Most of the data are taken from subgroup analyses of patients with CKD from general population studies (Supplementary Tables 1, 5 6, 33 36 online). HOPE showed a benefit for CVD outcomes in patients randomized to ramipril.185 This benefit extended to those with a creatinine level 41.4 mg/dl (124 mmol/l) or a creatinine clearance o65 ml/min (1.1 ml/ sec) in non-diabetic individuals,173 as well as those with In the Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS), which included patients with a history of cerebrovascular disease, the ACE- I perindopril, as compared with placebo, decreased the rate of recurrent stroke in those with CKD.186 Although the level of urine albumin was not specified in PROGRESS, it seems reasonable to assume that CVD protection would extend to those with microalbuminuria. In patients with stable coronary disease in the Prevention of Events with Angio- tensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Therapy (PEACE) trial, the ACE-I trandolapril, as compared with placebo, reduced mortality in those with a GFR o60 ml/min/1.73 m2 , although trandolapril did not have a benefit in those with However, the effect of trandolapril therapy on outcomes was not significantly modified by the level of albuminuria.188 In the European Trial on Reduction of Cardiac Events with Perindopril in Stable Coronary Artery Disease (EUROPA), there was no modification of benefit by level of kidney function, and perindopril (versus placebo) decreased the risk of the primary composite end point of cardiovascular death, non- fatal myocardial infarction, or resuscitated cardiac arrest in as well as those ALLHAT, however, did not show a benefit of lisinopril over chlorthalidone with respect to CVD outcomes in the subgroup of patients with The Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease Intervention Trial (PREVEND IT) included CKD patients with urine albumin levels of 15 mg to 300 mg per 24 hours. 