The 2003 publication anticipated that an update should be performed in about 3 years from the time of publication of major important trials in the general population and in patients with CKD, and recommended to review ALLHAT (Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial), SEARCH (Study Evaluating Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and Homocysteine), TNT (Treat- ing to New Targets), IDEAL (Incremental Decrease in Endpoints Through Aggressive Lipid Lowering), ALLIANCE (Aggressive Lipid Lowering Initiation Abates New Cardiac Events), PROVE IT (Pravastatin or Atorvastatin in Evalua- tion and Infection Therapy), PROSPER (Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk), FIELD (Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes), CARDS (Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study), ASPEN (Atorvastatin as Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in Patients with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus), SPARCL (Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduc- tion in Cholesterol Levels), and ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes). Several trials in patients with CKD that were ongoing included ALERT (Assessment of Lescol in Renal Transplantation), 4D (Die Deutsche Diabetes Dialyse Studie), PREVEND IT (Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENdstage Disease Intervention Trial), AURORA (A Study to Evaluate the Use of Rosuvastatin in Subjects on Regular Hemodialysis: An Assessment of Survival and Cardiovascular Events), and SHARP (Study of Heart and Renal Protection). Since that time, all these studies have been published and most have been synthesized in two recent meta-analyses in order to bring all information into context. 