Recent investigations have demonstrated that standard treatments for cardiovascular risk factors, including statin therapy, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and antiplatelet agents, are equally effective at risk reduction in patients with CKD (who are not on dialysis) as in those without CKD and should be offered to this patient population.59 In these patients, the serum potassium concentration should be monitored fre- quently. Questions remain as to whether directly addressing nontraditional risk factors in patients with early evidence of renal impairment has efficacy in terms of outcomes. 1.2. Mechanisms of Hypertension and CAD A variety of pathophysiological mechanisms contribute to the genesis of BP elevation and related target-organ dam- age, including CAD. These mechanisms include increased sympathetic nervous system and RAAS activity; deficiencies in the release or activity of vasodilators, for example, nitric oxide and prostacyclin, and changes in the natriuretic peptide concentration; increased expression of growth factors and inflammatory cytokines in the arterial tree; hemodynamic effects; and structural and functional abnormalities in conduc- tance and resistance arteries, particularly increased vascular stiffness and endothelial dysfunction.60 These neurohumoral pathways interact with genetic, demographic, and environ- mental factors (such as heightened exposure or response to psychosocial stress, excessive dietary intake of sodium, and inadequate dietary intake of potassium and calcium) to deter- mine whether a person will develop hypertension and related CAD. Concomitant metabolic disorders, for example, diabe- tes mellitus, insulin resistance, and obesity, also lead to the production of vasoactive adipocytokines that promote vaso- constriction, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and increased oxidative stress in the vasculature, thus increasing both BP and CVD risk.61,62 These shared pathophysiological mechanisms offer potential novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of both hypertension and CAD, with benefits that may go beyond BP lowering. 