For patients that present with a clinically documented episode of AF (12-lead ECG or other means, eg, external devices with validated rhythm detection), we suggest that the presence or absence of symptoms must not in uence the process of decision- making with regard to the need for anticoagulation based on risk strati cation (Ungraded consensus-based statement). 42. In cases of AHRE (atrial high-rate episodes) detected by a CIED of at least 5 min duration, we suggest that direct analysis of electrograms corresponding to AHRE is clinically indicated to exclude artifacts or other causes of inappropriate detection of atrial tachyarrhythmias or AF (Ungraded consensus-based statement). Remark: In patients with CIED-detected AHRE, a complete cardiological evaluation is indicated, with 12-lead ECG, general assessment of clinical conditions, and clinical risk strati cation for stroke using CHA2DS2-VASc score. Remark: There is no evidence in support or against prescription of oral anticoagulants in patients at risk of stroke (intermediate to high risk according to CHA2DS2-VASc) who present with AHREs, corresponding to atrial tachyarrhythmias/AF at electrograms assessment of less than 24 h duration. 43. In patients with AF, we suggest prescription of oral anticoagulants as a result of an individualized clinical assessment taking into account overall AHRE burden (in the range of hours rather than minutes) and speci cally, the presence of AHRE > 24 h, individual stroke risk (using CHA2DS2-VASc), predicted risk/bene t of oral anticoagulation and informed patient preferences (Ungraded consensus- based statement). 