Similarly, in the PRoFESS trial (Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes) of >20000 patients with isch- 33% of patients had baseline SBP <135 mmHg. The large number of subjects with prior stroke and SBP <140 mmHg included in these trials supports the safety and efficacy of the use of antihypertensive medications in patients with SBP >130 mmHg, which is the threshold rec- ommended for secondary prevention of vascular events in the AHA/ACC hypertension guideline.29 Knowledge Gaps and Future Research The ongoing randomized ESH-CHL-SHOT trial (Euro- pean Society of Hypertension and Chinese Hyperten- sion League Stroke in Hypertension Optimal Treatment) will provide further insight into the optimal BP target for patients with prior stroke.207 Areas of future research on hypertension and stroke include the following: What is the optimal timing to begin BP lowering after acute stroke? What is the optimal time during the day for BP med- ication administration to prevent recurrent stroke? Do lower BP targets improve or worsen cognition in patients with prior stroke? What is the optimal BP target for very elderly patients with stroke? What is the optimal BP target for patients with dia- betes with stroke? 4.3. Treatment of Hyperlipidemia for Secondary Prevention of Stroke 4.3.1. Treatment and Monitoring of Blood Lipids for Secondary Stroke Prevention Recommendations for Treating and Monitoring Hyperlipidemia Referenced studies that support recommendations are summarized in online Data Supplement 13. 