The three categories of urinary albumin excretion are as follows: 4300 mg per 24 h (or macroalbuminuria ), 30 to 300 mg per 24 h (or micro- albuminuria ), and o30 mg per 24 h (Table 1). When other measures (such as assessment of proteinuria, ratios of urinary albumin or urinary protein to urine creatinine, or protein reagent strip readings) were used in RCTs, these measures were translated to albumin excretion rates (AERs) per 24 h, recognizing that these converted values are approximations at best. Recommendations and suggestions for interventions based on albumin levels expressed in milligrams per 24 h can also be converted (Table 1). BP thresholds and targets Perhaps the most important questions for health care professionals are first, at what BP level should BP-lowering strategies be introduced in CKD patients (i.e., what is the BP treatment threshold?), and second, what BP levels should be aimed for (i.e., what is the BP treatment target?). Although the evidence base for the BP treatment threshold differs from the evidence base for the BP target, we could not find a robust justification to recommend different BP levels for these two parameters. Doing so might also lead to confusion, since we would be recommending two different BP levels possibly with two evidence ratings and would not be able to provide coherent advice for managing patients between the recommended threshold and target BPs. Studies that have not specifically targeted CKD patients demonstrate that BP is a continuous risk factor for CVD BP targets could differ depending on the presence of other CVD risk factors in each patient. This approach contrasts with the one size fits all philosophy that has previously been endorsed. There are far less data in CKD patients to inform the best approach. 