Results of 2 relatively small case series33,76 suggest that the risk of CIED infection in these patients is low; however, more data are clearly needed in this clinical setting to permit recommendations on whether device removal is warranted. Recommendations for Antimicrobial Management of CIED Infection Class I 1. Choice of antimicrobial therapy should be based on the identification and in vitro susceptibility results of the infecting pathogen. (Level of Evidence: B) 2. Duration of antimicrobial therapy should be 10 to 14 days after CIED removal for pocket-site infection. (Level of Evidence: C) 3. Duration of antimicrobial therapy should be at least 14 days after CIED removal for bloodstream infection. (Level of Evidence: C) 4. Duration of antimicrobial therapy should be at least 4 to 6 weeks for complicated infection (ie, endocarditis, septic thrombophlebitis, or osteomyelitis or if blood- stream infection persists despite device removal and appropriate initial antimicrobial therapy. (Level of Evidence: C) Recommendations for Removal of Infected CIED Class I 1. Complete device and lead removal is recommended for all patients with definite CIED infection, as evidenced by valvular and/or lead endocarditis or sepsis. (Level of Evidence: A) 2. Complete device and lead removal is recommended for all patients with CIED pocket infection as evidenced by abscess formation, device erosion, skin adherence, or chronic draining sinus without clinically evident in- volvement of the transvenous portion of the lead sys- tem. (Level of Evidence: B) 3. Complete device and lead removal is recommended for all patients with valvular endocarditis without definite involvement of the lead(s) and/or device. (Level of Evidence: B) 4. Complete device and lead removal is recommended for patients with occult staphylococcal bacteremia. (Level of Evidence: B) Class IIa 1. 