Doubling of SCr level or halving of GFR was upgraded from high to critical importance in studies where (or the SCr was 42 mg/dl [4177 mmol/l]), given the known adverse con- sequences of advanced CKD. Literature searches and article selection The Work Group sought to build on the evidence base from the previous KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines on Hyper- tension and Antihypertensive Agents in Chronic Kidney Disease.1 As the first search for the KDOQI guideline was conducted in Table 5 | Systematic review topics and screening criteriaa Diet or lifestyle modification Population CKD ND: CKD 1 5, non-dialysis, adults and children, with or without hypertension, any type of CKD Intervention Salt restriction, weight loss, diet, exercise Comparator Active or control Outcome Blood pressure, mortality, clinical cardiovascular events, kidney function (categorical or continuous), proteinuria or urine protein level (categorical or continuous), quality of life, adverse events Study design RCTs with parallel-group design; cross-over trials Minimum duration of follow-up 6 weeks for blood pressure, 3 months for proteinuria, 1 year for other outcomes Minimum N of subjects Z50 per arm Blood pressure targets Population CKD ND: CKD 1 5, non-dialysis, adults or children, with or without hypertension, any type of CKDa but organized by K DKD (DM and CKD) K Non-DKD K CKD in the kidney-transplant recipient (CKD T) Intervention Lower or low BP target Comparator Higher or usual BP target Outcome Mortality, clinical cardiovascular events, kidney function (categorical or continuous), proteinuria or urine protein level (categorical or continuous), quality of life, adverse events Study design RCTs with parallel-group design Minimum duration of follow-up 3 months for proteinuria, 1 year for other outcomes Minimum N of Subjects Z50 per arm Agents Population CKD ND: CKD 1 5, non-dialysis, adults or children, with or without hypertension, any type of CKDa but organized by K DKD (DM and CKD) K Non-DKD K CKD in the kidney-transplant recipient (CKD T) Intervention Any anti-hypertensive agent (single or in combination, any dose) as well as specific searches for ACE-I, ARB, aldosterone antagonist, beta-blocker, calcium-channel blocker, diuretic Comparator Active or placebo Outcomes Mortality, clinical cardiovascular events, kidney function (categorical or continuous), proteinuria or urine protein level (categorical or continuous), quality of life, adverse events Study design RCTs with parallel-group design Minimum duration of follow-up 3 months for proteinuria, 1 year for other outcomes Minimum N of Subjects Z50 per arm ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CKD ND, non-dialysis-dependent CKD; CKD T, non dialysis-dependent CKD with a kidney transplant; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; N, number; RCTs, randomized controlled trials. 