Search Methods To identify relevant evidence, a systematic review was outlined and literature searches were conducted in PubMed using standardized medical subject heading (MeSH) terms from the National Library of Medicine list of search terms and were inclusive of the dates January 2000 to December 2015. The following terms comprised the standard baseline search terms for topics and were connected with the logical OR connector:  Extracorporeal circulation (MeSH number E04.292 includes extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, left heart bypass, hemo ltration, hemoperfusion, and cardiopulmonary bypass)  Cardiovascular surgical procedures (MeSH number E04.100 includes off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, myocardial revascularization, all valve operations, and all other operations on the heart)  Pharmacologic actions of anticoagulant drugs (MeSH number D27.505 includes molecular mecha- nisms, physiologic effects, and therapeutic use of drugs)  Anticoagulation reversal (MeSH number D12.776 includes protamine sulfate and other protamines and nuclear proteins) These broad search terms allowed speci c topics to be added to the search with the logical AND connector and Abbreviations and Acronyms ACT = activated clotting time AmSECT = The American Society of Extracorporeal Technology CPB = cardiopulmonary bypass ECT = ecarin clotting time ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay HIPA = heparin-induced platelet activation HIT = heparin-induced thrombocytopenia MeSH = medical subject heading PF4 = platelet factor 4 RCT = randomized controlled trial SCA = The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists SRA = serotonin release assay STS = The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Ann Thorac Surg 2018;105:650 62 ANTICOAGULATION DURING CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS REPORT publication types and groups to be excluded (Appendix). This search methodology provided a broad list of generated references speci c for the search topic. The searches yielded 833 abstracts. Abstracts were reviewed by two independent reviewers for acceptance into the paper review stage. 