title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 and Ringo Starr to promote the Beatles: Rock Band video game, which was universally praised by critics. <mask> appeared on the Basement Jaxx album Scars, featuring on the single "Day of the Sunflowers (We March On)". In the same year, she became an honorary patron to Alder Hey Charity, and created an exhibit called "John Lennon: The New York City Years" for the NYC Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Annex. The exhibit used music, photographs, and personal items to depict Lennon's life in New York.A portion of the cost of each ticket was donated to Spirit Foundation, a charitable foundation set up and founded by Lennon and <mask>. The new Plastic Ono Band
In 2009, <mask> Ono/Plastic Ono Band" since 1973's Feeling the Space. The all-new Plastic Ono Band lineup included Sean Lennon, Cornelius, and Yuka Honda. On February 16, 2010, Sean organized a concert at the Brooklyn Academy of Music called "We Are Plastic Ono Band", at which <mask> performed her music with Sean, Clapton, Klaus Voormann, and Jim Keltner for the first time since the 1970s. Guests including Bette Midler, Paul Simon and his son Harper, and principal members of Sonic Youth and the Scissor Sisters interpreted her songs in their own styles. On April 1, 2010, she was named the first "Global Autism Ambassador" by the Autism Speaks organization. She had created an artwork the year before for autism awareness and allowed it to be auctioned off in 67 parts to benefit the organization.In April 2010, RCRD LBL made available free downloads of Junior Boys' mix of "I'm Not Getting Enough", a single originally released 10 years prior on Blueprint for a Sunrise. That song and "Wouldnit

masks: Ono Ono Onoko Yoko


title: Yoko Ono

type: original

texts: (I'm a Star)", released September 14, made it to Billboard's end of the year list of favorite Dance/Club songs at No. 23 and No. 50 respectively. <mask> appeared with Ringo Starr on July 7 at New York's Radio City Music Hall in celebration of Starr's 70th birthday, performing "With a Little Help from My Friends" and "Give Peace a Chance". On September 16, she and Sean attended the opening of Julian Lennon's photo exhibition at the Morrison Hotel in New York City, appearing for the first time photos with Cynthia and Julian. She also promoted his work on her website.On October 2, <mask> and the <mask> Band performed at the Orpheum Theatre in Los Angeles, with special guest Lady Gaga, whom she deeply admires. On February 18, 2011 (her 78th birthday), <mask> took out a full-page advert in the UK free newspaper Metro for "Imagine Peace 2011". It took the form of an open letter, inviting people to think of, and wish for, peace. With son Sean, she held a benefit concert to aid in the relief efforts for earthquake and tsunami-ravaged Japan on March 27 in New York City. The effort raised a total of $33,000. The same year, "Move on Fast" became her sixth consecutive number-one hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart and her eighth number-one hit overall. She also collaborated with The Flaming Lips on an EP entitled The Flaming Lips with <mask> <mask>/<mask> Band.In July 2011, she visited Japan to support earthquake and tsunami victims and tourism to the country. During her visit, <mask> gave a lecture and performance entitled "The Road of Hope" at Tokyo's Mori Art Museum, during which she painted a large calligraphy piece entitled

masks:
Ono
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Ono


title: Yoko Ono

texts: "Dream" to help raise funds for construction of the Rainbow House, an institution for the orphans of the Great East Japan earthquake. She also collected the 8th Hiroshima Art Prize for her contributions to art and for peace, that she was awarded the year prior. In January 2012, a Ralphi Rosario mix of her 1995 song "Talking to the Universe" became her seventh consecutive No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart. In March of the same year, she was awarded the 20,000-euro ($26,400) Oskar Kokoschka Prize in Austria. From June 19 to September 9, her work To the Light was exhibited at the Serpentine Gallery in London.It was held in conjunction with the London 2012 Festival, a 12-week UK-wide celebration featuring internationally renowned artists from Midsummer's Day (June 21) to the final day of the Paralympic Games on September 9. The album Yokokimthurston was also released in 2012, featuring a collaboration with Thurston Moore and Kim Gordon of Sonic Youth. AllMusic characterized it as "focused and risk-taking" and "above the best" of the couple's experimental music, with <mask>'s voice described as "one-of-a-kind". On June 29, 2012, <mask> received a lifetime achievement award at the Dublin Biennial. During this (her second) trip to Ireland (the first was with John before they married), she visited the crypt of Irish leader Daniel O'Connell at Glasnevin Cemetery and Dún Laoghaire, from where Irish departed for England to escape the famine. In February 2013, Ono accepted the Rainer Hildebrandt Medal at Berlin's Checkpoint Charlie Museum, awarded to her and Lennon for their lifetime of work for peace and human rights.

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title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 "Angel" was <mask>'s twelfth number one on the US Dance chart. <mask> <mask>/Plastic Ono Band continued to perform live into 2015. On February 16, 2016, Manimal Vinyl released Yes, I'm a Witch Too, which features remixes from Moby, Death Cab For Cutie, Sparks, and Miike Snow. Like its predecessor, Yes, I'm a Witch Too received critical acclaim. On February 26, 2016, <mask> was hospitalized after suffering what was rumored to be a possible stroke. It was later announced that she was experiencing extreme symptoms of the flu. On September 6, 2016, Secretly Canadian announced that they would be re-issuing 11 of Ono's albums from 1968 to 1985; Unfinished Music No.1: Two Virgins through Starpeace. In December 2016, Billboard magazine named her the 11th most successful dance club artist of all time. In October 2018, <mask> released Warzone, which included new versions of previously recorded tracks including "Imagine". On June 25, 2019, The New York Times Magazine listed <mask> Ono among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. In a piece for the New Yorker published in November 2021, it was noted that <mask> had "withdrawn from public life", with her son Sean now acting as the public representative for the family's interests in the Beatles' business. Artwork
"Art is like breathing for me. If I don't do it, I start to choke."- <mask> Ono

Cut Piece, 1964
<mask> was a pioneer of conceptual art and performance art. A seminal performance work is Cut Piece, first performed in 1964 at the Yamaichi Concert Hall in Kyoto, Japan. The piece consisted of Ono, dressed in her best suit, kneeling on a

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title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 stage with a pair of scissors in front of her. She invited and then instructed audience members to join her on stage and cut pieces of her clothing off. Confronting issues of gender, class and cultural identity, Ono sat silently until the piece concluded at her discretion. The piece was subsequently performed at the Sogetsu Art Centre in Tokyo that same year, New York's Carnegie Hall in 1965 and London's Africa Center as part of the Destruction in Art Symposium in 1966. Of the piece, John Hendricks wrote in the catalogue to Ono's Japan Society retrospective: "[Cut Piece] unveils the interpersonal alienation that characterizes social relationships between subjects, dismantling the disinterested Kantian aesthetic model...It demonstrates the reciprocity between artists, objects, and viewers and the responsibility beholders have to the reception and preservation of art." Other performers of the piece have included Charlotte Moorman and John Hendricks. <mask> reprised the piece in Paris in 2003, in the low post-9/11 period between the US and France, saying she hoped to show that this is "a time where we need to trust each other". In 2013, the Canadian singer, Peaches reprised it at the multi-day Meltdown festival at the Southbank Centre in London, which Ono curated. Grapefruit book, 1964

<mask>'s small book titled Grapefruit is another seminal piece of conceptual art. First published in 1964, the book reads as a set of instructions through which the work of art is completed-either literally or in the imagination of the viewer participant. One example is "Hide and Seek Piece: Hide until everybody goes home.Hide until everybody


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texts:
 forgets about you. Hide until everybody dies." Grapefruit has been published several times, most widely distributed by Simon & Schuster in 1971, who reprinted it again in 2000. , art critic for The Village Voice and Vogue, called Grapefruit "one of the monuments of conceptual art of the early 1960s". He noted that her conceptual approach was made more acceptable when white male artists like Joseph Kosuth and Lawrence Weiner came in and "did virtually the same things" she did, and that her take also has a poetic and lyrical side that sets it apart from the work of other conceptual artists. Ono would enact many of the book's scenarios as performance pieces throughout her career, which formed the basis for her art exhibitions, including the highly publicized retrospective exhibition, This Is Not Here in 1971 at the Everson Museum in Syracuse, New York, that was nearly closed when it was besieged by excited Beatles fans, who broke several of the art pieces and flooded the toilets. It was her last major exhibition until 1989's Yoko Ono: Objects, Films retrospective at the Whitney. Nearly fifty years later in July 2013, she released a sequel to Grapefruit, another book of instructions, Acorn via OR Books.Experimental films, 1964–72
<mask> was also an experimental filmmaker who made 16 short films between 1964 and 1972, gaining particular renown for a 1966 Fluxus film called simply No. 4, often referred to as Bottoms. The five-and-a-half-minute film consists of a series of close-ups of human buttocks walking on a treadmill. The screen is divided into four almost equal sections by the elements of the gluteal cleft and the horizontal


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texts:
 gluteal crease. The soundtrack consists of interviews with those who are being filmed, as well as those considering joining the project. In 1996, the watch manufacturing company Swatch produced a limited edition watch that commemorated this film. In March 2004, the ICA London, showed most of her films from this period in their exhibition The Rare Films of <mask> Ono.She also acted in an obscure exploitation film in 1965, Satan's Bed. Wish Tree, 1981–present

Another example of Ono's participatory art was her Wish Tree project, in which a tree native to the installation site is installed. Her 1996 Wish Piece had the following instructions:

Make a wish
Write it down on a piece of paper
Fold it and tie it around a branch of a Wish Tree
Ask your friends to do the same
Keep wishing
Until the branches are covered with wishes. Her Wish Tree installation in the Sculpture Garden of the Museum of Modern Art, New York, established in July 2010, has attracted contributions from all over the world. Other installation locations include London; St. Louis; Washington, D.C.; San Francisco; Copenhagen; the Stanford University campus in Palo Alto, California; Japan; Venice; Dublin; and, Miami at the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden in 2010. In 2014 Ono's Imagine Peace exhibit opened at the Bob Rauschenburg Gallery at Florida SouthWestern State College in Fort Myers, Florida. Ono installed a billboard on U.S. Route 41 in Fort Myers to promote the show and peace.When the exhibit closed, wishes that had been placed on the installed Wish Trees were sent to the Imagine Peace Tower in Iceland and added to the millions of wishes already there. Imagine


title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 Peace was also installed in Houston in 2011 through the Deborah Colton Gallery, returning in 2016. Earth Peace, 2014
One of two pieces Ono installed as part of the 2014 Folkestone Triennial, Earth Peace originally consisted of many parts and appeared in many locations and media around Folkestone, including posters, stickers, billboards and badges. Three of the pieces remain in Folkestone, on loan to the town and part of the Creative Folkestone Artworks collection. These include an inscribed stone, a flag - which is flown on an annual basis on International Peace Day and a beacon of light installed on the dome roof of The Grand in Folkestone Leas. Ono's beacon flashes a morse code message, "Earth Peace", across the English Channel. Skyladder, 2014
The second of Ono's 2014 Folkestone Triennial pieces and now also on loan to the town as part of the Folkestone Artworks collection, Skyladder is displayed in two locations - on a high wall of the Quarterhouse bar and in the staircase of the Folkestone public library.Skyladder takes the form of an artistic 'instruction' or invitation to the people of Folkestone and beyond. The instruction reads: "Audience should bring a ladder they like. Colour it. Word it. Take pictures of it. Keep adding things to it. And send it as a postcard to a friend".Arising, 2015
In 2015, <mask> created the piece Arising in Venice. As part of the exhibition Personal Structures, organised by Global Art Affairs, the installation was on view from June 1 through November 24, 2013, at the European Cultural Centre's Palazzo Bembo. In this feminist work of art, female silicon bodies were burnt in the Venetian


title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 lagoon, evoking the imagery of mythical phoenixes. When asked for the resemblance between the naming of her record Rising and this piece, <mask> responded: "Rising was telling all people that it is time for us to rise and fight for our rights. But in the process of fighting together, women are still being treated separately in an inhuman way. It weakens the power of men and women all together. I hope Arising will wake up Women Power, and make us, men and women, heal together."Skylanding, 2016

In October 2016, Ono unveiled her first permanent art installation in the United States; the collection is located in Jackson Park, Chicago and promotes peace. Ono was inspired during a visit to the Garden of the Phoenix in 2013 and feels a connection to the city of Chicago. Refugee Boat, 2019
Participating in Lower Manhattan's River to River Festival in 2019, Ono presented her participatory installation Add Color (Refugee Boat) (1960/2019). The work comprises a white room with a white rowing boat in it, which were both covered by messages and drawings from members of the audience throughout the festival. Through the participatory nature of the work, the artist emphasised the need for solidarity and the history of immigrants and refugees in the United States. Refugee Boat belongs to Ono's Add Color Painting series, first enacted in 1960, which invites the audience to make marks over the designated objects, often white. Recognition and retrospectives

John Lennon once described his wife as "the world's most famous unknown artist: everybody knows her name, but nobody knows what she does".Her circle of friends in the New York art world has


title: Yoko Ono

texts: included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński. In 1989, the Whitney Museum held a retrospective of her work, Yoko Ono: Objects, Films, marking Ono's reentry into the New York art world after a hiatus. At the suggestion of Ono's live-in companion at the time, interior decorator Sam Havadtoy, she recast her old pieces in bronze after some initial reluctance. "I realized that for something to move me so much that I would cry, there's something there. There seemed like a shimmering air in the 60s when I made these pieces, and now the air is bronzified. Now it's the 80s, and bronze is very 80s in a way – solidity, commodity, all of that.For someone who went through the 60s revolution, there has of course been an incredible change. . . . I call the pieces petrified bronze. That freedom, all the hope and wishes are in some ways petrified." Over a decade later, in 2001, Y E S YOKO ONO, a 40-year retrospective of Ono's work, received the International Association of Art Critics USA Award for Best Museum Show Originating in New York City, considered one of the highest accolades in the museum profession. YES refers to the title of a 1966 sculptural work by <mask> <mask>, shown at Indica Gallery, London: viewers climb a ladder to

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title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 read the word "yes", printed on a small canvas suspended from the ceiling. The exhibition's curator Alexandra Munroe wrote that "John Lennon got it, on his first meeting with <mask>: when he climbed the ladder to peer at the framed paper on the ceiling, he encountered the tiny word YES. 'So it was positive.I felt relieved.'" The exhibition traveled to 13 museums in the U.S., Canada, Japan, and Korea from 2000 through 2003. In 2001, she received an honorary Doctorate of Laws from Liverpool University and, in 2002, was presented with the honorary degree of Doctor of Fine Arts from Bard College
and the Skowhegan Medal for work in assorted media. The next year, she was awarded the fifth MOCA Award to Distinguished Women in the Arts from the Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles. In 2005, she received a lifetime achievement award from the Japan Society of New York, which had hosted <mask> <mask> and where she had worked in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In 2008, she showed a large retrospective exhibition, Between The Sky and My Head, at the Kunsthalle Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany, and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art in Gateshead, England. The following year, she showed a selection of new and old work as part of her show "Anton's Memory" in Venice, Italy.She also received a Golden Lion Award for lifetime achievement from the Venice Biennale in 2009. In 2012, <mask> Ono: One Woman Show, 1960– 1971". Political activism, social media and public appreciation

<mask> has been an activist for peace and human rights since the 1960s.After she and Lennon married in Gibraltar, they held a March 1969 "Bed-In for Peace" in their

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Yes Yoko
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texts: honeymoon suite at the Amsterdam Hilton Hotel. The newlyweds were eager to talk about and promote world peace; they wore pajamas and invited visitors and members of the press. Two months later, <mask> and Lennon held another Bed-In at the Queen Elizabeth Fairmont in Montreal, where they recorded their first single, "Give Peace A Chance". The song became a top-20 hit for the newly christened Plastic Ono Band. Other performance/demonstrations with John included "bagism", iterations with John of the Bag Pieces she introduced in the early 1960s, which encouraged a disregard for physical appearance in judging others. In December 1969, the two continued spread their message of peace with billboards in 12 major world cities reading "WAR IS OVER! If You Want It – Happy Christmas from John & Yoko".In the 1970s, <mask> and Lennon became close to many radical, counterculture leaders, including Bobby Seale, Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, Michael X, John Sinclair (for whose rally in Michigan they flew to sing Lennon's song "Free John Sinclair" that effectively released the poet from prison), Angela Davis, and street musician David Peel. Friend and Sexual Politics author Kate Millett has said Ono inspired her activism. <mask> and Lennon appeared on The Mike Douglas Show, taking over hosting duties for a week. <mask> spoke at length about the evils of racism and sexism. She remained outspoken in her support of feminism, and openly bitter about the racism she had experienced from rock fans, especially in the UK. Her reception within the US media was not much better. For example, an Esquire article of the period was titled "John Rennon's Excrusive

masks: Ono Ono Ono Ono


title: Yoko Ono

texts: Gloupie" and featured an unflattering David Levine cartoon.After the Columbine High School massacre in 1999, <mask> paid for billboards to be put up in New York City and Los Angeles that bore the image of Lennon's blood-splashed spectacles. Early in 2002 she paid about £150,000 ($213,375) for a billboard in Piccadilly Circus with a line from Lennon's "Imagine": "Imagine all the people living life in peace." Later the same year, she inaugurated a peace award, the LennonOno Grant for Peace, by giving $50,000 (£31,900) in prize money originally to artists living "in regions of conflict". The award is given out every two years in conjunction with the lighting of the Imagine Peace Tower, and was first given to Israeli and Palestinian artists. Its program has since expanded to include writers, such as Michael Pollan and Alice Walker, activists such as Vandana Shiva and Pussy riot, organizations such as New York's Center for Constitutional Rights, even an entire country (Iceland). On Valentine's Day 2003, which was the eve of the Iraqi invasion by the US and UK, <mask> heard about a couple, Andrew and Christine Gale, who were holding a love-in protest in their tiny bedroom in Addingham, West Yorkshire. She phoned them and said, "It's good to speak to you.We're supporting you. We're all sisters together." The couple said that songs like "Give Peace a Chance" and "Imagine" inspired their protest. In 2004, <mask> remade her song "Everyman..... Everywoman....." to support same-sex marriage, releasing remixes that included "Every Man Has a Man Who Loves Him" and "Every Woman Has a Woman Who Loves Her". In August 2011, she made the

masks: Ono Ono Ono


title: Yoko Ono

texts: documentary film about the Bed-Ins Bed Peace available for free on YouTube, and as part of her website "Imagine Peace". In January 2013, the 79-year-old <mask>, along with Sean Lennon and Susan Sarandon, took to rural Pennsylvania in a bus under the banner of the Artists Against Fracking group she and Sean created with Mark Ruffalo in August 2012 to protest against hydraulic fracturing. Other group members include Lady Gaga and Alec Baldwin.Ono promotes her art and shares inspirational messages and images through a robust and active Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook presence. In April 2014 her Twitter followers reached 4.69 million, while her Instagram followers exceeded 99,000. Her tweets are short instructional poems, comments on media and politics, and notes about performances. In 1987, <mask> travelled to Moscow to participate in the "International Forum for a Nuclear-free World and for the Survival of Mankind". She also visited Leningrad, where she met with members of the local John Lennon memorial club. Among these members was Kolya Vasin, who was considered the biggest Beatles fan in the Soviet Union. Public appreciation of Ono's work has shifted over time and was helped by a retrospective at a Whitney Museum branch in 1989 and the 1992 release of the six-disc box set Onobox.Retrospectives of her artwork have also been presented at the Japan Society in New York City in 2001, in Bielefeld, Germany, and the UK in 2008, Frankfurt, and Bilbao, Spain, in 2013 and The Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 2015. She received a Golden Lion Award for lifetime achievement from the Venice Biennale in 2009 and the 2012 Oskar


title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 Kokoschka Prize, Austria's highest award for applied contemporary art. In January 2021 <mask> was one of the founders of The Coda Collection, a service that launched in the U.S. via Amazon Prime Video Channels on February 18, 2021, the day Ono turned 88. The Coda Collection will feature a slew of music documentaries and concert films. Jim Spinello will run The Coda Channel. <mask> <mask> added, “John Lennon was always on the cutting edge of music and culture. The Coda Collection will be a new way for fans to connect on a deeper level.”

Public image
For many years, Ono was frequently criticized by both the press and the public.She was blamed for the breakup of the Beatles and repeatedly criticized for her influence over Lennon and his music. Her experimental art was also not popularly accepted. The British press was particularly negative and prompted the couple's move to the US. As late as December 1999, NME was calling her a "no-talent charlatan". Her name connoted the figure of the evil female interloper to the mainstream. In the 1978 Rutles mockumentary All You Need Is Cash, which parodied the lives of the Beatles, the Ono-esque character is portrayed as a Nazi officer. Courtney Love, Kurt Cobain's widow, has been compared to <mask>na's businesses and being blamed for Cobain's suicide.When American singer Jessica Simpson was dating Dallas Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo in 2007, the Simpson-Romo relationship was blamed for Romo's poor performances. In response, some Cowboys' fans gave her the moniker "<mask> Romo". <mask> is still sometimes used to allude to the figure of the evil female interloper. In March 2015, Perrie

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 Edwards, member of English girl group Little Mix, was compared to <mask> <mask> and criticised for being the supposed reason for Zayn Malik's departure from the British boy band One Direction, creating tension within the group and causing widespread controversy. Relationship with the Beatles

Lennon and <mask> were injured in a car accident in June 1969, partway through recording Abbey Road. According to journalist Barry Miles, a bed with a microphone was then installed in the studio so that Ono could make artistic comments about the album. Miles thought Ono's continual presence in the studio during the latter part of the Beatles' career put strain on Lennon's relationship with the other band members.George Harrison got into a shouting match with Lennon after <mask> took one of his chocolate digestive biscuits without asking. The English press dubbed <mask> "the woman who broke up the Beatles", which had been foreseen by Paul McCartney in 1969 during the group's rehearsals for their film and album Let It Be, when he said "It's going to be such an incredible sort of comical thing, like, in fifty years' time, you know: 'They broke up 'cause <mask> sat on an amp.'" In an interview with Dick Cavett, Lennon explicitly denied that <mask> broke up the Beatles, and Harrison said during an interview with Cavett that the problems within the group began long before <mask> came onto the scene. <mask> herself has said that the Beatles broke up without any direct involvement from her, adding "I don't think I could have tried even to break them up." While the Beatles were together, every song written by Lennon or McCartney was credited as

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texts: Lennon–McCartney regardless of whether the song was a collaboration or written solely by one of the two (except for those appearing on their first album, Please Please Me, which originally credited the songs to McCartney–Lennon). In 1976, McCartney released a live album called Wings over America, which credited the five Beatles tracks as P. McCartney–J. Lennon compositions, but neither Lennon nor Ono objected.After Lennon's death, however, McCartney again attempted to change the order to McCartney–Lennon for songs that were solely or predominantly written by him, such as "Yesterday", but <mask> would not allow it, saying she felt this broke an agreement that the two had made while Lennon was still alive, and the surviving Beatle argued that such an agreement never existed. A spokesman for <mask> said McCartney was making "an attempt to rewrite history". In a Rolling Stone interview in 1987, <mask> pointed out McCartney's place in the disintegration of the band. On the 1998 John Lennon anthology, Lennon Legend, the composer credit of "Give Peace a Chance" was changed to "John Lennon" from its original composing credit of "Lennon–McCartney". Although Lennon wrote the song during his tenure with the Beatles, it was both written and recorded without the help of the band, and released as Lennon's first independent single under the "Plastic Ono Band" moniker. Lennon subsequently expressed regret that he had not given co-writing credit to <mask> instead, who actually helped him write the song. In 2002, McCartney released another live album, Back in the U.S. Live 2002, and the 19 Beatles songs included are described as "composed by Paul


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texts: McCartney and John Lennon", which reignited the debate over credits with <mask>.Her spokesperson Elliott Mintz called it "an attempt to rewrite history". Nevertheless, <mask> did not sue. In 1995, after the Beatles released Lennon's "Free as a Bird" and "Real Love", with demos provided by <mask>, McCartney and his family collaborated with her and Sean to create the song "Hiroshima Sky is Always Blue", which commemorates the 50th anniversary of the atomic bombing of that Japanese city. Of <mask>, McCartney stated: "I thought she was a cold woman. I think that's wrong..... she's just the opposite..... I think she's just more determined than most people to be herself." Two years later, however, <mask> publicly compared Lennon to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, while McCartney, she said, more closely resembled his less-talented rival Antonio Salieri.This remark infuriated McCartney's wife Linda, who was dying from breast cancer at the time. When Linda died less than a year later, McCartney did not invite <mask> to his wife's memorial service in Manhattan. Accepting an award at the 2005 Q Awards, <mask> mentioned that Lennon had once felt insecure about his songwriting. She had responded, "You're a good songwriter. It's not June with spoon that you write. You're a good singer, and most musicians are probably a little bit nervous about covering your songs." In an October 2010 interview, <mask> spoke about Lennon's "lost weekend" and her subsequent reconciliation with him.She credited McCartney with helping save her marriage to John. "I want the world to know that it was a very touching thing that [Paul] did for John." While visiting <mask>

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texts:
 in March 1974, McCartney, on leaving, asked "[W]hat will make you come back to John?" McCartney subsequently passed her response to Lennon while visiting him in Los Angeles. "John often said he didn't understand why Paul did this for us, but he did." In 2012, McCartney revealed that he did not blame <mask> for the breakup of the Beatles and credited <mask> with inspiring much of Lennon's post-Beatles work. Relationship with Julian Lennon

Ono had a difficult relationship with her stepson Julian, but the relationship has improved over the years.He has expressed disappointment at her handling of Lennon's estate, and at the difference between his upbringing and Sean's, adding, "when Dad gave up music for a couple of years to be with Sean, why couldn't he do that with me?" Julian was left out of his father's will, and he battled <mask> in court for years, settling in 1996 for an unspecified amount that the media reported was "believed to" be in the area of £20 million, which Julian has denied. He has said that he is his "mother's boy", which <mask> has cited as the reason why she was never able to get close to him: "Julian and I tried to be friends. Of course, if he's too friendly with me, then I think that it hurts his other relatives. He was very loyal to his mother. That was the first thing that was in his mind." Nevertheless, she and Sean attended the opening of Julian's photo exhibition at the Morrison Hotel in New York City in 2010, appearing for the first time for photos with Cynthia and Julian.She also promoted the exhibition on her website, and Julian and Sean are close. In art and popular culture

Mary Beth Edelson's Some


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texts: Living American Women Artists / Last Supper (1972) appropriated Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper, with the heads of notable women artists collaged over the heads of Christ and his apostles; <mask> was among those notable women artists. This image, addressing the role of religious and art historical iconography in the subordination of women, became "one of the most iconic images of the feminist art movement." The post-punk rock band Death of Samantha, founded in 1983, named themselves after a song from <mask>'s 1972 album Approximately Infinite Universe, also called "Death of Samantha". Canadian rock band Barenaked Ladies' debut single was "Be My Yoko Ono", first released in 1990 and later appearing on their 1992 album Gordon. The lyrics are "a shy entreaty to a potential girlfriend, caged in terms that self-deflatingly compare himself to one of pop music's foremost geniuses". It also has a "sarcastic imitation of <mask> <mask>'s unique vocal style in the bridge".In 2000, American folk singer Dar Williams recorded a song titled "I Won't Be Your Yoko Ono". Bryan Wawzenek of the website Ultimate Classic Rock described the song as "us[ing] John and <mask> as a starting point for exploring love, and particularly, love between artists". The British band Elbow mentioned <mask> in their song "New York Morning" from their 2014 album The Take Off and Landing of Everything ("Oh, my giddy aunt, New York can talk / It's the modern Rome and folk are nice to <mask>"). In response Ono posted an open letter to the band on her website, thanking them and reflecting on her and Lennon's relationship with the city. In Public Enemy's song "Bring

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texts:
 the Noise", Chuck D and Flavor Flav rap, "Beat is for Sonny Bono/Beat is for <mask> Ono!" <mask>'s name also appears in the lyrics of the Le Tigre song "Hot Topic." In the Simpson's episode 1 of season 5, "Homer's Barbershop Quartet, Barney who is in Homer's band, has creative disputes within the group when he falls in love with a Japanese conceptual artist  that is visually made to resemble <mask> <mask>.Discography

 Solo
<mask> Ono/Plastic Ono Band (1970)
Fly (1971)
Approximately Infinite Universe (1973)
Feeling the Space (1973)
Season of Glass (1981)
It's Alright (I See Rainbows) (1982)
Starpeace (1985)
Rising (1995)
A Story (1997)
Blueprint for a Sunrise (2001)
Between My Head and the Sky (2009)
Yokokimthurston (2012)
Take Me to the Land of Hell (2013)
Warzone (2018)

with John Lennon
Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins (1968)
Unfinished Music No. 2: Life with the Lions (1969)
Wedding Album (1969)
Live Peace in Toronto 1969 (1969)
Some Time in New York City (1972)
Double Fantasy (1980)
Heart Play: Unfinished Dialogue (1983)
Milk and Honey (1984)

Books and monographs
Grapefruit (1964)
Summer of 1980 (1983)
ただの私 (Tada-no Watashi – Just Me!) (1986)
The John Lennon Family Album (1990)
Instruction Paintings (1995)
Grapefruit Juice (1998)
YES YOKO ONO (2000)
Odyssey of a Cockroach (2005)
Imagine Yoko (2005)
Memories of John Lennon (editor) (2005)
2:46: Aftershocks: Stories From the Japan Earthquake (contributor) (2011)
郭知茂 Vocal China Forever Love Song
Acorn (2013)

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos (as director)

Video art
Sky TV (1966)
Blueprint for the Sunrise (2000, 28 min)
Onochord (2004, continuous loop)

Awards

masks: Yoko Ono Yoko Ono Yoko


title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 and nominations
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Year !! Awards !! Work !!Category !! (November 6, 2005). New Sunday Times, p. 29. The Ballad of John and <mask>, by the editors of Rolling Stone (Rolling Stone Press, 1982)

Beram, Nell, and Carolyn Boriss-Krimsky. <mask> <mask>: Collector of Skies. New York: Amulet, 2013. Clayson, Alan et al.Woman: The Incredible Life of <mask> <mask>
Fawcett, Anthony. John Lennon: One Day at a Time (Grove Press, 1976)
Goldman, Albert. The Lives of John Lennon
Green, John. Dakota Days
Haskell, Barbara. <mask> <mask>: Arias and Objects. Exhibition Catalogue. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1991.Hendricks, Geoffrey. Fluxus Codex
Hendricks, Geoffrey. <mask> <mask>: Arias and Objects
Hopkins, Jerry. <mask> <mask>
Klin, Richard, and Lily Prince, photos. "'I Remembered Carrying a Glass Key to Open the Sky.'" In Something to Say: Thoughts on Art and Politics in America. (Leapfrog Press, 2011)
Millett, Kate.Flying
Norman, Philip, John Lennon : the life, 1st ed., New York : Ecco, 2008. .
Norman, Philip, Days in the life : John Lennon remembered, London : Century, 1990. Munroe, Alexandra. <mask> <mask> Ono: Half-a-Wind Show; A Retrospective. April 14, 2013. <mask> <mask>’s Basho: A Conversation with Alexandra Munroe
Munroe, Alexandra. Spirit of YES: The Art and Life of <mask> <mask>, published in YES YOKO ONO, 2000. Spirit of YES: The Art and Life of <mask> <mask>
Munroe, Alexandra.Why War? Yoko by <mask> at the Serpentine, published in <mask> <mask>: To the Light. 2012. Why War? Yoko by <mask> at the Serpentine -
Obrist, Hans Ulrich. The Conversation Series: <mask> <mask>, Walther König, Cologne, 2010.

masks: Yoko Yoko Ono Yoko Ono Yoko Ono Yoko Ono Yoko Ono Yoko Onoko Yoko Ono Yoko Ono Yoko Ono Yoko Yoko Ono Yoko Yoko Ono


title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 Rumaker, Michael.The Butterfly
Seaman, Frederic. The Last Days of John Lennon
 Sheff, David. Last Interview: John Lennon and <mask> Ono New York: Pan Books, 2001. .
Wenner, Jann, ed. The Ballad of John and <mask>
Wiener, Jon. Come Together: John Lennon in His Time (Random House, 1984)
Yoon, Jean. The Yoko Ono Project

External links

 A Piece of Work Podcast, WNYC Studios/MoMA, featuring Abbi Jacobson and RuPaul on <mask> <mask>'s Cut Piece
 MoMA Learning
 <mask> <mask> in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art
 Fluxus Performance Workbook
 2013 ART

1933 births
Apple Records artists
Astralwerks artists
Avant-garde singers
COINTELPRO targets
Japanese conceptual artists
Japanese contemporary artists
Japanese women film directors
Feminist artists
Feminist musicians
Fluxus
Gakushuin University alumni
Geffen Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Japanese installation artists
Japanese feminists
Japanese film directors
Japanese expatriates in the United Kingdom
Japanese experimental musicians
Japanese pacifists
Japanese performance artists
Japanese women artists
Japanese artists
Japanese women rock singers
Lennon family
Japanese multimedia artists
Musicians from Tokyo
Japanese emigrants to the United States
Plastic Ono Band members
Polydor Records artists
Postmodern artists
Rykodisc artists
Sarah Lawrence College alumni
Japanese sound artists
The Dirty Mac members
Japanese electronica musicians
20th-century Japanese women singers
20th-century Japanese women artists
20th-century Japanese artists
Japanese women in electronic music
Women conceptual artists
English-language singers from Japan
Juno Award for International Album

masks: Yoko Yoko Yoko Ono Yoko Ono


title: Edward Clarke (barrister)

texts:
<mask>, KC (15 February 1841 – 26 April 1931) was a British barrister and politician, considered one of the leading advocates of the late Victorian era and serving as Solicitor-General in the Conservative government of 1886–1892. His legal career included representing Oscar Wilde in his disastrous prosecution of the Marquess of Queensberry for libel, and representing the plaintiff in the "baccarat case", during which <mask> cross-examined the Prince of Wales. He was a member of the anti-women's suffrage movement. Background and early life
<mask> was the son of J. G<mask> of Moorgate Street, London. He was educated at King's College London. In 1859 he became a writer in India Office, but resigned in the next year, and became a law reporter. He obtained a Tancred Scholarship in 1861, and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1864, joining the Home Circuit.Legal career
<mask> quickly gained a high reputation at the junior bar, and made his name appearing for the defence in the two most notorious cases of 1877, securing the acquittal of his namesake Chief Inspector <mask> in the Great Scotland Yard scandal (when other senior CID detectives were convicted of corruption) and unsuccessfully defending Patrick Staunton (who had been accused of complicity in starving his sister-in-law to death) in the Penge Murder. On the back of these successes <mask> took silk in 1880, and quickly came to be recognised as one of the leading members of the bar; he became a bencher of Lincoln's Inn in 1882,

masks:
Sir Edward George Clarke
Sir Edward
Clarke
. Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke


title: Edward Clarke (barrister)

texts:
 and was knighted in 1886. He also entered Parliament as Conservative MP for Southwark at a by-election early in 1880, but being unable to hold the seat at the general election later that year he was elected instead for Plymouth. He was Solicitor-General in the Conservative administration of 1886–1892, but declined office when the party returned to power in 1895 as he would have been debarred from continuing his lucrative private practice. In 1899, <mask> found himself in total disagreement with his party over the government's South African policy, and in early February 1900 his constituency party in Plymouth called upon him to resign his seat. He resigned the following day. He did not contest the general election of 1900, but returned to the House as MP for the City of London in 1906; however, he offended a section of his constituents by a speech against tariff reform in the House of Commons on 12 March 1906, and shortly afterwards he resigned his seat again on grounds of health.He published a Treatise on the Law of Extradition in 1903, and several volumes of speeches (both political and legal). He also wrote a biography of Benjamin Disraeli. His autobiography, The Story of My Life, was published in 1918, and a biography by Derek Walker-Smith and his grandson <mask> (Life of Sir <mask>) followed in 1939. Famous cases

 R v <mask> and Others, 1877 (The Trial of the Detectives). <mask> secured the acquittal of Chief Inspector <mask>, the acting head of the Detective Department at Scotland

masks:
Clarke
Edward Clarke
Edward Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke


title: Edward Clarke (barrister)

texts: Yard, on charges of corruption. Three other, more junior, police officers were convicted, and the detective division of the Metropolitan Police was completely reorganised as a result. R v Staunton, Staunton, Staunton and Rhodes, 1877 (The Penge Murder).Harriet Staunton, a mentally-disabled woman of 38, had died at Penge in Kent, apparently of starvation. Her husband, Lewis Staunton, together with his brother, his brother's wife and his mistress (who was his brother's wife's sister) were charged with murdering her by deliberate neglect; although they were charged only with one murder, it was generally believed that they were also responsible for the death of Harriet's baby son, also by starvation. <mask> defended Patrick Staunton, the brother; although all four were convicted and sentenced to death, sufficient doubt about the strict legal position had been raised at the trial that the sentences of the three Stauntons were commuted to penal servitude for life, and the fourth defendant, Alice Rhodes, was given a free pardon. R v Bartlett, 1886 (The Pimlico Mystery). <mask> defended Adelaide Bartlett on a charge of having murdered her husband by poisoning with chloroform; she was acquitted. Gordon-Cumming v. Wilson and Others, 1891 (The Royal Baccarat Case or Tranby Croft Scandal). <mask> represented Sir William Gordon-Cumming, who sued five people for slander after being accused of cheating at cards.The case was notorious because the Prince of Wales, later King <mask>, had been banker

masks:
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Edward VII


title: Edward Clarke (barrister)

texts: during the game in which Gordon-Cumming was said to have cheated; the prince was called as a witness, and vigorously cross-examined by <mask>. Nevertheless, Gordon-Cumming lost the case. Wilde v Queensberry, 1895; R v Wilde, 1895. <mask> represented Oscar Wilde in his ill-advised prosecution of the Marquess of Queensberry for criminal libel. Queensberry being found not guilty, <mask> considered himself partly to blame for the tactics pursued during the trial, and when Wilde was subsequently arrested and prosecuted for homosexual practices, <mask> considered himself duty-bound to undertake the defence, which he did while refusing to accept a fee. <mask> was initially widely condemned for doing so, even within the legal profession, outraged as much by a barrister appearing without a fee as by their revulsion for Wilde, although opinions were later reversed. In the first trial, when <mask>'s conduct of the defence was described by the prosecuting counsel as "courageous and brilliant", the jury disagreed; but <mask> was unable to persuade the jury in the re-trial against a guilty verdict.R. v Jameson, Willoughby and others, 1896. <mask> defended Leander Starr Jameson for his organisation of the Jameson Raid. Jameson was convicted and sentenced to fifteen months in jail, but was soon pardoned, and was generally treated as a national hero. <mask>'s son, Percival Clark, was a prominent lawyer in the 1920s and 1930s. His great-nephew, <mask>, followed him into law and was number two to

masks:
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Family Clarke
Edward Clarke


title: Edward Clarke (barrister)

texts:
 Frederick Geoffrey Lawrence in the defence team for suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams. His youngest son <mask> trained as a lawyer, but became a cryptographer. Arms

References

 H Montgomery Hyde, Famous Trials 7: Oscar Wilde (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962)
 Edgar Lustgarten, Defender's Triumph (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1951), "Victorian Trumpets: Adelaide Bartlett", p. 8–80 (it was reprinted in Lustgarten's The Murder and the Trial (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958), 14."Adelaide Bartlett", p. 191–249.). Edgar Lustgarten, The Woman in the Case (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1955), Chapter III: "The Victim: Harriet Staunton", p. 117–151 (it was reprinted in Lustgarten's The Murder and the Trial (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958), 10. "The Brothers Staunton", p. 155–178.). J M Parrish and John R Crossland (eds), The Fifty Most Amazing Crimes of the Last Hundred Years (London: Odham's Press, 1936)

External links

1841 births
1931 deaths
Alumni of King's College London
British barristers
British Queen's Counsel
Queen's Counsel 1801–1900
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Solicitors General for England and Wales
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1906–1910
Knights Bachelor
Members of Parliament of the United Kingdom for the City of London
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts: <mask>, 1st Marquess of <mask>  (c. 1431 – 14 April 1471) was a major magnate of fifteenth-century England. He was a younger son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and the younger brother of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, the "Kingmaker". From an early age he was involved in fighting for his House, particularly in the feud that sprang up in the 1450s with the Neville family's major regional rivals, the Percy family. <mask> was personally responsible for much of the violence until, with his brothers, they defeated and imprisoned their enemies. This was taking place against the backdrop of a crisis in central government. The king, Henry VI, already known to be a weak ruler, suffered a mental collapse which led to a protectorate headed by <mask>'s uncle, Richard, Duke of York. Within two years an armed conflict had broken out, with York openly in rebellion against the king, and his Neville cousins supporting him.<mask> fought with his father and Warwick against the king at the first Battle of St Albans, at which they had the victory. Following a few years of uneasy peace, the Yorkists' rebellion erupted once again, and <mask> fought alongside his father and elder brother Thomas at the Battle of Blore Heath in September 1459. Although the Earl of Salisbury fought off the Lancastrians, both his sons were captured, and <mask>, with Thomas, spent the next year imprisoned. Following his release in 1460, he took part in the Yorkist government. His father and brother died in battle just after Christmas

masks:
John Neville
Montagu
John Neville
John
John
John Neville
John


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts: 1460, and in February the next year, <mask> – now promoted to the peerage as Lord <mask> – and Warwick fought the Lancastrians again at St Albans. <mask> was once again captured and not released until his cousin Edward, York's son, won a decisive victory at Towton in March 1461, and became King Edward IV. <mask> soon emerged, with Warwick, as representatives of the king's power in the north, which was still politically turbulent, as there were still a large number of Lancastrians on the loose attempting to raise rebellion against the new regime.As his brother Warwick became more involved in national politics and central government, it devolved to <mask> to finally defeat the last remnants of Lancastrians in 1464. Following these victories, <mask>, in what has been described as a high point for his House, was created Earl of Northumberland. At around the same time, however, his brother Warwick became increasingly dissatisfied with his relationship with the king, and began instigating rebellions against Edward IV in the north, finally capturing him in July 1469. At first, <mask> helped suppress this discontent, and also encouraged Warwick to release Edward. Eventually, however, his brother went into French exile with the king's brother George, Duke of Clarence, in March 1470. During Warwick's exile, King Edward stripped <mask> of the Earldom of Northumberland, making him Marquis of Montagu instead. <mask> appears to have seen this as a reduction in rank, and accepted it with poor grace.He seems

masks:
John
Montagu
John
John Neville
John
Montagu
Montagu
Montagu
John Neville


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts:
 particularly to have complained about the lack of landed estate that his new marquisate brought with it, calling it a "pie's nest". When the Earl of Warwick and Clarence returned, they distracted Edward with a rebellion in the north, which the king ordered <mask> to raise troops to repress in the king's name. <mask>, however, having raised a small army, turned against Edward, almost capturing him at Olney, Buckinghamshire; the king, with his other brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, fled into exile in Burgundy. While in exile, Warwick had allied with the old king, Henry VI and his Queen, Margaret of Anjou, Henry was restored to the throne, and Warwick now effectively ruled the kingdom, This return to Lancastrianism did not, however, last long; within the year, Edward and Gloucester had returned. Landing only a few miles from Montagu in Yorkshire – who did nothing to stop them – the Yorkists marched south, raising an army. <mask> followed them, and, meeting up with his brother at Coventry, they confronted Edward over a battlefield at Barnet. <mask> was cut down in the fighting, Warwick died soon after, and within a month Edward had reclaimed his throne and Henry VI and his line was extinguished.Youth and early career
<mask> was the third son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and Alice Montacute, 5th Countess of Salisbury, and a younger brother of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, "the Kingmaker." <mask>'s upbringing and career was entwined with that of the north of England and

masks:
Montagu
Montagu
Montagu
John Neville
Montagu
John Neville


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts:
 specifically, the marcher areas, the eastern and western borders between Scotland and England, controlled from Berwick and Carlisle respectively. His Early activity there consisted of diplomatic meetings with the Scots, at which he acted as a witness, between 1449 and 1451. He was also one of three men who were instructed, in a letter of 3 February 1449, to not attend the forthcoming parliament and remain in the north guarding the border. He was knighted by King Henry VI at Greenwich on 5 January 1453, alongside Edmund and Jasper Tudor, his brother Thomas Neville, William Herbert, Roger Lewknor, and William Catesby. Feud with the Percys

Sir <mask> was from the branch of the Neville family based at Middleham Castle in Yorkshire, rather than that of Westmorland. It has been claimed that he, as a "landless younger son" was partially to blame for his family's long-running feud with the Lancastrian Percy family of Northumberland.The first outburst of violence that took place was a result of the 1 May 1453 royal licence for <mask>'s brother, Thomas Neville to marry Maud Stanhope being issued. News of this must have reached the north within the fortnight, for by the twelfth, one of the Earl of Northumberland's younger sons, Thomas Percy, Lord Egremont, began recruiting men. In August 1453, <mask> raided the Percy castle of Topcliffe, possibly with the intention of seizing Egremont. Failing to find him, Neville resorted to threatening the Percy tenantry who were in residence. He and Egremont were

masks:
John Neville
John Neville
John Neville


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts:
 subsequently summoned to appear before the Royal Council, a summons which was ignored by both. Feuding continued through summer 1453, and even though they had been instructed to keep the peace, by the 27 July, the council was issuing letters to Northumberland and Salisbury regarding their sons. This was followed by more letters to the sons.In Knaresborough, the locals generally aligned themselves with <mask> due to the unpopularity of Sir William Plumpton (the king's man), from whom they began stealing with impunity, which resulted in severe injuries when the Neville brothers demonstrated a "show of force" in January 1454. <mask> was with his brother's wedding party when Egremont ambushed them on the return from Tattershall Castle. This took place on Heworth Moor on 24 August 1453. The next month, <mask> took a raiding party and ransacked Egremont's Catton manor, "breaking windows and shattering tiles." With his brothers, Thomas and Richard, as well as the Earl of Salisbury, they faced the Earl of Northumberland and his sons at Topcliffe on 20 October 1453, although a peace was then negotiated. The feud continued for much of the next year, and only came to a halt with a battle at Salisbury's manor of Stamford Bridge, near York on 31 October 1454. Thomas and <mask> confronted, and decisively beat, Egremont and Richard Percy, whom the Nevilles captured.Marriage

<mask> married Isabel Ingoldsthorpe (c.1441 – 20 May 1476), of Burrough Green and Sawston, Cambridgeshire, on 25 April 1457; Archbishop Thomas

masks:
John Neville
John Neville
John
John
John Neville


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts:
 Bourchier officiated the marriage at Canterbury Cathedral. Isabel was not only the heiress of her father, Sir Edmund Ingaldsthorpe (who had died on 2 September 1456), but also the heiress of her maternal uncle, <mask> and his Earldom of Worcester. It may have been that Earl of Worcester had engineered the match. A letter to <mask> on 1 May 1457 described how "the Erle [of Warwick's] yonger broþere maryed to Ser Edmund Ynglthorp's doughter upon Seynt Markes Day; the Erle of Worcestre broght aboute the maryage." She was a greater heiress than might have been expected for a youngest son like <mask>. <mask> was granted seven southern manors by his father and mother, the Earl and Countess of Salisbury, for his part. <mask>'s marriage caused a dispute with Queen Margaret: even though Isabel was over fourteen years-old (and therefore of legal age), the Queen claimed that Isabel was still her ward.As a result, Queen Margaret insisted that <mask> pay her a fine for his marriage to Isabel: he was bound to pay her £1,000 in ten instalments. Wars of the Roses

The king had become incapacitated in August 1453, which had led to the Duke of York being appointed protector and controlling the government. By Christmas of 1454, however, King Henry had recovered from his illness, which removed the basis for York's authority. Having reconvened the court at Westminster by mid-April 1455, Henry and a select council of nobles decided to hold a great council at Leicester. York and the Nevilles anticipated that Somerset would

masks:
John Ttoft
John Paston
John
John
John Neville
John


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts: bring charges against them at this assembly. <mask> included, they gathered an armed retinue and marched to stop the royal party from reaching Leicester, intercepting them at St Albans. Although only a small affray, it resulted in the deaths of some important people; viz.the Duke of Somerset, the Earl of Northumberland, and Lord Clifford. It has been suggested that, whilst Somerset might have been targeted by York, the latter too might have been intentionally slain by the Neville brothers. It was <mask> who, after the battle, appears to have been responsible for the victorious Duke of York removing Sir William Skipwith from the household offices the latter held of the Duke. Neville was said to have achieved this by pointing out how Skipwith failed to join York in battle; <mask> subsequently shared in the profits of York's redistribution of Skipwith's ex-offices. In December 1456, the new Duke of Somerset tried to attack <mask> in London's Cheapside; Somerset had already attempted something similar to <mask>'s brother Warwick the previous month. <mask>'s encounter, reported contemporary chroniclers, would have become a "skirmish" if the mayor had not intervened. As it had been <mask> who had "spearheaded" the Neville retaliation to the Percies during their feud, Salisbury entered into a bond for Thomas and <mask>'s behaviour on 23 March 1458.<mask>, however continued to receive commissions from the government. He was part of a delegation of twenty-two Ambassadors nominated to discuss breaches of the

masks:
John Neville
John
John Neville
John Neville
John
John
John
John
John


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts: Truce with Burgundy on 14 May that year, and two months later he was investigating the murder of a royal serjeant. In 1459, he was appointed steward of the Honour of Pontefract. Reconciliation between the crown and the sons of the dead lords of St Albans on the one half and of York and his Neville allies did not last, however. In mid-September 1459, the Earl of Salisbury, intending to meet York at the latter's castle at Ludlow, marched south from Middleham Castle with his household, retainers, and a force of around five-thousand men. <mask> and Thomas were with him. Salisbury's force was engaged by a much larger royal army under the command of Lord Audley on 23 September at Blore Heath, near Mucklestone, Staffordshire.Even though he had numerical superiority the result was defeat for Audley, who was killed. However at some point <mask> – along with his brother Thomas and their father's retainer James Harrington were captured. This might have occurred in their pursuit of fleeing Lancastrians the next day or alternatively they may have been injured in battle and had been sent home. Either way, captured at Acton Bridge near Tarporley, Cheshire, the four were imprisoned in Chester Castle. <mask> was not released until July 1460. As a result, he was not present at the Yorkists' rout at the Battle of Ludford Bridge, which resulted in his father and brother's exile in Calais. He had still been attainted at the Parliament of Devils in October 1459 and only restored in August the next year.He was not released

masks:
John
John Neville
John Neville


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts:
 until June that year, and remained in London with during York's return from exile, and his claiming of the throne. On 1 November 1460, York appointed <mask> the king's Chamberlain for a crown-wearing ceremony at St Paul's Cathedral. He stayed in London as word arrived that Lancastrians were gathering an army in the north; York, Salisbury, and <mask>'s brother Thomas marched north to confront them. On 30 December 1460 they went down to a crushing defeat outside York's castle at Sandal, at the Battle of Wakefield where York and Thomas were killed, and Salisbury captured and beheaded the next day. <mask> appears to have been Lieutenant of the castle of Calais, whilst Warwick served as its Captain. During the Protector's absence that winter, and after York's and Salisbury's death, alongside his brothers Warwick and George (the Chancellor) Neville was part of the head of government. Elevation to the peerage and war in the north
According to Benet's Chronicle, <mask> was elevated to the peerage as Lord <mask> in the January 1461 parliament.It was also at this parliament that he presented a petition, regarding his wife, in which he reiterated that in common law women receive livery of their lands at fourteen years of age, and he requested parliament to reaffirm this. In February he was elected to the Order of the Garter. He was installed on 21 March 1462, when he took his father's choir stall in Windsor Castle's St. George's Chapel. By February 1461 Queen Margaret's army was marching south. Warwick and

masks:
John
John
John Neville
John Neville
Montagu


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts: <mask>, with their "frantically raised" army, collected the King and marched north to confront the Queen's army on the Great North Road. The two armies met on 17 February at the Second Battle of St Albans – this time, just outside the town. In the resulting encounter, Warwick was "outflanked and now outmatched," whereas <mask> seems to have kept his army together up until the point the King's person was regained by the Lancastrians.<mask> commanded the left flank of the Yorkist army, which itself was subdivided into a group of archers in the town itself, with the majority posted on Bernards Heath, stretching eastwards towards Warwick's vanguard. This "bloody and bitter encounter" saw Warwick and <mask>'s army defeated. The Earl escaped; <mask> was captured and sent to York Castle. It seems probable that he escaped execution after the battle because, as the Milanese Ambassador wrote, "a brother of my lord of Somerset is a prisoner [of Warwick's] at Calais." As a result of his capture and imprisonment in York, <mask> escaped participation in the biggest and probably bloodiest battle of the Wars of the Roses which took place on 29 March 1461 at Towton in Yorkshire. This decisive Yorkist victory led to <mask> being released the next day, when the son of the Duke of York – and England's de facto new king – Edward IV entered York in triumph. <mask> and Warwick then stayed in the north to attempt the recapture of northern castles still in Lancastrian hands; as <mask> has put it, "the unfinished military

masks:
John
John
Montagu
John
Montagu
Montagu
Montagu
Montagu
John Gillingham


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts: business would have to be left to the Nevilles."And on 10 May 1461 <mask> was commissioned to raise troops against both the Lancastrian remnants and the king of Scotland. One of <mask>'s first actions was to successfully raise the siege of Carlisle, "with prompt action." Carlisle had had its suburbs burnt and been under siege from June by a Scottish-Lancastrian force, but was easily relieved by him, apparently killing 6,000 Scots and Lord Clifford's brother in the process, before Warwick had even arrived. The military campaign that followed was focussed on the recapture of strategically vital castles on the Northumbrian border. Alnwick Castle was commanded by a shell keep, to which extra towers had been added, as well as to the curtain wall, with a solid barbican and gatehouse. Bamburgh Castle was on a high spur ridge with three baileys, a large keep, and fortified gateways. Dunstanburgh Castle stood on a dolerite spur which had the sheer drop of a cliff on one side.<mask> besieged Bamburgh, the most important of these northern bulwarks, due to its distance from London and proximity to Scotland. By 26 December 1462, when the garrison surrendered, they "had been reduced to eating their horses." <mask> joined Warwick in escorting the chariot of six horses in the funeral cortege conveying the mortal remains of their father and brother from Pontefract Castle to the family mausoleum at Bisham Abbey, on 14–15 February 1463. On 6 May he was appointed Warden of the Eastern March; Warwick was his counterpart on

masks: Montagu Montagu Montagu Montagu


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts:
 the western marches. Later that year, he led an expedition to Norham Castle, which had been besieged by the Scots for the previous eighteen days, and relieved it on 26 July; this was followed by a Chevauchée into Scotland which only ceased when <mask>'s force ran out of supplies. Royal patronage
In the meantime though, <mask> received the first royal patronage of the reign, being granted the royal gold and silver mines in Devon and Cornwall worth £110 annually, for life. This was followed by duty payments from York and Kingston upon Hull and manors belonging to the dead Lancastrian Viscount Beaumont.In June 1461 he received the wardship of <mask>, the heir of <mask>, during his minority, and also the lands of Lord Clifford (who had died at Ferrybridge in a sharp encounter the night before Towton). Professor A. J. Pollard has noted, ironically, that Neville "had to earn his rewards." In 1462 he was appointed Steward of the Household of the Palatinate of Durham, for which he received around £40 a year. This was twice the salary his legally-trained and "non-noble" successors would receive from the Bishop in later years, and has been described as a "unique post." Hexham and Hedgeley Moor

In spite of <mask>'s and Warwick's northern successes in the years following Towton, a not-insubstantial Lancastrian army was still active in the area; it had been slowly been re-taking castles, like Bamburgh, Hexham, Langley, Norham, and Prudhoe Castles, between February and March 1464. This threatened Newcastle, a

masks:
Montagu
John
Edward Tiptoft
John Tiptoft
Montagu


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts: major Yorkist supply centre. Local Lancastrians were returning to their estates, such as the Cliffords, who regained their castle at Skipton Craven with no royal response, military or otherwise.They "virtually controlled most of the country immediately south of the Scottish border", wrote Charles Ross, although very few local gentry directly supported them. The situation was severe enough that in April 1464 he was too occupied with the northern situation to travel to London, and was exempted from attending the Order of the Garter Chapter meeting on the 29th of the month. He has been described as the king's 'resident commander' in the north and a "confident and aggressive commander." In early 1464, the Lancastrians having coalesced in the East March, the ongoing peace negotiations with the Scots were moved from Newcastle to York. <mask> was sent to escort their embassy through now-unfriendly territory. On his way to pick them up at Norham, he only avoided an ambush near Newcastle, by a small force of eighty spear and bowmen under Sir Humphrey Neville, by changing his route. The Scottish embassy he eventually collected at Norham had been delayed, and it was on the return journey that the Duke of Somerset with Lords Roos and Hungerford, Sir Richard Turnstall, and Sir Thomas Findern and the bulk of the Lancastrian army (approximately 5,000 men) ambushed <mask> at the Battle of Hedgeley Moor on 25 April 1464.The assault failed, and left Sir Ralph Percy dead on the field. <mask>, having delivered the

masks: Montagu Montagu Montagu


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts:
 Scottish embassy to Newcastle, left there on 14 May, either with Lords Greystoke and Willoughby or picking them up en route with other supporters, to seek out the Lancastrians. The next day, at Hexham – having crossed the Tyne "either at Bulwell or Corbridge" – he attacked the rebels in their camp which was on the south side of Devil's Water river. <mask>, his army swelled with new recruits from Newcastle, and men raised by <mask>'s brother, the Archbishop of York, may have had up to 10,000 men. Leading his army "forward at the charge," <mask>'s attack soon became a rout, with the Lancastrian army dissolving and attempting escape over the bridge. Lords Roos, Hungerford, Findern, and Tallboys survived the battle only to be executed, on <mask>'s order – and probably in his presence – with the Duke of Somerset in Newcastle. Following Hexham, <mask> ordered the largest number of beheadings the civil wars had yet seen.Earl of Northumberland

In May 1464, Hexham, Langley and Bywell castles surrendered to <mask>. Eight days later, on 27 May, he was created Earl of Northumberland, while Henry Percy was imprisoned in the Tower. The Earldom gave an income of between £700 and £1,000 a year. This, wrote Cora L<mask>, was his reward for his decisive victories, since the Crown "had played no direct part in them." That summer <mask> recaptured the three Northumberland castles – Dunstanburgh, Alnwick, and Bamburgh – that had been previously lost. Later that year – the "high watermark of his House, the zenith of the

masks:
Montagu
Montagu
Montagu
Montagu
Montagu
Montagu
. Scofield
Montagu


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts:
 Nevilles" – <mask>'s brother George was appointed Archbishop of York, with <mask> his Treasurer at his enthronement feast. During the feast, <mask>'s wife Isabel, sat at the children's table, supervising Warwick's two daughters and the young Duke of Gloucester.Later years
Following the final crushing of the Lancastrian resistance, <mask>'s role focussed on diplomacy and peace keeping. In June 1465 he was commissioned to contract marriages "between English and Scottish subjects" as well as to treat for a perpetual peace with Scotland, as a result of which, <mask> returned the captured Duke of Albany to Scotland, for which he was paid fifty marks. It was during this time (Hicks has suggested around January 1465) that <mask> and Lord Scales were requested by the Duke of Brittany to accompany a force of 3,000 Breton archers supplied by him, for the League of the Public Weal against Louis XI of France. However, due to commitments in the north with Warwick, <mask> ended up taking no part in this campaign. In 1465 <mask> received the main grant of the Percy Earldom of Northumberland estates, and on 25 March the following year he was granted the constableships and honours of Knaresborough and Pontefract Castles, which Warwick and before him their father had previously held, and also the castles of Tickhill, Snaith, and Dunstanburgh. This was to repay his arrears in back wages from his Wardenship of the East March, from an indenture of 1 June 1463. On the same day he was made Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster

masks: Montagu John John Montagu Montagu Montagu Montagu Montagu


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts:
 (north of the Trent), and it was from the profits of the duchy that his wages were coming from, amounting to approximately £1,000.Warden of the Marches
The Wardens were the military guardians of the border from the late fourteenth-century, and their salaries made them the highest-paid among Crown officers, but this was inclusive of the cost of raising troops and maintaining defence. This has also been described as controlling "private armies raised at the Crown's expense." By the mid-fifteenth century, the Wardenship of the East March was the most important of the two northern marcher lordships. Marcher Wardens were granted the right to recruit by their being "explicitly" exempted from the 1468 Statute of Livery, which restrained- or attempted to restrain- retaining. <mask>, however, was allowed to continue retaining in times of peace as well as war. At this point Humphrey Neville was still on the run, and <mask> required troops to be raised on various occasions; in 1467, for example, Beverley sent him troops to deal with Humphrey's resistance. Warwick's rebellion
In 1467, as part of his brother's plan for a closer relationship with the French, <mask> and Isabelle accompanied Warwick in escorting the French King's envoys to Canterbury.However, by this time, it was being rumoured that Warwick was moving towards supporting the House of Lancaster, as a result of dissatisfaction over the king's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville and his pursuit of an anti-French foreign policy. In 1469, Warwick organised

masks: Montagu Montagu John


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts: Robin of Redesdale's rebellion against Edward IV in Yorkshire and in July that year the king's brother George, Duke of Clarence married Warwick's daughter Isabelle whilst anchored off Calais; this was in direct defiance of the king's own wishes. It seems that <mask>, however, reacted strongly against his brother's machinations, and, unlike him, was satisfied with his current position. On 27 October 1469, Henry Percy had taken his oath of fealty to the King, and had been released from the Tower. The following year saw the return of Robin of Redesdale and another rebellion on behalf of Warwick. <mask> was forced to come down from the Scottish border to suppress it; this he did, but, one historian has suggested, albeit that he "allowed the leaders to escape ... ensuring that the rebellion could rise again" at a more opportune moment. Almost immediately, <mask> was forced to crush another rebellion, this time lead by a Robin of Holderness, but calling for the return of Percy to the Northumberland Earldom.The Redesdale rebels soon reformed into an army big enough to march south and defeat a royal force at the Battle of Edgecote Moor on 26 July 1469. King Edward still accepted that <mask> was uninvolved in his brother's rebellion, and in the event, <mask> was the only Neville to accompany the king on his journey from the north back to London. However, it was while Edward was in York that he ordered the rehabilitation of Henry Percy to his family Earldom on 25/27 March 1470. On the same day <mask> was

masks: Montagu Montagu Montagu Montagu Montagu John


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts:
 elevated to the Marquessate of Montagu, and now outranked his brother, an Earl, in the English peerage. Historians have since questioned, however, whether his new title had the gravitas that his previous Earldom had had, and have even suggested that the king was "walking a tightrope" as to whether <mask> would actually accept it or not. To compensate him for the loss of the Percy estates <mask> was granted the lands of the dead Earl of Devon, and <mask>'s son, George was created Duke of Bedford. These were substantial estates, providing an income of at least £600 per annum.<mask> was to be the new regional magnate – as he had been in the north – to fill an existing power vacuum. Rebellion and death
<mask>, though, was not happy with the new arrangements, and King Edward has been held responsible for turning <mask> from a friend to an enemy. Warkworth's Chronicle describes him as condemning these grants to him as "a [mag]pyes] nest." <mask> had been on the Scottish border since at least January 1470. Following unrest in Lincolnshire and the subsequent Lincolnshire rebellion, the king marched from London to crush the rising. This he did at the Battle of Empingham. Following the battle, Edward headed north where he was met by <mask> and Northumberland at Doncaster.Warwick and Clarence's involvement in the Lincolnshire uprising had by now been established, and they fled to Calais. Further trouble broke out in the summer of 1470 in the north, with friends and relatives of Warwick in open rebellion. The new

masks: Montagu Montagu Montagu Montagu Montagu Montagu Montagu Montagu


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts:
 Earl of Northumberland was unable to put down these risings, so the king, once again marched north to deal with it personally. Modern historians generally consider that these rebellions were a deliberate trap, instigated by Warwick and Clarence from Calais. On 24 June 1470 the Wardenship of the East March was stripped from <mask> and given to Percy. Edward was still in the north with Percy when he received word that the Warwick and Clarence had landed in Dartmouth. At Doncaster, the king awaited <mask>, who was in the north raising a substantial force in Edward's name.Edward waited; but on 29 September 1470, marching to the King, <mask> declared for Warwick. His last-minute, surprise defection from the king has been called "decisive". The king was trapped; disbanding his army, and with a few followers, he escaped to Bishop's Lynn, sailing for Burgundy on 2 October. Readeption of Henry VI

On 3 October, with Edward IV in exile, Henry VI was released from the Tower and returned to the throne by Warwick. Almost immediately, <mask> was granted the wardship of the executed Earl of Worcester's heir and estates, as well as of the young Lord Clifford. He was reappointed to the Wardenship of the East March, with its salary, on 22 October 1470. However, <mask> did not profit from the new regime as he probably expected to.He did not regain the Earldom of Northumberland. Further, he lost some of the Courtney lands that had come with his Marquessate to the newly returned Earl of Devon. <mask> had no active role in

masks: Montagu Montagu Montagu Montagu Montagu Montagu


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts: government, and does not seem to have sat in Council, although he was appointed Chamberlain to the King's Household. Although he was confirmed in command of the new King's forces in the north and in possession of the manor of Wressle on 21 March 1471, he did not regain any other Percy estates. Indeed, it has been suggested that his loyalty might still have been suspect by the newly arrived Lancastrians: having been summoned to the November 1470 parliament, Polydor Virgil states that he had to apologise there for his prior support of Edward. <mask> even had to pay cash for the king's pardon, which he only received after making a lengthy speech, declaring that he had only remained faithful to Edward out of fear. <mask>, having responsibility for the defence of the north, received various commissions of array, which reflected the government's knowledge that King Edward was equipping a Burgundian-backed fleet in order to re-invade.<mask> was to raise men from all across the north. On 14 March 1471, King Edward landed at Ravenspur, on the coast of Yorkshire; he had intended to land in East Anglia, but this had been established as being unsafe. <mask>, it has been suggested, could have "snuffed out" Edward's army almost immediately had he moved fast enough. <mask> was in Pontefract Castle as Edward passed by (where even his castle bailiff deserted him for the returning king, taking the castle's funds with him). <mask>'s army, composed of local militias, was probably in the region of several thousand men,


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts:
 between 6,000 and 7,000, and increased as he trailed Edward south. <mask> arrived at Coventry, where the Earl of Warwick was camped, in early April 1471; this was probably the day after Clarence had defected back to his brother Edward, and taken his army with him. Battle of Barnet Heath

By 12 April 1471, <mask>, with his brother Warwick and the Duke of Exeter, the Earl of Oxford, and Viscount Beaumont were approaching London with their army.Edward, having arrived in London on 11 April and been reunited with his queen, met <mask> and Warwick a few miles north of London, outside the village of Barnet. It is possible that he commanded a smaller army, perhaps of only 9,000 men, and probably no more than 14,000. The battle on 14 April was a "confused affair" and fought in fog. It has been suggested that it was <mask> who persuaded Warwick to fight on foot at Barnet, leaving the horses tethered at the rear, in order to demonstrate their commitment to the cause by taking the same risks as the common soldier. <mask> probably controlled the centre battle of Warwick's army, facing Edward's own section, on the Great North Road from Barnet to St. Albans. Warkworth's Chronicle states that Warwick had an army of 20,000 men and that the battle beginning at 0400, lasted until ten o'clock that morning. Contemporaries have favourably described <mask>'s martial skill at Barnet.Philippe de Commines called him as "a very courageous knight," and the Burgundian observer Jean de Waurin wrote that, in the thick of the


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts:
 fighting, <mask> was "cutting off arms and heads like a hero of romance." The Earl of Oxford, commanding the right wing of the Neville army, broke the opposing Yorkist line, under William, Lord Hastings, early in the battle. Oxford's men proceeded to chase the fleeing soldiers, and ended up looting away from the battlefield. Oxford managed to regroup his men, but, returning to the battlefield, as James Ross has put it, "disaster struck." In the time he and his force had been absent, the line of battle had shifted almost ninety degrees, so instead of returning to attack Edward's rear, he crashed into <mask>'s section. The fog prevented identification, and Oxford's men fought with <mask>'s. <mask> may, one chronicler suggests, have mistakenly seen Oxford's "Streaming star" banner as the king's "Sunne in splendour," and thus believe that the Earl had gone over to York.Recently though, one historian has pointed out that, in fact, Oxford had never previously used such a cognizance, and it was more prosaically just a case of men confused by fog. At some point, possibly around this time, <mask> was killed; he was certainly dead before his brother. The Arrivall chronicler states this occurred "in plain battle," and in the thick of the fighting, rather than in the rout that later followed. Aftermath
The bodies of Warwick and <mask> were laid out "on the morrow after" and "openly shewed and naked" in St. Paul's, to prevent rumour starting that they had in fact survived the battle; Warkworth too said that the


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts:
 King personally directed this, and arranged for the corpses "to be put in a cart ... to be laid in the church of Paul's, on the pavement, that every man might see them; and so they lay for three or four days" before granting permission to their brother George for their burial at Bisham Priory. Issue
By his wife Isabel Ingoldsthorpe (c.1441-1476), daughter and heiress of Sir Edmund Ingaldsthorpe (d.1456) of Burrough Green and Sawston, Cambridgeshire (who survived him and remarried, on 25 April 1472 (as his second wife), to Sir William Norreys of Yattendon), he had a son and five daughters:
George Neville, Duke of Bedford (c. 1461–1483), eldest son and heir. It appears that <mask> had wanted to marry George to Anne Holland, heiress of Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter; however by 1466 she had already married Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset . He died without issue, having been stripped of his dukedom in 1478.Anne Neville, eldest daughter, who married Sir William Stonor of Stonor in Pyrton, Oxfordshire, a grandson of William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk. Elizabeth Neville, who married firstly Thomas Scrope, 6th Baron Scrope of Masham, a dedicated Yorkist, and secondly Sir Henry Wentworth of Nettlestead. Margaret Neville, who married firstly Sir <mask> (died before 12 November 1504), only son of Sir Hugh Mortimer and Eleanor Cornwall; secondly Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and thirdly Robert Downes, Gentleman. Lucy Neville, who married firstly Sir Thomas FitzWilliam of Aldwark, North

masks:
Montagu
John Mortimer


title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts:
 Yorkshire, and secondly Sir Anthony Browne. Isabel Neville, who married firstly Sir Thomas Huddleston of Millom, Cumberland (an important regional family and old allies of the Nevilles), and secondly Sir William Smythe of Elford in Staffordshire. Arms
Montagu took for his crest "a griffin issuing from a ducal crown". His coat of arms was the Neville "Gules a saltire argent" with a label "gobony argent and azure crescent" for differencing, as a younger son, being a reference to the arms of Beaufort (Neville arms with label compony of Beaufort, borne as a difference to the paternal Neville arms (Gules, a saltire argent) by the descendants of the second marriage of w:Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland (d.1425) to Joan Beaufort, a legitimised daughter of <mask> Gaunt, 4th son of King Edward III).This coat, when he was made Marquis of Montagu, was later augmented with further quarterings. Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

|-

1430s births
1471 deaths
15th-century English nobility
Marquesses in the Peerage of England
Earls of Northumberland
Knights of the Garter
People of the Wars of the Roses
English military personnel killed in action
<mask> sons of earls
Burials at Bisham Abbey
Barons

masks:
John of
John Younger


title: Ricky Landell

texts:
<mask> (born April 25, 1982) is an American former professional wrestler. He is best known for competing in various independent promotions, the most notable being Ring of Honor, Pro Wrestling ZERO1-MAX / Pro Wrestling Zero1 and AWA Superstars of Wrestling / Wrestling Superstars Live. Professional wrestling career

Debut (2003–2004)
After training under Steve Corino, <mask> made his professional wrestling debut on November 1, 2003 where he wrestled fellow debuting wrestler Alex Law to a ten-minute draw. After both debuted, <mask> and Law began teaming with each other to compete in several tag team matches for Pro Wrestling WORLD-1 beginning in 2004. Following a six-man tag team where he, Law and their partner Greg Spitz lost to the Extreme Horsemen (C.W. Anderson, Justin Credible and Simon Diamond) on April 10, <mask> was inducted into the Horsemen as its newest member. In mid-2004, <mask>, less than a year into his career, made an excursion to Japan to receive further training and briefly trained under Tatsuhito Takaiwa while touring with Shinya Hashimoto's Pro Wrestling ZERO1-MAX.<mask> made his debut for the promotion on July 9, where he competed in his first championship match at the legendary Korakuen hall in Tokyo, Japan. He lost to Tommy Wilson in a cage match to determine who would win the vacant BS American Championship. The following day, <mask> teamed with Wilson to defeat Fuyuki Takahashi and Shinsuke Z Yamagasa in a tag team cage match. Independent circuit and championship success (2005–2008)
Beginning in 2005, <mask> made his Ring of Honor debut on January 15 at their event It All Begins, where he and four other men lost to Roderick Strong in a four-on-one handicap match. He

masks:
Ricky Landell
Ricky Landell
Landell
Landell
Landell
Landell
Landell
Landell


title: Ricky Landell

texts: returned to the promotion on February 19 at their event Do Or Die IV, where he teamed with his old partner Alex Law to defeat Anthony Franco and Davey Andrews. On March 12, <mask> made his third and final ROH appearance as he and Law lost to The Ring Crew Express at the event Back To Basics. On January 29, 2006, <mask> defeated Masato Tanaka to win Pro Wrestling WORLD-1's Heavyweight Championship, giving him the first championship of his career.Upon becoming champion, <mask> became the face of promotion and would go on to defend the title in WORLD-1 in various Independent Promotions around the country, including a notable victory over his trainer and mentor Steve Corino on April 9 in Pottstown, PA. <mask> would ultimately become the longest reigning champion in the promotion's history, as he held the title for 1279 days with his reign only ending due to his retirement from wrestling in early 2009. <mask> would continue his championship success as he teamed with Corino to win the AWA Superstars of Wrestling World Tag Team Championship on June 14, 2006 after defeating Team MackTion (Kirby Mack and T.J. Mack). Despite holding two titles simultaneously, <mask> won a battle royale on July 22 to become the number one contender for the AWA Superstars of Wrestling Heavyweight Championship. Later on that day, he wrestled then-champion Ric Converse for the title in a losing effort. <mask> and Corino would later lose the World Tag Team Titles to Converse and Xsiris on March 23, 2007. <mask> soon began competing more frequently for AWA Superstars of Wrestling, becoming a travelling brand talent for the promotion, competing nationally for various AWA territorial promotions as well as the home company. He

masks: Landell Landell Landell Landell Landell Landell Landell Landell


title: Ricky Landell

texts:
 became the promotion's first United States Champion on June 13, 2007 after defeating Zach Gowen in Rochester, MN.The win also simultaneously made him Pro Wrestling ZERO1-MAX's new United States Heavyweight Champion due to the AWA and ZERO1-MAX splitting from each other. His reign with the AWA's version of the title ended on March 29, 2008 after the title was deactivated and <mask> became the first Fighting World Champion of the now-renamed Wrestling Superstars Live following a victory over Keith Walker. On August 13, <mask> lost the Fighting World Title to Walker in a rematch. Aside from WORLD-1 and WSL, <mask> returned to the now-renamed Pro Wrestling Zero1 in early May 2008 and defeated Sterling James Keenan on June 1 to win the promotion's United States Heavyweight Title for the second time. He would go on to hold the title for over two months before losing it to King Kaluha on August 22. After several attempts, <mask> finally won the WSL World Heavyweight Championship on October 11 in Indianapolis, IN in front of 3000 fans at the famed Indianapolis Speedrome after defeating "The Living Legend" Larry Zbyszko, whom he had previously lost to in a title match back on May 3 when the championship was under the AWA Superstars banner. Retirement
On February 21, 2009, <mask> lost the World Heavyweight Title to Keith Walker in a screw job like finish where afterwards WSL Owner Dale Gagne publicly fired <mask>.Soon afterwards, <mask>'s official Myspace profile page and website were taken down and it was later announced that he had retired from wrestling. His retirement resulted in the Pro Wrestling WORLD-1 Heavyweight Championship being vacated and ending his reign at 1,279 days, the longest reign of

masks: Landell Landell Landell Landell Landell Landell Landell


title: Ricky Landell

texts:
 any kind in the promotion's history. On June 12, 2011, <mask> made what was to be a one-night only return as he wrestled against and lost to Corino at Pro Wrestling WORLD-1's event The Last Stampede. <mask> ended up making 2 more appearances for the promotion in 2011 and 2012. Championships and accomplishments
AWA Superstars of Wrestling / Wrestling Superstars Live
AWA Superstars of Wrestling United States Championship (1 time)
AWA Superstars of Wrestling / WSL World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
AWA Superstars of Wrestling / WSL World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Steve Corino (1) and Jonnie Stewart (1)
WSL Fighting World Championship (1 time)
Cauliflower Alley Club
Future Legend Award (2008)
Premier Wrestling Federation
PWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kid America
PWF Universal Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 275 of the 500 top wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2009
Pro Wrestling WORLD-1
WORLD-1 Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling ZERO1-MAX / Pro Wrestling Zero1
Zero1 United States Heavyweight Championship (2 times)

Notes

External links

1982 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Saint Paul, Minnesota
American male professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from New Jersey
Plymouth State University

masks: Landell Landell


title: Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud

texts:
<mask> bin <mask> ( ʿAbd al ʿAzīz bin Muḥammad Āl Suʿūd; 1720–1803) was the second ruler of the Emirate of Diriyah. He was the eldest son of <mask> and the son-in-law of <mask> bin Abdul Wahhab. Abdulaziz ruled the First Saudi State from 1765 until 1803. He was nicknamed by his people as the savior of his time (mahdi zamanihi in Arabic) due to his fearless activities. Early life
Abdulaziz was born in 1720 and was the eldest son of <mask>. He was educated by <mask> bin Abdul Wahhab and became a Wahhabi scholar. From 1750 Abdulaziz was the chief military commander of the Emirate due to his father's old age.Long before the death of his father <mask> was also announced the ruler of the state at the request of <mask> bin Abdul Wahhab. Reign
Although his father was titled as Emir, <mask> bin <mask> was given the titles of both Emir and Imam. The latter title was a reflection of his religious education by <mask> bin Abdul Wahhab and his deeply religious personality. His younger brother, Abdullah, unsuccessfully challenged the rule of <mask>. <mask>'s father, <mask> bin <mask>, initiated attacks against the ruler of Riyadh, Dahham bin Dawwas, in 1747. However, following the battles for nearly 25 years only in 1773 Riyadh was captured by Abdulaziz and became part of the Emirate. Their military success and orthodox approach to religion won them great support in the area.Their standing was also boosted by Abdulaziz's practice of holding open meetings where tribal elders could meet with him, allowing access to their ruler. During his reign <mask> Abdul Wahhab was his major advisor and dealt with all major activities,

masks:
Abdulaziz
Muhammad Al Saud
Muhammad bin Saud
Muhammad
Muhammad bin Saud
Muhammad
Abdulaziz
Muhammad
Abdulaziz
Muhammad
Muhammad
Abdulaziz
Abdulaziz
Muhammad
Saud
Muhammad bin


title: Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud

texts: including treasury. However, following the capture of Riyadh <mask> bin <mask> himself began to control the budget of the state due to the significant increase in revenues. From 1789 Abdulaziz's supremacy was recognised by all Najdi people. The expansion continued with the capture of Qatif in 1794 and Hasa in 1795 where Shiites were dominant. Abdulaziz's attacks against Hasa which had been under the rule of Banu Khalid began in 1792. From 1797 the relations between Abdulaziz and the Ottoman authorities both in Baghdad and in Mecca became tense.In 1802 Hejaz, namely Taif and Khurma, was captured, and the people, particularly men, living there were slaughtered. In Taif <mask>'s forces took women and children as slaves. They also demolished the heterodox texts and innovative household equipment such as mirrors and window frames and robbed the wealth of the local people. Zubayr and other settlements in the region witnessed similar violence, too. In 1802 Bahrain was invaded and captured by the ruler of Muscat. <mask> bin <mask> recaptured it in addition to Qatar and appointed there a governor, Abdullah bin Ufaysan, there. The rulers of Bahrain, Abdullah and Salman, together with their families were sent to Diriyah where they were all detained.Therefore, the Wahhabi influence also extended to Qatar and Bahrain. However, due to the Ottoman attacks in Hejaz <mask> bin <mask> did not manage to fully consolidate his power in Bahrain and had to reduce his forces there which allowed the Al Khalifa to reestablish their rule. Abdulaziz's governor, <mask> Ufaysan, was detained by the Al Khalifa. In 1803 Mecca was taken

masks:
Abdulaziz
Muhammad
Abdulaziz
Abdulaziz
Muhammad
Abdulaziz
Muhammad
Abdullah bin


title: Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud

texts:
 by <mask>'s forces, and the religious figures in the city declared their alliance to Wahhabis. The attacks of the Saudi forces reached Syria, Iraq and Yemen where Abdulaziz managed to establish his authority. Sack of Karbala

In 1802 <mask> bin <mask>'s forces led by his heir and son <mask> attacked Karbala and Najaf in Iraq. Unlike other attacks the goal of Saudi forces was not to rule or control the region.They massacred thousands of the Shia population, stole enough precious loot to load 4,000 camels, and destroyed the dome over the shrine of Imam Husayn. They also stole the gold, jewels, and rare minerals in the shrine. This incident also had another and much more significant effect: it added a sectarian nuance to the Sunni-Shia divide in the Moslem world. The observations of Lieutenant Francis Warden, a British military official, about the attack are as follows:

They pillaged the whole of it [Karbala], and plundered the Tomb of Hussein...slaying in the course of the day, with circumstances of peculiar cruelty, above five thousand of the inhabitants... Personal life and death
<mask> married to the daughter of <mask> bin Abdul Wahhab and the daughter of Uthman bin Mu'ammar, the ruler of Uyayna. He had four sons: <mask>, Abdul Rahman, Abdullah and Umar. Of them <mask> was born through <mask>'s marriage to the daughter of Uthman bin Mu'ammar.Abdulaziz was much more adhered to the Wahhabi cause and more aggressive than his father. Shortly after his capture of Mecca <mask> returned to Diriyah where he was assassinated by a Persian man who was a darwish when Abdulaziz was leading Asr Salat in the mosque

masks: Abdulaziz Abdulaziz Muhammad Saud Abdulaziz Muhammad Saud Saud Abdulaziz Abdulaziz


title: Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud

texts:
 of Turaif in November 1803. The motive of the assassin was to take revenge against him due to the killing of his sons in the Karbala attack. The British newspaper London Times dated 12 March 1804 reported the following about the assassination:

<mask> <mask> was assassinated by Ibadgi Osman, a Mussulman of the sect of <mask>. He had profaned the tomb of <mask>, and thus excited the fury of the disciples of that prophet. Ibadgi Osman resolved to avenge the ashes of <mask>. He crossed the desert of Arabia on a dromedary, entered the tent of Abdulaziz while he was at prayers, and plunged a cangiar into his breast crying, "Let this avenge the tomb of <mask>, for thy profanations."The brother of Abdulaziz, hearing the noise, ran into the tent, where he found his brother bathed in his blood, and the assassin, who squatted himself down, saying his prayers, and calmly awaiting death. He attacked him; but Ibadgi Osman, who was the strongest of the two, got up and killed his assailant with the same cangiar which was still stained with the blood of his brother. The soldiers then entered, and cut the assassin in pieces with their sabers. Abdulaziz was succeeded by his eldest son, <mask>. Writings
A student of his father-in-law, Abdul Wahab, Abdulaziz followed his footsteps in writing on tawhid and the avoidance of grave-worshiping and other such related matters, his epistles being praised by <mask>-Shawkani, a scholar. References

External links

18th-century murdered monarchs
18th-century monarchs in the Middle East
1720 births
1803 deaths
Abdulaziz
<mask>
Abdulaziz
People of the Wahhabi War
Saudi Arabian

masks:
Abdulaziz
ibn Muhammad
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali
Saud
Al
Abdulaziz