According to some panel members, supplemental education might increase health care equity if it is uniformly administered in a consistent way; others thought that equitable delivery is unlikely. The panel agreed that this intervention is probably acceptable to key stakeholders, including patients, health care providers, and payers (although payers may be less accepting due to lack of clear benefit), and is also feasible to implement for most patients, although less so for patients with low health literacy or those whose primary language differs from that of the educational material. Conclusions and research needs for this recommendation. The guideline panel determined that there is a very low certainty in evidence for a net health benefit from using supplemental educational interventions. Not surprisingly, supplemental education increased performance on knowledge assessments; however, the panel viewed the importance of this outcome as uncertain relative to actual clinical outcomes. This recommendation places a high value on a very uncertain benefit of the education intervention and a low value on avoiding the burden and cost associated with the intervention. 27 NOVEMBER 2018 x VOLUME 2, NUMBER 22 ASH 2018 VTE GUIDELINES: ANTICOAGULATION MANAGEMENT 3273 The panel identified the following additional research priorities: (1) identifying a standardized definition of what constitutes a patient education intervention and (2) acquiring more information regarding DOAC educational interventions. Efforts to improve anticoagulant- medication adherence Question: For patients receiving anticoagulation therapy for VTE, should interventions to improve adherence (eg, refill reminders and INR reminders) vs usual care be used? 