Remark: When possible, experienced specialized anticoagulation clinics should be utilized for VKA and INR management. 11. For patients with AF, we suggest the SAMe-TT2R2 score to aid decision-making to help identify patients likely to do well on VKA (Ungraded consensus-based statement). Remark: Those with score 0-2 are likely to achieve a good TTR. Those with score > 2 are less likely to achieve a good TTR and would require more regular INR checks, education/counseling and frequent follow- up, or alternatively, NOAC should be considered as a better management option if high medication adherence can be expected. 12. For patients with AF of greater than 48 h or unknown duration undergoing elective electrical or pharmacologic cardioversion, we recommend therapeutic anticoagulation with well-managed VKA (INR 2-3) or an NOAC using dabigatran, rivaroxaban, edoxaban, or apixaban for at least 3 weeks before cardioversion or a transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)-guided approach with abbreviated anticoagulation before cardioversion rather than no anticoagulation (Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence). Remark: With NOACs adherence and persistence should be strongly emphasized. 13. For patients with AF of greater than 48 hours or unknown duration undergoing elective electrical or pharmacologic cardioversion, we recommend therapeutic anticoagulation (with VKA or NOAC) for at least 4 weeks after successful cardioversion to sinus rhythm rather than no anticoagulation, regardless of the baseline risk of stroke (Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence). Remark: Decisions about anticoagulation beyond 4 weeks should be made in accordance with our risk- based recommendations for long-term antithrombotic therapy in recommendations 1 and 2, and not on the basis of successful cardioversion. 14. 