Optimal BP targets for reducing stroke risk are uncer- tain. Although the benefits of BP reduction on stroke risk continue to be seen at progressively lower pressures, adverse effects on mortality and other outcomes may limit the lower level to which BP targets can be pushed, particularly among certain subgroups of patients such as patients with diabetes mellitus. Future studies are needed to determine the effects of treating BP variability beyond the effects of treatment of mean BP levels. Hypertension remains undertreated in the commu- nity, and additional programs to improve treatment adherence need to be developed, tested, and implemented. Both person- alized approaches to pharmacotherapy based on pharmacoge- netics and population-level approaches to reducing BP require further study. Hypertension: Recommendations 1. Regular BP screening and appropriate treatment of patients with hypertension, including lifestyle modi- fication and pharmacological therapy, are recom- mended (Class I; Level of Evidence A). 2. Annual screening for high BP and health-promoting lifestyle modification are recommended for patients with prehypertension (SBP of 120 to 139 mmHg or DBP of 80 to 89 mmHg) (Class I; Level of Evidence A). 3. Patients who have hypertension should be treated with antihypertensive drugs to a target BP of <140/90 mmHg (Class I; Level of Evidence A). 4. Successful reduction of BP is more important in reducing stroke risk than the choice of a specific agent, and treatment should be individualized on the basis of other patient characteristics and medication tolerance (Class I; Level of Evidence A). 5. Self-measured BP monitoring is recommended to improve BP control. (Class I; Level of Evidence A). Obesity and Body Fat Distribution Stroke, along with hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes mellitus, is associated with being overweight or obese. 