CPAP is an efficacious treatment for improving obstruc- tive sleep apnea. However, studies of the effects of CPAP on BP have demonstrated only small effects on BP (eg, 2 to 3 mm Hg reductions), with results dependent on patient compliance with CPAP use, severity of obstruc- tive sleep apnea, and presence of daytime sleepiness in Although many RCTs have been reported that address the effects of CPAP on BP in obstructive sleep apnea, most of the patients studied did not have documented hypertension, and the studies were too small and the follow-up period too short to allow for adequate evaluation. In addition, a well-designed RCT demonstrated that CPAP plus usual care, compared with usual care alone, did not prevent cardiovascular events in patients with moderate severe obstructive sleep apnea and established CVD.S5.4.4-14 6. Nonpharmacological Interventions Correcting the dietary aberrations, physical inactivity, and excessive consumption of alcohol that cause high BP is a fundamentally important approach to prevention and man- agement of high BP, either on their own or in combination with pharmacological therapy. Prevention of hypertension and treatment of established hypertension are complemen- tary approaches to reducing CVD risk in the population, but prevention of hypertension provides the optimal means of reducing risk and avoiding the harmful consequences of Nonpharmacological therapy alone is especially useful for prevention of hypertension, including in adults with elevated BP, and for management of high BP in adults with milder forms of hypertension.S6-4,S6-5 Nonpharmacological interventions can be accomplished by means of behavioral strategies aimed at lifestyle change, prescription of dietary supplements, or implementation of kitchen-based interventions that directly modify elements of the diet. At a societal level, policy changes can enhance the availability of healthy foods and facilitate physical activ- ity. 