These encounters provide another opportunity to encour- age medication compliance, dietary management, lifestyle modification, and outpatient follow-up. Despite decades of public health interventions, cigarette smoking remains a leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States, accounting for 1 of every 5 deaths each year.909 Recognizing this continuing problem, theAmerican College of Emergency Physicians recommends ED interventions aimed at smoking cessation.910 Numerous studies have demonstrated that the ED represents a promising site for smoking cessa- tion interventions through self-service kiosks and culturally appropriate literature, brief interventions, and referrals to out- With the high prevalence of smoking- related illnesses leading to ED visits, these episodes provide outstanding teachable moments to encourage cessation. The use of oral antithrombotic agents for the prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular AF remains a corner- stone of stroke prevention.390,913 The US National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey revealed an 88% increase in US ED visits for AF, and visits for AF are likely to increase.914 Despite ample evidence supporting anticoagulation in selected patients with AF, 12% to 34% of patients with AF presenting in the ED are eligible for warfarin but are either undertreated The ED represents an important location to identify patients with new-onset AF, to initiate anticoagula- tion depending on comorbidities, and to plan for the initial management. Similar to patients with known hypertension and diabetes mellitus, for patients with known AF, their ED encounters provide opportunities to promote behaviors to improve compliance with medication and to ensure access to Alcohol consumption is a major contributor to many ED visits. 