3. Self-monitoring. Self-monitoring skills enhance patient education and behavior change. Examples such as home BP and blood glucose monitoring and tracking daily calories and physical activity minutes can support important lifestyle change. Review of self-monitoring logs by patient and provider at subsequent clinic visits supports the continued importance of and attention to behavior change. In some healthcare plans, these data can be entered via web portals for patients.474 4. Internet- and computer-based education. A growing number of health plans provide health information via websites and special programs. This approach is often low in cost to the patient but requires adequate com- puter access and skills, higher reading levels, and self-motivation to change behavior (eg, AHA Choose to 5. Hand-held computer devices, smartphones, and other portable devices. Portable devices have the potential to provide motivational reminders and prompts for life- style change but have not yet been thoroughly tested. Present efforts to improve the effectiveness of patient education and lifestyle interventions integrate key constructs related to behavior change theory. A summary of the most common models is provided below: 1. Motivational interviewing, a social learning theory, promotes behavioral change through empathetic and reflective listening, encouraging patients to determine their reasons for change, helping healthcare profession- als deal with resistance, and supporting self-efficacy.476 2. Self-efficacy theory posits that the ability to change behavior depends upon one s self-confidence to per- form a specific action (such as walking 30 minutes daily) and the belief that one can persist with this action. Low self-efficacy predicts poor ability to achieve a specified lifestyle change. Improving one s self- efficacy will improve the ability to change a particular 3. The Transtheoretical Model of behavior change is based on stages of change. 