We included 11 studies measuring outcomes relevant to this question for patients performing PST.30-40 Studies included patients requiring VKA therapy for various indications, mainly for indications other than VTE treatment. Three studies reported the effect of PST on mortality.31,33,36,41,42 Recurrent PE and DVT rates were estimated by extrapolat- ing pooled thromboembolic event rates from 9 studies (8 published and 1 unpublished [Scott Kaatz, data presented at the 6th National Conference of the Anticoagulation Forum, May to baseline recurrent VTE rates from the LMWH/VKA arms of recent randomized, controlled trials (RCTs). Nine studies (8 published and 1 unpublished [Scott Kaatz, data presented at the 6th National Conference of the Anticoagulation Forum, May 2001])30,31,33,34,36,38-42 assessed major bleeding risk; reported information on TTR; and 1 study reported quality of life.36 The EtD framework is shown online 0cc000c55993. Benefits. For benefits, see the evidence profile in the EtD framework referenced at the end of the previous section, available online. Studies assessing mortality found no difference between those receiving PST and control groups (RR, 0.94 fewer to 5 more deaths per 1000]; high certainty). The effect of PST on recurrent PE and DVT was estimated by applying the RR estimate for thromboembolic events to baseline recurrence rates of PE and DVT. PST possibly reduces the risk for recurrent PE 10 fewer to 1 more per 1000]; low certainty) and DVT (RR, 0.73 more per 1000]; low certainty), but the estimate is imprecise and the CI includes no effect. 