, doubling of creatinine level, change in urine protein level, and development or regression of left ventricular hypertrophy) track with clinical outcomes to assess their validity as prognostic tools and possible surrogate outcomes going forward. K Development of prediction tools for clinical outcomes in patients with CKD and testing in clinical trials for exploration of treatment heterogeneity are encouraged. K Development of prediction tools for the adverse out- comes of ACE-Is and ARBs is encouraged. K Cost-effectiveness analyses of lower BP targets in CKD patients without diabetes as stratified by GFR and albuminuria should be conducted. DISCLAIMER While every effort is made by the publishers, editorial board, and ISN to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement appears in this Journal, they wish to make it clear that the data and opinions appearing in the articles and advertisements herein are the responsibility of the contri- butor, copyright holder, or advertiser concerned. Accord- ingly, the publishers and the ISN, the editorial board and their respective employers, office and agents accept no liability whatsoever for the consequences of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement. While every effort is made to ensure that drug doses and other quantities are presented accurately, readers are advised that new methods and techniques involving drug usage, and described within this Journal, should only be followed in conjunction with the drug manufacturer s own published literature. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary Table 1. General population RCTs comparing BP targets in CKD subgroups. Supplementary Table 2. Evidence profile of RCTs examining the effect of blood pressure target in patients with CKD without DM. Supplementary Table 3. RCTs examining the effect of blood pressure targets in patients with CKD without DM [categorical outcomes]. Supplementary Table 4. 