We therefore propose that targets currently recom- mended in the general population be extrapolated to those with CKD who do not have elevated urinary albumin or protein levels. Results of subgroup analyses of CKD patients included in RCTs assessing target BPs are consistent with the primary results of these trials160 (Supplementary Table 1 online). This move towards a more conservative target is consistent with other guidelines.161 We have graded this recommendation as 1B, given that this BP target is currently considered the standard of care for the general population. 3.2: We suggest that non-diabetic adults with CKD ND and urine albumin excretion of 30 to 300 mg per 24 hours (or equivalent*) whose office BP is con- sistently 4130 mm Hg systolic or 480 mm Hg dia- stolic be treated with BP-lowering drugs to maintain a BP that is consistently r130 mm Hg systolic and r80 mm Hg diastolic. (2D) *Approximate equivalents for albumin excretion rate per 24 hours expressed as protein excretion rate per 24 hours, albumin/creatinine ratio, protein/creatinine ratio, and protein reagent strip results are given in Table 1, Chapter 1. RATIONALE K Urine albumin level of 30 to 300 mg per 24 hours (microalbuminuria) is a risk factor for CVD and CKD progression. K RCTs suggest that a BP r130/80 mm Hg may reduce progression of CKD. Patients with microalbuminuria are at high risk for progres- sion of CKD as well as development of CVD.18,153,162165 RCT data suggest that BP control is particularly important in CKD patients with high urine albumin levels. 