Panelists with primary COIs were required to abstain from voting on related topic areas, but could participate in discussions provided they refrained from strong advocacy. Selection of Topics and Key Questions First, we listed all of the topic areas from AT9 and added potential new topics proposed by the panel members. Next, all panel members voted on whether each topic should be included in the update. Finally, the full panel reviewed the results of the vote and decided on the nal list. The panel selected a total of 15 topics: 12 update topics from AT9 and 3 new topics. For each topic, we developed standardized questions in the Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome format (e-Table 2). Systematic Search Systematic methods were used to search for evidence for each question. When available, the National Library of Medicine s medical subject headings keyword nomenclature was used. We searched MEDLINE via PubMed for original studies and the Cochrane Library for systematic reviews. For update topics, we searched the literature from January 2005 to July 2014. For new topics, we searched the literature from 1946 (Medline inception) to July 2014. All searches were limited to English-language publications. We augmented searches by checking reference lists of published articles and personal les, and with ongoing surveillance of the literature by panel members (e-Figures 1-4). When we identi ed systematic reviews, we assessed their quality according to the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews tool.3 We used those that were of highest quality and up to date as the source of evidence. In the absence of a satisfactory systematic review, we did our own evidence synthesis using the primary studies identi ed in AT9 and in the updated search. 