title: Adelaida Gertsyk

texts:
<mask> (, 16 February 1874 – 25 June 1925) was a Russian translator, poet and writer of the Silver Age. Her literary salons of the 19th and early 20th century brought many of the poets of the age together. Almost forgotten after her lifetime, scholarship renewed on Gertsyk at the end of the Soviet era and she is now deemed one of the significant poets of her age. Early life
<mask> was born on 16 February 1874 in Alexandrov of the Moscow Governorate in the Russian Empire to Sofia Maximilianovna (née Tidebel) () and <mask> (). Her father was descended of an impoverished Polish-Lithuanian noble family and worked as an engineer for the railroad, heading the construction of the Moscow-Yaroslavl line. Her paternal uncle, <mask>, built the Baranov Manufacturing plant in the Alexandrovsky District town of Karabanovo. Her paternal aunt, <mask> was married to the painter Lev Lagorio.Her mother, who died when Gertsyk and her sister, Eugenia, were young children was of German and Swiss heritage, though the family was entirely Russified, they were Lutheran. After their mother's death in 1880, Gertsyk's father remarried Eugenia Antonovna Vokach () and a half-brother Vladimir was born in 1885. Because of the nature of her father's work, Gertsyk grew up moving often, as her father constructed the rail line. After her birth in Alexandrov, they lived in Moscow then back to Alexandrov, and later Sevastopol and Yuriev-Polsky. All the children received a broad early education from by tutors and governesses, which included the study of five languages encompassing Polish and Italian, among others. They also traveled to Europe to experience diverse cultures during their childhood. Continuing her education, she was prepared for gymnasium following the curriculum of the Moscow Nobles Boarding School (ru) by the poet, M. A. Carlin (), from whom she developed a passion for writing.Gertsyk studied at the Moscow Women's Gymnasium and after

masks:
Adelaida Gertsyk
Adelaida Kazimirovna Gertsyk
Kasimir Antonovich Luny Gertsyk
Joseph Antonovich Lubny Gertsyk
Elena Antonovna Lubny Gertsyk


title: Adelaida Gertsyk

type: original

texts:
 children, nearly killing them and then in January, 1921, Gertsyk was arrested. She spent three weeks imprisoned in Sudak and used the time to write a cycle of poems called Подвальные (The Cellar). After her release, she expanded some of these into a series of longer pieces, Подвальные очерки (Cellar Essays, 1924-1925). Some of these were printed in 1926 in the magazine Перезвоны (Chimes) in Riga.All dealt with the question of the border between life and death wherein people on the verge of death leave behind their earthly pleasures and seek truth. Death and legacy
In 1924, the family homes in Sudak were nationalized. Living in abject poverty and unable to find publishers, she and her son were forced to share a single pair of shoes. Finding the Soviet regime to be one of “coarse materialism”, she tried to emigrate with her family to France, but was unsuccessful. She died in a hospital in Sudak after suffering an acute attack of nephritis on 25 June 1925 and was buried in the Sudak Cemetery. The cemetery was destroyed in the 1980s and no trace of her burial remains. After the demise of the Soviet Union, interest in Gertsyk revived.A museum named in honor of her and her sister, the Adelaide and Eugenia Gertsyk Museum of Silver Age, was established in Sudak and poetry readings of their work commenced in 1996. In 2006, Natalia K. Bonetskaia published a book, Русская Сивилла и её современники: творческий портрет Аделаиды Герцык (Russian Sibyl and her contemporaries: Artistic portrait of <mask> <mask>) re-examining the significance of Gertsyk in light of her peers, and found that she was "one of the least known but brightest figures of the Russian Silver Age". References

Citations

Bibliography

1874 births
1925 deaths
People from Moscow Governorate
Russian women poets
19th-century Russian women writers
19th-century Russian writers
20th-century Russian women writers
20th-century Russian writers
19th-century Russian

masks: Adelaida Gertsyk


title: Geoffrey Ostergaard

texts:
<mask> (25 July 1926 – 22 March 1990) was a British political scientist best known for his work on the connections between Gandhism and anarchism, on the British co-operative movement, and on syndicalism and workers' control. His books included The Gentle Anarchists: A Study of the Sarvodaya Movement for Non-Violent Revolution in India (1971), coauthored with Melville Currell, and Nonviolent Revolution in India (1985), both dealing with the Sarvodaya movement. He spent the majority of his academic career at the University of Birmingham. Early life
<mask> was born on 25 July 1926 near Huntingdon, the son of a Danish immigrant. He attended Huntingdon Grammar School and Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he studied philosophy, politics and economics, graduating in 1950. <mask> became an anarchist while serving in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War after reading Herbert Read's Poetry and Anarchism. Work and career

<mask> taught and conducted research at the University of Birmingham from 1953 until his death.He was also a Rockefeller Foundation fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, and a visiting professor at Osmania University, Hyderabad. Colin Ward wrote that "in his quiet, ironical way [<mask>] always relished the absurdities of the job he held" at Birmingham. Ward described <mask> as "a rock-like defender of academic freedom", and noted his "moral staunchness" in his support for the student revolts of the 1960s and for David Selbourne in his conflict with Ruskin College. <mask> regularly contributed to anarchist and pacifist periodicals, sometimes publishing under the name Gaston Gerard (an anagram of G. N. <mask>), and was a trustee of Peace News and the Friends of Freedom Press. He was one of a number of writers who contributed to the development of anarcho-pacifist thought and action during and

masks:
Geoffrey Nielsen Ostergaard
Geoffrey Nielsen Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Overview Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard


title: Geoffrey Ostergaard

texts:
 shortly after the Second World War; others included Read, Alex Comfort, Nicolas Walter, David Thoreau Wieck, Dorothy Day, and Paul Goodman. Drawing on Gandhism, he argued that nonviolence offered a way to reconcile political principles with tactics and to envision of a society without organized coercion. Early career
<mask> pursued doctoral studies under G. D. H. Cole at the Nuffield College, Oxford, completing a thesis entitled Public Ownership in Great Britain: A Study in the Development of Socialist Ideas in 1953.In the 1950s <mask> published a series of articles on the co-operative movement. In Latter-day Anarchism: The Politics of the American Beat Generation (1964) he identified beats, beatniks and hipsters as "latter-day anarchists" sharing an eschatological or apocalyptic, rather than utopian, outlook, and the practice of Zen, which he described as "an intensely personal, subjective religion". Work on the Sarvodaya movement
<mask> was a lifelong Gandhian. His work on Gandhism sought to reframe the thought of Mohandas Gandhi, Vinoba Bhave and Jayaprakash Narayan in terms of anarchism. The Gentle Anarchists: A Study of the Sarvodaya Movement for Non-Violent Revolution in India (1971), coauthored with Melville Currell, is a comprehensive study of the Sarvodaya movement. <mask> and Currell identify Sarvodaya as an Indian form of anarchism or communitarian socialism and identify points of continuity between Sarvodaya and the anarchist tradition, including rejection of private property and representative government, belief in decentralization and a synthesis of freedom and equality, emphasis on local communities, and support for direct action. The bulk of the book is based on the findings from a survey of the movement's leaders, inquiring into their backgrounds, motivations, political beliefs and attitudes.Reviewing

masks: Ostergaard Ostergaard Ostergaard Ostergaard


title: Geoffrey Ostergaard

texts: the book in the India Quarterly, Usha Mehta wrote that it evinced "the authors' deep understanding of Indian society and people and of their sympathy for the Sarvodaya movement." In his review for The Journal of Asian Studies, Anthony Parel described The Gentle Anarchists as "a most welcome addition to the literature of modern Indian politics in general and to Gandhian politics in particular". In a review in the Journal of Asian and African Studies, Frank F. Conlon questioned <mask> and Currell's methodology but identified the book as "an important first step" that would "reveal much about the condition of sarvodaya in contemporary India and ... stimulate further historical and sociological lines of enquiry." Marvin Dicker, reviewing in Social Forces, similarly questioned Ostergaard and Currell's methodology and noted their sympathy for the movement as a further weakness, but described the book as "a valuable contribution to the literature on social movements." The Gentle Anarchists was followed by Nonviolent Revolution in India (1985). <mask>'s account of the Sarvodaya movement here focuses on the period from 1969 to 1977 and on the figures of Bhave and Narayan and their differences, including their respective approaches to the Emergency of 1975–77 and the premiership of Indira Gandhi. <mask> argues for the superiority of Narayan's approach over Bhave's, though with significant caveats.<mask> also identifies the Sarvodaya movement as the only significant social movement motivated by the belief in nonviolent revolution. Looking to the movement's future, he argues the movement ought to adopt a more overtly anarchistic position including election boycotts and the construction of alternative political institutions from below. Reviewing the book in The Round Table, Antony Copley described the book as "scrupulously fair"


title: Geoffrey Ostergaard

texts:
 and likely to "establish itself as amongst the most important books to appear on the extraordinary drama of Mrs Gandhi's India." In his review for Our Generation, Robert Graham wrote that "<mask> has provided a great service to all those interested in nonviolent social revolution by writing such a thorough and thoughtful analysis", but argued the book fails to provide sufficient background on Indian politics and political groupings. Personal life
<mask> married Eva Dryden in 1948. He and Eva spent several years living in India while he researched and wrote about Gandhism. They had a son, Magnus.Death and legacy
<mask> died of leukaemia in Birmingham on 22 March 1990. His papers are held at the University of Bradford Library. See also
 List of peace activists

List of works
 Latter-day Anarchism: The Politics of the American Beat Generation (1964)
 Power in Co-operatives: A Study of the Internal Politics of British Retail Societies (1965), coauthored with A. H. Halsey
 The Gentle Anarchists: A Study of the Sarvodaya Movement for Non-Violent Revolution in India (1971), coauthored with Melville Currell
 Nonviolent Revolution in India (1985)
 Resisting the Nation State: The Pacifist and Anarchist Tradition (1985)
 The Tradition of Workers' Control: Selected Writings by <mask> (1997)

References

External links
 Works by <mask> hosted by Libcom.org
 Works by <mask> hosted by the Satyagraha Foundation for Nonviolence Studies

1926 births
1990 deaths
British political scientists
British anarchists
Anarcho-pacifists
British political writers
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Anarchist writers
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Alumni of Nuffield College, Oxford
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Osmania University faculty
Nonviolence advocates
Gandhians
Non-Indian

masks:
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Geoffrey Ostergaard
Geoffrey Ostergaard
Geoffrey Ostergaard


title: Irtash

texts:
<mask> (born 1091 or 1092) was a Seljuk emir of Damascus in 1104. <mask> was born to Taj ad-Dawla Tutush, the brother of the Seljuk Sultan Malik-Shah I who established a principality in Syria after his brother gave the region and the adjacent areas to him. Following the death of Malik-Shah, Tutush claimed the Seljuk crown, but he was killed by the forces of his nephew Berkyaruq near Ray. Subsequently, <mask>'s brother Ridwan moved to Aleppo and proclaimed himself the new emir. <mask>'s other brother Duqaq's declaration of a new emirate in Damascus separated the Syrian Seljuk state into two and started a rivalry between the two brothers. Duqaq then imprisoned Irtash for nine years in Baalbek. Toghtekin, atabeg of Damascus, elevated the twelve-year-old <mask> to emir after Duqaq's death in 1104.He ruled there for three months until sneaking out of the city to ally with Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem, against Toghtekin, who <mask> thought was conspiring against him. However, preoccupied with the Fatimid threat from Egypt, Baldwin did not assist <mask> and his ally Aytakin al-Halabi, the emir of Bosra. They left Baldwin's side and moved to Bosra which was surrendered to Toghtekin in 1106. <mask> then moved to al-Rahba, which was the scene of a war between the Seljuk emir Chavli Saqaveh and Muhammad Ibn Sabbak, the fort's ruler who had pledged loyalty to Saqaveh's opponent, Kilij Arslan I, the Seljuq Sultan of Rûm. Chavli captured al-Rahba and <mask> joined his ranks. There is no further information about <mask>, and he is regarded as one of the most unknown figures in Seljuk history. Background
<mask> ibn Tutush was born in 1091 or 1092.He was one of five sons of Tutush, the brother of the Seljuk sultan Malik-Shah I, and the

masks: Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash


title: Irtash

texts:
 Syrian Seljuk throne in Aleppo. Ridwan, fearing they might gain power and overthrow him, strangled his two brothers, Abu Talib and Behram, while Duqaq, accompanied by atabeg Janah ad-Dawla al-Husain, then fled Aleppo and moved to Damascus, founding an independent Emirate of Damascus there. Ridwan did not recognize Duqaq's domain and proclaimed himself as the sole legitimate ruler of the Syrian Seljuks. Thereupon, Ridwan besieged the city, but was unsuccessful in seizing it and had to return to Aleppo. Thus, the Syrian Seljuk sultanate was divided into two, Aleppo and Damascus.Sometime during this period, Duqaq imprisoned <mask>, who was three or four years old, at Baalbek, fearing that he might try to seize the crown. The town, located north of Damascus, was a three-day ride from the city and was ruled by Fakhr al-Dawla Gümüshtegin al-Taji, one of Tutush's freed slaves. The rivalry between Duqaq and Ridwan continued after the Crusaders arrived in 1097, though they both fought against the Crusaders, who established their own state in the Holy Land. Reign

Rule in Damascus

Duqaq died of tuberculosis on 6 June 1104, and was succeeded by his son, Tutush II. Soon after, his atabeg Toghtekin set aside Tutush II and his relatives. Toghtekin then freed the 12-year-old <mask>, who had been imprisoned for the previous nine years. According to contemporary Muslim chronicler Ibn al-Qalanisi and modern Egyptian historian Taef Kamal Al-Azhari, <mask> was crowned on 10 October 1104.However, modern Turkish historian İbrahim Duman believes that to be an error, and suggests that <mask> was actually crowned on 18 September 1104. He also argues that Toghtekin, who was opposed by many after becoming the vizier of Duqaq, sought to unite the

masks: Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash


title: Irtash

texts:
 notables of Damascus under <mask>'s rule, thus aiming to maintain a strong position within the domain. <mask>'s mother convinced him that Toghtekin and his wife, Khatun Safwat al-Mulk, who was Duqaq's mother, were conspiring against <mask>. It is not known if Toghtekin brought Irtash to Damascus to have him killed, while Safwat al-Mulk may have wanted to reinstate the rulership of her grandson Tutush. <mask>'s supporters and Toghtekin's opponents were recommending he leave Damascus and go to Baalbek, and depose Toghtekin with the help of the Crusaders. Because of the rumours, Irtash had to move away from Damascus in October or November 1104. Toghtekin then gave khutbah in Tutush's name in Damascus, crowning him for the second time.Al-Qalanisi details a narrative in which Toghtekin advised <mask> to seize the al-Rahba. When <mask> returned from his successful expedition, Toghtekin did not let him into the city, and Irtash had to go to one of his castles. One of Toghtekin's opponents, Aytekin al-Halabi, emir of Bosra, also joined <mask>. Al-Azhari claimed Aytekin left Damascus after <mask> had already secretly fled, though Turkish historians Coşkun Alptekin and Ali Sevim believe Aytekin was with <mask> when he left the town. They moved to Hauran, south of Damascus and gathered men there. They also persuaded Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem, that Toghtekin had posed a threat to the Crusaders and to aid them against him. Alliance with Baldwin I
In August 1105, the Fatimids launched a war on the Crusaders to expel them from Palestine.The Fatimids asked Toghtekin for help; Al-Qalanisi states that Toghtekin initially turned down the Fatimids' request and besieged Bosra; though he later changed his mind, knowing that Irtash was

masks: Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash


title: Irtash

texts:
 with them. The Fatimid army of ten thousand horsemen and infantry under the command of Sharaf al-Ma'ali, the son of al-Afdal Shahanshah, moved towards Ascalon. Toghtekin also joined the Fatimid army with 1,300-strong cavalry. The Crusaders positioned two armies between Jaffa and Ascalon, with <mask> also contributing to the Crusader army with 100 Turcoman archers. In the battle that took place on 27 August 1105, neither side could gain the upper hand, however, the Fatimids suffered more casualties than the Crusaders. The Fatimid emir of Ascalon, Gamal al-Mulk, was killed, and the Crusaders captured some other emirs. The Fatimid army then retreated, and the expedition failed.Baldwin I was to help Irtash against Toghtekin after the failed Fatimid expedition, however, he did not. Al-Azhari states Baldwin I thought that his army could not defeat Toghtekin's forces and Damascus. Contrary to this, Duman argues Baldwin sought to make the Muslim emirs even more hostile to each other and to cause turmoil in Damascus, which he had desired for a long time. The rivalry between <mask> and Toghtekin was a very important opportunity for Baldwin I to take over Damascus, and by using Irtash, he could have eliminated his nemesis, Toghtekin, and captured Damascus at the same time. <mask> and Aytekin got wind of this, and left the Crusaders' side for Bosra, ending the three-month-long alliance. Final years
Toghtekin besieged Bosra in 1106. During the siege, <mask> and Aytekin fled the town.After some time, Aytekin grew tired of the siege and agreed to hand over Bosra to Toghtekin in September. Toghtekin achieved a victory against Irtash and Aytekin in their weakened state. There is little information on Aytekin after the loss of Bosra, but


title: Irtash

texts:
 it is known that <mask> went to al-Rahba. In 1107, the Seljuk Sultan Muhammad I Tapar appointed Chavli Saqaveh as the emir of Mosul. Chavli launched an expedition on the incumbent emir of Mosul, Jikirmish, and Kilij Arslan I. Chavli also besieged al-Rahba to punish its ruler, Muhammad ibn Sabbak, who had pledged loyalty to Kilij Arslan. Irtash was in a fortress during this siege. Ibn Sabbak was previously a vassal of Duqaq and later ruled the fort on behalf of Kilij Arslan.Duman argues this meant that Ibn Sabbak had taken a stand against Toghtekin, and <mask> had taken refuge in al-Rahba because of this. Chavli, who was angered as he had spent too much time besieging the city, ordered his men to pillage the fort's environs. The locals demanded Ibn Sabbak surrender the fort, and Chavli became victorious on 23 May 1107. Although Chavli reinstated Ibn Sabbak as the ruler of al-Rahba, he then imprisoned him. Chavli thought Ibn Sabbak was provoking the populace against him. <mask> joined Chavli's ranks after the capture of the fort. There is little information available on <mask>'s life after this event, and his date of death is unknown.Sevim assumes that <mask> died in 1105 on his way to al-Rahba, but this is disputed by Duman. The latter argues <mask> may have died in 1107, when he was fifteen. Though he also considers the possibility of him living for many years, as he was only fifteen in 1107; though he ruled no city, nor was he in the foreground of subsequent events. Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

Seljuk rulers
People of medieval Syria
Muslims of the First Crusade
Emirs of Damascus
11th-century Turkic people
12th-century Turkic people
Turkic rulers
1090s births
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death

masks: Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash


title: Kevin Keen

texts:
<mask> (born 25 February 1967) is an English football coach and former player. Keen is currently the coach of West Ham United under-18 team. Keen began his career with Wycombe Wanderers before joining West Ham United in 1983. He spent seven seasons with the "Hammers" twice gaining promotion and twice suffering relegation. He left for Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1993 before joining Stoke City in October 1994. He helped Stoke reach the play-offs in 1995–96 losing out to Leicester City. Stoke then made the move to the Britannia Stadium but were relegated to Division Two in 1998.He spent two more seasons at Stoke helping the club again reach the play-offs and win the Football League Trophy in 2000. He then spent two seasons with Macclesfield Town during which time he had a spell as caretaker manager. After three spells as caretaker manager at West Ham, Keen left the club in July 2011 to take up the role of first team coach at Liverpool, where he would be reunited with old West Ham colleague Steve Clarke. He remained in this post until June 2012 leaving on the appointment of new manager Brendan Rodgers. In July 2012 he was again reunited with Clarke when he was appointed joint assistant head coach at West Bromwich Albion, and his next job was assistant manager at Reading. He managed League One club Colchester United between December 2015 and April 2016, but left the club after failing to avoid relegation to League Two. He joined Crystal Palace's coaching staff in July 2016.Playing career

Early career
Keen is the son of former professional footballer Mike Keen who played in midfield for Luton Town, Watford and Queens Park Rangers. He attended the John Hampden Grammar School, High Wycombe and was a member of the High Wycombe U15 team that won the English Schools Trophy in 1981 and won several England schoolboy caps. A year later, Keen became the youngest ever player to appear in a first-team game for Isthmian League side Wycombe Wanderers, making his debut at 15 years and 209 days, in September 1982. He


title: Kevin Keen

texts:
 placed in temporary charge of first-team affairs until Alan Curbishley was appointed two days later. He reverted to his previous role as reserve team coach when Glynn Snodin was appointed as first-team coach in June 2007.He was formally announced as caretaker manager on 3 September 2008 after the resignation of manager Alan Curbishley. Keen took charge of West Ham for one game only; a 3–2 away defeat to West Bromwich on 13 September 2008 before handing over the manager's role to Gianfranco Zola. Keen was appointed again as caretaker-manager of West Ham, for their last game of the 2010–11 season, following the sacking of their previous manager, Avram Grant on 15 May 2011. On 3 July 2011, Keen left West Ham to join Liverpool as first-team coach in the backroom team under Kenny Dalglish. On 8 June 2012, it was confirmed that Keen had left Liverpool after the arrival of Brendan Rodgers as manager. On 3 July 2012 it was announced Keen had joined West Bromwich Albion as joint assistant head coach. On 14 December 2013 it was announced that <mask>en had been sacked along with head coach Steve Clarke.In July 2014, Keen began work as Head of Coaching and Under-18s Manager at Fulham. On 20 December 2014 he was appointed assistant manager to Steve Clarke at Reading. Keen was sacked alongside Clarke on 4 December 2015. After leaving his managerial role at Colchester United, Keen returned to coaching by joining Crystal Palace in July 2016. In February 2018, Keen joined Southend United as an assistant manager to Chris Powell. In June 2019, Keen returned to West Ham as coach to their under-18 team. Managerial career
Keen was handed his first permanent managerial position on 21 December 2015 when he was named Tony Humes' successor at League One club Colchester United.Keen's first match in charge was the Boxing Day Essex derby against Southend United. His side, already on a seven-game losing run, were defeated 2–0. He earned his first win as Colchester manager on 9 January 2016 against Championship opposition as his


title: Natalya Kochanova

texts:
<mask>va (born 25 September 1960) is a Belarusian politician who has been Speaker of the Council of the Republic of Belarus since December 2019. Early life and education
Kochanova was born on 25 September 1960 in Polotsk. Her father was a blacksmith and her mother worked in a garment factory. She has two brothers. She grew up in a communal apartment and studied at the Novopolotsk Polytechnic Institute, graduating in 1982. In 2006, she graduated from the Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Belarus. Career
Kochanova worked as a remote control operator at Polotsk's water treatment facility from 1982 until 1987.She was promoted to the public service and was head of the housing department and member of the city's Executive Committee until 2002. In November 2007, she became mayor of Novopolotsk. In 2012, Kochanova became Deputy Chairperson of the Standing Commission Council of the National Assembly for legislation and state building. In 2014, Kochanova was appointed Deputy Prime Minister by President Alexander Lukashenko. On 21 December 2016, Kochanova was appointed Chief of Staff to the President of Belarus and Head of the Presidential Administration of Belarus by Lukashenko, who is known as Europe's "last dictator". At the time Lukashenko called her an "ardent supporter of the state policy. She is one of his key supporters and advisors.Political scientist Dmitry Bolkunets has suggested that <mask> could be seen by Lukashenko as a possible successor. However, Lukashenko himself has previously said that a woman cannot be the President. In December 2019, Lukashenko sent Kochanova to the Council of the Republic under the presidential quota, replacing her as head of the Presidential Administration with former Deputy Chair of the KGB Igor Sergeenko. Kochanova was elected speaker of the Council on 6

masks:
Natalya Ivanovna Kochano
Kochanova


title: Natalya Kochanova

texts:
 December 2019, receiving 59 of the 60 votes. She is the first woman to hold the position. In January 2020, Kochanova met with United Kingdom Ambassador Jacqueline Perkins seeking to deepen ties between the two countries. In April 2020, Kochanova was asked by Lukashenko to invite the World Health Organization to assess the performance of Belaru's healthcare system in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.She said there was no need for emergency measures and the economy should keep working as usual. 2020 Presidential election and aftermath

<mask> was Chief of Staff for Lukashenko's election campaign in August 2020, who covers the bloody regime and repressions of Lukashenko's forces. After over 7,000 people were arrested during August 2020 protests calling for Lukashenko's resignation after the disputed election, Kochanova spoke on Lukahsenko's behalf about the release of 1,000 of those arrested, saying they were now "under the obligation not to participate in unauthorized activities." She said, "We don't need unrest. We don't need war." On 15 August, thousands of protestors outside the state television building demanded full coverage of the protests. After television staff joined them, Kochanova arrived, but was unable to pacify the crowd.The following day, state television reported on the protests for the first time. Opening the fourth session of the National Assembly on 2 October 2020, Kochanova said, "The election campaign was held in difficult conditions. We witnessed unconcealed external pressure on our country and the aggravation of an unhealthy public situation by internal destructive forces. People made their choice in support of the incumbent President, in favor of stability, peace, tranquility, and the policy pursued in the country." She also said, "Lies and misleading information about the country is being spread ... We,


title: Natalya Kochanova

texts:
 those detained, but the students protested her comments. She said, "I thought that we will come out of here and ... be friends.But I am very saddened by the fact that today the framework of human norms and morality is being shattered ... when an adult woman like me is standing in front of you, and you shout in her face, this is rude and unacceptable." While answering the students' questions, Kochanova used "Dulles' Plan" conspiracy theory to explain the situation in Belarus. On 18 November 2020, Kochanova had a meeting with local deputies and officials of Polotsk and Novopolotsk. According to the leaked audio recording, she claimed that the protests had been organized from abroad, declared the photos of the people beaten by the police to be fake, supported expulsion of students from the universities for political reasons. On 27 November 2020, the Council of the CIS Interparliamentary Assembly awarded Kochanova with its medal "For Strengthening Parliamentary Cooperation." Due to her role, Kochanova was sanctioned by the EU, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland; she is also subject to the U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions. In 2021, ethnologist  fired from the Polack State University claimed that his forced leave was the result of pressure of <mask> <mask> and Ihar Marzaliuk on the university.Personal life
<mask> is married with two daughters. References

Living people
1960 births
People from Polotsk
Presidential Administration of Belarus
Political chiefs of staff
Mayors of places in Belarus
Women legislative speakers
Speakers of the Council of the Republic of Belarus
Alexander Lukashenko
20th-century Belarusian people
21st-century Belarusian politicians
21st-century Belarusian women politicians
Belarusian individuals subject to the U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions
Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked

masks: Natalya Kochanova Kochanova


title: Dada Bhagwan

texts:
<mask> (7 November 1908 – 2 January 1988), also known as <mask>, born Ambalal Muljibhai Patel, was a spiritual leader from Gujarat, India who founded the Akram Vignan Movement. He was religiously inclined from the early age. He worked as a contractor for a company maintaining dry docks in Bombay before attaining "self-realization" in 1958. He left business and focused on his spiritual goals. The movement around his teaching grew into the Akram Vignan movement gaining followers in western India and abroad. Biography

Early life
Ambalal Muljibhai Patel (A. M. Patel) was born on 7 November 1908 in Tarsali, a village near Baroda (now in Gujarat, India). His parents, Muljibhai and Jhaverba, were Vaishnava Patidars.He grew up in Bhadran, Kheda district in central Gujarat. A. M. Patel credited his mother for instilling an early appreciation of the values of nonviolence, empathy, selfless generosity, and spiritual penance within him. It is said that he was blessed by a saint when he was thirteen who told that he would attain liberation. He married a local village girl named Hiraba in 1924. Their children (born in 1928 and 1931) died a few months after birth so they had no surviving children. During this period, he was also influenced by the writings of Shrimad Rajchandra a Jain Monk who was also the spiritual Guru of Mahatma Gandhi and householder and religious teacher whose teaching inspired new religious movement later. He began practising temporary celibacy and later vowed lifelong celibacy.He was a contractor by profession. He moved to Bombay where he worked successfully as a contractor for the company Patel & Co. The company used to maintain and construct dry docks in the Bombay harbour. <mask> Bhagwan
He claimed to have attained self-realisation in June 1958 at Surat railway station while sitting on a bench at platform number 3. It was about 6 pm and it lasted 48 minutes. However this was not revealed initially by him. After his experience, a close relative began to address him by the spiritual name of <mask> (a Gujarati term for "Revered Grandfather")

masks:
Dada Bhagwan
Dadashri
Dada
Dada


title: Dada Bhagwan

texts:
 Bhagwan (Lord) became his spiritual name.The experience or self-realization is described as revelation or manifestation of the god within, or pure self, supreme self manifested through body; which he later called <mask> Bhagwan. He had differentiated between self and his empirical self as Patel and <mask> Bhagwan. He left his business to his partners to concentrate on his spiritual goals. He continued to live on the dividends of his shares of company. He continued his householder life as his teaching did not require renunciation or asceticism. Akram Vignan movement
Dada Bhagwan formed a movement which he termed Akram Vignan Movement. Unlike the step-by-step purification according to Jain principles,  Akram Vignan promises instant salvation through the grace of Simandhar Swami, for whom <mask> Bhagwan serves as a medium.His followers believe that they will be reborn in two lives in Mahavideha, a mythical land described in Jain cosmology from where they can achieve Moksha (liberation) as they are in connection with Gyani (knower). Flügel regards the movement to be a form of Jain-Vaishnava syncretism, a development analogous to the Mahayana in Buddhism. Initially, he had not revealed his experiences to the public but his some close relatives and friends knew it. In 1962, during a conversation with him, a person named Chandrakant Patel from Uganda experienced sudden self-realization. Such experience is described in traditional Jainism as kshayaka samyatva which is only achieved in presence of Tirthankara. Kanubhai K. Patel was the second person, who was also his business partner, who received instant knowledge in 1963 from <mask> <mask>. Expansion of movement
Between 1962 and 1968, very few close people received "knowledge" through <mask> Bhagwan.Following 1968, he bestowed "knowledge" who requested to be blessed. This is the foundation of the movement. He said that he was initially reluctant due to fear of public opinion as in case of Shrimad Rajchandra but after his visit to a Rishabha temple in Khambhat he decided to public performance of Gnanvidhi, a

masks: Dada Dada Dada Dada Bhagwan Dada


title: Dada Bhagwan

texts:
 practice to transfer of "knowledge" for self-realisation. In 1968, the first Gnanvidhi was held at Bombay. Over the years, the Gnanvidhi became more elaborate and achieved its present form in 1983. He continued to give spiritual discourses all over the world. He emphasized contact of "knower" (jnani) to gain knowledge over scriptural or ritual knowledge.His followers were initially spread in his hometown Vadodara and Bombay. The movement expanded in the 1960s and 1970s to southern Gujarat and Maharashtra and in Gujarati diaspora in East Africa, North America and UK. In 1983, he had reportedly around 50,000 followers. When he died on 2 January 1988, his funeral was attended by about 60000 followers. Succession
Soon after the death of <mask> <mask>, the movement split into two factions. One led by Kanubhai Patel and backed by Jay Sachchidannad Sangh and other led by Niruben Amin. Niruben claimed that she was instructed and trained in Gnanvidhi by <mask> <mask>.Niruben formed her own organisations; Dada Bhagwan Foundation Trust and Simandhar Swami Aradhana Trust in Ahmedabad and Mahavideh Foundation in Mumbai. She became a popular leader of the movement and was addressed as Niruma by her followers from 1999. After death of Niruben in 2006, she was succeeded by Deepakbhai Desai. Recognition
In 2012, the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation named a stretch of road between Visat crossroads and Sabarmati crossroads as Pujya Dada Bhagwan Road and the Zundal circle as Dada Bhagwan circle. In popular culture
<mask> <mask> was portrayed by Gulshan Grover in a 2012 independent film Desperate Endeavors directed by French-Algerian director Salim Khassa. Bibliography
<mask> <mask> has authored the following books now translated in English:
 Who Am I ? ;
 Generation Gap;
 Harmony In Marriage;
 Life Without Conflict;
 Anger;
 Worries;
 The Science Of Karma;
 Life Without Conflict;

Further reading

References

Indian spiritual teachers
Mystics
1908 births
1988 deaths
Gujarati people
Syncretists
People from Vadodara district
Hindu reformers
Jain

masks: Dada Bhagwan Dada Bhagwan Dada Bhagwan Dada Bhagwan


title: Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

texts:
<mask> (Vittorio Amedeo Francesco; 14 May 166631 October 1732) was Duke of Savoy from 1675 to 1730. He also held the titles of Prince of Piedmont, Duke of Montferrat, Marquis of Saluzzo and Count of Aosta, Moriana and Nice. Louis XIV organised his marriage in order to maintain French influence in the Duchy, but <mask>us soon broke away from the influence of France. At his father's death in 1675, his mother, Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Nemours, was regent in the name of her nine-year-old son and would remain in de facto power until 1684 when <mask>us banished her further involvement in the state. Having fought in the War of the Spanish Succession, he became king of Sicily in 1713, but he was forced to exchange this title and instead became king of Sardinia. <mask>us left a considerable cultural influence in Turin, remodeling the Royal Palace of Turin, Palace of Venaria, Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi, as well as building the Basilica of Superga where he rests. Infancy and regency
<mask>us was born in Turin to <mask>, Duke of Savoy and his second wife Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Nemours.Named after his paternal grandfather <mask> I he was their only child. As an infant he was styled as the Prince of Piedmont, traditional title of the heir apparent to the duchy of Savoy. A weak child, his health was greatly monitored. As an infant he had a passion for soldiers and was noted as being very intelligent. His father died in June 1675 in Turin at the age of forty after a series of convulsive fevers. His mother was declared Regent of Savoy and, known as Madame

masks:
Victor Amadeus II
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Charles Emmanuel II
Victor Amadeus


title: Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

texts:
 Royale at court, took power. In 1677, during her regency, she tried to arrange a marriage between <mask>us and his first cousin Infanta Isabel Luísa of Portugal, the presumptive heiress of her father, Peter II and <mask>us' aunt.His mother urged him to agree to the marriage, as this would have left Marie Jeanne permanently in control of the Duchy of Savoy as Regent because her son would have had to live in Portugal with his new wife. The duchy would then revert to the Kingdom of Portugal at her death. <mask>us refused, and a party was even formed which refused to recognise his leaving Savoy. Despite a marriage contract being signed between Portugal and Savoy on 15 May 1679, the marriage between <mask>us and the Infanta came to nothing and was thus cancelled. Other candidates included Maria Antonia of Austria, a Countess Palatine of Neuburg and Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici. <mask>us was keen on the match with Tuscany and negotiations were kept secret from France even though the match never happened. Under the influence of Louis XIV and Marie Jeanne, <mask>us was forced to marry a French princess Anne Marie d'Orléans.His mother was keen on the match and had always promoted French interests having been born in Paris a member of a cadet branch of the House of Savoy. He asked for Anne Marie's hand in March 1684, <mask>, who had been using political allies to gain support to end his mother's grip on power, succeeded in 1684 when she was banished from further influence in the state. Salt wars
A significant event of his mother's regency was the Salt Wars of

masks:
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amadeus


title: Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

texts:
 1680. These rebellions were caused by the unpopular taxes on salt in all cities in Savoy. The system had been put in place by Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy in order to raise money for the crown. The annual payment of a tax which had been in place for over 100 years caused great discontent and rebellion finally broke out in Mondovì, where the people refused to pay taxes to the emissary of Savoy, Andrea Cantatore di Breo. The unrest caused an army to be sent to stop the unrest in the town, which was pacified quickly.However, in the town of Montaldo, the unrest began again and was more serious than before. 200 soldiers were killed in warfare which lasted for several days. The news of these rebellions soon reached a wider scope and it became clear that soon the whole of Piedmont was on the verge of revolt. Power at this point still being with <mask>us' mother, she ordered representatives of the town of Mondovì to go to Turin to conclude treaties and were cordially welcomed by the young <mask>us, who agreed to the treaties. The event had allowed <mask>us a chance to exert some power. Duke of Savoy

Having succeeded in ending his mother's power in Savoy, <mask>us looked to his oncoming marriage with the youngest child of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (brother of Louis XIV) and Henrietta of England. The contract of marriage between Anne Marie and the Duke of Savoy was signed at Versailles on 9 April; On 10 April 1684, Anne Marie was married at Versailles, by proxy, to <mask>us.The couple were married in person on 6 May 1684. The Vaudois

At the urging of

masks:
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade


title: Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

texts:
 Louis, <mask> II began a large-scale persecution of the Vaudois (Piedmontese and Savoyard Protestants) in 1685. The state had been bankrupted due to various conflicts and a famine in 1679 which had used all last resources. Due to his alliances with England and the Dutch Republic during the Nine Years' War, he was forced to cease this practice from 1688, and in 1694 granted an Edict of Toleration. However, in 1698 Louis XIV forced him to expel all Protestant immigrants from Savoy in accordance with a treaty of 1696. During this period he became anxious to free himself of domination by Louis, and his first sign of independence was his independent visit to Venice in 1687, where he conferred with Prince Eugene of Savoy and others. Louis discovered this and demanded that <mask>us launch another expedition against the Vaudois; he grudgingly complied, but as described below soon chose the allies countering France.Internal reforms

<mask> II undertook sweeping administrative reforms within Savoy. In 1696 he established a system of intendants, based on the French model, responsible for collecting taxes and law enforcement. In 1697 he began a land survey which was largely completed by 1711, the Perequazione, to examine the land holdings and privileges of the Church and nobility. In 1717 he reformed the secretariat system in Turin establishing individual secretaries for war, internal affairs and foreign affairs. From the 1670s he also had a new administrative zone built in Turin, around the ducal palace. This zone included a military academy, the ministry of

masks:
Victor Amadeus
Victor Amade
Victor Amadeus


title: Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

texts:
 war, a mint, and a customs house. This work was still ongoing upon his death.<mask>us also undertook a number of military reforms. Often when one of his key fortresses was under attack, he would replace its commanding officer with one of his most reliable and trusted leaders. In 1690 he established a select militia within his territories, and he later overhauled the militia system in 1714 and strictly codified it. This included an obligation for each region under his rule to provide a number of men for the militia based on population. From 1713 he also began to establish his own navy based on the limited Sicilian naval forces he had been granted. <mask>us was able to use the experienced armies he developed in foreign wars to establish more firm control within his own territories. Faced with rebellion by Mondovì at the end of the century, he brought a force of veterans from the Nine Years War there and re-established his authority.He employed a similar strategy against an anti-tax riot in Cigliano in 1724. Foreign affairs
Under his mother's regency Savoy, despite being a state of the Holy Roman Empire, was closely linked to and heavily dependent upon France, essentially becoming a French satellite. <mask> II broke this link by joining alliances against France in both the Nine Years War and the War of the Spanish Succession. Savoy was considered a valuable ally in both wars due to its geographical position, enabling a second front to be opened against France in the south. Savoy relied heavily on foreign subsidies, particularly from England and the

masks:
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amadeus


title: Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

texts:
 Dutch Republic, in both wars to maintain its armies. Nine Years War
At the start of the Nine Years War, Savoy had three regiments in the service of France in Flanders. <mask>us struggled throughout the early part of the war to bring those troops back into his own use.Part of the agreement he reached with the Grand Alliance against France was that they would enable him to recover Pinerolo, which his predecessor and namesake had lost decades before. In 1692, he was the only member of the Grand Alliance to bring the war to French lands, invading the Dauphiné. In 1695 and 1696, he secretly negotiated a separate treaty with Louis XIV of France which included the return of Pinerolo to Savoy. Throughout the war, he greatly increased the size of the army of Savoy from about 8500 to more than 24000. War of the Spanish Succession
During the War of the Spanish Succession, foreign subsidies amounted for almost half of the revenue raised by Savoy to fight the war. The end of the Nine Years' War had helped to design a new balance on the continent: at the death of the childless <mask> of Spain he left his throne to Philip, grandson of Louis XIV. The will stated that should Philip not accept it would go to his brother Charles.<mask>us was himself in line to succeed, as a great-grandson of Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain. As a result, <mask>us expected compensation in the form of a territory which had been owned by the vast Spanish empire. <mask>us had his eye on the Duchy of Milan which, having signed a treaty with Louis XIV, had support in conquering the

masks:
Victor Amade
Charles II
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade


title: Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

texts:
 duchy. With the Treaty of Vigevano in October 1696, however Louis XIV's support waned. <mask>us subsequently allied himself with Emperor Leopold I.

England and Austria ignored his claim, the latter of which had a candidate in the person of Archduke Charles, who immediately proclaimed himself King of Spain. The Grand Duke of Tuscany also ignored his claims. In the meantime he pursued the expansion of Savoy and bought various fiefdoms of the Holy Roman Empire.<mask>us was in a position where on most sides of Savoy was a Bourbon ruler, the enemy of Philip V, and he was forced to let French troops enter his lands in order to get Milan which <mask>us had wanted so greatly. Forced to ally himself again this time to Louis XIV and his grandson in Spain, his daughter Maria Luisa was used as a pawn to seal this alliance. His daughter subsequently married Philip V in 1701. In 1701, he fought bravely at the Battle of Chiari, fought in the name of Bourbon control of Milan. By 1702, <mask>us was considering changing allegiance to the emperor again having entered secret correspondence with the emperor who promised him the Duchy of Montferrat. In order to appease him, the emperor increased his bribe, adding various territories in Lombardy, <mask>us having ignored him. In 1703, <mask>us switched sides, joining the Grand Alliance as he had in the Nine Years War.Savoy fared particularly badly against the larger French forces resulting in a siege of Turin in 1706. Anne Marie's uncle, Louis XIV (along with Spanish forces from Anne Marie's second cousin Philip V of

masks:
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade


title: Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

texts:
 Spain), besieged Turin during the Battle of Turin. French troops were under the control of Anne Marie's half brother, the Duke of Orléans. She and her sons were forced to flee Turin with the grandmother for the safety of Genoa. Turin was saved by the combined forces of <mask> and Prince Eugene of Savoy in September 1706. King of Sicily

As a result of his aid in the War of the Spanish Succession, <mask> <mask> gained the Kingdom of Sicily in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht which ended the war. Being crowned King of Sicily in Palermo in December 1713, he returned to Turin in September 1714.As ruler of an independent kingdom and a key player in the recent war, <mask>us significantly expanded his foreign relations. As a duke, he had envoys and embassies in France, the Empire, and Rome. In 1717, he established his own foreign office. King of Sardinia

<mask>us in 1720 was forced to exchange Sicily for the less important kingdom of Sardinia after objections from an alliance of four nations, including several of his former allies. The duke was a marquis and Prince and Perpetual Vicar in the Holy Roman Empire. Abdication and later years

Having done much to improve the state of his inheritance in 1684, <mask>us took the decision to abdicate in September 1730. The previous month the lonely king had lost most of his family, including his favourite and eldest son the Prince of Piedmont, and sought the security of a previous mistress Anna Canalis di Cumiana.The couple were married in a private ceremony on 12 August 1730 in the Royal Chapel in Turin having

masks:
Victor Amadeus
Victor Amadeus
II
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade


title: Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

texts: obtained permission from Pope Clement <mask>. Still attractive in her forties, <mask>us had long been in love with her and as a wedding gift, created her the Marchioness of Spigno. The couple made their marriage public on 3 September 1730 much to the dismay of the court. A month later, <mask> announced his wish to abdicate the throne and did so in a ceremony at the Castle of Rivoli on the day of his marriage. His son succeeded him as Charles Emmanuel <mask>. Taking the style of King <mask>us, he and Anna moved into the château de Chambéry outside the capital. The couple took a small retinue of servants and <mask>us was kept informed of matters of state.He insisted on having a Louis XIV-style wig with him at all times as his only luxury. Under the influence of Anna, in 1731 having suffered a stroke, <mask>us decided he wanted to resume his tenure on the throne and informed his son of his decision. Arrested by his son, he was transported to the Castle of Moncalieri and Anna was taken to a house for reformed prostitutes at the Castle of Ceva but was later allowed to return to the Castle of Rivoli where her husband was moved. She was returned to him on 12 April. The stroke seemed to have affected <mask>us in a way which caused him to later turn violent towards his wife, blaming her for his misfortunes. King <mask>us died in September 1732 and was buried in the Convent of San Giuseppe di Carignano. His son decided not to bury him in the Basilica of Superga which <mask>us had built and where he asked to be buried, as his son did not want to remind the

masks:
XII
Victor Amade
Victor Amadeus
III
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade


title: Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

texts:
 public of the scandal which his abdication had caused.Anna was moved to the Convent of the Visitation in Pinerolo where she died aged 88. Cultural legacy
Despite his political reforms and his passion for trying to increase the importance of Savoy in Europe, <mask>adeus left a considerable cultural legacy in the city of his birth. In 1697 <mask>us commissioned Le Notre to lay out large gardens at the Palace of Turin where he had previously commissioned the Viennese Daniel Seiter to paint a famous gallery which exists to this day. <mask>us subsequently had Seiter knighted. He also encouraged musical patronage in Savoy and the court became a centre for various musicians of the period. Being crowned King of Sicily in Palermo in December 1713, he returned to Turin in September 1714. From Palermo he brought back Filippo Juvarra, an Italian architect who had spent many years in Rome.Juvarra was patronised by <mask>us and was the mind behind the remodelling of the Royal Palace of Turin, Palace of Venaria, Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi as well as building the Basilica of Superga. The architect was also responsible for various roads and piazza's in Turin. <mask>us' mother also used Juvarra for the famous staircase within the Palazzo Madama where she lived after being banished. In 1997 the UNESCO added a group of buildings which were connected to <mask> and his family to be added to have World Heritage status. These buildings including the Royal Palace, the Palazzo Madama, the Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi and his wife's Villa della Regina were grouped

masks:
Victor Am
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amadeus


title: Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

texts:
 as the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy. Family and issue

His distant relationship with his mother was always strained and has been blamed on her ambition to keep power to herself. Marie Jeanne spent most of her time relegated to state business which she enjoyed and had little time for her only child whom she kept under close supervision in order to make sure he would not try to assume power.Anne Marie gave her husband six children but also had two stillbirths of each gender, one in 1691 and again in 1697. Three of these children would go on to have further progeny, including the eldest Maria Adelaide, who was the mother of Louis XV of France. His second daughter Maria Luisa, known in the family as Louison, would marry Philip V of Spain in 1701 and was also regent of Spain for various periods. These two marriages were tactics used by Louis XIV to keep <mask>us close to France prior to the War of the Spanish Succession. Anne Marie would remain a devoted wife. She quietly accepted his extramarital affairs; the longest one being with the famed beauty Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes by whom he had two children. Jeanne Baptiste was his mistress for eleven years and eventually fled Savoy due to <mask>us' obsession with her.<mask>us subsequently had his daughter with Jeanne Baptiste, Maria Vittoria, marry the Prince of Carignano from which the present Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples is a direct descendant. His favourite child was <mask> born in 1699 and given the title Prince of Piedmont as heir apparent. The Prince of Piedmont later died in

masks:
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amadeus


title: Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

texts:
 1715 from smallpox. Anne Marie died in 1728 after a series of heart attacks. His relationship with his younger son and eventual successor Charles Emmanuel was a cold one and the two were never close. <mask>us organised the first two marriages of Charles Emmanuel, the first one being to Anne Christine of Sulzbach, daughter of the Count Palatine of Sulzbach, which produced a son who died in infancy. The second marriage was to Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg, a first cousin of Anne Christine and mother of six children, including the future <mask> III of Sardinia.Legitimate issue
 Maria Adelaide of Savoy (1685–1712), married Louis, Duke of Burgundy, eldest son of Louis, Grand Dauphin, and had issue including Louis XV of France;
 Maria Anna of Savoy (1687–1690);
 Maria Luisa of Savoy (1688–1714), married Philip V of Spain, second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin, and had issue including two kings of Spain;
 <mask> of Savoy (1699–1715) died unmarried;
 Charles Emmanuel of Savoy (1701–1773), Duke of Savoy then later King of Sardinia;
 Emanuele Philibert of Savoy (1705–1705), died in infancy;

Illegitimate issue
 Maria Vittoria of Savoy (1690–1766), married <mask> I, Prince of Carignano and had issue;
 Vittorio Francesco of Savoy (1694–1762), married Maria Lucrezia Franchi di Pont, had no issue. Ancestors

References and notes

Sources

 The Gentleman's and London magazine: or monthly chronologer, 1741–1794, J. Exshaw., 1741

 Frézet, Jean: Histoire de la Maison de Savoie, Volume 2, Alliana et Paravia, 1827

 Storrs, Christopher: War, diplomacy and the rise of

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Victor Amadeus
Victor Amadeus
Victor Amadeus


title: Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

texts:
 Savoy, 1690-1720, Cambridge University Press, 1999,

 Vitelleschi, Marchese: The romance of Savoy, <mask>us II. and his Stuart bride Volume I, Harvard College Library, New York, 1905
 Vitelleschi, Marchese: The romance of Savoy, <mask>us II. and his Stuart bride Volume II, Harvard College Library, New York, 1905

External links

1666 births
1732 deaths
18th-century kings of Sardinia
18th-century Kings of Sicily
17th-century Dukes of Savoy
18th-century Dukes of Savoy
Italian royalty
Modern child rulers
Monarchs who abdicated
Princes of Piedmont
Princes of Savoy
Claimant Kings of Jerusalem
Counts of Aosta
Italian people of French descent
Nobility from Turin
Burials at the Basilica of Superga
Military personnel of the Nine Years' War
Military leaders of the War of the Spanish Succession
People from

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Victor Amade
Victor Amade


title: Andrew O'Shaughnessy (hurler)

texts:
<mask>'Shaughnessy (born 30 November 1984 in Kilmallock, County Limerick) is an Irish sportsperson. He plays hurling with his local club Kilmallock and was a member of the Limerick senior inter-county team from 2002 to 2011. Biography

<mask>'Shaughnessy was born in Kilmallock, County Limerick in 1984. He was educated at his local primary school and later attended the famous St. Colman's College, Fermoy in Fermoy, County Cork, a virtual nursery for young hurling talent. Here his hurling skills were first developed and he became a star on the college's various hurling teams. O'Shaughnessy enjoyed a very successful hurling career, beginning by capturing three Dean Ryan Cup titles in-a-row in 2000, 2001 and 2002. By this stage he was also a star on the St. Colman's senior hurling team.O'Shaughnessy won his first Dr. Harty Cup winners' medal in 2001. He later collected his first All-Ireland colleges' title when St. Colman's defeated Dublin Colleges in the final of that competition. O'Shaughnessy captured a second Harty Cup title in 2002 before later lining out in a second All-Ireland colleges' final. His scoring exploits in that game were spectacular. Gort CBS provided the opposition, however, O'Shaughnessy scored 2–8 of a total score of 2–10. It was his second All-Ireland winners' medal. 2003 saw O'Shaughnessy win a third consecutive Harty Cup winners' medal.The subsequent All-Ireland final saw St. Colman's take on St. Kieran's, however, victory went to the Kilkenny team on that

masks:
Andrew O
Andrew O


title: Andrew O'Shaughnessy (hurler)

texts:
 occasion. After completing a successful Leaving Certificate at St. Colman's O'Shaughnessy became a cadet in the Irish Army. He is now commissioned as an army lieutenant. Playing career

Club

O'Shaughnessy plays his club hurling with his local Kilmallock club and has enjoyed much success. As a member of the club's minor hurling team he captured three consecutive county titles in 2000, 2001 and 2002. The latter final saw O'Shaughnessy give a fantastic scoring exhibition once again. In that game they beat Na Piarsaigh by 4–11 to 2–11.Three of their 11 points were scored in a gripping last 10 minutes, the previous 4–9 had come from the hurley of <mask>'Shaughnessy in a glorious 50-minute spell of individual brilliance. O'Shaughnessy later joined the club's under-21 team, however, he enjoyed little success in this grade. Around the same time he joined the Kilmallock senior team. He lined out in the senior county final in 2005, however, Garryspillane were victorious on that occasion by 2–15 to 2–12. Minor and under-21

O'Shaughnessy first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Limerick minor hurling team in the early 2000s. He had little success in this grade and later joined the county's under-21 team where he first tasted inter-county glory. 2002 saw Limerick reach the provincial decider for the third year in-a-row, however, it was O'Shaughnessy's first year as full member of the team.After an exciting contest with Tipperary, which included extra-time,


title: Koji Kondo

texts:
is a Japanese music composer, pianist, and music director who works for the video game company Nintendo. He is best known for his involvement in numerous contributions in the Super Mario and The Legend of Zelda series of video games, among others produced by the company. <mask> was hired by Nintendo in 1984, becoming the first person hired by them to specialize in musical composition for video games. Shortly after, <mask> was assigned as the sound designer on the 1985 game Super Mario Bros. His work on the game, especially the overworld musical theme, has often been cited as among the most memorable in video games. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Nagoya, Japan, on August 13, 1961. He began taking lessons on the electronic organ from the age of five. He improved his skills in the instrument in a cover band that played jazz and rock music.<mask> studied at the Art Planning Department of Osaka University of Arts, but was never classically trained or academically dedicated to music. With a love of arcade video games such as Space Invaders and the early Donkey Kong series, he said video games were the only place where he could find the kind of sound creation that he was looking for. He gained some experience in composing and arranging pieces, using the piano, and a computer by programming sounds in BASIC. Career

In 1984, during <mask>'s senior year, Nintendo sent his university a message recruiting for music composition and sound programming. He successfully applied for the job without requiring any demo tapes. He recalls, "I found my way to Nintendo by looking at the school's job placement board. You're supposed to apply to many different companies, but I saw the Nintendo ad, and had a love of making synthesizers, and loved games, and thought – that's the place

masks: Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo


title: Koji Kondo

texts: for me.I interviewed with one company, Nintendo, and that's where I've been ever since." <mask> was the third person hired by Nintendo to create music and sound effects for its games, joining Hirokazu Tanaka and Yukio Kaneoka. However, he was the first at Nintendo to actually specialize in musical composition. His first work at Nintendo was the audio design for the 1984 arcade game Punch-Out!!. As the Famicom had become popular in Japan by then, <mask> was assigned to compose music for the console's subsequent games at Nintendo's new development division, Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development (EAD). His second work at Nintendo was an instruction manual on how to program Japanese popular music into the Famicom using the peripheral Family BASIC. To conclude his first year at Nintendo, he created some of the music of Devil World, alongside Akito Nakatsuka.In 1985, Nintendo started marketing the Famicom abroad as the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) to capitalize on the 1983 video game crash that had devastated Atari, Inc. and other companies. Super Mario Bros. was <mask>'s first major score. The game's melodies were created with the intention that short segments of music could be endlessly repeated during the same gameplay without causing boredom. The main theme is iconic in popular culture and has been featured in more than 50 concerts, been a best-selling ringtone, and been remixed or sampled by various musicians. <mask>'s work on The Legend of Zelda scores has also become highly recognized. He produced four main pieces of background music for the first installment of the series; the overworld theme has become comparable in popularity with the Super Mario Bros. main theme. After the success of The Legend of Zelda, he provided the score for two

masks: Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo


title: Koji Kondo

texts:
 Japanese-exclusive games, The Mysterious Murasame Castle (1986) and Shin Onigashima (1987).He created the soundtrack to Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic (1987), which was later rebranded outside Japan as Super Mario Bros. 2 in 1988. <mask> returned to the Super Mario series to produce the scores to Super Mario Bros. 3 (1988) and the SNES launch title Super Mario World (1990). Koichi Sugiyama directed a jazz arrangement album of Super Mario World music and oversaw its performance at the first Orchestral Game Musical Concert in 1991. After finishing the soundtrack to Super Mario World, <mask> was in charge of the sound programming for Pilotwings (1990), while also composing the "Helicopter Theme" for it, and created the sound effects for Star Fox (1993). In 1995, he composed for the sequel to Super Mario World, Yoshi's Island. Until the early 2000s, <mask> would usually write all compositions by himself on a project, with The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time being the last one <mask> worked on alone. Since then, he has been collaborating with other staff members at Nintendo, advising and supervising music created by others, as well as providing additional compositions for games, including Super Mario Galaxy, The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks, The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword and Super Mario 3D World.He also served as the sound director and lead composer of Super Mario Maker and its sequel, Super Mario Maker 2. Concerts
<mask> attended the world premiere of Play! A Video Game Symphony at the Rosemont Theater in Rosemont, Illinois in May 2006, where his music from the Super Mario Bros. and The Legend of Zelda series was performed by a full symphony orchestra. He also attended and performed in a series of three concerts celebrating the 25th anniversary of The Legend of Zelda


title: Koji Kondo

texts:
 series in late 2011. He performed piano with the American rock band Imagine Dragons live at The Game Awards 2014 ceremony in December 2014. Musical style and influences
<mask>'s music for Super Mario Bros. was designed around the feeling of motion that mirrors the player's physical experience. This followed the philosophy of series creator and designer, Shigeru Miyamoto, who demanded that audio for the game be made "with substance" and are synchronized with elements of the game.As a result, <mask> based a number of the score around genres that are primarily used for dancing, such as Latin music and the waltz. In the first The Legend of Zelda, <mask> juxtaposes the game's overworld theme with the theme that plays in dungeons. <mask> remarked on the importance of projecting distinct characters through music, so that players know almost immediately where they are within the game. <mask> used this contrast in other games he worked on, including Super Mario Bros.

Games

Music and sound design

Supporting roles

Awards

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| 2011
| Super Mario Galaxy 2
| British Academy Games Awards (Best Original Music)
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| rowspan="2" | 2014
| rowspan="2" | Super Mario 3D World
| British Academy Games Awards (Best Original Music)
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| Video Game Music Online (Best Soundtrack – Retro / Remixed)
|
|}

References

External links

1961 births
20th-century Japanese composers
20th-century Japanese male musicians
20th-century Japanese pianists
21st-century Japanese composers
21st-century Japanese male musicians
21st-century Japanese pianists
Chiptune musicians
Japanese male composers
Japanese male pianists
Japanese pianists
Living people
Mario (franchise) music
Musicians from Aichi Prefecture
Nintendo people
Osaka University of Arts alumni
People from Nagoya
Sound designers
Video


title: Gavin Bradley

texts:
<mask> is a Canadian singer-songwriter and producer based in Toronto who has worked with artists like Nelly Furtado, Tori Amos and Jane Siberry. Fusing acoustic and electronic elements, his work is identifiable for its signature "warm" piano sound and live strings mixed with filtered synthesizers and other electronic manipulations 1. Besides production, <mask> is a solo recording artist. His debut album 'Deep Freeze' was released on UMI Records in 2006. Early years
Growing up in Ottawa, <mask> began studying classical piano at four. At age 10, he obtained a pre-1900 Nordheimer upright piano. <mask> eventually used a sampler to record each key of this oddly detuned piano at many different volumes, recreating a digital version of it to be used as an organic centerpiece in his recordings and later on in his live shows.Also studying jazz saxophone from 14, saxophonists Stuart Matthewman of Sade, Branford Marsalis and John Coltrane were early influences. In his early teens <mask> developed a strong interest in creating and manipulating music electronically using synthesizers, turntables, tape splicing and effects units. Some electronic influences <mask> cites are experimental Toronto band Syrinx led by Anne Murray keyboardist John Mills-Cockell, early Pink Floyd, Tomita, Giorgio Moroder, Eurythmics, Yaz, Thomas Dolby, Pet Shop Boys, Depeche Mode, New Order, William Orbit and Björk. Early studio work
In 1991, <mask> relocated to Toronto to study film and music at York University and began a residency at Toronto club Work. In 1992 he began an apprenticeship in Toronto recording studio Number Nine Sound and later was an assistant engineer at R&B production house TazzDab Productions. His early production work included remixes for R&B singer Carlos Morgan, Canadian independent artist Jane Siberry and as well as Sony Music artist Esthero.

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title: Gavin Bradley

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 Collaborations
Through Esthero's manager, Canadian Idol judge Zack Werner, <mask> met and began collaborating with Jon Levine, songwriter and keyboard player for The Philosopher Kings.Together they worked with EMI artist Dayna Manning and received a Best R&B Recording Juno Award for JackSoul's 'Sleepless' album on BMG Records. In 2007 they collaborated on 'Calling to Say' for EMI artist Serena Ryder, which rose to No. 1 on the Canadian charts. <mask>'s work on Nelly Furtado's third album 'Loose' brought him to the attention of Los Angeles writer-producer Rick Nowels resulting in collaborations on material for Joss Stone, Kylie Minogue, Charlotte Church and Shaznay Lewis of All Saints. Holly Knight, another Los Angeles writer-producer brought <mask> in to work on material for The Donnas, Alaina Beaton and Joe Elliot of Def Leppard. In 2009 <mask> began composing music for film and theatre. He was nominated for an Outstanding Sound Design/Composition Dora Award for the Darren Anthony play Secrets of a Black Boy.Solo singer-songwriter work
In 2006 <mask> released 'Deep Freeze', his first solo album as a singer-songwriter, on Prozzak/Philosopher Kings guitarist James Bryan's label UMI Records. In Canadian newspaper The National Post interviewer Mike Doherty refers to '<mask>'s trademark piano, which sounds as though it were recorded underwater'2. In that article, <mask> explains that his breathy vocals and organic piano sound are intentionally set against inhuman, icy beats and sterile analog synthesizer sweeps to accentuate their warmth and humanness by contrast. In 2006 and 2007 <mask> toured the album in Canada with James Bryan's project Sunshine State. The tracks 'In The Way', 'Games', 'Love Song 1968', 'I Wonder Where You Are' and 'Deep Freeze' enjoyed radio play in Canada and the U.S. The full-length 'Daylight Fading Out' was released in

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title: Gavin Bradley

texts:
 2012, followed by the 'Sea & Space' EP in 2013, both on <mask>'s own Afternoon Tea label. House music projects
Under the alias Gavo, <mask> has also produced a steady stream of remixes including work for Atlantic Records artist Tori Amos, EMI artist Thomas Dolby and Nelly Furtado.In 2000 his remix of Furtado's 'I'm Like A Bird' was cited as a Dance Hot Plate in Billboard Magazine. <mask> also maintains ongoing collaborations with Toronto DJ Dwayne Minard with disco-house project Righteous and electro-funk project White Punks On Dope. The Righteous single 'Love Is Love' featuring New York singer MJ White on vocals was released on the prestigious UK-based Hed Kandi label. White Punks On Dope have performed live at various locales around Toronto, including Shane Percy's Candybar party series in 2007. House singles recorded with Toronto DJ Deko-ze have been released on Toronto-based Hi-Bias Records under the moniker Deko-ze'n'Gavo. 1"
Thomas Dolby – "She Blinded Me With Science"
Tori Amos – "Horses" – Dance Music Authority citation
Tori Amos – "Putting The Damage On"
Usher – "You Make Me Wanna"

Film and theatre composition
Secrets of a Black Boy (Play) – Outstanding Sound Design/Composition Dora Nomination
How Black Mothers Say I Love You (Play)
Bunny (Short Film)
Last Vestiges (Short Film)
Our Dance Of Revolution (Feature Documentary)

External links
 <mask> Official Site
 <mask> on Facebook
 <mask> at MySpace
 Apathy Is Boring Profile
 Righteous Official Site
 Righteous at MySpace
 White Punks On Dope at MySpace

References
1National Post Interview
2National Post Interview

Canadian rhythm and blues musicians
Canadian record producers
Canadian songwriters
Canadian pop singers
Canadian male singers
Canadian dance musicians
Living people
Musicians from Ottawa
Musicians from Toronto
Remixers
Writers from Ottawa
Writers from Toronto
Year of birth

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title: Paul Tsongas

texts:
<mask> (; February 14, 1941January 18, 1997) was an American politician. He represented Massachusetts in both houses of the United States Congress, holding office from 1975 to 1985. He won eight states as a candidate in the 1992 Democratic presidential primaries, losing the nomination to Bill Clinton. Born in Lowell, Massachusetts, Tsongas graduated from Dartmouth College, Yale Law School and the Kennedy School of Government. After working for the Peace Corps and as an aide to Congressman F. Bradford Morse, Tsongas successively won election as a city councilor and county commissioner. In 1974, he won election to the United States House of Representatives in Massachusetts's 5th congressional district, over the incumbent <mask>. Cronin. In Massachusetts's 1978 Senate election, he defeated incumbent Republican Senator Edward Brooke.In Congress, <mask> established a reputation as a social liberal and fiscal conservative. <mask> was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 1983 and declined to seek re-election in 1984. He returned to politics after undergoing a successful bone marrow transplant. He experienced early success in the 1992 Democratic presidential primaries, winning the New Hampshire primary, but withdrew from the race in March 1992 and endorsed Clinton. An opponent of deficit spending, <mask> co-founded the Concord Coalition. He died in 1997 of complications from pneumonia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Early life
<mask> was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, along with a twin sister, Thaleia, to a once working-class family who came to own a very successful dry cleaning business in Lowell.His father, Efthemios <mask>, was a Greek immigrant, and his mother, Katina (née Pappas; originally Panagiotopoulos), was of Greek descent. After graduating from Lowell High School in 1958, <mask> attended Dartmouth College, graduating in 1962 with an A.B. in economics, then Yale Law School and the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University before settling in Lowell, Massachusetts. While at Dartmouth, <mask> was a member of the  men's

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title: Paul Tsongas

texts:
 swimming team. He picked up the sport again, 27 years later, in 1986, after doctors suggested swimming as a way to rebuild his lung capacity while he was recovering from lymphoma. At a YMCA Masters meet, <mask> once remarked, "I always used to say breaststroke was an athletic event and the butterfly was the political statement." He served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Ethiopia from 1962 to 1964, and as Peace Corps Country Director in the West Indies from 1967 to 1968.In 1967, <mask> – working as an aide to Congressman F. Bradford Morse – met Niki Sauvage, who was spending the summer in Arlington, Virginia. They were married in 1969, and had three daughters: Ashley, Katina, and Molly. Niki <mask> was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts from 2007 to 2019. When <mask> ran for office, out of concern that people would mispronounce his last name, there were bumper stickers saying "Tsenator Tsongas". Political career
<mask> first entered politics as a city councilor, elected to the Lowell City Council in 1969 where he served two consecutive terms. <mask> went on to serve as a county commissioner of Middlesex County, Massachusetts. In 1974, he ran for United States House of Representatives from a district anchored by Lowell.The district had elected only three Democrats in its entire existence and had been in Republican hands continuously since 1895. However, in the massive Democratic wave of the post-Watergate election of 1974, he defeated freshman Republican <mask>. Cronin by a 21-point margin. He was reelected in 1976, becoming the first Democrat to hold the district for more than one term. Increasingly popular and well-liked in Massachusetts, in 1978 he ran for and was elected to the United States Senate, defeating incumbent Republican Edward Brooke by a 10-point margin. In 1983, he was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and in 1984 announced his retirement from the Senate. His seat went to fellow Democrat, 2004 presidential nominee and United States Secretary of State John Kerry. After undergoing a bone marrow transplant to treat

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 the disease in 1986 and receiving a clean bill of health from doctors in 1991, he returned to politics, running for his party's nomination for President in 1992.Until the 1992 campaign, <mask> had never lost an election. He was the first former Peace Corps volunteer elected to the U.S. Senate (1978). (In 1974, he and Chris Dodd were the first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.) In October 1979, after the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee voted in favor of Alaska public lands legislation, President Jimmy Carter issued a statement thanking <mask> for his leadership in strengthening the bill. In May 1982, <mask> was one of eight senators to vote against a $177.9 billion military authorization bill for 1983 that provided money for chemical weapons. In July 1982, <mask> met with Prime Minister of Israel Menachem Begin, questioning Begin over where negotiations would fit in the event that Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization Yasser Arafat concede Israel's right to exist along with reneging the Palestinian National Covenant over calls for Israel's abolition and replacement by a secular state. <mask> afterward stated the meetings were distressing.During a May 27, 1983 hearing on the legal effects of the Equal Rights Amendment, the first in over a decade on the amendment, <mask> was questioned by Utah Senator Orrin Hatch over the measure, being described by the New York Times as "visibly shaken by the treatment Senator Hatch gave him". <mask> delivered an opening statement and replied "That issue will be decided in the courts" in response to most questions by Hatch. Political positions
<mask> was generally viewed as a social liberal and an economic moderate. He was especially known for his efforts in Congress in support of historic preservation and environmental conservation on one hand, and for his pro-business economic policies on the other. He played a major role while in the House in the creation of Lowell National Historical Park, as well as in the establishment or expansion of a number of other

masks: Tsongas Tsongas Tsongas Tsongas Tsongas Tsongas Tsongas Tsongas


title: Paul Tsongas

texts:
 National Park System areas. He played an equally key role later in the Senate, working closely with then Interior Secretary Cecil Andrus, in successful passage of the massive Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980, which had been hopelessly deadlocked in the Senate since its original passed by the House in 1978. Relative to business and economic matters, <mask> focused in particular on the Federal budget deficit, a cause he continued to champion even after his presidential primary campaign ended, by co-founding the Concord Coalition.<mask> was criticized on occasion by opponents as a Reaganomics-style politician, and as being closer to Republicans with regard to such issues. The Boston Herald editorialized that his political philosophy had "far more in common" with 1990s-era Republican Mitt Romney (who crossed over to vote for <mask> in the 1992 primaries) than with traditional Massachusetts Democrats like Ted Kennedy. In the mid-1980s, he shocked many of the members of the Americans for Democratic Action by telling them that they should focus more on economic growth than wealth redistribution. He once quipped, "If anyone thinks the words 'government' and 'efficiency' belong in the same sentence, we have counselling available." Presidential campaign

Primaries

Described as a "long shot campaign" by the New York Times, <mask> was the first Democrat to launch a bid for the 1992 presidential election, on April 30, 1991 in his hometown of Lowell, Massachusetts. Tsongas campaign was banking heavily on early success in New Hampshire. Like many of the candidates, Tsongas ignored the 1992 contest in Iowa, which was expected to go overwhelmingly to Iowa's Senator Tom Harkin.<mask> hoped that his New England independence and fiscal conservatism from neighboring Massachusetts would appeal to Granite Staters. He achieved recognition for the bluntness and clarity of his plan, distributing a short book titled A Call to Economic Arms, which focused on such issues as the growing federal deficit. When asked why he did not have a tax

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 cut plan like the other candidates, <mask> famously answered, "I'm not trying to play Santa Claus." New Hampshire
During the early weeks of 1992 things seemed to be going <mask>'s way when one major candidate, Bill Clinton, stumbled over issues involving marital infidelity and avoidance of the military draft during the Vietnam War. But Clinton's setback proved temporary, bottoming out weeks before the New Hampshire primary so that while <mask> won the most votes, and was declared the winner, the margin of 33.2% to 24.78% gave each candidate 9 delegates. Clinton adviser James Carville then tagged his man "the Comeback Kid" and declared his campaign back on track, leaving <mask>, still ostensibly the front-runner, to be seen by many as the underdog heading into Super Tuesday. After NH
Following New Hampshire, <mask> was unable to match Clinton's fundraising.Clinton went on to win most of the Super Tuesday delegate contests. <mask> won the primaries in Delaware, Maryland, Arizona, Washington, Utah and Massachusetts, but his campaign never recovered from Clinton's comeback. Convention

Eventually, <mask> pulled out of the race on 19 March 1992, and endorsed Clinton. However, a number of the Tsongas delegates continued to support the former Senator, and voted for <mask> on the first ballot at the Convention. The roll call yielded 289 votes for <mask>, placing him in 3rd place behind Clinton and then-former California Governor, Jerry Brown. During the convention <mask> tried to include a platform plank calling for a delay in tax cuts or tax credits until the budget could be balanced, which was overwhelmingly defeated. Post-Senate career

In late 1994, <mask> briefly led an effort to establish a third party, to be led by someone with "national authority", suggesting General Colin Powell for that role.By that time, <mask> was considered "the most popular political figure in Massachusetts". Death and legacy
He died on January 18, 1997, at age 55 of complications from pneumonia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. His obituary in the New York Times of

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title: Paul Tsongas

texts:
 January 20, 1997 states:

"Mr. <mask>'s lymphoma, a slow-growing cancer of the lymph system, and later developed pneumonia, died at Brigham and Women's Hospital. Mr. <mask> made his survival from cancer an issue in his Presidential campaign when he and two of his doctors, Dr. Tak Takvorian and Dr. George P. Canellos, said he had been cancer-free since a bone-marrow transplant in 1986. In May 1996, he underwent another transplant, getting bone marrow from his twin sister, Thaleia Schlesinger, to correct myelodysplasia, a bone-marrow disorder that can occur in people who have recovered from lymph cancer. On January 27, 1998, the Tsongas Center in Lowell was dedicated in his honor. In a special election held on October 16, 2007, his widow, Niki, won the Massachusetts Congressional seat that <mask> once held.Preservation Massachusetts, a statewide nonprofit focused on preserving Massachusetts history, has an annual Paul Tsongas Award to honor restoration workers in the state. 1984. Heading Home. New York: Knopf. . External links

 Peace Corps bio. of <mask>
 Concord Coalition bio. of <mask>

 Ubben Lecture at DePauw University

 C-SPAN Tsongas goes Swimming
 A Look Back at an Unorthodox Presidential Campaign 25 Years Later

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United States senators from Massachusetts
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
1941 births
1997 deaths
American politicians of Greek descent
County Commissioners in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Dartmouth College alumni
Deaths from cancer in Massachusetts
Deaths from lymphoma
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic Party United States senators
Deaths from pneumonia in Massachusetts
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Massachusetts city council members
Massachusetts Democrats
Peace Corps volunteers
Politicians from Lowell, Massachusetts
Twin people from the United States
United States congressional aides
Candidates in the 1992 United States presidential election
Yale Law School alumni
20th-century American politicians
Centrism in

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title: Kate O'Regan

texts:
Catherine "<mask>" O'Regan (born 17 September 1957) is a former judge of the Constitutional Court of South Africa. From 2013 to 2014 she was a commissioner of the Khayelitsha Commission and is now the inaugural director of the Bonavero Institute of Human Rights at the University of Oxford. Early life
O'Regan was born in Liverpool, England, into a large Catholic family of Irish immigrants. She moved to Cape Town when she was seven. Her mother was a dentist from a "very political household"; her father was a doctor who became active in poor Catholic communities and those subjected to forced removals. O'Regan studied at the University of Cape Town from 1975 to 1980, earning a BA and LLB. She was taught briefly by Arthur Chaskalson, who had recently founded the Legal Resources Centre, and ran UCT's legal aid project, working with Mahomed Navsa of the University of the Western Cape.After earning an LLM from the University of Sydney, she returned to South Africa and began her articles of clerkship at Bowman Gilfillan. She stayed on at Bowman for two years under John Brand, specialising in labour law and land rights and representing COSATU, NUM, NUMSA and the Black Sash. In 1985, O'Regan went to London to do a PhD at the London School of Economics on interdicts restraining strikes. On her return to South Africa in 1988, she worked at the Labour Law Unit and then became an associate professor at the University of Cape Town. She was a founder member of the Law, Race and Gender Research project and the Institute for Development Law at UCT; advised the African National Congress (of which she was a non-active member from 1991) on land claims legislation, working with Geoff Budlender, Aninka Claassens and Derek Hanekom; and served as a trustee of the Legal Resources Centre Trust. She co-edited No Place to Rest: Forced


title: Frankie Frisch

texts:
<mask> (September 9, 1898—March 12, 1973), nicknamed "The Fordham Flash" or "The Old Flash", was an American Major League Baseball player and manager of the first half of the twentieth century. <mask> was a switch-hitting second baseman who threw right-handed. He played for the New York Giants (1919–1926) and St. Louis Cardinals (1927–1937). He managed the Cardinals (1933–1938), Pittsburgh Pirates (1940–1946) and Chicago Cubs (1949–1951). He is a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum and the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum. He is tied with Yogi Berra for most World Series doubles at 10 and holds the record for the most World Series hits at 58 for a player who never played for the New York Yankees, exceeded only by Yogi Berra and Mickey Mantle. Early life
Born in the Bronx, New York City, <mask> attended Fordham Preparatory School, graduating in 1916.He went on to Fordham University where he continued to star in four sports: baseball, football, basketball and track. His speed earned him the nickname "The Fordham Flash". New York Giants

In 1919, <mask> left Fordham  to sign with the New York Giants of the National League, moving directly to the majors without playing in the minor leagues. He made an immediate impact, finishing third in the NL in stolen bases and seventh in RBI in 1920, his first full season. Manager John McGraw was so impressed by <mask> that he soon named him team captain, giving him advice in base-running and hitting. The Giants played <mask> at both third base and second base early in his career, but by 1923 he was installed as the team's full-time second baseman. <mask> batted over .300 in his last six seasons with New York.He was also an expert fielder and a skilled base-runner. In 1921, he led the National League with 48 steals, in 1923 in hits, and in 1924 in runs. With <mask> adding his fiery competitiveness to the team, the Giants won the

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title: Frankie Frisch

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 World Series in 1921 and 1922, winning the NL pennant the following two seasons as well. <mask> is tied with Pablo Sandoval for the franchise post-season multi-hit games record of 15. St. Louis Cardinals
After the 1926 season, <mask> was traded—with pitcher Jimmy Ring—to the St. Louis Cardinals in exchange for star Rogers Hornsby. After an August 1926 loss in which <mask> had missed a sign, costing the Giants a run, McGraw had loudly berated <mask> in front of the team; <mask> responded by leaving the team, and his previously close relationship with McGraw virtually ended. Playing second base for the Cardinals, <mask> appeared in four more World Series (1928, 1930–31, 1934), bringing his career total to eight.He was the driving force of the "Gashouse Gang", the nickname for the Cardinals clubs of the early 1930s, which were built around him to reflect his no-holds-barred approach. The Cardinals had won only one pennant before <mask> joined the team; the Giants would win the pennant only once in <mask>'s nine seasons as the Cards' regular second baseman. <mask> played eleven seasons with the Cardinals. In 1931, he was voted the Most Valuable Player in the National League after batting .311 with 4 home runs, 82 RBI and leading the League in stolen bases with 28. The 1931 Cardinals also triumphed in the World Series, defeating Connie Mack's defending two-time champion Philadelphia Athletics in seven games. <mask> became player-manager of the Cardinals in 1933, and was named to the NL's first three All-Star teams from 1933 to 1935. In 1934, he managed the Cardinals to another seven-game World Series victory—this time over the Detroit Tigers.<mask> finished his playing career in 1937. His career statistics totaled a .316 batting average, still the highest ever for a switch hitter, with 2,880 hits, 1532 runs, 466 doubles, 138 triples, 105 home runs, 728 walks and 1,244 RBI over 2,311 games. He also

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title: Frankie Frisch

texts:
 stole 419 bases in his nineteen playing seasons. His hit total stood as the record for switch-hitters until Pete Rose surpassed it in 1977. <mask> also hit .300 for his career from both sides of the plate; the only other switch-hitter with more than 5,000 at-bats with this distinction is fellow Hall of Famer Chipper Jones. <mask> was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1947. After no players had been selected by the writers in the previous two years (the only elections since 1942), the rules were revised to limit eligibility to those players who had retired after 1921; <mask> was among the first four players to benefit from the more reasonable field of candidates.After his retirement as an active player, <mask> continued to manage the Cardinals, but was never able to capture another pennant. <mask> also had managerial stints with the Pittsburgh Pirates (1940–46) and the Chicago Cubs (1949–51), but without the success he had in St. Louis. <mask>'s career ledger as a manager shows a 1,138–1,078 (.514) mark, including the pennant in 1934. He also spent the first two months of the 1949 season as a New York Giants' coach, working under his old double-play partner, Leo Durocher, before leaving June 14 to replace Charlie Grimm as manager of the Cubs. Post-baseball career and death
<mask> also worked for several years as a baseball color commentator on radio and television. In 1939, he called games for the Boston Bees and the Boston Red Sox on the Colonial Network, a regional radio network serving five New England states. He also called Giants radio in 1947–48, then worked as a post-game host for the team's telecasts in the 1950s.His broadcasting trademark was worrying about pitchers walking batters: "Oh, those bases on balls!" After a heart attack in September 1956 forced <mask> to curtail his activities, Phil Rizzuto (recently released by Yankees as a player) filled in for him on Giants

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texts: post-game shows for the rest of the season. From 1959 to 1961, <mask> teamed with Jack Whitaker to form the backup crew for Saturday Game of the Week coverage on CBS. A number of years after <mask> left the playing field as a manager, he became a member of the Hall of Fame's Committee on Baseball Veterans, which is responsible for electing players to the Hall of Fame who had not been elected during their initial period of eligibility by the Baseball Writers; he later became chairman of the committee. In the years just prior to his death, a number of <mask>'s Giants and Cardinals teammates were elected to the Hall; some notable writers, chiefly among them Bill James, have criticized these selections—including Jesse Haines, Dave Bancroft, Chick Hafey, Rube Marquard, Ross Youngs and George Kelly—which include some of the most widely questioned honorees in the Hall's history. Critics have pointed out that many of these selectees had accomplishments which were less outstanding than those of other players who were bypassed, and were only selected because of <mask>'s influence. <mask> died in Wilmington, Delaware from injuries suffered from a car accident near Elkton, Maryland a month earlier.He was 74 years old. <mask> had been returning to Rhode Island from the meeting of the Veterans Committee in Florida when he lost control of his car. <mask> died in the same manner as other N.Y. Giant Hall of Famers Mel Ott (1958) and Carl Hubbell (1988). He is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City. During his lifetime, <mask> used 1898 as his year of birth, although other records (Social Security death index, Census records, World War I Draft registration, and passport application) indicate an 1897 birth. In 1999, he ranked number 88 on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.In January 2014, the Cardinals

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