Diag- nostic studies should exclude potential sources of car- dioembolic embolism. ESUS: A stroke that appears nonlacunar on neu- roimaging without an obvious source after a minimum standard evaluation (including arterial imaging, echocar- diography, extended rhythm monitoring, and key labora- tory studies such as a lipid profile and HbA1c) to rule out known stroke etiologies such as cardioembolic sources and atherosclerosis proximal to the stroke.39 A diagnosis of ESUS implies that the stroke is embolic in origin, given the nonlacunar location; however, the source of the embolus is unknown, despite a minimal standard evaluation. Although cryptogenic stroke simi- larly implies that the cause of the origin is unknown, the stroke is not necessarily embolic. Individuals with ESUS have cryptogenic stroke, but the converse is not always the case. 2.2. Shared Decision-Making Shared decision-making is a key component of patient-centered care. It is a process in which clini- cians describe options, provide information on risks and benefits, assist patients in evaluating those options based on their personal goals and concerns, and facili- tate deliberation and decision-making. Although this document provides guidance based on a review of the literature, it is essential for clinicians to collabora- tively develop care plans with patients, incorporating patients wishes, goals, and concerns. Treatment should always be tailored to patients individ- ual situations. Therefore, as a rule, we did not include the statement unless contraindicated in the recommenda- tions. It is implicit that if a recommendation is contra- indicated in a patient s circumstance, it should not be implemented. Figure 1. Conceptual representation of ischemic stroke subtypes. Percentages are approximate and are informed by Kolominsky-Rabas et al36 and Gardener et al.37 Precise percentages will depend on extent of testing and patient populations. 