The Work Group was unable to identify sufficient evidence to make recommendations according to severity (stage) of CKD, although common sense dictates that pharmacological management should differ at least between mild CKD (patients with normal glomerular filtration rate [GFR]) and advanced CKD (patients with low GFR). However, the Work Group did consider the modification of drug dosages and risks related to the various classes of BP-lowering agents in the context of CKD in Chapter 2. Clearly there are many other populations that could have been considered. CKD patients with glomerulonephritis are the subject of a recent KDIGO Guideline,7 so they were not considered separately here. Although management of BP in the pregnant CKD patient is an important issue, there is insuf- ficient evidence in this subgroup to allow recommendations to be made.8 Furthermore, the Work Group did not consider the management of BP in patients with acute kidney injury. http://www.kidney-international.org chapter 1 & 2012 KDIGO Interventions. Interventions primarily aiming at modify- ing BP include advice on lifestyle and administration of pharmacological agents that reduce BP. The efficacies of both strategies have been widely studied in the general population with high BP. The pharmacology of anti-hypertensive agents was detailed in the 2004 KDOQI guideline.1 Of the available RCTs that met our inclusion criteria, most involved agents interfering with the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system (RAAS). Accordingly, these agents may be over-represented in this Guideline, and if so, it is because of the availability of the evidence rather than a deliberate focus by the Work Group. Evidence for interventions Because CKD is common and BP levels are often elevated in CKD populations, the management of BP in CKD patients could have an enormous global impact. 