of Studies Risk of Bias Inconsistency Indirectness Imprecision Publication Bias Study Event Rates (%) Relative Effect CI) Estimation of Absolute Effects y Time Frame Quality of Evidence With No Therapy With Antiplatelet With No Therapy With Antiplatelet CI) Death (critical outcome) mean follow-up y RCTs No serious limitations No serious inconsistency No serious indirectness Imprecise c Undetected RR per d fewer deaths per (from fewer to more) Moderate Nonfatal stroke (critical outcome) mean follow-up y; ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage e RCTs No serious limitations No serious inconsistency No serious indirectness Imprecise f Undetected g h RR CHADS points Moderate per i fewer strokes per (from fewer to fewer) CHADS point per fewer strokes per (from fewer to fewer) CHADS points per fewer strokes per (from fewer to fewer) CHADS points per fewer strokes per (from fewer to fewer) Nonfatal major extracranial bleeds (important outcome) j RCTs No serious limitations No serious inconsistency No serious indirectness No serious imprecision Undetected RR per k more bleeds per (from more to more) High www.chestpubs.org CHEST / 141 / 2 / FEBRUARY, 2012 SUPPLEMENT e543S Table Quality Assessment Summary of Findings No. of Studies Risk of Bias Inconsistency Indirectness Imprecision Publication Bias Study Event Rates (%) Relative Effect CI) Estimation of Absolute Effects y Time Frame Quality of Evidence With No Therapy With Antiplatelet With No Therapy With Antiplatelet CI) Systemic embolism (important outcome) mean follow-up y RCTs No serious limitations No serious inconsistency No serious indirectness Imprecise l Undetected RR per m fewer systemic embolism per (from fewer to more) Moderate ESPS European Stroke Prevention Study; JAST Japan Atrial Fibrillation Stroke Trial; LASAF Low-dose Aspirin, Stroke, Atrial Fibrillation; SAFT Swedish Atrial Fibrillation Trial; UK-TIA United Kingdom Transient Ischaemic Attack Aspirin Trial. See Table legends for expansion of other abbreviations. 