Attention should be paid to physical features that suggest secondary hypertension (Table 13). 7.1. Laboratory Tests and Other Diagnostic Procedures Laboratory measurements should be obtained for all patients with a new diagnosis of hypertension to facilitate CVD risk factor profiling, establish a baseline for medication use, and screen for secondary causes of hypertension (Table 17). Optional tests may provide information on target organ damage. Monitoring of serum sodium and potassium levels is helpful during diuretic or RAS blocker titration, as are serum creatinine and urinary albumin as markers of CKD Measurement of thyroid-stimulating hor- mone is a simple test to easily detect hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, 2 remediable causes of hypertension. A decision to conduct additional laboratory testing would be appropriate in the context of increased hypertension severity, poor response to standard treatment approaches, a dispropor- tionate severity of target organ damage for the level of BP, or historical or clinical clues that support a secondary cause. 7.2. Cardiovascular Target Organ Damage Pulse-wave velocity, carotid intima-media thickness, and coronary artery calcium score provide noninvasive estimates Table 16. 