However, after adjusting for differences in risk profiles between primary and reoperative CABG patients, no difference in long-term survival rate was apparent. The variables associated with decreased late survival rate included advanced age, hypertension, elevated serum cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, PAD, renal failure, left main CAD, LV systolic dysfunction, and Compared with primary CABG, repeat CABG is less successful at relieving angina,1237,1238 although a 2004 quality-of-life analysis reported that repeat CABG was as effective as primary CABG in relieving angina and improv- ing functional capacity and quality of life.1239 6.9. Patients With Previous Stroke Patients with a previous stroke or TIA are at higher risk for a perioperative stroke during CABG than those without such a history. A meta-analysis of the data from several studies observed a perioperative stroke risk of 8.5% in patients with previous stroke (compared with 2.2% in those without a previous neurological event) (P 0.0001).860 When subjects with a history of stroke or TIA were analyzed separately (ie, stroke only or TIA only), the increased perioperative risk in comparison with neurologically asymptomatic patients was present in both groups. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis of 16 194 cardiac surgery patients, a history of cerebrovascular disease was identified as an independent predictor of perioperative stroke.1240 The STS National Car- diac Surgery Database demonstrated an increased risk of perioperative death, perioperative stroke, and prolonged length of stay in patients with a history of stroke who underwent isolated CABG from 2002 to 2006.308 6.10. Patients With PAD CAD and PAD, generally defined as atherosclerotic disease of the aorta, its visceral arterial branches (renal and mesen- teric), and the arteries of the lower extremities, often coexist. The presence of PAD is an independent predictor of early1241 and late death in CABG patients. 