Recognition that premature CVD is a major cause of death in CKD has led to CVD risk management becoming a recognized component of the care of the CKD patient. In planning appropriate interven- tions, one strategy is simply to extrapolate data from CVD outcomes trials in the general population. This approach has been challenged because the benefits of interventions predicted in observational studies25 are not always observed in RCTs involving CKD patients.26,27 In CKD-ND patients,28 unlike CKD patients on dialysis (CKD 5D),29 a higher BP is generally associated with a higher CVD risk, making BP- lowering an attractive goal in an effort to reduce cardiovas- cular morbidity and mortality. Although no RCTs assessing BP lowering agents have been specifically designed or powered to assess cardiovascular event rates as the primary outcome in any group of CKD patients, several studies assessing cardiovascular outcomes have included CKD patients and this information was considered in making the recommendations. Intended Users of this Guideline This Guideline is primarily aimed at health care professionals caring for individuals with CKD, including nephrologists, nurses, and pharmacists, as well as at physicians involved in the care of patients with diabetes and primary care providers. The Guideline is not aimed at health care administrators, policy makers, or regulators, although the explanatory text might be of value to these groups and assist in enhancing implementation and adherence to BP-lowering strategies. The Guideline is also not designed to be used in the development of clinical performance measures. Some of the difficulties in implementation and in auditing BP target achievement are discussed in Chapter 8. 