title: Moisés de Lemos Martins

texts: of Salazar's regime of truth that he viewed discourse as a disciplinary political practice, exercised on historical memory, the gaze, desire and the will. In O Olho de Deus no Discurso Salazarista, <mask> <mask>mos Martins provides a socio-semiotic analysis of Salazar's speeches, questioning the longevity of the corporate, political regime that the dictator founded. Starting from the idea that corporate, authoritarian and clerical ideology, as well as antidemocratic practices were not, by themselves, a sufficient explanation for Salazarism, <mask> <mask> <mask> decided to analyse the “Salazarist imaginary”, that is, “the dream that Salazarism had for Portugal”. The point of view adopted in O Olho de Deus no Discurso Salazarista is, above all, that of power, or more properly that of biopower, in line with the thinking of Michel Foucault, a panoptic and disciplinary power, which is exercised over bodies as living organisms. However, as José Augusto Mourão, Dominican friar, writer and university professor of Literature and Communication points out, rereading the work of <mask> <mask> <mask>, Foucault's definition of power “is not limited to watching, spying, surprising, prohibiting and punishing, but incites, arouses and produces; it's not just the eye and ear; it makes people act and speak”. While recognising “the shadow of Foucault” in O Olho de Deus no Discurso Salazarista, José Augusto Mourão concluded that this book is “a unique work in the panorama of Portuguese history and sociology”. Summarising the path taken by Moisés de Lemos <mask> up until that date, José Augusto Mourão states: “the author has chosen social Catholicism and the corporatist Estado Novo regime as the object of his analysis, in

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title: Moisés de Lemos Martins

type: original

texts:
 the period between May 28, 1926 and 1940.The methodology is clearly defined and there is no misunderstanding about the distance it maintains, either with the historical perspective or with the dialectical perspective. His field of work is that of the Salazarist discourse, dividing the text into three parts: the first, theoretical, which exposes religion as a panoptic view of society; a second, still with a strong theoretical bias, on the value systems or devices of Salazarist standardisation, which contemplates the ethical, eugenic and alethic apparatus; and a third part, on the application of the regime’s strategy to heal the nation, through technologies aimed to discipline the national body, illustrated here by the figures of healing and conversion through parables”. As <mask> <mask> <mask> himself pointed out in his preface to the 2nd edition of the book, “feeding countless journeys of knowledge, The Eye of God in the Salazarist Discourse has come into contact, over the past twenty-five years, with many different ways of looking. Journeys of knowledge are, however, never-ending journeys. Today, reading or rereading this book on Salazarism continues to be a work of knowledge, although it is already another experience”. Semiotics as a human and social science and as a “problematological science”
Referring to Crime e Castigo – Práticas e Discursos (Crime and Punishment – Practices and Discourses), a book that <mask> <mask> <mask> edited in 2000 in which, in conjunction with other authors, he reflected on criminality in Portugal, the writer and university professor, José Manuel <mask>, praised the “problematological” point of view, which characterises his science, a point of view that “above all raises

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Mendes


title: Moisés de Lemos Martins

texts: questions, as many as you can put and with the maximum rigour you are able to establish”. He points out: “hearing in the background the death knell that is fine-tuned by the so-called philosophies of totality (Adorno: “totality is untruth”), by the grand narratives, I am here citing Jan Patočka in a reticular assertion: “becoming is problematised and will remain that way forever”.In an in-depth analysis of A Linguagem, a Verdade e o Poder, José Augusto Mourão also succumbed to the power of the semiotics of <mask> <mask> <mask>, that is simultaneously social and problematological. José Augusto Mourão stated: <mask> <mask> <mask>’ writing “shares something similar with the sociologist who does not disconnect language from truth and power. His stilus scribendi is not due to the spectacle of his self-satisfied monologue. Instead, it provokes thinking about the war of paradigms that is fuelled by the libido dominandi. I agree. It is necessary to maintain a conception that is neither merely rhetorical nor merely consensual. […] In semiotics, the relationship of forces and the relationship of meaning are inextricably linked.The shadow of Foucault is a powerful presence in this book: the discursive construction of knowledge involves the use of 'disciplinary technologies' or forms of interaction that are used to create bodies that reinforce the 'positive power' on which the social order depends. ‘[discourse] is what we fight for, the very power we seek to seize”, writes Michel Foucault, which the author cites in relation to discourse”. It is, in fact, with A Linguagem, a Verdade e o Poder. Ensaio de Semiótica Social (2002/2017) that <mask> <mask> <mask>’ semiotic theory asserts itself as social semiotics.

masks:
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title: Moisés de Lemos Martins

texts: Bernardo Pinto <mask>, Full Professor at the Faculty of Fine Arts of the University of Porto, points out that “the author outlines a critical history of semiotics, questioning its concept and limits, its relevance and validity in the sociological approach that he never strays from”. He also adds that in the writing of <mask> <mask> <mask> one feels “the experience of the accustomed professor and the restless thinker who does not bow down to concepts and discourses, but rather questions them in the light of his own ability to incarnate them in a living thought”. On the other hand, his training as a sociologist “pervades the entire volume, under the rigorous applications that he develops in this attempt to semiotise sociology and sociologise the semiotics from which his entire enterprise emerges”.In summary, Bernardo Pinto <mask> concludes that it is this effort, “with its open character of transdisciplinarity, that gives the volume a particular strength and vivacity, making certain aspects of contemporaneity legible, in particular some of the paradoxes that underlie the formation of so-called 'post-modernity'”. Viewing semiotics as a social theory of the production of meaning, <mask> <mask> <mask> distances it from theories of consciousness and subjectivity, because meaning is not centred on the individual. Nor is it centred on the message that circulates between a sender and a receiver, as is the case of information theory. In the idea of semiotics that he proposes, <mask> <mask> <mask> is inspired by the transcendental conditions of the possibility of meaning and communication, which constitute the central axis of the theories, of Francis Jacques, on the one hand, and of Karl-Otto Apel and Jürgen

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title: Moisés de Lemos Martins

texts: Habermas, on the other. In so doing, <mask> <mask> <mask> opens signification to intersubjectivity and interaction, i.e. to communicative action. Starting from the a priori conditions of meaning, of Kantian inspiration, both Francis Jacques, com o with the primum relationis, and Karl-Otto Apel and Jürgen Habermas, with the “ethics of communicative action”, had established the transcendental conditions of communication.<mask> <mask> <mask>’ perspective in semiotics consists, however, in inverting the transcendental conditions of the possibility of meaning and communication, in conditions of the historical and social possibility of production of meaning. In all three cases - Jacques, Apel and Habermas - the primacy of the interlocutive relationship prevails, which is a relationship of communication. But in <mask> <mask> <mask>, the transcendental relationship, which underpins the dialogism of the three philosophers, becomes a socio-historical relationship, which is why his understanding of semiotics is social. This conclusion is reiterated by António Fidalgo, full professor of Semiotics, at the University of Beira Interior: "the indication of its object is a very important element for its understanding as a science. Traditionally, semiotics was understood as the science of signs, but today new schools are appearing and authors are defending semiotics as a science of meaning as opposed to semiotics as a science of signs. One of these authors is <mask> <mask>". And the reason why <mask> <mask> <mask> proposes a semiotics of discourse, rather than a semiotics of the sign, is that both the logic of communication and the theory of information, which constitute the dual tradition of the semiotics of the sign,

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title: Moisés de Lemos Martins

texts:
 have both ended up being mobilised at the service of the all-powerful technological, cybernetic and cyberspatial system for the circulation of verbal, sound and visual messages.There is, in fact, no doubt about the operative capacity of signs, given the fact that they bring together the logic of communication and the theory of information in the sense of their technological mobilisation. A "Distinguished Portuguese citizen”
<mask> <mask> <mask> was interviewed, on February 6, 2014, for Fernando Alves' programme, "Portugueses excelentíssimos" (Distinguished Portuguese citizens), on TSF Rádio Notícias. The journalist who has interviewed dozens of illustrious Portuguese citizens for this programme introduced his guest as follows: "there are already many places where this man [<mask> <mask> <mask>] has left his footprint and the marks of his restless and disturbing knowledge, which justify his presence in this gallery of distinguished Portuguese citizens". List of Works (selection)

 A Internacionalização das comunidades lusófonas e ibero-americanas de Ciências Sociais e Humanas. O Caso das Ciências da Comunicação (The Internationalisation of the Lusophone and Ibero-American Communities of Human and Social Sciences. The case of the Communications Sciences). Famalicão, Húmus, 2017.Available at http://hdl.handle.net/1822/49365

 A Lusofonia e a interculturalidade – Promessa e travessia                             (Lusophony and interculturality – Promise and crossing). Famalicão, Húmus, 2015. Available at http://hdl.handle.net/1822/39693
 Crise no Castelo da Cultura. Das Estrelas para os Ecrãs (Crisis in the Castle of Culture. From the Stars to the Screens). Coimbra: Grácio Editor, 2011 (2nd edition Húmus,

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title: Moisés de Lemos Martins

texts:
 2017; Brazilian edition: Anneblume, 2011). Available at http://hdl.handle.net/1822/29167
 A Linguagem, a Verdade e o Poder.Ensaio de Semiótica Social (Language, Truth and Power. An Essay of Social Semiotics). Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), 2002 (2nd edition, Húmus, 2017). Available at http://hdl.handle.net/1822/48230. Ensino Superior e Melancolia. Oração de Sapiência (Higher Education and Melancholy. Prayer of Wisdom).Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 2002. Available at http://hdl.handle.net/1822/1288
 Caminhos nas Ciências Sociais: memória, mudança social e razão. Estudos em homenagem a Manuel da Silva Costa (Paths in the Social Sciences: memory, social change and reason. Studies in honour of Manuel da Silva Costa). Coimbra: Grácio, 2010. Available at http://hdl.handle.net/1822/29762
 Para uma inversa navegação - O discurso da identidade (Towards an inverse navigation - The discourse of identity). Porto, Afrontamento, 1996.O olho de Deus no discurso salazarista (The eye of God in the Salazarist discourse), Porto, Afrontamento, 1990 (2nd edition 2016). Available at http://hdl.handle.net/1822/49972
 Políticas da Língua, da Comunicação e da Cultura no espaço Lusófono (Language, Communication and Culture Policies in the Lusophone space) (M. L. <mask> & I. Macedo). Famalicão, Húmus, 2019. Available at http://hdl.handle.net/1822/62825
 Sentidos da Morte na vida da mídia (Meanings of Death in the life of the media). (M. L. <mask>; M. Correia, P. Vaz & E. Antunes). Curitiba, Appris Editora, 2017. Do Post ao Postal (From the post to the postcard) (M. L. <mask> & M. L. Correia).Famalicão, Húmus, 2014. Available at licão, Húmus, 2014.

masks: Martins Martins Martins


title: Moisés de Lemos Martins

texts:
 Available at http://hdl.handle.net/1822/35295
 L'Imaginaire des médias (The Imaginary of the Media) (M. Maffesoli & M. L. Martins). Sociétés, 2011/1 (nº111). Paris, De Boeck Université. ISSN:0765-3697
 Imagem e pensamento (Image and Thought) (M. L. <mask>, José Bragança <mask>, M. Oliveira e J. Godinho). Coimbra, Grácio Editor, 2011 (2nd edition Húmus, 2017).Available at http://hdl.handle.net/1822/29165
 Comunicação e Lusofonia. Para uma abordagem crítica da cultura e dos média no espaço lusófono (Communication and Lusophony. Towards a critical approach to culture and media in the Portuguese-speaking space) (M. L. <mask>, H. Sousa e R. Cabecinhas). Porto, Campo das Letras, 2006 (Húmus, 2017). Available at  http://hdl.handle.net/1822/30019
 A Romaria da Sr.ª da Agonia. Vida e Memória da Cidade de Viana. The Lady of Agonia Festivities.Life and Memory of the city of Viana. (M. L. <mask>, A. Gonçalves e H. Pires). Viana do Castelo, Grupo Cultural dos Trabalhadores dos Estaleiros Navais de Viana do Castelo, 2000. Distinctions

 2012 - Moisés <mask>és Martins Tournament pays tribute to a particular way of being in the Academic world, seen as a space of freedom and a sense of community, a space with memory and thought, at the service of the preparation of new generations. 2015 - Honorary President of the Portuguese Association of Communication Sciences - Sopcom. 2015 - Academic distinction award by Intercom - Brazilian Society for Interdisciplinary Communication Studies.2016 - Scientific Merit Award, from the University of Minho. Award aimed at distinction in research activity. 2021 - Gold Insignia, by the University of Santiago de Compostela. Notes

References

External links
 Site of CECS – Centro de

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title: Babatha

texts:
<mask> (also known as Babata) was a Jewish woman who lived in the town of Maḥoza (at the south-eastern tip of the Dead Sea in what is now Jordan) at the beginning of the second century CE. In 1960, archaeologist Yigael Yadin discovered a leather pouch containing her personal documents in what came to be known as the Cave of Letters, near the Dead Sea. The documents found include such legal contracts concerning marriage (ketubba), property transfers, and guardianship. These documents, ranging from CE 96 to 134, depict a vivid picture of life for an upper-middle class Jewish woman during that time. They also provide an example of the Roman bureaucracy and legal system under which she lived. Life

<mask> was born in approximately 104 CE, probably in Mahoza. The town was part of the Nabataean Kingdom until 106 CE, when the kingdom was conquered by the Roman Empire and turned into the Roman province of Arabia.Mahoza was predominantly Nabatean but had a sizable Jewish community. It was located just inside Nabatea, close to the border with Judea. It was a port on the Dead Sea and a flourishing center of date palm cultivation. Her father, Shimon, son of Menachem, was from Ein Gedi in Judea and came to Mahoza roughly around the time of her birth and bought property there. He is known to have bought a date palm orchard from Archelaus, a Nabatean provincial governor, in 99 CE. Archelaus had purchased the same orchard only a month before but rescinded the purchase. He gave Shimon two documents to help him secure his title to the orchard.This behavior by such a high-status figure as Archelaus indicates that the Nabatean elite were not particularly status-fixated due to their nomadic background. The earliest document that mentions <mask> is the deed gift that her father Shimon left to her mother Miriam. Most likely the eldest daughter, she inherited her father's property in Mahoza, several date palm

masks: Babatha Babatha Babatha


title: Babatha

texts: orchards, upon her parents’ deaths. Her first husband was Jesus, son of Jesus, whom she probably married around 120 CE, when she would likely have been around 12–15 years old. They had a son who was also named Jesus. By 124 CE, her first husband had died. She was remarried by 125 CE to Judah, son of Eleazar Ketushyon, the owner of three date palm orchards in Ein Gedi, who had another wife, Miriam, daughter of Beianus, and a teenage daughter, Shelamzion.It is uncertain whether <mask> lived in the same home as the first wife or if Judah traveled between two separate households, as polygamy was common and mandated by law in the Jewish community. <mask> contributed a dowry of 400 denarii to the marriage. The documents concerning this marriage offer insight to her status in the relationship. In their marriage contract, Judah's debts become part of her liability, indicating a financial equality. Judah accompanied Babatha to Rabba to declare her property in Mahoza to the Roman governor of Arabia during a Roman census, and served as her legal guardian in the process. In 128 CE, a legal document shows that Judah took a loan without interest from Babatha, showing that she had control of her own money despite the union. The loan was apparently to cover the gift Judah gave his daughter on the occasion of her wedding, which she used as a dowry.Judah bequeathed his property in Ein Gedi to Shelamzion that same year, half immediately and half to be inherited upon his death. Upon Judah's death in 130 CE, <mask> seized his estates in Ein Gedi as a guarantee against his debts which she had covered as stated in the marriage contract, as the debts had apparently not been paid by his family. Judah had died owing her 700 denarii, both from the debt he had taken from her in 128 CE and the original dowry. The documents also indicate that he had taken a loan of 60 denarii for a year at 12% interest from a Roman


title: Babatha

texts: centurion stationed at Ein Gedi. In 131 CE, she was embroiled in a legal battle with Judah's other wife over the possessions of their dead husband. The documents also show that a dispute arose between Shelamzion and Judah's orphaned sons over the ownership of a courtyard in Ein Gedi he had gifted to Shelamzion. The sons were represented by an elite Roman woman, Julia Crispina.The dispute was ultimately settled in Shelamzion's favor. <mask>'s seizure of her late husband's property was contested by his sons, who were again represented by Julia Crispina in the court of the provincial governor. At one point, Babatha summoned Julia Crispina to court, in spite of her Roman elite status, claiming that a false charge of violence had been made against her. Other documents of importance concern the guardianship of Babatha's son Jesus. In 124 CE, the Council of Petra appointed two guardians for her son, one of them Jewish and one Nabatean. Within four months, Babatha petitioned the provincial governor, complaining that the two denarii per month that her son's guardians were providing in maintenance were insufficient. A document from 132 CE indicates that she lost the case, as she was still receiving two denarii a month in maintenance for her son.The document was signed on her behalf by Babeli, son of Menachem, who may have been her paternal uncle. In 125 CE, she brought suit against the Jewish guardian of her son to answer the same charge of insufficient maintenance, and offered to pool her property with the property left in trust for her son, so that with the interest on the joint amount he could be raised in luxury. In addition, among the documents in her possession was a record of a sale of a donkey between two brothers, Joseph and Judah, in 122 CE. They are likely to have been Babatha's brothers, and <mask> was probably given the document to hold onto for safekeeping. The documents were

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title: Babatha

texts:
 written on her behalf by Eleazar, son of Eleazar, and Yochana, son of Makhouta. <mask> herself was illiterate as declared by Eleazar, who wrote that "she does not know letters." Death

The latest documents discovered in the pouch concern a summons to appear in an Ein Gedi court as Judah's first wife, Miriam, had brought a dispute against Babatha regarding their late husband's property.Therefore, it is assumed that <mask> was near Ein Gedi in 132 CE, placing her in the midst of the Bar-Kokhba revolt. It is likely that Babatha fled with Miriam and her family from the imminent violence of the revolt. They are thought to have taken refuge in the Cave of Letters together with the family of Jonathan, son of Beianus, a Jewish general of the Bar-Kokhba revolt who was apparently Miriam's brother. The satchel containing Babatha's legal documents was placed into a hole along with what were probably her other possessions that she had taken into the cave: a pair of sandals, a bundle of balls of yarn, remnants of fine fabric, two kerchiefs, a key and two key rings, knives including a
clasp knife, a box, some bowls, a sickle, and three waterskins. The opening of the hole was sealed with a rock. Because the documents were never retrieved and because twenty skeletal remains were found nearby, historians have suggested that Babatha perished while taking refuge in the cave. Notes

Bibliography

  book cite
Esler, Philip F. (2017).<mask>’s Orchard: The Yadin Papyri and an Ancient Jewish Family Tale Retold. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Further reading

External links
Video Lecture on Babatha by Henry Abramson (2014)
 Lecture, , Jan 2020. <mask>'s Life and Times
Bibliography on Babatha
Transcriptions of some of <mask>'s papyri Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri

104 births
2nd-century deaths
Dead Sea Scrolls
Ancient Jewish women
2nd-century Jews
Ancient businesswomen
Ancient businesspeople
2nd-century

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title: James II of Scotland

texts:
<mask> (16 October 1430 – 3 August 1460) was King of Scots from 1437 until his death in 1460. The eldest surviving son of <mask> of Scotland, he succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of six, following the assassination of his father. The first Scottish monarch not to be crowned at Scone, <mask>'s coronation took place at Holyrood Abbey in March 1437. <mask> was known as Fiery Face, a reference to the vermilion birthmark covering the left side of his face, which was deemed by contemporaries as an outward sign of a fiery temper. Life

<mask> was born in Holyrood Abbey. He was the son of King <mask> and Joan Beaufort. By his first birthday, his only brother, his older twin, Alexander, had died, thus leaving <mask> as heir apparent with the title Duke of Rothesay.On 21 February 1437, <mask> was assassinated, and the six-year-old <mask> immediately succeeded him as <mask> II. He was crowned in Holyrood Abbey by Abbot Patrick on 23 March 1437. On 3 July 1449 the eighteen-year-old <mask> married the fifteen-year-old Mary of Guelders, daughter of the Arnold, Duke of Guelders, and Catherine of Cleves, at Holyrood Abbey. She bore him seven children, six of whom survived into adulthood. Subsequently, relations between Flanders and Scotland improved. <mask>'s nickname, Fiery Face, referred to a conspicuous vermilion birthmark on his face which appears to have been deemed by contemporaries an outward sign of a fiery temper. <mask> was a politic and singularly successful king.He was popular with the commoners, with whom, like most of the Stewarts, he socialised often, in times of peace and war. His legislation has a markedly popular character. He does not appear to have inherited his father's taste for literature, which was shared by at least two of his sisters; but the foundation of the University of Glasgow during his reign, by Bishop Turnbull, shows that he

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title: James II of Scotland

texts:
 encouraged learning; and there are also traces of his endowments to St. Salvator's, the new college of Archbishop Kennedy at St Andrews. He possessed much of his father's restless energy. However, his murder of the earl of Douglas leaves a stain on his reign. Early reign
<mask>' father was assassinated on 21 February 1437 at Blackfriars monastery in Perth. His mother,  Queen Joan, although hurt, managed to get to her six-year-old son, who was now king.On 25 March 1437, he was formally crowned King of Scots at Holyrood Abbey. The Parliament of Scotland revoked alienations of crown property and prohibited them, without the consent of the Estates, that is, until <mask>'s eighteenth birthday. He lived along with his mother and five of his six sisters at Dunbar Castle until 1439. The oldest sister, Margaret, had left Scotland for France in 1436 to marry the Dauphin Louis (later King Louis XI of France). From 1437 to 1439, the king's first cousin Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas, headed the government as lieutenant-general of the realm. After his death, and with a general lack of prominent earls in Scotland due to deaths, forfeiture or youth, political power became shared uneasily among William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton, Lord Chancellor of Scotland (sometimes in co-operation with the Earl of Avondale), and Sir Alexander Livingston of Callendar, who had possession of the young king as the warden of the stronghold of Stirling Castle. Taking advantage of these events, Livingston placed Queen Joan and her new husband, Sir John Stewart, under "house arrest" at Stirling Castle on 3 August 1439.They were released on 4 September only by making a formal agreement to put <mask> in the custody of the Livingstons, agreeing to the queen's relinquishment of her dowry for his maintenance, and confessing that Livingston had acted through zeal for the king's safety. In

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title: James II of Scotland

texts:
 1440, in the king's name, an invitation is said to have been sent to the 16-year-old William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas, and his younger brother, twelve-year-old David, to visit the king at Edinburgh Castle in November 1440. According to legend, they came and were entertained at the royal table, where <mask>, still a little boy, was charmed by them. However, they were treacherously hurried to their doom, which took place by beheading in the castle yard of Edinburgh on 24 November, with the 10-year-old king pleading for their lives. Three days later Malcolm Fleming of Cumbernauld, their chief adherent, shared the same fate. The king, being a small child, had nothing to do with this. This infamous incident took the name of "the Black Dinner".Struggles with the Douglases

In 1449, <mask> II reached adulthood, but he had to struggle to gain control of his kingdom. The Douglases, probably with his cooperation, used his coming of age as a way to throw the Livingstons out of the shared government, as the young king took revenge for the arrest of his mother that had taken place in 1439 and the assassination of his young Douglas cousins in which Livingston was complicit. Douglas and Crichton continued to dominate political power, and the king continued to struggle to throw off their rule. Between 1451 and 1455, he struggled to free himself from the power of the Douglases. Attempts to curb the Douglases' power took place in 1451 during the absence of William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas, from Scotland and culminated with the murder of Douglas at Stirling Castle on 22 February 1452. The main account of Douglas' murder comes from the Auchinleck Chronicle, a near-contemporary but fragmentary source. According to its account, the king accused the Earl (probably with justification) of forging links with John Macdonald, 11th Earl of Ross (also Lord of the Isles), and

masks: James James


title: James II of Scotland

texts: Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Crawford.This bond, if it existed, created a dangerous axis of power of independently minded men, forming a major rival to royal authority. When Douglas refused to break the bond with Ross, <mask> broke into a fit of temper, stabbed Douglas 26 times and threw his body out of a window. His court officials (many of whom would rise to great influence in later years, often in former Douglas lands) then joined in the bloodbath, one allegedly striking out the earl's brain with an axe. This murder did not end the power of the Douglases but rather created a state of intermittent civil war between 1452 and 1455. The main engagements were at Brodick, on the Isle of Arran; Inverkip in Renfrew; and the Battle of Arkinholm. <mask> attempted to seize Douglas lands, but his opponents repeatedly forced him into humiliating climbdowns, whereby he returned the lands to <mask>, 9th Earl of Douglas, and a brief and uneasy peace ensued. Military campaigns ended indecisively, and some have argued that <mask> stood in serious danger of being overthrown, or of having to flee the country.But <mask>'s patronage of lands, titles and office to allies of the Douglases saw their erstwhile allies begin to change sides, most importantly the Earl of Crawford after the Battle of Brechin, and in May 1455, <mask> struck a decisive blow against the Douglases, and they were finally defeated at the Battle of Arkinholm. In the months that followed, the Parliament of Scotland declared the extensive Douglas lands forfeit and permanently annexed them to the crown, along with many other lands, finances and castles. The earl fled into a long English exile. <mask> finally had the freedom to govern as he wished, and one can argue that his successors as kings of Scots never faced such a powerful challenge to their authority again. Along with the forfeiture of the Albany

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title: James II of Scotland

texts:
 Stewarts in the reign of <mask>, the destruction of the Black Douglases saw royal power in Scotland take a major step forward. Energetic rule
Between 1455 and 1460, <mask> proved to be an active and interventionist king. Ambitious plans to take Orkney, Shetland and the Isle of Man nonetheless did not succeed.The king traveled the country and has been argued to have originated the practice of raising money by giving remissions for serious crimes. It has also been argued that some of the unpopular policies of <mask> actually originated in the late 1450s. In 1458, an Act of Parliament commanded the king to modify his behaviour, but one cannot say how his reign would have developed had he lived longer. <mask> is the first Scots monarch for whom a contemporary likeness has survived, in the form of a woodcut showing his birthmark on the face. Marriage

Negotiations for a marriage to Mary of Guelders began in July 1447, when a Burgundian envoy came to Scotland and was concluded by an embassy under Crichton the chancellor in September 1448. Her great-uncle, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, settled sixty thousand crowns on his kinswoman, and her dower of ten thousand was secured on lands in Strathearn, Athole, Methven, and Linlithgow. A tournament took place before <mask> at Stirling, on 25 February 1449, between <mask>, master of Douglas, another <mask>, brother to the Laird of Lochleven, and two knights of Burgundy, one of whom, Jacques de Lalain, was the most celebrated knight-errant of the time.The marriage was celebrated at Holyrood on 3 July 1449. A French chronicler, Mathieu d'Escouchy, gives a graphic account of the ceremony and the feasts which followed. Many Flemings in Mary's suite remained in Scotland, and the relations between Scotland and Flanders, already friendly under <mask> I, consequently became closer. In Scotland, the king's marriage led to

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title: James II of Scotland

texts:
 his emancipation from tutelage, and to the downfall of the Livingstons. In the autumn Sir Alexander and other members of the family were arrested. At a parliament in Edinburgh on 19 January 1450, Alexander Livingston, a son of Sir Alexander, and Robert Livingston of Linlithgow were tried and executed on Castle Hill. Sir Alexander and his kinsmen were confined in different and distant castles.A single member of the family escaped the general proscription—<mask>, the eldest son of Sir Alexander, who, after arrest and escape to the highlands, was restored in 1454 to the office of chamberlain to which he had been appointed in the summer of 1449. Death

<mask> II enthusiastically promoted modern artillery, which he used with some success against the Black Douglases. His ambitions to increase Scotland's standing saw him besiege Roxburgh Castle in 1460, one of the last Scottish castles still held by the English after the Wars of Independence. For this siege, <mask> took a large number of cannons imported from Flanders. On 3 August, he was standing near one of these cannons, known as "the Lion", when it exploded and killed him. Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie stated in his history of <mask>'s reign that "as the King stood near a piece of artillery, his thigh bone was dug in two with a piece of misframed gun that brake in shooting, by which he was stricken to the ground and died hastily." The Scots carried on with the siege, led by George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus, and the castle fell a few days later.Once the castle was captured, <mask>' widow, Mary of Guelders, ordered its destruction. <mask>' son became king as <mask> and Mary acted as regent until her own death three years later. Issue
<mask> married Mary of Guelders at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, on 3 July 1449. They had seven children:

By his unknown mistress, <mask> also left one illegitimate son:
 John

masks:
James
James
James
James
James
James
James III
James
James


title: James II of Scotland

texts:
 Stewart, Lord of Sticks (d. 21 September 1523), ancestor of the Stewarts of Arnagang, Ballechin, Innervack, Killichassie, the later Kynachins, Loch of Clunie, and Stewartfield. Fictional portrayals

<mask> II has been depicted in plays, historical novels and short stories. They include:

The Captain of the Guard (1862) by <mask>. The novel covers events from 1440 to 1452.Mostly covering the conflict of <mask> II with the Earls of Douglas. Part of the action takes place far from Scotland, at the court of Arnold, Duke of Guelders, father-in-law to the King. Two Penniless Princesses (1891) by Charlotte Mary Yonge. <mask> is a secondary character. The main characters are his sisters Eleanor, Mary, and Joan "Jean". The novel covers their travels to foreign courts, including those of young Henry VI of England and René of Anjou. The Black Douglas (1899) by Samuel Rutherford Crockett and its sequel Maid Margaret (1905).The two novels cover events from 1439 to 1460, including most of the reign of <mask> II. His conflict with the Earls of Douglas is prominently featured. Including <mask> stabbing William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas to death (1452) and <mask>'s own death due to a bursting cannon at the siege of Roxburgh (1460). Among the other historical figures depicted are William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas and his brother David  (mostly their violent deaths in 1440), Margaret Douglas, Fair Maid of Galloway (protagonist of the second novel), Sir Alexander Livingston of Callendar, William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton, <mask> of France and his Dauphin (Louis XI and Agnès Sorel. The events take place primarily in Scotland, secondary in France. There is mention of the early phases of the Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) but English events are only "slightly touched". James II: Day of The Innocents (2014) by Rona Munro.A co-production between the National Theatre of

masks:
James
James Grant
James
James II
James
James II
James
Charles VII


title: James II of Scotland

texts:
 Scotland, Edinburgh International Festival and the National Theatre of Great Britain. The James Plays – <mask> I, <mask> II and <mask> III – are a trio of history plays by Rona Munro. Each play stands alone as a vision of a country tussling with its past and future. This play focuses on the early life of <mask> II, the developing relationships with the Douglas family and the eventual death of Lord Douglas. The Lion's Whelp (1997) by Nigel Tranter. Set during 1437–1460, during the reign of <mask> of Scotland, the book describes the boy-king's time under regents Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas, Lord Crichton, and Sir Alexander Livingston, and the plot to kill William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas at the "Black Dinner", seen through the eyes of Alexander Lyon, Master and then 2nd Lord of Glamis. The book ends with the death of <mask>.Black Douglas (1968) by Nigel Tranter, covers events up to the killing of the 8th Earl of Douglas, is sympathetic to the Earl and unsympathetic to <mask> II. Niccolò Rising (1986) by Dorothy Dunnett mentions his intrigues and wars as part of the international milieu of the time, especially as they impact Flanders, the scene of the novel. Appears as a background character in the children's fantasy novel In the Keep of Time (1977) by Margaret J. Anderson. His nickname and the birthmark which inspired it are both described, and one of the main characters witnesses the Battle of Roxburgh Castle and the explosion of "the Lion" that kills him. Ancestry

References

Sources

1430 births
1460 deaths
15th-century murderers
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Scottish princes
House of Stuart
Dukes of Rothesay
Accidental deaths in Scotland
Medieval child rulers
15th-century Scottish monarchs
Burials at Holyrood Abbey
High Stewards of Scotland
15th-century Scottish peers
Firearm accident victims
Deaths by firearm in

masks:
James
James
James
James
James II
James
James


title: Glenn Kulka

texts:
<mask> (born March 3, 1964) is a Canadian retired professional wrestler, hockey and football player who competed in Canadian independent promotions during the late 1990s and had a brief stint in the World Wrestling Federation in 1997. He also, at one time, held the North American pro football bench press record, pressing 225 pounds for 53 reps.

Career

Early career
Born in Edmonton, Alberta, to Stan and <mask>, (the youngest of four children) <mask> began playing hockey in the minor leagues with the British Columbia Hockey League with the Cowichan Valley Capitals in 1980 and the Medicine Hat Tigers, Spokane Flyers and the Nanaimo Islanders in the Western Hockey League from 1981 to 1983. <mask> then was a standout defensive lineman for two years (1984, 85) with the Bakersfield College Renegades in the PAC 9 JC Conference of California. While in Bakersfield, Kulka had "Gotta Win" tattooed on his left shoulder. He signed his first professional contract, in 1986, with the Edmonton Eskimos, (as an offensive lineman) later playing with Montreal, Toronto, Saskatchewan, (and retiring) while playing for the Ottawa Roughriders. Signing with the Ottawa Rough Riders as an offensive lineman and defensive end in 1990, he later was part of the Canadian All-Star Team the following year. While playing with the Ottawa Rough Riders, he was arrested and was fined $300 for cocaine possession in March 1992 .The CFL also responded by issuing Kulka an additional $500 fine and was ordered to act as the organization's official anti-drug spokesman. He later re-entered professional hockey joining the Hampton Roads Admirals in the East Coast Hockey League during 1993 and 1994. <mask>

masks:
Glenn Kulka
Jeannine Kulka
Glenn Kulka
Kulka
Kulka


title: Glenn Kulka

texts:
 joined the Saskatchewan Roughriders in 1995 and, after teaming with Bret "The Hitman" Hart in a tag team match against "Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase and "Psycho" Sid Vicious in a fundraising event for the Roughriders, Kulka became interested in pursuing a career in professional wrestling. <mask> later appeared with teammates Mike Anderson, Bobby Jurasin and Scott Hendrickson on WWF Superstars supporting Bret Hart at ringside during a match against "Psycho" Sid Vicious and Ted DiBiase's Million Dollar Corporation which included King Kong Bundy, Kama and Bodydonna Skip at the Regina Agridome in Regina, Saskatchewan on November 4, 1995. Bret Hart later offered to train Kulka, and, with Leo Burke, Kulka spent the next two years training in Calgary, Alberta and later toured with Emile Dupree's Grand Prix Wrestling during the summer of 1997. World Wrestling Federation
Later signed to a developmental contract with the WWF, he began appearing on WWF house shows in late-1997. He was ringside with Ahmed Johnson against Rocky Maivia and the Nation of Domination on November 7, 1997 at the Skydome in Toronto.Two days later, on November 10, 1997 at a television taping for Monday Night Raw, he defeated Sexton Hardcastle in a Dark Match. He later scored victories over Doug Furnas, Miguel Perez, Jr. and Adam Copeland before the end of the year  and was also scheduled to make a one night appearance with Team Canada at the 1997 Survivor Series with "British Bulldog" Davey Boy Smith, Jim "The Anvil" Neidhart and Tiger Ali Singh against Team USA which included The Patriot, Vader, Dude Love and Goldust on November 9, 1997  although <mask> and Singh were replaced with Doug Furnas

masks: Kulka Kulka


title: Glenn Kulka

texts:
 & Phil LaFon while the Patriot and Dude Love were replaced by Marc Mero and Steve Blackman. After suffering a broken leg during a match against The Jackyl in Regina during early 1998, <mask> was forced to undergo corrective surgery remaining inactive for six months while in rehab. While recovering from his injury, he was invited to the WWF Training Dojo training under Dory Funk, Jr. and made several appearances at the Dojo teaming with Tom Howard against the Hardy Boyz on September 24 and participated in a 14-man "WWF Dojo" Battle Royal at the NWA 50th Anniversary Show on October 24, 1998. He would also appear at the WWF Dojo teaming with Jose Estrada, Jr. against The Truth Commission (Recon & Sniper) on February 5, 1999. Power Pro Wrestling
Sent to the Memphis-based Power Pro Wrestling, a WWF developmental territory, he first appeared as a masked wrestler who came to Michael Hayes defense after being disqualified in a match against Baldo after interference from Downtown Bruno during a televised match on March 20, 1999. As members of manager Randy Hales stable attempted to attack Hayes after the match, a masked wrestler ran into the ring giving Hayes a high five before suddenly turning on him.After Downtown Bruno handcuffed Hayes, <mask> helped members of Hales' stable to carry Hayes out of the arena and into the trunk of a car driven by "Irish Assassin" Mick Tierney who drove off with Hayes inside. In an interview following this incident, Randy Hales revealed the masked wrestler as <mask>, a former CFL player and "cousin" of Michael Hayes. Aligning himself with Hales' group, he would face several veterans including Doug Furnas, "Dirty White Boy" Tony Anthony

masks:
Kulka
Kulka
Glen Kulka


title: Glenn Kulka

texts:
 and Kurt Angle as well as teaming with JR Smooth and Mick Tierney during his feud with Allan Steele during early 1999. While there, he would participate in two "Weapon Battle Royals" as well as an 8-man match for the Young Guns title against Kurt Angle, Allan Steele, Mick Tierney, Kid Wikkid, Derrick King, Bulldog Raines and Vic Grimes on May 8, 1999. Retirement
In 1999, <mask> defeated The Godfather by disqualification at a WWF house show in Ottawa on June 21 in his last appearance with the company. Remaining with Power Pro Wrestling for the next several months, he and Mick Tierney were awarded the PPW Tag Team titles on October 2 after Bill Dundee left the promotion. However, the titles became vacant after <mask> left the promotion himself in November.Released from his contract by the WWF in February 2000, he later feuded with Pierre-Carl Ouellet in Northern Championship Wrestling, facing him at ChallengeMania 8 in May 2000. Although alleged to be in negotiations with Extreme Championship Wrestling, <mask> retired from professional wrestling soon after his release. Recent years
Returning to Ottawa, he endeavored to start a gym and managed a Ford car dealership. In 2004, <mask> was asked by Ottawa sports station The Team 1200 to cover on-field commentary for the Ottawa Renegades. This eventually led to a regular spot as a co-host for Team 1200's Over the Edge, a popular sports talk radio show on CFGO. However, as of November 27, 2009 <mask> was laid-off by CHUM Radio due to cutbacks. In late 2006, he made two guest appearances on the sports talk show Off the Record.<mask> still lives in Ottawa, with his wife Mariko, and his two children, Laura and Jaxson. He

masks: Kulka Kulka Kulka Kulka Kulka Glenn


title: Glenn Kulka

texts:
 is one of several former CFL players to publicly admit to steroid use during his professional career. <mask> made his MMA debut against Wayne Xilon on the Freedom Fight Card held on July 26, 2008 at The Robert Guertin Arena in Gatineau, Quebec. <mask> defeated Xilon by TKO at 1:13 of the first round. Glen made another debut, acting as Charles the Wrestler in the Third Wall Theatre Company's production of Shakespeare's "As You Like It" held February 4 to the 14th, 2010. He now is a PT at a local gym. Championships and accomplishments
Power Pro Wrestling
PPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) with Mick Tierney
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him # 392 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 2000

References

External links
Profile at Online World of Wrestling
Other Superstars - Glen Kulka
CageMatch.de - Glen Kulka
SportsShooter.com - Special Gallery, a photo of Glen Kulka taken by the Ottawa Sun

 https://web.archive.org/web/20100209004505/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/Theatre+review+Like/2532218/story.html

1964 births
Canadian football defensive linemen
Canadian football offensive linemen
Canadian male professional wrestlers
Canadian male mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing wrestling
Canadian radio sportscasters
Cowichan Valley Capitals players
Edmonton Elks players
Hampton Roads Admirals players
Living people
Medicine Hat Tigers players
Montreal Alouettes players
Nanaimo Islanders players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Players of Canadian football from Alberta
Professional wrestlers from Alberta
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Spokane Flyers players
Sportspeople from Edmonton
Toronto Argonauts players
American male professional

masks: Glenn Glenn


title: Mahadev Desai

texts:
<mask> (1 January 1892 – 15 August 1942) was an Indian independence activist, scholar and writer best remembered as Mahatma Gandhi's personal secretary. He has variously been described as "Gandhi's Boswell, a Plato to Gandhi's Socrates, as well as an Ānanda to Gandhi's Buddha". Early life
<mask> was born in an anavil brahmin family on 1 January 1892 in the village of Saras in Surat district of Gujarat to <mask>, a school teacher, and his wife Jamnabehn. Jamnabehn died when <mask> was seven years old. In 1905, aged 13, <mask> was married to Durgabehn. He was educated at the Surat High School and the Elphinstone College, Mumbai. <mask> graduated with a BA Degree, and after earning his L.L.B in 1913 took a job as an inspector at the central co-operative bank in Bombay.Gandhi's associate
<mask> <mask> first met Gandhi in 1915 when he went to meet him to seek his advice on how best to publish his book (a Gujrati translation of John Morley's English book On Compromise). <mask> joined Gandhi's Ashram in 1917 and with Durgabehn accompanied him to Champaran that year. He maintained a diary from 13 November 1917 to 14 August 1942, the day before his death, chronicling his life with Gandhi. In 1919 when the colonial government arrested Gandhi in Punjab, he named <mask> his heir. <mask> was for the first time arrested and sentenced to a year in prison in 1921. He was Gandhi's personal secretary for 25 years, but as Verrier Elwin wrote of him, "he was much more than that. He was in fact Home and Foreign Secretary combined.He managed everything. He made all the arrangements. He was equally at home in the office, the guest-house and the kitchen. He looked after many guests and

masks:
Mahadev Haribhai Desai
Mahadev Desai
Haribhai Desai
Desai
Mahadev
Desai
Mahadev
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai


title: Mahadev Desai

texts:
 must have saved 10 years of Gandhi's life by diverting from him unwanted visitors". Rajmohan Gandhi writes of <mask> <mask> thus: "Waking up before Gandhi in pre-dawn darkness, and going to sleep long after his Master, <mask> lived Gandhi's day thrice over — first in an attempt to anticipate it, next in spending it alongside Gandhi, and finally in recording it into his diary". Political activism

In 1920, Motilal Nehru requisitioned the services of <mask> <mask> from Gandhi to run his newspaper, the Independent, from Allahabad. <mask> created a sensation by bringing out a hand-written cyclostyled newspaper after the Independent's printing press was confiscated by the British government.<mask> was sentenced to a year's rigorous imprisonment for his writings in 1921 – his first stint in prison. In prison, <mask> saw that the jail authorities mistreated prisoners, frequently flogging them. His report describing the life inside an Indian jail, published in Young India and Navajivan, compelled the British authorities to bring about some drastic jail reform measures. <mask> took over as editor of Navajivan in 1924 and from 1925 he began the translation into English of Gandhi's autobiography and its serial publication in the Young India. The following year he became chairman of the executive committee of the Satyagraha Ashram and won a prize from the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad for his article in Navajivan. He took part in the Bardoli Satyagraha along with Sardar Patel and wrote a history of the Satyagraha in Gujarati which he translated into English as The Story of Bardoli. For his participation in the Salt Satyagraha, he was arrested and imprisoned but following the

masks: Mahadev Desai Desai Mahadev Desai Desai Desai Desai Desai


title: Mahadev Desai

texts:
 Gandhi–Irwin Pact, he was released from jail and accompanied Gandhi to the Second round Table Conference along with Mirabehn, Devdas Gandhi and Pyarelal.He was the only person to accompany Gandhi when the latter met with King George V.

Following the collapse of the Gandhi–Irwin Pact and the deadlock at the Round Table Conference, Gandhi restarted the Civil Disobedience Movement. The colonial government, under the new Viceroy, Lord Willingdon, was determined to crush the movement and ordered a clampdown on the Indian National Congress and its activists. In 1932, <mask> was arrested again and sent to prison with Gandhi and Sardar Patel. Following his release in 1933, he was re-arrested and detained in the Belgaum Jail. It was during this time in prison that he wrote Gita According to Gandhi which was posthumously published in 1946. He also played a role in organising people's movements in the princely states of Rajkot and Mysore in 1939 and was put in charge of selecting satyagrahis during the Individual Satyagraha of 1940. <mask>'s final prison term followed the Quit India Declaration of 8 August 1942.He was arrested on the morning of 9 August 1942 and, till his death of a massive heart-attack six days later, was interred with Gandhi at the Aga Khan Palace. <mask> was 50 at the time of his death. Writings
<mask> <mask> was an outstanding writer, at ease with Gujarati, Bengali and English. He is highly regarded as a translator and writer in Gujarati. He wrote several biographies such as Antyaj Sadhu Nand (1925), Sant Francis (1936), Vir Vallabhbhai (1928) and Be Khudai Khidmatgar (1936) which was a biography of Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan and his brother Khan Abdul

masks: Desai Desai Desai Mahadev Desai


title: Mahadev Desai

texts: Jabbar Khan. He started translating when he was studying in college. He translated John Morley's On Compromise in Gujarati and won a thousand rupees prize of the Farbas Gujarati Sabha.Later it was published as Satyagrahni Maryada. From Bengali, he translated Saratchandra Chattopadhyaya's short stories as Tran Vartao (1923) and the novella Virajvahu (1924). He also translated Tagore's works into Gujarati such as Prachin Sahitya (1922), Chitrangada and Viday Abhishap (1925). He translated Nehru's Autobiography as Mari Jeevanktha (1936) into Gujarati from English. The English translation of Gandhi's autobiography, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, from its Gujarati original was also done by <mask>. <mask> Dayari (1948-1997) is the 22 volume publication of <mask> <mask>'s diaries. These, edited by Narhari Parikh (Volume I-VI) and Chandulal Bhagubhai Dalal (VII-XXII), provide a close look at Gandhi's life and are a valuable chronicle of the major events in Gandhi's life and in Indian independence movement.He was also a regular contributor to Gandhi's publications Young India, Navjivan and the Harijanbandhu. <mask> was among the founding members of the All India Newspaper Editors' Conference. He also frequently contributed to various nationalist Indian newspapers such as Free Press, The Bombay Chronicle, Hindustan Times, The Hindu and Amrita Bazar Patrika. He wrote several works in English including Gandhiji in Indian Villages (1927), With Gandhiji in Ceylon (1928), The Story of Bardoli (1929), Unworthy of Vardha (1943), The Eclipse of Faith (1943), A Righteous Struggle (1951) and Gospel of Selfless Action or The Geeta According to Gandhi (1946, translation of

masks: Desai Mahadevbhaini Mahadev Desai Desai


title: Mahadev Desai

texts:
 Anasaktiyoga by Gandhi). He was posthumously awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1955 for <mask> Dayari. Death and legacy

Aged 50, <mask> <mask> died of a heart attack on the morning of 15 August 1942 at the Aga Khan Palace where he was interned with Gandhi. When <mask> stopped breathing, Gandhi called out to him in agitation: "<mask>!<mask>!" When he was later asked why he had done so, Gandhi answered: "I felt that if <mask> opened his eyes and looked at me, I would tell him to get up. He had never disobeyed me in his life. I was confident that if had he heard those words, he would have defied even death and got up". Gandhi himself washed <mask>'s body and he was cremated on the Palace's grounds, where his samadhi lies today. The Indian Department of Posts published a commemorative stamp in his honour in 1983. His son <mask> was also a noted Gandhian activist and writer who wrote <mask> <mask>'s biography The Fire and the Rose.The Mahadev Desai Samajseva Mahavidyalaya, Gujarat Vidyapith's faculty of social sciences, arts and humanities was named in <mask> <mask>'s honour. Further reading

References

External links

 The Diary of <mask> Desai Vol I

Indian independence activists from Gujarat
Indian pacifists
Indian political writers
Nonviolence advocates
People from Gujarat
1892 births
1942 deaths
Elphinstone College alumni
Hindu pacifists
Gandhians
Gujarati people
Gujarati-language writers
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati
Indian male writers
Mahatma Gandhi
19th-century Indian people
20th-century Indian biographers
People from Surat district
Writers from Gujarat
Translators to Gujarati
Gujarati–English translators
Translators of

masks:
Mahadevbhaini
Mahadev
Desai
Desai
Mahadev
Mahadev
Mahadev
Desai
Narayan Desai
Mahadev
Desai
Mahadev
Desai
Mahadev


title: Gavin Downie

texts:
<mask> (5 December 1924 – 27 January 1998) was a Member of Parliament for Pakuranga in Auckland, New Zealand. Early life and career

<mask> was born in Auckland, New Zealand, 5 December 1924, not long after his parents, George and Muriel, and sister Joan, arrived by ship, from the U.K. <mask> once quipped that he was 'Almost a fish.' He grew up in Remuera, Auckland, attending Mt Albert Grammar school, and studying horticulture. During WW2, he was a member of the RNZAF, serving at the meteorological centre in Wigram. He was married twice, first to Elizabeth Godly, and in 1983 to Susan née Stafford. He had three children with Elizabeth - Sue, Paul and Katherine, and a son, Tom, with Susan. After the war, <mask> studied singing, and went to Australia to join the J.C. Williamson touring company, which performed the Gilbert and Sullivan operas.It was while in Melbourne that he met Elizabeth. They married in Sydney 21 December 1950, shortly after, setting sail for New Zealand, for another season of Gilbert and Sullivan operas, in the main centres. They returned to Auckland where <mask> left the company. On leaving the company, <mask> studied at what is now the School of Education, University of Auckland, but then, Auckland Training College, where his daughter Sue also studied. He taught in several Auckland primary schools, but teaching was not really where his heart lay. So he left to set up his own woodworking factory in Puhinui Road, Papatoetoe, which was, in the early '50s, a largely rural community. <mask> possessed considerable skills in engineering, woodworking and problem solving.From there, this skill base formed, in the early 1960s, the core of his manufacturing business, GP Displays, where he designed shop interiors and manufactured the fittings for these. In 1960, in a brief return to the stage, <mask> was involved with the Auckland Amateur Operatics,  in a production of 'Iolanthe'. In this, he played the Lord Chancellor, a role he had always

masks:
Gavin Price Ansell Downie
Gavin Downie
Downie
Downie
Gavin
Downie
Downie
Downie


title: Gavin Downie

texts: coveted. NZ Herald Critic, L.C. M. Saunders wrote:'Honours to <mask> for a thoroughly hilarious Lord Chancellor.' He then went on to a direct a production of 'Trial by Jury' the following year, where he played the learned Judge, and Elizabeth, and artist, designed the costumes for the bridesmaids. However it was his love and involvement in politics which dominated his life, in which he and Elizabeth, his staunchest advocate and supporter, became heavily involved.This culminated in his standing for Parliament in the electorate of Pakuranga, in 1972. Upon election to parliament, <mask> and his family, moved from their home in Mission Bay, to the suburb of Cockle Bay. <mask> served two terms in Parliament, his specialty being health, as he had always been interested in complementary health systems, and fitness, being a keen marathon runner. <mask> was instrumental in pushing, in a Private Members Bill, for the establishment of a Small Claims Court. In his final term in Parliament, following a political challenge, <mask> stood as an independent against the National Party candidate, in which, despite polling high, <mask> lost the election. Following his parliamentary career, <mask> and his wife Elizabeth divorced. (See 'After Parliament) <mask> married Sue Stafford in 1983, and went to live in the wooded suburb of Titirangi, a place he had always loved.It was during these years, that <mask> studied to be a classical homeopath. He loved his studies, and practiced as a homeopath till his death in 1998. <mask> was a loving family man who supported his children in their aspirations: Sue, an artist, Paul, harpsichord and fortepiano builder, and Kate (Katherine)a jeweler. Tom, in common with his siblings, shares his father's love of things musical and theatrical. He had a deep and abiding love of nature, especially for the flora and fauna of New Zealand. he considered the highlight of his Parliamentary career, to have been a trip, as part of his job, to

masks:
Gavin Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie


title: Gavin Downie

texts:
 Antarctica, a place which had always fascinated him, probably since his mountaineering days in his teens and early twenties. Member of Parliament

National Party

<mask> represented the Pakuranga electorate from 1972 to 1978 for the National Party.He was the first Member of Parliament to raise the health implications of smoking. He was replaced as the National candidate for Pakuranga by Pat Hunt in a controversial challenge to a sitting MP. He had previously been challenged for selection in 1974, by Barry Curtis after many local party members became dissatisfied with his performance, though <mask> managed to beat off the challenge. Independent
<mask> reacted to his de-selection by declaring himself an Independent in 1978. He then unsuccessfully stood as an Independent in the 1978 election. After Parliament
Gavin Downie & Associates was a training company which <mask> ran from 1978–1982. He and his second wife then started Telephone Marketing International Ltd, the first telemarketing company in New Zealand.They were instrumental in the setting up of the NZDMA (New Zealand Direct Marketing Association.) <mask> was awarded the Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal for service to the community and the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal for services to New Zealand. A member of the Auckland YMCA, <mask> was a keen marathon runner and held the fastest record for the over 60s for several years (3 hours 14 minutes). In his later years he qualified as a classical homoeopath. <mask> died on 27 January 1998 in Glen Eden, Auckland. Notes

References

Honoured by the Queen-New Zealand: 1953 to 1993 by Alister Taylor (1994, Who's Who Aotearoa, Auckland)

1924 births
1998 deaths
New Zealand National Party MPs
Independent MPs of New Zealand
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for Auckland electorates
New Zealand military personnel of World War II
People educated at Mount Albert Grammar School
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1969 New Zealand

masks:
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Gavin Downie
Downie
Gavin Downie


title: Joe Bugner

texts: <mask> (born 13 March 1950) is a Hungarian-born British-Australian former heavyweight boxer and actor. He holds triple nationality, being a citizen of Hungary and a naturalised citizen of both Australia and the United Kingdom. As an actor, he is best known for his role in the 1994 action film Street Fighter, alongside Jean-Claude Van Damme and Raul Julia. Born in Szőreg, a southeastern suburb of Szeged in southern Hungary, Bugner and his family fled after the 1956 Soviet invasion and settled in Britain. Standing at  with a prime weight of around , Bugner twice held the British and British Commonwealth heavyweight titles and was a three-time European heavyweight champion. He was ranked among the world's top ten heavyweights in the 1970s, fighting such opponents as Muhammad Ali, <mask>, Ron Lyle, Jimmy Ellis, Manuel Ramos, Chuck Wepner, Earnie Shavers, Henry Cooper, Brian London, Mac Foster, Rudie Lubbers, Eduardo Corletti, Jurgen Blin and George Johnson. He fought for the world heavyweight championship in 1975, losing on points in a second bout with Ali.Bugner retired from boxing in 1976, but over the next two decades he made sporadic comebacks with varying success. He moved to Australia in 1986, adopting the nickname "Aussie <mask>", beating fighters such as Greg Page, David Bey, Anders Eklund and James Tillis before retiring again after a TKO loss to Frank Bruno in 1987. He made a final comeback during the 1990s, winning the Australian heavyweight title in 1995 and the lightly regarded World Boxing Federation (WBF) heavyweight championship in 1998 at the age of 48 against James "Bonecrusher" Smith. He retired for the last time in 1999

masks:
József Kreul Bugner
Joe Frazier
Joe


title: Joe Bugner

texts:
 deserved the decision due to his steady aggression.But Bugner fought effectively on the defence and scored often with his left jab, and in the opinion of many, was the rightful winner of the bout. The Times, among others, scored the fight in favour of Bugner. Still, the outcome of the bout is regarded as one of the most controversial in British boxing history. Nonetheless, <mask> was now the British, British Commonwealth, and European champion, and for the first time he was ranked among the world's top ten heavyweights. Bugner would remain in the world ratings for most of the 1970s. <mask> retained his European title with a decision over tough German heavyweight Jürgen Blin. However, later in 1971 Bugner surprisingly lost decisions to underdogs Jack Bodell and Larry Middleton; sandwiched between these losses was a victory over Mike Boswell.The Bodell fight was particularly costly, depriving Bugner of his British, British Commonwealth and European championships. <mask>'s relative inexperience, his youth and lack of an extensive amateur background, were the chief causes of these defeats. In 1972 Bugner won eight consecutive fights, including a knockout over Jürgen Blin for the European championship. By the end of this, Bugner demonstrated much improved ring ability and had acquired enough experience that his manager began seeking matches against the world's best heavyweights. Prime years
In 1973 Bugner began the year by retaining his European belt with a victory over the capable Dutchman Rudie Lubbers. The 23-year-old Bugner then lost twelve-round decisions to Muhammad Ali and <mask>er. Despite being clearly defeated, Bugner fought

masks:
Bugner
Bugner
Bugner
Joe Frazi


title: Joe Bugner

texts:
 Eklund and a controversial loss to future World Title challenger Steffen Tangstad. Bugner appeared to have done enough to win the Tangstad fight, however, like with the Frazier and Eklund bouts, he appeared unmotivated and uninterested throughout. Comeback in Australia
In 1986 Bugner moved to Australia, where he adopted the nickname Aussie <mask> after become an Australian citizen. In Australia, Bugner launched a fairly successful comeback, earning good victories over world title contenders James Tillis and David Bey and an impressive victory over former WBA heavyweight champion Greg Page, gaining a world ranking in the process, after which he spoke of challenging reigning heavyweight champion Mike Tyson. However, there was great clamour for a fight with fellow Briton Frank Bruno. The bout was touted as the biggest all-British heavyweight bout since Cooper Vs Bugner in 1971.The bout took place on 24 October 1987, and Bugner suffered an eighth-round TKO loss to the much younger and fresher world title contender for the Commonwealth championship in front of a huge crowd at White Hart Lane football stadium. Bugner promptly retired again following this defeat, only his 3rd stoppage defeat in 20 years. 1990s

Inspired by the 45-year-old George Foreman's recapture of the heavyweight title, Bugner made a final comeback in 1995, beating Vince Cervi to win the Australian heavyweight title, followed by a win over West Turner. Bugner then fought fellow Briton and world title contender Scott Welch for the WBO Intercontinental Heavyweight Title. Welch proved too young and fresh for the now 46-year-old Bugner, handing him a TKO defeat in the 6th


title: Joe Bugner

texts:
 adviser on the Russell Crowe film, Cinderella Man, which was a film about the heavyweight boxer James J. Braddock. Bugner was dropped part way through the project, which prompted him to call Crowe, "a gutless worm and a f*****g girl".Bugner suffers from a serious back injury he sustained from training for fights in his middle years. He also has financial problems. It was these financial problems which prompted him to re-enter the ring at such an advanced age. A benefit was held for Bugner in 2008 by Kevin Lueshing. In November 2009 Bugner replaced Camilla Dallerup on day 4 of the British TV show I'm A Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here!. He left the show on day 16 after losing a bushtucker trial called 'Jungle Jail' to fellow celebrity Stuart Manning. Bugner has three children, James, <mask>., and Amy, from his ex-wife Melody.<mask>'s autobiography, '<mask>ner - My Story', was published by New Holland Publishing (Australia) in November 2013. Professional boxing record

|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="9"|69 Wins (41 knockouts, 26 decisions, 2 disqualifications), 13 Losses (4 knockouts, 9 decisions), 1 Draw
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res. (British TV series)

masks:
Joe Jr
Bugner
Joe Bug


title: Nicollette Sheridan

texts:
<mask> (born 21 November 1963) is a British-born American actress. She began her career as a fashion model before landing a role in the short-lived ABC primetime soap opera Paper Dolls in 1984, as well as starring in the romantic comedy film The Sure Thing (1985). She rose to prominence as Paige Matheson on the CBS primetime soap opera Knots Landing (1986–1993), for which she received two Soap Opera Digest Awards. Thereafter, <mask> appeared in lead roles in numerous television films and miniseries, including Lucky Chances (1990), Virus (1995), and The People Next Door (1996). She also appeared in the feature films Noises Off (1992), Spy Hard (1996), Beverly Hills Ninja (1997), and Code Name: The Cleaner (2007). From 2004 to 2009, <mask> starred as Edie Britt on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives, for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film in 2005. From 2018 to 2019, she portrayed Alexis Carrington on The CW's Dynasty reboot.Early life
<mask> was born in Worthing, England, the daughter of actress Sally Adams, who gave birth to her at age 16. When <mask> was less than a year old, her father left the family, and she has not seen him since. In 1969, her mother Sally (billed as <mask>) featured in the James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service as one of Blofeld's "Angels of Death". There, Sally met Blofeld actor Telly Savalas, who eventually became her de facto husband and <mask>'s stepfather. Sally became known as Sally Savalas. <mask> emigrated to the United States from the United Kingdom in 1973, when she was 10 years old. Career

Early works and Knots Landing
<mask> began her career as a fashion model, appearing in the pages of

masks:
Nicollette Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Dani Sheridan
Sheridan
Nicollette
Sheridan


title: Nicollette Sheridan

texts: Vogue and on the cover of Cosmopolitan, shot by Francesco Scavullo.Whilst still a teenager, she famously starred in a Martini TV commercial, delivering the beverage through the streets of LA on roller skates. In 1984, she made her acting debut in the short-lived ABC primetime soap opera Paper Dolls. The series was cancelled after half a season, and the following year, <mask> starred in the romantic comedy film The Sure Thing. Later that year, she was cast in the pilot for another ABC prime time soap, Dark Mansions, intended to be a cross between Dynasty and Dark Shadows. The project did not go to series, but the pilot episode was aired as a television movie in 1986. In 1986, <mask> joined the cast of the CBS primetime soap opera Knots Landing as vixen Paige Matheson. She started in a recurring role, but had become a series regular by the 1988–89 season.<mask> remained with the series for seven seasons until its end in 1993. For her performance in the role, she won the 1990 Soap Opera Digest award for Outstanding Lead Actress: Prime Time, and the 1991 Soap Opera Digest award for Outstanding Heroine: Prime Time. The same year, she was named one of People "50 Most Beautiful People". In the 1990s, <mask> starred in a number of television movies. In 1990, she starred in Deceptions and played Lucky Santangelo in the television adaptation of Jackie Collins' Lucky Chances. The following years, she had star-billed roles in Somebody's Daughter (1992), Time to Heal (1994), Shadows of Desire (1994), Virus (1995), Silver Strand (1995), The People Next Door (1996), Murder in My Mind (1997), Dead Husbands (1998), The Spiral Staircase (2000), Haven't We Met Before? (2002), Deadly Betrayal (2003), and Deadly Visions (2004).Despite her

masks: Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan


title: Nicollette Sheridan

texts:
 television lead roles, her film career was limited. In 1992, she co-starred opposite Carol Burnett and Michael Caine in the comedy Noises Off, and later had only two studio movies: Spy Hard (1996) opposite Leslie Nielsen, and Beverly Hills Ninja (1997) starring Chris Farley. Additionally, <mask> auditioned for two leading sitcom roles, Rachel Green on Friends and Grace Adler on Will & Grace, though the respective roles ultimately went to Jennifer Aniston and Debra Messing. However, <mask> did make a guest appearance opposite Messing in 2003. Desperate Housewives and lawsuit

In 2004, <mask> was cast as Edie Britt in the ABC comedy-drama series Desperate Housewives. The character was originally written as a recurring role in the series. <mask> had originally auditioned for Bree Van de Kamp, one of the series' more prominent roles.On November 15, 2004, <mask> (in character as Britt) appeared with NFL wide receiver Terrell Owens in an introductory skit to that evening's Monday Night Football episode. Some observers condemned the skit as sexually suggestive, and ABC later apologized for airing it. On 14 March 2005, the Federal Communications Commission ruled that the skit did not violate decency standards, because it contained no outright nudity or foul language. <mask> was nominated for a 2005 Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film and was ranked number 48 on Maxim 2006 Hot 100 List. In February 2009, during the show's fifth season, <mask> announced her departure from Desperate Housewives. Her exit episode aired in April 2009, when Edie Britt was killed off. Unlike the other main characters who had been killed off over the years on Desperate Housewives, <mask> did not make an

masks: Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan


title: Nicollette Sheridan

texts: appearance in the show's final episode, which aired in May 2012.In April 2010, <mask> filed a $20 million lawsuit against Desperate Housewives creator and producer Marc Cherry and ABC Television, alleging that she was assaulted by Cherry on the set of the show and was then fired when she reported the alleged abuse to the network. In her lawsuit, <mask> claimed wrongful termination, assault and battery, gender violence, discrimination based on sex, sexual orientation, and age, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. She also alleged that Cherry was abusive to other cast members and writers. ABC responded by stating that while they were unaware of this particular complaint, they had investigated similar claims made by <mask> and reportedly found them to be without merit. The show's stars, Teri Hatcher, Felicity Huffman, Marcia Cross, and Eva Longoria, pledged their support to help Cherry in his battle against <mask>'s allegations. In May 2011, a judge granted permission for the case to continue to trial, but threw out <mask>'s claims of harassment. The case went to trial on 27 February 2012.Cherry asserted that the alleged assault was in fact a tap to the head with his fingers, done in rehearsals when he was demonstrating to <mask> how she should play a physical gag in a scene. He also stated that the decision to kill off her character was already approved in May 2008 (several months before the alleged hitting incident in September 2008) due, in part, to the need to reduce the show's budget. He also cited <mask>'s unprofessional on-set behavior (such as habitual lateness, not learning her lines, and feuding with her co-stars), and the fact that her character had simply "run its course" as other reasons for the

masks: Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan


title: Nicollette Sheridan

texts: decision. On 13 March 2012, the judge dismissed the battery charge against Cherry due to lack of evidence, and the lawsuit then focused solely on <mask>'s alleged wrongful termination by ABC. Closing arguments were heard on 14 March 2012 and the jury began their deliberations. By 19 March 2012, the jury had failed to reach a verdict and a mistrial was declared. A retrial was scheduled for September 2012, but this was dismissed in August when the Los Angeles Court of Appeal determined that <mask> had not been wrongfully fired.The court rejected <mask>'s argument that ABC's decision not to renew her option for another season was analogous to a violation of at-will employment. The court reasoned that unlike an at-will employee whose contract could remain in force indefinitely, <mask>'s contract was for a set term that had expired, so ABC had not terminated her, but simply chosen not to rehire her for another fixed-term contract. However, the court declared that <mask> was free to file an amended lawsuit alleging that ABC retaliated against her for complaining about unsafe working conditions. A further appeal made by <mask> to the California Supreme Court was rejected in November 2012, A new trial based solely on the retaliation claim was set for December 2013, but this, too, was dismissed in October 2013 by a judge who stated that <mask> should have exhausted her claims through a labor commissioner before pursuing a trial. A further attempt by <mask> to secure a new trial was refused on 16 January 2014, however the same judge reversed his decision on 29 January 2014 and granted <mask> a new trial. This decision was later reversed in August 2014 by the Los Angeles Court of Appeal, which found the judge's decision to grant

masks: Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan


title: Nicollette Sheridan

texts:
 <mask> a new trial was in error. Later works
In 2010, <mask> was cast in an untitled CBS comedy pilot as a mother who battles with her British ex-husband (played by Paul Kaye) to get her teenaged daughter to stardom, but the show was not picked up.In September 2010, <mask> starred in the Hallmark Channel film, Honeymoon for One, which was set in Ireland. The film premiered on the Hallmark Channel on 13 August 2011. In 2013, she starred and co-produced another Hallmark movie, called The Christmas Spirit. In an interview in November 2013, <mask> announced that she was hoping to find a network for a half-hour comedy series that she is currently writing herself. She also co-starred in two independent comedy movies, Jewtopia (2012) and Let's Kill Ward's Wife (2014). In 2016, she filmed one more Hallmark movie, called All Yours. On 28 November 2017, it was announced that <mask> was cast in The CW remake of Dynasty as Alexis Morell Carrington, a role played by Joan Collins in the original series.Mark Pedowitz, the president of The CW, who had been president of ABC Studios during <mask>'s run on Desperate Housewives, called her about the role himself. He said, "I was big fan of Nicollette from way back when. She wanted it, and she will be great in it." She received positive reviews for her debut as Alexis, and was promoted to series regular status for the second season. The CW announced on 25 February 2019 that <mask> would be leaving Dynasty to focus on "some personal family responsibilities." <mask> said in her own statement that she was leaving to spend more time with her terminally ill mother in Los Angeles. She last appeared in the episode "Motherly Overprotectiveness".Personal life
During the 1980s, <mask> dated teen idols


title: Nicollette Sheridan

texts:
 Leif Garrett and Scott Baio. On 7 September 1991, she married actor Harry Hamlin, her co-star from the 1990 TV movie Deceptions. Hamlin filed for divorce on 21 August 1992, listing their date of separation as 13 July. From July 1992 to September 1995, <mask> dated singer Michael Bolton. She was then involved for three years with Australian Simon Main, a relationship that ended in 2000 when Main was sentenced to four years in prison for trafficking ecstasy. She began dating Swedish personal trainer Nicklas Söderblom in 2004 and became engaged to him on New Year's Eve 2004; the pair called off the engagement in October 2005. In October 2005 <mask> was on a five-day photo-shoot in Australia, and met with ex-boyfriend Main following his release from prison.That December, she rekindled her romance with Bolton. <mask> and Bolton announced their engagement in March 2006. In March 2008, <mask> posed nude for a London Fog charity ad which also featured Bolton. <mask> and Bolton broke off their engagement in August 2008. <mask> married Aaron Phypers in December 2015, but the couple separated six months later. Their divorce was finalized in August 2018. <mask> started her own range of skincare products in 2019, Biolumière Organics.The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills
On 19 February 2019, the second episode of the ninth season of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills featured Denise Richards and Lisa Rinna (current wife of Harry Hamlin) discussing their connection via their respective marriages to <mask>'s former husbands. Rinna recounts details about <mask> having an affair with Michael Bolton while Hamlin was in Canada, resulting in the dissolution of their marriage. Days later, <mask> denies Rinna's claims on Twitter, stating that

masks: Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan


title: Nicollette Sheridan

texts:
 she and Hamlin ended their marriage "nose to nose" in Canada. Hamlin came to Rinna's defense, though <mask> re-affirmed "the end of our marriage had nothing to do with anyone other than us." Fans of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills have since advocated for <mask> to join the cast of the show, especially after Richards' departure at the end of the tenth season. In November 2020, producer Andy Cohen confirmed that <mask> would not be asked to join the show due to her feud with Rinna. Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1963 births
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from Sussex
English emigrants to the United States
English film actresses
English soap opera actresses
English television actresses
Living people
People educated at Millfield
People from Bognor Regis
People from Hidden Hills, California
People from

masks: Sheridan Sheridan Sheridan


title: Albert Christoph Dies

texts:
<mask> (175528 December 1822) was a German painter, engraver, and biographer most noted for his biography of Joseph Haydn, although it is now considered sentimental and not entirely accurate. As an artist, he is also not very well-regarded. As painter

<mask> was born in Hanover (baptized 11 February 1755), and began his studies there. For one year he studied in the academy of Düsseldorf, and then he started at the age of twenty with thirty ducats in his pocket for Rome, studying briefly on the way in Mannheim and Basel. In Rome he lived a frugal life till 1796; his son Johannes (Giovanni) was born there in 1776. Copying pictures, chiefly by Salvator Rosa, for a livelihood, his taste led him to draw and paint from nature in Tivoli, Albano and other picturesque places in the vicinity of Rome. Naples, the birthplace of his favorite master, he visited more than once for the same reasons.Goethe visited him in 1787. The poet, interested in the theory of color, reported in his Zweiter römischer Aufenthalt ("Second stay in Rome"), "At the moment I am engaged in something from which I learn a great deal; I have found and sketched a landscape that a clever artist, Dies, colored in my presence; thus eyes and mind grow ever more accustomed to color and harmony." During the Rome visit, Dies also composed music, though later on he apparently destroyed all that he had written, and none of it survives today. At one point, Jacques-Louis David, then composing his Oath of the Horatii (1784) at Rome, wished to take him to Paris. But Dies had reasons for not accepting the offer. He was courting a young Roman whom he subsequently married. Meanwhile, he had made the acquaintance of the engraver Giovanni Volpato,

masks:
Albert Christoph Dies
Dies


title: Albert Christoph Dies

texts:
 for whom he executed numerous drawings, and this no doubt suggested the plan, which he afterwards carried out, of publishing, in partnership with Jacob Wilhelm Mechau, Johann Christian Reinhart and Johann Friedrich Frauenholz, the series of plates known as the Collection de vues pittoresques de l'Italie, published in seventy-two sheets at Nuremberg in 1799.According to Gotwals, "In May, 1796, Dies apparently eloped with a young girl to Salzburg." The following year he moved to Vienna, and lived there on the produce of his brush as a landscape painter, and on that of his pencil or graver as a draughtsman and etcher. He also taught landscape painting at the Imperial and Royal Academy, and later, in his final post, was gallery director to Prince Nikolaus Esterházy II. During this time his physical condition grew worse, and he even lost the use of one of his hands. As biographer

Dies was a great admirer of the music of Joseph Haydn and during his Vienna years he undertook to meet the composer and write his biography. He obtained an introduction from his fellow artist Anton Grassi, who had made a number of busts of Haydn. Over the course of three years during Haydn's old age (starting 15 April 1805, ending 8 August 1808), Dies made a series of 30 visits to the frail and ailing composer, even though Haydn was convinced no one would be interested in his life story.On a number of occasions Haydn was unable to see him, but frequently Dies was admitted and was able to interview him. In 1810, one year after Haydn's death, <mask> published a biography based on what he learned in his visits (see References below). This work is organized around the sequence of visits, reporting each in turn. It


title: Albert Christoph Dies

texts:
 continues to serve as a substantial source of information on the composer's life. Compared with another biography written at the same time by Georg August Griesinger, <mask>'s work is almost certainly less accurate and is more likely to have been sentimentalized and embellished, which he himself alludes to in the introduction of his book:

In order not to leave out of the picture the most interesting phase of Haydn's life, I meanwhile made unhesitating use of several articles from the Leipzig Musikalische Zeitung, without entirely suppressing my own untutored opinions. For instances of probable embellishment, see Mathias Haydn and Haydn and Mozart; for an apparent outright blunder, see Rebecca Schroeter. Dies's translator Vernon Gotwals, comparing Dies to Griesinger, concludes:

It is now clear that for facts about Haydn one will turn first to the Biographische Notizen of Griesinger, but that reliance upon that source alone would deprive Haydn's portrait of many authentic details, mixed inescapably with some imaginary ones.Dies's Biographische Nachrichten is the work of a sentimental artist who fancied himself a "universal man" but whose approach to the problem of biography was that of his time and place. Death

In 1787, he accidentally swallowed  of lead acetate. He never recovered from the ensuing lead poisoning, which caused the loss of one of his hands, and eventually died in Vienna on 28 December 1822. Assessment
Dies is perhaps better known today from his acquaintanceship (e.g. Goethe, Haydn) than from his own merits as an artist or writer. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition gives harsh opinions of Dies's work as an artist:

"[In Rome] he became a bold executant in


title: Albert Christoph Dies

texts:
 water-colours and in oil, though he failed to acquire any originality of his own." "Lord Bristol, who encouraged him as a copyist, predicted that he would be a second Salvator Rosa.However, Dies did not have the creativity necessary to become a great artist." "With so many irons in the fire Dies naturally lost the power of concentration." "From two pictures now in the Belvedere gallery, and from numerous engraved drawings from the neighborhood of Tivoli, we gather that Dies was never destined to rise above a respectable mediocrity. He followed Salvator Rosa's example in imitating the manner of Claude Lorraine. But Salvator adapted the style of Claude, whilst Dies did no more than copy it." Gotwals writes, "Friedrich Noack in his article in the Thieme and Becker Allgemeines Lexicon der bildenden Künstler ["General lexicon of graphic artists"], describes Dies's work as clumsy, mediocre, and prosaic. Gotwals adds, concerning Dies's writing, that "his literary style is hardly better."Gallery

See also
 List of German painters

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, online edition. Copyright 2008 by Oxford University Press. Prange, Peter (2007) "Book Review:  Paper Museums. The Reproductive Print in Europe, 1500–1800", Journal of the History of Collections 19: 145–147. External links

 The original printed edition of <mask>'s Haydn biography can be examined at the Don Juan Archive: . Images of Dies's paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art:
St. Rocco Waterfall and Bridge at Tivoli (Cascata e Ponte di St. Rocco a Tivoli), 1795. 1755 births
1822 deaths
18th-century German painters
German male painters
19th-century German painters
19th-century male


title: Paul Semrau

texts:
<mask> (12 November 1915 – 8 February 1945) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and wing commander during World War II. As a night fighter ace, he is credited with 46 aerial victories claimed in 350 combat missions. All of his victories were claimed over the Western Front against the Royal Air Force's (RAF) Bomber Command. Born in Deutsch Eylau, Semrau grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. He joined the military service of the Luftwaffe in 1936. Following training, he was posted to Kampfgeschwader 30 (KG 30—30th Bomber Wing) and flew the Junkers Ju 88 as a bomber pilot during the Norwegian Campaign. In June 1940, Semrau transferred to the night fighter force where he was posted to I. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 (NJG 2—2nd Night Fighter Wing).He claimed his first aerial victory on the night of 10/11 February 1941 and in December 1941, he was appointed squadron leader of 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of NJG 2. In January 1944, he was given command of I. Gruppe and in November 1944 overall command of NJG 2. On 8 February 1945, Semrau and his crew were killed in action when they were shot down during a daytime maintenance flight by a RAF fighter aircraft. He was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 17 April 1945. Early life and career
Semrau was born on 12 November 1915 in Deutsch Eylau, present-day Iława in northern Poland, at the time in the Province of Prussia within the German Empire. In 1936, he joined the military service with the Luftwaffe and was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) in 1938.Following flight training, he was posted to Zerstörergeschwader 26 (ZG 26—26th Destroyer Wing). World War II
World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Following the outbreak of war, Semrau was posted to the 3. Staffel (3rd


title: Paul Semrau

texts:
 Africa Corps (Deutsches Afrika Korps) under the command of Erwin Rommel to prevent the collapse of Italian Libya after the failed Italian invasion of Egypt. The Luftwaffe High Command (Oberkommando der Luftwaffe) sent forces into North Africa and Mediterranean to support to Axis forces and lay siege to Malta, the base from which British sea and air forces interdicted Axis air and supply routes.I. Gruppe of NJG 2 was ordered to move to the Mediterranean in mid-November 1941 where it was based at Catania, Sicily. Semrau received the German Cross in Gold () on 24 April 1942 and was promoted to Hauptmann (captain) on 1 June. On the night of 2/3 July, Semrau claimed a Wellington bomber shot down over North Africa. The Wellington probably belonged to No. 37 Squadron. On 4/5 July, he claimed another Wellington bomber which may have belonged to either No. 70 Squadron or No.108 Squadron. He again claimed an aerial victory on the night of 5/6 July which may have been Wellington bomber DV508 from No. 37 Squadron. Semrau received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () after 160 combat missions and 14 aerial victories on 7 October 1942. Group commander
<mask> was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of the III. Gruppe of NJG 2 in July 1943 which was based in the Netherlands. This Gruppe was the former V. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 6 (NJG 6—6th Night Fighter Wing) which was redesignated on 15 August 1943.He claimed his only aerial victory with III. Gruppe on the night of 9 October over an unidentified four-engine bomber, on a mission to bomb Hanover,  west of Den Haag. On 1 January 1944, Semrau succeeded Major Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein of II. Gruppe of NJG 2. On 1 May, he was promoted to Major (major). On the night of 28/29 June, the RAF attacked the marshalling yards at Blainville-sur-l'Eau and Metz with 230


title: Paul Semrau

texts:
 bombers. The RAF lost eighteen Halifax bombers and two Avro Lancaster bombers in the attack, including four Halifax bombers claimed by Semrau.No. 102 Squadron lost five Halifax bombers, including NA502 shot down by Semrau. On the night of 2/3 November, Bomber Command sent 992 bombers to Düsseldorf. In this attack, the RAF lost eleven Halifax and eight Lancaster bombers. That night, Semrau was credited with three aerial victories over unidentified four-engine bombers in the greater Ruhr area. These were his last claims with II. Gruppe of NJG 2.Wing commander and death

On 12 November 1944, <mask> was appointed Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of NJG 2, succeeding Günther Radusch. Command of II. Gruppe of NJG 2 was then passed to Hauptmann Heinz-Horst Hißbach. On the night of 6/7 January, the RAF attacked the German railroad junctions at Hanau and Neuss with over 600 bombers. Defending against this attack, Semrau claimed three Halifax bombers shot down, his last aerial victories. Semrau was shot down on 8 February 1945 and killed in action on a factory flight with his crew, Oberfeldwebel Johann Hantusch and Fahnenjunker-Oberfeldwebel Robert Behrens, of Junkers Ju 88 G-6 (Werknummer 620 562 — factory number) when he was intercepted during the landing approach at Fliegerhorst Twente by Flight Lieutenant K.S. Sleep of Royal Canadian Air Force No.402 Squadron on 8 February 1945 during Operation Veritable. The aircraft of Semrau came down between Fliegerhorst Twente and Oldenzaal. He was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () on 17 April 1945. He was the 841st member of the German armed forces to be so honored. He and his crew were buried at the Ysselsteyn German war cemetery in the Netherlands. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to Spick, Semrau was credited with 46


title: Wail al-Shehri

texts:
<mask>-Shehri (, ; also transliterated as Alshehri) (July 31, 1973 – September 11, 2001) was one of five terrorist hijackers of American Airlines Flight 11, which was flown into the North Tower of the World Trade Center as part of the September 11 attacks. <mask>-Shehri was an elementary school teacher from Khamis Mushait in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. In early 2000, he traveled to Medina to seek treatment for mental problems. He and his younger brother Waleed traveled to Afghanistan in March 2000 and joined an Al-Qaeda training camp. The brothers were chosen, along with others from the same region of Saudi Arabia, to participate in the September 11 attacks. Once selected, al-Shehri returned to Saudi Arabia in October 2000 to obtain a clean passport, then returned to Afghanistan. In March 2001, he recorded his last will and testament on video.Al-Shehri arrived in the United States in early June 2001, staying in budget motels in the Boynton Beach area of south Florida. On September 5, 2001, al-Shehri traveled to Boston and checked into a motel with his brother. Six days later, al-Shehri arrived early in the morning at Boston's Logan International Airport and boarded American Airlines Flight 11. Fifteen minutes after takeoff, al-Shehri, along with his brother and three others, hijacked the airliner. They deliberately crashed it into the North Tower of the World Trade Center at 8:46 a.m. In the aftermath of the attacks, some news reports mistakenly reported that al-Shehri was the son of a Saudi diplomat and was still alive and well. The al-Shehri family in Khamis Mushait spoke to the media, denying those early reports, saying that the al-Shehri brothers had disappeared and have not been heard from since.Background

<mask> al-Shehri and his younger brother Waleed were from Khamis Mushait in the Asir province, which is an impoverished area in southwestern Saudi Arabia, along the Yemeni border. Al-Shehri was born in Annams, and grew up in the Um Saraar neighborhood in Khamis Mushait.

masks:
Wail Mohammed al
Wail al
Wail


title: Wail al-Shehri

texts:
 He had ten brothers and one sister. Several of al-Shehri's brothers joined the Saudi military, while his uncle may have been a major in the army and director of logistics. Al-Shehri's father, Mohammed Ali Asgley Al Shehri, worked as a car dealer. On weekends, the family often spent time together at the Red Sea. The family strictly adhered to the Wahabi school of Islam, which forbids many elements of modernity.As such, the al-Shehri family did not have satellite television or Internet, nor did his parents permit music or contact with girls. Some of <mask> al-Shehri's elder brothers had visited the United States and could speak English; however, he knew little English. During high school and college, al-Shehri was deeply religious and attended Al-Seqley Mosque, which his family had built as the local mosque. Al-Shehri also frequented government-supported religious camps in Saudi Arabia. At this time, there were strong religious feelings in Saudi Arabia, especially in the Asir region. Many young people in the region idolized Osama bin Laden, who had family ties to the area. Al-Shehri's father was a friend of Bin Laden's father, Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden.Ahmed al-Nami and Saeed al-Ghamdi, who were both hijackers on United Airlines Flight 93, came from the same area in Saudi Arabia as the Shehri family. After graduating from Abha teachers college in 1999, <mask> al-Shehri took a job as an elementary school physical education teacher at the Khamis Mushait airbase. Five months into the job, al-Shehri took leave due to mental illness and depression. Rather than conventional therapy, al-Shehri sought consultation with Muslim clerics, and hoped that a visit to Medina would help. His treatment involved verses from the Qur'an read to him by a sheikh. He traveled to Medina together with Waleed. After the September 11 attacks, others recalled seeing the al-Shehri brothers in Medina.Afghanistan

<mask> and Waleed al-Shehri disappeared after going to Medina, calling their father just once; in the

masks: Wail Wail Wail