Graded recommendations and ungraded consensus-based statements were drafted, voted on, and revised until consensus was reached. RESULTS: For patients with AF without valvular heart disease, including those with paroxysmal AF, who are at low risk of stroke (eg, CHA2DS2-VASc [congestive heart failure, hypertension, age $ 75 (doubled), diabetes, stroke (doubled)-vascular disease, age 65-74 and sex category ABBREVIATIONS: ABC = Atrial brillation Better Care; ACS = acute coronary syndrome; ACTIVE W = Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events; ACUTE = Assessment of Cardioversion Using Transesophageal Echocardiog- raphy; AFFIRM = Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Sinus Rhythm Management; AHRE = atrial high-rate episode; aPTT = activated partial thromboplastin time; ARISTOTLE = Apixaban for Reduction of Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation; ATRIA = Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation; AVERROES = Apixaban Versus Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) to Prevent Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Who Have Failed or Are Unsuitable for Vitamin K Antagonist Treatment; BRIDGE = Bridging Anticoagulation in Patients who Require Tem- porary Interruption of Warfarin Therapy for an Elective Invasive Procedure or Surgery; CAA = cerebral amyloid angiopathy; CHA2DS2-VASc = congestive heart failure, hypertension, age $75 (doubled), diabetes, stroke (doubled)-vascular disease, age 65-74 and sex category (female); CHADS2 = congestive heart failure; hyper- tension = age; diabetes = stroke (doubled); CIED = cardiac implanted electrical device; CKD = chronic kidney disease; CMB = cerebral microbleed; COI = con icts of interest; CrCl = creatinine clearance; DAPT = dual antiplatelet therapy; ESUS = embolic stroke of unde- termined source; GRADE = Grading of Recommendations, Assess- ment, Development, and Evaluation; HAS-BLED = hypertension, abnormal renal/liver function (1 point each), stroke, bleeding history or predisposition, labile INR, elderly (0.65), drugs/alcohol concom- itantly (1 point each); HEMORR2HAGES = hepatic or renal disease, ethanol abuse, malignancy, older, reduced platelet count/function, hypertension, anemia, genetic factors, excessive fall risk, and stroke; HF = heart failure; HR = hazard ratio; ICH = intracranial hemor- rhage; INR = international normalized ratio; LAA = left atrial appendage; LAAO = left atrial appendage occlusion; LMWH = low- molecular-weight heparin; MI = myocardial infarction; MOST = Atrial Diagnostics Ancillary Study of the Mode Selection Trial; NOAC = non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant drug; OAC = oral anticoagulant; o.d. 