 In the general population, potassium-containing salt sub- stitutes have been demonstrated to lower BP. Persons with CKD have been systematically excluded from clinical trials evaluating potassium-based salt substitutes, and some, albeit not all, observational data in CKD populations demonstrate that higher potassium intake is associated with higher risk of CKD progression and CV disease. Whether using potassium-containing salt substitutes may have health bene ts or unique risks when applied to CKD populations requires future study.  Persons of African ancestry are disproportionately repre- sented in CKD populations. Prior systematic reviews sug- gest that reductions in sodium intake may result in larger reductions in BP in persons of African and Asian ancestry, compared to Caucasians.90 Whether such racial differences can also be found in CKD populations is uncertain and should be evaluated in future studies.  There is a paucity of data on factors that could identify individual CKD patients who have the greatest or least BP bene t from physical activity interventions, and also those that are at greater risk for harm. Identi cation of these factors and algorithms to tailor physical activity intensity and supervision to individual CKD patients is needed.  Iodine supplements are added to salt in some countries. Future studies are required to determine whether restricting sodium intake in CKD populations may contribute to iodine de ciency in these settings. chapter 2 www.kidney-international.org Chapter 3: Blood pressure management in patients with CKD, with or without diabetes, not receiving dialysis 3.1 Blood pressure targets Recommendation 3.1.1: We suggest that adults with high BP and CKD be treated with a target systolic blood pressure (SBP) of <120 mm Hg, when toler- ated, using standardized of ce BP measurement (2B). 