The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (ARIC) reported a lower 30-day ICH case fatality for women than for men but the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study found slightly higher 1-month case fatality for women than men (40% versus 35%).41 Temporal trends in case fatality for hemorrhagic stroke are largely unreported. A Finnish study Figure 1. US stroke mortality rates for women, 2009. Am Indian indicates American Indian; Non-Hisp, non-Hispanic; and PI, Pacific Islander. found similar declines in 28-day case fatality for women and men over a 12-year period from 1991 to 2002.74 Sex Differences in Stroke Awareness (Delay, Warning Signs, Risk Factors) Delayed hospital arrival is the single most important reason for the failure to administer thrombolytic treatment within the eligible time window of 3 or 4.5 hours. Most studies have not found important sex differences in delayed hospital arrival,4,75 but a few found women have longer prehospital delay than Most studies that have explored knowledge and awareness of stroke symptoms in either stroke patients or at-risk populations have not compared results by sex; how- ever, several population-based studies have shown that knowl- edge and awareness of stroke warning signs and symptoms are somewhat higher in women than men.81 83 One study reported that although women were more likely than men to have heard of tissue-type plasminogen activator therapy for stroke, they were less likely to know that it must be administered within 3 Population-based surveys of women conducted by the AHA have identified an overall poor level of knowledge about CVD and stroke, particularly in minority women85,86 ; however, the studies excluded men and were therefore unable to report on sex differences. Epidemiology of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in Women: Summary and Gaps Stroke epidemiology research predominantly describes IS events. 