The effects of exercise on BP in the context of RCTs have been systematically reviewed in the general population.53 Most of the 21 RCTs included in the review examined the efficacy of 3 to 5 weekly sessions of aerobic exercise lasting 30 to 60 minutes. Overall, the exercise group had an average reduction in systolic BP of 6.1 mm Hg from baseline (95% CI 2.1 10.1) and in diastolic BP of 3.0 mm Hg (95% CI 1.1 4.9). The effects were slightly reduced when one outlier trial was excluded from the analysis (to average reductions of 4.6 and 2.6 mm Hg, respectively), but moderate heterogeneity among the results remained. No RCTs in the CKD population were found. A post hoc of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study population did not identify a clear relationship between level of physical activity at baseline and the subsequent risk of death, although trends toward better outcomes for active individuals were observed. Two larger studies from the US Renal Data System found that CKD 5D patients who are sedentary have a higher risk of death than those who are active.70,71 All of these studies are observa- tional and more data are required. The benefits of exercise on BP and on general health appear likely to be similar in the CKD and the general population, with no strong rationale for different recommendations. On this basis, Recommendation 2.3.3 was graded 1D. 2.3.4: We suggest limiting alcohol intake to no more than two standard drinks per day for men and no more than one standard drink per day for women. (2D) RATIONALE Alcohol has been shown to produce both acute and chronic increases in BP, suggesting that restricting alcohol intake would lower BP. 