Obesity is associated with atrial electrostructural One RCT dem- onstrated that a structured weight management program for obese patients (body mass index >27) with symptomatic AF reduced symptom burden and severity and reduced the number of AF episodes and their cumulative duration when compared with attempts to optimally manage risk factors alone.S7.13-1 Risk factor modification included assessment and treatment of underly- ing sleep apnea, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, glucose intolerance, and alcohol and tobacco use. A second nonrandomized observational study reported improved outcomes of AF catheter abla- tion among obese patients who enrolled in a weight loss program.S7.13-2 Observational studies have revealed that the degree of improvement in the AF type and symptoms were related to the degree of weight loss.S7.13-3,S7.13-8 Taken together, these studies support a treatment approach that addresses the risk factors for AF. 