Patients receiving standard-dose apixa- ban (5 mg) had a lower risk of stroke/embolism than those receiving low-dose apixaban (2.5 mg) and warfarin. Standard-dose apixaban was associated with a lower risk of death than that observed with low-dose apixaban and warfarin, and there was a lower risk of major bleeding with apixaban than with warfarin.S4.1.1-30 Use of warfa- rin or apixaban might be reasonable in dialysis- dependent patients with AF, but further study is warranted. 14. Edoxaban (30 mg or 60 mg once daily) was studied in ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48; it was found to be noninferior to warfarin with regard to the prevention of stroke or systemic emboliza- tion and was associated with significantly lower rates of bleeding and death from cardiovascular 15. There has been uncertainty about whether anti- coagulation is warranted in men and women who have AF with a CHA2 -VASc score of 1 or 2, respectively. Women with AF are likely to be older and have an increased risk of Female sex alone, however, does not convey increased risk in the absence of Recent studies of a large community-based cohort of patients with AF addressed the benefit of anticoagulation among patients with AF who have 1 non sex- related AF risk factor (CHA2 -VASc score of The authors found that nonanticoagulated patients with AF who had 1 non sex-related stroke risk fac- -VASc score of 1 versus 0 in males and 2 vs. 1 in females) had an increased risk of serious cardiovascular events during follow-up. Importantly, warfarin anticoagulation use was associated with a small positive net clinical ben- efit (measured as ischemic stroke reduction bal- anced against increased intracranial hemorrhage) compared with no anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy use. Similar studies with NOACs in such patients are needed. 16. 