Dr. Singer has published numer- ous articles on stroke prevention in atrial brillation and has given numerous lectures and research presentations on this topic. Dr Lane is in receipt of an investigator-initiated educational grant from Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals and has participated in speaker activities for Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Bristol-Myers Squibb/P zer Inc, e570S Antithrombotic Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation 14. Petersen P. Thromboembolic complications in atrial bril- lation. Stroke. 1990;21(1):4-13. 15. Brand FN, Abbott RD, Kannel WB, Wolf PA. Characteris- tics and prognosis of lone atrial brillation. 30-year follow-up in the Framingham Study. JAMA. 1985;254(24):3449-3453. 16. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Rothbart RM, McAnulty JH, Asinger RW, Halperin JL; Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Stroke with intermittent atrial brillation: incidence and predictors during aspirin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(1):183-187. 17. Hohnloser SH, Pajitnev D, Pogue J, et al; ACTIVE W Investigators. Incidence of stroke in paroxysmal versus sustained atrial brillation in patients taking oral antico- agulation or combined antiplatelet therapy: an ACTIVE W Substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(22):2156-2161. 18. Stroke Risk in Atrial Fibrillation Working Group. Indepen- dent predictors of stroke in patients with atrial brillation: a systematic review. Neurology. 2007;69(6):546-554. 19. Hughes M, Lip GY; Guideline Development Group, National Clinical Guideline for Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Primary and Secondary Care, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Stroke and thromboembolism in atrial brillation: a systematic review of stroke risk fac- tors, risk strati cation schema and cost effectiveness data. Thromb Haemost. 2008;99(2):295-304. 20. van Walraven C, Hart RG, Connolly S, et al. Effect of age on stroke prevention therapy in patients with atrial brilla- tion: the atrial brillation investigators. Stroke. 2009;40(4): 1410-1416. 21. Lin LY, Lee CH, Yu CC, et al. 