Most recent BP guidelines have suggested a target BP of o140/90 mm Hg for all individuals who are not at high risk This is based on several lines of evidence, including observational data suggesting that high BP is a risk factor for CVD,144 observational data suggesting that high BP is a risk factor for development and progression of RCTs of BP agents in the general population showing a benefit of a lower target BP,149,150 and RCTs in the general population demonstrating that the treatment of BP reduces CVD outcomes.151 Several previous guidelines for kidney disease have recommended a BP target of o130/80 mm Hg for all patients with CKD, irrespective of the level of urine protein.1,143 These recommendations are primarily based on observational data in the general population showing that the presence of CKD, irrespective of the level of urine protein, is associated with high risk of CVD.152,153 In addition, data from the MDRD study, which randomized patients to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of o92 mm Hg (equivalent to 125/75 mm Hg) versus 107 mm Hg (equivalent to 140/90 mm Hg) showed that tight BP control reduced progression of kidney disease in patients with41 g of urine protein per 24 hours.142 http://www.kidney-international.org chapter 3 & 2012 KDIGO Since the publication of previous guidelines, several events have resulted in more caution about advocating a BP target of r130/80 mm Hg in CKD patients without albuminuria. RCTs in CKD populations have shown that data from the general population cannot necessarily be extrapolated to the Moreover, particularly in RCTs related to anemia, the RCT findings may be inconsistent with are now requiring more rigorous data, in particular from RCTs, as a basis for recommendations. 