One small RCT (N=22) demonstrated superiority to usual care in risk profiles, perceived physical functioning, and mental health when patients with TIA/nondis- abling stroke access existing programs.133 A cohort study (N=80) of participants with TIA attending a 6-month cardiac rehabilitation program demon- strated a significant (26%) increase in the lowest mortality risk category of the Duke treadmill score and significant improvements in fitness, total cho- lesterol/high density lipoprotein ratios, waist cir- cumference, and BMI.132 Two RCTs demonstrated promising longer-term reductions in cardiovascular events. A mixed exercise program combined with education and lifestyle counseling (N=60) dem- onstrated reduced recurrent stroke or TIA events in the intervention group compared with the usual care control group (RR, 0.23 [95% CI, 0.07 0.72]) and a reduction in mortality (RR, 0.11 [95% CI, A tailored intervention of exercise, salt restriction, and nutrition advice for 24 weeks compared with usual care (N=70) was also associated with a reduction in the primary composite endpoint of cardiovascular outcome 5. The Cochrane nonpharmacological interventions (based on cardiac rehabilitation) review for pre- venting vascular events after stroke/TIA855 identi- fied 1 pilot RCT of cardiac rehabilitation compared with usual stroke care (N=48), demonstrating promising and statistically significant gains in vascular risk profiles and cardiovascular fitness. 