The Role of Preoperative Carotid Artery Noninva- sive Screening in CABG Patients: Recommenda- tions e687 5.2.1.2. Delirium e689 5.2.1.3. Postoperative Cognitive Impairment e689 5.2.2. Mediastinitis/Perioperative Infection: Recommendations e689 5.2.3. Renal Dysfunction: Recommendations e691 5.2.4. Perioperative Myocardial Dysfunction: Recommendations e692 Recommendation e692 5.2.5. Perioperative Dysrhythmias: Recommendations e692 5.2.6. Perioperative Bleeding/Transfusion: Recommendations e693 6. Specific Patient Subsets e694 6.1. Elderly e694 6.2. Women e694 6.3. Patients With Diabetes Mellitus e695 6.4. Anomalous Coronary Arteries: Recommendations e696 6.5. Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease/Respiratory Insufficiency: Recommendations e696 6.6. Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease on Dialysis: Recommendations e697 6.7. Patients With Concomitant Valvular Disease: Recommendations e697 6.8. Patients With Previous Cardiac Surgery: Recommendation e697 6.8.1. Indications for Repeat CABG e697 6.8.2. Operative Risk e698 6.8.3. Long-Term Outcomes e698 6.9. Patients With Previous Stroke e698 6.10. Patients With PAD e698 7. Economic Issues e698 7.1. Cost-Effectiveness of CABG and PCI e698 7.1.1. Cost-Effectiveness of CABG Versus PCI e699 7.1.2. CABG Versus PCI With DES e699 8. Future Research Directions e699 8.1. Hybrid CABG/PCI e700 8.2. Protein and Gene Therapy e700 8.3. Teaching CABG to the Next Generation: Use of Surgical Simulators e700 References e701 Appendix 1. Author Relationships With Industry and Other Entities (Relevant) e731 Appendix 2. Reviewer Relationships With Industry and Other Entitites (Relevant) e733 Appendix 3. Abbreviation List e735 Preamble The medical profession should play a central role in evaluating the evidence related to drugs, devices, and procedures for the detection, management, and prevention of disease. When prop- erly applied, expert analysis of available data on the benefits and risks of these therapies and procedures can improve the quality of care, optimize patient outcomes, and favorably affect costs by focusing resources on the most effective strategies. 