The 2019 Dietary Reference Intakes now include a new category, the Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR), or intake above which intake reduction is expected to reduce chronic disease risk in an apparently healthy population. The value of the new CDRR for adults (2300 mg) is the same as the previous UL for sodium. study compared counseling on sodium reduction to usual care in overweight adults.[128] The intervention group achieved greater mean net decreases in SBP and DBP at both 18 and 36 months. The effect was statistically significant when compared with controls for SBP at both times and for DBP at 18 months only. Shea et al. (2011) presented mortality outcome data from a post-hoc analysis of the Trial of Non- pharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly (TONE).[129] Despite the TONE trial achieving clinically and statistically significant improvements in blood pressure,[110] no change in all-cause mortality was found for the intervention group when compared to usual care.[129] Both TOHP II and TONE were lifestyle interventions in free-living cohorts rather than controlled feeding trials. Thus, the low percentage of intervention group participants who met the studies goal of <80 mmol/day (1840 mg) average sodium intake (21% in TOHP II, roughly 40% in TONE) represents the inherent difficulty of lifestyle modification compounded by the ubiquity of sodium in the present U.S. food supply. The studies support reducing sodium intake as a means to lower blood pressure, but do not justify a lower goal than 2300 mg or confirm that clinical outcomes are improved. It is possible that an effect on mortality would have been detected had TONE intervention participants been more successful in lowering sodium intake. Several organizations recommend or suggest lower targets for daily sodium intake. 