In general, the valves that would be amenable to successful balloon valvuloplasty are found in young patients, who are often <25 years of age. Restenosis will occur over time and in a relatively short time in some patients. Balloon valvuloplasty of calcified BAV is associ- ated with decreased efficacy and an increased risk of AR.S4.2.4-14,S4.2.4-15 Although transcatheter interventions for aortic stenosis are increasingly commonly performed in older adults and, thus, there are increasing numbers of interventional cardiologists technically skilled at balloon aortic valvuloplasty and transcatheter aortic valve re- placement, the differences in anatomy and pa- tient population necessitate collaboration with an ACHD cardiologist for younger patients. 4.2.4.1. Turner Syndrome Recommendations for Turner Syndrome Referenced studies that support recommendations are summarized in Online Data Supplement 35. COR LOE Recommendations Diagnostic I B-NR Women with Turner syndrome should be evaluated for bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of the aorta, and enlargement of the ascending aorta.S4.2.4.1-1 Therapeutic IIa B-NR Prophylactic replacement of the aortic root or ascending aorta in adults with Turner syndrome is reasonable when the aortic Synopsis The management of valve dysfunction is generally as directed by the 2014 VHD guideline.S4.2.4.1-3 Aortopathy is a commonly associated condition, and frequently in- volves the mid-ascending aorta, which may not be re- liably seen on TTE. Measurement of aortic dimensions with magnetic resonance angiography and CCT has not been standardized, and clinicians should be wary of comparisons of reported diameters between modali- ties. Side-by-side comparisons are more reliable for de- tecting changes over time. Baseline and routine serial measurements of the aortic size are useful, with im- aging interval determined by the indexed size and rate of progression. 