Details of the PICODD criteria are presented in Table 6. http://www.kidney-international.org methods for guideline development & 2013 KDIGO Table 6 | Systematic review topics and screening criteria Lipid-lowering agents Population Adults and children with CKD of any severity, with or without dyslipidemia and diabetes; kidney transplant recipients; CKD subgroups in large studies of the general population Intervention Z1 lipid-lowering agent (typically statin, niacin, colestipol, or cholestyramine). Excluded dietary supplements, phosphate binders, apheresis, stanols, and sterols. Comparator Active or control Outcome Categorical: All-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, clinical cardiovascular events, ESRD, graft failure, doubling of SCr, halving of GFR Continuous: changes in TC, LDL-C, or HDL-C or TGs Study design RCTs with parallel-group design; systematic reviews, CKD-subgroup analyses of general population RCTs if no evidence of selection bias and of sufficient size Minimum duration of follow-up 4 weeks for continuous lipid outcomes; 1 year for clinical outcomes; if general population study, 1 year Minimum N of Subjects Z100 per arm for adults, Z25 per arm for children; if general population study, Z500 per arm for adults or Z100 per arm for children in full study Diet or lifestyle modification Population Adults and children with CKD of any severity, with or without dyslipidemia and diabetes; kidney transplant recipients; CKD subgroups in large studies of the general population Intervention Weight loss, special diet, or exercise; also structured care vs. usual care Comparator Different diet or lifestyle modification or agent or placebo Outcome Categorical: All-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, clinical cardiovascular events, ESRD, graft failure, doubling of SCr, halving of GFR Continuous: changes in TC, LDL-C, or HDL-C or TGs Design RCTs with parallel-group design; systematic reviews, CKD-subgroup analyses of general population RCTs if no evidence of selection bias and of sufficient size Minimum duration of follow-up 4 weeks for continuous lipid outcomes; 1 year for clinical outcomes; if general population study, 1 year Minimum N of subjects Z25 per arm Drug interactions (update of Tables 32-37 in KDOQI 2003 guideline) Population General population Intervention Any statin and any other drug Comparator NA Outcomes Change in bioavailability of statin Design Systematic reviews Minimum duration of follow-up NA Minimum N of subjects NA Change in LDL-C level by statin Population General population Intervention Any statin Comparator Other agent or placebo Outcomes Change in LDL-C Design Systematic review or meta-analysis, 2006-2011 Minimum duration of follow-up NA Minimum N of subjects NA Adverse events from statin+fibrate therapy Population General population (typically focused on familial hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia) Intervention Any statin or statins + any fibrate or fibrates Comparator Statin or statins alone (also captured data vs. fibrate alone or placebo) Outcomes Any adverse event, any serious adverse event, discontinuation owing to drug, AKI, cancer, rhabdomyolysis, myalgia, increased creatine kinase, increased creatinine, increased ALT or AST, any other specified; in children, also measures of growth, development, cognitive function Design Any Minimum duration of follow-up Any Minimum N of Subjects Any Frequency of lipids testing Population Any Intervention Any regimen with variable timing of measurement: e.g.