Administration of oral vitamin K in addition to withholding VKA did not reduce the risk of all-cause mortality compared with withholding VKA alone (RR, 1.24 [95% CI, 0.62- per 1000]; moderate certainty) or affect the proportion of patients who achieved the target INR (RR, 1.95 [95% CI, 0.88-4.33]; ARR, 165 more per 1000 [95% CI, 21 fewer to 579 more per 1000]; very low certainty), but the CI for both mortality and INR goal attainment includes appreciable reduction and increase in events. The risk of major bleeding was higher among those receiving oral vitamin K than those receiving placebo, but the CI includes the possibility of a very small bleeding reduction (RR, 2.43 [95% CI, 0.81-7.27]; ARR, 14 more major bleeds per 1000 [95% CI, 2 fewer to 61 more per 1000]; moderate certainty). Harms and burden. Administration of oral vitamin K in addition to withholding VKA did not increase the risk of any thromboembolism compared with withholding VKA alone (RR, 1.29 [95% CI, 0.35-4.78]; more per 1000]; moderate certainty). The estimate of oral vitamin K administration on the risk for DVT is imprecise, and the CI includes the possibility of no effect (RR, 0.32 [95% CI, 0.01-8.04]; ARR, 15 fewer DVTs per 1000 [95% CI, 23 fewer to 160 more per 1000]; moderate certainty). Other EtD criteria and considerations. The panel agreed that resource requirements associated with administering oral vitamin K are likely to be moderate owing to the high cost of pharmaceutical-grade phytonadione (vitamin K) in the United States. 