See Table 1 and 8 legends for expansion of other abbreviations. e560S Antithrombotic Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation conjunction with either warfarin (INR 2.0-3.0) or dabigatran.105 Analyses of observational data from a large population-based registry of hospitalized patients with AF also found a nearly twofold increase in the risk of bleeding requiring hospitalization or causing death when patients with AF received com- bination therapy with warfarin and aspirin vs war- A systematic review of RCTs in diverse (mostly non-AF) patient populations that compared aspirin plus VKA therapy with VKA therapy alone, in which VKAs were administered to achieve the same target INR or given at the same xed dose in both arms, found that combination VKA plus aspirin therapy was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events compared with VKA therapy alone but that this bene t was restricted to RCTs enrolling patients with mechanical heart valves. No bene t was seen with combination therapy in studies of patients with AF or coronary artery disease, although estimates of treatment effect were very imprecise. Combination therapy with VKA and aspirin was associated with a greater risk of major bleeding (pooled OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.00-2.02) compared with VKA therapy alone.107 Recommendation 3.1. For patients with AF and stable coronary artery disease (eg, no acute coronary syndrome within the previous year) and who choose oral anticoagulation, we suggest adjusted-dose VKA therapy alone (target INR range, 2.0-3.0) rather than the combination of adjusted-dose VKA therapy and aspirin (Grade 2C). 