Patients with AF undergoing elective cardioversion Anticoagulation No anticoagulation - Death - All stroke - Ischemic stroke - Systemic embolism - Intracranial hem- orrhage (subdural, subarachnoid, and intracerebral) - Major extracranial hemorrhage SR RCTs Cohort studies (Continued) Evidence-Based Medicine [ # C H E S T N O V E M B E R ] TABLE 1 ] (Continued) Section Question Patients Intervention Control Outcomes Methodology - MI - Vascular death cardioversion What are the bene ts and risks of antithrombotic therapy when using TEE-guided cardioversion? Patients with AF undergoing TEE-guided cardioversion TEE-guided cardioversion Conventional anticoagulation - Death - All stroke - Ischemic stroke - Systemic embolism - Intracranial hem- orrhage (subdural, subarachnoid, and intracerebral) - Major extracranial hemorrhage - MI - Vascular death SR RCTs Cohort studies 5 Practical issues in the use of adjusted- dose VKA therapy 5.1 Optimal target INR What target INR provides the optimal balance between stroke prevention and bleeding in AF? Patients with AF INR, 2-3 Other - Death - All stroke - Ischemic stroke - Systemic embolism - Intracranial hem- orrhage (subdural, subarachnoid, and intracerebral) - Major extracranial hemorrhage - MI - Vascular death SR RCTs Cohort studies Patients with AF and valvular heart disease/ prosthetic valves INR, 2-3 Other - Death - All stroke - Ischemic stroke - Systemic embolism - Intracranial hem- orrhage (subdural, subarachnoid, and intracerebral) - Major extracranial hemorrhage - MI - Vascular death SR RCTs Cohort studies (Continued) chestjournal.org TABLE 1 ] (Continued) Section Question Patients Intervention Control Outcomes Methodology 5.1 TTR What is the association between TTR and outcomes in AF? 