In the judgment of the Work Group, it is unnecessary to measure LDL-C in situations where the results would not (or likely would not) change management. For example, patients already receiving a statin (or in whom statin treatment is clearly indicated/not indicated based on changes in their cardiovascular risk profile or clinical status) would not require follow-up LDL-C measurements because the results would not alter treatment. Similarly, since the association chapter 1 http://www.kidney-international.org & 2013 KDIGO between LDL-C and adverse clinical outcomes is weaker in people with CKD than in the general population, the value of measuring LDL-C to assess prognosis is uncertain. Since low HDL-C and elevated apolipoprotein B (apoB) or non-HDL-C associated with excess risk of future clinicians might choose to measure these parameters in patients not receiving a statin but in whom estimated cardiovascular risk is close to the threshold for initiating statin treatment. Put differently, clinicians could choose to measure HDL-C, apoB and/or non HDL-C if the finding of these tests would influence their decision to prescribe statin treatment. Few data document how frequently CKD patients develop severely elevated fasting TGs 411.3 mmol/l (41000 mg/dl). Since clinical experience suggests that this event is rare, routine measurement of fasting TG levels is not recom- mended. However, clinicians may consider following serum TG levels in patients with known severe hypertriglyceridemia. The ideal frequency of follow-up of LDL-C, HDL-C and serum TGs is unknown. Since any benefits of lipid-lowering treatment are likely to accrue over years rather than months or weeks, the Work Group suggests that cardiovascular risk be assessed annually in most patients with CKD. However, more frequent (or less frequent) follow-up measure- ments may be appropriate based on the clinical status of the patient. 