There are several clinical conditions associated with ischemic stroke for which trial evidence would be helpful to guide therapy: To better prevent cardioembolism, it would be helpful to have trials that clarify optimal duration of heart rhythm monitoring, determine the clinical significance of brief episodes of AF, and define the precise role of cardiac CT/MRI and microembolus detection with TCD. In terms of large artery disease, much is known about atherosclerotic stenosis, but far less is known about the importance of detecting microemboli with TCD or identifying characteristics of unstable plaque such as intraplaque hemorrhage. Further research is also needed to clarify the clinical significance of detecting nonatherosclerotic condi- tions, including carotid dissection, fibromuscular dys- plasia, and carotid webs. Other uncommon causes of stroke such as CNS vasculitis and Susac syndrome suffer from a lack of well-designed clinical trials to guide therapies. 4. VASCULAR RISK FACTOR MANAGEMENT Recommendations for Nutrition Referenced studies that support recommendations are summarized in online Data Supplements 3 and 4. 