A preliminary list of topics and key clinical questions was informed by the pre- vious KDIGO guideline141 and the KDIGO Controversies Confer- ence on Blood Pressure in CKD.374 Logical frameworks were developed to present a visual representation of the clinical question and facilitate discussion about the scope of the guideline. The majority of clinical questions for this guideline were based upon RCTs to avoid bias by design. However, for questions of critical importance, systematic reviews of the general population were included. Clinical questions adhered to the PICOM format (a list of critical and important outcomes was compiled after voting from the Work Group [Table 1]). The Work Group and the ERT further re ned the clinical questions to nalize inclusion and exclusion criteria to guide literature searching and data extraction. Clinical questions were mapped to existing Cochrane Kidney and Trans- plant systematic reviews. These systematic reviews were updated accordingly. For clinical questions that did not map with any Cochrane Kidney and Transplant systematic reviews, de novo sys- tematic reviews were undertaken. The previous guideline was reviewed to ensure all identi ed studies were included in the evi- Details of the PICOM questions and associated Cochrane Kidney and Transplant systematic reviews are provided in Table 2. All evidence reviews were conducted in accordance to the Cochrane Handbook,383 and guideline development adhered to the standards of GRADE.384 Literature searches and article selection. Searches for RCTs utilized the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Registry of studies. The Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Registry of studies is a database of RCTs in kidney disease that is maintained by information specialists. 