Anticipate problems n Communicate common side effects n Provide instructions on when to call for re lls or report problems n Remind patients using pharmacy assistance programs that re lls/reorders are not automatic 10. Monitor adherence and target patients at risk n Inquire patients directly (e.g., How many times in a week do you miss taking your medications? Have you run out of your medications recently? )n Carry out medicine reconciliation at visits, with focus on discrepancies n Assess remaining dosage units (i.e., count excess remaining tablets) n Monitor pharmacy lls, using available clinical databases or automated alerts for failed lls and re lls n Review available drug levels (e.g., digoxin, INR) or concentrations of BNP/NT-proBNP n Plan home-based nursing visits for appropriate patients ACC American College of Cardiology; BNP B-type natriuretic peptide; INR international normalized ratio; NT-proBNP N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide. J Maddox et al. demonstrated that the most effective interventions were delivered face-to-face by pharmacists and administered directly to patients, with a speci c focus on habit-based interventions (118). In a systematic review of 57 studies (119), interventions to enhance adherence for patients with HF were associated with lower mortality (relative risk: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.81 to 0.99) and hospital readmission (odds ratio: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.71 to 0.89). A systematic re- view of 27 studies of mobile health interventions for CV diseases including HF (120,121) found that mobile health signi cantly improved adherence to medical therapy (odds ratio: 4.51; p < 0.00001). 5.5.3. Systems and Policies to Promote Adherence Individual patients and clinicians must be supported by systems that help the right patient get the right therapy at the right time (122). Automated screening and assessment tools can identify and target patients who are at the greatest risk for nonadherence (e.g.