Elevated lipoprotein (a), small apolipoprotein (a), and the risk of arterial ischemic stroke in North American children. Haematologica. 2013;98:802 807. 813. Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Ray K, Boren J, Andreotti F, Watts GF, Ginsberg H, Amarenco P, Catapano A, Descamps OS, Fisher E, Kovanen PT, Kuivenhoven JA, Lesnik P, Masana L, Reiner Z, Taskinen MR, Tokgozoglu L, Tybjaerg-Hansen A; European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2844 2853. 814. Anticardiolipin antibodies are an independent risk factor for first isch- emic stroke: the Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Stroke Study (APASS) Group. Neurology. 1993;43:2069 2073. 815. Dragoni F, Chiarotti F, Rosano G, Simioni P, Tormene D, Mazzucconi MG, Cafolla A, Avvisati G. Thrombophilic screening in young patients (<40 years) with idiopathic ischemic stroke: a controlled study. Thromb Res. 2011;127:85 90. 816. Erkan D, Harrison MJ, Levy R, Peterson M, Petri M, Sammaritano L, Unalp-Arida A, Vilela V, Yazici Y, Lockshin MD. Aspirin for primary thrombosis prevention in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in asymptomatic antiphospholipid antibody-positive individuals. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:2382 2391. Meschia et al Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke 3829 817. Frances C, Papo T, Wechsler B, Laporte JL, Biousse V, Piette JC. Sneddon syndrome with or without antiphospholipid antibod- ies: a comparative study in 46 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1999;78:209 219. 818. Ginsburg KS, Liang MH, Newcomer L, Goldhaber SZ, Schur PH, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ. Anticardiolipin antibodies and the risk for ischemic stroke and venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:997 1002. 819. Brey RL, Abbott RD, Curb JD, Sharp DS, Ross GW, Stallworth CL, Kittner SJ. Beta(2)-glycoprotein 1-dependent anticardiolipin antibod- ies and risk of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction: the Honolulu Heart Program. Stroke. 2001;32:1701 1706. 820. 