These 2 issues are closely related as the systolic BP (SBP) target of <120 mm Hg recommended in Chapter 3 is contingent upon proper BP measurement technique following recommended rigorous procedures. This lower SBP target is largely based on its car- dioprotective, survival, and potential cognitive bene ts. There are no new data supporting the renoprotective bene ts of targeting SBP <120 mm Hg. The overall evidence for kidney protection at this low SBP level is almost non-existent, but it is somewhat more convincing for CKD patients with pro- teinuria and long-term follow-up. There are certain subpopulations in CKD in which the evidence supporting the SBP target of <120 mm Hg is less rigorous; hence, the risk bene t ratios in those instances are less certain. These subpopulations include those with diabetes, advanced CKD (G4 and G5), signi cant protein- uria, very low diastolic blood pressure (DBP), white-coat hypertension, and at extreme ages (younger or older). Thus, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in these subpopulations are necessary. The term high BP is used throughout the document to denote BP above the target. For most patients with CKD not receiving dialysis, the target is SBP <120 mm Hg. For kidney transplant recipients (Chapter 4), the target SBP is <130 mm Hg, and target diastolic BP (DBP) is <80 mm Hg. For children with CKD (Chapter 5), a mean arterial pressure (MAP, calculated as DBP 1/3  pulse pressure) #50th percentile for age, sex, and height is the primary target. The Work Group fully emphasizes that individualization of management, including consideration of the patient s characteristics, tolerability, and preferences is crucial, as it is in other areas of medical management. 