This study in children was not powered for, and did not demonstrate, differences in the critical outcome of all-cause mortality. In the ESCAPE trial, targeting the intensi ed BP control required a larger number of antihypertensive agents than the conventional target, which may be a burden for some children. Certain subgroups, those with glomerular disorders, GFR <45 ml/ , and those with PCR >1.5 g/g (150 mg/ mmol) seemed to bene t the most. Of note, based on this observation, the 2016 European Society of Hypertension guideline recommends targeting the 75th percentile of MAP of normal children in a CKD patient with no proteinuria, and the 50th percentile if an individual has proteinuria.356 This is based on a subgroup analysis of the ESCAPE data, which suggested that those children with a PCR <0.5 g/g (50 mg/ mmol) did not have a signi cant bene t from strict BP control. Therefore, the risk bene t ratio associated with this treatment strategy may differ in different subpopulations. There may be a higher risk of adverse events with aggressive BP control in individuals who are prone to become dehydrated and are at risk of AKI. 