RCTs in CKD populations have shown that data from the general population cannot necessarily be extrapolated to the Moreover, particularly in RCTs related to anemia, the RCT findings may be inconsistent with are now requiring more rigorous data, in particular from RCTs, as a basis for recommendations. Several manuscripts have re- cently emphasized that tight BP control may have adverse particularly in the elderly and those with CAD and low diastolic BP.40 Furthermore, less tight control (i.e., control involving the use of fewer drugs) may improve adherence and reduce costs of treatment, a benefit particu- larly relevant in resource-poor environments. Finally, several recent RCTs have not shown a benefit of lower BP targets in patients without proteinuria. For instance, the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) randomized participants to treat- ment to a MAP of either r92 mmHg or 102 to 107 mm Hg.140 During the long-term follow-up of participants, there was a benefit associated with the lower BP target among patients with a urine protein/creatinine ratio (PCR) of 4220 mg/g (422 mg/mmol), but not among those with a PCR r220mg/ g (r22 mg/mmol). In fact, in some analyses, there was a trend toward worse outcomes in those targeted to low BP when the urine PCR was r220 mg/g (r22 mg/mmol). Similarly, in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) no benefit was found with regard to the primary composite outcome with a systolic BP target o120 mmHg versus a target of o140 mmHg. We therefore propose that targets currently recom- mended in the general population be extrapolated to those with CKD who do not have elevated urinary albumin or protein levels. 