title: Andrew Leung

texts:
 Council, <mask> said that he "respects and understands" their disqualification. In February 2021, after Xia Baolong said that only "patriots" could be part of the Hong Kong government, Leung agreed and said it was the "most basic and reasonable" requirement for those in the government.Additionally, <mask> claimed that "I am sure that all the Hong Kong people will have a say... As long as you are patriotic, you can have any views." In January 2022, the mainland Chinese national emblem was permanently added to the Legislative Council chamber, after <mask>, Starry Lee Wai-king and Ma Fung-kwok decided that it should be made permanent. <mask> had earlier said it would be only temporary for the swearing in of lawmakers, but reversed course. Personal life
His wife, Susana Cheong Suk-hing, is the sister of former member of the Legislative Council Stephen Cheong. See also
 Federation of Hong Kong Industries
 Industrial (First)

References

External links
Members' Biographies of <mask> Kwan-yuen on legislative council site

1951 births
Living people
Hong Kong businesspeople
Hong Kong industrialists
Hong Kong racehorse owners and breeders
Liberal Party (Hong Kong) politicians
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Silver Bauhinia Star
Recipients of the Gold Bauhinia Star
Economic Synergy politicians
Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong politicians
Members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Members of the Election Committee of Hong Kong, 1998–2000
Members of the Election Committee of Hong Kong, 2000–2005
Leaders of political parties
Alumni of the University of Leeds
HK LegCo Members 2004–2008
HK LegCo Members 2008–2012
HK LegCo Members 2012–2016
HK LegCo Members 2016–2020
HK

masks:
Leung
Leung
Andrew Leung
Andrew Leung
Andrew Leung


title: Dave Alvin

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born November 11, 1955) is an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, music producer and poet. He is a former and founding member of the roots rock band the Blasters. <mask> has recorded and performed as a solo artist since the late 1980s and has been involved in various side projects and collaborations. He has had brief stints as a member of the bands X and the Knitters. Early life
<mask> grew up in Downey, California. He and his older brother, <mask>, as teenagers attended rockabilly and country music venues. <mask> attended Long Beach State University.Career

With the Blasters
In 1979, <mask> and his brother Phil formed the roots-rock band The Blasters with fellow Downey residents Bill Bateman and John Bazz. <mask> served as the group's lead guitarist and chief songwriter. The Rough Guide to Rock noted the ever-increasing numbers of originals that <mask> wrote for the Blasters, along with his maturation into a great songwriter. Other artists have covered <mask>'s songs. For example, "Marie Marie" became a British-German top 20 hit in 1980 for Shakin' Stevens and received a zydeco treatment in 1987 from Buckwheat Zydeco. Dwight Yoakam recorded "Long White Cadillac" in 1989. <mask> was in the original lineup until 1986.His departure reflected internal tension in the band, but ultimately he wanted to sing his own songs while his brother <mask> was the established lead vocalist for the group. <mask> has rejoined the Blasters for some reunion tours and live albums with the original lineup. He has also occasionally performed with the band under other circumstances as well. With X and the Knitters
<mask> served a brief stint as the lead guitarist of the Los Angeles–based alternative rock band X. He left X in 1987 to work on a solo project after the group recorded their album See How We Are. <mask> was also a member of the country-folk band

masks:
David Albert Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Phil Alvin
Dave
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Phil Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin


title: Dave Alvin

texts:
 The Knitters, an offshoot of X. He appeared on their 1985 album  Poor Little Critter on the Road and their 2005 follow-up, The Modern Sounds of the Knitters.With the Flesh Eaters
In the early 1980s, <mask>, along with fellow Blasters members Bill Bateman and Steve Berlin, performed on A Minute to Pray, A Second to Die by the Los Angeles punk band the Flesh Eaters. This lineup, which also included John Doe and D.J. Bonebrake, assembled once again in 2006, performing three shows in California and one in England to mark the album’s 25th anniversary. They reunited briefly in 2015 for a five-show tour and again for an eight-show run in 2018. They issued a new album, I Used to Be Pretty, in 2019. <mask>'s first solo album, Romeo's Escape (entitled Every Night About This Time in England), was released in 1987. It was well received by critics but did not sell well.Because of the album's low sales, <mask>'s recording contract with Columbia Records was terminated. He then toured with Mojo Nixon and Country Dick Montana, billed as the Pleasure Barons; an album recorded live on their 1993 tour was released. <mask>'s second solo album, Blue Blvd, was released by Hightone Records in 1991. It received positive reviews and had moderate sales. His album Museum of Heart was released in 1993. He recorded King of California, an album of acoustic music, in 1994. In 2000, he recorded the album Public Domain: Songs From the Wild Land, a collection of traditional folk and blues classics, which earned him a Grammy award for Best Contemporary Folk Album.In 2011, <mask> recorded the album Eleven Eleven, released by Yep Roc Records. The album marked his return to rock roots. Rolling Stone magazine, in a review of the album, called <mask> "an underrecognized guitar hero". Further recordings with <mask>
In 2014, <mask> and <mask>, as a duo, released the album Common Ground,

masks:
Alvin
Solo Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Phil Alvin
Dave
Phil Alvin


title: Dave Alvin

texts:
 consisting of their versions of songs by Big Bill Broonzy. It was the first studio collaboration of the brothers since the mid-1980s. In 2015 they released Lost Time, a collection of covers including four songs by Big Joe Turner. In live performance, <mask> assumed the role of emcee and storyteller.The brothers also worked Blasters tunes into the set list. With Jimmie Dale <mask> and Texas singer-songwriter Jimmie Dale Gilmore teamed on the 2018 album Downey to Lubbock (the title is a reference to where each man grew up). As seen in his live performances with brother Phil, <mask>'s stories between songs were a notable part of the stage shows with Gilmore and their supporting musicians. Producer and collaborator
<mask> has produced records for Chris Gaffney, Tom Russell, the Derailers, Big Sandy & His Fly-Rite Boys and Red Meat. He collaborated with the rockabilly musician Sonny Burgess. He has worked as a studio session musician accompanying Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Little Milton, Katy Moffatt, and Syd Straw. <mask> has lent his guitar playing to other artists' albums over the years.For example, he played with the Gun Club and appeared on two songs from their 1984 album, The Las Vegas Story

Film
<mask> appeared in the movies Border Radio and  Floundering and on the FX television series Justified in 2011. He also appeared in Streets of Fire, with the Blasters, in 1984. Poetry
<mask> has published two books of poetry: Any Rough Times Are Now Behind You and Nana, Big Joe & the Fourth of July. His poetry has appeared in Caffeine, the A.K.A. Review, Rattler, Asymptote and Enclitic and in the anthologies Nude Erections, Hit and Run Poets and Poetry Loves Poetry—An Anthology of Los Angeles Poets. The Blasters discography
(recordings with <mask> as member)
American Music (1980)
The Blasters (1981)
Over There  (1982)
Non Fiction (1983)
 Hard Line

masks:
Alvin
Gilmore Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Dave Alvin


title: Dave Alvin

texts:
 (1985)
The Blasters Collection (1990)
Testament: The Complete Slash Recordings (2002)
The Blasters Live: Going Home (2004)

The Blasters videography
Streets of Fire (1984)
The Blasters Live: Going Home (2004)

X discography
See How We Are (1986)

The Knitters discography
Poor Little Critter on the Road (1985)
The Modern Sounds of the Knitters (2005)

<mask> discography

Other contributions
Lead guitar on "Believe" and "Amazing Disgrace" on Dollar Store's Dollar Store (Bloodshot Records BS-098) (2004)
Eklektikos Live (2005) – "Blackjack David"
Highway 61 Revisited Revisited, UNCUT (2005) – "Highway 61 Revisited"
The Lone Ranger: Wanted (2013) – "Lonesome Whistle"
 Produced and arranged Chris Gaffney's 1995 album "Loser's Paradise" released on Hightone Records. Writings
 Nana, Big Joe & the Fourth of July (Iliteratim 1986)
 Any Rough Times Are Now Behind You (Incommunicado Press, 1996)

References

Further reading
 Stambler, Irwin & Lyndon.(2001) Folk & Blues: The Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 4–7. External links
 Official web site
 <mask> profile at Music Match
 <mask> at NPR Music
 <mask> collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive
 <mask>’s Instagram:

1955 births
Living people
20th-century American poets
American blues singers
American country rock singers
American country singer-songwriters
American folk singers
American rockabilly musicians
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American rock singers
California State University, Long Beach alumni
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Downey, California
The Blasters members
The Knitters members
Singer-songwriters from California
X (American band) members
Guitarists from California
20th-century American guitarists
The Flesh Eaters members
Country musicians from California
20th-century American male musicians
Rhino Records artists
Yep Roc

masks:
Dave Alvin
Dave Alvin
Dave Alvin
Dave Alvin
Dave Alvin


title: Mohammad Omar Daudzai

texts:
<mask> ( - born October 12, 1957) is a politician in Afghanistan, most recently having served as President Ashraf Ghani’s Special Envoy for Regional Consensus Building on Peace and as Head of the High Peace Council (HPC) Secretariat for a few months, until he was appointed as President Ghani’s Campaign Manager for the 2019 Presidential elections. After a career with international non-governmental organizations including the United Nations Development Program in Geneva, <mask> started work as two term Chief of Staff of Afghan President Hamid Karzai from 2003 to 2005 and then from 2007 to around 2010. From 2005 until 2007, President Karzai appointed him as Afghan Ambassador in Iran. He then served as the Afghan Ambassador to Pakistan, tasked with advancing efforts to reach a political solution to the war in Afghanistan. In September 2013, <mask> was asked to serve as Afghan Minister of Interior in Kabul and ensure security for the challenging 2014 presidential elections. <mask> also continues to work in Afghanistan's politics through supporting youth groups, and mobilizing politically influential people and organizations in support of strengthening the country's democratic order. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 12 October 1957 in the Qarabagh District of the Kabul Province in Afghanistan.He grew up and completed his primary education in his home district of Qarabagh. In order to continue his higher education, <mask> moved to the capital city Kabul. 80s and 90s: Anti-Soviet Jihad and Association with Hezbi Islami
During the 1980s <mask> became active in the resistance against the Soviet-occupation and joined the Mujahideen group of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar: Hezbi Islami. While still influential with the former cadre of Hebi Islami who are active in Afghanistan's politics, <mask> has ended his official ties with the party reportedly after the Soviet withdrawal in 1989 and remains

masks:
Mohammad Umer Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Omar
Daudzai
Daudzai


title: Mohammad Omar Daudzai

texts:
 politically independent. 1996-2003: UN Employee
During the Taliban era <mask> decided to settle in Peshawar, Pakistan, and began working for the organization Save the Children. While working there through a scholarship program, he was able to go to the Victoria University in the United Kingdom for his Masters in Science. After completing his Masters he came back to work for the Swedish Committee in Jalalabad, Afghanistan.In 1996 he moved to Islamabad, Pakistan, where he started working for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). In 2001 he moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where he assumed the role of "Area Development Specialist" in UNDP Geneva. 2003-2005: Afghan Chief of Staff
In November 2003 <mask> was approached by the Afghan Transitional Administration to assume the office of the Chief of Staff of the President and took the position. At that time, the key challenge was establishing the Afghan state amidst an environment full of traditional power holders and illegal militias. Commenting on how only few militias have disarmed, he said: "Any force not part of the Afghan National Army is a challenge, but this is reality, so we ought to deal with it diplomatically and peacefully. I hope we will succeed." <mask> served as Hamid Karzai's Chief of Staff until 2005 when he moved to Tehran as the Afghan Ambassador to Iran.2007-2011: Return as Chief of Staff
In 2007, he replaced Jawed Ludin and resumed the position of the Chief of Staff for Afghan President Hamid Karzai. Peace Talks and the Taliban Imposer Episode
In the summer of 2010, outside <mask>'s influence, Karzai sat down with a man believed to be former Taliban Cabinet minister Akhtar Muhammad Mansour to discuss peace between the Taliban and the Afghan Government. According to <mask>, it later turned out the man wasn't Mansour at all, but an imposter who was just a shopkeeper in Quetta. <mask> blamed the British for this debacle,

masks: Daudzai Daudzai Daudzai Daudzai Daudzai Daudzai


title: Mohammad Omar Daudzai

texts:
 because he said that they brought the man in front of Karzai. "International partners should not get excited so quickly with those kinds of things," <mask> said, adding that the incident shows that the Afghan peace talks should be "Afghan-led and fully Afghanized." According to Wikileaks Cables <mask> also believed that the Norwegians might have been fooled into meeting self-proclaimed members of the Taliban who may in fact not have been Taliban members at all. <mask> claimed that he had never heard anything about contact between the Taliban and Norwegian authorities.The Atlantic profiled him as: "A soft-spoken former aid worker, <mask> served as the president’s liaison to the many warlords and strongmen he had to keep in check—both to ensure stability and to secure his reelection in 2009. While <mask> was once associated with the conservative Hizb-e-Islami party, the 56-year-old...is more pragmatic in his worldview. When Karzai made an ultimately unsuccessful push for reconciliation with the Taliban in 2011, he dispatched <mask> as his ambassador to Pakistan. To express his displeasure with the Americans, who tried to oust him during his 2009 reelection campaign, Karzai replaced <mask> as chief of staff with Abdul Karim Khurram, a conservative former culture minister with an anti-American reputation." Cash Aid from Iran to Hamid Karzai's Office
In 2010, there were rumors that then President Hamid Karzai's office was receiving bags filled, with cash from Iranian officials. Karzai acknowledged and accepted the fact that the Government of Iran has been providing millions of dollars directly to his office. Karzai told reporters he had instructed <mask> to accept the money from Tehran."It is official and by my order," Karzai said. Iranians also stated that the report was indeed true. Two weeks after the controversy about the Iranian money <mask> came out to the Afghan Media for an open

masks: Daudzai Daudzai Daudzai Daudzai Daudzai Daudzai Daudzai Daudzai Daudzai


title: Mohammad Omar Daudzai

texts:
 interview. In the interview <mask> showed piles of files that proved that every cent of the money coming from Iran were spent on government expenses only and that he had record for all the money that came from Iran. He also claimed that Iranian money had been coming to Afghanistan since 2002 but the issue was brought out only now in order to pressure the Karzai government for political reasons and that since 2002 also the US, the UK and Japan had provided the presidential office with cash assistance. According to Newsweek, nearly every encounter between Afghan and Iranian officials ends up with the Iranians proffering a sack of cash. According to wikileaks cables <mask> told deputy US ambassador Francis Ricciardone already in February 2010 that certain Afghan officials were on Tehran's payroll, including some people nominated for cabinet positions.<mask> claimed that some of these officials had been relieved of their duties because 'you can't be an honest Afghan if you receive a package from Iran.' <mask> had told Ricciardone, and he said that his government preferred the US' sustained cash support to the 'occasional and unpredictable' payments from Iran. 2013-2014: Minister of Interior
In 2014, <mask> served as Minister of Interior during the challenging presidential elections, and he managed to successfully deliver on the difficult task of maintaining security during the elections. Dec 2018: Special Envoy for Regional Consensus Building on Peace and Head of HPC

In December 2018, <mask> was appointed as President Ashraf Ghani’s Special Envoy for Regional Consensus Building on Peace and as Head of the High Peace Council (HPC) Secretariat for a few months, until he took on the role of President Ghani’s Campaign Manager for the 2019 Presidential elections. References

Government ministers of Afghanistan
Living people
Ambassadors of Afghanistan to Iran
Ambassadors of Afghanistan to


title: James Carne

texts:
Colonel <mask>  (11 April 1906 – 19 April 1986) was a British Army officer in the Second World War and the Korean War. He was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces, for actions during the Battle of the Imjin River during which Carne led The Glorious Glosters in a famous stand against an overwhelming Chinese attack on Gloster Hill. Early life
<mask> was born in Falmouth, Cornwall on 11 April 1906 the son of <mask> and <mask> (née Power). His father was a brewer and wine merchant. A career officer, he attended the Imperial Service College in Windsor and later passed out from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Gloucestershire Regiment on 3 September 1925. He was promoted to lieutenant on 3 September 1927 and to captain on 1 October 1935. Seeing service in the Second World War, he was promoted to major on 3 September 1942.He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 7 February 1949. Korean War
<mask> was 45 years old and a lieutenant colonel commanding the 1st Battalion, The Gloucestershire Regiment in November 1950 when the regiment was attached to the 29th Independent Infantry Brigade and deployed to Korea following the outbreak of the Korean War. <mask> led his battalion as they provided the rearguard to retreating United Nations forces following their defeat at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River. He also led the Glosters in a successful a counter-offensive launched by UN forces on 16 February south of the River Han. Battle of the Imjin River and Victoria Cross
In early April, <mask> and his battalion were spread over a 9-mile (14 km) front along the Imjin River guarding a ford which was part of the main route to the city of Seoul. During the night of 22 April, Chinese forces launched their Spring Offensive

masks:
James Power Carne
Carne
George Newby Carne
Annie Emily Le Poar Carne
Carne
Carne
Carne


title: James Carne

texts:
 which was intended to annihilate the British 29th Brigade as well as the US 3rd Infantry Division, thus enabling the capture of Seoul and delivering a crushing blow to UN forces in Korea. In what became known as the Battle of the Imjin River, <mask>'s Glosters and the rest of the British brigade were met by an onslaught of over 27,000 Chinese troops attacking in massed waves.<mask>'s leadership was instrumental in allowing the Gloster's to hold their ground during the attack during which the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC:

By the morning of 24 April, <mask> and the surviving Glosters gathered on Hill 235 where he received orders from 3rd Division commander General Soule that the Glosters were to hold their ground and await reinforcements. These reinforcements, however, were forced to retreat just 2,000 yards (1,800 m) short of the Glosters' position, leaving the Glosters alone in trying to hold Hill 235 against an entire Chinese division. Both sides fought fiercely throughout the night for control over the hill and by the morning of 25 April, the Glosters still held the hill but had very little ammunition, no hope of relief and no artillery support. <mask> requested permission to attempt a breakout and ordered his men to split into small groups and make as best they could back to the British lines. Only 63 of his men would succeed in doing this with the rest of the battalion, including Carne, being either killed, captured or wounded. Despite the battalion's effective annihilation, the Gloster's stand earned them worldwide fame as The Glorious Glosters and had enabled the rest of the British and American forces to retreat before they too were overwhelmed. Prisoner of war

<mask> fell into Chinese captivity after his 700-man battalion's astonishing resistance against an estimated 11,000 attackers was finally overcome.As the senior

masks: Carne Carne Carne Carne Carne


title: James Carne

texts:
 British officer among hundreds of prisoners kept in appalling conditions in camps in communist-held Korea, he was singled out for special treatment. While the other ranks were "re-educated" by the communist commissars at their camps, <mask> was kept in solitary confinement. According to documents held at the National Archives in Kew and not made public until 2006, when <mask> was released in September 1953 he told Sir Esler Dening, the British ambassador in Tokyo, "an extraordinary story" of brainwashing. "He says that between January 1952 and August this year he was kept in solitary confinement by Chinese communists and subjected to a softening-up process including the use of drugs, [the] result of which was, as he put it, to make his brain like a sponge, capable of receiving any kind of information put into it", Sir Esler told the Foreign Office in a "top secret" category telegram. The note, which was sent straight to Sir Winston Churchill, in his second term as Prime Minister, went on: "In March of this year, (i.e. about the time when the communists displayed a new interest in concluding an armistice) various thoughts were put in to his mind, and he remains convinced that he was meant to retain these and pass them on to Her Majesty's Government." The thoughts comprised a peace deal not just to end the war in Korea, but to reach a settlement covering the whole Pacific region.Sir Esler opined: "The whole thing might be pure fantasy except for the fact that Colonel <mask> could hardly have invented it and does not strike one as that sort of person." The Foreign Office was sceptical about the plot, but suggested that perhaps its aim was to split Britain from its American ally. Popular culture
In 1954 it was announced that Warwick Productions wanted to make a film The Glorious Glosters starring Alan Ladd as Carne based on a script by Max Trell. However the film was

masks: Carne Carne Carne


title: James Carne

texts:
 never made. <mask> was honoured by South Korea in 2015 when his image was featured on a South Korean stamp issued to commemorate the 65th anniversary of the start of the Korean War. Later life
<mask> settled in Gloucestershire in retirement and died in 1986. He was cremated at the Bouncer's Lane Cemetery, Cheltenham, and buried at Cranham.Honours and awards
13 July 1951 – Lieutenant-Colonel <mask> <mask> (33647), The Gloucestershire Regiment (missing) is awarded the Distinguished Service Order for gallant and distinguished services in Korea. 27 October 1953 – Lieutenant-Colonel <mask> <mask>, DSO, (33647), The Gloucestershire Regiment, is awarded the Victoria Cross in recognition of gallant and distinguished service in Korea. His Victoria Cross is held by the Soldiers of Gloucestershire Museum, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, England. 30 October 1953 – Lieutenant-Colonel <mask> <mask>, VC, DSO (33647). The Gloucestershire Regiment is given permission to wear the Distinguished Unit Citation conferred by the President of the United States for gallant and distinguished services during operations by the United Nations in Korea. 28 August 1956 Lt-<mask> was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 5th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Territorial Army). References

External links

 Location of grave and VC medal (Gloucestershire)
 Lieutenant Colonel <mask> (detailed account of the Battle of the Imjin River)
 <mask>ne

1906 births
1986 deaths
British Army personnel of the Korean War
British Army personnel of World War II
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
British prisoners of war in the Korean War
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Gloucestershire Regiment officers
People from Falmouth, Cornwall
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
British torture victims
Military personnel from

masks:
Carne
Carne
James Power
Carne
James Power
Carne
James Power
Carne
Col Carne
James Carne
James Car


title: Jon Grepstad

texts:
<mask> (born 2 July 1944) is a Norwegian freelance journalist, photographer, peace activist and former head of information of the Norwegian Language Council. Career

<mask> was born in Skien, Norway. He studied languages and literature at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, at the University of Tours, France, and at the University of Bergen, Norway. He also read philosophy. He graduated from the University of Bergen in 1974 and later pursued his studies of English at the University of Oslo. For a few years he was a high school teacher, in 1972–73 chairperson and general secretary of the Norwegian chapter of War Resisters' International (WRI), and in 1974–77  a research assistant at the Norwegian Council of Educational Research. From October 1979 until 1986 he worked for the Norwegian campaign against nuclear weapons, «Nei til atomvåpen», of which he was a co-founder.In 1986 he became information officer of the Norwegian Council for Teacher Education under the Ministry of Education; and in 1994–2007 he was head of information of  the  Norwegian Language Council, a council under the Ministry of Cultural Affairs. He retired in September 2008. Photography

Since the late 1980s <mask> has worked extensively on photography. His main interest in photography is landscapes and pinhole photography. He has written a book in English on building large format cameras, based on his own experience as a camera builder. His lengthy and thorough  online article, «Pinhole Photography – History, Images, Cameras, Formulas»,

masks:
Jon Grepstad
Jon Grepstad
Jon Grepstad


title: Jon Grepstad

texts:
 first published in 1996, updated regularly, is a staple source on the subject of lensless photography and has been translated into Spanish,  Portuguese, Russian and Polish. The article is used in photography courses in several colleges in the US and is a major resource for pinhole photographers participating in the Worldwide Pinhole Photography Day, which takes place on the last Sunday of April every year.Promoting the Nynorsk variety of Norwegian

In later years <mask> has been involved in activities aiming to reinforce the position of the  Nynorsk variety of Norwegian, one of two official varieties of Norwegian, used by 10–15 percent of the Norwegian population. His main projects have been to promote computer software for this variety of Norwegian, to supervise government offices with regard to the Norwegian Language Usage Act, which requires that these offices to a certain extent use both varieties of Norwegian, and to digitize for web publication early texts in Nynorsk. In 2002 he was awarded a prize by the Norwegian Language Association  («Noregs Mållag») for his work related to the Norwegian Language Usage Act. Involvement in the peace movement

<mask> is a conscientious objector and did his alternative service in 1969–70. In the 1970s he was heavily involved in the pacifist peace movement in Norway. He was also an executive member of War Resisters' International (WRI). His main projects at this time were to transform the alternative service into a peace service, and promoting the idea of non-military

masks:
Jon Grepstad
Jon Grepstad


title: Jon Grepstad

texts:
 defense and non-violent strategies for social change.His basically Gandhian nonviolent position was influenced by the Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss and peace researcher Johan Galtung. In 1978 he organized an international research conference on non-military defense in Oslo. In 1974–79 he was a member of a public commission appointed by the Norwegian government to evaluate and propose changes in the legislation on conscription and conscientious objection in Norway («Vernepliktsutvalget»). In 1978 <mask> was one of the leaders of the Norwegian campaign against the neutron bomb; and in 1979 one of the initiators of the Norwegian campaign against deployment of new nuclear missiles in Europe («Nei til atomvåpen»). He later was information officer and international secretary of the campaign, which became one of the largest popular movements in post-war history in Norway. He was also one of the first Norwegian signatories of the European Nuclear Disarmament appeal for a nuclear-free Europe and had close contacts to this movement. Interest in languages
<mask> studied English and French, Latin and Italian at universities in the United States, Norway and France.As a student of English he also read Old English. In his teens he learned Esperanto, and in high school, German, in addition to English and French. In the 1980s he studied basic Russian and Greek. His interest in languages is deeply rooted, as is his interest in the relationship between language and cognition. Family and personal life
<mask> is the son of


title: Jon Grepstad

texts:
 teacher <mask> (1903–1990) and his wife Ragna Veitebergsbakke (1909–2000). His grandparents were farmers in Jølster, Norway. Publications
<mask> has published several books in Norwegian and English, has contributed to Norwegian encyclopedias and reference works and has written articles for newspapers and for Norwegian and foreign language magazines.Selected publications in English, Norwegian and French
Books:
 Hydra. Seksti augnekast og nokre ord. Oslo 2021. ISBN 978-82-691870-1-4
 Ferdinand Alois Grobs biletalbum – og våre handlingars utkantvegar. Oslo 2021. ISBN 978-82-691870-3-8
 Mirabilia Urbis Romae. Stort og smått i Roma.Oslo 2021. ISBN 978-82-691870-2-1
 Gente di Roma. Vandringar under Romas himmel. Oslo 2019. Italiareiser. Oslo 2018. Roma Stenopeica.Vandringar med camera obscura i Roma. Oslo 2018. Roma Stenopeica. Pinhole Wanderings in Rome. Oslo 2017. Iceland. Black and White Photographs.Oslo 2016. Oslo Revisited. Fourteen Pinhole Photographs. Oslo 2016. Föhr, Svolvær, Hydra. Fifteen Pinhole Photographs. Oslo 2015.Pinhole Images 1992–2014. Oslo 2014. Camera Obscura. Ten Pinhole Photographs. Oslo 2013. Building a Large Format Camera. Oslo 1996, (second edition 2000).Krig i vår tid? Forsvar og fredspolitikk i 1980-åra. Oslo 1979
 Transarmament Strategies and Civilian Defence for Small Nations. Oslo 1978 (Conference report, co-editor Berit G. Holm)
 Bruk av språklaboratorium i vidaregåande skular. Oslo 1975
 Mardøla : dokumentasjon og perspektiv. Oslo 1971
Selected articles:
 Pinhole Photography –

masks:
Andreas Grepstad
Jon Grepstad


title: Jon Grepstad

texts:
 History, Images, Cameras, Formulas (online article, first published 1996)
 «Nynorsk programvare – nokre milesteinar» (online article, 2000, oppdated 2009)
 «Opplæringlova og elektroniske læremiddel – førearbeid, lov og forskrift, rundskriv» (online article, 2000, oppdated 2008)
 «Språkleg jamstilling på datamaskinen». Språknytt, 3, 2000
 «Språkteknologi på norsk».Mål og makt, 1, 1999
 «Kryssarrakettane i nord og norsk politikk». Samtiden, 1, 1986
 «Stjernekrig som myte og røyndom». Syn og Segn, 4, 1985
 «Ikkje-militære forsvarsformer». Ikkevold, 3, 1984
 «Fredsbevegelsen». PaxLeksikon, bd. 7, Oslo 1983
 «Eurorakettane : utplassering i Europa og fredsbevegelsens oppgaver». Kontrast, 5–6, 1983
 «The Peace Movement in the Nordic Countries».END Papers 4, Nottingham 1982
 «Norway and the Struggle for Nuclear Disarmament». A paper prepared for the '81 World Conference against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs, Tokyo, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 3–9 August 1981
 <mask>: «Norway's Fight against New Nuclear Weapons». European Nuclear Disarmament: A Bulletin of Work in Progress (Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation), No. 2, 1980
 «Sivilmotstand». PaxLeksikon, bd. 5, Oslo 1980
 <mask>, Robert Polet, Jean-François Lecocq: Transarmement. Les Monographies de la Défence Civile XI.Liège 1979
 «Disarmament, Transarmament and Non-Military Defence». Supplement to WRI Newsletter No 144, May–June 1978
 «Verneplikt og militærnekting i nytt lys». Kirke og Kultur, 8, 1977 (co-author Sigmund Jarle Jacobsen)

References

Wesleyan University


title: Richard Winters

texts:
<mask> (January 21, 1918January 2, 2011) was an officer of the United States Army and a decorated war veteran. He is best known for having commanded Easy Company of the 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, part of the 101st Airborne Division, during World War II. He was eventually promoted to major and put in command of the 2nd Battalion. As a first lieutenant, <mask> parachuted into Normandy in the early hours of D-Day, June 6, 1944, and later fought across France, the Netherlands, Belgium, and eventually Germany. After the German surrender in May 1945, he left the 506th and was stationed in France, where senior officers were needed to oversee the return home. In 1951, during the Korean War, <mask> was recalled to the Army from the inactive list and briefly served as a regimental planning and training officer on staff at Fort Dix, New Jersey. After volunteering and completing training to become a Ranger, <mask> was issued orders for deployment and was preparing to depart for Korea, but instead left the Army under a provision that allowed officers who had served in World War II but had been inactive since to resign their commission.<mask> was discharged from the Army and returned to civilian life, working first in New Jersey and later in Pennsylvania, where he set up his own company selling chocolate byproducts from The Hershey Company to producers of animal feed. He was a regular guest lecturer at the United States Military Academy at West Point until his retirement in 1997. <mask> has been featured within numerous books and was portrayed by English actor Damian Lewis in the 2001 HBO mini-series Band of Brothers. Early life and education
<mask> was born in New Holland, Pennsylvania, to <mask> and <mask> on January 21, 1918. The family soon moved to nearby Ephrata, and then to Lancaster when he was eight years old. He graduated from Lancaster Boys High School in 1937 and attended Franklin and Marshall College. At Franklin and Marshall, <mask> was a member of the

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Winters
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title: Richard Winters

texts:
 Upsilon chapter of Delta Sigma Phi fraternity and participated in intramural football and basketball.He had to give up wrestling, his favorite sport, and most of his social activities for his studies and the part-time jobs that paid his way through college. He graduated in 1941 with a B.S. in Economics. He obtained the highest academic standing in the business college. Military service

World War II
On August 25, 1941, <mask> enlisted in the Army. He would write in his memoirs that he "had no desire to get into the war" but joined to fulfill a one-year requirement of service and to avoid being drafted later. In September, he underwent basic training at Camp Croft, South Carolina.He remained at Camp Croft to help train draftees and other volunteers, while the rest of his battalion was deployed to Panama. In April 1942, four months after the United States entered World War II, he was selected to attend Officer Candidate School (OCS) at Fort Benning, Georgia. There he became friends with Lewis Nixon, with whom he would serve throughout the war. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the infantry after graduating from OCS on July 2, 1942. During his officer training, <mask> decided to join the parachute infantry, part of the U.S. Army's new airborne forces. Upon completing training, he returned to Camp Croft to train another class of draftees as there were no positions available in the paratroopers at that time. After five weeks, he received orders to join the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment (506th PIR) at Camp Toccoa (formerly Camp Toombs) in Georgia.The 506th was commanded by Colonel Robert Sink. <mask> arrived at Toccoa in mid-August 1942 and was assigned to Company E, 2nd Battalion, 506th PIR, which later became better known as "Easy Company" in accordance with the contemporaneous Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet. Serving under First Lieutenant Herbert Sobel, <mask> was made platoon leader of 2nd Platoon, earning a promotion to first lieutenant in October 1942 and made

masks: Winters Winters Winters Winters


title: Richard Winters

texts: acting company executive officer, although this was not made official until May 1943. The 506th PIR was an experimental unit, the first regiment to undertake airborne training as a formed unit. The training at Toccoa was very tough. Of the 500 officers who had volunteered, only 148 completed the course; of 5,000 enlisted volunteers, only 1,800 were ultimately selected for duty as paratroopers. On June 10, 1943, after more tactical training at Camp Mackall, North Carolina, the 506th PIR was attached to Major General William Lee's 101st "Screaming Eagles" Airborne Division.Later in the year, they embarked on the Samaria, and arrived in Liverpool on 15 September 1943. They proceeded to Aldbourne, Wiltshire, where they began intense training for the Allied invasion of Europe planned for spring 1944. In November and December 1943, while Easy Company was at Aldbourne, the tension that had been brewing between <mask> and Sobel came to a head. For some time, <mask> had privately held concerns over Sobel's ability to lead the company in combat. Many of the enlisted men in the company had come to respect <mask> for his competence and had also developed their own concerns about Sobel's leadership. <mask> later said that he never wanted to compete with Sobel for command of Easy Company; still, Sobel attempted to bring <mask> up on trumped-up charges for "failure to carry out a lawful order". Feeling that his punishment was unjust, <mask> requested that the charge be reviewed by court-martial.After <mask>' punishment was set aside by the battalion commander, Major Robert L. Strayer, Sobel brought <mask> up on another charge the following day. During the investigation, <mask> was transferred to the Headquarters Company and appointed as the battalion mess officer. In the wake of this incident, several of the company's non-commissioned officers (NCOs) delivered an ultimatum to the regimental commander, Colonel Sink, threatening to surrender their stripes unless Sobel was replaced. <mask> tried

masks: Winters Winters Winters Winters Winters Winters Winters Winters Winters Winters


title: Richard Winters

texts: unsuccessfully to talk them out of taking this step. Sink was not impressed by the threat, and several of the NCOs were subsequently demoted and/or transferred out of the company. Nevertheless, he realized that something had to be done and decided to transfer Sobel out of Easy Company, giving him command of a new parachute training school at Chilton Foliat. <mask>' court-martial was set aside and he returned to Easy Company as leader of 1st Platoon.<mask> later said he felt that despite his differences with Sobel, at least part of Easy Company's success had been due to Sobel's strenuous training and high expectations. In February 1944, First Lieutenant Thomas Meehan was given command of Easy Company. Meehan remained in command of the company until the invasion of Normandy, when at about 1:15 a.m. on June 6, 1944, D-Day, the C-47 Skytrain transporting the company Headquarters Section was shot down by German anti-aircraft fire, killing everyone on board. <mask> jumped that night and landed safely near Sainte-Mère-Église. Losing his weapon during the drop, he nevertheless oriented himself, assembled several paratroopers, including members of the 82nd Airborne Division, and proceeded toward the unit's assigned objective near Sainte-Marie-du-Mont. With Meehan's fate unknown, <mask> became the de facto commanding officer (CO) of Easy Company, which he remained for the duration of the Normandy campaign. Later that day, <mask> led an attack that destroyed a battery of German 105mm howitzers, which were firing onto the causeways that served as the principal exits from Utah Beach.The Americans estimated that the guns were defended by about a platoon of 50 German troops, while <mask> had 13 men. This action south of the village of Le Grand-Chemin, called the Brécourt Manor Assault, has been taught at the military academy at West Point as an example of a textbook assault on a fixed position by a numerically inferior force. In addition to destroying the battery, <mask> also obtained a map

masks: Winters Winters Winters Winters Winters Winters Winters


title: Richard Winters

texts: that showed German gun emplacements near Utah Beach. On July 1, 1944, <mask> was told that he had been promoted to captain. The next day, he was presented with the Distinguished Service Cross by General Omar Bradley, then the commander of the U.S. First Army. Shortly after, the 506th Parachute Infantry was withdrawn from France and returned to Aldbourne, England, for reorganization. In September 1944, the 506th PIR parachuted into the Netherlands, near the village of Son, north of Eindhoven, as part of Operation Market Garden, a combined airborne and armored operation.On 5 October 1944, a German force attacked the 2nd Battalion's flank and threatened to break through the American lines. At the same time, four men in an Easy Company patrol were wounded. Returning to the headquarters, they reported that they had encountered a large group of Germans at a crossroads about  to the east of the company command post. Realizing the seriousness of the situation, <mask> took one squad from 1st Platoon, and moved off toward the crossroads, where they observed a German machine gun firing to the south, toward the battalion headquarters, from a long distance. After surveying the position, <mask> led the squad in an assault on the gun crew. Soon after taking the position, the squad took fire from a German position opposite them. Estimating that this position was held by at least a platoon, <mask> called for reinforcements from the rest of the 1st Platoon and led them in a successful assault.Later it was discovered there had been at least 300 Germans. On October 9, <mask> became the battalion executive officer (XO), following the death of the battalion's former XO, Major Oliver Horton. Although this position was normally held by a major, <mask> filled it as a captain. The 101st Airborne Division was withdrawn to France soon afterward. On December 16, 1944, German forces launched a counter-offensive against the Western Allies in Belgium, commencing the Battle of the Bulge. The 101st Airborne

masks: Winters Winters Winters Winters Winters Winters


title: Richard Winters

texts: Division was trucked to the Bastogne area two days later. Still serving as XO of the 2nd Battalion, <mask> helped defend the line northeast of Bastogne near the town of Foy.The entire 101st Airborne and elements of the 10th Armored Division battled about 15 German divisions, supported by heavy artillery and armor, for nearly a week before General George Patton's U.S. Third Army broke through the German lines surrounding Bastogne, reopening ground supply lines. After being relieved by Patton, the 2nd Battalion attacked Foy on January 9, 1945. On March 8, 1945, the 2nd Battalion was moved to Haguenau in Alsace, after which <mask> was promoted to major. Shortly afterwards, Robert Strayer, now a lieutenant colonel, was elevated to the regimental staff and <mask> took over as acting commander of the 2nd Battalion. In April, the battalion carried out defensive duties along the Rhine before deploying to Bavaria later in the month. In early May, the 101st Airborne Division received orders to capture Berchtesgaden. The 2nd Battalion set out from the town of Thale through streams of surrendering German soldiers and reached the alpine retreat at noon on 5 May 1945.Three days later, the war in Europe ended. After the end of hostilities, <mask> remained in Europe as the process of occupation and demobilization began. Even though he had enough points to return to the United States, he was told that he was needed in Germany. Later, he was offered a regular (non-reserve) commission, but declined it. He finally embarked from Marseille aboard the Wooster Victory on 4 November 1945. He was separated from the Army on November 29, 1945, although he was not officially discharged until January 22, 1946, and he remained on terminal leave until then. <mask> was recommended for the Medal of Honor for his leadership at Brécourt Manor, but instead received the U.S. Army's second-highest award for combat valor, the Distinguished Service Cross.After the release of the Band of Brothers television miniseries,

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title: Richard Winters

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 Representative Tim Holden (D-PA) introduced a bill asking the President to grant the Medal, but the bill  died in the House Armed Services Committee Subcommittee on Military Personnel in 2007. Korean War

After leaving the Army, <mask> worked for his close wartime friend Captain Lewis Nixon at Nixon's family business, Nixon Nitration Works of Edison, New Jersey, rising to become general manager in 1950. On May 16, 1948, <mask> married Ethel Estoppey and continued to pursue his education through the GI Bill, attending a number of business and personnel management courses at Rutgers University. In June 1951, <mask> was recalled to active duty in the Army during the Korean War. He was ordered to join the 11th Airborne Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, but he was given six months to report and in this time he traveled to Washington, D.C., to speak to General Anthony McAuliffe, in the hope that he could convince the Army not to send him to Korea. He explained to McAuliffe that he had seen enough of war and apparently McAuliffe understood his position, but explained that he was needed because of his command experience. <mask> then reported to Fort Dix, New Jersey, where he was assigned as a regimental planning and training officer.While at Fort Dix, <mask> became disillusioned with his job, finding that he had little enthusiasm for training officers who lacked discipline and did not attend their scheduled classes. As a result, he volunteered to attend Ranger School, where he passed and became a Ranger. He then received orders to deploy to Korea and traveled to Seattle, where, during pre-deployment administration, he was offered the option of resigning his commission, which he accepted. Later life
<mask> was discharged from the Army and became a production supervisor at a plastics adhesive business, Nixon Nitration Works in New Brunswick, New Jersey. In 1951, he and his wife bought a small farm where later they built a home and raised two children. In 1972, <mask> went into business


title: Richard Winters

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 for himself, starting his own company and selling animal feed products to farmers throughout Pennsylvania. Soon afterward, he moved his family to Hershey, Pennsylvania.He retired in 1997. During the 1990s, <mask> was featured in a number of books and television series about his experiences and those of the men in Easy Company. In 1992, Stephen Ambrose wrote the book Band of Brothers: Easy Company, 506th Regiment, 101st Airborne from Normandy to Hitler's Eagle's Nest, which was subsequently turned into an HBO mini-series Band of Brothers, with Damian Lewis portraying <mask>. When the miniseries won Primetime Emmy awards, <mask> attended the ceremony to accept on behalf of Easy Company while other surviving members of the company watched from the St. Regis Hotel in Los Angeles. <mask> was also the subject of the 2005 book Biggest Brother: The Life of Major <mask>, The Man Who Led the Band of Brothers, written by Larry Alexander. His own memoir, Beyond Band of Brothers: The War Memoirs of Major <mask>, co-written by military historian and retired U.S. Army Colonel Cole C. Kingseed, was published in early 2006. He also gave a number of lectures on leadership to cadets at the United States Military Academy at West Point.On May 16, 2009, Franklin and Marshall College conferred an honorary doctorate in humane letters upon <mask>. Despite the many accolades he had received, <mask> remained humble about his service. During the interview segment of the miniseries Band of Brothers, <mask> quoted a passage from a letter he received from Sergeant Myron "Mike" Ranney: "I cherish the memories of a question my grandson asked me the other day when he said, 'Grandpa, were you a hero in the war?' Grandpa said 'No...but I served in a company of heroes'." Death

<mask> died on January 2, 2011, at an assisted living facility in Campbelltown, Pennsylvania, 19 days before his 93rd birthday. He had suffered from Parkinson's disease for several years. <mask> was buried in a private funeral service, which

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 was held on 8 January 2011.He was buried in the Bergstrasse Evangelical Lutheran Church cemetery in Ephrata, Pennsylvania, next to his parents in the <mask>' family plot. His grave is marked "<mask><mask>, World War II 101st Airborne". His wife Ethel died in 2012, at age 89. Memorials
On June 6, 2012, the 68th anniversary of the D-Day landings, a 12-foot bronze statue of <mask> by sculptor Stephen C. Spears was unveiled near the village of Sainte-Marie-du-Mont, France . <mask> agreed for the statue to bear his resemblance on the condition that the monument would be dedicated to all junior officers who served and died during the Normandy landings. A cast of the sculpture was placed in Ephrata, Pennsylvania, in a plaza on the Ephrata-to-Warwick linear trail park near Railroad Avenue and East Fulton Street, where <mask> lived with his family from ages two to eight. That statue was dedicated on May 25, 2015.Some of <mask>' World War II uniforms and memorabilia are on display at three museums:
 December 44 Museum – Battle of the Bulge – La Gleize, Belgium
 Gettysburg Museum of History - Gettysburg Pennsylvania

Medals and decorations

 Five Overseas Service Bars for serving 2½ years overseas in Europe. In 2001, <mask>, as a representative on behalf of the U.S. Army, was one of five World War II veterans to be awarded the Freedom Medal & Freedom from Fear Medal from the Roosevelt Institute. References

External links

 Beyond Band of Brothers : The war memoirs of Major <mask>
 <mask>' military records, courtesy of the national Archives

1918 births
2011 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
American Lutherans
Band of Brothers characters
Franklin & Marshall College alumni
Operation Overlord people
People from New Holland, Pennsylvania
People from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
People from Hershey, Pennsylvania
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
United States Army officers
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
20th-century Lutherans
Military

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title: Giulia Frasi

texts:
<mask> (also Frassi) was born c. 1730 and died in 1772 or after May 1774. She was an Italian soprano who was primarily active in London. She sang in every one of Handel's English oratorios (with the exception of Semele), including various world premières for which the composer wrote roles specifically for her. Early life and career

Italy
There is very little biographical information about <mask>. She was born in or around Milan before 1730. She had a younger brother named Giovanni who, like her, settled in England and died there in 1795 at 65, after having worked extensively as a tailor-embroiderer for the Prince of Wales. In her native Italy <mask> studied singing with Milanese composer Giuseppe Ferdinando Brivio.She also performed there for a few years during the early 1740s making her operatic debut at Lodi (1740) and then singing in Alessandria (1740), Bergamo (1741), and Modena (1742). London
She moved to London in autumn 1742 – perhaps following Giuseppe Ferdinando Brivio – with her friend and fellow singer the contralto Caterina Galli. In England she joined Lord Middlesex's Italian opera company. Lord Middlesex was director of Italian opera at the Haymarket Theatre whose purpose was to challenge Handel's solid hold on London opera goers. She studied under the English educator, musician and historian Charles Burney. Her English career began shortly after her arrival, first performing in comprimario roles at the King's Theatre. Her profile rising gradually within the company,

masks:
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Frasi


title: Giulia Frasi

texts: she soon appears in secondary roles, including breeches roles (for example: Taxiles (1743) and Cleon (1747–8), both in Rossane, and the giant Briareus in the première of Gluck's La caduta de' giganti in 1746).Her actual London début took place on 2 November 1742 at the King's Theatre as Mahobeth in the pasticcio Gianguir with music by Giovanni Battista Lampugnani, Johann Adolph Hasse and Giuseppe Ferdinando Brivio. The latter's music will also be used in two other pasticcios produced at the King's Theatre during the 1740s: Mandane, premièred on 12 December 1742 (and later, L'incostanza delusa, premièred on 9 February 1745). This was followed straight away by a period of intense artistic activity on the London stage, still at the King's Theater, singing works by Giovanni Battista Lampugnani, Johann Adolph Hasse, Nicola Porpora, Baldassare Galuppi. However, just a couple of years after her arrival in the British capital, shortly after the première of the pasticcio L'incostanza delusa, all theatres in London were closed because of the political turmoil caused by the Stuart rising. When the political situation improved theatrical activities recommenced with a première of Christoph Willibald Gluck's opera La caduta de' giganti (The Fall of the Giants) on 17 January 1746. La caduta de' giganti, a command from Lord Middlesex, with a libretto by Vanneschi, glorified the hero of the battle of Culloden, the Duke of Cumberland. <mask>, who had created the role of the giant Briareo for Gluck,


title: Giulia Frasi

texts:
 how expressive her singing must have been and to how much Handel must have estimated this particular talent of hers.For example, in Theodora (premièred in 1750 with <mask> being once again the principal soprano in a title role written specifically for her by Handel), Act II, Scene 2 opens with "a plaintive symphony for flutes and strings establish[ing] the lonely despair of the character, and [then] her dread for the violation of her chastity is sublimely expressed in 'With Darkness deep as is my Woe' – in the extraordinary key of F sharp minor; [...with] pathos-generating rolling strings and almost unbearable uses of silence between phrases. After an interlude of 'soft Musick' the desperate woman prays effusively for divine deliverance in 'O that I on Wings cou'd rise'." 1749, a busy year
Some of <mask> <mask>'s engagements during the year 1749:

 Twice weekly: noon concerts at Ranelagh with the tenor John Beard. revival of Handel's Messiah. revival of Handel's Hercules. 10 February: production of Handel's Susanna (including première and creation of the role of Susanna). 17 March: production of Handel's Solomon (including première and creation of the principal soprano roles).6 April: puts on her own benefit concert at the New Theatre. 10 April: concert for the benefit of the five-year-old singer Cassandra Frederick, with whom <mask> may later have starred in the première of Handel's The Triumph of Time and Truth (1757) and the revivals of Handel's oratorios Belshazzar (1758),

masks: Frasi Giulia Frasi Frasi


title: Giulia Frasi

texts:
 Jephtha (1758), Messiah (1758), Judas Maccabaeus (1759), and Thomas Arne's The Masque of Alfred (1759). 13 April: benefit concert for her friend and colleague Caterina Galli. 24 April: Mr Tozzi's concert at Hickford's Room. Private life

Addresses in London
From 1745 to 1752 <mask> lived in Great Pulteney street, not far from Golden Square. Great Pulteney Street had just been laid out during the area's redevelopment in the early eighteenth century (Many of the houses built at this time still survive today). The street was never fashionable though, nor was it identified with any trade or craft.Yet there was a large brewery and there were famous musical instrument makers as well: notably Kirkman's, which had been established there in 1739 and remained until 1750, and, from 1742 to 1774, the harpsichord-maker Burkat Shudi, founder of the firm now known as Broadwood & Sons. Composer Michael Festing also lived there between 1747 and 1752. Then she moved to Gerrard Street, which is now part of London's Chinatown. She lived there at Charles Churchill's (Horace Walpole's future brother-in-law) for many years with her daughter (born in 1743). At the time, the City of Westminster had its Penny Post offices at number 39. In 1740, No. 44 had become an apothecary's shop and was occupied until 1765 by the apothecary to George III's household.Many artists lived in Gerrard Street, for instance: the painter Chevalier Andrea Casali, or the architect John Crunden. The tavern at number 9 was the first


title: Giulia Frasi

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 home of The Club, founded in 1764 by Joshua Reynolds and Dr. Samuel Johnson. Wages

She was paid 6 guineas, very high wages at the time, for the charity revivals of Handel's Solomon at the Foundling Hospital in 1754, 1758 and 1759. She was the highest paid singer at Handel's Foundling Hospital performances of Messiah. Voice
<mask> <mask> was endowed with a beautiful and robust soprano voice whose expressive qualities were greatly valued by Handel,  much more than her technical ones. Indeed, allegedly, <mask> had a very limited interest in studying and practicing; Burney tells us an anecdote showing the composer's sarcasm about Giulia's motivation regarding training: "When Frasi told him, that she should study hard; and was going to learn Thorough-Base, in order to accompany herself: Handel, who well knew how little this pleasing singer was addicted to application and diligence, says, 'Oh – vaat may we not expect!' " Nonetheless she did study under Handel -  along with Caterina Galli -  and benefited greatly from his tuition.In his General History of Music (1789), Charles Burney remembers her at the beginning of her career as "[being...] young, and interesting in person, with a sweet and clear voice, and a smooth and chaste style of singing, which, though, cold and unimpassioned, pleased natural ears, and escaped the censure of critics." She had excellent reviews, especially in Salisbury, and was highly appreciated by the British public, whose preference yet was the nightingale

masks: Giulia Frasi Giulia


title: Giulia Frasi

texts:
 for her expressive powers, though they are not technically arduous; their extreme compass is B3 to A5. Following in Handel's steps, Smith's Paradise Lost required Frasi to express innocence, culpability, pious sorrow and penitence when Eve faces the consequences of her new and inevitable mortality. The aria "It comes" is a showcase of Smith's and <mask>'s abilities in conveying such emotions.Rebecca is another example of Smith showcasing <mask>'s talent at expressing human feelings in music. On a different note, Burney highlights that "having come to this country at an early period of her life, she pronounced our language in singing in a more articulate and intelligible manner than the natives". Repertoire
Note that the table below is not exhaustive. Note also that the works/events listed in bold are documented; the ones not in bold are plausible suppositions. Second part and end of career

Handel's last prima donna
As of 1749 Giulia sings in all of the Covent Garden concerts that Handel gave for the rest of his life  and she remained Handel's Prima Donna in all his later seasons, creating and interpreting parts he often wrote specifically for her. Her greatest successes were Handel's oratorios. From 1750 Messiah had annual performances at the Foundling Hospital until Handel's death and beyond.Based on Frasi's professional relationship with Handel and her involvement in charity, she is likely to have taken part in most of them. Indeed, David Vickers states that "Frasi participated

masks: Frasi Frasi


title: Giulia Frasi

texts: Parts by Signora <mask>, Miss Brent, Mess. BEARD, CHAMPNES, WASS and HUDSON from London and Master NORRIS from Salisbury. TICKETS are to be had at Mr. Cross's Music Shop and at the Coffee Houses; Price FIVE SHILLINGS. Throughout the 1750s, "<mask>'s concert repertoire stretched from Purcell to Terradellas." She was considered a paramount principal soprano in English oratorios or other works of the sort by Handel and by other composers. <mask> was at nine consecutive meetings of the Three Choirs Festival: she sang for William Boyce at Hereford in 1756, then she performed for Arne, and so on.She gave regular concerts in Oxford too. She also continued to be part of the Covent Garden oratorio concerts given by Handel and, later, by John Christopher Smith and John Stanley. (The latter two would produce their own oratorios (or other works suitable for the occasion) whilst also putting together revivals of Handel's.) In fact, after Handel's death in 1759, <mask> continued as Prima Donna under his successors until about 1768. In total <mask> also participated in at least fourteen opera seasons at the King's Theatre between 1742 and 1761. In addition to which, during the 1754-1756 seasons, <mask> regularly covered for Regina Mingotti. (Mingotti's fits of temper, antagonisms with the director of the opera company of the King's Theatre and ailings often made her "indisposed".<mask> covered for her many a time, more often than not ending up taking over Mingotti's role for the rest of the

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 performances as Regina Mingotti "[would] not yet [have] recovered of her indisposition". Michael Burden quotes the following newspaper clip:

 Signora Mingotti having acquainted Sig Vanneschi Yesterday Afternoon that she continues very much indisposed, and is not able to sing To morrow night, by which Reason the Opera called Ezio cannot be performed; instead thereof Sig. Vanneschi begs Leave to perform the Opera of Andromaca, in which Signora <mask> will do the part of Signora Mingotti; and Signora Peralta is to do the part of Signora <mask>. During the 1760s, <mask> continued to play a prominent part in the musical life of London. She seems to have transitioned smoothly to the new music style of the generation of composers younger than her; composers like Philip Hayes, who announce the advent of the Classical Era. She was part of the London Stage for about 31 years in total. Aside from interpreting Handel's and other composers' music on stage, <mask> also continued to sing regularly in charity concerts; she also took part regularly in the annual Musicians Fund (and other) benefits, and sang at the Castle and Swan concerts, at Ranelagh and elsewhere.Progressive retirement
From 1764 onwards her public appearances became less frequent. In 1767 she appeared at London's Covent Garden in Esther  and at Haberdashers' Hall in Messiah. She made her last appearances in 1769 in Handel's Judas Maccabaeus at the King's Theatre, and as Arbaces in Artaxerxes by Thomas Arne. The latter is her

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title: Giulia Frasi

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 last known appearance on the stage in an opera. Finally, in 1770 - after having been "confined for some Time by a bad State of Health" - she appeared again at the Little Theatre for a charity concert to her own benefit singing Judas Maccabaeus. But the organisation of the concert was plagued with difficulties which eventually lead her to give a "full-scale oratorio [...] at the unsociable hour of noon." Three years later she appeared in a few concerts, making a new "come-back" about which The Morning Post and Daily Advertiser wrote sarcastically: "Signora Frazi, who may be said, with respect to the musical world, to have been long since dead and buried, is expected to rise again in Lent[.]"Vickers adds that "the soprano's comeback comprised a few scattered concerts at inauspicious venues". A significant musical figure
<mask> <mask> was not only able to quickly win over the London Opera Stage, but she had Handel's assent as well. She also gained the affection and became a favourite of the English public. The thirty-one-year career that <mask> enjoyed in London was much broader and varied than being Handel's last prima donna. She also sang composers as varied as Gluck, the Venetian heritage style of Galuppi, the Neapolitans like Porpora, Pergolesi, Lampugnani, Hasse, Cocchi, and English composers, among which Boyce, Smith, Hayes and Arne. Operas and oratorios on the London stage were a rather important part of her career but so was her music making in other occasions. She did have a

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title: Giulia Frasi

texts:
 non-negligeable place in London's community of musicians and participated in the cultural richness and musical diversity of London and Britain during the mid-Georgian era.Ruby Hughes says of the roles written by Handel for <mask> <mask> that they "seem to engender a depth of female characterisation which may well have subverted the norm at a time". She adds that "Encountering Frasi through the music that was written for her, and contemplating her career as a musician, has been a tremendous source of inspiration" [...and that she is]  "struck by the significance of [<mask>'s] considerable achievements." Undoubtedly, <mask> <mask> was one of the significant musical figures of London from the 1740s to the 1760s. Death
<mask>'s infamous profligacy inevitably caused problems when her vocal powers ran out. Her accumulated debts due to her expensive and extravagant lifestyle reduced her to poverty, so much so that, in her latest years, after her last documented concert at Hickford's Room on 16 May 1774, she found herself forced to flee to Calais where she died destitute. Discography
 There are countless commercial recordings of Handel's works, including the ones sung by <mask> <mask>. Handel's Last Prima Donna: <mask> <mask> In London.Ruby Hughes (soprano); Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, Laurence Cummings. (Chaconne Hybrid SACD, Chandos CHSA0403, 2018). This CD is a tribute to <mask> <mask> and includes 4 world première recordings of works by Ciampi, Hayes and Smith. There is a

masks: Giulia Frasi Frasi Giulia Frasi Frasi Giulia Frasi Giulia Frasi Giulia Frasi


title: Giulia Frasi

texts:
 historical and musicological essay by David Vickers in the CD booklet. Mozart in London. Helen Sherman (soprano); The Mozartists, Ian Page. (Signum Classics, B07BF2482X, 2018).This CD offers a musical landscape of the London of the 1760s. The tracklist encompasses works by J. C. Bach, Abel, Pescetti, Perez, Rush and Bates, many of which are world première recordings. It also includes two arias from Artaxerxes by Thomas Arne and both are arias <mask> <mask> would have sung in the 1763 revival: Act I, Scene 2: "Amid a thousand racking Woes" and Act I, Scene 13: "O too lovely, too unkind." Notes

References

 Vickers, David: Handel's last prima donna: <mask> <mask> in London. CHSA0403, Chaconne Super Audio CD. Colchester, England: Finn S. Gundersen & Chandos Early Music, 2008. Dean, Winton: "Frasi [Frassi], <mask>".(2001), OxfordMusicOnline. Campi, Paola, in "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani", 1998. Enciclopedia Treccani. E. Ferrettini, C. W. Gluck, Torino 1914, p. 31
 P.H. Lang, Händel, Milano 1985, pp. 511 s., 536, 555, 560, 585
 A. Loewenberg, Annals of opera, I, 1597-1940, Genêve 1955, col. 228
 P.H. Highfill - K.A.Buenim - E.A. Langhans, A biographical Dict. of actors, actress, musicians... in London, 1660–1800, V, Carbondale, IL, 1978, pp. 398 s.
 W. Dean, "G. F.", in The New Grove Dict. of music and musicians, London 1980, VI, p. 808
 Diz. enc. univ.della musica e dei musicisti, App., pp. 292 s.
 BHO - British History Online
 New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2ª

masks: Giulia Frasi Giulia Frasi Giulia


title: Mina Shum

texts:
<mask> (born 1966) is an independent Canadian filmmaker. She is a writer and director of award-winning feature films, numerous shorts and has created site specific installations and theatre. Her features, Double Happiness and Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity both premiered in the US at the Sundance Film Festival and Double Happiness won the Wolfgang Staudte Prize for Best First Feature at the Berlin Film Festival and the Audience Award at Torino. She was director resident at the Canadian Film Centre in Toronto. She was also a member of an alternative rock band called Playdoh Republic. Early life
<mask> was born in Hong Kong in 1966 and came to Vancouver with her family at the age of one. Her family, who had originally left Maoist China, settled in Vancouver as part of the first wave of Chinese immigration.In her early school years, Shum was interested in acting and theatre, and decided to pursue these interests despite her parents' disapproval. Shum attended the University of British Columbia from 1983 to 1989, and received a B.A. in theatre as well as a Diploma in Film Production. At the age of 19, Shum decided that she wanted to be a filmmaker after watching a film by Peter Weir titled, Gallipoli. From Gallipoli she discovered that "one, you could make a film that wasn't American-centric as well as find an audience and two, you could marry beautiful visuals with a very intimate story." After receiving her degree, she was briefly part of the director's program at the Canadian Film Centre, in Toronto. Shum is also close friends with fellow filmmaker, Ann Marie Fleming, whom she met in 1989 while they were both students.Career
Although she is often pigeonholed as a "Chinese-Canadian woman film director," Shum prefers to be known as an "independent filmmaker", rather than one of national identity. She

masks:
Mina Shum
Mina Shum


title: Mina Shum

texts:
 International Film Festival. Shum has written and directed several other short films, including: Shortchanged, Love In, Hunger, and Thirsty. Her most recent short film titled, Hip Hop Mom, was released online in 2011 and has garnered thousands of hits.Feature films
Shum has directed four feature-length films. Her first feature-length film, Double Happiness, was released in 1994, and stars Sandra Oh. Double Happiness, is a semi-autobiographical film based on Shum's early experiences of leaving home as a teenager. The film is about an aspiring actress trying to assert her independence from the expectations of her Chinese Canadian family. Double Happiness won numerous awards including: the "Wolfgang Staudte Award" at the Berlin International Film Festival, the "Audience Award" at the Torino International Festival of Young Cinema, and "Best Canadian Feature Film" at the Toronto International Film Festival. <mask>'s second feature film, Drive, She Said, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 1997 and was in official competition at the Turin Delle Donne Film Festival. Drive, She Said, is about a woman that is willingly taken hostage by a bank robber and accompanies him cross country to visit his ailing mother and her estranged family.Her third feature film, Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity was screened as part of the Canadian Perspective Program at the 2002 Toronto International Film Festival and at the 2003 Sundance Film Festival. The film is about a young girl who uses Taoist magic to help her mother's financial situation and love life. In her three narrative feature films, Double Happiness, Drive, She Said, and Long Life, Happiness, and Prosperity, Shum uses a comedic approach to depict the Chinese Canadian family in multicultural Canada. She says that as a Chinese immigrant, she uses


title: Mina Shum

texts:
 humour to characterize society in general. Shum's films often features ironic, discontented young women that want to leave home for something better. In her films, Shum characterizes home as being a place of conflict, boredom, and disappointment. Her depiction of familial negotiations ensure conflicts for her protagonists.In February 2014, Shum began shooting in Montreal on a National Film Board of Canada feature documentary entitled Ninth Floor, about the Sir George Williams Affair student protest. Filming coincided with the 45th anniversary of the incident. Ninth Floor premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. It deals with an incident in 1969 at Sir George Williams University (later merged into Concordia University) where students occupied a ninth-floor computer lab to protest the handling by school officials of a complaint about racial discrimination. At the 2015 Vancouver International Film Festival, Shum was awarded the Women in Film+Television Artistic Merit Award for Ninth Floor. Filmography

 Picture Perfect (1989)
  Shortchanged (1990) (Short)
  Love In (1991) (Short)
  Hunger (1991) (Short)
 Me, Mom, and Mona (1993) (Short)
 Double Happiness (1994)
 Drive, She Said (1997)
  Thirsty (1998) (Short)
 You are What You Eat (2001) (Installation)
 Bliss (2002) (TV)
 Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity (2002)
 Mob Princess (2003) (TV movie)
 The Shields Stories (2004) (TV)
 Romeo! References

External links

 Interview with <mask>m: The Director's Question
 Rusty Talk with <mask>m

1966 births
Living people
Canadian television directors
Canadian women film directors
Hong Kong emigrants to Canada
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Film directors from Vancouver
University of British Columbia alumni
Canadian Film Centre alumni
Canadian women television directors
Asian-Canadian

masks:
Mina Shu
Mina Shu


title: Elizabeth J. Feinler

texts:
<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (born March 2, 1931) is an American information scientist. From 1972 until 1989 she was director of the Network Information Systems Center at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI International). Her group operated the Network Information Center (NIC) for the ARPANET as it evolved into the Defense Data Network (DDN) and the Internet. Early life and education
<mask> was born on March 2, 1931 in Wheeling, West Virginia, where she also grew up. She received an undergraduate degree from West Liberty State College, the first from her family to attend college. Career

Early career
She was working toward a Ph.D. in biochemistry from Purdue University when she decided to earn some money by working for a year or two before starting on her thesis. Working at the Chemical Abstracts Service in Columbus, Ohio, she served as an assistant editor on a huge project to index the world's chemical compounds.There she became intrigued with the challenges of creating such large data compilations and never returned to biochemistry. Instead, in 1960, she relocated to California and joined the Information Research Department at the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) where she worked to develop the Handbook of Psychopharmacology and the Chemical Process Economics Handbook. ARPANET and NIC
Feinler was leading the Literature Research section of SRI's library when, in 1972, Doug Engelbart recruited her to join his Augmentation Research Center (ARC), which was sponsored by the Information Processing Techniques Office of the US Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA). Her first task was to write a Resource Handbook for the first demonstration of the ARPANET at the International Computer Communication Conference. By 1974 she was the principal investigator to help plan and run the new Network Information Center (NIC) for the ARPANET. The NIC provided reference service to users (initially over the phone and by physical mail), maintained and published a directory of people (the "white pages"), a resource

masks:
Elizabeth Jocelyn
Jake
Feinler
Feinler


title: Elizabeth J. Feinler

texts: handbook (the "yellow pages", a list of services) and the protocol handbook. After the Network Operations Center at Bolt, Beranek and Newman brought new hosts onto the network, the NIC registered names, provided access control for terminals, audit trail and billing information, and distributed Request for Comments (RFCs).<mask>, working with Steve Crocker, <mask>, <mask> and other members of the Network Working Group (NWG), developed RFCs into the official set of technical notes for the ARPANET and later the Internet. The NIC provided the first links to on-line documents using the NLS Journal system developed at ARC. Engelbart continued leading-edge research in the ARC, while the NIC provided a service to all network users. This led to establishing the NIC as a separate project with <mask> as manager. The NWG and <mask>'s team defined a simple text file format for host names in 1974, and revised the format several times as the networks evolved. The host table itself was continuously updated on almost a daily basis. In 1975, the Defense Communication Agency (DCA) took operational control and support, and over time split the ARPANET into research and military networks.DCA used the name Defense Data Network to refer to the combination, and the NIC served as its information center. When e-mail and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) became available around 1976, the NIC used them to deliver information to users via the network. In 1977, Postel moved to the Information Sciences Institute, and the RFC editor and number assignment functions moved with him, while the NIC stayed at SRI. By 1979, <mask> and her group were working on ways to scale up the name service. In 1982, an Internet protocol was defined by Ken Harrenstien and Vic White in her group to access the online directory of people, called Whois. As the Internet expanded, the Domain Name System was designed to handle the growth by delegating naming authority to distributed name servers. Her group became the overall naming authority of the Internet, developing and

masks:
Feinler
Jon Postel
Joyce Reynolds
Feinler
Feinler
Feinler


title: Elizabeth J. Feinler

texts:
 managing the name registries of the top-level domains of .mil, .gov, .edu, .org, and .com.Even the names of the top-level domains, based on generic categories such as .com were suggestions of the NIC team, approved by the Internet developer community. Later career
After <mask> left SRI, in 1989, she worked as a network requirements manager and helped develop guidelines for managing the NASA Science Internet (NSI) NIC at the NASA Ames Research Center. <mask> donated an extensive collection of early Internet papers to the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California and after she retired from NASA in 1996 worked as a volunteer at the museum to organize the material. She published a history of the NIC in 2010. In 2012, <mask> was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society. In July, 2013 she received the Jonathan B. Postel Service Award "for her contributions to the early development and administration of the Internet through her leadership of the Network Information Center (NIC) for the ARPANET". Nickname
<mask> explains how she got her nickname, "<mask>":
When I was born, double names were popular.My real name is <mask> <mask>, and my family was going to call me <mask> to match my sister’s name, Mary Lou. Only two at the time, my sister’s version of <mask> sounded like <mask>. I always say, Thank goodness they dropped the "Baby". References

External links
<mask>'s bibliography from dblp: Computer Science Bibliography
"Internet History 1969", web pages, Computer History Museum, Mountain View, CA, USA
"<mask> (<mask>) Feinler photos", MouseSite Photo Gallery, Science and Technology in the Making (STIM) web site, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
  Video of interview. Internet pioneers
Women Internet pioneers
Living people
People from Wheeling, West Virginia
Purdue University alumni
SRI International people
West Liberty University alumni
1931 births
21st-century American chemists
American women chemists
Scientists from West Virginia
21st-century American women
20th-century

masks:
Feinler
Feinler
Feinler
Feinler
Jake
Elizabeth Jocelyn
Feinler
Betty Jo
Betty Jo
Baby Jake
Elizabeth Feinler
Elizabeth
Jake


title: Terry Gordy

texts:
<mask>. (April 23, 1961 – July 16, 2001) was an American professional wrestler. Gordy appeared in the United States with promotions such as Mid-South Wrestling, Georgia Championship Wrestling, World Class Championship Wrestling, Jim Crockett Promotions/World Championship Wrestling and the Universal Wrestling Federation as a member of The Fabulous Freebirds. He also appeared in Japan with All Japan Pro Wrestling as one-half of The Miracle Violence Connection. Championships held by <mask> over the course of his career include the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship, AJPW World Tag Team Championship, WCW World Tag Team Championship, NWA World Tag Team Championship, UWF Heavyweight Championship and SMW Heavyweight Championship. He has been posthumously inducted into the Wrestling Observer, Professional Wrestling, and WWE Hall of Fame. Professional wrestling career

Early career (1975–1982)
A standout high school football and baseball player at Rossville High School, <mask> dropped out of high school following his freshman year and started wrestling in 1975 at the age of 14 as <mask> for the International Wrestling Association. In early 1979, he began wrestling under his real name and formed The Fabulous Freebirds with Michael Hayes, with Buddy Roberts later added to the group.In 1980, the Freebirds moved to Georgia Championship Wrestling, where they won the territory’s tag team championship. The Fabulous Freebirds had feuds while there, including those against Tommy Rich, Junkyard Dog, Kevin Sullivan, Austin Idol, and Ted DiBiase. One match on the Saturday night WTBS Georgia Championship Wrestling show saw the Freebirds take on the Junkyard Dog and Ted DiBiase. Towards the end of the match, <mask> gave DiBiase 4 consecutive piledrivers, which led to DiBiase being taken away in an ambulance. In 1981, the Freebirds split up

masks:
Terry Ray Gordy Sr
Gordy
Gordy
Terry Mecca
Terry Gordy


title: Terry Gordy

texts:
 when Buddy Roberts left the area. Michael and <mask> then had a falling out, which led to a feud against each other. <mask> and Michael eventually put their differences aside, and reformed the Freebirds as a duo in 1982 where they feuded with Ole Anderson and Stan Hansen.Memphis CWA Wrestling and Mid South Wrestling (1979–1985)
The Freebirds came to Memphis the first time in 1979 and feuded mainly with Jerry Lawler & Bill Dundee. When in mid South Wrestling, he formed The Fabulous Freebirds as the suggestion by Bill Watts with Michael Hayes and Buddy Roberts. They returned in 1984 to feud with Lawler & Austin Idol and later with Lawler & Phil Hickerson. World Class Championship Wrestling (1982–1989)
In 1982, the Freebirds went to World Class Championship Wrestling and had a feud with the Von Erichs (David, Kevin, Kerry and Mike) that was kicked off when <mask> slammed the Cage door on Kerry during his Cage Match at WCCW Star Wars (1982) against Ric Flair where Michael Hayes was the special guest Referee, inciting a riot among fans attending. They traded the six man title back and forth a few times over the years. <mask> was also at one time one half of the WCCW American Tag Team champions. While in WCCW, Killer Khan taught <mask> how to perform the Oriental Spike.All Japan Pro Wrestling (1983–1994)
<mask> teamed with Stan Hansen beginning in 1983 in All Japan Pro Wrestling. <mask> later teamed with Steve Williams as The Miracle Violence Connection. During his time there, he also held the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship on two occasions. World Wrestling Federation (1984)
The Freebirds spent a brief time in the World Wrestling Federation in 1984, but were fired after missing a show and showing up late and drunk. Universal Wrestling Federation (1986)
In 1986, when the Freebirds were in the Universal Wrestling

masks: Terry Terry Gordy Gordy Gordy Gordy Gordy


title: Terry Gordy

texts:
 Federation, the former Mid South Wrestling, <mask> won the UWF Heavyweight Championship
title and held it for six months, before losing it via forfeit to The One Man Gang, after an angle the same night in which <mask> was injured by "Dr. Death" Steve Williams. During this time, <mask> and the Freebirds had an ongoing feud with the Hacksaw Jim Duggan, in which Duggan and <mask> squared off, usually ending in a disqualification because of outside interference. Jim Crockett Promotions/NWA World Championship Wrestling (1987, 1989, 1992)
The Freebirds spent some time in the National Wrestling Alliance's Jim Crockett Promotions where they split to feud briefly, but later reunited.In 1989, <mask> helped Hayes to reform the Freebirds, with Jimmy Garvin, in the NWA, which became World Championship Wrestling in 1991. Later he alongside of Dr. Death Steve Williams defeated the Steiners to become World Tag Team Champions. <mask> and Williams returned to World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1992 and won the WCW World Tag Team titles. They also won the NWA World Tag Team titles in a tournament at the Great American Bash card in Albany, Georgia, one week later, and unified the titles. Their feud with Rick and Scott Steiner; in Japan, this was hyped as a feud between the best foreign teams of the two top Japanese promotions (the Steiners were competing for rival New Japan Pro-Wrestling at the time). Despite advances by New Japan, <mask> and Williams, out of loyalty to the AJPW founder and promoter, Giant Baba, refused to compete for the promotion (which had business ties with WCW at the time), leading to <mask>'s departure from WCW before Halloween Havoc and Williams' departure after Starrcade. In 1993 <mask>, while traveling from the United States to Japan for a tour, took an overdose of pain medication and slipped into a coma,

masks: Gordy Gordy Gordy Gordy Gordy Gordy Gordy Gordy Gordy


title: Terry Gordy

texts:
 ultimately suffering permanent brain damage.He returned to action later that year, but never received a shot at the Triple Crown again. In 1994, <mask> had a small reunion with Hayes and Garvin as the Freebirds in the Global Wrestling Federation where he and Garvin won the GWF Tag Team titles. Various promotions (1989-1995)
After World Class folded in 1989, <mask> wrestled in various promotions. He started working for United States Wrestling Association (USWA). In 1991, he worked for Universal Wrestling Federation where he feuded with Don Muraco. In 1994, he reunited with The Freebirds (Michael Hayes and Jimmy Garvin) for Global Wrestling Federation in Texas where they feuded with Bill Irwin, Black Bart and Moadib. <mask> returned to USWA in 1995 where he teamed with Tracy Smothers.Smokey Mountain Wrestling (1995)
In 1995 <mask> worked for Smokey Mountain Wrestling teaming with Tommy Rich as the Militia. He would feud with Brad Armstrong. <mask> won the SMW Heavyweight Championship defeating Armstrong when he teamed with Thrasher to defeat Armstrong and the Wolfman on October 27. A month later he dropped the title back to Armstrong in a Country whipping match. <mask> left SMW before its closed its doors at the end of the year. Extreme Championship Wrestling (1996)
In 1996, <mask> appeared in Extreme Championship Wrestling to challenge Raven for the ECW World Heavyweight title, as the "internationally recognized #1 contender". He had been working for the International Wrestling Association of Japan promotion in Japan, wrestling deathmatches.He lost, but went on to team up with Tommy Dreamer and later to reunite with "Dr. Death" Steve Williams to wrestle The Eliminators. He also wrestled Bam Bam Bigelow at Ultimate Jeopardy in what was billed as the second ever "Battle Of The Bam Bams" (The first happened on a Windy City

masks: Gordy Gordy Gordy Gordy Gordy Gordy Gordy


title: Terry Gordy

texts:
 Wrestling show). <mask> lost the match due to outside interference from The Eliminators. Return to World Wrestling Federation (1995, 1996–1997, 1998)
On February 11 and 12 1995 <mask> worked as the Executioner teaming with Mike Bell losing to The Smoking Gunns. <mask> had a brief run in the WWF as The Executioner in 1996 and 1997. He teamed up with Mankind, both managed by Paul Bearer, and feuded with The Undertaker. The Executioner came to the ring under a mask and carrying an axe and Paul Bearer 's "hired assassin".He made his TV debut at the In Your House pay-per-view, Buried Alive, where he interfered in The Undertaker's Buried Alive match with Mankind, hitting Undertaker with a shovel and burying him with the help of Mankind and several other wrestlers. However, at In Your House 12: It's Time, The Undertaker defeated The Executioner in an Armageddon Rules match, and <mask> left the promotion shortly afterwards. His final televised appearance was on the January 12, 1997 episode of WWF Superstars, where he lost to Goldust, after which Paul Bearer turned on him by hitting him with his urn. He was advertised to be one of the 30 participants in the 1997 Royal Rumble match, but did not make an appearance. He returned to WWF one last time at a house show as the Executioner on April 28, 1998 losing to Wellington Wilkins. On an episode of Something to Wrestle With, Bruce Prichard claimed that the Executioner gimmick was given to <mask> because McMahon had doubts that <mask> could still compete effectively and the use of a mask was intended to protect <mask> so that if that were the case, <mask>'s legacy would not be tainted. Had Gordy been able to compete at a high level then there would have been the opportunity later for <mask> to unmask.It was mentioned that the hiring was mostly done as a favor for Michael Hayes.


title: Terry Gordy

texts:
 International Wrestling Association of Japan and WAR (1995–1997, 1998)
<mask> returned to Japan working for International Wrestling Association of Japan where he wrestled in deathmatches. Mainly worked in tag teams. He left IWA Japan in 1997. In 1998, <mask> returned to Japan for the final time working for Wrestle Association R where he feuded with Genichiro Tenryu. Later career (1998–2001)
After leaving the WWF and Japan, <mask> worked in the independent circuit. On February 21, 1998 <mask> teamed with Dan Severn in a losing effort to Doug Gilbert and Dutch Mantel at the Eddie Gilbert Memorial Show for IWA Mid-South.<mask> would reunite with Hayes as they fought Glen Kulka and JR Smooth to a no contest for Power Pro Wrestling on May 28, 1999. He wrestled his last match returning to IWA Japan on February 4, 2001 with Shoichi Ichimiya, Tomohiro Ishii, Yukihide Ueno,  and Yuji Kito defeating Doug Gilbert, TJ Shinjuku, Ultra Sebun, Takashi Uwano and Keizo Mastuda. Personal life
<mask> had two daughters and a son, <mask>, who wrestled for WWE as "Jesse" and "Slam Master J" before being released in 2010. His nephew is Richard Aslinger, who competed for All Japan Pro Wrestling as Richard Slinger. His daughter Miranda currently wrestles on the independent circuit and has also competed in Japan. Death
<mask> died of a heart attack caused by a blood clot on July 16, 2001. In 2014, he was posthumously inducted into the Southern Wrestling Hall of Fame.A year later, he was also posthumously inducted into the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum. On April 2, 2016, <mask> was posthumously inducted by his son into the WWE Hall of Fame as part of The Fabulous Freebirds. Championships and accomplishments

All Japan Pro Wrestling
Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
World Tag Team Championship (7 times) – with Stan

masks:
Gordy
Gordy
Gordy
Gordy
Gordy
Gordy
Ray Gordy
Gordy
Gordy


title: Madeon

texts:
Hugo Pierre Leclercq (; born 30 May 1994), better known by his stage name <mask> (), is a French musician, DJ, record producer, singer and songwriter from Nantes, currently based in Los Angeles. He initially came to widespread public attention at 17 through a YouTube video, "Pop Culture", where he performed a mash-up of 39 different popular songs in real-time using a Novation Launchpad. It received millions of hits in its first few days of release. Leclercq has cited The Beatles and Daft Punk as his greatest musical influences. Leclercq's first EP, The City, was released in 2012. His debut studio album, Adventure, was released on 27 March 2015, supported by a 22-stop North American tour. On 15 November 2019, Leclercq released his second album, Good Faith, as part of the Good Faith Live tour.He was ranked at number 105 on DJ Mags top DJs for 2017. In 2017, he was nominated for two Electronic Music Awards with Porter Robinson for Single of the Year and Live Act of the Year. Good Faith was nominated for a 2021 Best Electronic Album Grammy Award. Career beginnings
Leclercq started composing music at the age of 11, producing hands-up under the name of "Daemon" and Wayne Mont until 2010 when he began producing house music under his current name, <mask>, which is an anagram of his previous nickname. He won a remix competition for "The Island" by Pendulum the same year. He went on to remix tracks by other electronic artists the following year. A clip of Leclercq performing his mash-up "Pop Culture", uploaded to YouTube on 11 July 2011, propelled him to international fame.It featured samples

masks: Madeon Madeon


title: Madeon

texts:
 released the album's third single, "Pay No Mind," featuring Passion Pit. The album's fourth single, "Home," was released on 10 March 2015. On 24 March 2015, the final single of Adventure, "Nonsense," was released, featuring Mark Foster of Foster the People. On 27 March 2015, Adventure was released. The album peaked at number 43 on the US Billboard 200 and at number one on the US Dance/Electronic Albums chart. In mid-2015, Leclercq embarked on his first headlining tour, Adventure Live, consisting of 22 stops in North America.The tour ended on 9 May 2015. Leclercq further promoted his debut studio album on his Pixel Empire US Tour in early 2016, which ended on 21 February 2016. 2016–2017: Shelter

On 11 August 2016, Leclercq released with his close friend Porter Robinson a new track called "Shelter". Throughout 2016–2017, he toured the US and Europe alongside Porter Robinson on a live show they called the Shelter Live Tour. This back to back set contained tracks made by both artists, often mixed together between themselves. Throughout the tour both Madeon and Porter also would sing their own songs. Their last performance was on 23 April 2017 at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival.In August 2016, the new gameplay trailer of EA Sports' FIFA 17 was released, featuring <mask>'s remix of "Song 2" by Blur, which was also featured in a BBC Radio 1's Essential Mix in 2012. Leclercq's collaboration with Porter Robinson, "Shelter" was included in the FIFA 17 soundtrack. 2018–present: Good Faith

On 13 November 2017, Leclercq announced that he would be releasing his next project in 2018.


title: Madeon

texts:
 YouTube. The Good Faith Live tour was premiered at Lollapalooza 2019, followed by headlining shows in London, Amsterdam, and Paris. A longer North American leg started on 30 October in Vancouver and ended on 14 December in Austin, followed by an Australian tour as part of FOMO Festival in January 2020. On 29 October 2019, Leclercq revealed that Good Faith would be released on 15 November 2019. In an interview with NPR Music, Leclercq said the album was based on his relationship to joy and his mental health: "I wanted to make music that was celebratory but that hinted at the fact that that joy had to have been reclaimed and fought for a little bit." Madeon worked again with Lady Gaga on the track "911" from her 2020 studio album, Chromatica. On 9 May 2020, Madeon played a DJ set for the virtual Secret Sky music festival.During the set, he previewed a song called "The Prince". The song was released on 14 August that year. Along with the release, <mask> launched an alternate reality game. When it was solved, a 6-track EP named 12122017  was found, reportedly named for the date it was made. However, after an email correspondence with Leclercq, he revealed that the EP was produced on 6 December 2017. The creation of the EP is attributed to Madeon's own anger due to "not feeling anything from music", and has referred to the EP as a document that serves as context to the Good Faith album instead of an EP. On 18 September 2021, Madeon premiered the Good Faith Forever Live set at Second Sky music festival in Oakland, California.Discography

 Adventure (2015)
 Good Faith (2019)

Awards and