Recent data from 1 investiga- tion92 failed to demonstrate the utility of early follow-up and advocated that instead, patients should be instructed to call their implanting physician for development of fever or incision findings of inflammation. The writing group believes that both early follow-up in a clinic setting and Table 2. Published Case Series That Report Outcomes of CIED Infection Reference Year n Population Treatment Follow-Up, y Outcomes Arber et al13 1994 44 Pacemaker endocarditis categorized as definite (n 25), probable ? ? ? Klug et al34 1997 57 Pacemaker lead endocarditis Plan for initial device removal and parenteral antibiotic therapy removal 2 after removal); 26.9% mortality at end of follow-up O Nunain et al84 1997 21 ICD infection Total system removal in 15; partial system removal in 2; no explantation in 4. 