Awareness, Treatment, and Control e22 4. Measurement of BP e23 4.1. Accurate Measurement of BP in the Office e23 4.2. Out-of-Office and Self-Monitoring of BP e24 4.3. Ambulatory BP Monitoring e25 4.4. Masked and White Coat Hypertension e26 5. Causes of Hypertension e28 5.2. Environmental Risk Factors e28 5.2.1. Overweight and Obesity e28 5.3. Childhood Risk Factors and BP Tracking e31 5.4. Secondary Forms of Hypertension e32 5.4.1. Drugs and Other Substances With Potential to Impair BP Control e32 5.4.3. Renal Artery Stenosis e34 5.4.4. Obstructive Sleep Apnea e34 7.1. Laboratory Tests and Other Diagnostic Procedures e38 7.2. Cardiovascular Target Organ Damage e38 8. Treatment of High BP e39 8.1.1. Initiation of Pharmacological BP Treatment in the Context of Overall CVD Risk e39 8.1.2. BP Treatment Threshold and the Use of CVD Risk Estimation to Guide Drug Treatment of 8.1.3. Follow-Up After Initial BP Evaluation e42 8.1.4. General Principles of Drug Therapy e42 8.1.5. BP Goal for Patients With 8.1.6. Choice of Initial Medication e46 8.2. Achieving BP Control in Individual Patients e47 8.3. Follow-Up of BP During Antihypertensive Drug Therapy e48 8.3.1. Follow-Up After Initiating Antihypertensive Drug Therapy e48 8.3.2. Monitoring Strategies to Improve Control of BP in Patients on Drug Therapy for High BP e48 9. Hypertension in Patients With Comorbidities e48 9.1. Stable Ischemic Heart Disease e49 9.2.1. Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction e50 9.2.2. Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction e51 9.3. Chronic Kidney Disease e51 9.3.1. Hypertension After Renal 9.4.1. Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage e54 9.4.2. Acute Ischemic Stroke e54 9.4.3. Secondary Stroke Prevention e56 9.5. Peripheral Artery Disease e57 9.9. Valvular Heart Disease e60 10. Special Patient Groups e60 10.1. Race and Ethnicity e60 10.1.1. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Treatment e61 10.3.2. Children and Adolescents e64 11. Other Considerations e64 11.2. 