Two large RCTs demonstrated no effect of preventive antimicrobial therapy on functional outcome. PASS (Preventive Antibiotics in Stroke Study) showed no difference in the primary end point of distribution of functional outcome scores on the mRS score at 3 months (adjusted common OR, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.82 1.09]; P=0.46) despite an overall reduction in the incidence of infection (OR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.38 0.85]; P=0.005), including reducing the number of urinary tract infections (OR, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.26 0.46]; P<0.001), but no significant decrease in the rate of poststroke pneumonia In STROKE-INF (Antibiotics to Prevent Infection in Stroke), prophylactic antibiotics did not affect the incidence of the primary end point of poststroke pneumonia (adjusted OR,1.21 [95% CI, 0.71 2.08]; P=0.489) or the secondary end point of mRS score of 0 to 2 at 90 days (adjusted OR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.6 Three meta-analyses including these trials and other smaller RCTs all demonstrated a reduction in infection but no change in functional outcome.276 278 See Table LXVII in online Data Supplement 1. Routine placement of indwelling bladder catheters should not be performed because of the associated risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. III: Harm C-LD Recommendation wording modified from 2013 AIS Guidelines to match COR III stratifications. COR and LOE amended to conform with ACC/AHA 2015 Recommendation Classification System. 4.12. Rehabilitation COR LOE New, Revised, or Unchanged It is recommended that early rehabilitation for hospitalized stroke patients be provided in environments with organized, interprofessional stroke care. I A Recommendation unchanged from 2016 Rehab Guidelines. It is recommended that stroke survivors receive rehabilitation at an intensity commensurate with anticipated benefit and tolerance. I B-NR Recommendation and COR unchanged from 2016 Rehab Guidelines. LOE amended to conform with ACC/AHA 2015 Recommendation Classification System. 