The effects of intensive SBP lowering with target <120 mm Hg are only available in ACCORD and SPRINT. In ACCORD, which had few CKD patients, there was no dif- ference in progression to ESKD between intensive (59 cases/ 2362 patients) and standard (58 cases/2371 patients) SBP groups. SPRINT excluded patients with proteinuria >1 g/d, and the baseline median ACR was only 13 mg/g (1.3 mg/ mmol) in the CKD subgroup. ESKD events were rare in SPRINT, with a total of only 16 cases in 9361 patients. No reliable conclusions can therefore be reached on the effects of an SBP target <120 mm Hg on progression to kidney failure in patients with CKD from ACCORD or SPRINT (Supplementary Table S1191 93 ). Previous guidelines, including the KDIGO 2012 BP guide- line, recommended more aggressive BP lowering for patients with albuminuria than for those without albuminuria.141 These recommendations were based largely on the subgroup ndings of the MDRD,97 as described above, and in the pedi- atric population, the ESCAPE trial (Chapter 5).142 With the adoption of an SBP target <120 mm Hg for all patients with CKD in the present revised guideline based on the evidence for CV and survival bene ts, separate targets for patients with and without albuminuria are no longer required. There is no evi- dence supporting an even lower target (e.g., <110 mm Hg) for patients with severely increased proteinuria. Mortality. The ERT found 5 RCTs examining the effects of intensive versus less-intensive BP control on mortality in patients with CKD without diabetes (Supplementary ). 