title: Cildo Meireles

texts:
 Babel with the present-day unity which has resulted from globalization despite numerous language barriers. Exhibitions

<mask> considers his first exhibition to have taken place in 1965, when one of his canvases and two of his drawings were accepted by the Segundo Salão Nacional de Arte Moderna in Brasilia. A retrospective of his work was presented at the New Museum of Contemporary Art in New York in 1999. It then traveled to the Museu de Arte Moderna in Rio de Janeiro and the São Paulo Museum of Modern Art. In conjunction with the exhibition, a book entitled Cildo Meireles, was published by Phaidon Press (1999).The first extensive presentation of the artist’s work in the UK opened at Tate Modern in October 2008. <mask> was the first Brazilian artist to be given a full retrospective by Tate. This exhibition then moved to the Museu d'Art Contemporani in Barcelona, and later to the Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo (MUAC) in Mexico City until January 10, 2010. From March to July 2014 a major retrospective of <mask>'s work was presented at Milan's HangarBicocca. It featured twelve of his most important works. Another important retrospective took place at SESC Pompeia from September 2019 to February 2020. In the exhibition entitled "Entrevendo" (Glimpsing) many of his most noteworthy installations were on display and an important catalogue was created for the exhibition.References

Selected bibliography
 Basualdo, Carlos. "Maxima Moralia: The Work of C. Meireles", Artforum International, v. 35 (February 1997) p. 58-63. Cameron, Dan, Paulo Herkenhoff, and Gerardo Mosquera. <mask> Meireles.

masks: Meireles Meireles Meireles Cildo


title: Cildo Meireles

type: original

texts:
 London: Phaidon Press, 1999. Carvalho, Denise. "Cildo Meireles: New Museum of Contemporary Art" Sculpture, v. 19 no.10 (December 2000) p. 74-5. Cohen, Ana Paula. "<mask> Meireles: Museu de Arte Moderna Aloisio Magalhaes", Art Nexus no. 44 (April/June 2002) p. 125-6. Dezeuze, Anna. "<mask> Meireles." Artforum International 47, no.8 (2009): 182. Farmer, John Alan. "Through the Labyrinth: An Interview with <mask> <mask>", Art Journal v. 59 no. 3 (Fall 2000) p. 34-43. Gilmore, Jonathan. "<mask> Meireles at Galerie Lelong", Art in America v. 93 no. 3 (March 2005) p. 132.<mask>, <mask>. <mask> <mask>. Valencia: IVAM, 1995. <mask>, <mask> and Charles Merewether. “Memory of the Senses.” Grand Street, no. 64 (1998): 221-223. Mosquera, Gerardo.<mask> <mask> (London: Phaidon), 1999. Weinstein, Joel. "Industrial Poetry: A Conversation with <mask> <mask>", Sculpture v. 22 no. 10 (December 2003) p. 50-5. Zamudio, Raul. "<mask> Meireles at Tate Modern", ArtNexus v. 8. no. 73 (June/August, 2009) p. 76-78.Zamudio, Raul. "Knowing Can Be Destroying", TRANS> arts.cultures.media no. 7 (2000) p. 146-152. External links
 Review of <mask> <mask> at Tate Modern, 2009
 List of exhibitions by <mask> <mask> (covers 1967-2007)
 TateShots: <mask> Meireles The artist talks about his interactive work Meshes of Freedom. 20 November 2008
<mask> <mask>' profile at Kadist Art Foundation
Materiality and Memory: An interview with <mask> Meireles
Cildo Meireles from sense to concept

1948 births
Brazilian sculptors
Brazilian contemporary artists
Living people
Conceptual artists
Artists from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Date of birth

masks: Cildo Cildo Cildo Meireles Cildo Meireles Cildo Cildo Meireles Meireles Cildo Cildo Meireles Cildo Meireles Cildo Cildo Meireles Cildo Meireles Cildo Cildo Meireles Cildo


title: Eugénie Droz

texts:
<mask> (born <mask> 21 March 1893 – 19 September 1976) was a Swiss romance scholar, editor publisher and writer, originally from the Suisse Romande. She created the Librairie Droz, a publisher and seller of academic books, at Paris in 1924, moving the business to Geneva at the end of the war. Biography

<mask> was born at La Chaux-de-Fonds in the francophone northwest of Switzerland. Her father, Frédéric Zahn, was a well known member of the business community in the town, where he worked as an editor. In 1900 the family relocated to nearby Neuchâtel. Here she completed her secondary education and obtained a teaching diploma. Between 1910 and 1913 she taught French at the Moravian Institute of Gnadenberg in Silesia, taking the opportunity at the same time to perfect her German.Returning to Neuchâtel in 1913, she was admitted to the Université de Neuchâtel where during the next three years she studied successfully for her degree. She was a pupil of Arthur Piaget, who also became a good friend. He encouraged her to study the history of ancient poetry and renaissance literature. It is apparent that the second volume of Piaget's work "Jardin de Plaisance et Fleur de rhétorique, d'Antoine Vérard (vers 1501)", which was published only in 1925, subtitled "Introduction and notes" and signed off by <mask> and Arthur Piaget, was largely the work of Piaget's erudite pupil. The compilation of 672 verses, ballads, sounds, rondeaux etc., many of them anonymous, was described in an obituary of Eugénie <mask> as an "inestimable contribution to mid-century French literature" ("contribution inestimable aux lettres françaises du milieu du siècle"). In 1916 her parents divorced. Three years later she sought and received permission to use her mother's pre-marriage name in place of her father's name.<mask> Zahn

masks:
Eugénie Droz
Eugénie Zahn
Laure Eugénie Zahn
E Droz
Droz
Eugénie


title: Eugénie Droz

texts: became <mask> <mask>. Sources covering this period may identify her under either name. She moved to Paris in 1916 and enrolled, at this stage as Eugénie Zahn, at the École pratique des hautes études (Section IV – Sciences historiques et philologiques (loosely, History and Philology). Her teachers included Alfred Jeanroy, Abel Lefranc and Georges Doutrepont. She received exceptionally positive reports from the outset and completed her degree in 1923. In 1924 she opened the Librairie Droz, initially at 34 rue Serpente, moving within a year to 25 Rue de Tournon, both addresses located appropriately in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. Her business was in essence a specialist bookshop and publisher.The core product would be her own academic output as an editor-publisher with a particular interest in sixteenth century texts and the history and social impact of books through history more generally. The business continues to focus on medieval and humanist titles and on literary criticism and art history. She described the Paris premises proudly in her first catalogue:  "Accommodated in the House of the Bronze Horse, given by Francis I to [the renaissance poet] Clément Marot in 1539, the 'Librairie Droz' [book business] has been established by <mask> <mask>, graduate of the École pratique des hautes études and docteur ès lettres. Her doctorate came from the Université de Neuchâtel. Her work for it consisted of 35 ancient texts accompanied by translations into contemporary French, a piece of work currently conserved in the rare books collection of the National Library of France. Despite the Librairie Droz having been established in Paris, the printed device appearing as a form of trade mark on publications acknowledged the Swiss provenance of the proprietress. She copied the design used by Jean de

masks: Eugénie Droz Eugénie Droz


title: Bobby Baker

texts: <mask> (November 12, 1928 – November 12, 2017) was an American political adviser to Lyndon B. Johnson, and an organizer for the Democratic Party. He became the Senate's Secretary to the Majority Leader. In 1963, he resigned during an investigation by the Democratic-controlled Senate into <mask>'s business and political activities. The investigation included allegations of bribery and arranging sexual favors in exchange for Congressional votes and government contracts. The Senate investigation looked into the financial activities of <mask> and Lyndon Johnson during the 1950s. The investigation of Lyndon Johnson as part of the <mask> investigation was later dropped after President Kennedy's assassination and Johnson's ascension to the presidency. <mask> was born in Pickens, South Carolina, the son of the town postmaster, and lived in a house on Hampton Avenue.He attended Pickens Elementary and Pickens High School, until he was 14 years old, when he received an appointment as a U.S. Senate page, with the help of Harold E. Holder. In 1942, <mask> became a page for Senator Burnet Maybank, and quickly became friends with several important Democrats. When Lyndon Johnson was elected to the Senate in 1948, John Connally took <mask> in to introduce him to Senator-elect Johnson. Johnson jumped up and said, 'Mr. <mask>, they tell me you're the smartest son of a bitch over there.' I said, 'Well, whoever told you that lied.' I said, 'I know all of the staff on our side.I know who the drunks are. And I know whose word is good.' He said, 'You're the man I want to know.' So they became great friends. After Senator McFarland became the [Majority] Leader and Senator Johnson the Whip, Johnson talked Senator McFarland into making <mask> the assistant Secretary for the Majority." <mask> quickly became Johnson's protégé. <mask> was eventually promoted to Secretary to the Majority Leader in 1953, who at the time was a Democrat; this was his highest-ranking official position, as well as the position from which he would later

masks:
Robert Gene Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Life Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker


title: Bobby Baker

texts:
 resign.Prior to resigning, <mask> had been a major power on Capitol Hill. He resigned due to allegations of misconduct and a well-publicized scandal involving government contracts. He later served 18 months in prison for tax evasion. In 1978, he coauthored a memoir entitled Wheeling and Dealing, with Larry L. King. Scandal
<mask> frequently mixed politics with personal business. He was one of the initiators and the treasurer of the Quorum Club, located in the Carroll Arms Hotel adjacent to a Senate office building. The society was a place for lawmakers and other influential men to meet for food, drink, and ladies, away from the press that were constantly downstairs in the hotel lobby.<mask> contends that, "The Quorum Club, of all the things I was involved in, it is the most insignificant thing. It was located in the Carroll Arms Hotel. When they first put it together, they asked me to get attorney Ernie Tucker to draw up the papers, which he did. The Quorum Club was a place where a guy wanted to get away, you know, from being at the bar downstairs at the Carroll Arms, where there were too many reporters or too many gawkers. It was an easy place for a lobbyist to get together with a Senator, or a Senator's girlfriend. ... I was very close to all the administrative assistants and legislative assistants.I would say 90% were like me. [We] All had girlfriends. And the Quorum Club was a place that you could be met there and nobody would know about it. It was a social club. One time I was in there and Ellen Rometsch was at my table. She was as pretty as Elizabeth Taylor. She was married to a sergeant in the German Army, but stationed at their embassy in Washington.She was sort of like me. She was ambitious. She'd come from Germany broke." <mask> alleged that one of "President Kennedy's best friends and his wingman, [lobbyist] Bill Thompson was there too, and he came over to me and he said, 'where in the hell did you get this beautiful girl?' And Bill Thompson asked me if she could go have dinner with the

masks: Baker Baker Baker Baker


title: Bobby Baker

texts: President. So I arranged for Ellen Rometsch to go to Bill Thompson's apartment and he took her to the White House on many occasions." Rometsch was of German origin.As a youth, she had been a Socialist Unity Party member in East Germany before fleeing with her parents and then coming to the United States. In 1962, <mask> established the Serv-U Corporation with his friend, Fred Black. The company was designed to provide vending machines for companies working for programs established under federal grants. Though a part of numerous other deals involving both politics and private financial affairs, this particular business venture would cause a scandal. In November 1962, electronic microphones ("bugs") in Ed Levinson's office at the Fremont Hotel in Las Vegas picked up references to <mask>. The FBI agent notified FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover of the references early in 1963 because, "I thought it was important for Washington to be aware of the possible political influence of Ed Levinson." Levinson and Benjamin Seigelbaum arranged with an Oklahoma City bank for a $400,000 start-up loan for the Serv-U Corporation to buy equipment and supplies.The Serv-U Corporation deal became the subject of allegations of conflict of interest and corruption after a disgruntled former government contractor, represented by David Carliner, sued <mask> and Black in civil court. That lawsuit eventually generated a great deal of press. In September 1963, an investigation was begun by the Republican-led Senate Rules Committee into <mask>'s business and political activities. <mask> was investigated for allegations of bribery using money allocated by Congress and arranging sexual favors in exchange for votes and government contracts. Under increasing criticism, <mask> resigned as Secretary to the Majority Leader on October 7, 1963. According to author Evan Thomas, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, President Kennedy's younger brother, was able to arrange a deal with J. Edgar Hoover to quell mention of the Rometsch allegations in the

masks: Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker


title: Bobby Baker

texts:
 Senate investigation of <mask>. Hoover successfully limited the Senate investigation of <mask> by threatening to release embarrassing information about senators contained in FBI files.In exchange for this favor, Robert Kennedy assured Hoover that his job as FBI Director was secure. Robert Kennedy also agreed to allow the FBI to proceed with wiretaps that Hoover had requested on Martin Luther King Jr. to try to prove King's close confidants and advisers were communists. Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones "on a trial basis, for a month or so", Hoover extended the clearance so his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy. Even though Lyndon Johnson was not involved in <mask>'s business dealings after 1960, the Senate investigation looked into their questionable financial activities in the 1950s. This was such a problem for Johnson that there were rumors he would be dropped from the 1964 presidential ticket. After word of the assassination of John F. Kennedy reached Washington on November 22, 1963, the Senate investigation was delayed. Thereafter, any investigation of Lyndon Johnson as part of the <mask> investigation was dropped.<mask>, however, was convicted of tax evasion and spent 18 months in prison. In the 1964 presidential election, Republican candidate Senator Barry Goldwater in speeches and campaign materials brought up the <mask> scandal as an issue against Johnson, demanding Johnson bring the issue out into the open. Death
In 2017, <mask> died on his 89th birthday in St. Augustine, Florida. Notes and references

Bibliography
 Robert A. Caro, Lyndon Johnson: Master of the Senate (2002)
 Robert A. Caro, Lyndon Johnson: Passage of Power (2012)
 <mask> with Larry L. King, Wheeling and Dealing: Confessions of a Capitol Hill Operator (1978)

1928 births
2017 deaths
American memoirists
American people convicted of tax crimes
People from Pickens, South Carolina
South Carolina Democrats
Writers from South

masks:
Bobby Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Bobby Baker
Baker
Bobby Baker


title: Marie Connor

texts:
<mask> (4 February 186728 January 1941) was a prolific author of serial fiction and melodramatic novels. She married fellow writer Robert Leighton and her most famous work Convict 99 was written jointly with him. However her writing income was far in excess of his. Paternity and birth
While most sources describe <mask> as the daughter of James Nenon <mask> (183521 June 1897) this is not accurate as <mask>'s mother Elizabeth Ann Treglown (c. 184216 April 1908) had a different husband when <mask> was born and only married <mask> in the first quarter of 1869, when <mask> was already two years old. While Elizabeth Anne Treglown was living at Camborne, Cornwall, with her parents, Josiah Henry Harris (c. 184818 April 1917), a newspaper reporter, visited her and courted her. He was accepted as her fiancé by her family and the couple had been engaged for some time. In April 1865, the pair travelled to Paris, and were married there, on 6 April 1865, at the English Episcopal Church, in the presence of the British Ambassador.The marriage had been a surprise to the family, and Harris had announced it by letter. The new couple returned to England, and lived with Elizabeth's parents in Camborne, but after a week, Harris walked out, without saying where he was going. Elizabeth found that he had gone to Bristol and joined him there, but after a time, he again left, this time for Torquay. She joined him in Torquay, but after a time, he again deserted her. By now, her family had moved to Montpelier in Bristol, where Elizabeth gave birth to her daughter at 7 York Road, on 4 February 1867, initially registered as Martha Annie, but later known as <mask>. Elizabeth registered the birth at Clifton on 13 February 1867. Elizabeth was running a school in Montpelier with her sisters Mary Ann (c. 1851 August 1913)and Ellen (c. 1845) while living with her mother.Josiah seemed fond of the child, caressed it, and treated it as his

masks:
Marie Connor Leighton
Connor
Alexander Connor
Marie
Connor
James Nenon Alexander Connor
Marie Connor
Marie


title: Marie Connor

texts:
 own. However, after Josiah had again failed in his promises of support for his wife and child, they entered the Workhouse at Clifton, Bristol, on 30 April 1867. The parish authorities, who were responsible for the Workhouse, sought a warrant to arrest Harris for failing to support his wife. Josiah was arrested at Merthyr in South Wales where he worked for The Merthyr Telegraph. He was tried on 9 May 1867 at Bristol Police Court. Josiah's defence was that he was not liable for maintenance as the couple were not legally married. There was some discussion of this, and the court held, that until a superior court determined that there was no marriage, Josiah was liable.Josiah met with the parish authorities and came to an agreement to pay maintenance. The case was suspended for a month to ensure that he followed through on this promise. It was understood that proceedings to set aside the marriage would be taken in another court. In the first quarter of 1869, Elizabeth married widower James Nenon <mask> in Kensington.. James was a widower, his first wife Eziza Jones (c. 1828May 1864) had died five years earlier. Elizabeth described herself as a widow on the marriage certificate. They had one child themselves, Valentine Alexander Nenon <mask> (5 June 187510 May 1927), who emigrated to Canada and worked an engineer there before dying of stomach cancer and pneumonia in Toronto. Early life
Her step-father had sold his commission in the 87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot and so lost his pension, to that the family lived a hand to mouth existence, living the high life when in funds and hiding out in a small house in St John's Wood when creditors became too insistent.Clare Leighton's biography of <mask> states that <mask> had a strange upbringing. Neither her mother or father had much interest in her and she was left to her own devices. She copied an entire novel by hand and sent it to a London

masks: Connor Connor Connor Connor


title: Marie Connor

texts:
 publisher, who recognised it, and was so puzzled by the childish handwriting that he visited to find out who was responsible. Her next project was writing names and random from a street directory and sending anonymous letters, warning the recipients that their wives or husbands were being unfaithful with people whose names and addresses she had also picked at random. Clare Leighton also related what <mask> told her children about her first love affair. When she was ten, <mask> fell in love with a window-cleaner, a married father of eight. Their correspondence was discovered and the window cleaner threatened with the law.<mask>'s parents packed her off to a convent in France where she fell in love with the Mother Superior and the Priest and became a devout Catholic for the rest of her life. After returning from France, <mask> got stage-struck, falling in love with the actor Wilson Barrett (18461904), and writing poems inspired by him. Her parents decided that the only cure was to give her a taste of the stage, so she went on tour with Barrett, chaperoned by one of her maternal aunts. The experience cured her of her love of the theatre. Early writing
<mask> published her first novel Beauty's Queen, a three-volume melodrama, in 1884 when she was 17.The Graphic, after noting that the novel "contains some very remarkable incidents indeed" concluded by saying "The novel is tragical to the highest pitch. All the characters of any consequence are left dead except one little boy, who, it is cordially to be hoped, grows up to meet with more ordinary experiences. The story is altogether ridiculously impossible, and is told in a style of sentimental exaggeration to which no description can do any sort of justice."Sutherland calls this book "An extraordinary mishmash of romantic and religious passion" and said that "it provoked most reviewers to sarcastic drollery", but that "women readers liked it." Marriage and

masks: Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor


title: Marie Connor

texts:
 children
<mask> quickly followed up with another and had published five novels before her marriage to Robert Leighton (5 June 185811 May 1934). Born in Scotland but growing up in Liverpool, Leighton moved to London in 1879 and began working for Young Folks magazine as an assistant editor. Leighton was the editor from 1884 to 1885. <mask> was a contributor to the magazine. In 1886 Leighton left Little Folks to move to the Bristol Observer, but returned to London in 1887. Kemp and Mitchell state that the <mask> and Leighton eloped to Scotland, but the UK marriage records show that they got married in Marylebone, London in the first quarter of 1889.It is clear that they did elope. <mask>'s mother traced her to a hotel in Fleet Street, and was only placated when the couple were able to show her their marriage certificate. The family lived at 'Vallombrosa' at 40 Abbey Road, St John's Wood, London, where they led a chaotic bohemian existence. Every summer they migrated to a turreted seaside cliff-top villa at Lowestoft in Suffolk. <mask> and her husband had four children:
Their first child was accidentally smothered in infancy by a nurse. Roland Aubrey Leighton (27 March 189523 December 1915), a poet who was killed in the First World War. He was Vera Brittain's fiancé and features largely in Testament of Youth, the first instalment of her memoirs.He was his mother's favourite. "He is the only one of my children who is beautiful enough to be worth dressing" her daughter reports her as saying. His mother's love for him "stopped just short of idolatry". <mask> was devastated when Roland was killed and published an anonymous memoir of him as Boy of My Heart in 1916. Clare Leighton (12 April 18984 November 1989), a writer and artist. She wrote several novels as well as the biography of her mother, and was a noted wood engraver. <mask> had been dismissive of Clare's looks, ambitions and talents.Evelyn Ivor

masks: Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Marie Connor


title: Marie Connor

texts:
 Robert Leighton (31 May 190121 October 1969) was destined from boyhood for the Navy. He joined the navy on 15 January 1915, and remained in the Navy after the Great War, being posted to the Royal Australian Navy for a while, and marrying an English bride while he was there. Works
The following is a list, principally drawn from the Jisc Library Hub Discover collated catalogue. One title not listed on the Jisc catalogues was found in the list of titles on Holland's blog about <mask>. The notes indicate if and where online copies of the texts can be found. Convict 99
<mask> continued to churn out novels after her marriage, writing four in total with Leighton, including her most successful work Convict 99. A true story of penal servitude.Sutherland describes this as: "a powerful anti-prison tract which became their best-known work. It has a highly sensational plot in which the hero, Laurence Gray, is framed by a rival in love on false charges of embezzlement and murder. Sent to Grimley Prison as Convict 99 on a life sentence, Laurence suffers various indignities before escaping and proving his innocence. The force of the book lies in its graphic and credible depictions of life in jail (particularly the part played by corporal punishment, or the ‘cat’)." The story was published first as a serial in Answers one of the publications produced by Alfred Harmsworth (18651922), for whom both <mask> and Leighton worked. It was published by Grant Richards in London. Quoting Grant Richards, the head of that publishing house, Kemp and Mitchell say that Convict 99 was hugely successful as a serial and was used time and again in different papers, but that it never attract as large a public in book form.Kemp and Mill also say that Convict 99 was <mask>'s greatest success. Few of <mask>'s novels were illustrated, and even those which had any illustration usually only had a front-piece. This was normal for novels


title: Marie Connor

texts:
 intended for adults. However Convict 99, like the first three books jointly written with Leighton, was illustrated. The eight illustrations below were made by Stanley L. Wood (1866-1928), and are from the online copy at The British Library. Later life
Clare Leighton says of her mother that "all men fell in love with her". During her childhood, she relates, there were three men who, with her father, were in love with her mother.Roland called them "Mother's Old Men". From 1891 both <mask> and Leighton worked for Alfred Harmsworth, he as an editor, and she as a writer of serial fiction. Harmsworth put his editors in their place when she was pregnant, and they were worried about a delayed installment, telling them that <mask> would go on just the same even if she were about to give birth to triplets the next day. Many of <mask>'s stories were, like Convict 99 serialised first in Harmsworth's Answers. From 1896 <mask> and Leighton were writing almost exclusively for Harmsworth's Daily Mail. <mask> continued to produce "potboiling crime stories" sometimes include female heroines. The Times said that her stories were "of the crude, rapidly-moving type, that a pre-cinema public read with approval and delight".<mask> published her last novel in 1937, but in practical terms she had given up all serious writing in the 1920s. <mask> died in hospital in Aylsbury, on 28 January 1941. Leighton had died seven years earlier. Mark Bostridge says that <mask> "was the archetypal romantic novelist", that she was eccentric and larger than life. Perhaps the best summary comes from the sub-title of her daughter's biography, <mask> was an invincible Edwardian. Notes

References

External links

Books by <mask> available online at the British Library. Books by <mask> in the collated catalogues of the Jisc Discover Library Hub.Tempestuous Petticoat, Clare Leighton's biography of <mask>. British writers
British women

masks: Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor


title: William Harper (composer)

texts:
<mask> (born October 10, 1949) is a Chicago photographer and composer. His photography is concerned with natural form and line and his music is theatrical, technology-based work sourced from liturgical and folk traditions. <mask> first earned critical acclaim for his work defining a Chicago style of new music theater and opera as the creator and producer of
many full-length original works for the American Ritual Theater Company (ARTCO). Concurrent with these projects, and subsequently, <mask>’s opera, music theater,
dance, orchestra, chorus, and electro-acoustic works have been commissioned and
performed by companies including The Minnesota Opera Company, The New Music
Theater Ensemble of Minneapolis, INTAR Hispanic American Cultural Center, The
Goodman Theater, Hartford Stage and The Music Theatre Group. <mask>’s recently
completed Unquiet Myths, a suite of electro-acoustic pieces was commissioned by The
Ellen Sinopoli Dance Company for Spill Out!, which premiered in 2006 and is scheduled
to begin a national tour this year. <mask> received a PhD in music composition
from the Eastman School of Music, and has received support from many foundations
including the National Institute for Music Theater, the Djerassi Foundation, the Yaddo
Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Illinois and New York State Arts
Councils and The MacArthur Foundation. <mask> has three sisters including a twin sister, <mask>, <mask> duPont and  <mask>.He also has two brothers, <mask> and <mask>. Chicago, IL

Music: Selected Works

Operas and Music Theatre
 2000        Heroism with Frederick Feirstein, Nassau Community College, New York
 1997 	  The Bacchae Harvard University, Katherine Walker, Music Theater Group, New York
 1995 	  Extraordinary Measures with

masks:
William Harper
Harper
Harper
Harper
William Harper
Harper
Jessica Harper
Lindsay Harper
Diana Harper
Sam Harper
Charles Harper


title: William Harper (composer)

texts:
 Cowboy (Opera/Dance Work) ARTCO, Chicago
 1984 	Julius Caesar Alliance Theater, Atlanta
 1984 	Red River The Goodman Theater, Chicago
 1983 	Dead Birds (Opera/Dance Work) ARTCO, Chicago
 1983 	Calyx Columbia Dance Center, Chicago
 1983 	I've Known Rivers (Dance/Opera Work) MoMing, Chicago

References
 Link to Center for Fine Art Photography show Water! NPR report on Harper's photography show at Flatfile Gallery, Chicago
 Art Institute Faculty Bio
 NY Times review of Harper's opera, El Greco
 NY Times review of Extraordinary Measures
  NY Times review of Words Divine
 NY Times review of "I've Known Rivers"
 William Harper, Requiem Survey
 Chicago Tribune Article about Harper's opera, El Greco
 Chicago Tribune review of Harper's opera Peyote Roadkill
 List of composers who have spent time at Yaddo
  NY Times article about Marlidendur
  Recordings by the Riga Dome Boys Choir
 Playlist - Classical Discoveries 04/06/05
 Summary of News in Latvia 11/99 - See Calendar of Arts Events
  21st Century Music calendar entry for Voyages Concert 11/9/99
  Brown University Press release on Voyages Festival 11/99
 Prayer Wheels Into Turbines (William Harper's Snow Leopard) - Kyle Gann, Village Voice December 19, 1989 (Vol.XXXIV No. 51, p. 84)
 Dad Was an Old Master (<mask>'s El Greco) - Kyle Gann, Village Voice October 12, 1993 (Vol. XXXVIII No. 41, p. 82)
 Link to doctoral dissertation: Olivier Messiaen's Et Exspecto Resurrectionem Mortuorum

External links
 .mp3s available from Amazon.com
 <mask> music website
 <mask> - Photography website
http://whharper.tumblr.com O Vos Omnes - Blog

American male composers
21st-century American composers
American photographers
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1949 births
21st-century American male

masks:
William Harper
William Harper
William Harper


title: Max Planck

texts:
<mask>  (; ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. <mask> made many substantial contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as the originator of quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. In 1948, the German scientific institution Kaiser Wilhelm Society (of which <mask> was twice president) was renamed Max Planck Society (MPG). The MPG now includes 83 institutions representing a wide range of scientific directions. Life and career

<mask> came from a traditional, intellectual family. His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen; his father was a law professor at the University of Kiel and Munich. One of his uncles was also a judge.<mask> was born in 1858 in Kiel, Holstein, to Johann Julius <mask> and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was baptized with the name of Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx <mask>; of his given names, Marx (a now obsolete variant of Markus or maybe simply an error for <mask>, which is actually short for <mask>) was indicated as the "appellation name". However, by the age of ten he signed with the name <mask> and used this for the rest of his life. He was the sixth child in the family, though two of his siblings were from his father's first marriage. War was common during <mask>'s early years  and among his earliest memories was the marching of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Second Schleswig War in 1864. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and <mask> enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium

masks:
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Wilhelm Planck
Planck
Max
Maximilian
Max
Planck
Planck


title: Max Planck

texts: school, where he came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy.<mask> graduated early, at age 17. This is how <mask> first came in contact with the field of physics. <mask> was gifted when it came to music. He took singing lessons and played piano, organ and cello, and composed songs and operas. However, instead of music he chose to study physics. The Munich physics professor Philipp von Jolly advised <mask> against going into physics, saying, "In this field, almost everything is already discovered, and all that remains is to fill a few holes." <mask> replied that he did not wish to discover new things, but only to understand the known fundamentals of the field, and so began his studies in 1874 at the University of Munich.Under Jolly's supervision, <mask> performed the only experiments of his scientific career, studying the diffusion of hydrogen through heated platinum, but transferred to theoretical physics. In 1877, he went to the Friedrich Wilhelms University in Berlin for a year of study with physicists Hermann von Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchhoff and mathematician Karl Weierstrass. He wrote that Helmholtz was never quite prepared, spoke slowly, miscalculated endlessly, and bored his listeners, while Kirchhoff spoke in carefully prepared lectures which were dry and monotonous. He soon became close friends with Helmholtz. While there he undertook a program of mostly self-study of Clausius's writings, which led him to choose thermodynamics as his field. In October 1878,

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title: Max Planck

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 <mask> passed his qualifying exams and in February 1879 defended his dissertation, Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie (On the second law of thermodynamics). He briefly taught mathematics and physics at his former school in Munich.By the year 1880, <mask> had obtained the two highest academic degrees offered in Europe. The first was a doctorate degree after he completed his paper detailing his research and theory of thermodynamics. He then presented his thesis called Gleichgewichtszustände isotroper Körper in verschiedenen Temperaturen (Equilibrium states of isotropic bodies at different temperatures), which earned him a habilitation. Academic career
With the completion of his habilitation thesis, <mask> became an unpaid Privatdozent (German academic rank comparable to lecturer/assistant professor) in Munich, waiting until he was offered an academic position. Although he was initially ignored by the academic community, he furthered his work on the field of heat theory and discovered one after another the same thermodynamical formalism as Gibbs without realizing it. Clausius's ideas on entropy occupied a central role in his work. In April 1885, the University of Kiel appointed <mask> as associate professor of theoretical physics.Further work on entropy and its treatment, especially as applied in physical chemistry, followed. He published his Treatise on Thermodynamics in 1897. He proposed a thermodynamic basis for Svante Arrhenius's theory of electrolytic dissociation. In 1889, he was named the successor to Kirchhoff's position at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin – presumably thanks to Helmholtz's intercession – and by 1892 became a

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title: Max Planck

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 full professor. In 1907 <mask> was offered Boltzmann's position in Vienna, but turned it down to stay in Berlin. During 1909, as a University of Berlin professor, he was invited to become the Ernest Kempton Adams Lecturer in Theoretical Physics at Columbia University in New York City. A series of his lectures were translated and co-published by Columbia University professor A. P. Wills.He retired from Berlin on 10 January 1926, and was succeeded by Erwin Schrödinger. Family
In March 1887, <mask> married Marie Merck (1861–1909), sister of a school fellow, and moved with her into a sublet apartment in Kiel. They had four children: Karl (1888–1916), the twins Emma (1889–1919) and Grete (1889–1917), and Erwin (1893–1945). After the apartment in Berlin, the <mask> family lived in a villa in Berlin-Grunewald, Wangenheimstrasse 21. Several other professors from University of Berlin lived nearby, among them theologian Adolf von Harnack, who became a close friend of <mask>. Soon the Planck home became a social and cultural center. Numerous well-known scientists, such as Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner were frequent visitors.The tradition of jointly performing music had already been established in the home of Helmholtz. After several happy years, in July 1909 <mask> died, possibly from tuberculosis. In March 1911 <mask> married his second wife, Marga von Hoesslin (1882–1948); in December his fifth child Hermann was born. During the First World War <mask>'s second son Erwin was taken prisoner by the French in 1914, while his oldest son Karl was killed in action at Verdun. Grete died in 1917 while giving birth to her first child. Her sister died the same way two

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title: Max Planck

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 years later, after having married Grete's widower. Both granddaughters survived and were named after their mothers.<mask> endured these losses stoically. In January 1945, Erwin, to whom he had been particularly close, was sentenced to death by the Nazi Volksgerichtshof because of his participation in the failed attempt to assassinate Hitler in July 1944. Erwin was executed on 23 January 1945. Professor at Berlin University
As a professor at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin, <mask> joined the local Physical Society. He later wrote about this time: "In those days I was essentially the only theoretical physicist there, whence things were not so easy for me, because I started mentioning entropy, but this was not quite fashionable, since it was regarded as a mathematical spook". Thanks to his initiative, the various local Physical Societies of Germany merged in 1898 to form the German Physical Society (Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, DPG); from 1905 to 1909 <mask> was the president. <mask> started a six-semester course of lectures on theoretical physics, "dry, somewhat impersonal" according to Lise Meitner, "using no notes, never making mistakes, never faltering; the best lecturer I ever heard" according to an English participant, James R. Partington, who continues: "There were always many standing around the room.As the lecture-room was well heated and rather close, some of the listeners would from time to time drop to the floor, but this did not disturb the lecture." <mask> did not establish an actual "school"; the number of his graduate students was only about 20, among them:

1897 <mask> (1875–1922)
1903 <mask> Laue (1879–1960)
1904 Moritz Schlick

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title: Max Planck

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 (1882–1936)
1906 Walther Meissner (1882–1974)
1907 Fritz Reiche (1883–1960)
1912 Walter Schottky (1886–1976)
1914 Walther Bothe (1891–1957)

Black-body radiation
In 1894, <mask> turned his attention to the problem of black-body radiation. The problem had been stated by Kirchhoff in 1859: "how does the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body (a perfect absorber, also known as a cavity radiator) depend on the frequency of the radiation (i.e., the color of the light) and the temperature of the body?". The question had been explored experimentally, but no theoretical treatment agreed with experimental values. Wilhelm Wien proposed Wien's law, which correctly predicted the behaviour at high frequencies, but failed at low frequencies. The Rayleigh–Jeans law, another approach to the problem, agreed with experimental results at low frequencies, but created what was later known as the "ultraviolet catastrophe" at high frequencies. However, contrary to many textbooks, this was not a motivation for <mask>.<mask>'s first proposed solution to the problem in 1899 followed from what <mask> called the "principle of elementary disorder", which allowed him to derive Wien's law from a number of assumptions about the entropy of an ideal oscillator, creating what was referred to as the Wien–Planck law. Soon it was found that experimental evidence did not confirm the new law at all, to <mask>'s frustration. <mask> revised his approach, deriving the first version of the famous Planck black-body radiation law, which described the experimentally observed black-body spectrum well. It was first proposed in a meeting of the DPG on 19 October 1900 and published in


title: Max Planck

texts:
 1901. This first derivation did not include energy quantisation, and did not use statistical mechanics, to which he held an aversion. In November 1900 <mask> revised this first approach, relying on Boltzmann's statistical interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics as a way of gaining a more fundamental understanding of the principles behind his radiation law. As <mask> was deeply suspicious of the philosophical and physical implications of such an interpretation of Boltzmann's approach, his recourse to them was, as he later put it, "an act of despair ...I was ready to sacrifice any of my previous convictions about physics". The central assumption behind his new derivation, presented to the DPG on 14 December 1900, was the supposition, now known as the Planck postulate, that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form, in other words, the energy could only be a multiple of an elementary unit:

where  is <mask>'s constant, also known as <mask>'s action quantum (introduced already in 1899), and  is the frequency of the radiation. Note that the elementary units of energy discussed here are represented by  and not simply by . Physicists now call these quanta photons, and a photon of frequency  will have its own specific and unique energy. The total energy at that frequency is then equal to  multiplied by the number of photons at that frequency. At first <mask> considered that quantisation was only "a purely formal assumption ... actually I did not think much about it ..."; nowadays this assumption, incompatible with classical physics, is regarded as the birth of quantum physics and the greatest intellectual accomplishment of <mask>'s career


title: Max Planck

texts:
 (Ludwig Boltzmann had been discussing in a theoretical paper in 1877 the possibility that the energy states of a physical system could be discrete). The discovery of <mask>'s constant enabled him to define a new universal set of physical units (such as the Planck length and the Planck mass), all based on fundamental physical constants upon which much of quantum theory is based.In recognition of <mask>'s fundamental contribution to a new branch of physics, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1918 (he actually received the award in 1919). Subsequently, <mask> tried to grasp the meaning of energy quanta, but to no avail. "My unavailing attempts to somehow reintegrate the action quantum into classical theory extended over several years and caused me much trouble." Even several years later, other physicists like Rayleigh, Jeans, and Lorentz set <mask>'s constant to zero in order to align with classical physics, but <mask> knew well that this constant had a precise nonzero value. "I am unable to understand Jeans' stubbornness – he is an example of a theoretician as should never be existing, the same as Hegel was for philosophy. So much the worse for the facts if they don't fit." <mask> wrote about <mask>: "He was, by nature, a conservative mind; he had nothing of the revolutionary and was thoroughly skeptical about speculations.Yet his belief in the compelling force of logical reasoning from facts was so strong that he did not flinch from announcing the most revolutionary idea which ever has shaken physics." Einstein and the theory of relativity

In 1905, the three epochal papers by Albert Einstein were published in the journal Annalen der Physik. <mask> was

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texts:
 among the few who immediately recognized the significance of the special theory of relativity. Thanks to his influence, this theory was soon widely accepted in Germany. <mask> also contributed considerably to extend the special theory of relativity. For example, he recast the theory in terms of classical action. Einstein's hypothesis of light quanta (photons), based on Heinrich Hertz's 1887 discovery (and further investigation by Philipp Lenard) of the photoelectric effect, was initially rejected by <mask>.He was unwilling to discard completely <mask>'s theory of electrodynamics. "The theory of light would be thrown back not by decades, but by centuries, into the age when Christiaan Huygens dared to fight against the mighty emission theory of Isaac Newton ..."

In 1910, Einstein pointed out the anomalous behavior of specific heat at low temperatures as another example of a phenomenon which defies explanation by classical physics. <mask> and Nernst, seeking to clarify the increasing number of contradictions, organized the First Solvay Conference (Brussels 1911). At this meeting Einstein was able to convince <mask>. Meanwhile, <mask> had been appointed dean of Berlin University, whereby it was possible for him to call Einstein to Berlin and establish a new professorship for him (1914). Soon the two scientists became close friends and met frequently to play music together. First World War
At the onset of the First World War <mask> endorsed the general excitement of the public, writing that, "Besides much that is horrible, there is also much that is unexpectedly great and beautiful: the smooth solution of the most difficult domestic political problems by the unification

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title: Max Planck

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 of all parties (and) ... the extolling of everything good and noble."<mask> also signed the infamous "Manifesto of the 93 intellectuals", a pamphlet of polemic war propaganda (while Einstein retained a strictly pacifistic attitude which almost led to his imprisonment, only being spared thanks to his Swiss citizenship). In 1915, when Italy was still a neutral power, he voted successfully for a scientific paper from Italy, which received a prize from the Prussian Academy of Sciences, where <mask> was one of four permanent presidents. Post-war and the Weimar Republic
In the turbulent post-war years, <mask>, now the highest authority of German physics, issued the slogan "persevere and continue working" to his colleagues. In October 1920, he and Fritz Haber established the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (Emergency Organization of German Science), aimed at providing financial support for scientific research. A considerable portion of the money the organization would distribute was raised abroad. <mask> also held leading positions at Berlin University, the Prussian Academy of Sciences, the German Physical Society and the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (which became the Max Planck Society in 1948). During this time economic conditions in Germany were such that he was hardly able to conduct research.In 1926, <mask> became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. During the interwar period, <mask> became a member of the Deutsche Volks-Partei (German People's Party), the party of Nobel Peace Prize laureate Gustav Stresemann, which aspired to liberal aims for domestic policy and rather revisionistic aims for politics around the world. <mask>

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title: Max Planck

texts:
 disagreed with the introduction of universal suffrage and later expressed the view that the Nazi dictatorship resulted from "the ascent of the rule of the crowds". Quantum mechanics

At the end of the 1920s Bohr, Heisenberg and Pauli had worked out the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, but it was rejected by <mask>, and by Schrödinger, Laue, and Einstein as well. <mask> expected that wave mechanics would soon render quantum theoryhis own childunnecessary. This was not to be the case, however. Further work only served to underscore the enduring central importance of quantum theory, even against his and Einstein's philosophical revulsions.<mask> experienced the truth of his own earlier observation from his struggle with the older views in his younger years: "A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it." Nazi dictatorship and the Second World War
When the Nazis came to power in 1933, <mask> was 74. He witnessed many Jewish friends and colleagues expelled from their positions and humiliated, and hundreds of scientists emigrate from Nazi Germany. Again he tried to "persevere and continue working" and asked scientists who were considering emigration to remain in Germany. Nevertheless, he did help his nephew, the economist Hermann Kranold, to emigrate to London after his arrest. He hoped the crisis would abate soon and the political situation would improve. Otto Hahn asked <mask> to gather well-known German professors in order to issue a public proclamation against the treatment of Jewish professors, but

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title: Max Planck

texts: <mask> replied, "If you are able to gather today 30 such gentlemen, then tomorrow 150 others will come and speak against it, because they are eager to take over the positions of the others."Under <mask>'s leadership, the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (KWG) avoided open conflict with the Nazi regime, except concerning the Jewish Fritz Haber. <mask> tried to discuss the issue with the recently appointed Chancellor of Germany Adolf Hitler, but was unsuccessful, as to Hitler "the Jews are all Communists, and these are my enemies." In the following year, 1934, Haber died in exile. One year later, <mask>, having been the president of the KWG since 1930, organized in a somewhat provocative style an official commemorative meeting for Haber. He also succeeded in secretly enabling a number of Jewish scientists to continue working in institutes of the KWG for several years. In 1936, his term as president of the KWG ended, and the Nazi government pressured him to refrain from seeking another term. As the political climate in Germany gradually became more hostile, Johannes Stark, prominent exponent of Deutsche Physik ("German Physics", also called "Aryan Physics") attacked <mask>, Sommerfeld and Heisenberg for continuing to teach the theories of Einstein, calling them "white Jews".The "Hauptamt Wissenschaft" (Nazi government office for science) started an investigation of <mask>'s ancestry, claiming that he was "1/16 Jewish", but <mask> himself denied it. In 1938 <mask> celebrated his 80th birthday. The DPG held a celebration, during which the Max-Planck medal (founded as the highest medal by the DPG in 1928) was awarded to French physicist Louis de Broglie. At the end of 1938, the

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title: Max Planck

texts:
 Prussian Academy lost its remaining independence and was taken over by Nazis (Gleichschaltung). <mask> protested by resigning his presidency. He continued to travel frequently, giving numerous public talks, such as his talk on Religion and Science, and five years later he was sufficiently fit to climb 3,000-metre peaks in the Alps. During the Second World War the increasing number of Allied bombing missions against Berlin forced <mask> and his wife to temporarily leave the city and live in the countryside.In 1942 he wrote: "In me an ardent desire has grown to persevere this crisis and live long enough to be able to witness the turning point, the beginning of a new rise." In February 1944, his home in Berlin was completely destroyed by an air raid, annihilating all his scientific records and correspondence. His rural retreat was threatened by the rapid advance of the Allied armies from both sides. In 1944 <mask>'s son Erwin was arrested by the Gestapo following the attempted assassination of Hitler in the 20 July plot. He was tried and sentenced to death by the People's Court in October 1944. Erwin was hanged at Berlin's Plötzensee Prison in January 1945. The death of his son destroyed much of <mask>'s will to live.After the end of the war <mask>, his second wife, and his son by her were brought to a relative in Göttingen, where <mask> died on 4 October 1947. His grave is situated in the old Stadtfriedhof (City Cemetery) in Göttingen. Religious views
<mask> was a member of the Lutheran Church in Germany. He was very tolerant towards alternative views and religions. In a lecture in 1937 entitled "Religion und Naturwissenschaft" ("Religion and Natural Science") he


title: Max Planck

texts: suggested the importance of these symbols and rituals related directly with a believer's ability to worship God, but that one must be mindful that the symbols provide an imperfect illustration of divinity. He criticized atheism for being focused on the derision of such symbols, while at the same time warned of the over-estimation of the importance of such symbols by believers. <mask> was tolerant and favorable to all religions.Although he remained in the Lutheran Church, he did not promote Christian or Biblical views. He believed "the faith in miracles must yield, step by step, before the steady and firm advance of the facts of science, and its total defeat is undoubtedly a matter of time." In "Religion und Naturwissenschaft", <mask> expressed the view that God is everywhere present, and held that "the holiness of the unintelligible Godhead is conveyed by the holiness of symbols." Atheists, he thought, attach too much importance to what are merely symbols. He was a churchwarden from 1920 until his death, and believed in an almighty, all-knowing, beneficent God (though not necessarily a personal one). Both science and religion wage a "tireless battle against skepticism and dogmatism, against unbelief and superstition" with the goal "toward God!" <mask> said in 1944, "As a man who has devoted his whole life to the most clear headed science, to the study of matter, I can tell you as a result of my research about atoms this much: There is no matter as such.All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force which brings the particle of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together. We must assume behind this force the existence

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 of a conscious and intelligent spirit [orig. geist]. This spirit is the matrix of all matter." <mask> argued that the concept of God is important to both religion and science, but in different ways: "Both religion and science require a belief in God. For believers, God is in the beginning, and for physicists He is at the end of all considerations … To the former He is the foundation, to the latter, the crown of the edifice of every generalized world view". Furthermore, <mask> wrote, ..."to believe" means "to recognize as a truth," and the knowledge of nature, continually advancing on incontestably safe tracks, has made it utterly impossible for a person possessing some training in natural science to recognize as founded on truth the many reports of extraordinary occurrences contradicting the laws of nature, of miracles which are still commonly regarded as essential supports and confirmations of religious doctrines, and which formerly used to be accepted as facts pure and simple, without doubt or criticism.The belief in miracles must retreat step by step before relentlessly and reliably progressing science and we cannot doubt that sooner or later it must vanish completely. Noted historian of science John L. Heilbron characterized <mask>'s views on God as deistic. Heilbron further relates that when asked about his religious affiliation, <mask> replied that although he had always been deeply religious, he did not believe "in a personal God, let alone a Christian God"..

Publications
 Translated in
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See also
List of things named after <mask>ck
German inventors and discoverers
Photon polarization
Statue of <mask>ck
Zero-point

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title: Nugzar Bagration-Gruzinsky

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Prince <mask>ze Bagration-Gruzinsky () (born  25 August 1950, in Tbilisi, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic) is the head of the deposed royal House of Gruzinsky and represents its claim to the former crown of Georgia. Biography
Prince Nugzar is the son of Prince Petre Bagration-Gruzinsky of Georgia (1920–1984), a prominent poet and claimant to the headship of the Georgian dynasty from 1939 until his death, and his second wife Liya Mgeladze (b. 8 August 1926). Prince Nugzar is the director of the Tbilisi theatre of cinema artists. On 18 December 2007, Nugzar met with Kristiina Ojuland, the Vice-President of the Riigikogu (Parliament of Estonia) at the Marriott-Tbilisi Hotel in which Ojuland "paid homage to the Bagrationi dynasty, which has made an extraordinary contribution in support of Georgia". Prince Nugzar is the senior descendant by primogeniture in the male line of George XII, the last King of Georgia (Kartli and Kakheti) to reign. Family
Nugzar married actress Leila Kipiani (b. Tbilisi 16 July 1947) on 10 February 1971, and they have two daughters:

Princess Ana Bagration-Gruzinsky, b. Tbilisi 1 November 1976.Married firstly to Grigoriy Malania and had two daughters with him, Irina and Mariam Bagration-Gruzinsky, and secondly, to Prince David Bagration of Mukhrani with whom she has a son, Prince Giorgi Bagrationi (see below). Princess Maia Bagration-Gruzinsky, b. Tbilisi 2 January 1978. She married Nikolai Chichinadze and has two children with him, Themour and Ana Chichinadze. As Nugzar has no male issue, Yevgeny Petrovich


title: Nugzar Bagration-Gruzinsky

texts:
 vacant for two centuries. Although some Georgian monarchists support the Gruzinsky branch's claim, others support that of the repatriated Mukhrani branch. Both branches descend in unbroken, legitimate male line from the medieval kings of Georgia down to Constantine II of Georgia who died in 1505. Whereas the Bagration-Mukhrani were a cadet branch of the former Royal House of Kartli, they became the genealogically senior-most line of the Bagrationi family in the early 20th century: yet the elder branch had lost the rule of Kartli by 1724. Meanwhile, the Bagration-Gruzinsky line, although junior to the Princes of Mukhrani genealogically, reigned over the kingdom of Kakheti, re-united the two realms in the kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti in 1762, and did not lose sovereignty until Russian annexation in 1801. Prince Giorgi, the son of David and Ana, was born on 27 September 2011 in Madrid, Spain.Currently <mask> does not officially recognize his grandson as heir to the Georgian throne. He continues to demand that David sign a written agreement in which he would recognize <mask> and the Gruzinsky branch as the sole rightful heir to the Georgian throne and to the legacy of the Georgian kings. Nevertheless, in 2013, Prince Giorgi returned to Georgia with his mother and father and was baptised by Patriarch Ilia II of Georgia at the cathedral in Mtskheta. This service was attended by Prince <mask>, who after the christening of his grandson said:

Patronages
  Director of Tiflis Theatre of Cinema Artists. Honours

Dynastic honours
  House of

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title: Algernon Blackwood

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<mask>, CBE (14 March 1869 – 10 December 1951) was an English broadcasting narrator, journalist, novelist and short story writer, and among the most prolific ghost story writers in the history of the genre. The literary critic S. T. Joshi stated, "His work is more consistently meritorious than any weird writer's except Dunsany's." and that his short story collection Incredible Adventures (1914) "may be the premier weird collection of this or any other century". Life and work
<mask> was born in Shooter's Hill (now part of south-east London, then part of north-west Kent). Between 1871 and 1880, he lived at Crayford Manor House, Crayford and he was educated at Wellington College. His father was a Post Office administrator who, according to Peter Penzoldt, "though not devoid of genuine good-heartedness, had appallingly narrow religious ideas." After he read the work of a Hindu sage left behind at his parents' house, he developed an interest in Buddhism and other eastern philosophies.<mask> had a varied career, working as a dairy farmer in Canada, where he also operated a hotel for six months, as a newspaper reporter in New York City, bartender, model, journalist for The New York Times, private secretary, businessman, and violin teacher. Throughout his adult life, he was an occasional essayist for periodicals. In his late thirties, he moved back to England and started to write stories of the supernatural. He was successful, writing at least ten original collections of short stories and later telling them on radio and television. He also wrote 14 novels, several children's books and a number of plays, most of which were produced, but not published. He was an avid lover of nature and the outdoors, as many of his stories reflect. To satisfy his interest in the supernatural, he joined

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title: Algernon Blackwood

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 The Ghost Club.He never married; according to his friends he was a loner, but also cheerful company. Jack Sullivan stated that "<mask>'s life parallels his work more neatly than perhaps that of any other ghost story writer. Like his lonely but fundamentally optimistic protagonists, he was a combination of mystic and outdoorsman; when he wasn't steeping himself in occultism, including Rosicrucianism, or Buddhism he was likely to be skiing or mountain climbing." <mask> was a member of one of the factions of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, as was his contemporary Arthur Machen. Cabalistic themes influence his novel The Human Chord. His two best-known stories are probably "The Willows" and "The Wendigo". He would also often write stories for newspapers at short notice, with the result that he was unsure exactly how many short stories he had written and there is no sure total.Though <mask> wrote a number of horror stories, his most typical work seeks less to frighten than to induce a sense of awe. Good examples are the novels The Centaur, which reaches a climax with a traveller's sight of a herd of the mythical creatures; and Julius LeVallon and its sequel The Bright Messenger, which deal with reincarnation and the possibility of a new, mystical evolution of human consciousness. In correspondence with Peter Penzoldt, <mask> wrote,

My fundamental interest, I suppose, is signs and proofs of other powers that lie hidden in us all; the extension, in other words, of human faculty. So many of my stories, therefore, deal with extension of consciousness; speculative and imaginative treatment of possibilities outside our normal range of consciousness.... Also, all that happens in our universe is natural; under Law; but an extension of our so limited normal consciousness can reveal

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 new, extra-ordinary powers etc., and the word "supernatural" seems the best word for treating these in fiction. I believe it possible for our consciousness to change and grow, and that with this change we may become aware of a new universe. A "change" in consciousness, in its type, I mean, is something more than a mere extension of what we already possess and know. <mask> wrote an autobiography of his early years, Episodes Before Thirty (1923), and there is a biography, Starlight Man, by Mike Ashley ().<mask> died after several strokes. Officially his death on 10 December 1951 was from cerebral thrombosis, with arteriosclerosis as a contributing factor. He was cremated at Golders Green crematorium. A few weeks later his nephew took his ashes to Saanenmöser Pass in the Swiss Alps, and scattered them in the mountains that he had loved for more than forty years. Tales of the Supernatural (1983); selected and introduced by Mike Ashley; selections from previous Blackwood collections
The Magic Mirror (1989); selected, introduced, and notes by Mike Ashley; original collection
The Complete John Silence Stories (1997); selected and introduced by S. T. Joshi; reprint of 1908's John Silence (without the preface to the 1942 reprint) and the one remaining John Silence story, "A Victim of Higher Space"
Ancient Sorceries and Other Weird Stories (2002); selected, introduced, and notes by S. T. Joshi; selections from previous Blackwood collections
<mask> <mask>'s Canadian Tales of Terror (2004); selected, introduced, with notes by John Robert Colombo; eight stories of special Canadian interest plus information on the author's years in Canada

Legacy
H. P. Lovecraft included <mask> as one of the "Modern Masters" in the section of that name in "Supernatural Horror in Literature". Authors who

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 have been influenced by <mask>'s work include William Hope Hodgson, George Allan England, H. P. Lovecraft, H. Russell Wakefield, "L. Adams Beck" (Elizabeth Louisa Moresby), Margery Lawrence, Evangeline Walton, Ramsey Campbell and Graham Joyce. In the first draft of his essay "Notes on the Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings", J. R. R. Tolkien stated that he derived the phrase "crack of doom" from an unnamed story by Algernon Blackwood.Frank Belknap Long's 1928 story "The Space-Eaters" alludes to <mask>'s fiction. Clark Ashton Smith's story "Genius Loci" (1933) was inspired by <mask>'s story "The Transfer". The plot of Caitlin R. Kiernan's novel Threshold (2001) is influenced by <mask>'s work. Kiernan has cited <mask> as an important influence on her writing. In The Books in My Life, Henry Miller chose <mask>'s The Bright Messenger as "the most extraordinary novel on psychoanalysis, one that dwarfs the subject." <mask> <mask> appears as a character in the novel The Curse of the Wendigo by Rick Yancey. In the PS4 game Until Dawn, the main setting is named Blackwood Pines, as the main antagonist is a Wendigo.Critical studies
An early essay on <mask>'s work was "<mask> <mask>: An Appreciation," by Grace Isabel Colbron (1869–1943), which appeared in The Bookman in February 1915. Peter Penzoldt devotes the final chapter of The Supernatural in Fiction (1952) to an analysis of <mask>'s work and dedicates the book "with deep admiration and gratitude, to <mask> <mask>, the greatest of them all". A critical analysis of <mask>'s work appears in Jack Sullivan, Elegant Nightmares: The English Ghost Story From Le Fanu to Blackwood, 1978. David Punter has an essay on <mask>. There is a critical essay on <mask>'s work in S. T. Joshi's The Weird Tale (1990). Edward Wagenknecht analyses

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title: Algernon Blackwood

texts:
 <mask>'s work in his book Seven Masters of Supernatural Fiction. David Grimbleby, "<mask> <mask>: A Personal Appreciation".Occulture 1, No 2 [1994]
 Eugene Thacker, in his "Horror of Philosophy" series of books, discusses <mask>'s stories "The Willows" and "The Man Whom The Trees Loved" as examples of how supernatural horror poses philosophical questions regarding the relation between human beings and the "cosmic indifference" of the world. See also

List of horror fiction authors
Religion and mythology
Tales of Mystery (A 1960s British supernatural television drama series)
Weird Fiction

Notes

References

 US edition of Starlight Man: The Extraordinary Life of <mask> <mask>. UK edition of <mask> <mask>: An Extraordinary Life. Modern reissue of subject's memoir; originally published in 1923 (London: Cassell & Co.). Burleson, Donald. "<mask> <mask>'s 'The Listener: A Hearing'". Studies in Weird Fiction 5 (Spring 1989), pp.15–19. Colombo, John Robert. "<mask>'s Books: A Bibliography Devoted to <mask> <mask>" Toronto  Hounslow Press 1981
Colombo, John Robert. (ed) Algernon <mask>'s Canadian Tales of Terror Lake Eugenia, Ontario Battered Silicon Dispatch Box 2004
Goddin, Jeffrey. "Subtle Perceptions: The Fantasy Novels of <mask> <mask>" in Darrell Schweitzer (ed) Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction, Gillette NJ: Wildside Press, 1986, pp. 94–103. Johnson, George M. "Algernon Blackwood".Dictionary of Literary Biography. Late-Victorian and Edwardian British Novelists, First Series. Ed. George M. Johnson. Detroit: Gale, 1995. Johnson, George M. "<mask> <mask>". Dictionary of Literary Biography.British Short-Fiction Writers, 1880–1914. Ed. William F. Naufftus. Detroit: Gale, 1995. Johnson, George M. "<mask> <mask>". New Dictionary of National Biography. Ed.Brian Harrison. Oxford:

masks: Blackwood Algernon Blackwood Blackwood Algernon Blackwood Algernon Blackwood Algernon Blackwood Blackwood Algernon Blackwood Blackwood Algernon Blackwood Algernon Blackwood Algernon Blackwood


title: Algernon Blackwood

texts:
 Oxford University Press, 2004. Johnson, George M. "<mask> <mask>’s Modernist Experiments in Psychical Detection". Formal Investigations: Aesthetic Style in Late-Victorian and Edwardian Detective Fiction. Stuttgart: Ibidem Press, 2007. pp. 29–51. Johnson, George M. "The Other Side of Edwardian Fiction: Two Forgotten Fantasy Novels of 1911".Wormwood: Literature of the fantastic, supernatural and decadent. UK, No. 16 (Spring 2011) 3–15. Thacker, Eugene. "How <mask> <mask> Turned Nature Into Sublime Horror". LitHub. (March 8, 2021).Further reading
Goddin, Jeffrey. "Subtle Perceptions: The Fantasy Novels of <mask> <mask>" in Darrell Schweitzer, ed. Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction. Gillette, NJ: Wildside Press, 1996, 94-103. Gilbert, Stuart. "<mask> <mask>, Novelist and Mystic". Transition No 35 (July 1935).Letson, Russell Francis J. "The Approaches to Mystery: The Fantasies of Arthur Machen and <mask> <mask>." Dissertation Abstracts International, 36 (1976): 8047A (Southern Illinois University). Sullivan, Jack. Elegant Nightmares: The English Ghost Story from Le Fanu to Blackwood. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1978. Wagenknecht, Edward.Seven Masters of Supernatural Fiction. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991, Chapter Four. External links

Fantastic Fiction <mask> <mask> page
Spitzer Interview: Adapting The Willows
Collection of Blackwood Stories
<mask> <mask> Quotes

Play Starlight Express at Great War Theatre

1869 births
1951 deaths
English horror writers
Ghost story writers
English memoirists
English short story writers
People from Shooter's Hill
People from Crayford
People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Deaths from cerebral thrombosis
20th-century English novelists
Weird fiction writers
20th-century British

masks: Algernon Blackwood Algernon Blackwood Algernon Blackwood Algernon Blackwood Algernon Blackwood Algernon Blackwood Algernon Blackwood


title: Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset

texts:
<mask>, 2nd Marquess of Dorset  (22 June 147710 October 1530) was an English peer, courtier, soldier, and landowner of the House of Grey. Early life
Grey was the third son and heir of <mask>, 1st Marquess of Dorset (1455–1501), at that time England's only marquess, and his wife, Cecily Bonville, the daughter and heiress of William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington of Aldingham. His mother was suo jure 7th Baroness Harington of Aldingham and 2nd Baroness Bonville, and the richest heiress in England. The first marquess was the eldest son of Elizabeth Woodville, a stepson of King Edward IV and a half-brother of King Edward V.

According to some reports, the young Grey attended Magdalen College School, Oxford, and he is uncertainly said to have been taught (either at the school or else privately tutored) by the future Cardinal Wolsey. Grey's father was opposed to King Richard III, and after the older <mask> joined Buckingham's failed rebellion of 1483, father and son fled to Brittany, joining Henry Tudor. Five months after Richard lost the crown to Henry at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485, the new king married the first Dorset's half-sister Elizabeth of York, but Henry VII was also suspicious of Dorset, who was imprisoned during Lambert Simnel's rebellion of 1487. In 1492, Dorset was required to give guarantees of loyalty to the crown and to make the young <mask> a ward of the king.Courtier

Amongst the Queen of England's closest relations, Grey and his younger brothers Leonard and Edward were

masks:
Thomas Grey
Thomas Grey
Thomas
Thomas Grey


title: Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset

texts: welcome at court and became courtiers and later soldiers. In 1494, Grey was made a knight of the Bath and in 1501 a knight of the Garter. Also in 1501, his father died and the younger <mask> inherited his titles and some of his estates. However, much of the first marquess's land went to his widow and not to his son, who did not come into his full inheritance until the death of his mother in 1529, shortly before his own death. Later in 1501, he was 'chief answerer' at the marriage of Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Catherine of Aragon and was presented with a diamond and ruby Tudor rose at a court tournament. But in 1508 he was sent to the Tower of London, and later a gaol in Calais, under suspicion of conspiracy against Henry VII. Although he was saved from execution in 1509 by the accession of King Henry VIII, Grey was attainted and lost his titles.However, later in 1509 he was pardoned and returned to court, and was summoned to parliament as Baron Ferrers of Groby. In 1511, he was summoned as Marquess of Dorset. From 1509, Dorset was again an active courtier and took part with great distinction in many court tournaments, on one occasion in March 1524 nearly killing the king. In 1511, Dorset sold land near Althorp, Northamptonshire, to John Spencer. The sale included the villages of Little Brington and Great Brington, as well their parish church of St Mary the Virgin. In 1514, with Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, Dorset escorted Henry VII's daughter Princess Mary to France for her wedding to King


title: Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset

texts:
 marriage of Arthur, Prince of Wales, Dorset was a critical witness in favour of Henry VIII's divorce of Catherine of Aragon.He strongly supported the King's contention that Arthur and Catherine's marriage had been consummated. In 1530, in the final months of his life, he assisted the King in the condemnation of Cardinal Wolsey. Soldier
In 1512, during the War of the League of Cambrai, Dorset led an unsuccessful English military expedition to France to reconquer Aquitaine, which England had lost during the Hundred Years' War. Ferdinand of Aragon gave none of the support he had promised. While Ferdinand delayed and tried to persuade Dorset to help him to attack Navarre instead of Aquitaine, the English army's food, beer, and pay ran out, many took to wine and became ill, and the army mutinied. Back in England, Dorset had to face a trial. In 1513, he fought at the siege of Tournai and the Battle of Guinegate (also known as the Battle of the Spurs), and fought again in 1523 in the Scottish borders.These all gave him chances to make amends for the debacle of Aquitaine. To help Dorset in dealing with the Scots, he was appointed Lord Warden of the Marches, restored to the Privy Council, and became a gentleman of the chamber. Family
Grey was the son and heir of <mask>, 1st Marquess of Dorset (c. 1456–1501), and his wife, Cecily Bonville, daughter and heiress of William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington of Aldingham and of Lady Katherine Neville (1442–1503) and granddaughter of Alice Neville, 5th Countess of


title: Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset

texts: Salisbury (1407–1462). Cecily Bonville's maternal uncles included Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (called 'Warwick the Kingmaker'), John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu and George Neville, archbishop of York and Chancellor of England, while her aunts had married Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick, William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, <mask>, 1st Earl of Derby, and John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. Cecily Bonville succeeded her father as Baroness Harington in 1460, and two months later succeeded her great-grandfather William Bonville as Baron Bonville. After the death of her first husband, Cecily Bonville married her late husband's first cousin Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, the younger son of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and of Catherine Woodville, Dorset's aunt. The younger <mask>'s paternal grandparents were Queen Elizabeth Woodville (c. 1437–1492) and her first husband Sir John Grey of Groby (c. 1432–1461), son and heir of Elizabeth Ferrers, Lady Ferrers of Groby, so his father the first marquess was a stepson of King Edward IV and a half-brother of King Edward V. His grandfather Sir John Grey was killed at the Second Battle of St Albans (1461), fighting on the Lancastrian side.His grandmother Elizabeth Woodville was the eldest daughter of Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers, and Jacquetta of Luxembourg, widow of John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford. Following his grandmother's marriage to Edward IV, members of her family gained advantages and made prosperous

masks:
Thomas Stanley
Thomas Grey


title: Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset

texts:
 marriages. Elizabeth's brother John Woodville, at the age of twenty, married Catherine Neville, dowager Duchess of Norfolk, then in her late sixties. Through Jacquetta of Luxembourg, Dorset was descended from Eleanor of England (1215–1275), the daughter of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, and from several other European royal families. Marriages and descendants
<mask> was contracted in 1483 to marry Anne St Leger (1476–1526), the daughter of Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter and her second husband Sir <mask> Leger. Remarkably, Anne St Leger had been declared the heiress to the Exeter estates, but the marriage did not take place. In the event, the young <mask>'s first marriage was to Eleanor St John, a daughter of Oliver St John of Lydiard Tregoze, Wiltshire and of his wife Elizabeth Scrope, daughter of Henry le Scrope, 4th Baron Scrope of Bolton (1418–1459).Grey's father-in-law Oliver St John (died in 1497) (also known as Oliver of Ewell) was the son of Margaret Beauchamp (c. 1411–1482), the great-great-granddaughter of Roger Beauchamp, 1st Lord Beauchamp of Bletso, Keeper of Devizes Castle, and heiress to the Beauchamp estates. After the death of her first husband, another Oliver St John (died 1437), she married John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset (1404–1444), producing Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond. Eleanor St John was therefore the first cousin of Henry VII. In 1509, <mask> (now known as Lord Ferrers of Groby) married secondly Margaret Wotton (1487–1541), daughter of Sir Robert Wotton (c.

masks:
Thomas Grey
Thomas St
Thomas Grey
Thomas Grey


title: Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset

texts: 1463–1524) of Boughton Malherbe, Kent, and the widow of William Medley. She had two notable brothers, Sir Edward Wotton (1489–1551), Treasurer of Calais, and Nicholas Wotton (c. 1497–1567), a diplomat who in 1539 arranged the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves. With Margaret, the younger <mask> had four sons and four daughters, including Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk (1517–1554). Their daughter Elizabeth married <mask>, 1st Baron Audley of Walden and was the grandmother of <mask>, 1st Earl of Suffolk.His second wife survived him and died in or after 1535. His younger brother Leonard Grey, 1st Viscount Grane (c. 14791541) served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1536 to 1540. Dorset's son Henry succeeded him as Marquess of Dorset, married Lady Frances Brandon, a granddaughter of King Henry VII, and in 1551 (on the death of his brother-in-law Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk) become Duke of Suffolk, by way of a new creation. Dorset's granddaughter Lady Jane Grey was the designated successor of King Edward VI by his will, and for nine days in July 1553 briefly sat on the throne of England. In 1554, together with Dorset's other surviving sons, Lord John Grey and Lord <mask>, Suffolk took part in Wyatt's rebellion against Mary I's marriage to Philip of Spain and in support of Lady Jane Grey. When this rebellion failed, all three were arrested, and Suffolk and his brother <mask> were executed, as were Lady Jane herself and her husband Lord Guildford Dudley. Lord John Grey survived, and in

masks:
Thomas Grey
Thomas Audley
Thomas Howard
Thomas Grey
Thomas


title: Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset

texts:
 July 1603 his youngest son, Henry Grey, was restored to the House of Lords by King James I as Baron Grey of Groby.Death
Dorset died on 10 October 1530, and was buried in the collegiate church at Astley in Warwickshire. When he died he held estates in London and in sixteen counties, amounting to over one hundred manors, and was one of the richest men in England. His grave was opened in the early seventeenth century and measurement of his skeleton suggested a height of 5 feet 8 inches. Ancestry

References
 The expedition of Dorset to Navarre

1477 births
1530 deaths
<mask>, 2nd Marquess of Dorset
Knights of the Garter
Knights of the Bath
Marquesses of Dorset
Recipients of English royal pardons
<mask>
15th-century English nobility
16th-century English nobility
Barons

masks:
Thomas Grey
Thomas Thomas


title: Yuen Ren Chao

texts:
<mask> (; 3 November 1892 – 25 February 1982), also known as Zhao Yuanren, was a Chinese-American linguist, educator, scholar, poet, and composer, who contributed to the modern study of Chinese phonology and grammar. <mask> was born and raised in China, then attended university in the United States, where he earned degrees from Cornell University and Harvard University. A naturally gifted polyglot and linguist, his Mandarin Primer was one of the most widely used Mandarin Chinese textbooks in the 20th century. He invented the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization scheme, which, unlike pinyin and other romanization systems, transcribes Mandarin Chinese pronunciation without diacritics to indicate tones. Early life
<mask> was born in Tianjin in 1892, though his family's ancestral home was in Changzhou, Jiangsu province. In 1910, <mask> went to the United States with a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship to study mathematics and physics at Cornell University, where he was a classmate and lifelong friend of Hu Shih, the leader of the New Culture Movement. He then became interested in philosophy and in 1918 earned a Ph.D. in philosophy from Harvard University with a dissertation entitled "Continuity: Study in Methodology".Already in college his interests had turned to music and languages. He spoke German and French fluently and some Japanese, and he had a reading knowledge of ancient Greek and Latin. He was Bertrand Russell's interpreter when Russell visited China in 1920. In his My Linguistic Autobiography, he wrote of his ability to pick up a Chinese dialect quickly, without much effort. <mask> possessed a natural gift for hearing fine distinctions in pronunciation that was said to be "legendary for its acuity", enabling him to record the sounds of various dialects with a high degree of accuracy. Career development and later life

In 1920, he returned to China, marrying the physician Yang Buwei there that year. The ceremony was

masks:
Yuen Ren Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao


title: Yuen Ren Chao

texts: simple, as opposed to traditional weddings, attended only by Hu Shih and one other friend.Hu's account of it in the newspapers made the couple a model of modern marriage for China's New Culture generation. <mask> taught mathematics at Tsinghua University and one year later returned to the United States to teach at Harvard University. In 1925, he again returned to China, teaching at Tsinghua, and in 1926 began a survey of the Wu dialects. While at Tsinghua, <mask> was considered one of the 'Four Great Teachers / Masters' of China, alongside Wang Guowei, Liang Qichao, and Chen Yinke. He began to conduct linguistic fieldwork throughout China for the Institute of History and Philology of Academia Sinica from 1928 onwards. During this period of time, he collaborated with Luo Changpei, another leading Chinese linguist of his generation, to translate Bernhard Karlgren's Études sur la Phonologie Chinoise (published in 1940) into Chinese. In 1938, he left for the US and resided there afterwards.In 1945, he served as president of the Linguistic Society of America, and in 1966 a special issue of the society's journal Language was dedicated to him. In 1954, he became an American citizen. In the 1950s he was among the first members of the Society for General Systems Research. From 1947 to 1960, he taught at the University of California at Berkeley, where in 1952, he became Agassiz Professor of Oriental Languages. Both <mask> and his wife Yang were known for their good senses of humor, he particularly for his love of subtle jokes and language puns: they published a family history entitled, Life with Chaos: the autobiography of a Chinese family. Late in his life, he was invited by Deng Xiaoping to return to China in 1981. Previously at the invitation of Premier Zhou En-Lai, <mask> and his wife returned to China in 1973 for the first time since the 1940s.He visited China again between May and June in 1981 after his wife

masks: Chao Chao Chao Chao


title: Yuen Ren Chao

texts:
 died in March the same year. He died in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His first daughter Rulan <mask> (1922–2013) was Professor of East Asian Studies and Music at Harvard. His third daughter Lensey, born in 1929, is a children's book author and mathematician. Work

When in the US in 1921, <mask> recorded the Standard Chinese pronunciation gramophone records distributed nationally, as proposed by Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation. He is the author of one of the most important standard modern works on Chinese grammar, A Grammar of Spoken Chinese (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968), which was translated into Chinese separately by Lü Shuxiang (吕叔湘) in 1979 and by Ting Pang-hsin (丁邦新) in 1980. It was an expansion of the grammar chapters in his earlier textbooks, Mandarin Primer and Cantonese Primer.He was co-author of the Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese, which was the first dictionary to characterize Chinese characters as bound (used only in polysyllables) or free (permissible as a monosyllabic word). General Chinese (通字) is a phonetic system he invented to represent the pronunciations of all major varieties of Chinese simultaneously. It is not specifically a romanization system, but two alternate systems: one uses Chinese characters phonetically, as a syllabary, and the other is an alphabetic romanization system with similar sound values and tone spellings to Gwoyeu Romatzyh. <mask> also made a contribution to the International Phonetic Alphabet with the Chao tone letters. When the pitch descends, the contour is called a falling tone; when it ascends, a rising tone; when it descends and then returns, a dipping or falling-rising tone; and when it ascends and then returns, it is called a peaking or rising-falling tone. A tone in a contour-tone language which remains at approximately an even pitch is called a level tone. Tones which are too short to exhibit much of a contour, typically

masks:
Chao Pian
Chao
Chao


title: Yuen Ren Chao

texts: because of a final plosive consonant, may be called checked, abrupt, clipped, or stopped tones.His translation of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, where he tried his best to preserve all the word plays of the original, is considered "a classical piece of verbal art." He also wrote The Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den. This Chinese text consists of 92 characters, all with the sounds shī,  shí, shǐ and shì (the diacritics indicate the four tones of Mandarin). When written out using Chinese characters the text can be understood, but it is incomprehensible when read out aloud in Standard Chinese, and therefore also incomprehensible on paper when written in romanized form. This example is often used as an argument against the romanization of Chinese. In fact, the text was an argument against the romanization of Classical Chinese and <mask> was actually for the romanization of modern vernacular written Chinese; he was one of the designers of Gwoyeu Romatzyh. His composition How could I help thinking of her (教我如何不想她 jiāo wǒ rúhé bù xiǎng tā) was a "pop hit" in the 1930s in China.The lyrics are by Liu Bannong, another linguist. <mask> translated Jabberwocky into Chinese by inventing characters to imitate what Rob Gifford describes as the "slithy toves that gyred and gimbled in the wabe of Carroll's original." Mrs. <mask> published How to Cook and Eat in Chinese in 1946, and the book went through many editions. Their daughter Rulan wrote the English text and Mr. <mask> developmentally edited the text based on Mrs. <mask>'s developed recipes, as well as her experiences gathering recipes in various areas of China. Among the three of them, they coined the terms "pot sticker" and "stir fry" for the book, terms which are now widely accepted, and the recipes popularized various related techniques. His presentation of his wife's recipe for “Stirred Eggs” (Chapter 13) is a classic of American comic writing.

masks: Chao Chao Chao Chao Chao


title: Yuen Ren Chao

texts:
 Selected works
(with Yang Lien-sheng) Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese (1947).Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Cantonese Primer (1947). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Mandarin Primer (1948). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Grammar of Spoken Chinese (1965). Berkeley: University of California Press.References

Notes and Further reading
 <mask>, <mask> <mask>, "My Linguistic Autobiography", in Aspects of Chinese Sociolinguistics: Essays by <mask> <mask>, pp. 1–20, selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976. also in

 陳嘉映：〈語言學大師趙元任〉（2009）[Chen Jiaying: 'Linguist Master Zhao Yuanren' (2009)]

External links

Chinese linguist, phonologist, composer and author, <mask> <mask>, interview conducted by Rosemany Levenson, Bancroft Library
 Chao's gallery, with related essays, at  Tsinghua's site
 Biography at Guoxue

1892 births
1982 deaths
Chinese male composers
Republic of China (1912–1949) emigrants to the United States
Linguists from China
American writers of Chinese descent
Republic of China translators
English–Chinese translators
Chinese–English translators
Chinese non-fiction writers
Cornell University alumni
Chinese phonologists
Chinese sinologists
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Tsinghua University faculty
Harvard University faculty
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Cornell University faculty
National Southwestern Associated University faculty
Boxer Indemnity Scholarship recipients
Members of Academia Sinica
Writers from Tianjin
Educators from Tianjin
Musicians from Tianjin
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20th-century Chinese translators
Chinese composers
20th-century composers
Linguistic Society of America presidents
Linguists of Chinese
20th-century linguists
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
20th-century male

masks:
Chao
Yuen
Ren
Yuen
Ren Chao
Yuen
Ren Chao


title: Émilie de Rodat

texts:
<mask> (6 September 1787 – 19 September 1852), born Marie Guillemette (Wilhelmina) <mask>, also known as <mask>, was a nun, virgin, mystic, and the founder of the Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche. She was born to a noble family near Rodez, in southern France. When she was 18 months old, she was sent to live with her maternal grandmother in Villefranche, to protect her from the oppression of Christians during the French Revolution. When she was 16, she had a spiritual experience, and at the age of 18, she became a teacher. In 1815, she started a school for poor girls in Villefranche, which became the Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche. Despite Rodat's spiritual and physical difficulties, the community expanded, eventually founding 38 houses, 25 cloistered communities, and 32 schools with over 5,000 students; they also visited prisoners and cared for abandoned infants in China. By 1999, there were 520 Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche worldwide.Rodat's feast day is 19 September. She was beatified in 1940 and canonized in 1950. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 6 September 1787, to a noble family, in "a handsome manor-house called Druelle" facing the plateau on which Rodez stands, in southern France. When she was 18 months old, at the beginning of the French Revolution, she was taken to live with her maternal grandmother in the Château of Ginals outside Villefranche, where her family lived in peace during the Revolution and Napoleon's reign because it was in a remote area and was relatively unscathed from the persecution of Catholics and other religious groups. Her aunt, a secularized nun due to religious

masks:
Émilie de Rodat
Emilie de Rodat
Emily de Rodat
Émilie
de Rodat


title: Émilie de Rodat

texts:
 driven away during the Revolution.<mask> taught 40 students, with the help of three assistants, in her small room at Villefranche. This was the beginning of what became the Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche, also called the Sisters of Villefranche. Career and ministry
In May 1816, with the support of the Abbé Marty, <mask> rented her own building and started a free school for girls. Marty wrote a rule based upon the Rule of St. Augustine and "helped her to expand the focus of this new community". She was able to purchase the house at the Maison Saint-Cyr, which was closing, with 100 students and eight other sisters. Two years later, she was able to buy better buildings for her school, but the congregation's existence was threatened by a series of unexplained illnesses and deaths of the students and teachers that was attributed to "diabolic influence". <mask> was inclined to take this as a sign not to continue, and seriously considered merging the community with the Daughters of Mary, which had just been founded by Adèle <mask> <mask>lèon.The sisters at Villefranche refused to accept any other abbess but Rodat, so the community was established, anyway. <mask> and her nuns took perpetual vows in the autumn of 1820, and according to church historian and hagiographer Alban Butler, they adopted a habit "of which the distinguishing feature was the transparent edge of the veil covering the upper part of the face". The first months of the Congregation did not go smoothly; according to Dunbar, "They were laughed at, jeered at, stoned". They were also threatened by legal action, some members of the Maison Saint-Cyr community were

masks:
Rodat
Rodat
Rodat
de Batz
de Tquel
Rodat


title: Émilie de Rodat

texts: hostile to them, and they had to endure ridicule and criticism from lay people and clergy. In 1832, the Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche was formally approved by the bishop of Rodez. It was reported that Rodat had "great faith in God’s providential care and money and materials seemed to miraculously appear when needed". Founding schools were their main focus, but they gradually expanded to other ministries.They began to visit prisoners in 1863, "with encouraging results", opened orphanages, rescue homes for prostitutes, and a retirement home for "aged religious". <mask> also founded groups of contemplative nuns to pray for the community's charitable works, "seeing in the two branches a personification of Martha and Mary". By 1852, there were 32 Villefranche convents that ran schools, and five contemplative communities. <mask> "had to endure a lot both spiritually, health-wise and in her work" throughout her life. She developed cancer in her left eye, a cancerous tumor in her nose, and an unknown disease, probably Ménière's disease, which gave her permanent tinnitus in her ears. Her health difficulties, along with the loss of direct support from the Abbé Marty when he was appointed vicar general of the diocese of Rodez, caused her to experience a "period of spiritual despair". A life of intense prayer brought her inner peace of mind, but outwardly she seemed sullen, strict, and unattractive; she was sometimes careless with her personal appearance, especially how she dressed, to counteract her pride, what she perceived as her main weakness.One of her supervisors said that "she was a saint, but a stubborn saint". She was prone

masks: Rodat Rodat