Hypertension has been reported in 67% to 92% of patients with CKD, with increasing preva- lence as kidney function declines.S9.3-14 Hypertension may occur as a result of kidney disease, yet the presence of hyper- tension may also accelerate further kidney injury; therefore, treatment is an important means to prevent further kidney functional decline. This tight interaction has led to exten- sive debate about the optimal BP target for patients with Masked hypertension may occur in up to 30% of patients with CKD and portends higher risk of CKD CKD is an important risk factor for and the coexistence of hypertension and CKD further increases the risk of adverse CVD and cerebrovas- cular events, particularly when proteinuria is present.S9.3-25 Even as the importance of hypertension treatment is widely accepted, data supporting BP targets in CKD are limited, as patients with CKD were historically excluded from clinical trials. Furthermore, CKD is not included in the CVD risk calculations used to determine suitability for most clinical Until publication of the SPRINT results, most guidelines for BP targets in patients with CKD favored treatment to a with consideration of the lower target of <130/80 mm Hg for those with more severe pro- teinuria ( 300 mg albuminuria in 24 hours or the equiva- lent), if tolerated.S9.3-16 S9.3-18 Patients with stage 3 to 4 CKD ) comprised 28% of the SPRINT study population, and in this group inten- sive BP management seemed to provide the same benefits for reduction in the CVD composite primary outcome and all-cause mortality as were seen in the full study cohort. Given that most patients with CKD die from CVD complica- tions, this RCT evidence supports a lower target of <130/80 mm Hg for all patients with CKD (Figure 6). 