Some of the recommendations in this guideline were formerly associated with other prevention guidelines but have been assimilated because of the focus on women. In addition, we have summarized the data that sup- port the development of woman-specific stroke risk profiles, which might more accurately reflect a woman s future risk of stroke than some of the currently available stroke risk profiles. Prevention efforts for women would be enhanced if future epidemiological studies provided more detail on stroke sub- type, especially hemorrhagic stroke, in addition to accounting for age and sex. Similarly, it is important to improve stroke awareness and provide more rigorous education to women at younger ages, including childbearing ages, because of women s increased risk of stroke with age; the risks of stroke associated with pregnancy, gestational hypertension, and hor- monal contraception; and the onset of stroke risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, which occur at younger ages. Future research focused on risk profile devel- opment is urgently needed to appropriately tailor prevention strategies for women. There is a need for recognition of wom- en s unique sex-specific stroke risk factors, and a risk score that includes these factors would thereby identify women at risk. Until sex-specific risk is better understood, prevention and management of stroke and cardiovascular risk factors remains essentially the same for men and women. 