Although costs have not been formally assessed, they are likely moderate. Conclusions and research needs for this recommendation. Given that the net health benefit/harm from using a visual medication schedule to improve adherence to anticoagulation therapy for patients receiving treatment of VTE remains very uncertain and the costs are moderate, the panel suggests against using visual medication schedules as defined in the included study. See recommendation 13a for additional comments regarding adherence interventions in general and research needs pertaining to this recommendation. Invasive procedure management Question: For patients at low to moderate risk of recurrent VTE who require interruption of VKA therapy for invasive procedures, should periprocedural bridging with LMWH or UHF vs interruption of VKA therapy alone be used? For patients at low to moderate risk of recurrent VTE (see Table 4) who require interruption of VKA therapy for invasive procedures, the ASH guideline panel recommends against periprocedural bridging with LMWH or UHF in favor of in- terruption of VKA alone (strong recommendation based on moderate certainty in the evidence about effects ). Summary of the evidence. We found 1 systematic review that addressed this question,167 but we did not use any studies in the evidence for this question because (1) they evaluated patients receiving anticoagulation therapy for mixed indications, and iso- lating the minority of patients with low to moderate risk of recurrent VTE was not possible, or (2) the studies included only patients with indications for anticoagulation therapy other than VTE. 