No meta-analysis was conducted due to the heterogeneous nature of the interventions and populations in the included studies. The studies were grouped into strata based on the population risk level (high, low) and the length of the intervention (long, mid, short), and were also categorised into one of four intervention types (home-based MDT, MDT clinic, nurse-led or pharmacist-led clinic, or case management). High risk Short Home-based MDT No studies were identified in this category. MDT clinic This category included two studies with high risk populations exposed to a short MDT clinic intervention. For the outcome of all-cause hospitalisations, the evidence was inconsistent, with one study (n=98) suggesting a clinically important reduction and the other (n=112) suggesting a clinically important increase (moderate to low quality evidence). The evidence from both studies did not demonstrate a clear effect with the confidence interval ranging from a decrease and increase in all- cause mortality.One of the studies (n=112) showed a clinically important increase in prescribing of ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers (high to moderate quality evidence). Nurse-led or pharmacist-led clinic No studies were identified in this category. Case-management No studies were identified in this category. High risk, Mid-length Home-based MDT This category included one study (n=72) with a high risk population exposed to a mid-length home- based MDT intervention. The evidence showed a clinically important reduction in hospitalisations (high quality evidence) and a clinically important improvement in quality of life (very low quality evidence). Mortality did not demonstrate a clear effect with the confidence interval ranging from a decrease and increase in all-cause mortality. MDT clinic This category included three studies with high risk populations exposed to mid-length MDT clinic interventions. 