The Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Registry of studies is a database of RCTs in kidney disease that is maintained by information specialists. The database is populated by monthly searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, weekly searches of MEDLINE methods for guideline development www.kidney-international.org OVID, yearly searches of Embase OVID, hand-searching of major kidney and transplant conference proceedings, searches of trial registries, including clinicaltrials.gov and the International Clinical Trials Register search portal. The updated search examined the medical databases MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, and Embase. For review topics that matched existing Cochrane Kidney and Transplant systematic reviews, an updated search for the review using the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Registry of studies was conducted. The Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Registry of studies was searched for clinical questions that included only RCTs and were not linked to any existing Cochrane systematic review. For clinical questions that included other study types, such as systematic reviews on non-CKD populations, the medical literature databases MED- LINE and Embase were searched. The search strategies are provided in Appendix A: Supplementary Table S1. The titles and abstracts resulting from the searches were screened by 2 ERT members who independently assessed retrieved abstracts, and if necessary, the full text, to determine which studies satis ed the inclusion criteria. Disagreement about inclusion was resolved by discussion with a third member of the ERT. A total of 6863 citations were screened. Of these, 290 RCTs, 35 reviews, and 14 observational studies were included in the evidence review (Figure 8). Data extraction. Data extraction was performed independently by 2 members of the ERT. Unclear data were clari ed by contacting the author of the study report, and any relevant data obtained in this manner were included. 