Evaluation of nonimaging parameters (serum markers and other novel approaches) Timing of intervention Timing of intervention in asymptomatic patients with valve regurgitation Intervention for asymptomatic severe AS Intervention for moderate AS with LV dysfunction Identification of patients with secondary MR who benefit from intervention Patient-centered research Involvement of patients in identifying research questions, study design, and definition of outcomes Inclusion of diverse patient groups Adequate representation of diverse patient populations in RCTs for VHD Decision aids Development and validation of improved decision aids for shared decision-making with patients Implementation and validation of decision algorithms for physicians and Heart Valve Teams Intervention options and long-term management (Stage D) Improved prosthetic valves Durability of TAVI valves Nonthrombogenic durable surgical and transcatheter valves Optimal antithrombotic therapy Alternatives to VKA anticoagulation for mechanical valves Management of anticoagulation during pregnancy Optimal antithrombotic therapy after TAVI Medical therapy after AVR Medical therapy to address ventricular and vascular function Optimal blood pressure targets after valve intervention Lower procedural risk Approaches to lower surgical morbidity and mortality rates Prevention of postoperative AF Noninvasive approaches for correction of valve dysfunction Prevention of complications Approaches to avoid need for permanent pacing after SAVR or TAVI Better prevention, diagnosis and treatment of endocarditis. Better prevention of thromboembolic events. Promoting equity Identify and address disparities in outcomes and survival across diverse patient populations Develop novel, cost-effective approaches for long-term management in rural settings Expand access to therapies for valvular dysfunction AF indicates atrial fibrillation; AS, aortic stenosis; AVR, aortic valve replacement; LV, left ventricular; MR, mitral regurgitation; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SAVR, surgical aortic valve replacement; TAVI, transcatheter aortic valve implantation; VHD, valvular heart disease; and VKA, vitamin K antagonist. 