The preva- lence of obesity is higher in women than men and is expected to increase over time in both sexes. Prospective studies have shown that obesity, abdominal adiposity, and metabolic syn- drome are independent risk factors for stroke in both men and women. Further research is needed to determine whether sex modifies the impact of these conditions on stroke risk and out- comes. Healthy lifestyle practices, including maintaining a normal BMI, eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, moder- ate alcohol use, abstaining from smoking, and regular exercise, are associated with lower stroke incidence and better outcomes after stroke; however, little is known about sex differences in the effect of healthy lifestyle on stroke incidence and outcomes. Further research is needed to determine effective lifestyle interventions for preventing stroke occurrence and recurrence in women. Research is needed to develop lifestyle interven- tions that are effective for both primary and secondary stroke prevention and for tailoring such interventions in women. Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Lifestyle Factors: Recommendations 1. A healthy lifestyle consisting of regular physical activity, moderate alcohol consumption (<1 drink/d for nonpregnant women), abstention from cigarette smoking, and a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, olive oil, and low in saturated fat (such as the DASH [Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension] diet) is recommended for primary stroke prevention in women with cardiovascular risk factors (Class I; Level of Evidence B). 2. Lifestyle interventions focusing on diet and exercise are recommended for primary stroke prevention among individuals at high risk for stroke (Class I; Level of Evidence B). Atrial Fibrillation AF is the most common arrhythmia and a major modifiable risk factor for stroke. 