However, the Work Group acknowledges the lack of RCTs that chapter 1 www.kidney-international.org speci cally address whether and how best to treat BP pro les identi ed by out-of-of ce BP measurements. HBPM also has the advantage of empowering individuals to take ownership of their medical care, hence promoting adherence to therapy. Research recommendations There are several areas in which more research is needed speci cally for the CKD population:  Identify if procedures for standardized BP measurement can be simpli ed, such as using a shorter rest period (e.g., 1 or 2 minutes) or a shorter interval between BP measure- ments (e.g., 15 or 30 seconds).  Compare standardized unattended versus standardized attended AOBP in routine clinical practice.  Determine the optimal interval for repeating ABPM and HBPM among individuals not taking and taking antihy- pertensive medications.  Determine the proportion of CKD patients with white- coat hypertension, masked hypertension, the white-coat effect, and masked uncontrolled hypertension using a BP threshold of 120 mm Hg instead of 140 mm Hg, and whether these phenotypes are associated with increased risk for CV disease.  Assess the cost-effectiveness of ABPM and HBPM, sepa- rately, for identifying white-coat hypertension, masked hypertension, the white-coat effect, and masked uncon- trolled hypertension.  Conduct RCTs comparing treatment based on ABPM or HBPM versus standardized of ce BP measurements. Treatment based on ABPM or HBPM includes not treating patients with white-coat hypertension, not intensifying treatment for the white-coat effect, treatment of masked hypertension, and intensifying treatment for masked un- controlled hypertension. 