The section on pharmacologic agents in the original chapter on Lifestyle and pharmacologic treatments for lowering blood pressure in CKD ND patients has been signi cantly streamlined and separated. The lifestyle chapter, Chapter 2, now focuses on dietary sodium restriction and physical activities. The use of renin-angiotensin inhibitors (RASi) is now included in the current Chapter 3 under the broad topic of BP management in CKD patients, while readers are referred to standard textbooks for descriptions of various BP-lowering drugs. The original Chapter 3 on BP management in CKD patients without diabetes and the original Chapter 4 on CKD patients with diabetes are now consolidated into the current Chapter 3, which covers both subgroups, with the literature on patients with diabetes and without, combined and synthesized. The current Chapter 3 also includes guidance related to older adults with CKD, which was in a separate chapter in the original guideline. Since older adults comprised a substantial proportion of the cohort in the SPRINT trial, it forms a major basis for the current recommendation of the BP target. Finally, the respective chapters on kidney transplant recipients and children with CKD have both been retained and updated. The Work Group has identi ed 2 major areas that warrant particular attention in this guideline update because of new evidence and interests that have emerged since the publication of the original guideline. These 2 areas are: (i) BP measurement (Chapter 1) and (ii) BP targets within the domain of BP management in CKD patients not receiving dialysis (Chapter 3). These 2 issues are closely related as the systolic BP (SBP) target of <120 mm Hg recommended in Chapter 3 is contingent upon proper BP measurement technique following recommended rigorous procedures. 