For patients with AF, including those with paroxysmal AF, stroke risk should be assessed using a risk factor based approach, rather than an categorization into low, moderate/high risk strata. We recommend use of the CHA2DS2-VASc as a simple clinical based stroke risk score to initially identify low stroke risk patients who should not be offered antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke and reduce mortality (Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence). Remark: Low risk patients are generally those age < 65 and lone AF irrespective of sex (this includes those with a CHA2DS2-VASc score 0 in males, or 1 in females). 2. 