Mahmud II was born in Istanbul. He was 23 years old wheb he came to the throne. He was a calligraphy artist, composer and poet. He wrote poems under the pseudonym "Adli". He was a brave, strong will, patient and prudent temperament. He replaced the old military organization maintained by the governors of irregular auxiliaries (sekban - I Cedid). When the soldiers shortly after arose, he defeated them with this. The 1808 revolting insurgents killed Alemdar Mustafa Pasha. 