This question specifically evaluated whether educational interventions over and above what most patients receive from health care providers (eg, the prescriber and/or dispensing pharmacist) in the usual course of anticoagulant prescribing improves anticoagulation therapy outcomes. We found 1 systematic review evaluating the impact of supplemental patient education on outcomes that concluded that there was not sufficient evidence to support supplemental patient education to improve outcomes for patients with VTE.152 The quality of evidence included in this review was deemed to have very low certainty; therefore, we sought additional studies that might provide more information. We included 8 RCTs evaluating patients receiving anticoagulation therapy that tested various educational interventions.33,153-159 One study reported the effect of supplemental education interven- tions on mortality154 ; 3 studies each reported thromboembolic154,155,158 outcomes. Three studies assessed the impact of supplemental education interventions on TTR for patients receiving VKA Five studies reported change in various knowledge assessment scores following the educational intervention.153,156-159 The EtD framework is shown online at https://dbep.gradepro.org/profile/ 17f7766f-74b7-462f-9041-f509df9c7d6a. Benefits. For benefits, see the evidence profile in the EtD framework referenced at the end of the previous section, available online. Although supplemental education might reduce mortality (RR, to 305 more]; low certainty), PE (RR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.17-1.95]; ARR, 9 fewer per 1000 [95% CI, 17 fewer to 19 more]; low certainty), and recurrent DVT (RR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.17-1.95]; ARR, 11 fewer per 1000 [95% CI, 22 fewer to 25 more]; low certainty), the effect estimates are extremely imprecise, and CIs include both large benefits and great harm. Studies reporting TTR as an outcome for patients receiving VKA therapy found no difference between those receiving supplemental education and control groups (MD, 2.40% higher [95% CI, 2.79% lower to 7.58% higher]; low certainty). 