Some of the difficulties in implementation and in auditing BP target achievement are discussed in Chapter 8. DISCLAIMER While every effort is made by the publishers, editorial board, and ISN to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement appears in this Journal, they wish to make it clear that the data and opinions appearing in the articles and advertisements herein are the responsibility of the contribu- tor, copyright holder, or advertiser concerned. Accordingly, the publishers and the ISN, the editorial board and their respective employers, office and agents accept no liability whatsoever for the consequences of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement. While every effort is made to ensure that drug doses and other quantities are presented accurately, readers are advised that new methods and techniques involving drug usage, and described within this Journal, should only be followed in conjunction with the drug manufacturer s own published literature. Chapter 2: Lifestyle and pharmacological treatments for lowering blood pressure in CKD ND patients INTRODUCTION This section outlines lifestyle and pharmacological methods to reduce BP in patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD (CKD ND). Because these strategies were covered in detail in the 2004 KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines on Hypertension and Antihypertensive Agents in Chronic Kidney Disease (http:// www.kidney.org/professionals/KDOQI/guidelines_bp/index. we concentrate on issues relating to BP control in CKD patients that have arisen since 2004. 