The SMS4Stroke (Short Messaging Service for Stroke) trial (N=200) showed an adjusted MD of 0.54 (95% CI, 0.22 0.85) in the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale score after 2 months of receiving short messaging service reminders for each dose of medication.843 3. Systematic reviews of lifestyle interventions com- pared with usual care after stroke identify favor- able effects on reducing BP.111,112 A mean SBP Subgroup analysis identified nonsignificant effects for behav- ior interventions alone, significant effects for cardiovascular exercise interventions (MD, 3.9 larger effects for combined exercise and lifestyle interventions (MD, 5.3 mmHg [95% CI, 9.0 to =46%; N=228). A systematic review of exercise-based interventions on cardiovascular risk factors after stroke113 reported similar reductions in SBP in addition to other physiological outcomes (fasting insulin and glucose and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). Mean SBP reductions in exercise interventions with or without other inter- were greater than those observed with exercise A review of educational/behavioral interventions (excluding exercise) showed no effect on SBP.829 4. Cardiac rehabilitation reduces cardiovascular mortality in coronary heart disease.854 Emerging evidence supports its broad application in TIA/ nondisabling stroke populations. One small RCT (N=22) demonstrated superiority to usual care in risk profiles, perceived physical functioning, and mental health when patients with TIA/nondis- abling stroke access existing programs.133 A cohort study (N=80) of participants with TIA attending a 6-month cardiac rehabilitation program demon- strated a significant (26%) increase in the lowest mortality risk category of the Duke treadmill score and significant improvements in fitness, total cho- lesterol/high density lipoprotein ratios, waist cir- cumference, and BMI.132 Two RCTs demonstrated promising longer-term reductions in cardiovascular events. 