ACE inhibitors should be used in all patients with a reduced EF to prevent symptomatic HF, even if they do not have a history of MI (135,147). (Level of Evidence: A) 6. Beta blockers should be used in all patients with a reduced EF to prevent symptomatic HF, even if they do not have a history of MI. (Level of Evidence: C) CLASS IIa 1. To prevent sudden death, placement of an implantable cardioverter-de brillator (ICD) is reasonable in patients with asymptomatic ischemic cardiomyopathy who are at least 40 days post-MI, have an LVEF of 30% or less, are on appropriate medical therapy, and have reasonable expecta- tion of survival with a good functional status for more than 1 year (148). (Level of Evidence: B) CLASS III: HARM 1. Nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers with negative inotropic effects may be harmful in asymptomatic patients with low LVEF and no symptoms of HF after MI. (Level of Evidence: C) 6.3. Stage C 6.3.1. Nonpharmacological Interventions CLASS I 1. Patients with HF should receive speci c education to facil- itate HF self-care (149 154). (Level of Evidence: B) 2. Exercise training (or regular physical activity) is recom- mended as safe and effective for patients with HF who are able to participate to improve functional status (155 158). (Level of Evidence: A) CLASS IIa 1. Sodium restriction is reasonable for patients with symp- tomatic HF to reduce congestive symptoms. (Level of Evidence: C) 2. Continuous positive airway pressure can be bene cial to increase LVEF and improve functional status in patients with HF and sleep apnea (159 162). (Level of Evidence: B) 3. Cardiac rehabilitation can be useful in clinically stable patients with HF to improve functional capacity, exercise duration, health-related quality of life, and mortality (155,157,158,163 166). (Level of Evidence: B) 6.3.2. 