The Cochrane nonpharmacological interventions (based on cardiac rehabilitation) review for pre- venting vascular events after stroke/TIA855 identi- fied 1 pilot RCT of cardiac rehabilitation compared with usual stroke care (N=48), demonstrating promising and statistically significant gains in vascular risk profiles and cardiovascular fitness. A systematic review of lifestyle interventions in stroke identified this study and 2 others broadly matching cardiac rehabilitation in their format and concluded that, although meta-analysis was not possible, all studies were associated with signifi- cant improvements in health profiles and manage- ment of risk,111 with this approach endorsed in the AHA/ASA physical activity and exercise recom- mendations for stroke survivors.34 A recent pro- spective cohort study with a matched subgroup comparison (N=609) evaluated a Stroke Recovery Programme with 3 components: physician visits, outpatient therapy, and modified cardiac rehabilita- tion consisting of group therapy of 4 to 5 patients with stroke directed by a specially trained physical therapist and physical therapy assistant compared with usual rehabilitation. Nonrandomized subgroup CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Kleindorfer analysis comparing Stroke Recovery Programme participants (n=76) and matched pairs of nonpar- ticipants (n=66), in addition to functional gains, identified an age-adjusted HR of 0.11 (SE, 1.07 [95% CI, 0.01 0.90]; P=0.039) for the effect of participant group, suggesting that nonparticipants had a 9 times higher hazard of mortality.844 6. Although acknowledging that educating patients with stroke or TIA about their condition and the causesoftheirstrokeisanimportantaspectofstroke care, evidence does not support its role in modifying health risk behaviors. 