When the FSRS was used to evaluate risk in a group of elderly French men and women (aged 65 84 years at base- line), it overestimated the risk substantially (by a factor of 4.4 in women and 3.7 in men), which led to a recalibrated stroke score for that population.442 Therefore, comparative data are needed on how well risk scores perform in women versus men and in different racial and ethnic populations. Several stroke risk scores were developed exclusively for use in men,443,444 but woman-specific models are needed to more accurately reflect risk across the lifespan. Specific risk factors are unique to or more common in women that have not been included in traditional risk assessment (Table 3). Prospective research is needed for these woman-specific risk factors, including pregnancy-related risk factors and hormonal exposure (OCs and postmenopausal HT), as well as changes in hormone status across the lifespan (menarche, menopause, and oophorectomy). 