, fasting TG levels above 11.3 mmol/l (1000 mg/dl) or LDL-C levels above 4.9 mmol/l (190 mg/dl)). KEY POINTS K Dyslipidemia is common in people with CKD but LDL-C does not reliably discriminate between those at low or high risk of cardiovascular events. K Clinicians should measure the lipid profile at initial presentation with CKD. Follow-up of the lipid profile or LDL-C is not required unless the results would change management. Examples of patients in whom knowledge of LDL-C might change management are given in Table 2. RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS Future studies should: K Assess the clinical effectiveness and economic merits of interventions to improve adherence to these recommenda- tions, particularly those which are level 1. This includes better understanding of physician and patient barriers to guideline adoption and the contribution of polypharmacy. K Examine secular trends in adherence to recommenda- tions in this clinical practice guideline (CPG) and any secular changes in patient outcomes. K Confirm real practice safety of statin use (outside of restrictive eligibility criteria used in RCTs). Specifically the frequency and severity of clinically relevant statin- drug interactions should be studied in this population to improve the safety of statin prescribing. K Assess the cost implications of less frequent or avoidance of cholesterol measurements, and confirm that less frequent measurements do not adversely affect the clinical benefits of treatment (compared to more frequent measurements). Table 1 | Secondary causes of dyslipidemias Medical Conditions Nephrotic syndrome Excessive alcohol consumption Hypothyroidism Liver disease Diabetes Medications 13-cis-retinoic acid Androgens Anticonvulsants Oral contraceptives Highly active anti-retroviral therapy Corticosteroids Diuretics Cyclosporine Beta-blockers Sirolimus Reproduced from National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Managing Dyslipidemias in Chronic Kidney Disease. 