As above Patients with ACS OAC aspirin clopidogrel Aspirin clopidogrel - Death - All stroke - Ischemic stroke - Systemic embolism - Intracranial hem- orrhage (subdural, subarachnoid, and intracerebral) - Major extracranial hemorrhage - MI - Vascular death SR RCTs Cohort studies 5.3c Patients with AF undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting As above Patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention stenting OAC aspirin clopidogrel Aspirin clopidogrel - Death - All stroke - Ischemic stroke - Systemic embolism - Intracranial hem- orrhage (subdural, subarachnoid, and intracerebral) - Major extracranial hemorrhage - MI - Vascular death SR RCTs Cohort studies 5.4 Patients with AF being treated in a rhythm control strategy What are the bene ts and risks of OAC therapy in patients treated with a rhythm control strategy? Patients being treated with a rhythm control strategy (eg, maze procedure, catheter ablation, electrophysiology procedure, pharmacologic) VKA, NOAC No OAC - Death - All stroke - Ischemic stroke - Systemic embolism - Intracranial hem- orrhage (subdural, subarachnoid, and intracerebral) - Major extracranial hemorrhage - MI - Vascular death SR RCTs Cohort studies (Continued) chestjournal.org TABLE 1 ] (Continued) Section Question Patients Intervention Control Outcomes Methodology management of OACs (including devices) Atrial high rate episodes on devices or monitors How should VKA therapy be managed for AF patients undergoing surgery/invasive procedure? Patients with AF on OAC therapy Bridging therapy with LMWH or IV heparin No bridging therapy - Death - All stroke - Ischemic stroke - Systemic embolism - Intracranial hem- orrhage (subdural, subarachnoid, and intracerebral) - Major extracranial hemorrhage - MI - Vascular death Cohort studies 5.6 Patients with AF presenting with an acute stroke AF patients with an ICH What is the optimal timing for initiation of anticoagulation? 