Clinicians should be aware that there is no antidote for dabigatran. 2.2. For patients with AF and mitral stenosis, we recommend adjusted-dose VKA therapy (target INR range, 2.0-3.0) rather than no therapy, aspirin (75 mg to 325 mg once daily), or combi- nation therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel (all Grade 1B). For patients with AF and mitral ste- nosis who are unsuitable for or choose not to take adjusted-dose VKA therapy (for reasons other than concerns about major bleeding), we recommend combination therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel rather than aspirin (75 mg to 325 mg once daily) alone (Grade 1B). 3.1. For patients with AF and stable coronary artery disease (eg, no acute coronary syndrome within the previous year) and who choose oral anticoagulation, we suggest adjusted-dose VKA therapy alone (target international normal- ized ratio [INR] range, 2.0-3.0) rather than the combination of adjusted-dose VKA therapy and aspirin (Grade 2C). 3.2. For patients with AF at high risk of stroke (eg, CHADS2 score of 2 or greater) during the rst month after placement of a bare-metal stent or the rst 3 to 6 months after place- ment of a drug-eluting stent, we suggest triple therapy (eg, VKA therapy, aspirin, and clopid- ogrel) rather than dual antiplatelet therapy (eg, aspirin and clopidogrel) (Grade 2C). After this initial period of triple therapy, we suggest a VKA (INR 2.0-3.0) plus a single antiplatelet drug rather than VKA alone (Grade 2C). At 12 months after intracoronary stent placement, antithrom- botic therapy is suggested as for patients with AF and stable coronary artery disease (see sec- tion 3.1). e534S Antithrombotic Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation (Grade 2C), but that initiation of anticoagulation must not delay any emergency intervention (Grade 2C). 