Team management also facilitates se- rial assessments and longitudinal care, including man- agement of comorbidities. 5.9. How to Manage Common Comorbidities In many cases, there is a bidirectional relationship be- tween HF and certain comorbidities whereby the pres- ence of one may increase the risk of the other, and the prognosis for the patient may be worse if both are present simultaneously. Patients with HF, particularly older patients, frequently have other CV and non-CV comorbidities that affect their prognosis. The presence of multiple chronic conditions is associated with increased symptom burden, may contribute to progression of underlying disease, and often plays a role in a large proportion of hospitalizations in patients with HF. Furthermore, these comorbid con- ditions can greatly affect the treatment of HF and the ability to optimize therapies. To optimally manage these patients and improve clinical outcomes, clinicians must increasingly consider diagnosis and treatment of relevant comorbidities alongside the use of evidence-based HF therapies. Appropriate referral to clinicians with experi- ence treating the various comorbidities is another important aspect of management and lays the foundation for effective team-based care. Diabetes is a common comorbidity that deserves care- ful attention (152,153). Diabetes is strongly associated with the risk of both incident HF and adverse clinical outcomes and is also closely linked to other relevant co- morbid conditions such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, and chronic kidney disease. Treatment of pa- tients with T2D with SGLT2 inhibitors improves glycemic control but also signi cantly reduces HF events in pa- tients with established CV disease or CV risk factors (154 156). Among patients with chronic kidney disease, SGLT2 inhibitors also decrease the risk of renal disease progres- sion in a manner additive to renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system inhibitors (145). 