Scope of the Guideline The aim of the present guideline is to provide clinicians with evidence-based recommendations for the preven- tion of future stroke among survivors of ischemic stroke or TIA. It should be noted that this guideline does not cover the following topics, which have been addressed elsewhere: Acute management decisions (covered in the 2019 Update to the 2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic ), Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH; covered in the Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous ), Primary prevention (covered in the Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke 18 and 2019 American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular ), Special considerations for stroke prevention in women (covered in the Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in Women 20 ), and Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (covered in Diagnosis and Management of Cerebral Venous ). In general, with very few exceptions, the literature sup- ports the concept that patients with TIA and those with ischemic stroke should be treated the same in terms of secondary prevention. This guideline is divided into 4 sections: Diagnostic Evaluation for Secondary Stroke Prevention 2. Vascular Risk Factor Management 3. Management by Etiology Systems of Care for Secondary Ischemic Stroke Prevention. The structure and scope of this guideline differ from those of the 2014 Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and TIA9 in several ways. First, the current guideline reflects numerous innova- tions and modifications that were incorporated into the AHA clinical practice guideline format. 