In observational studies, there is a strong, predictable di- rect relationship between alcohol consumption and BP, especially above an intake of 3 standard drinks per day (approximately 36 ounces of regular beer, 15 ounces of wine, or 4.5 ounces of distilled spirits).S6.2-29,S6.2-104,S6.2-105 Meta-analyses of RCTs that have studied the effect of reduced alcohol consumption on BP in adults have iden- tified a significant reduction in SBP and DBP.S6.2-23,S6.2-24 The benefit has seemed to be consistent across trials, but confined to those consuming 3 drinks/day, as well as dose dependent, with those consuming 6 drinks/day at baseline who reduce their alcohol intake by about 50%, experiencing an average reduction in SBP/DBP of ap- Only limited in- formation is available on the effect of alcohol reduction on BP in blacks.S6.2-23,S6.2-106 In contrast to its effect on BP, alcohol seems to have a beneficial effect on several bio- markers for CVD risk, including high-density lipoprotein Observational studies have shown a relatively consistent finding of an inverse relationship between alcohol intake and CHD,S6.2-109,S6.2-110 within a moderate range (approximately 12 14 and 9 standard drinks/week for men and women, respectively). On bal- ance, it seems reasonable for those who are consuming moderate quantities of alcohol ( 2 drinks/day) to con- tinue their moderate consumption of alcohol. 7. Patient Evaluation The patient evaluation is designed to identify target organ damage and possible secondary causes of hypertension and to assist in planning an effective treatment regimen. Historical features are relevant to the evaluation of the patient (Table 16). The pattern of BP measurements and changes over time may differentiate primary from secondary causes of hypertension. 