Remark: Low risk patients are generally those age < 65 and lone AF irrespective of sex (this includes those with a CHA2DS2-VASc score 0 in males, or 1 in females). 2. Subsequent to this initial step, for patients with AF, including those with paroxysmal AF, we recommend stroke prevention should be offered to those AF University College London (Dr Banerjee), London, United Kingdom; Cardiology Division, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Modena University Hospital (Dr Boriani), Modena, Italy; General Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University (Dr Chiang), Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Riverside University Medical Center, Moreno Valley, CA, and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Hyperbaric, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center (Dr Fargo), Loma Linda, CA; Heart Research Institute/Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney and Department of Cardiology Concord Hospital, University of Sydney (Dr Freedman), Sydney, Australia; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Bir- mingham, United Kingdom, and Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aalborg Univer- sity (Dr Lane), Aalborg, Denmark; Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women s Hospital, Harvard Medical School (Dr Ruff), Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine (Dr Turakhia), Stanford, CA; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, University College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (Dr Werring), London, United Kingdom; CHEST (Ms Patel), Glenview, IL; and Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine (Dr Moores) Bethesda, MD. 