Am J Cardiol. 1976;38:281 292. 301. Fernicola DJ, Roberts WC. Frequency of ring abscess and cuspal infec- tion in active infective endocarditis involving bioprosthetic valves. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:314 323. 302. Carpenter JL. Perivalvular extension of infection in patients with infec- tious endocarditis. Rev Infect Dis. 1991;13:127 138. 303. Anguera I, Miro JM, Vilacosta I, Almirante B, Anguita M, Mu oz P, Roman JA, de Alarcon A, Ripoll T, Navas E, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Cabell CH, Sarria C, Garcia-Bolao I, Fari as MC, Leta R, Rufi G, Miralles F, Pare C, Evangelista A, Fowler VG Jr, Mestres CA, de Lazzari E, Guma JR; Aorto-cavitary Fistula in Endocarditis Working Group. Aorto-cavitary fistulous tract formation in infective endocarditis: clinical and echocardiographic features of 76 cases and risk factors for mortality. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:288 297. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi034. 304. Daniel W, Schroder E, Nonast-Daniel B, Lichtlen P. Conventional and transoesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of infective endo- carditis. Eur Heart J. 1987;8:287 292. 305. Leung DY, Cranney GB, Hopkins AP, Walsh WF. Role of transoesopha- geal echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of aortic root abscess. Br Heart J. 1994;72:175 181. 306. Rohmann S, Seifert T, Erbel R, Jakob H, Mohr-Kahaly S, Makowski T, G rge G, Oelert H, Meyer J. Identification of abscess formation in native-valve infective endocarditis using transesophageal echocardiog- raphy: implications for surgical treatment. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;39:273 280. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1019985. 307. Kunis RL, Sherrid MV, McCabe JB, Grieco MH, Dwyer EM Jr. Successful medical therapy of mitral anular abscess complicating infec- tive endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7:953 955. 308. Vlessis AA, Hovaguimian H, Jaggers J, Ahmad A, Starr A. Infective endocarditis: ten-year review of medical and surgical therapy. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61:1217 1222. 309. 