In a large meta-analysis of cases of angiotro- pic lymphoma reported between 1957 and 2012, only 8% presented with stroke-like symptoms.736 Given the observational nature of the report, limited information is available on how to reduce the risk of stroke recur- rence. Therefore, we advise treating the underlying malignancy. A multidisciplinary team is recommended for the management of these complex patients. Vasculitis Knowledge Gaps and Future Research CNS autoimmune vasculitides are a broad spectrum of disorders that may present with stroke. Although studies focused on people with stroke and CNS vasculitis are not common, we inferred that treating the underlying vascu- litis may help reduce the risk of stroke. The treatment of choice varies, depending on each condition. We have identified areas in which further research is needed to better diagnose or treat these heterogeneous conditions: A growing area of interest and future research includes the use of biological drugs that may target more specifically the disputed pathways in some of these disorders. It is highly encouraged that stroke be incorporated as an independent outcome in future trials. Steroids are often used to treat autoimmune vascu- litis. This may be problematic in people with coexist- ing vascular risk such as hypertension and diabetes. Further research is needed on the safety profile of long-term steroids and steroid-sparing agents in stroke populations. Similarly, the timing of steroid initiation and poststeroid biopsy yield should be fur- ther delineated. In adults with ischemic stroke or TIA and symptoms of giant cell arteritis, the benefit of an initial high- dose intravenous pulse of steroids versus oral ste- roids in stroke prevention is uncertain. For the treatment of VZV vasculitis, the role of ste- roids as adjunctive therapy to acyclovir is not well established. 