After the rst 12 months, antithrombotic therapy is suggested as for patients with AF and stable coronary artery disease (see section 3.1). For patients with AF at low risk of stroke (eg, CHADS2 score of 0), we suggest dual anti- platelet therapy (eg, aspirin and clopidogrel) rather than adjusted-dose VKA therapy (INR 2.0-3.0) plus single antiplatelet therapy or triple therapy (eg, warfarin, aspirin, and clopid- ogrel) (Grade 2C). After the rst 12 months, antithrombotic therapy is suggested as for patients with AF and stable coronary artery disease (see section 3.1). Remarks: Patients who place an exceptionally high value on stroke reduction and a low value on avoiding bleeding and the burden associated with anticoagu- lant therapy are likely to choose adjusted-dose VKA therapy plus single antiplatelet therapy rather than dual antiplatelet therapy. Other factors that may in uence this choice are a consideration of bleeding risk and the presence of additional non-CHADS2 risk factors for stroke (see section 2.1.12). 3.4. For patients with AF being managed with a rhythm control strategy (pharmacologic or about major bleeding), we recommend combi- nation therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel rather than aspirin (75 mg to 325 mg once daily) (Grade 1B). 2.1.11. For patients with AF, including those with paroxysmal AF, for recommendations in favor of oral anticoagulation (including 2.1.9, suggest dabigatran 150 mg twice daily rather than adjusted-dose vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy (target INR range, 2.0-3.0) (Grade 2B). Remarks: Dabigatran is excreted primarily by the kidney. It has not been studied and is contraindi- cated in patients with severe renal impairment (esti- mated creatinine clearance of 30 mL/min or less). Clinicians should be aware that there is no antidote for dabigatran. 2.2. 