On the basis of data from the Women s Health Study (WHS), migraine with aura accounted for 4 additional IS cases per 10000 women per year when migraine with aura was the assumed underlying cause of stroke.281 The risk is higher with increasing frequency of migraine282 and if the aura does not include nausea and vomiting.283 Data from the WHS suggest that migraine with aura is associated with increased risk of TIA (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.03 2.36) and nondisabling stroke (RR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.37 3.97) compared with women with no history of migraine284 and that the presence of migraine with aura does not modify the beneficial effects of aspirin.285 Therefore, migraine aura appears to be associated with a bet- ter prognosis because of the link to milder strokes and TIAs than with non migraine-associated strokes in the WHS. Migraines with aura have also been associated with a risk of hemorrhagic stroke in the WHS, but this association was stronger in the subset of women with fatal hemorrhagic stroke and in women <55 years of age.286 In pregnant women with an International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, hospi- tal code for migraine, there was a large association with hem- orrhagic stroke (OR, 9.1; 95% CI, 3.0 27.8); however, in the pregnant population, the risk of vascular diseases was closely associated with a concomitant diagnosis of preeclampsia/ Interestingly, there is an emerging literature on the asso- ciation between migraines and preeclampsia.288 290 The most recent analysis of the United Kingdom Obstetric Surveillance System found 30 cases of antenatal stroke, for an estimated incidence of 1.5 cases per 100000 women who delivered babies (95% CI, 1.0 2.1). 