Measurement and prognosis Are there better ways to estimate GFR in older adults to identify CKD? What are the morphologic correlates of CKD in elderly people? Are there other markers that can contribute to assessment of CKD prognosis in elderly people, beyond GFR and cystatin? CVD How do age-related changes in vascular biology contribute to CKD- associated increases in cardiovascular risk? What are the age-related changes in non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors in patients with CKD? Other comorbidities How do comorbidities differ during the transition from CKD to kidney failure and need for dialysis? Can the deterioration in physical functioning and subsequent frailty in patients with CKD be prevented by physical activity interventions? How does age interact with exercise in prevention or reduction of comorbidities associated with CKD progression? What is the natural history of cognitive impairment associated with CKD progression, and what happens to cognitive function with the start of dialysis? What mechanisms link CKD with cognitive impairment in elderly people? Are there any interventions to attenuate the development of cognitive impairment in patients with CKD? How does preclinical kidney disease relate to other prefrailty risk factors? Management and care How can geriatricians, internists, general family practitioners, and nephrologists work together to optimize the care of elderly patients with CKD and kidney failure? Can age-related declines in kidney function and progression to CKD be modulated? AKI, acute kidney injury; CKD chronic kidney disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate. Adapted from Anderson S, Halter JB, Hazzard WR et al. Prediction, progression, and outcomes of chronic kidney disease in older adults. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 1199 209 with permission from American Society of Nephrology400 conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.; accessed http://jasn.asnjournals.org/ content/20/6/1199.long. 