Given their im- portance in lifestyle modification, in the next sections, we focus on specific dietary interventions and exercise regimen. Dietary Lifestyle Interventions in HF Evidence for the effects of dietary patterns among pa- tients with HF is limited. Current dietary recommenda- tions for patients with HF are based largely on data from populations without HF. Dietary Interventions for the Prevention of HF The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, which includes high intakes of fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, and whole grains, resulting in high potas- sium, magnesium, calcium, and fiber, moderately high protein, and low total and saturated fat, effectively re- duces BP. Current data suggest that the DASH diet is ef- fective in preventing HF.321,322 In a prospective, observa- tional study of 36019 participants without baseline HF, diabetes mellitus, or MI in Sweden, the DASH diet was associated with lower rates of incident HF.321 Similarly, in 38987 participants in a cohort of Swedish men 45 to 79 years of age, the DASH diet was associated with lower rates of HF and HF events.322 The Mediterranean diet emphasizes high consumption of olive oil and a high intake of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, fish, and nuts and limits unhealthy fats. It has been shown to prevent cardiovascular events.323 The PREDIMED study (Prevenci n con Dieta Mediter- r nea), a multicenter, randomized trial to assess the effects of the Mediterranean diet (components listed in Table 12) on the primary prevention of CVD, randomized Table 13. Recommendation for Lifestyle Modifications in Stages A and B HF: Asymptomatic Patients at Risk for HF or With Structural Heart Disease Recommendation COR LOE Referenced Guideline References Exercise or regular physical activity is beneficial in prevention of cardiovascular disease and HF. 