The usefulness of specific treatments for primary stroke prevention in asymptomatic patients with a hereditary or acquired thrombophilia is not well established (Class IIb; Level of Evidence C). 3. Low-dose aspirin (81 mg/d) is not indicated for pri- mary stroke prevention in individuals who are persis- tently aPL positive (Class III; Level of Evidence B). Inflammation and Infection Inflammation affects the initiation, growth, and stability of Furthermore, inflammation has pro- thrombotic effects and plays a role in major stroke risk fac- tors such as AF, which could increase the risk of stroke.836 Nevertheless, the value of assessing inflammation in assessing risk to optimize the primary prevention of stroke remains contro- versial. A number of serum markers of inflammation, including fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, lipoprotein-associated phospholi- pase A2, and interleukin-6, have been proposed as risk mark- ers. Several studies suggest a relationship between hs-CRP and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and stroke risk.837-840 In addition to numerous epidemiological studies and random- ized, clinical trials with coronary disease end points, several epidemiological studies have identified associations between hs- CRP and stroke, including the Physician s Health Study, 841 the and the Framingham Heart Study.843 The RRs between the highest tertiles/quartiles and the lowest tertile/quartiles range from 1.5 to 2.0. The association persists after adjustment for multiple risk factors. However, hs-CRP is also associated with similar increases in mortality from several cancers and lung indicating that its association with cardiovascular risk is not specific. 