In addition, the risk ratio of mortality in women versus men increased with In contrast to SAH, women have lower age-adjusted ICH mortality rates than men (13.3 per 100000 for women and 16.2 per 100000 for men; RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.81 0.83). Mortality was lower for women aged <65 years, but there was no sex difference in ICH mortality risk for adults 65 years of age.67 Total Stroke Case Fatality The findings of studies that have examined sex differences in short-term case-fatality rates (commonly defined as within 30 days of onset and inclusive of all strokes) have been quite vari- able and are complicated by a lack of age adjustment. Some studies have reported that women have higher case fatality whereas others have not.9,13,42,71 Although a recent systematic review found that short-term case fatality was higher in women than men in 26 of 31 studies (with a pooled rate of 24.7% versus 19.7%),26 these results were based on crude unadjusted data. Much of the higher case fatality in women is likely to be attributable to the fact that women tend to be older at the time of their stroke.4 Studies that have adjusted for age (as well as other characteristics) show that the sex difference in short-term mortality can actually reverse, with women having lower mortality after adjustment.72,73 A study of temporal trends (1950 2004) in the US Framingham Study found that age-adjusted 30-day fatality decreased sig- nificantly for men but not women.22 Non-US populations have also reported mixed results in terms of sex differences in stroke case fatality over time,69 which may be attributable to differ- ences in the time periods studied, underlying demographics, lack of age adjustment, and other factors. 