Regardless, all approaches to HFrEF management need to be patient-centered, use shared decision-making, and involve communication across disciplines (31). Randomized trials have demonstrated the superiority of the team-based approach over usual care in patients with HF (77 80) with respect to the risks of death, hos- pitalization, lengths of stay, and quality of life (81 84). These outcomes are generally attributed to greater adherence to GDMT, higher proportions of patients receiving effective medication doses, and earlier recog- nition of HF signs and symptoms (85,86). Team-based HF care is thus recommended in the most recent HF guide- lines (3). Necessary skills for care teams include pro ciency in monitoring for HF progression and exacerbation, care coordination, treatment prescription and monitoring, and education for patients and their caregivers (Table 7). Effective team-based HF care may be possible with small teams as long as the requisite skills are available. Composition of care teams may continue to evolve. For example, transcatheter mitral valve intervention pro- grams require collaboration with cardiology, cardiac sur- gery, anesthesiology, imaging, nursing, and social services. They also require other medical professionals to be involved with preprocedural patient selection, intra- procedural management, postprocedural in-hospital and post-discharge care, and follow-up outcome reporting. Each program will de ne the roles and responsibilities of various care team members in an effort to effectively communicate and obtain optimal patient outcomes (87). In addition, recent innovations in HF care delivery, such as group visits, remote specialist video consultation, and telemonitoring programs, may also be useful (88 93). As previously noted, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the uptake and reimbursement of virtual care, including telephone and video visits. 