Abdominal Obesity and Stroke in Women and Men HR or OR (95% CI) First Author Study Site No. of Subjects Follow-up, y Study Type End Point Stroke Subtypes Measure of Abdominal Obesity Women Men Finland 49996 Mean: Prospective cohort Clinically defined stroke* Ischemic, hemorrhagic WC 4th vs WHR 4th vs Germany 1137 Undefined Case-control Clinically defined stroke, TIA Ischemic, hemorrhagic F: WC 88 cm vs <80 cm M: WC >102 cm vs <94 cm F: WHR 0.85 M: WHR 1.0 USA 1718 4 Case-control Clinically defined stroke Ischemic F: WHR 0.86 M: WHR 0.93 USA 13549 Median: Prospective cohort Clinically defined stroke Ischemic WC 5th vs Black HR: White HR: Black HR: White HR: WHR 5th vs Black HR: White HR: Black HR: White HR: China 67083 Mean: Prospective cohort Clinically defined stroke Ischemic, hemorrhagic WC 5th vs WHR 5th vs WSR 5th vs NA NA Sweden 33578 Mean: Prospective cohort Clinically defined stroke Ischemic, hemorrhagic WC 4th vs quintile NA NA NA Japan 5474 Mean: Prospective cohort Clinically defined stroke# Not stated WC 4th vs 1st quartile CI indicates confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; F, female; M, male; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; TIA, transient ischemic attack; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-hip ratio; and WSR, waist-to-stature ratio. *Adjusted for age; study year; smoking; physical activity; education level; family history of stroke; alcohol, vegetable, fruit, sausage, and bread consumption; systolic blood pressure; total cholesterol level; and history of diabetes mellitus. Matched for age and sex and adjusted for physical inactivity, smoking, history of hypertension, and history of diabetes mellitus. Matched by age, sex, and race/ethnicity, and adjusted for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, any cardiac disease, current smoking status, no physical activity, moderate alcohol drinking, level of LDL cholesterol, level of HDL cholesterol, and education. 