Surprises with vocals by Cissy Houston, by Poco on their album Cowboys & Englishmen, and by Randy Crawford on Naked and True (1995). The 1976 album Troubadour includes “Cocaine,” a song that would be a major hit for Eric Clapton the following year. In the 2004 documentary To Tulsa and Back, <mask> recalled, "I wrote 'Cocaine', and I'm a big fan of Mose Allison...So I had written the song in a Mose Allison bag, kind of cocktail jazz kind of swing...And Audie said, 'That's really a good song, <mask>, but you oughta make that a little more rock and roll, a little more commercial.' I said, 'Great, man.' So I went back and recut it again as the thing you heard." The song's meaning is ambiguous, although Eric Clapton describes it as an anti-drug song. He has called the song "quite cleverly anti-cocaine", noting:

By the time he recorded 5 in 1979, <mask> had also met singer and guitarist Christine Lakeland, and the LP marks her first appearance on his albums.In the 2005 documentary To Tulsa and Back, Lakeland says they met backstage at a prison benefit show featuring B.B. King and Waylon <mask>. <mask> and Lakeland would later marry. As William Ruhlmann observes in his AllMusic review of the album, “As <mask>'s influence on others expanded, he just continued to turn out the occasional album of bluesy, minor-key tunes. This one was even sparer than

masks: Cale Cale John Cale Jennings Cale Cale


title: J. J. Cale

texts:
 usual, with the artist handling bass as well as guitar on many tracks. Listened to today, it sounds so much like a Dire Straits album, it's scary.” The release of 5 coincided with a remarkable live session with Leon Russell recorded at Russell’s Paradise Studios in June 1979 in Los Angeles. The previously unseen footage was discovered in Nashville in 2001 and features several tracks from 5, including “Sensitive Kind,” “Lou-Easy-Ann,” “Fate of a Fool,” “Boilin’ Pot,” and “Don’t Cry Sister.”  Lakeland also performs with <mask>’s band.While living in California in the late sixties, <mask> worked in Russell’s studio as an engineer. The footage was officially released in 2003 as <mask><mask> featuring Leon Russell: In Session at the Paradise Studios. 1980s
<mask> moved to California in 1980 and became a recluse, living in a trailer without a telephone. In 2013, he reflected, "…I knew what fame entailed. I tried to back off from that. I had seen some of the people I was working with forced to be careful because people wouldn’t leave them alone… What I’m saying, basically, is I was trying to get the fortune without having the fame." Shades, which continued <mask>’s tradition of giving his albums one word titles, was recorded in various studios in Nashville and Los Angeles.It boasts an impressive list of top shelf session musicians, including Hal Blaine and Carol Kaye of the Wrecking Crew, <mask>, <mask>, Reggie Young, Glen D. Hardin, Ken Buttrey, and Leon Russell, among many others. 1982’s Grasshopper was recorded in studios in Nashville and North Hollywood, and while a more polished production, it continues <mask>’s exploration into a variety of musical styles that would become known as Americana. His 1983 album #8 was poorly received, and he asked to be released from his contract with PolyGram. Lyrically speaking, with the exception of “Takin’ Care of Business,”

masks:
Cale
Cale
J J
. Cale
Cale
Cale
James Burton
Jim Keltner
Cale


title: J. J. Cale

texts:
 the subject matter on #8 is unremittingly grim. The cynical “Money Talks” (“You’d be surprised the friends you can buy with small change…”), “Hard Times,” “Unemployment,” and “Livin’ Here Too” deal with harsh economic woes and dissatisfaction with life in general, while the provocative “Reality” speaks to using drugs to escape many of the problems he chronicles on the album, singing “One toke of reefer, a little cocaine, one shot of morphine and things begin to change,” and adding “When reality leaves, so do the blues.”  When later asked how he had spent the 1980s he replied: "Mowing the lawn and listening to Van Halen and rap." 1990s

After making a name for himself in the seventies as a songwriter, <mask>’s own recording career came to a halt in the mid-1980s. Although he scored a handful of minor hits, <mask> was indifferent to publicity, preferring to avoid the spotlight, so his albums never sold in high numbers.In 1990 he explained in an interview, "In 1984 I was with a different record company, and it didn’t seem to be working out too good, so I asked to get out of my contract, and that took a couple of years to shuffle the paper around. Then when I got through doin’ that, I thought I’d take a little break from recording; maybe go in once or twice a year and record somethin’ I’d written." Travel-Log was the first solo album <mask> produced himself without long-time producer Audie Ashworth, although Ashworth co-wrote the opening track “Shanghaid” with <mask>. While the album has a travel theme, with titles like “Tijuana” and “New Orleans,” <mask> insisted he did not set out to make a concept album, and only recognized it after he picked the songs:

1992’s Number 10 was <mask>’s second LP for Silvertone. Compared to his albums in the 70s and 80s, he employs fewer session players for this album, yet still achieves his signature sound. Notoriously wary of

masks: Cale Cale Cale Cale Cale Cale


title: J. J. Cale

texts:
 the spotlight, <mask> quietly went about his own business his way, delivering his own unique blend of musical styles augmented by his laid-back vocal delivery. Ironically, in an era of grunge and the MTV Unplugged trends, <mask> became immersed in electronics and synthesizers.“I did the unplugged, live kind of thing in the ‘70’s and the ‘80’s,” he told one interviewer. “I’ve gone to the other direction now that all that’s become popular. Been there done that! They didn’t call it unplugged in those days but that is what it was…There is a fascination about electronics…It is an art form in itself.”  1994’s Closer to You is best remembered for the change in sound from <mask>’s previous albums due to the prominence of synthesizers, with <mask> employing the instrument on five of the twelve songs. Although the use of synthesizers may have seemed like a left turn for fans used to his laidback, rootsy sound, it was not new; <mask> had used synthesizers on his 1976 Troubadour album. In an interview with Vintage Guitar in 2004, <mask> acknowledged the dismay some fans felt, recalling:

Produced by <mask>, Guitar Man differs from the albums he made in the seventies and early eighties in that while those records featured numerous top shelf session players, <mask> provided the instrumentation on Guitar Man himself, augmented by wife Christine Lakeland on guitar and background vocals and drummer <mask>ce on the opener “Death in the Wilderness.”   In his AllMusic review of the LP, Thom Owens writes, “Although he has recorded Guitar Man as a one-man band effort, it sounds remarkably relaxed and laid-back, like it was made with a seasoned bar band.”  In assessing the album, rock writer Brian Wise of Rhythm Magazine commented, “‘Lowdown’ is typical <mask> shuffle, ‘Days Go By’ gives a jazzy feel to a song about smoking a certain substance while the traditional ‘Old Blue’

masks:
Cale
Cale
Cale
Cale
Cale
Cale
Cale
Cale
James Cru
Cale


title: J. J. Cale

texts:
 reprises a song that many might first have heard with The Byrds version during the Gram Parsons era.”  After Guitar Man, <mask> would take a second hiatus and not release another album for eight years. Later career
Between 1996 and 2003, <mask> released no new music but admiration for his work and musicianship only grew among his fans and admirers.In his 2003 biography Shakey, Neil Young remarked, "Of all the players I ever heard, it's gotta be [<mask>] Hendrix and J. J<mask> who are the best electric guitar players." In the 2005 documentary To Tulsa and Back: On Tour with <mask><mask>, <mask>'s guitar style is characterized by Eric Clapton as "really, really minimal", adding "it's all about finesse". Mark Knopfler was also effusive in his praise for the Oklahoma troubadour, but <mask>’s early 90s experimental synth-heavy output left him at odds with the music industry. 2004’s To Tulsa and Back reunited him with long-time producer Audie Ashworth, as he recalled to Dan Forte:

The album returns to the style and sound <mask> became famous for – a mix of laid-back shuffles, jazzy chords, and bluesy rock and roll with layered vocals – but it also embraces technology, resulting in a cleaner sound than on <mask>’s earlier albums. Lyrically, <mask> makes a rare foray into political songwriting with “The Problem,” an indictment of then-President George W. Bush with lines like, “The man in charge, he don't know what he's doing, he don't know the world has changed.”  “Stone River” is an understated protest song about the water crisis in the West. In 2004, Eric Clapton held the Crossroads Guitar Festival, a three-day festival in Dallas, Texas. Among the performers was J. J<mask>, giving Clapton the opportunity to ask <mask> to produce an album for him.The two ended up recording the album together, releasing it as The Road to Escondido. A number of high-profile

masks:
Cale
Cale
Jimi
. Cale
J J
. Cale
Cale
Cale
Cale
Cale
Cale
. Cale
Cale


title: J. J. Cale

texts:
 musicians also agreed to work on the album, including Billy Preston, Derek Trucks, Taj Mahal, Pino Palladino, <mask>, <mask>, and Doyle Bramhall II. In a coup, whether intended or not, the entire <mask> Trio participated on this album in one capacity or another. Escondido is a city in San Diego County near <mask>'s home at the time located in the small, unincorporated town of Valley Center, California. Eric Clapton owned a mansion in Escondido in the 1980s and early '90s. The road referenced in the album's title is named Valley Center Road. The album won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album in 2008, with <mask> writing 11 of the 14 tracks on the album, with two cuts, "Any Way the Wind Blows" and "Don't Cry Sister", being re-recordings of songs that <mask> recorded previously in the 1970s.In a 2014 interview with NPR, Clapton spoke at length about <mask>'s influence on his music:

Clapton, who toured with Delaney & Bonnie in 1969, recalled in the 2005 documentary To Tulsa and Back, "Delaney Bramlett is the one that was responsible to get me singing. He was the one who turned me on to the Tulsa community. Bramlett produced my first solo album and "After Midnight" was on it, and those [Tulsa] players played on it…461 Ocean Boulevard was my kind of homage to <mask>."

<mask> died at the age of 74 in San Diego, California, on July 26, 2013, after suffering a heart attack. He was survived by his wife Christine Lakeland, whom he married in 1995. His catalogue is published by independent music publishers Fairwood Music International. Posthumous album
On August 10, 2018, it was announced on his official website and on his page on Facebook that a posthumous album of previously unreleased material would be released later in the year. On what would have been <mask>'s 80th birthday on December 5, his Facebook page announced that the album would be released

masks:
John Mayer
Steve Jordan
John Mayer
Cale
Cale
Cale
Cale
J J
Death Cale
Cale


title: J. J. Cale

texts:
 in the spring of 2019.The new album, called Stay Around, was released on April 26, 2019. Tributes
 In 2014, Eric Clapton & Friends released the tribute album The Breeze: An Appreciation of <mask> <mask>. On it, <mask>'s tunes are covered by Clapton with Tom Petty, Mark Knopfler, <mask>, Don White, Willie Nelson, Derek Trucks, <mask>'s wife Christine Lakeland, and others. In the video version of Call Me The Breeze for this album, Clapton declares of <mask>, "He was a fantastic musician. And he was my hero." Kevin Brown's 2015 album, Grit, contained a track called "The Ballad of J. J. <mask>", in tribute to Brown's musical inspiration. Hungarian alternative rock band Quimby's 2009 album, Lármagyűjtögető, contained a track called "Haverom a J. J. Cale" ("My Buddy J. J. Cale").Discography

Naturally (1971)
Really (1972)
Okie (1974)
Troubadour (1976)
5 (1979)
Shades (1981)
Grasshopper (1982)
#8 (1983)
Travel-Log (1990)
Number 10 (1992)
Closer to You (1994)
Guitar Man (1996)
To Tulsa and Back (2004)
Roll On (2009)
Stay Around (2019)

References

External links

Official website
The Long Reach of J.J<mask> on MTV.com
J. J<mask> at Discogs

1938 births
2013 deaths
Central High School (Tulsa, Oklahoma) alumni
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
American blues singers
American male singer-songwriters
American rock guitarists
American rock songwriters
American rock singers
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Oklahoma City
Musicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Mercury Records artists
Liberty Records artists
American session musicians
Swamp rock
Reprise Records artists
Blues rock musicians
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
Blues musicians from Oklahoma
Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma
Guitarists from Oklahoma
20th-century American male singers
21st-century American male

masks:
JJ
Cale
Cale
John Mayer
Cale
Cale
Cale
. Cale
. Cale


title: Kevin Volans

texts:
<mask> (born 26 July 1949) is a South African born Irish composer and pianist. He studied with Karlheinz Stockhausen and Mauricio Kagel in Cologne in the 1970s and later became associated with the Neue Einfacheit (New Simplicity) movement in the city. In the late 1970s he became interested in the indigenous music of his homeland and began a series of pieces which attempted to combine aspects of African and contemporary European music. Although <mask> later moved away from any direct engagement with African music, certain residual elements such as interlocking rhythms, repetition and open forms are still detectable in his music since the early 1990s which takes a new direction more redolent of certain schools of abstract art. He settled in Ireland permanently in 1986 and was granted Irish citizenship in 1995. Biography
During his teenage years <mask> developed an interest in the music of the post-war avant garde as well as abstract painting. He pursued a Bachelor of Music degree at the University of the Witwatersrand graduating in 1972.After postgraduate study at the University of Aberdeen he moved in 1973 to Cologne, where he became one of only five students admitted to Stockhausen's composition class at the Musikhochschule. He became intimately acquainted with Stockhausen's extensions of serial technique and eventually became his teaching assistant in 1975–76, replacing Richard Toop. He also took lessons in music theatre from Mauricio Kagel as well as taking piano lessons from Aloys Kontarsky and studying electronic music with

masks:
Kevin Volans
Volans
Volans


title: Kevin Volans

texts:
 Hans-Ulrich Humpert. While in Cologne Volans became increasingly dissatisfied with the new-music movement in the city, which he perceived to be dogmatic and creatively restricting. Alongside other composers such as Walter Zimmermann, Gerald Barry, and Michael von Biel, Volans began to question the hegemony of the prevailing new-music style that was based on an extension of the serial techniques of the previous generation. This group of composers, loosely referred to as the Cologne School, marked the start of the Neue Einfachheit (New Simplicity) movement which began with a concert series organised by Zimmermann in January 1977. Composers linked with the New Simplicity generally sought a more transparent and direct style, an openness to aspects of tonality and a freedom to use pre-existing material quite in contrast to the intense abstraction of the post-war avant garde.Africa series
Despite having grown up in South Africa, <mask> had little contact with the indigenous music of his homeland due to apartheid strictures which largely prohibited the intermingling of black and white cultures. It wasn't until he was commissioned by Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR) to undertake a number of field trips between 1976 and 1979 to South Africa to record various kinds of indigenous African music that he began to actively take an interest in this music. These field trips alerted him to aspects of indigenous African culture, both musical and visual, which he had previously overlooked. He thus set about planning a series of works in which he


title: Kevin Volans

texts:
 attempted to reconcile African and European aesthetics. At the start of the series <mask> envisaged that the African source material would be quite recognizable but as the series progressed he would gradually exercise more and more intervention into it so that by the end of the series the African material would be fully assimilated into his own style:

As a political statement, <mask>, as a white South African, felt that the series might lend some sort of contribution to the struggle against apartheid and some performances were met with protests from the musical establishment in South Africa. The most well-known piece from the series is White Man Sleeps (1982) for two harpsichords, viola da gamba and percussion. In this piece <mask> attempted to "Africanize" Western European art music by transferring paraphrases and transcriptions of Venda, San, Nyungwe and Lesotho music, as well as his own material, onto re-tuned period instruments.The subsequent reworking of the piece for a recording by the Kronos Quartet became one of the biggest-selling string-quartet releases of all time. The works immediately following White Man Sleeps, such as the second and third quartets, continue to use some African references, but display an increasing preoccupation with non-directional narratives influenced by the uneven and often random patterns present in African textiles, as well as the open approach to time present in the late works of Morton Feldman. Towards abstraction
Despite the success of the African series, <mask> began to find himself

masks: Volans Volans Volans Volans


title: Kevin Volans

texts: increasingly categorized as an "African" composer—a label which he found creatively restricting. In the late 1980s he began to pursue a new direction, developing a style characterized by an overall tendency towards increasing abstraction occasionally punctuated by works where literal African elements once again re-emerge. This is clearly seen in works such as Chevron (1990) and One Hundred Frames (1991), as well as his opera The Man with Footsoles of Wind (1993) based on the last year of the life of the 19th-century poet Arthur Rimbaud. A parallel development to this was his increasing interest in writing for dance, an art-form particularly suited to <mask>'s open conception of formal structure and he has collaborated with the choreographers Jonathan Burrows, Siobhan Davies and Shobana Jeyasingh. The key work which confirmed this new direction is Cicada (1994) for two pianos, which was inspired by his experience inside one of James Turrell's Skyspaces.The piece involves very gradual adjustments of tone, harmonic colour and tempo being applied to a repeated sonority based on a B-flat major and A major triads. Described by the composer as his first minimalist piece, Cicada'''s reduction in content and largely flat surface is a departure from the generally high degree of activity which marked many of his earlier works. Although there is no recognizably African material present in the piece, the existence of interlocking patterns, inherent rhythms and open non-developmental forms demonstrate how African elements continue to inform


title: Kevin Volans

texts:
 his work in a background capacity. In a number of works since Cicada, <mask> limited the content and pursued a similar policy of incremental changes at the margins of the material. The reduction of material in these pieces is even more extreme than in Cicada and exemplifies a tendency which <mask> has described as follows:

Two works in particular demonstrate this tendency – String Quartet No. 6 and the Concerto for Double Orchestra. String Quartet No.6 is not in fact a string quartet at all but a piece for two spatially separated string quartets which can be performed live with both quartets or with one live and the other pre-recorded. The vast majority of the piece consists of just two chords which overlap between both quartets creating a blurring of the harmonies not unlike the blurring of colour fields in the paintings of Mark Rothko, which served as the piece's inspiration. In the Concerto for Double Orchestra (2001) static harmonies are spatially distributed back and forth between a split orchestra with a focus on the "edges" of the chords through accented pizzicatos and dynamics rather than "bleeding" them together. Both of these works demonstrate <mask>'s concerns with moving the site of musical discourse to the margins of the material, a strategy inspired by his lifelong interest in visual art. The music tends to focus on the interplay between dynamics, voicings, register, timbre and types of attack; parameters which are usually considered secondary to larger-scale transformations in the domain of pitch and rhythm. The

masks: Volans Volans Volans


title: Kevin Volans

texts:
 reduced approach to content directs attention towards changes in the slightest details and encourages a form of engagement perhaps more prevalent in the world of visual art. This tendency towards reduction is not universal, however.Perhaps due to the inherent nature of the medium, <mask>'s concertante works such as the Trio Concerto (2005) and the Piano Concerto No. 2 (2006) are notable for their virtuosic writing and dynamism. <mask>'s most recent work constitutes yet another phase of development. Beginning with The Partenheimer Project (2007), much of the new work explores the interaction between individual parts playing independently of each other to some degree. The Partenheimer Project is spatially separated into three ensembles while both Violin: Piano (2008) and Cello: Piano (2008) contain instruments playing at different tempi propelled for the most part by irregular repetition. The transparent scoring and negation of any sense of goal-orientated progression lends the music a static floating quality. While <mask>'s music has often been viewed as a reaction to the perceived excesses of serialism, it is nevertheless significant that his approach to dynamics and articulation is always structurally rather than expressively directed.In this way, <mask> identifies with the tradition of modernism and his music studiously avoids any lapses into postmodern nostalgia. He has been described by the music critic Kyle Gann as:

In 1997 the BBC Music Magazine listed <mask> as one of the 50 most important living composers. In 1999 the

masks: Volans Volans Volans Volans Volans


title: Kevin Volans

texts:
 Southbank Centre in London hosted a 50th birthday celebration of his work, for his 60th the Wigmore Hall in London organised a "Kevin Volans Day" of concerts, and in 2019 the Wigmore Hall again had a concert celebrating his 70th birthday. Students

<mask> taught composition at the University of Natal, where he received a DMus in 1986. He was also composer in residence at Queen's University Belfast (1986–89) and at Princeton University (1992). Since moving to Ireland in 1985 he has exerted a considerable influence on the direction of music in the country through his teaching. His notable students include, Andrew Hamilton, Jennifer Walshe, Simon O'Connor, Deirdre Gribbin, Elaine Agnew, Deirdre MacKay, Jonathan Nangle and Juergen Simpson.Discography
 She Who Sleeps with a Small Blanket (Robin Schulkowsky, CD, Sony, 1985)
 String Quartet No. 1: 'White Man Sleeps' (Kronos Quartet, CD, Elektra Nonesuch, 1987)
 String Quartet No. 1: 'White Man Sleeps', (Dance no. 1) (Kronos Quartet, CD, Elektra Nonesuch, 1987)
 String Quartet No. 1: 'White Man Sleeps', Mbira, She Who Sleeps with a Small Blanket, White Man Sleeps (Original version) (The Smith Quartet, <mask>, Robert Hill, Margriet Tindemans, Robin Schuikowsky, CD, Landor, 1990)
 'Norwegian Wood: Happiness is a Warm Gun' (Lennon, arr. Volans) (Aki Takahashi, CD, EMI, 1991)
 String Quartet No. 2: 'Hunting Gathering' (Kronos Quartet, CD, Elektra Nonesuch, 1991)
 String Quartet No.1: 'White Man Sleeps' (Kronos Quartet, CD, Elektra Nonesuch, 1992)
 String Quartet No. 3: 'The Songlines' (3 rd

masks:
Volans
Kevin Volans


title: Kevin Volans

texts:
 movement) (Balanescu Quartet, CD, Argos, 1994)
 String Quartet No. 2: 'Hunting Gathering', String Quartet No. 3: 'The Songlines' (Balanescu Quartet, CD, Decca/Argo, 1994)
 String Quartet No. 5: 'Dancers on a Plane', String Quartet No. 4: 'The Ramanujan Notebooks', Movement for String Quartet (The Duke Quartet, CD, Collins Classics, 1994)
 Mbira (Kevin Volans Ensemble, CD, WDR World Network Recording, 1995)
 White man Sleeps (Guitar version of Dance No. 4) (Tilman Hoppstock, CD, Signum, 1995) Into Darkness (Sequenza, CD, Neuma, 1998)
 This is How it is, Walking song, Leaping Dance, Concerto for Piano and Wind Instruments, Untitled (Netherlands Wind Ensemble, cond.Wim Steinmann and Daniel Harding, CD, Chandos, 1999)
 Cicada, Duets (Mathilda Hornsveld, Jill Richards, CD, Black Box, 2000)
 This is How it is (Netherlands Wind Ensemble, cond. Wim Steinmann, CD, CMC, 2001)
 String Quartet No. 2: 'Hunting; Gathering', String Quartet No. 6, String Quartet No. 1: 'White Man Sleeps' (The Duke Quartet, CD, Black Box, 2002)
 White Man Sleeps (Guitar Quartet Version) (Dublin Guitar Quartet, CD, Grelslate Records, 2005)
 Piano Trio (Fidelio Trio, CD, NMC, 2008)
 Walking Song (David Adams, CD, All Write Music, 2008)
 Akrodha, Asange, She Who Sleeps with a Small Blanket (Jonny Axelsson, CD, 2008)
 The Partenheimer Project (Birmingham Contemporary Music Group, CD, Ikon Gallery/Kunstmuseum Bonn, 2008)
 Four Guitars (Dublin Guitar Quartet, CD, CMC, 2009)

Filmography
 Dance Films by Adam Roberts (Duke Quartet, <mask>ans, DVD, The Jonathan Burrows


title: Kevin Volans

texts:
 Translation (2009)
 Piano Trio No. 2 (2009)
 String Quartet no. 11 (2013)
 Looping Point (2012)
 Turning Point (2013)
 Calefaccion (2013)
 Matepe for Calefax (2013)
 7 Flutes (2014)
 Abhaya (2014)
 7 Bass Winds (2015)
 4 Marimbas (2015)
 String Quartet no. 12 (2015)
 perc : piano 1 (2015)
 Akrodha 3 (2015)
 for Bob (2015)
 perc : piano 2 (2016)
 C.Roll.A.eS.H. (2016)
 cello:piano 2 (2016)
 Spoor (2017)
 Piano Trio no.3 (2017)
 Seven Clarinets and One Flute (2017)
 clarinet:violin:piano (with CPE) (2017)
 Blackbird:Blackbird 1–4 for 2 pianos (2018)

Solo instrumental
 clarinet:solo (2015)
 L'Africaine (2016)

Solo percussion
 She Who Sleeps with a Small Blanket (1985)
 Asanga (1997)
 Akrodha (1998)

Solo piano
 Three Structural Etudes (2004)
 Three Rhythmic Etudes (2003)
 Piano Etudes Nos. 7 & 8 (2008)
 Piano Etude No. 9 (2008)
 3 Books of Piano pieces for 'Young' Players (2012)
 PMB Impromptu (2014)
 Piano Etude No. 10 (2015, withdrawn)
 Piano Etude No. 11 (2015, rev. 2018)
 Piano Etude No. 12 (2015, rev.2018)
 Marabi Nights (2016)
 53,73369155794372 notes a second, for Clare for midi keyboard (2016)

Vocal
 Gloso a lo Divino (2006)
 Canciones del Alma (2009)
 3 Xhosa songs (2012)
 The Mountain that Left (2013)

References

Sources

  .

   .

Further reading

 Anon. n.d. (a) "Volans, <mask>". CMC Composer Profile. .
 Ballantine, Christopher. 2001–2002. "Christopher Ballantine reviews Cicada". NewMusicSA: Bulletin of the International Society for Contemporary Music – South African Section, First Issue,


title: Kevin Volans

texts:
 7–8. Blake, Michael.1992. "<mask>, <mask>". In Contemporary Composers, eds. Brian Norton and Pamela Collins, 951–952. Blake, Michael. 1993. "Almeida opera: <mask> and Julian Grant".Tempo 186, 52–53. Bräuninger, Jürgen. 1998. "Gumboots to the Rescue". South African Journal of Musicology: SAMUS 18, 1–16. Chatwin, Bruce. 1989."<mask>". In What Am I Doing Here? 63–69. London: Picador. Clarkson Fletcher, J., J. Dazeley, J. Taylor, and E. Wetherall. n.d. "Towards New Models for the Analysis of Post-serial and Post-tonal Music, with Particular Reference to <mask>' White Man Sleeps". In Proceedings of the 25th Annual Congress of the Musicological Society of Southern Africa, Grahamstown, August 1998, ed.W. Lüdemann, 7–18. [Stellenbosch: Musicological Society of Southern Africa.] Fox, James. 1988. "Staging Songlines: Interview". The Village Voice 18, no. 12:138–139, 199, 202.Gaisford, Sue. 1999. "How We Met: Elizabeth Chatwin & <mask>". The Independent (London), 4 July. Gann, Kyle. 1988. "Boston Composers and Kronos Quartets: Fear of Symmetry".The Village Voice (23 February): 76. Gann, Kyle. 1998b. "Consumer Guide". The Village Voice 43, no. 35 (1 September): 64.
 . 2006. "'Zur Freiheit führen viele Wege': Der Componist <mask> über Afrika und die Musikalische Avantgarde".Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 5, September/October, 16–17.}} Loppert, Max. 1993. "Volans: The Man Who Strides The Wind". Opera, 68, 1102–1104. Marcus, Bunita. 1989."Preface". New Observations 67:2. Olwage, Grant. 1999–2000. "Who Needs Rescuing? A Reply to 'Gumboots to the

masks:
Volans
Kevin
Kevin Volans
Kevin Volans
Kevin Volans
Kevin Volans
Kevin Volans


title: Kevin Volans

texts: Rescue'". South African Journal of Musicology: SAMUS 19, 105–108.Potter, Keith. 1982. "Repetitive Music Again (and Again)". Classical Music 28 August 1982. Pooley, Thomas M. 2008. "Composition in Crisis: Case Studies in South African Art Music 1980–2006". Unpublished MA Dissertation: University of the Witwatersrand.Rörich, Mary. "Three Rhythmic Etudes. Dublin: Black Sheep Edition, 2002; Three Structural Etudes. Dublin: Black Sheep Edition, 2003" [score review]. South African Journal of Musicology: SAMUS 25, 151–154. Scherzinger, Martin. 2004."Art Music in a Cross-cultural Context: The Case of Africa". In The Cambridge History of Twentieth-century Music, eds. N. Cook and A. Pople, 584–613. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Scherzinger, Martin. 2004–2005. "Of Sleeping White Men: Analytic Silence in the Critical Reception of <mask>".NewMusicSA: Bulletin of the International Society for Contemporary Music – South African Section, Third and Fourth Issue, 22–26. Scherzinger, Martin. 2008. "Who's 'White Man Sleeps'? Aesthetics and Politics in the Early Work of <mask>". In Composing Apartheid: Music For and Against Apartheid, edited by Grant Olwage, 209–235. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.Taylor, Timothy D. 2001. "Volans, <mask>". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan. Taylor, Timothy D. n.d. "<mask>, <mask>". Grove Music Online, edited by Dean Roote. Walton, Christopher.2002–2003. "<mask> 'String Quartets Nos. 1, 2 & 6'". NewMusicSA:

masks:
Kevin Volans
Kevin Volans
Kevin
Volans
Kevin
Kevin Volans


title: Kevin Volans

texts:
 Bulletin of the International Society for Contemporary Music – South African Section, Second Issue'', 22–24. External links

Contemporary Music Centre, composer page
Biography of <mask> at musicsalesclassical.com
Dictionary of African Composers
Field recordings made by <mask> of music from Lesotho and South Africa

1949 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Alumni of Maritzburg College
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Irish classical composers
Living people
Irish male classical composers
People from Pietermaritzburg
Pupils of Karlheinz Stockhausen
South African composers
South African male composers
South African emigrants to Ireland
South African people of British descent
White South African people
20th-century male musicians
21st-century male

masks:
Kevin Volans
Kevin Volans


title: Jorge Mendes

texts:
<mask> (born 7 January 1966) is a Portuguese football agent. He is registered with the Portuguese Football Federation and heads the GestiFute company, founded in 1996. Mendes is among the most influential football agents in the world, with clients including David de Gea, José Mourinho, Diego Costa, James Rodríguez, João Félix and Cristiano Ronaldo. Outside of football, he represents clients such as Formula 1 star Charles Leclerc, triple jump champion Patricia Mamona, surfer Frederico Morais, tennis player João Sousa and the cyclist João Almeida. Mendes is often referred to as a "super-agent". Mendes has been named Best Agent of the Year at the Globe Soccer Awards ten times, from 2010 to 2020. Early career
Mendes Junior began as a footballer but was forced to abandon his hopes of a professional career after being rejected by a number of Portuguese clubs and opened a bar and nightclub.Career as an agent

First deals
<mask>' first deal as a football agent came in 1996 when he brokered Nuno Espírito Santo's move from Vitória de Guimarães to Deportivo de La Coruña. He had met the goalkeeper in a bar in Guimarães. After that deal, Mendes gradually attracted more Portuguese players, including <mask>. Hugo Viana's move from Sporting CP to Newcastle United in the Premier League for around €12 million in 2002 was his first major international transfer. Part of <mask>' success was ostensibly based on his frequent presence at football schools and youth teams throughout Portugal, spotting and signing young players, as he did with Cristiano Ronaldo and Ricardo Quaresma. It has been reported that <mask> came to physical blows at the Portela Airport in Lisbon with Luís Figo's agent, José Veiga, whose influence he was gradually supplanting at this time. <mask> has also been accused by other agents of moving in on their players shortly before agreeing major deals.Mourinho and Chelsea
In 2004, <mask>

masks:
Jorge Paulo Agostinho Mendes
Mendes
Jorge Andrade
Mendes
Mendes
Mendes
Mendes


title: Jorge Mendes

texts:
 brokered José Mourinho's move from Porto to manage Chelsea, despite Mourinho already having an agent, José Baidek, whom Mourinho had known since his time at União de Leiria and who had reportedly lined up a move to Liverpool. Mourinho and <mask> negotiated with the agent Pini Zahavi, who acted as Chelsea's representative. The deal established <mask>' importance. He built up a roster of the leading Portuguese players and every Portuguese player that followed Mourinho to Chelsea was a client of <mask>, including Ricardo Carvalho, Paulo Ferreira, Tiago and Maniche. <mask> was paid by Chelsea to act for the player and for the club. GestiFute was also involved in part-owning the economic rights of a number of these players. In July 2003, Porto bought 20% of Brazilian-born Portuguese professional footballer Deco's rights from GestiFute in exchange for €2.25 million, plus 5% of the economic rights for Ricardo Carvalho and Paulo Ferreira.Shortly afterwards, GestiFute sold a further 15% of Deco's economic rights to the club, this time in return for €1.25 million and 10% of striker Benni McCarthy's rights. After Chelsea
After Mourinho's departure from Chelsea in September 2007, <mask> oversaw his move to Inter Milan in 2008 for a fee that made him the highest paid coach in the world, and then, in May 2010, that which saw him move from Inter to become Real Madrid's manager on a four-year contract worth £40 million. In 2008, <mask> also handled the deal that took the manager Luiz Felipe Scolari to Chelsea, negotiating a three-year contract worth between £5.5 million and £6.25 million. At that summer's UEFA Euro 2008 tournament, <mask> had been allowed privileged access to the Portugal national team's hotel by Scolari, who was then managing the national side. Cristiano Ronaldo, Nani, and <mask> oversaw the transfer of Cristiano Ronaldo from Sporting CP to Manchester United for £12.24 million in

masks:
Mendes
Mendes
Mendes
Mendes
Mendes
Mendes
Mendes
Anderson Mendes


title: Jorge Mendes

texts:
 2003 and in 2007 those of Anderson and Nani to the same club for £46 million. The Nani transfer reportedly followed only once the player had dropped his existing agent, Ana Almeida. That summer, <mask> was also responsible for the transfers of Pepe to Real Madrid for £25 million and Simão to Atlético Madrid for £16.5 million.<mask>' association with Anderson reflected the connections he established in South America, in which he worked closely with Pini Zahavi. Part of the deal that took Anderson to Manchester United saw his previous club Porto pay <mask> a reported £4 million for his share of Anderson's registration. <mask> was said to have contributed 20% of the £3.75 million Porto paid Grêmio in Brazil to sign the midfielder in 2006. In 2009, <mask> was reported to have made £4 million from Cristiano Ronaldo's £80 million transfer from Manchester United to Real Madrid. Bebé transfer
In August 2010, football agent Gonçalo Reis complained that he had been left on the sidelines when Bebé, a player he represented, was transferred to Manchester United from Vitória de Guimarães. "When <mask> arrived," Reis said, "I was out of the transaction." In July 2010, Reis arranged Bebé's move to Vitória as a free agent from Estrela da Amadora in the semi-professional Portuguese third division after the cancellation of the player's contract due to the club's inability to pay his wages.Manchester United signed Bebé for a reported fee of £7.4 million five weeks later, when he had played just six pre-season friendlies for Vitória. Reis received notification that he had been sacked by Bebé in a letter dated 5 August that arrived two days before the completion of the Manchester United transfer on 11 August. Reis officially took his complaints to FIFA in May 2012. At Vitória's subsequent general meeting, the club's directors revealed that <mask> had received €3.6 million of the €9 million fee from the

masks: Mendes Mendes Mendes Mendes Mendes Mendes Mendes


title: Jorge Mendes

texts:
 Bebé transfer, with reports in Portugal suggesting that €2.7 million of that sum came from the 30% of the player's economic rights initially retained by Bebé when he moved to Vitória but bought from the player by Mendes for €100,000. Emilio Macedo, club president of Vitória de Guimarães club, called Mendes "the bulwark of this transfer" and defended the agent, saying, "With all due respect to other agents, this country owes him a lot because he handles large transfers and brings money into the country because this is like an export." The transfer was subsequently investigated by the Portuguese police. Manchester United's then manager, Sir Alex Ferguson, admitted that he had not seen Bebé play before signing the player.He had reportedly been recommended to the club by Carlos Queiroz, who had two spells as assistant manager at Manchester United and who at that time was coach of the Portugal national team. Queiroz's relationship with United had been important in the transfers of Anderson and Nani in 2007; he is also represented by <mask>. 2014 summer transfer window
<mask> brokered four of the seven biggest deals worldwide during the 2014 summer transfer window from which he earned an estimated £30 million. James Rodríguez moved to Real Madrid from Monaco for £63 million, Ángel Di María from Real Madrid to Manchester United for £60 million, Diego Costa from Atlético Madrid to Chelsea for £32 million and Eliaquim Mangala from Porto to Manchester City for £32 million.<ref>"<mask>: the football agent who just won transfer deadline day" by Diego Costa, The Guardian, 2 September 2014</ref>

Third-party ownership accusations
On 22 September 2014, an investigation by The Guardian'' implicated <mask> alongside ex-Manchester United and -Chelsea chief executive Peter Kenyon in breaching FIFA regulations regarding third-party ownership and conflict of interest in player representation, buying

masks:
Mendes
Mendes
Jorge Mendes
Jorge Mendes


title: Jorge Mendes

texts:
 player rights through companies based in Jersey and Ireland. This followed another report published in January 2014 suggesting Kenyon's ex-club Chelsea have invested in third-party ownership via <mask> and Kenyon, a practice banned by the Premier League. Chelsea declined to comment on the accusations. On 23 September 2014, UEFA announced their intention to crack down on the practice of third-party ownership.Wolverhampton Wanderers
After the takeover of English Championship club Wolverhampton Wanderers by Fosun International, <mask> was implemented as an agent for the club. Along with the help of team general manager Andrea Butti and sporting director Kevin Thelwell, 12 players were signed within six weeks during the 2016 summer transfer window. Tax avoidance
In December 2016,  leaked documents suggested that <mask> was involved in a massive tax avoidance scheme with both Mourinho and Ronaldo accused of not paying taxes by using offshore accounts. Swansea City
Mendes began working with Premier League club Swansea City during the January 2018 transfer window, assisting the club in identifying players for newly-appointed manager Carlos Carvalhal. Previously, he brought Portugal under-21 midfielder Renato Sanches to the club, on loan from Bayern Munich, in August 2017. Cycling
On January of 2021, <mask> got into the world of cycling with his sports marketing company Polaris Sports partnering with Corso Sports, which sees Portuguese riders Joao Almeida and Ruben Guerreiro promoted by the team. GestiFute and CAA
In 2008, GestiFute announced that it had entered into partnership with Creative Artists Agency (CAA) in the United States to "create global opportunities for current and future clients", following CAA's expansion into the sports market.References

External links
Official GestiFute Website

1966 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Lisbon
Portuguese businesspeople
Association

masks: Mendes Mendes Mendes Mendes


title: Rick Rescorla

texts:
<mask> (May 27, 1939 – September 11, 2001) was an American soldier, police officer, educator, and private security specialist of British origin. He served as a British Army paratrooper during the Cyprus Emergency and a commissioned officer in the United States Army during the Vietnam War. He rose to the rank of colonel in the Army before entering the private sector, where he worked in corporate security. As the director of security for the financial services firm Morgan Stanley at the World Trade Center, Rescorla anticipated attacks on the towers and implemented evacuation procedures credited with saving thousands of lives. He died during the attacks of September 11, 2001, while leading evacuees down the stairwells of the South Tower. Early life
Rescorla was born in Hayle, Cornwall, on May 27, 1939. He grew up there with his grandparents and his mother, who worked as a housekeeper and companion to the elderly.In 1943, during World War II, Hayle served as headquarters for the 175th Infantry Regiment of the U.S. 29th Infantry Division, largely composed of U.S. soldiers from Maryland and Virginia preparing for the D-Day invasion of Normandy. Young Rescorla idolized the U.S. soldiers and wanted to become a soldier because of them. Rescorla was a natural sportsman, setting a school record in the shot put, and was an avid boxer. When a professional boxing match was scheduled between a British boxer and a U.S. heavyweight contender named Tami Mauriello, his friends backed the Briton. Rescorla said "I'm for Tammy" [sic] and after Mauriello won the fight everyone in Hayle knew him as "Tammy". Military and police career

British military
In 1956, at age 16, Rescorla left


title: Rick Rescorla

texts:
 Hayle to join the army. At the time, Britain practiced conscription (known as National Service), which required every young man to serve for two years in the Armed Forces.<mask>, however, chose instead to volunteer. This required him to serve three years as the conditions for volunteers were considered to be better than those of conscripted soldiers. He enlisted in the British Army in 1957, training as a paratrooper with The Parachute Regiment and then serving with an intelligence unit in Cyprus during the EOKA Cypriot insurgency from 1957 to 1960. <mask>'s British medals included the General Service Medal with clasp Cyprus. General Service Medal with clasp Cyprus

Northern Rhodesia and Metropolitan Police Services
At the end of his Short-Service Commission, <mask> joined the Northern Rhodesia Police (now the Zambia Police Service) as a police inspector on a three-year contract from 1960 to 1963, experiences that made him a fierce anti-Communist. It was during the latter post where he met and forged a "life-altering friendship" with American soldier Daniel J. Hill, who encouraged Rescorla to join the U.S. Army after he chose to accept discharge from the British rather than turn his guns on fellow white colonists resisting independence. On returning to London he joined the Metropolitan Police Service.He later moved to the United States after being unable to settle down in London, being interested in fighting instead. U.S. military
Upon arrival in the United States, Rescorla lived at a YMCA hostel in Brooklyn until he was able to enlist in the army. "<mask>", as he would thereafter be known, enlisted in the United States Army in 1963 and after basic training at

masks: Rescorla Rescorla Rescorla Rick