In patients with stroke or TIA, monitoring the achievement of nationally accepted, evidence- based performance measures is recommended to allow inequities to be identified and addressed. In patients with stroke or TIA, systematic adoption of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Universal Precautions Toolkit for Health Literacy is recommended to integrate health literacy into the secondary prevention of stroke. In patients from urban, predominantly minority, or low-socioeconomic-status groups with stroke or TIA, the optimal intervention model for improving stroke risk factor control and reducing disparities is unknown.815,856 859 Synopsis Certain populations have documented inequities in recurrent stroke risk and vascular risk factor control after stroke. Many of these inequities are caused and perpetuated by structural racism, defined as the normal- ization and legitimization of an array of dynamics (histori- cal, cultural, institutional and interpersonal) that routinely advantage White people while producing cumulative and chronic adverse outcomes for people of color. 860,861 Non- White populations have higher recurrent stroke risk,862,863 are less likely to receive guideline-recommended sec- ondary stroke prevention interventions,864 and have poorer risk factor control after stroke.10,13,819,865,866 Other populations at risk for inequities in risk factor control after stroke include women, rural dwellers, the elderly, immigrants, individuals with low socioeconomic status, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or Although standardizing CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Kleindorfer care and increasing the consistency of care have been shown to reduce race/ethnic inequities in care,874 special approaches may be required to actively reduce recur- rent stroke risk in populations at risk for inequities and to address the underlying structural determinants of ineq- uities. 