Anticoagulation is indicated in patients with mitral stenosis and left atrial thrombus (Class I; Level of Evidence B). 3. Warfarin (target INR, 2.0 3.0) and low-dose aspi- rin are indicated after aortic valve replacement with bileaflet mechanical or current-generation, single- tilting-disk prostheses in patients with no risk factors* (Class I; Level of Evidence B); warfarin (target INR, 2.5 3.5) and low-dose aspirin are indicated in patients with mechanical aortic valve replacement and risk fac- tors* (Class I; Level of Evidence B); and warfarin (tar- get INR, 2.5 3.5) and low-dose aspirin are indicated after mitral valve replacement with any mechanical valve (Class I; Level of Evidence B). 4. Surgical excision is recommended for the treatment of atrial myxomas (Class I; Level of Evidence C). 5. Surgical intervention is recommended for symptom- atic fibroelastomas and for fibroelastomas that are >1 cm or appear mobile, even if asymptomatic (Class I; Level of Evidence C). 6. Aspirin is reasonable after aortic or mitral valve replacement with a bioprosthesis (Class IIa; Level of Evidence B). 7. It is reasonable to give warfarin to achieve an INR of 2.0 to 3.0 during the first 3 months after aortic or mitral valve replacement with a bioprosthesis (Class IIa; Level of Evidence C). 8. Anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents are reasonable for patients with heart failure who do not have AF or a previous thromboembolic event (Class IIa; Level of Evidence A). 9. Vitamin K antagonist therapy is reasonable for patients with STEMI and asymptomatic left ventric- ular mural thrombi (Class IIa; Level of Evidence C). 10. Anticoagulation may be considered for asymptom- atic patients with severe mitral stenosis and left atrial dimension 55 mm by echocardiography (Class IIb; Level of Evidence B). 11. 