Table 1: Review questions Chapter Type of review Review questions Outcomes 5 Diagnostic In people with suspected heart failure, what thresholds of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and B- type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are most accurate in identifying heart failure (as indicated by the reference standard)? Diagnostic accuracy of BNP and NT-proBNP: 2x2 tables Specificity Sensitivity PPV/NPV ROC curve or Area under Curve 5 Diagnostic RCT In people with suspected heart failure, what is the clinical and cost effectiveness of N-terminus pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) compared to B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), when each is followed by the appropriate patient pathway, in order to improve patient outcomes? Efficacy outcomes: All-cause mortality Quality of life Unplanned hospitalisation Process outcomes: Number of people receiving echocardiography, i.e., including people who may not have needed it such as those with false positive results Repeat testing / additional testing Secondary accuracy outcomes: Sensitivity / specificity and other test accuracy measures 5 Diagnostic In people with suspected heart failure who also have atrial fibrillation, what thresholds of N-terminus pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and B- type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are most accurate in identifying heart failure (as indicated by the reference standard)? Diagnostic accuracy of BNP and NT-proBNP: 2x2 tables Specificity Sensitivity PPV/NPV ROC curve or Area under Curve 5 Diagnostic RCT In people with suspected heart failure who also have atrial fibrillation, what is the clinical and cost effectiveness of N- terminus pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) compared to B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), when each is followed by the appropriate patient pathway, in order to improve patient outcomes? Efficacy outcomes: All-cause mortality Quality of life Unplanned hospitalisation Process outcomes: Number of people receiving echocardiography, i.e.