In the United Kingdom, the Belle Époque overlapped with the late Victorian era and the Edwardian era in a period known as "Pax Britannica". In Germany, the Belle Époque coincided with the reigns of William I, Frederick III and Wilhelm II. In Italy, with the reigns of Victor Emmanuel II, Umberto I and early of the reign of Victor Emmanuel III. In Russia, with the reigns of Alexander III and Nicholas II. 