The ERT found 5 RCTs examining the effects of intensive versus less-intensive BP control on mortality in patients with CKD without diabetes (Supplementary ). Over a mean follow-up of 3.23 years of the 9351 participants in these 5 studies, 84 deaths per 1000 participants were seen in the standard BP control arm, and 66 per 1000 participants in the intensive BP control arm (18 fewer deaths per 1000; 95% CI: 26 fewer 8 fewer deaths per 1000 participants). Secondary analyses of the MDRD and AASK cohorts using administrative databases have also suggested long-term survival bene ts from a lower MAP target.144,145 The mortality rates were low in these studies, and the conclusions can only be interpreted as hypothesis-generating. When results of studies in patients with CKD without dia- betes are combined with those in patients with diabetes and CKD, the effect of intensive BP lowering on all-cause mortality was attenuated. In 9 studies with 13,367 participants and a mean of 3 years of follow-up, intensive BP targets, compared with higher BP targets, resulted in 23 fewer deaths per 1000 patients, but the 95% CI indicated 49 fewer to 33 more deaths per 1000 (Supplementary Table S1391,92,97 99,116,135,138,143,146 148 ). A recent individual patient-level meta-analysis of 18 trials comprising 15,294 patients with CKD (de ned as an ) found that intensive BP lowering resulted in a signi cantly lower risk of mortality compared to less-intensive BP lowering; this bene t was consistent across multiple subgroups.111 This meta-analysis included RCTs that compared a range of target BPs, but it also included trials comparing antihypertensive agents with placebo or no treatment. 