Population Risk In 2010, high BP was the leading cause of death and disability-adjusted life years worldwide.S2.3-1,S2.3-2 In the United States, hypertension (see Section 3.1 for definition) accounted for more CVD deaths than any other modifiable CVD risk factor and was second only to cigarette smoking as a preventable cause of death for any reason.S2.3-3 In a fol- low-up study of 23272 US NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) participants, >50% of deaths from coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke occurred among individuals with hypertension.S2.3-4 Because of the high prevalence of hypertension and its associated increased risk of CHD, stroke, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), the population-attributable risk of these outcomes associated with hypertension is high.S2.3-4,S2.3-5 In the population-based ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study, 25% of the cardiovascular events (CHD, coronary revasculariza- tion, stroke, or HF) were attributable to hypertension. In the Northern Manhattan study, the percentage of events attribut- able to hypertension was higher in women (32%) than in men (19%) and higher in blacks (36%) than in whites (21%).S2.3-6 In 2012, hypertension was the second leading assigned cause of ESRD, behind diabetes mellitus (DM), and accounted for 34% of incident ESRD cases in the US population.S2.3-7 2.4. Coexistence of Hypertension and Related Chronic Conditions Recommendation for Coexistence of Hypertension and Related Chronic Conditions References that support the recommendation are summarized in Online Data Supplement 1. COR LOE Recommendation I B-NR 1. Screening for and management of other modifiable CVD risk factors are recommended in adults with Synopsis Many adult patients with hypertension have other CVD risk factors; a list of such modifiable and relatively fixed risk factors is provided in Table 5. 