As noted in the Stroke Risk in AF section, risk scores for stroke in patients with AF lack speci city, and are therefore not Acronym Risk Factors Points S Sex (female) 1 A Age (< 60 y) 1 Me Medical history ($ 2 from: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, congestive heart failure, previous stroke, pulmonary disease, and hepatic or renal disease) T Treatment (interacting drugs [eg, amiodarone]) 1 T Tobacco use (within 2 y) 2 R Race (non-white) 2 Maximum score 8 1158 Evidence-Based Medicine [ 1 5 4 # 5 C H E S T N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 8 ] clinically useful in identifying and categorizing high-risk patients. As noted in the Stroke Risk in AF section, we recommend the use of the CHA2DS2-VASc score given its superior sensitivity and ability to accurately and safely identify patients at low risk of stroke. Patients who are low risk (a score of 0 in males, 1 in females) do not require antithrombotic treatment. All AF patients with $ 1 stroke risk factors are candidates for stroke prevention with oral anticoagulation. At this point, it is important to assess the bleeding risk. Although the bene t of stroke prevention outweighs the risk of bleeding in almost all patients, calculation of the bleeding risk allows the practitioner to identify potentially modi able factors that elevate the bleeding risk (uncontrolled hypertension, concomitant use of antiplatelet or nonsteroidal agents, excessive alcohol intake; poor INR control [TTR < 65%] in VKA patients). In addition, patients identi ed as high risk for bleeding should be scheduled for more frequent follow-up and monitoring. 