The Work Group also helped identify RCTs that included CKD subgroups. To a lesser extent, the Work Group made reference to observational evidence from large popula- tion studies where evidence from RCTs was perceived to be insufficient. Not all questions of interest have been the subject of RCTs; some issues do not lend themselves to be studied in this manner. To facilitate further discussion on major issues relevant to management of BP in CKD patients (for which there is some evidence but ongoing controversy remains), the Work Group included a chapter on Future Directions and Controversies (Chapter 8). For other issues widely accepted in practice, but not supported by evidence from RCTs, the Work Group wrote ungraded recommendations reflecting the consensus of its members. These ungraded statements are explained in detail in the accompanying narrative. The Work Group did not wish to provide advice on specific treatment questions for which there was no supporting evidence. By highlighting these gaps in knowl- edge, we aim to promote further research. During the preparation of this Guideline, the Work Group was aware that other international organizations were writing new or updating old guidelines that were potentially relevant to the management of BP in CKD patients. The Work Group kept in contact with these other organizations and sought to achieve consistency with their recommendations as much as possible. 