For example, women with a history of preeclampsia have a markedly increased risk for developing renal disease and a 2- to 10-fold increase in risk for development of chronic hypertension, a major risk factor for stroke. In addition, 50% of women with gestational diabetes will develop type 2 diabe- tes mellitus, a major risk factor for stroke, within 5 to 10 years of their pregnancy (although only 1 study has suggested an increased risk for CVD after a pregnancy complicated by ges- tational diabetes; CVD was defined as a composite outcome of admission to hospital for acute MI, coronary bypass, coronary angioplasty, stroke, or carotid endarterectomy [CEA]).180 182 A 2012 study of long-term risk for CVD reported that 18.2% of women with a history of preeclampsia versus 1.7% of women with uncomplicated pregnancies had a CVD event in 10 years (OR, 8.43; 95% CI, 3.48 23.2) and lifetime risk (OR, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.76 6.11) for CVD for women who formerly had preeclampsia were significantly increased compared with women with uncomplicated pregnancies.183 A 2008 system- atic review and meta-analysis by McDonald et al181 noted that women with a history of preeclampsia/eclampsia had twice the risk of cerebrovascular disease (not further defined) as women without these disorders (RR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.54 2.67). Another meta-analysis by Bellamy et al180 cohort studies and reported a cumulative OR of 1.81 for any stroke (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.37 2.33) in women with a history of preeclampsia, whereas Brown et al184 noted an OR of 1.76 for cerebrovascular disease (95% CI, 1.43 2.21) for women with a history of pregnancies with preeclampsia. 