Octogenarians should be checked for orthostatic changes with stand- ing, and an SBP <130 mmHg and a DBP <65 mmHg should be avoided. Rosendorff et al Treatment of Hypertension in Patients With CAD 1397 Disclosures Writing Group Disclosures Writing Group Member Employment Research Grant Other Research Support Speakers Bureau/Honoraria Expert Witness Ownership Interest Consultant/ Advisory Board Other Clive Rosendorff VA Medical Center None None None None None None None Daniel T. Lackland Medical University of South Carolina None None None None None None None Matthew Allison UCSD None None None None None None None Wilbert S. Aronow New York Medical College None None None None None None None Henry R. Black NYU School of Medicine None None None None None None None Roger S. Blumenthal Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine None None None None None None None Christopher P. Cannon Brigham and Women s Hospital Accumetrics*; Arisaph ; AstraZeneca ; Boehringer- Ingelheim ; Janssen ; GlaxoSmithKline ; Merck ; Takeda None None None None BMS*; CSL Behring*; Essentialis*; GlaxoSmithKline*; Merck*; Takeda*; Lipimedix ; Pfizer ; Regeneron ; Sanofi None James A. de Lemos UT Southwestern None None None None None None None William J. Elliott Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences Forest Research Institute None Forest Laboratories* None None Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation*; Takeda Pharmaceuticals North America* None Laura Findeiss University of California at Irvine None None None None None None None Bernard J. Gersh Mayo Clinic None None None None None Medtronic, Inc.*; Baxter Healthcare Corporation*; Cardiovascular Research Foundation*; TEVA Pharmaceuticals*; St. Jude Medical, Inc.*; Ortho-McNeil Janssen Scientific*; Cipla Limited*; Boston Scientific* None Joel M. Gore University of Massachusetts None None None None None None None Daniel Levy NIH None None None None None None None Janet B.


Rosendorff et al Treatment of Hypertension in Patients With CAD 1397 Disclosures Writing Group Disclosures Writing Group Member Employment Research Grant Other Research Support Speakers Bureau/Honoraria Expert Witness Ownership Interest Consultant/ Advisory Board Other Clive Rosendorff VA Medical Center None None None None None None None Daniel T. Lackland Medical University of South Carolina None None None None None None None Matthew Allison UCSD None None None None None None None Wilbert S. Aronow New York Medical College None None None None None None None Henry R. Black NYU School of Medicine None None None None None None None Roger S. Blumenthal Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine None None None None None None None Christopher P. Cannon Brigham and Women s Hospital Accumetrics*; Arisaph ; AstraZeneca ; Boehringer- Ingelheim ; Janssen ; GlaxoSmithKline ; Merck ; Takeda None None None None BMS*; CSL Behring*; Essentialis*; GlaxoSmithKline*; Merck*; Takeda*; Lipimedix ; Pfizer ; Regeneron ; Sanofi None James A. de Lemos UT Southwestern None None None None None None None William J. Elliott Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences Forest Research Institute None Forest Laboratories* None None Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation*; Takeda Pharmaceuticals North America* None Laura Findeiss University of California at Irvine None None None None None None None Bernard J. Gersh Mayo Clinic None None None None None Medtronic, Inc.*; Baxter Healthcare Corporation*; Cardiovascular Research Foundation*; TEVA Pharmaceuticals*; St. Jude Medical, Inc.*; Ortho-McNeil Janssen Scientific*; Cipla Limited*; Boston Scientific* None Joel M. Gore University of Massachusetts None None None None None None None Daniel Levy NIH None None None None None None None Janet B. Long Rhode Island Cardiology Center None None None None None None None Christopher M. O Connor Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center None None None None None None None Patrick T. O Gara Brigham & Women s Hospital None None None None None None None Gbenga Ogedegbe NYU School of Medicine NIH None None None None None None (Continued) Suzanne Oparil University of Alabama at Birmingham Medtronic*; Merck & Co ; Novartis ; Takeda None None None None Bayer*; Daiichi Sankyo*; Pfizer* None William B.


Long Rhode Island Cardiology Center None None None None None None None Christopher M. O Connor Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center None None None None None None None Patrick T. O Gara Brigham & Women s Hospital None None None None None None None Gbenga Ogedegbe NYU School of Medicine NIH None None None None None None (Continued) Suzanne Oparil University of Alabama at Birmingham Medtronic*; Merck & Co ; Novartis ; Takeda None None None None Bayer*; Daiichi Sankyo*; Pfizer* None William B. White University of Connecticut School of Medicine NIH (study of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring guided therapy to reduce functional decline in older persons) ; NIH (Impact of smoking cessation on blood pressure, SNS activity) None None None None None None This table represents the relationships of writing group members that may be perceived as actual or reasonably perceived conflicts of interest as reported on the Disclosure Questionnaire, which all members of the writing group are required to complete and submit. A relationship is considered to be significant if (a) the person receives $10000 or more during any 12-month period, or 5% or more of the person s gross income; or (b) the person owns 5% or more of the voting stock or share of the entity, or owns $10000 or more of the fair market value of the entity. A relationship is considered to be modest if it is less than significant under the preceding definition. *Modest. Significant.


A relationship is considered to be modest if it is less than significant under the preceding definition. *Modest. Significant. Writing Group Disclosures, Continued Writing Group Member Employment Research Grant Other Research Support Speakers Bureau/Honoraria Expert Witness Ownership Interest Consultant/ Advisory Board Other Reviewer Disclosures Reviewer Employment Research Grant Other Research Support Speakers Bureau/Honoraria Expert Witness Ownership Interest Consultant/ Advisory Board Other Jafna L. Cox Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center, Capital District Health Authority, Halifax, NS, and Dalhousie University None None None None None None None Charles B. Eaton Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island Center for Primary Care and Prevention AHRQ (control hypertension grant)* None None None None None None Victor A. Ferrari Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania None None None None None Executive Committee, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance* (unpaid) None Federico Gentile Studio Gentile, Naples Italy None None None None None None None Hani Jneid Baylor College of Medicine MEDVAMC None None None None None None None Cora E. Lewis University of Alabama at Birmingham NIH None None None None None None G.B. John Mancini University of British Columbia Merck Canada* None Merck* None None Amgen* None Peter A. McCullough St. John Providence Health System None None None None None None None Carl J. Pepine Department of Medicine, University of Florida None None None None None None None (Continued) Rosendorff et al Treatment of Hypertension in Patients With CAD 1399 References 1. Rosendorff C, Black HR, Cannon CP, Gersh BJ, Gore J, Izzo JL Jr, Kaplan NM, O Connor CM, O Gara PT, Oparil S. Treatment of hyper- tension in the prevention and management of ischemic heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2007;115:2761 2788. 2.


Rosendorff C, Black HR, Cannon CP, Gersh BJ, Gore J, Izzo JL Jr, Kaplan NM, O Connor CM, O Gara PT, Oparil S. Treatment of hyper- tension in the prevention and management of ischemic heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2007;115:2761 2788. 2. Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, Falkner BE, Graves J, Hill MN, Jones DW, Kurtz T, Sheps SG, Roccella EI. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for profession- als from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension. 2005;45:142 161. 3. Chobanian AV, Bakris GI, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Rocella EJ; and the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206 1252. 4. Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, Larson MG, Kannel WB, D Agostino RB, Levy D. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 2002;287:1003 1010. 5. Franklin SS, Larson MG, Khan SA, Wong ND, Leip EP, Kannel WB, Levy D. Does the relation of blood pressure to coronary heart disease risk change with aging? The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2001;103:1245 1249. 6. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R; Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies [published correction appears in Lancet. 2002;361:1060]. Lancet. 2002;360:1903 1913. 7.


Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies [published correction appears in Lancet. 2002;361:1060]. Lancet. 2002;360:1903 1913. 7. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Morbidity and Mortality: 2012 Chartbook on Cardiovascular, Lung and Blood Diseases. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health; 2012. 8. Lackland DT, Roccella EJ, Deutsch AF, Fornage M, George MG, Howard G, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Schwamm LH, Smith EE, Towfighi A; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research; Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology. Factors influencing the decline in stroke mortal- ity: a statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45:315 353. 9. Miura K, Daviglus ML, Dyer AR, Liu K, Garside DB, Stamler J, Greenland P. Relationship of blood pressure to 25-year mortality due to coronary heart disease, cardiovascular diseases, and all causes in young adult men: the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1501 1508. 10. Yusuf S. Preventing vascular events due to elevated blood pressure. Circulation. 2006;113:2166 2168. 11. Lackland DT, Keil JE, Gazes PC, Hames CG, Tyroler HA. Outcomes of black and white hypertensive individuals after 30 years of follow-up. Clin Exp Hypertens. 1995;17:1091 1105. 12. Gazes PC, Lackland DT, Mountford WK, Gilbert GF, Harley RA. Comparison of cardiovascular risk factors for high brachial pulse pressure in blacks versus whites (Charleston Heart Study, Evans County Study, NHANES I and II Studies). Am J Cardiol. 2008;102:1514 1517. 13. Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N; Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration.


Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N; Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Effects of ACE inhibitors, cal- cium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials: Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Lancet. 2000;356:1955 1964. 14. van Bemmel T, Gussekloo J, Westendorp RGJ, Blauw GJ. In a population- based prospective study, no association between high blood pressure and mortality after age 85 years. J Hypertens. 2006;24:287 292. 15. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D, Stoyanovsky V, Antikainen RL, NikitinY, Anderson C, Belhani A, Forette F, Rajkumar C, Thijs L, Banya W, Bulpitt CJ; HYVET Study Group. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1887 1898. 16. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular C. Venkata S. Ram Texas Blood Pressure Institute, Dallas, TX; MediCiti Medical College/Hospitals, Hyderabad/India None None None None None None None Denise Simons-Morton NHLBI None None None None None None None Robert C. Touchon University Physicians and Surgeons, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV None None None None None None None Thad F. Waites Hattiesburg Clinic, Hattiesburg, MS None None None None None None None Howard S. Weintraub New York University Medical Center None None AstraZeneca ; Daiichi Sankyo*; Takeda ; Abbott ; Kowa*; Novartis None None None None This table represents the relationships of reviewers that may be perceived as actual or reasonably perceived conflicts of interest as reported on the Disclosure Questionnaire, which all reviewers are required to complete and submit.


Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular C. Venkata S. Ram Texas Blood Pressure Institute, Dallas, TX; MediCiti Medical College/Hospitals, Hyderabad/India None None None None None None None Denise Simons-Morton NHLBI None None None None None None None Robert C. Touchon University Physicians and Surgeons, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV None None None None None None None Thad F. Waites Hattiesburg Clinic, Hattiesburg, MS None None None None None None None Howard S. Weintraub New York University Medical Center None None AstraZeneca ; Daiichi Sankyo*; Takeda ; Abbott ; Kowa*; Novartis None None None None This table represents the relationships of reviewers that may be perceived as actual or reasonably perceived conflicts of interest as reported on the Disclosure Questionnaire, which all reviewers are required to complete and submit. A relationship is considered to be significant if (a) the person receives $10000 or more during any 12-month period, or 5% or more of the person s gross income; or (b) the person owns 5% or more of the voting stock or share of the entity, or owns $10000 or more of the fair market value of the entity. A relationship is considered to be modest if it is less than significant under the preceding definition. *Modest. Significant. Reviewer Disclosures, Continued Reviewer Employment Research Grant Other Research Support Speakers Bureau/Honoraria Expert Witness Ownership Interest Consultant/ Advisory Board Other events in high-risk patients: the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:145 153. 17.


Reviewer Disclosures, Continued Reviewer Employment Research Grant Other Research Support Speakers Bureau/Honoraria Expert Witness Ownership Interest Consultant/ Advisory Board Other events in high-risk patients: the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:145 153. 17. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ, Cuddy TE, Davis BR, Geltman EM, Goldman S, Flaker GC, Klein M, Lamas GA, Packer M, Rouleau J, Rouleau JL, Rutherford J, Wertheimer JH, Hawkins CM: SAVE Investigators. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbid- ity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarc- tion: results of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement trial: the SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:669 677. 18. Fox KM; EURopean trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet. 2003;362:782 788. 19. Julius S, Nesbitt SD, Egan BM, Weber MA, Michelson EL, Kaciroti N, Black HR, Grimm RH Jr, Messerli FH, Oparil S, Schork MA; Trial of Preventing Hypertension (TROPHY) Study Investigators. Feasibility of treating prehypertension with an angiotensin-receptor blocker. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1685 1697. 20. ACCORD Study Group; Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr, Grimm RH Jr, Cutler JA, Simons-Morton DG, Basile JN, Corson MA, Probstfield JL, Katz L, Peterson KA, Friedewald WT, Buse JB, Bigger JT, Gerstein HC, Ismail-Beigi F. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010:362:1575 1585. 21. Kannel WB. Some lessons in cardiovascular epidemiology from Framingham. Am J Cardiol. 1976;37:269 282. 22. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2013 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3:5 14.


KDIGO 2013 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3:5 14. 23. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes: 2013. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(suppl.1):S11 S66. 24. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143 3421. 25. Criqui MH, McClelland RL, McDermott MM, Allison MA, Blumenthal RS, Aboyans V, Ix JH, Burke GL, Liu K, Shea S. The ankle-brachial index and incident cardiovascular events in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1506 1512. 26. McDermott MM, Liu K, Criqui MH, Ruth K, Goff D, Saad MF, Wu C, Homma S, Sharrett AR. Ankle-brachial index and subclinical cardiac and carotid disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;162:33 41. 27. Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D Agostino RB Sr, Gibbons R, Greenland P, Lackland DT, Levy D, O Donnell CJ, Robinson J, Schwartz JS, Smith SC Jr, Sorlie P, Shero ST, Stone NJ, Wilson PW, Jordan HS, Nevo L, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Smith SCJr, Tomaselli GF; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(suppl 2):S49-S53. 28.


2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(suppl 2):S49-S53. 28. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard, JD, de Jesus JM, Houston Miller N, Hubbard VS, Lee IM, Lichtenstein AH, Loria CM, Millen BE, Nonas CA, Sacks FM, Smith SC Jr, Svetkey LP, Wadden TW, Yanovski SZ; Kendall KA, Morgan LC, Trisolini MG, Velasco G, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Smith SC Jr, Tomaselli GF; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 AHA/ACC guide- line on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology American/Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(suppl 2):S76 S99. 29. Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, Hu FB, Hubbard VS, Jakicic JM, Kushner RF, Loria C, Millen BE, Nonas CA, Pi-Sunyer FX, Stevens J, Stevens VJ, Wadden TA, Wolfe BM, Yanovski SZ, Jordan HS, Kendall KA, Lux LJ, Mentor-Marcel R, Morgan LC, Trisolini MG, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Smith SC Jr, Tomaselli GF; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Obesity Society. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014;129(suppl 2):S102-S138. 30.


2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014;129(suppl 2):S102-S138. 30. Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH, Goldberg AC, Gordon D, Levy D, Lloyd-Jones DM, McBride P, Schwartz JS, Shero ST, Smith SC Jr, Watson K, Wilson PW; Eddleman KM, Jarrett NM, LaBresh K, Nevo L, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Smith SC Jr, Tomaselli GF; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guide- line on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardio- vascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(suppl 2):S1-S45. 31. Bulugahapitiya U, Siyambalapitiya S, Sithole J, Idris I. Is diabetes a coro- nary risk equivalent? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2009;26:142 148. 32. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2004 Surgeon General s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking. Atlanta, GA; US Department of Health and Human Services PHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2004. 33. Goldenberg I, Jonas M, Tenenbaum A, Boyko V, Matetzky S, Shotan A, Behar S, Reicher-Reiss H; Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Study Group. Current smoking, smoking cessation, and the risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary artery disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2301 2305. 34. US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General.


The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services PHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2006. 35. US Office of the Surgeon General. Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: 25 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services PHS; 1989:89 8411. 36. Isles C, Brown JJ, Cumming AM, Lever AF, McAreavey D, Robertson JI, Hawthorne VM, Stewart GM, Robertson JW, Wapshaw J. Excess smoking in malignant-phase hypertension. BMJ. 1979;1:579 581. 37. Anthonisen NR, Skeans MA, Wise RA, Manfreda J, Kanner RE, Connett JE; Lung Health Study Research Group. The effects of a smoking cessa- tion intervention on 14.5-year mortality: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:233 239. 38. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999 2008. JAMA. 2010;303:235 241. 39. Chiang BN, Perlman LV, Epstein FH. Overweight and hypertension: a review. Circulation. 1969;39:403 421. 40. Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, Field AE, Colditz G, Dietz WH. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA. 1999;282:1523 1529. 41. Wilson PW, D Agostino RB, Sullivan L, Parise H, KannelWB. Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham expe- rience. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1867 1872. 42. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, Dietz WH, Vinicor F, Bales VS, Marks JS. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA. 2003;289:76 79. 43. Kotchen TA. Obesity-related hypertension: epidemiology, pathophysiol- ogy, and clinical management. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23:1170 1178. 44.


Obesity-related hypertension: epidemiology, pathophysiol- ogy, and clinical management. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23:1170 1178. 44. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, Grassi G, Heagerty AM, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Narkiewicz K, Ruilope L, Rynkiewicz A, Schmieder RE, Boudier HA, Zanchetti A; ESH-ESC Task Force on the Management of Arterial Hypertension. 2007 ESH-ESC practice guidelines for the management of arterial hyperten- sion: ESH-ESC Task Force on the Management of Arterial Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2007;25:1751 1762. 45. Sharma AM, Pischon T, Engeli S, Scholze J. Choice of drug treatment for obesity-related hypertension: where is the evidence? J Hypertens. 2001;19:667 674. 46. Elliott WJ, Meyer PM. Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihyperten- sive drugs: a network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007;369:201 207. Rosendorff et al Treatment of Hypertension in Patients With CAD 1401 47. Frohlich ED. Clinical management of the obese hypertensive patient. Cardiol Rev. 2002;10:127 138. 48. Wenzel UO, Krebs C. Management of arterial hypertension in obese patients. Current Hypertens Rep. 2007;9:491 497. 49. Bangalore S, Messerli FH, Kostis JB, Pepine CJ. Cardiovascular pro- tection using beta-blockers: a critical review of the evidence. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:563 572. 50. Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert N, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, Demets D, Guyton RA, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK. Management of patients with peripheral artery disease (compilation of 2005 and 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline recom- mendations): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013;127:1425 1443. 51. Coffman JD. Vasodilator drugs for peripheral vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1979;301:159 160. 52. Roberts DH,TsaoY, McLoughlin GA, BreckenridgeA. Placebo-controlled comparison of captopril, atenolol, labetalol, and pindolol in hypertension complicated by intermittent claudication. Lancet. 1987;2:650 653. 53.


Placebo-controlled comparison of captopril, atenolol, labetalol, and pindolol in hypertension complicated by intermittent claudication. Lancet. 1987;2:650 653. 53. Solomon SA, Ramsay LE, Yeo WW, Parnell L, Morris-Jones W. Beta blockade and intermittent claudication: placebo controlled trial of atenolol and nifedipine and their combination. BMJ. 1991;303:1100 1104. 54. Radack K, Deck C. Beta-adrenergic blocker therapy does not worsen intermittent claudication in subjects with peripheral arterial disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:1769 1776. 55. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Murphy WRC, Olin JW, Puschett JB, Rosenfield KA, Sacks D, Stanley JC, Taylor LM Jr, White CJ, White J, White RA. ACC/AHA 2005 practice guidelines for the management of patients with periph- eral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): executive summary: a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/ AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease). Circulation. 2006;113:1474 1547. 56. US Renal Data System. USRDS 2009 Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2009. 57. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. New Engl J Med. 2004;351:1296 1305. 58. KhouriY, Steigerwalt SP, Alsamara M, McCullough PA. What is the ideal blood pressure goal for patients with stage III or higher chronic kidney disease? Curr Cardiol Rep. 2011;13:492 501. 59. Karohi C, Raggi P. Approach to cardiovascular disease prevention in patients with chronic kidney disease.


Karohi C, Raggi P. Approach to cardiovascular disease prevention in patients with chronic kidney disease. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2012;14:391 413. 60. Acelajado MC, Calhoun DA, Oparil S. Pathogenesis of hypertension. In: Black H, Elliott W, eds. Hypertension: A Companion to Braunwald s Heart Disease. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Sanders; 2012:12 26. 61. Tilg H, Moschen AR. Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6:772 783. 62. Katagiri H, Yamada T, Oka Y. Adiposity and cardiovascular disorders: disturbance of the regulatory system consisting of humoral and neuronal signals. Circ Res. 2007;101:27 39. 63. Ding K, Kullo IJ. Genome-wide association studies for atherosclerotic vascular disease and its risk factors. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2009;2:63 72. 64. Abd El-Aziz TA, Hussein YM, Mohamed RH, Shalaby SM. Renin- angiotensin system genes polymorphism in Egyptians with premature coronary artery disease. Gene. 2012;498:270 275. 65. Konopka A, Szperl M, Piotrowski W, Roszczynko M, St pi ska J. Influence of renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms on the risk of ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction and association with coro- nary artery disease risk factors. Mol Diagn Ther. 2011;15:167 176. 66. Tanner RM, Lynch AL, Brophy VH, Eckfeldt JH, Davis BR, Ford CE, Boerwinkle E, Arnett DK. Pharmacogenetic associations of MMP9 and MMP12 variants with cardiovascular disease in patients with hyperten- sion. PLoS One. 2011;6: e23609. 67. Manolio TA, Collins FS, Cox NJ, Goldstein DB, Hindorff LA, Hunter DJ, McCarthy MI, Ramos EM, Cardon LR, Chakravarti A, Cho JH, Guttmacher AE, Kong A, Kruglyak L, Mardis E, Rotimi CN, Slatkin M, Valle D, Whittemore AS, Boehnke M, Clark AG, Eichler EE, Gibson G, Haines JL, Mackay TF, McCarroll SA, Visscher PM. Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature. 2009;461:747 753. 68. Pimenta E, Calhoun DA, Oparil S. Cardiology.


2009;461:747 753. 68. Pimenta E, Calhoun DA, Oparil S. Cardiology. In: Crawford MH, DiMarco JP, Paulus WJ, eds. 3rd ed. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Systemic Hypertension. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2009:511 522. 69. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P. Recent advances in arterial stiffness and wave reflection in human hypertension. Hypertension. 2007;49:1202 1206. 70. Dao HH, Essalihi R, Bouvet C, Moreau P. Evolution and modulation of age-related medial elastocalcinosis: impact on large artery stiffness and isolated systolic hypertension. Cardiovasc Res. 2005;66:307 317. 71. Franklin SS, Gustin W 4th, Wong ND, Larson MG, Weber MA, Kannel WB, Levy D. Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1997;96:308 315. 72. Pimenta E, Oparil S. Management of hypertension in the elderly. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2012;9:286 296. 73. O Rourke MF, Hashimoto J. Mechanical factors in arterial aging: a clini- cal perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1 13. 74. Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, Boutouyrie P, Giannattasio C, Hayoz D, Pannier B, Vlachopoulos C, Wilkinson I, Struijker-Boudier H; European Network for Non-invasive Investigation of Large Arteries. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2588 2605. 75. Wallace SM, Yasmin, McEniery CM, M ki-Pet j KM, Booth AD, Cockroft JR, Wilkinson IB. Isolated systolic hypertension is characterized by increased aortic stiffness and endothelial dysfunction. Hypertension. 2007;50:228 233. 76. Celermajer, DS, Sorensen KE, Bull C, Robinson J, Deanfield JE. Endothelium-dependent dilation in the systemic arteries of asymptomatic subjects relates to coronary risk factors and their interaction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24:1468 1474. 77. Stewart KJ, Sung J, Silber HA, Fleg JL, Kelemen MD, Turner KL, Bacher AC, Dobrosielski DA, DeRegis JR, Shapiro EP, Ouyang P. Exaggerated exercise blood pressure is related to impaired endothelial vasodilator function. Am. J. Hypertens. 2004;17:314 320. 78.


Stewart KJ, Sung J, Silber HA, Fleg JL, Kelemen MD, Turner KL, Bacher AC, Dobrosielski DA, DeRegis JR, Shapiro EP, Ouyang P. Exaggerated exercise blood pressure is related to impaired endothelial vasodilator function. Am. J. Hypertens. 2004;17:314 320. 78. Endtmann C, Ebrahimian T, Czech T, Arfa O, Laufs U, Fritz M, Wassmann K, Werner N, Petoumenos V, Nickenig G, Wassmann S. Angiotensin II impairs endothelial progenitor cell number and function in vitro and in vivo: implications for vascular regeneration. Hypertension. 2011;58:394 403. 79. Cai H, Griendling KK, Harrison DG. The vascular NAD(P)H oxidases as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2003;24:471 478. 80. Nickenig G, Sachinidis A, Michaelsen F, Bohm M, Seewald S, Vetter H. Upregulation of vascular angiotensin II receptor gene expression by low-density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation. 1997;95:473 478. stimulates angiotensin peptide synthesis and contributes to atherosclerosis through the AT1A receptor. Circulation. 2004;110:3849 3857. 82. Singh BM, Mehta JL. Interactions between the renin-angiotensin system and dyslipidemia: relevance in the therapy of hypertension and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1296 1304. 83. Lemari CA, Schiffrin EL. The angiotensin II type 2 receptor in cardiovascular disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2010;11:19 31. 84. Ali Q, Hussain T. AT2 receptor non-peptide agonist C21 promotes natri- uresis in obese Zucker rats. Hypertens Res. 2012;35:654 660. 85. Elliott WJ, Ram CV. Calcium channel blockers. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:687 689. 86. Sica DA, Carter B, Cushman W, Hamm L. Thiazide and loop diuretics. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:639 643. 87. TaylorAA, Siragy H, Nesbitt S.Angiotensin receptor blockers: pharmacol- ogy, efficacy and safety. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011:13:677 686. 88. Wiysonge CS, Bradley HA, Volmink J, Mayosi BM, Mbewu A, Opie LH. Beta-blockers for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012;11:CD002003. 89.


Wiysonge CS, Bradley HA, Volmink J, Mayosi BM, Mbewu A, Opie LH. Beta-blockers for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012;11:CD002003. 89. Bakris GL, Weir MR, Secic M, Campbell B, Weis-McNultyA. Differential effects of calcium antagonist subclasses on markers of nephropathy pro- gression. Kidney Int. 2004;65:1991 2002. 90. ONTARGET Investigators, Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, Dyal L, Copland I, Schumacher H, Dagenais G, Sleight P, Anderson C. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1547 1559. 91. Pfeffer MA, McMurray, JJV, Velazquez EJ, Rouleau JL, K ber L, Maggioni AP, Solomon SD, Swedberg K, Van de Werf F, White H, Leimberger JD, Henis M, Edwards S, Zelenkofske S, Sellers MA, Califf RM; Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial Investigators. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1893 1906. 92. Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, Dahlof B, Pitt B, Shi V, Hester A, Gupte J, Gatlin M, Velazequez EJ; ACCOMPLISH Trial Investigators. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2417 2428. 93. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension, II: results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114 mmHg. JAMA. 1970;213:1143 1152. 94. MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: principal results: Medical Research Council Working Party. BMJ (Clin Res Ed). 1985;291:97 104. 95. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older per- sons with isolated systolic hypertension: final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP): SHEP Cooperative Research Group. JAMA. 1991;265:3255 3264. 96. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group, The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial.


ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group, The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. Major outcomes in high-risk hyperten- sive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid- Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002;288:2981 2997. 97. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F, Borgioni C, Gattobigio R, Filippucci L, Norgiolini S, Bracco C, Porcellati C. Adverse prognostic signifi- cance of new diabetes in treated hypertensive subjects. Hypertension. 2004;43:963 969. 98. Black HR, Davis B, Barzilay J, Nwachuku C, Baimbridge C, Marginean H, Wright JT Jr, Basile J, Wong ND, Whelton P, Dart RA, Thadani U; Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. Metabolic and clinical outcomes in nondiabetic individuals with the metabolic syndrome assigned to chlorthalidone, amlodipine, or lisinopril as initial treatment for hypertension: a report from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Diabetes Care. 2008;31:353 360. 99. Cushman WC, Davis BR, Pressel SL, Cutler JA, Einhorn PA, Ford CE, Oparil S, Probstfield JL, Whelton PK, Wright JT Jr, Alderman MH, Basile JN, Black HR, Grimm RH Jr, Hamilton BP, Haywood LJ, Ong ST, Piller LB, Simpson LM, Stanford C, Weiss RJ; ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Mortality and morbidity during and af- ter the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:20 31. 100. Barzilay JI, Davis BR, Pressel SL, Cutler JA, Einhorn PT, Black HR, Cushman WC, Ford CE, Margolis KL, Moloo J, Oparil S, Piller LB, Simmons DL, Sweeney ME, Whelton PK, Wong ND, Wright JT Jr; ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Long-term effects of incident diabetes mellitus on cardiovascular outcomes in people treated for hyper- tension: the ALLHAT Diabetes Extension Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012;5:153 162. 101.


Long-term effects of incident diabetes mellitus on cardiovascular outcomes in people treated for hyper- tension: the ALLHAT Diabetes Extension Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012;5:153 162. 101. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure: the SOLVD Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:293 302. 102. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions: the SOLVD Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:685 691. 103. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin- converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy: the Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1456 1462. 104. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perin- dopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 indi- viduals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2001;358:1033 1041. 105. Svensson P, de Faire U, Sleight P, Yusuf S, Ostergren J. Comparative effects of ramipril on ambulatory and office blood pressures: a HOPE substudy. Hypertension. 2001;38:E28 E32. 106. Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE, Geller NL, Gersh BJ, Hsia J, Pfeffer MA, Rice MM, Rosenberg YD, Rouleau JL; PEACE Trial Investigators. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coro- nary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2058 2068. 107. Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, Brunner HR, Ekman S, Hansson L, Hua T, Laragh J, McInnes GT, Mitchell L, Plat F, Schork A, Smith B, Zanchetti A; VALUE Trial Group. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or am- lodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet. 2004;363:2022 2031. 108. Sica DA. The Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-Term Use Evaluation trial: a study in contrasts. Hypertension. 2006;48:362 363. 109. Dickstein K, Kjekshus J; OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group.


Dickstein K, Kjekshus J; OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocar- dial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial: Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet. 2002;360:752 760. 110. Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease (TRANSCEND) Investigators, Yusuf S, Teo K, Anderson C, Pogue J, Dyal L, Copland I, Schumacher H, Dagenais G, Sleight P. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:1174 1183. 111. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, Palensky J, Wittes J. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in pa- tients with severe heart failure: Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:709 717. 112. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez F, Roniker B, Bittman R, Hurley S, Kleiman J, Gatlin M; Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study Investigators. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1309 1321. 113. Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, van Veldhuisen DJ, Swedberg K, Shi H, Vincent J, Pocock SJ, Pitt B; EMPHASIS-HF Study Group. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:11 21. 114. Dahl f B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers DG, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, O Brien E, Ostergren J; ASCOT Investigators.


Dahl f B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers DG, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, O Brien E, Ostergren J; ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodip- ine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflu- methiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre ran- domised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:895 906. 115. Black HR, Elliott WJ, Grandits G, Grambsch P, Lucente T, White WB, Neaton JD, Grimm RH Jr, Hansson L, LacourciereY, Muller J, Sleight P, Weber MA, Williams G, Wittes J, Zanchetti A, Anders RJ; CONVINCE Research Group. Principal results of the Controlled Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular End Points (CONVINCE) trial. JAMA. 2003;289:2073 2082. 116. Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Marks RG, Kowey P, Messerli FH, Mancia G, Cangiano JL, Garcia-Barreto D, Keltai M, Erdine S, Bristol HA, Kolb HR, Bakris GL, Cohen JD, Parmley WW; INVEST Investigators.A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease: the International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290:2805 2816. 117. Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P, Kjeldsen SE, Lindholm LH, Syvertsen JO, Lanke J, de Faire U, Dahl f B, Karlberg BE. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and beta- blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet. 2000;356:359 365. 118. Goldstein RE, Boccuzzi SJ, Cruess D, Nattel S. Diltiazem increases late- onset congestive heart failure in postinfarction patients with early reduction in ejection fraction: theAdverse Experience Committee and the Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Research Group. Circulation. 1991;83:52 60. 119. McMurray JJ, Abraham WT, Dickstein K, K ber L, Massie BM, Krum H. Aliskiren, ALTITUDE, and the implications for ATMOSPHERE.


McMurray JJ, Abraham WT, Dickstein K, K ber L, Massie BM, Krum H. Aliskiren, ALTITUDE, and the implications for ATMOSPHERE. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14:341 343. 120. Arguedas JA, Perez MI, Wright JM. Treatment blood pressure targets for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009:CD004349. 121. Elliott WJ. What should be the blood pressure target for diabetics? Curr Opin Cardiol. 2011;26:308 313. 122. Upadhyay A, Earley A, Haynes SM, Uhlig K. Systematic review: blood pressure target in chronic kidney disease and proteinuria as an effect modifier. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:541 548. 123. Izzo JL Jr, Gradman AH. Mechanisms and management of hypertensive heart disease: from left ventricular hypertrophy to heart failure. Med Clin North Am. 2004;88:1257 1271. Rosendorff et al Treatment of Hypertension in Patients With CAD 1403 124. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, Evans JC, O Donnell CJ, Kannel WB, Levy D. Impact of high normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovas- cular disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1291 1297. 125. Hsia J, Margolis KL, Eaton CB, Wenger NK, Allison M, Wu L, LaCroix AZ, Black HR; Women s Health Initiative Investigators. Prehypertension and cardiovascular disease risk in the Women s Health Initiative. Circulation. 2007;115:855 860. 126. Fukuhara M, Arima H, Ninomiya T, Hata J, Yonemoto K, Doi Y, Hirakawa Y, Matsumura K, Kitazono T, Kiyohara Y. Impact of lower range of prehypertension on cardiovascular events in a general popula- tion: the Hisayama Study. J Hypertens. 2012;30:893 900. 127. Canty JM Jr. Coronary pressure-function and steady-state pressure-flow relations during autoregulation in the unanesthetized dog. Circ Res. 1988;63:821 836. 128. Harrison DG, Florentine MS, Brooks LA, Cooper SM, Marcus ML. The effect of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy on the lower range of coronary autoregulation. Circulation. 1988;77:1108 1115. 129.


The effect of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy on the lower range of coronary autoregulation. Circulation. 1988;77:1108 1115. 129. Rouleau JR, Simard D, Blouin A, Kingma JG Jr. Angiotensin inhibition and coronary autoregulation in a canine model of LV hypertrophy. Basic Res Cardiol. 2002;97:384 391. 130. Hoffman JI. Heterogeneity of myocardial blood flow. Basic Res Cardiol. 1995;90:103 111. 131. Strauer BE. The concept of coronary flow reserve. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992;19(supp1 5):S67 S80. 132. Sipahi I, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Wolski KE, Nicholls SJ, Balog C, Crowe TD, Nissen SE. Effects of normal, pre-hypertensive, and hyper- tensive blood pressure levels on progression of coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:833 838. 133. Stewart IM. Relation of reduction in pressure to first myocardial infarc- tion in patients receiving treatment for severe hypertension. Lancet. 1979;1:861 865. 134. Cruickshank JM, Thorp JM, Zacharias FJ. Benefits and potential harm of lowering high blood pressure. Lancet. 1987;1:581 584. 135. Millar JA, Lever AF. Implications of pulse pressure as a predictor of car- diac risk in patients with hypertension. Hypertension. 2000;36:907 911. 136. Farnett L, Mulrow CD, Linn WD, Lucey CR, Tuley MR. The J-curve phenomenon and the treatment of hypertension: is there a point beyond which pressure reduction is dangerous? JAMA. 1991;265:489 495. 137. MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, Collins R, Sorlie P, Neaton J, Abbott R, Godwin J, Dyer A, Stamler J. Blood pressure, stroke and coronary heart disease, part 1: prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet. 1990;335:765 774. 138. Denardo SJ, Messerli FH, Gaxiola E, Aranda JM Jr, Cooper-Dehoff RM, Handberg EM, Gong Y, Champion A, Zhou Q, Pepine CJ. Coronary re- vascularization strategy and outcomes according to blood pressure (from the International Verapamil SR-Trandolapril Study [INVEST]). Am J Cardiol. 2010;106:498 503. 139.


Coronary re- vascularization strategy and outcomes according to blood pressure (from the International Verapamil SR-Trandolapril Study [INVEST]). Am J Cardiol. 2010;106:498 503. 139. Messerli FH, Mancia G, Conti CR, Hewkin AC, Kupfer S, Champion A, Kolloch R, Benetos A, Pepine CJ. Dogma disputed: can aggressively lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease be dangerous? Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:884 893. 140. Thune JJ, Signorovitch J, Kober L, Velasquez EJ, McMurray JJV, Califf RM, Maggioni AP, Rouleau JL, Howlett J, Zelenkofske S, Pfeffer MC, Solomon SD. Effect of antecedent hypertension and follow-up blood pressure on outcomes after high-risk myocardial infarction. Hypertension. 2008;51:48 54. 141. Denardo SJ, Anderson RD, Pepine CJ. Blood pressure targets after high-risk myocardial infarction; is it time to update the guidelines? Hypertension. 2008;51:26 27. 142. Bangalore S, Messerli FH, Wun CC, Zuckerman AL, DeMicco D, Kostis JB, LaRosa JC; Treating to New Targets Steering Committee and Investigators. J-curve revisited: an analysis of blood pressure and cardio- vascular events in the Treating to New Targets (TNT) Trial. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2897 2908. 143. Dorresteijn JAN, van der Graaf Y, Spiering W, Grobbee DE, Bots ML, Visseren FLJ; Secondary Manifestations of Arterial Disease Study Group. Relation between blood pressure and vascular events and mor- tality in patients with manifest vascular disease: J-curve revisited. Hypertension. 2012;59:14 21. 144. Waller PC, Isles CG, Lever AF, Murray GD, McInnes GT. Does thera- peutic reduction of diastolic blood pressure cause death from coronary heart disease? J Hum Hypertens. 1988;2:7 10. 145. Fletcher A, Beevers DG, Bulpitt CJ, Butler A, Coles EC, Hunt D, Munro- Faure AD, Newson R, O Riordan PW, Petri JC, et al. The relationship between a low treated blood pressure and IHD mortality: a report from the DHSS Hypertension Care Computing Project (DHCCP). J Hum Hypertens. 1988;2:11 15. 146.


The relationship between a low treated blood pressure and IHD mortality: a report from the DHSS Hypertension Care Computing Project (DHCCP). J Hum Hypertens. 1988;2:11 15. 146. Samuelsson OG, Wilhelmsen LW, Pennert KM, Wedel H, Berglund GL. The J-shaped relationship between coronary heart disease and achieved blood pressure level in treated hypertension: further analy- ses of 12 years of follow-up of treated hypertensives in the Primary Prevention Trial in Gothenburg, Sweden [published correction appears in J Hypertens.1990;8:following H87]. J Hypertens. 1990;8:547 555. 147. Madhavan S, Ooi WL, Cohen H, Alderman MH. Relation of pulse pres- sure and blood pressure reduction to the incidence of myocardial infarc- tion. Hypertension. 1994;23:395 401. 148. Kannel WB, Wilson PW, Nam BH, D Agostino RB, Li J. A likely ex- planation for the J-curve of blood pressure cardiovascular risk. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:380 384. 149. Boutitie F, Gueyffier F, Pocock S, Fagard R, Boissel JP; INDANA Project Steering Committee, Individual Data Analysis of Antihypertensive inter- vention. J-shaped relationship between blood pressure and mortality in hypertensive patients: new insights from a meta-analysis of individual- patient data. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:438 448. 150. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P, Thompson PD, Ghali M, Garza D, Berman L, Shi H, Beubendorf E, Topol EJ; CAMELOT Investigators. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:2217 2225. 151. Wingard DL, Barrett-Connor E. Heart disease and diabetes. In: Harris MI, Cowie CC, Stern MS, Boyko EJ, Reiber GE, Bennett PH, eds. Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health; 1995:429 448. 152. Nilsson PM. ACCORD and risk-factor control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1628 1629 153. Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Gifford N, Schrier RW.


2010;362:1628 1629 153. Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Gifford N, Schrier RW. Effect of blood pressure control on diabetic microvascular complications in patients with hyper- tension and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(suppl 2):B54 B64. 154. Lackland DT, Elkind MSV, D Agostino R, Dhamoon MS, Goff DC Jr, Higashida RT, McClure LA, Mitchell PH, Sacco RL, Sila CA, Smith SC Jr, Tanne D, Tirschwell DL, Touz E, Wechsler LR; on behalf of the American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Inclusion of stroke in cardiovascular risk prediction instruments: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2012;43:1998 2027. 155. Ovbiagele B, Diener H-C, Yusuf S, Martin RH, Cotton D, Vinisko R, Donnan GA, Bath PM; PROFESS Investigators. Level of systolic blood pressure within the normal range and risk of recurrent stroke. JAMA. 2011;306:2137 2144. 156. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 ran- domised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemio- logical studies. BMJ. 2009;338:b1665. 157. Psaty BM, Furburg CD, Kuller LH, Cushman M, Savage PJ, Levine D, O Leary DH, Bryan RN, Anderson M, Lumley T. Association between blood pressure level and the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and total mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1183 1192. 158. Denardo SJ, Gong Y, Nichols WW, Messerli FH, Bavry AA, Cooper- DeHoff RM, Handberg EM, Champion A, Pepine CJ. Blood pressure and outcomes in very old hypertensive coronary artery disease patients: an INVEST substudy. Am J Med. 2010;123:719 726. 159.


Blood pressure and outcomes in very old hypertensive coronary artery disease patients: an INVEST substudy. Am J Med. 2010;123:719 726. 159. Aronow WS, Fleg JL, Pepine CJ, Artinian NT, Bakris G, Brown AS, Ferdinand KC, Forciea MA, Frishman WH, Jaigobin CJ, Kostis JB, Mancia G, Oparil S, Ortiz E, Reisin E, Rich MW, Schocken DD, Weber MA, Wesley DJ,Harrington RA; ACCF Task Force. ACCF/AHA 2011 expert consensus document on Hypertension in the elderly: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. Circulation. 2011;123:2434 2506. 160. Bangalore S, Qin J, Sloan S, Murphy SA, Cannon CP; PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Trial Investigators. What is the optimal blood pressure in patients after acute coronary syndromes? Relationship of blood pressure and cardiovascular events in the Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (PROVE IT- TIMI) 22 trial. Circulation. 2010;122:2142 2151. 161. Cooper-DeHoff RM, Gong Y, Handberg EM, Bavry AA, Denardo SJ, Bakris GL, Pepine CJ. Tight blood pressure control and cardiovascular outcomes among hypertensive patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease. JAMA. 2010;304:61 68. 162. Banach M, Bhatia V, Feller MA, Mujib M, Desai RV, Ahmed MI, Guichard JL, Aban I, Love TE, Aronow WS, White M, Deedwania P, Fonarow G, Ahmed A. Relation of baseline systolic blood pressure and long-term outcomes in ambulatory patients with chronic mild to moder- ate heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107:1208 1214. 163. Mancia G, Schumacher H, Redon J, Verdecchia P, Scmieder R, Jennings G, Yusoff K, Ryden L, Liu GL, Teo K, Sleight P, Yusuf S. Blood pres- sure targets recommended by guidelines and incidence of cardiovascular and renal events in the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination With Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET). Circulation. 2011;124:1727 1736. 164.


Mancia G, Schumacher H, Redon J, Verdecchia P, Scmieder R, Jennings G, Yusoff K, Ryden L, Liu GL, Teo K, Sleight P, Yusuf S. Blood pres- sure targets recommended by guidelines and incidence of cardiovascular and renal events in the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination With Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET). Circulation. 2011;124:1727 1736. 164. Redon J, Mancia G, Sleight P, Schumacher H, Gao P, Pogue J, Fagard R, Verdecchia P, Weber M, Bohm M, Williams B, Yusoff K, Teo K, Yusuf F; ONTARGET Investigators. Safety and efficacy of low blood pressures among patients with diabetes. Subgroup analyses from the ONTARGET (ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:74 83. 165. Lazarus JM, Bourgoignie JJ, Buckalew VM, Greene T, Levey AS, Milas NC, Paranandi L, Peterson JC, Porush JG, Rauch S, Soucie JM, Stollar C. Achievement and safety of a low blood pressure goal in chronic re- nal disease: the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Hypertension. 1997;29:641 650. 166. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Loriga G, Ganeva M, Ene-lordache B, Turturro M, Lesti M, Perticucci E, Chakarski IN, Leonardis D, Garini G, Sessa A, Basile C, Alpa M, Scvanziani R, Sorba G, Zoccali C, Remuzzi G; REIN-2 Study Group. Blood-pressure control for renoprotection in pa- tients with non-diabetic chronic renal disease (REIN-2): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365:939 946. 167. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Red n J, Zanchetti A, B hm M, Christiaens T, Cifkova R, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Galderisi M, Grobbee D E, Jaarsma T, Kirchhof P, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Manolis A J, Nilsson PM, Ruilope LM, Schmieder RE, Sirnes PA, Sleight P, Viigimaa M, Waeber B, Zannad F; Task Force Members.


Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Red n J, Zanchetti A, B hm M, Christiaens T, Cifkova R, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Galderisi M, Grobbee D E, Jaarsma T, Kirchhof P, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Manolis A J, Nilsson PM, Ruilope LM, Schmieder RE, Sirnes PA, Sleight P, Viigimaa M, Waeber B, Zannad F; Task Force Members. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2013;31:1281 1357. 168. Smith SC Jr, Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, Braun LT, Creager MA, Franklin BA, Gibbons RJ, Grundy SM, Hiratzka LF, Jones DW, Lloyd-Jones DM, Minissian M, Mosca L, Peterson ED, Sacco RL, Spertus J, Stein JH, Taubert KA; World Heart Federation and the Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association. AHA/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduc- tion therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2011;124:2458 2473. 169. Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP, Douglas PS, Foody JM, Gerber TC, Hinderliter AL, King SB 3rd, Kligfield PD, Krumholz HM, Kwong RY, Lim MJ, Linderbaum JA, Mack MJ, Munger MA, Prager RL, Sabik JF, Shaw LJ, Sikkema JD, Smith CR Jr, Smith SC Jr, Spertus JA, Williams SV; American College of Cardiology Foundation. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/ STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation.


2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/ STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2012;126:3097 3137. 170. Fihn SD, Blankenship JC, Alexander KP, Bittl JA, Byrne JG, Fletcher BJ, Fonarow GC, Lange RA, Levine GN, Maddox TM, Naidu SS, Ohman, Smith PK. 2014 ACC/AHA/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS focused update of the guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2014;130:1749 1767. 171. Qaseem A, Fihn SD, Dallas P, Williams S, Owens DK, Shekelle P; Clinical Guidelines Committee of theAmerican College of Physicians. Management of stable ischemic heart disease: summary of a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians/American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American Association for Thoracic Surgery/Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association/Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:735 743. 172. Rosendorff C. Calcium antagonists in the treatment of hypertension in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2003;4:1535 1541. 173. Mason RP. Mechanisms of plaque stabilization for the dihydropyri- dine calcium channel blocker amlodipine: review of the evidence. Atherosclerosis. 2002;165:191 199. 174. Turnbull F; Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardio- vascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of random- ized trials. Lancet. 2003;362:1527-153. 175.


Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardio- vascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of random- ized trials. Lancet. 2003;362:1527-153. 175. Wing LMH, Reid CM, Ryan R, Beilin LJ, Brown MK, Jennings GLR, Johnston CI, McNeil JJ, Macdonald GJ, Marley JE, Morgan TO, West MJ; Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study Group. A compar- ison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and di- uretics for hypertension in the elderly. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:583 592. 176. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, Hochman JS, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lamas GA, Mullany CJ, Ornato JP, Pearle DL, Sloan MA, Smith SC Jr, Alpert JS, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, FusterV, Gibbons RJ, Gregoratos G, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction). ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary: a report of the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction) [published correction ap- pears in Circulation. 2005;111:2013]. Circulation. 2004;110:588 636. 177.


ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary: a report of the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction) [published correction ap- pears in Circulation. 2005;111:2013]. Circulation. 2004;110:588 636. 177. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). Circulation. 2005;112:1825 1852. 178. Frazier CG, Shah SH, Armstrong PW, Bhapkar MV, McGuire DK, Sadowski Z, Kristinsson A, Aylward PE, Klein WW, Weaver WD, Newby LK; SYMPHONY and the Second SYMPHONY Investigators. Prevalence and management of hypertension in acute coronary syndrome patients varies by sex: observations from the Sibrafiban versus aspirin to Yield Maximum Protection from ischemic Heart events Postacute COroNary sYndromes (SYMPHONY) randomized clinical trials. Am Heart J. 2005;150:1260 1267. 179. Antman EM, Cohen M, Bernink PJ, McCabe CH, Horacek T, Papuchis G, Mautner B, Corbalan R, Radley D, Braunwald E. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI: a method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making. JAMA. 2000;284:835 842. 180. Granger CB, Goldberg RJ, Dabbous O, Pieper KS, Eagle KA, Cannon CP, Van De Werf F, Avezum A, Goodman SG, Flather MD, Fox KA; Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events Investigators.


Granger CB, Goldberg RJ, Dabbous O, Pieper KS, Eagle KA, Cannon CP, Van De Werf F, Avezum A, Goodman SG, Flather MD, Fox KA; Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events Investigators. Predictors of hospital mortality in the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2345 2353. 181. Chin CT, Chen AY, Wang TY, Alexander KP, Mathews R, Rumsfeld JS, Cannon CP, Fonarow GC, Peterson ED, Roe MT. Risk adjustment for in-hospital mortality of contemporary patients with acute myocardial infarction: the Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network (ACTION) Registry-Get With The Guidelines (GWTG) acute myocardial infarction mortality model and risk score. Am Heart J. 2011;161:113 122.e2. 182. Morrow DA, Antman EM, Charlesworth A, Cairns R, Murphy SA, de Lemos JA, Giugliano RP, McCabe CH, Braunwald E. TIMI risk score for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a convenient, bedside, clini- cal score for risk assessment at presentation: an Intravenous nPA for Treatment of Infarcting Myocardium Early II Trial substudy. Circulation. 2000;102:2031 2037. 183. Chang WC, Boersma E, Granger CB, Harrington RA, Califf RM, Simoons ML, Kleiman NS, Armstrong PW; GUSTO-IIB and PURSUIT Rosendorff et al Treatment of Hypertension in Patients With CAD 1405 Investigators. Dynamic prognostication in non-ST-elevation acute coro- nary syndromes: insights from GUSTO-IIB and PURSUIT. Am Heart J. 2004;148:62 71. 184. Subherwal S, Bach RG, Chen AY, Gage BF, Rao SV, Newby LK, Wang TY, Gibler WB, Ohman EM, Roe MT, Pollack CV Jr, Peterson ED, Alexander KP. Baseline risk of major bleeding in non-ST-segment- elevation myocardial infarction: the CRUSADE (Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines) bleeding score. Circulation. 2009;119:1873 1882. 185. Mathews R, Peterson ED, Chen AY, Wang TY, Chin CT, Fonarow GC, Cannon CP, Rumsfeld JS, Roe MT, Alexander KP.


Mathews R, Peterson ED, Chen AY, Wang TY, Chin CT, Fonarow GC, Cannon CP, Rumsfeld JS, Roe MT, Alexander KP. In-hospital major bleeding during ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation myocardial in- farction care: Derivation and validation of a model from the ACTION Registry -GWTGTM . Am J Cardiol. 2011;107:1136 1143. 186. Mehran R, Pocock SJ, Nikolsky E, Clayton T, Dangas GD, Kirtane AJ, Parise H, Fahy M, Manoukian SV, Feit F, Ohman ME, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G, Lansky AJ, Stone GW. A risk score to predict bleed- ing in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:2556 2566. 187. Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE Jr, Chavey WE 2nd, Fesmire FM, Hochman JS, Levin TN, Lincoff AM, Peterson ED, Theroux P, Wenger NK, Wright RS; Jneid H, Ettinger SM, Ganiats TG, Lincoff AM, Philippides GJ, Zidar JP; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2012 ACCF/AHA fo- cused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013;127:e663 e828. 188. GISSI-3: effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction: Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell infarto Miocardico. Lancet. 1994;343:1115 1122. 189. ISIS-4: randomized factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mo- nonitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1995;345:669 685. 190.


ISIS-4: randomized factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mo- nonitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1995;345:669 685. 190. O Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, Casey DE Jr, Chung MK, de Lemos JA, Ettinger SM, Fang JC, Fesmire FM, Franklin BA, Granger CB, Krumholz HM, Linderbaum JA, Morrow DA, Newby LK, Ornato JP, Ou N, Radford MJ, Tamis-Holland JE, Tommaso CL, Tracy CM, WooYJ, Zhao DX; ACCF/AHA Task Force. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013;127:529 555. 191. Yusuf S, Wittes J, Friedman L. Overview of results of randomized clinical trials in heart disease, II: unstable angina, heart failure, primary preven- tion with aspirin, and risk factor reduction. JAMA. 1988;260:2259 2263. 192. Randomised trial of intravenous atenolol among 16 027 cases of sus- pected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-1: First International Study of Infarct Survival Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1986;2:57 66. 193. Comparison of invasive and conservative strategies after treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction: results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) phase II trial: the TIMI Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:618 627. 194. Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, Peto R, Collins R, Jiang LX, Xie JX, Liu LS; COMMIT (ClOpidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial) Collaborative Group. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo- controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1622 1632. 195. Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE Jr, Chavey WE 2nd, Fesmire FM, Hochman JS, Levin TN, Lincoff AM, Peterson ED, Theroux P, Wenger NK, Wright RS.


Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE Jr, Chavey WE 2nd, Fesmire FM, Hochman JS, Levin TN, Lincoff AM, Peterson ED, Theroux P, Wenger NK, Wright RS. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non- ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for The Management of Patients with Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction). Circulation. 2007;116:e148 e304. 196. Andrus MR, Holloway KP, Clark DB. Use of beta-blockers in patients with COPD. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38:142 145. 197. Salpeter S, Ormiston T, Salpeter E. Cardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005:CD003566. 198. Early treatment of unstable angina in the coronary care unit: a ran- domised, double blind, placebo controlled comparison of recurrent ischaemia in patients treated with nifedipine or metoprolol or both: re- port of the Holland Interuniversity Nifedipine/Metoprolol Trial (HINT) Research Group. Br Heart J. 1986;56:400 413. 199. Verapamil in acute myocardial infarction: the Danish Multicenter Study Group on Verapamil in Myocardial Infarction. Eur Heart J. 1984;5:516 528. 200. Hansen JF. Treatment with verapamil after an acute myocardial in- farction: a review of the Danish Studies on Verapamil in Myocardial Infarction (DAVIT I and II). Drugs. 1991;42(suppl 2):43 53. 201. Hansen JF, Tingsted L, Rasmussen V, Madsen JK, Jespersen CM. Verapamil and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with coronary artery disease and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:16D 21D. 202. Braunwald E, Pfeffer MA. Ventricular enlargement and remodeling fol- lowing acute myocardial infarction: mechanisms and management. Am J Cardiol. 1991;68:1D 6D. 203. Oral captopril versus placebo among 13,634 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: interim report from the Chinese Cardiac Study (CCS-1). Lancet. 1995;345:686 687. 204.


Oral captopril versus placebo among 13,634 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: interim report from the Chinese Cardiac Study (CCS-1). Lancet. 1995;345:686 687. 204. Indications for ACE inhibitors in the early treatment of acute myocardial infarction: systematic overview of individual data from 100,000 patients in randomized trials: ACE Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Circulation. 1998;97:2202 2212. 205. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure: the Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Lancet. 206. Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, Bagger H, Eliasen P, Lyngborg K, Videbaek J, Cole DS, Auclert L, Pauly NC. A clinical trial of the an- giotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1670 1676. 207. Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Lee DS, Kopp A, Austin PC, Laupacis A, Redelmeier DA. Rates of hyperkalemia after publica- tion of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:543 551. 208. Katz JN, Gore JM, Amin A, Anderson FA, Dasta JF, Ferguson JJ, Kleinschmidt K, Mayer SA, Multz AS, Peacock WF, Peterson E, Pollack C, Sung GY, Shorr A, Varon J, Wyman A, Emery LA, Granger CB; STAT Investigators. Practice patterns, outcomes, and end-organ dysfunction for patients with acute severe hypertension: the Studying the Treatment of Acute Hypertension (STAT) Registry. Am Heart J. 2009;158:599 606.e1. 209. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW.


Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW. 2009 Focused update in- corporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation. 2009;119:e391 e479. 210. Adams KF Jr, Fonarow GC, Emerman CL, LeJemtel TH, Costanzo MR, Abraham WT, Berkowitz RL, Galvao M, Horton DP;ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee and Investigators. Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, de- sign, and preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cases in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). Am Heart J 2005;149:209 216. 211. Fonarow GC, Albert NM, Curtis AB, Stough WG, Gheorghiade M, Heywood JT, McBride ML, Inge PJ, Mehra MR, O Connor CM, Reynolds D, Walsh MN, Yancy CW. Improving evidence-based care for heart fail- ure in outpatient cardiology practices: primary results of the Registry to Improve the Use of Evidence-Based Heart Failure Therapies in the Outpatient Setting (IMPROVE HF). Circulation. 2010;122:585 596. 212. O Connor CM, Velazquez EJ, Gardner LH, Smith PK, Newman MF, Landolfo KP, Lee KL, Califf RM, Jones RH. Comparison of coro- nary artery bypass grafting versus medical therapy on long-term outcome in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (a 25-year experi- ence from the Duke Cardiovascular Disease Databank). Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:101 107. 213. Kannel WB, Belanger AJ. Epidemiology of heart failure. Am Heart J. 1991;121(pt 1):951 957. 214. McKee PA, Castelli WP, McNamara PM, Kannel WB. The natural his- tory of congestive heart failure: the Framingham study. N Engl J Med. 1971;285:1441 1446.


The natural his- tory of congestive heart failure: the Framingham study. N Engl J Med. 1971;285:1441 1446. 215. Topol EJ, Traill TA, Fortuin NJ. Hypertensive hypertrophic cardiomy- opathy of the elderly. N Engl J Med. 1985;312:277 283. 216. Bonow RO, Udelson JE. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as a cause of congestive heart failure: mechanisms and management. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:502 510. hypertension to congestive heart failure. JAMA. 1996;275:1557 1562. 218. Wilhelmsen L, Rosengren A, Eriksson H, Lappas G. Heart failure in the general population of men: morbidity, risk factors and prognosis. J Intern Med. 2001;249:253 261. 219. Kostis JB, Davis BR, Cutler J, Grimm RH Jr, Berge KG, Cohen JD, Lacy CR, Perry HM Jr, Blaufox MD, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Black HR, Schron E, Berkson DM, Curb JD, Smith WM, McDonald R, Applegate WB. Prevention of heart failure by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: SHEP Cooperative Research Group. JAMA. 1997;278:212 216. 220. Felker GM, Adams KF Jr, Konstam MA, O Connor CM, Gheorghiade M. The problem of decompensated heart failure: nomenclature, classifi- cation, and risk stratification. Am Heart J. 2003;145(suppl):S18 S25. 221. Senni M, Tribouilloy CM, Rodeheffer RJ, Jacobsen SJ, Evans JM, Bailey KR, Redfield MM. Congestive heart failure in the community: trends in incidence and survival in a 10-year period. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:29 34. 222. Moser M, Hebert PR. Prevention of disease progression, left ventricular hypertrophy and congestive heart failure in hypertension treatment trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:1214 1218. 223. Diez J, Fortuno MA, Ravassa S. Apoptosis in hypertensive heart disease. Curr Opin Cardiol. 1998;13:317 325. 224. Drazner MH, Rame JE, Marino EK, Gottdiener JS, Kitzman DW, Gardin JM, Manolio TA, Dries DL, Siscovick DS.


Drazner MH, Rame JE, Marino EK, Gottdiener JS, Kitzman DW, Gardin JM, Manolio TA, Dries DL, Siscovick DS. Increased left ventricular mass is a risk factor for the development of a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction within five years: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:2207 2215. 225. Drazner MH. The progression of hypertensive heart disease. Circulation. 2011;123:327 334. 226. Shapiro BP, Owan TE, Mohammed S, Kruger M, Linke WA, Burnett JC Jr, Redfield MM. Mineralocorticoid signaling in transition to heart failure with normal ejection fraction. Hypertension. 2008;51:289 295. 227. Ahmed SH, Clark LL, Pennington WR, Webb CS, Bonnema DD, Leonardi AH, McClure CD, Spinale FG, Zile MR. Matrix metallopro- teinases/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: relationship between changes in proteolytic determinants of matrix composition and structur- al, functional, and clinical manifestations of hypertensive heart disease. Circulation. 2006;113:2089 2096. 228. Zile MR, Bennett TD, St John Sutton M, Cho YK, Adamson PB, Aaron MF, Aranda JM Jr, Abraham WT, Smart FW, Stevenson LW, Kueffer FJ, Bourge RC. Transition from chronic compensated to acute decompen- sated heart failure: pathophysiological insights obtained from continuous monitoring of intracardiac pressures. Circulation. 2008;118:1433 1441. 229. Melenovsky V, Borlaug BA, Rosen B, Hay I, Ferruci L, Morell CH, Lakatta EG, Najjar SS, Kass DA. Cardiovascular features of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction versus nonfailing hypertensive left ven- tricular hypertrophy in the urban Baltimore community: the role of atrial remodeling/dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:198 207. 230. Lam CS, Roger VL, Rodeheffer RJ, Bursi F, Borlaug BA, Ommen SR, Kass DA, Redfield MM. Cardiac structure and ventricular-vascular func- tion in persons with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction from Olmsted County, Minnesota. Circulation. 2007;115:1982 1990. 231. Borlaug BA, Lam CS, Roger VL, Rodeheffer RJ, Redfield MM.


Borlaug BA, Lam CS, Roger VL, Rodeheffer RJ, Redfield MM. Contractility and ventricular systolic stiffening in hypertensive heart dis- ease insights into the pathogenesis of heart failure with preserved ejec- tion fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:410 418. 232. Kramer K, Kirkman P, Kitzman D, Little WC. Flash pulmonary edema: association with hypertension and reoccurrence despite coronary revas- cularization. Am Heart J. 2000;140:451 455. 233. Goldberger JJ, Peled HB, Stroh JA, Cohen MN, FrishmanWH. Prognostic factors in acute pulmonary edema. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146:489 493. 234. Clark LT, Garfein OB, Dwyer EM Jr. Acute pulmonary edema due to ischemic heart disease without accompanying myocardial infarction: natural history and clinical profile. Am J Med. 1983;75:332 336. 235. Dodek A, Kassebaum DG, Bristow JD. Pulmonary edema in coronary- artery disease without cardiomegaly: paradox of the stiff heart. N Eng J Med. 1972;286:1347 1350. 236. Chin MH, Goldman L. Correlates of major complications or death in pa- tients admitted to the hospital with congestive heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1814 1820. 237. Zampaglione B, Pascale C, Marchisio M, Cavallo-Perin P. Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies: prevalence and clinical presentation. Hypertension. 1996;27:144 147. 238. Belardinelli R, Georgiou D, Purcaro A. Low dose dobutamine echocar- diography predicts improvement in functional capacity after exercise training in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: prognostic implica- tion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:1027 1034. 239. Specchia G, De Servi S, Scire A, Assandri J, Berzuini C, Angoli L, La Rovere MT, Cobelli F. Interaction between exercise training and ejec- tion fraction in predicting prognosis after a first myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1996;94:978 982. 240. O Connor CM, Whellan DJ, Lee KL, Keteyian SJ, Cooper LS, Ellis SJ, Leifer ES, Kraus WE, Kitzman DW, Blumenthal JA, Rendall DS, Miller NH, Fleg JL, Schulman KA, McKelvie RS, Zannad F, Pina IL; HF-ACTION Investigators.


O Connor CM, Whellan DJ, Lee KL, Keteyian SJ, Cooper LS, Ellis SJ, Leifer ES, Kraus WE, Kitzman DW, Blumenthal JA, Rendall DS, Miller NH, Fleg JL, Schulman KA, McKelvie RS, Zannad F, Pina IL; HF-ACTION Investigators. Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301:1439 1450. 241. Flynn KE, Pina IL, Whellan DJ, Lin L, Blumenthal JA, Ellis SJ, Fine LJ, Howlett JG, Keteyian SJ, Kitzman DW, Kraus WE, Miller NH, Schulman KA, Spertus JA, O Connor CM, Weinfurt KP; HF-ACTION Investigators. Effects of exercise training on health status in patients with chronic heart fail- ure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301:1451 1459. 242. Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Amsterdam EA, Chaitman B, Eckel R, Fleg J, Froelicher VF, Leon AS, Pina IL, Rodney R, Simons-Morton DA, Williams MA, Bazzarre T. Exercise standards for testing and train- ing: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001;104:1694 1740. 243. Shephard RJ, Balady GJ. Exercise as cardiovascular therapy. Circulation. 1999;99:963 972. 244. Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L. Cardiovascular protection and blood pressure reduction: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2001;358:1305 1315. 245. Neuberg GW, Miller AB, O Connor CM, Belkin RN, Carson PE, Cropp AB, Frid DJ, Nye RG, Pressler ML, Wertheimer JH, Packer M; PRAISE Investigators, Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation. Diuretic resistance predicts mortality in patients with advanced heart fail- ure. Am Heart J. 2002;144:31 38. 246. Francis GS, Siegel RM, Goldsmith SR, Olivari MT, Levine TB, Cohn JN. Acute vasoconstrictor response to intravenous furosemide in patients with chronic congestive heart failure: activation of the neurohumoral axis. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:1 6. 247. Bayliss J, Norell M, Canepa-Anson R, Sutton G, Poole-Wilson P. Untreated heart failure: clinical and neuroendocrine effects of introduc- ing diuretics. Br Heart J. 1987;57:17 22.


Bayliss J, Norell M, Canepa-Anson R, Sutton G, Poole-Wilson P. Untreated heart failure: clinical and neuroendocrine effects of introduc- ing diuretics. Br Heart J. 1987;57:17 22. 248. Felker GM, Lee KL, Bull DA, Redfield MM, Stevenson LW, Goldsmith SR, LeWinter MM, Deswal A, Rouleau JL, Ofili EO, Anstrom KJ, Hernandez AF, McNulty SE, Velazquez EJ, Kfoury AG, Chen HH, Givertz MM, Semigran MJ, Bart BA, Mascette AM, Braunwald E, O Connor CM; NHLBI Heart Failure Clinical Research Network. Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:797 805. 249. Greenberg B, Quinones MA, Koilpillai C, Limacher M, Shindler D, Benedict C, Shelton B. Effects of long-term enalapril therapy on cardiac structureandfunctioninpatientswithleftventriculardysfunction:resultsof the SOLVD echocardiography substudy. Circulation. 1995;91:2573 2581. 250. Longobardi G, Ferrara N, Furgi G, Abete P, Rengo F. Improvement of myocardial blood flow to ischemic regions by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:1437 1438. 251. Leesar MA, Jneid H, Tang XL, Bolli R. Pretreatment with intracoronary enalaprilat protects human myocardium during percutaneous coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1607 1610. 252. Minai K, Matsumoto T, Horie H, Ohira N, Takashima H, Yokohama H, Kinoshita M. Bradykinin stimulates the release of tissue plasminogen ac- tivator in human coronary circulation: effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:1565 1570. 253. Gustafsson F, Torp-Pedersen C, Kober L, Hildebrandt P. Effect of angio- tensin converting enzyme inhibition after acute myocardial infarction in Rosendorff et al Treatment of Hypertension in Patients With CAD 1407 patients with arterial hypertension: TRACE Study Group, Trandolapril Cardiac Event. J Hypertens. 1997;15:793 798. 254. Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, Horowitz JD, Massie BM, Ryden L, Thygesen K, Uretsky BF.


Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, Horowitz JD, Massie BM, Ryden L, Thygesen K, Uretsky BF. Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisin- opril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure: Atlas Study Group. Circulation. 1999;100:2312 2318. 255. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, Remuzzi G, Snapinn SM, Zhang Z, Shahinfar S; RENAAL Study Investigators. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in pa- tientswithtype2diabetesandnephropathy.NEnglJMed.2001;345:861 869. 256. Berl T, Hunsicker LG, Lewis JB, Pfeffer MA, Porush JG, Rouleau JL, Drury PL, Esmatjes E, Hricik D, Pohl M, Raz I, Vanhille P, Wiegmann TB, Wolfe BM,LocatelliF,GoldhaberSZ,LewisEJ;CollaborativeStudyGroup.Impact of achieved blood pressure on cardiovascular outcomes in the Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:2170 2179. 257. Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R, Martinez FA, Dickstein K, Camm AJ, Konstam MA, Riegger G, Klinger GH, Neaton J, Sharma D, Thiyagarajan B. Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial: the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet. 2000;355:1582 1587. 258. Cohn JN, Tognoni G; Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. A ran- domized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1667 1675. 259. Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, Held P, Michelson EL, Olofsson B, Ostergren J, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K; CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin- converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative Trial. Lancet. 2003;362:772 776. 260. Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, McMurray JJ, Michelson EL, Olofsson B, Ostergren J; CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial.


Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet. 2003;362:777 781. 261. Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, McMurray JJ, Michelson EL, Olofsson B, Ostergren J, Yusuf S, Pocock S; CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet. 2003;362:759 766. 262. White HD. Candesartan and heart failure: the allure of CHARM. Lancet. 2003;362:754 755. Olofsson B,Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA; CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet. 2003;362:767 771. 264. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/ XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT- HF). Lancet. 1999;353:2001 2007. 265. Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohacsi P, Rouleau JL, Tendera M, Castaigne A, Roecker EB, Schultz MK, DeMets DL; Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival Study Group. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1651 1658. 266. Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB, Coats AJ, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohacsi P, Rouleau JL, Tendera M, Staiger C, Holcslaw TL, Amann- Zalan I, DeMets DL; Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Study Group. Effect of carvedilol on the mor- bidityofpatientswithseverechronicheartfailure:resultsoftheCarvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Study. Circulation. 2002;106:2194 2199. 267. Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, Adams KF, Fowler MB, Hershberger RE, Kubo SH, Narahara KA, Ingersoll H, Krueger S,Young S, Shusterman N. Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure: MOCHA Investigators. Circulation. 1996;94:2807 2816. 268.


Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, Adams KF, Fowler MB, Hershberger RE, Kubo SH, Narahara KA, Ingersoll H, Krueger S,Young S, Shusterman N. Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure: MOCHA Investigators. Circulation. 1996;94:2807 2816. 268. Flather MD, Shibata MC, Coats AJ, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Parkhomenko A, Borbola J, Cohen-Solal A, Dumitrascu D, Ferrari R, Lechat P, Soler-Soler J, Tavazzi L, Spinarova L, Toman J, B hm M, Anker SD, Thompson SG, Poole-Wilson PA; SENIORS Investigators. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J. 2005;26:215 225. 269. Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JG, Di Lenarda A, Hanrath P, Komajda M, Lubsen J, Lutiger B, Metra M, Remme WJ, Torp-Pedersen C, ScherhagA,SkeneA;CarvedilolOrMetoprololEuropeanTrialInvestigators. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;362:7 13. 270. Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, Carson P, D Agostino R, Jr, Ferdinand K, Taylor M, Adams K, Sabolinski M, Worcel M, Cohn JN; African- American Heart Failure Trial Investigators. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2049 2057. 271. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJV, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the manage- ment of heart failure: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013;128:1810 1852. 272.


2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the manage- ment of heart failure: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013;128:1810 1852. 272. Kandler MR, Mah GT, Tejani AM, Stabler SN, Salzwedel DM. Hydralazine for essential hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011:CD004934. M,Young WF Jr, MontoriVM; Endocrine Society. Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrin Metab. 2008;93:3266 3281. 274. Krum H, Schlaich M, Whitbourn R, Sobotka PA, Sadowski J, Bartus K, Kapelak B, Walton A, Sievert H, Thambar S, Abraham WT, Esler M. Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hyperten- sion: a multicentre safety and proof-of-principle cohort study. Lancet. 2009;373:1275 1281. 275. SYMPLICITY HTN-2 Investigators, Esler MD, Krum H, Sobotka PA, Schlaich MP, Schmieder RE, Bohm M. Renal sympathetic de- nervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension (the SYMPLICITY HTN-2 trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376:1903 1909. 276. Brandt MC, Mahfoud F, Reda S, Schirmer SH, Erdmann E, Bohm M, Hoppe UC. Renal sympathetic denervation reduces left ventricular hy- pertrophy and improves cardiac function in patients with resistant hyper- tension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:901 909. 277. Bhatt DL, Kandzari DE, O Neill WW, D Agostino R, Flack JM, Katzen BT, Leon MB, Liu M, Mauri L, Negoita M, Cohen SA, Oparil S, Rocha- Singh K, Townsend RR, Bakris GL; SYMPLICITY HTN-3 Investigators. A controlled trial of renal denervation for resistant hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1393 1401. 278. Moss AJ, Oakes D, Benhorin J, Carleen E. The interaction between diltiazem and left ventricular function after myocardial infarction: Multicenter Diltiazem Post-Infarction Research Group. Circulation. 1989;80(suppl):IV102 IV106. 279.


Moss AJ, Oakes D, Benhorin J, Carleen E. The interaction between diltiazem and left ventricular function after myocardial infarction: Multicenter Diltiazem Post-Infarction Research Group. Circulation. 1989;80(suppl):IV102 IV106. 279. O Connor CM, Carson PE, Miller AB, Pressler ML, Belkin RN, Neuberg GW, Frid DJ, Cropp AB, Anderson S, Wertheimer JH, DeMets DL. Effect of amlodipine on mode of death among patients with advanced heart failure in the PRAISE Trial: Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:881 887. 280. Cohn JN, Ziesche S, Smith R, Anand I, Dunkman WB, Loeb H, Cintron G, Boden W, Baruch L, Rochin P, Loss L. Effect of the calcium antagonist felodipine as supplementary vasodilator therapy in patients with chronic heart failure treated with enalapril: V-HEFT III: Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial (V-HEFT) Study Group. Circulation. 1997;96:856 863. 281. Cohn JN, Pfeffer MA, Rouleau J, Sharpe N, Swedberg K, Straub M, Wiltse C,Wright TJ; MOXCON Investigators.Adverse mortality effect of central sympathetic inhibition with sustained-release moxonidine in pa- tients with heart failure (MOXCON). Eur J Heart Fail. 2003;5:659 667. 282. Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone: theAntihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT): ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. JAMA. 2000;283:1967 1975. 283. Johnson AG, Nguyen TV, Day RO. Do nonsteroidal anti-inflamma- tory drugs affect blood pressure? A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:289 300. 284. WheltonA. Nephrotoxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: physi- ologic foundations and clinical implications. Am J Med. 1999;106:13S 24S. Key Words: AHA Scientific Statements blood pressure coronary artery disease epidemiology hypertension secondary prevention