Rationale We issue a strong (1B) recommendation for treatment with ACEi or ARB for patients with diabetes, increased albuminuria, and normal-to-low GFR (G1 G4; A2 or A3), because their desirable bene ts in kidney and CV protection outweigh the adverse risks associated with therapy. Nonetheless, these side effects, such as hyperkalemia and rises in serum creatinine, may lead to highercosts from additional visits and laboratory testing. Practice Point 3.2.1: It may be reasonable to treat people with high BP, CKD, and no albuminuria, with or without diabetes, with RASi (ACEi or ARB). Patients with CKD, high BP, and no albuminuria are at lower risk of CKD progression. In this subpopulation, existing evi- dence does not demonstrate clear clinical bene ts of RASi for CKD progression, and other antihypertensive agents are as appropriate for BP management. However, we feel that some patients would put a large value on the CV protection from RASi and would be willing to tolerate the potential harms, particularly patients with higher GFR and a relatively low risk of harm. 