Such trials will need to consider the following: The selection of patients who might benefit from CPAP, Timing of testing and treatment in relation to stroke onset, Type of testing (in home or in facility), and Dose/type of CPAP. Currently, at least 3 trials are underway that will help in this regard: 1. Sleep SMART (Sleep for Stroke Management and Recovery Trial), a randomized trial to determine whether early treatment of OSA with CPAP after ischemic stroke or TIA reduces the risk for 2 primary outcome measures: recurrent stroke, acute coro- nary syndrome, and all-cause mortality 6 months after the event and functional status at 3 months (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03812653). 2. The RISE-UP trial (Recovery in Stroke Using PAP) focused on optimal timing of CPAP initiation after stroke (NCT04130503). 3. ASAP (Addressing Sleep Apnea Post Stroke/TIA), which will test a quality improvement initiative in the Veterans Affairs Medical Administration and include a secondary aim of recurrent vascular dis- ease (NCT04322162). 5. MANAGEMENT BY ETIOLOGY 5.1. Large Artery Atherosclerosis 5.1.1. Intracranial Large Artery Atherosclerosis Recommendations for Intracranial Large Artery Atherosclerosis Referenced studies that support recommendations are summarized in online Data Supplements 20 27. 