Revascularization may be considered for those who do not respond to medical therapy and for those who have nonatherosclerotic disease (eg, Takayasu arteritis in Asian populations, fibromuscular dysplasia in other populations). Fibromuscular dysplasia occurs over the lifespan of women (mean: 53 years of age) with almost equal frequency in the renal and carotid circulations.S5.4.3-3 Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty alone (without stenting) can improve BP control and even normalize BP, especially in patients with recent onset of hypertension or 5.4.4. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Recommendation for Obstructive Sleep Apnea References that support the recommendation are summarized in Online Data Supplement 8. COR LOE Recommendation IIb B-R 1. In adults with hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea, the effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to reduce BP is not well established.S5.4.4-1 S5.4.4-5 Synopsis Obstructive sleep apnea is a common chronic condition char- acterized by recurrent collapse of upper airways during sleep, inducing intermittent episodes of apnea/hypopnea, hypox- emia, and sleep disruption.S5.4.4-6 Obstructive sleep apnea is a risk factor for several CVDs, including hypertension, coro- nary and cerebrovascular diseases, HF, and AF.S5.4.4-6 S5.4.4-9 Observational studies have shown that the presence of obstruc- tive sleep apnea is associated with increased risk of inci- Obstructive sleep apnea is Whelton et al 2017 High Blood Pressure Clinical Practice Guideline e35 highly prevalent in adults with resistant hypertension and it has been hypothesized that treat- ment with CPAP may have more pronounced effects on BP reduction in resistant hypertension.S5.4.4-6 Recommendation-Specific Supportive Text 1. CPAP is an efficacious treatment for improving obstruc- tive sleep apnea. 