Patients in whom chapter 2 www.kidney-international.org physical activity is less feasible due to comorbidity may be less inclined to follow the recommendation, as with those who place a lower potential value on the uncertain bene ts asso- ciated with physical activity. Resource use and costs. Although a formal cost bene t analysis has not been performed, the Work Group judged that encouraging physical activity is likely to be a good use of resources. Some individuals may choose to perform physical activity in structured environments such as a gymnasium with guidance and supervision from exercise professionals, which could incur costs. However, simple and widely available recreational and leisure-time activities are likely to lead to health bene ts for CKD patients as well. Considerations for implementation. Moderate physical ac- tivity may include recreational and leisure-time activities such as walking and cycling, household chores, and playing sports in the context of daily family and community life. Some patients with musculoskeletal limitations, frailty, high risks of falls, cognitive impairment, or severe cardiorespiratory disease may not be able to achieve physical activity targets set for the general population, but efforts to increase physical activity levels to modi ed targets, in the Work Group s opinion, are likely to translate to health bene ts nonetheless. The speci c type, frequency, duration, and intensity of physical activity that maximizes health bene ts in CKD patients are unknown. However, the Work Group found no reason to believe that interventions with proven health bene ts in the general population would not also provide health bene ts in CKD populations. Rationale There are limited data in CKD populations on the risks and bene ts of physical activity interventions. The quality of evi- dence is low or very low. 