Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006:4;CD006257.259 Sharma P, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011:10;CD007751.281 Chung EYM, Ruospo M, Natale P, et al. Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020;10:CD007004.193 SoF table Supplementary Tables S15 S17, S21 S24, and S60 S62 Clinical question In patients with CKD, does non-RAS inhibition compared to placebo or RAS inhibition improve clinical ef cacy outcomes and reduce adverse effects? Population Adults with CKD (CKD G1 G5 without kidney transplant) and with and without diabetes (T1D and T2D) Intervention Non-RAS inhibition (alpha-blockers, beta-blockers, CCBs, DRIs, diuretics) Comparator Placebo or RASi Outcomes Critical and important harms listed in Table 1 Study design RCTs Cochrane review None relevant Clinical question In patients with CKD, does dual-RAS inhibition compared to mono-RAS inhibition improve clinical ef cacy outcomes and reduce adverse effects? Population Adults with CKD (CKD G1 G5 without kidney transplant) and with and without diabetes (T1D and T2D) Intervention Dual RAS inhibition Comparator Mono RAS inhibition Outcomes Critical and important harms listed in Table 1 Study design RCTs Cochrane review Strippoli GFM, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists for preventing the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006:4;CD006257.259 Sharma P, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 