2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guide- line for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society [published correction appears in 28. January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC Jr, Conti JB, Ellinor PT, Ezekowitz MD, Field ME, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society [published correction appears in Circulation. 2019;140:e285]. Circulation. 2014;130:e199 e267. 29. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, DePalma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/ NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and man- agement of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2018;138:e426 e483. 30. Stout KK, Daniels CJ, Aboulhosn JA, Bozkurt B, Broberg CS, Colman JM, Crumb SR, Dearani JA, Fuller S, Gurvitz M, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC guide- line for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines [published correction appears in Cir- culation. 2019;139:e833 e834]. Circulation. 2019;139:e698 e800. doi: 31. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, Braun LT, de Ferranti S, Faiella-Tommasino J, Forman DE, et al. 2018 AHA/ ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/ PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines [published correction appears in Circula- tion. 2019;139:e1182 e1186]. Circulation. 2019;139:e1082 e1143. doi: 32.


2018 AHA/ ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/ PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines [published correction appears in Circula- tion. 2019;139:e1182 e1186]. Circulation. 2019;139:e1082 e1143. doi: 32. January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, Chen LY, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC Jr, Ellinor PT, Ezekowitz MD, Field ME, Furie KL, et al. 2019 AHA/ACC/HRS focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiol- ogy/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society in collaboration with the Society of Thoracic Surgeons [published correction appears in Circulation. 2019;140:e285]. Cir- 33. Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Gentile F, Jneid H, Krieger EV, Mack M, McLeod C, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines [published correction appears in Circulation. 2021;143:e229]. 34. Billinger SA, Arena R, Bernhardt J, Eng JJ, Franklin BA, Johnson CM, MacKay-Lyons M, Macko RF, Mead GE, Roth EJ, et al; on behalf of the Ameri- can Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Epide- miology and Prevention; Council on Clinical Cardiology. Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Associa- tion. Stroke. 2014;45:2532 2553. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000022 34a.


Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Associa- tion. Stroke. 2014;45:2532 2553. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000022 34a. Hayes SN, Kim ESH, Saw J, Adlam D, Arslanian-Engoren C, Economy KE, Ganesh SK, Gulati R, Lindsay ME, Mieres JH, et al; on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology; and Stroke Council. Spontaneous coronary artery dissec- tion: current state of the science: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137:e523 e557. doi: 35. Gorelick PB, Furie KL, Iadecola C, Smith EE, Waddy SP, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bae HJ, Bauman MA, Dichgans M, Duncan PW, et al; on behalf of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Defining opti- mal brain health in adults: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2017;48:e284 e303. 36. Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Weber M, Gefeller O, Neundoerfer B, Heuschmann PU. Epidemiology of ischemic stroke subtypes according to TOAST cri- teria: incidence, recurrence, and long-term survival in ischemic stroke subtypes: a population-based study. Stroke. 2001;32:2735 2740. doi: 37. Gardener H, Sacco RL, Rundek T, Battistella V, Cheung YK, Elkind MSV. Race and ethnic disparities in stroke incidence in the Northern Manhattan Study. Stroke. 2020;51:1064 1069. doi: 10.1161/ 38. Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, Marsh EE 3rd. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke: definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial: TOAST: Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke. 1993;24:35 41. doi: 10.1161/01.str.24.1.35 39. Hart RG, Diener HC, Coutts SB, Easton JD, Granger CB, O Donnell MJ, Sacco RL, Connolly SJ; Cryptogenic Stroke/ESUS International Working Group.


Hart RG, Diener HC, Coutts SB, Easton JD, Granger CB, O Donnell MJ, Sacco RL, Connolly SJ; Cryptogenic Stroke/ESUS International Working Group. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: the case for a new clinical construct. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:429 438. doi: 40. Sposato LA, Cipriano LE, Saposnik G, Ru z Vargas E, Riccio PM, Hachinski V. Diagnosis of atrial fibrillation after stroke and transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:377 387. 41. Micheli S, Agnelli G, Caso V, Alberti A, Palmerini F, Venti M, Paciaroni M. Acute myocardial infarction and heart failure in acute stroke patients: fre- quency and influence on clinical outcome. J Neurol. 2012;259:106 110. 42. Arsava EM, Kim GM, Oliveira-Filho J, Gungor L, Noh HJ, Lordelo MdJ, Avery R, Maier IL, Ay H. Prediction of early recurrence after acute ischemic stroke. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73:396 401. doi: 10.1001/ 43. Moroney JT, Bagiella E, Paik MC, Sacco RL, Desmond DW. Risk factors for early recurrence after ischemic stroke: the role of stroke syndrome and subtype. Stroke. 1998;29:2118 2124. doi: 10.1161/01.str.29.10.2118 44. Petty GW, Brown RD Jr, Whisnant JP, Sicks JD, O Fallon WM, Wiebers DO. Ischemic stroke subtypes: a population-based study of functional outcome, survival, and recurrence. Stroke. 2000;31:1062 1068. doi: 45. Sacco RL, Foulkes MA, Mohr JP, Wolf PA, Hier DB, Price TR. Determinants of early recurrence of cerebral infarction: the Stroke Data Bank. Stroke. 46. Willinsky RA, Taylor SM, TerBrugge K, Farb RI, Tomlinson G, Montanera W. Neurologic complications of cerebral angiography: prospective analysis of 2,899 procedures and review of the literature. Radiology. 2003;227:522 47. Kim AH, Augustin G, Shevitz A, Kim H, Trivonovich MR, Powell AR, Kumins N, Tarr R, Kashyap VS. Carotid Consensus Panel duplex criteria can replace modified University of Washington criteria without affecting accuracy. Vasc 48.


Kim AH, Augustin G, Shevitz A, Kim H, Trivonovich MR, Powell AR, Kumins N, Tarr R, Kashyap VS. Carotid Consensus Panel duplex criteria can replace modified University of Washington criteria without affecting accuracy. Vasc 48. Josephson SA, Bryant SO, Mak HK, Johnston SC, Dillon WP, Smith WS. Evaluation of carotid stenosis using CT angiography in the initial evalua- tion of stroke and TIA. Neurology. 2004;63:457 460. doi: 10.1212/01. 49. Debrey SM, Yu H, Lynch JK, L vblad KO, Wright VL, Janket SJ, Baird AE. Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance angiography for inter- nal carotid artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 50. U-King-Im JM, Hollingworth W, Trivedi RA, Cross JJ, Higgins NJ, Graves MJ, Gutnikov S, Kirkpatrick PJ, Warburton EA, Antoun NM, et al. Cost- effectiveness of diagnostic strategies prior to carotid endarterectomy. Ann CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Kleindorfer 51. Kvistad CE, Novotny V, N ss H, Hagberg G, Ihle-Hansen H, Waje- Andreassen U, Thomassen L, Logallo N. Safety and predictors of stroke mimics in The Norwegian Tenecteplase Stroke Trial (NOR-TEST). Int J 52. Madsen TE, Khoury J, Cadena R, Adeoye O, Alwell KA, Moomaw CJ, McDonough E, Flaherty ML, Ferioli S, Woo D, et al. Potentially missed diagnosis of ischemic stroke in the emergency department in the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study. Acad Emerg Med. 53. Newman-Toker DE, Moy E, Valente E, Coffey R, Hines AL. Missed diagno- sis of stroke in the emergency department: a cross-sectional analysis of a large population-based sample. Diagnosis (Berl). 2014;1:155 166. doi: 54. Roquer J, Rodr guez-Campello A, Cuadrado-Godia E, Giralt-Steinhauer E, Jim nez-Conde J, Soriano C, Ois A. The role of HbA1c determination in detecting unknown glucose disturbances in ischemic stroke. PLoS One. 55.


The role of HbA1c determination in detecting unknown glucose disturbances in ischemic stroke. PLoS One. 55. Agarwal A, Cheung AK, Ma J, Cho M, Li M. Effect of baseline kidney func- tion on the risk of recurrent stroke and on effects of intensive blood pres- sure control in patients with previous lacunar stroke: a post hoc analysis of the SPS3 Trial (Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes). J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8:e013098. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.013098 56. Holmes M, Rathbone J, Littlewood C, Rawdin A, Stevenson M, Stevens J, Archer R, Evans P, Wang J. Routine echocardiography in the management of stroke and transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2014;18:1 176. doi: 10.3310/hta18160 57. Katsanos AH, Bhole R, Frogoudaki A, Giannopoulos S, Goyal N, Vrettou AR, Ikonomidis I, Paraskevaidis I, Pappas K, Parissis J, et al. The value of trans- esophageal echocardiography for embolic strokes of undetermined source. 58. Sanna T, Diener HC, Passman RS, Di Lazzaro V, Bernstein RA, Morillo CA, Rymer MM, Thijs V, Rogers T, Beckers F, et al; CRYSTAL AF Investi- gators. Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 59. Gladstone DJ, Spring M, Dorian P, Panzov V, Thorpe KE, Hall J, Vaid H, O Donnell M, Laupacis A, C t R, et al; EMBRACE Investigators and Coor- dinators. Atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med. 60. Wachter R, Gr schel K, Gelbrich G, Hamann GF, Kermer P, Liman J, Seegers J, Wasser K, Schulte A, J rries F, et al; Find-AF(randomised) Investigators and Coordinators. Holter-electrocardiogram-monitoring in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (Find-AFRANDOMISED ): an open- label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16:282 290. doi: 61. Burke JF, Gelb DJ, Quint DJ, Morgenstern LB, Kerber KA.


Burke JF, Gelb DJ, Quint DJ, Morgenstern LB, Kerber KA. The impact of MRI on stroke management and outcomes: a systematic review. J Eval Clin 62. Gargan ML, Kok HK, Kearney J, Collins R, Coughlan T, O Neill D, Ryan D, Torreggiani W, Doody O. Added value of stroke protocol MRI following negative initial CT in the acute stroke setting. Ir Med J. 2015;108:302 304. 63. HammoudK,LanfranchiM,LiSX,MehanWA.What is the diagnostic value of head MRI after negative head CT in ED patients presenting with symptoms atypical of stroke? Emerg Radiol. 2016;23:339 344. doi: 10.1007/s10140-016-1408-z 64. Morita S, Suzuki M, Iizuka K. False-negative diffusion-weighted MRI in acute cerebellar stroke. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2011;38:577 582. doi: 65. Nadeau SE, Dobkin B, Wu SS, Pei Q, Duncan PW; LEAPS Investigative Team. The effects of stroke type, locus, and extent on long-term outcome of gait rehabilitation: the LEAPS experience. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 66. Brazzelli M, Chappell FM, Miranda H, Shuler K, Dennis M, Sandercock PA, Muir K, Wardlaw JM. Diffusion-weighted imaging and diagnosis of transient ischemic attack. Ann Neurol. 2014;75:67 76. doi: 10.1002/ana.24026 67. Kelly PJ, Albers GW, Chatzikonstantinou A, De Marchis GM, Ferrari J, George P, Katan M, Knoflach M, Kim JS, Li L, et al. Validation and com- parison of imaging-based scores for prediction of early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack: a pooled analysis of individual-patient data from cohort studies. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15:1238 1247. doi: 10.1016/ 68. Mlynash M, Olivot JM, Tong DC, Lansberg MG, Eyngorn I, Kemp S, Moseley ME, Albers GW. Yield of combined perfusion and diffusion MR imaging in hemispheric TIA. Neurology. 2009;72:1127 1133. doi: 69. Wardlaw J, Brazzelli M, Miranda H, Chappell F, McNamee P, Scotland G, Quayyum Z, Martin D, Shuler K, Sandercock P, et al.


Wardlaw J, Brazzelli M, Miranda H, Chappell F, McNamee P, Scotland G, Quayyum Z, Martin D, Shuler K, Sandercock P, et al. An assessment of the cost-effectiveness of magnetic resonance, including diffusion-weighted imaging, in patients with transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke: a systematic review, meta-analysis and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2014;18:1 368, v. doi: 10.3310/hta18270 70. Hobohm C, Hagendorff A, Schulz S, Fritzsch D, Budig S, St be S, Michalski D. Clinical presentation and multi-parametric screening surrogates of isch- emic stroke patients suffering from infective endocarditis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 71. Cheng YC, Ryan KA, Qadwai SA, Shah J, Sparks MJ, Wozniak MA, Stern BJ, Phipps MS, Cronin CA, Magder LS, et al. Cocaine use and risk of ischemic stroke in young adults. Stroke. 2016;47:918 922. doi: 72. Bersano A, Markus HS, Quaglini S, Arbustini E, Lanfranconi S, Micieli G, Boncoraglio GB, Taroni F, Gellera C, Baratta S, et al; Lombardia GENS Group. Clinical pregenetic screening for stroke monogenic diseases: results from Lombardia GENS Registry. Stroke. 2016;47:1702 1709. doi: 73. Feldmann E, Wilterdink JL, Kosinski A, Lynn M, Chimowitz MI, Sarafin J, Smith HH, Nichols F, Rogg J, Cloft HJ, et al; Stroke Outcomes and Neuroimaging of Intracranial Atherosclerosis (SONIA) Trial Investi- gators. The Stroke Outcomes and Neuroimaging of Intracranial Ath- erosclerosis (SONIA) trial. Neurology. 2007;68:2099 2106. doi: 74. Liebeskind DS, Kosinski AS, Saver JL, Feldmann E; SONIA Investigators. Computed tomography angiography in the Stroke Outcomes and Neu- roimaging of Intracranial Atherosclerosis (SONIA) Study. Interv Neurol. 75. Gulli G, Marquardt L, Rothwell PM, Markus HS. Stroke risk after posterior circulation stroke/transient ischemic attack and its relationship to site of vertebrobasilar stenosis: pooled data analysis from prospective studies. 76. Paciaroni M, Bandini F, Agnelli G, Tsivgoulis G, Yaghi S, Furie KL, Tadi P, Becattini C, Zedde M, Abdul-Rahim AH, et al.


Paciaroni M, Bandini F, Agnelli G, Tsivgoulis G, Yaghi S, Furie KL, Tadi P, Becattini C, Zedde M, Abdul-Rahim AH, et al. Hemorrhagic transforma- tion in patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation: time to initiation of oral anticoagulant therapy and outcomes. J Am Heart Assoc. 77. Khariton Y, House JA, Comer L, Coggins TR, Magalski A, Skolnick DG, Good TH, Main ML. Impact of transesophageal echocardiography on man- agement in patients with suspected cardioembolic stroke. Am J Cardiol. 78. Boussel L, Cakmak S, Wintermark M, Nighoghossian N, Loffroy R, Coulon P, Derex L, Cho TH, Douek PC. Ischemic stroke: etiologic work-up with multidetector CT of heart and extra- and intracranial arteries. Radiology. 79. Liberman AL, Kalani RE, Aw-Zoretic J, Sondag M, Daruwalla VJ, Mitter SS, Bernstein R, Collins JD, Prabhakaran S. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging has limited additional yield in cryptogenic stroke evaluation after transesophageal echocardiography. Int J Stroke. 2017;12:946 952. doi: 80. Mazzucco S, Li L, Binney L, Rothwell PM; Oxford Vascular Study Pheno- typed Cohort. Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic transient ischaemic attack and non-disabling stroke at older ages: a population-based study, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17:609 81. Choudhri O, Schoen M, Mantha A, Feroze A, Ali R, Lawton MT, Do HM. Increased risk for complications following diagnostic cerebral angiography in older patients: trends from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1999-2009). J Clin Neurosci. 2016;32:109 114. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.04.007 82. FifiJT,MeyersPM,LavineSD,CoxV,SilverbergL,ManglaS,Pile-SpellmanJ. Com- plications of modern diagnostic cerebral angiography in an academic medical center. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009;20:442 447. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2009.01.012 83. Kaufmann TJ, Huston J 3rd, Mandrekar JN, Schleck CD, Thielen KR, Kallmes DF. Complications of diagnostic cerebral angiography: evalua- tion of 19,826 consecutive patients. Radiology. 2007;243:812 819. doi: 84.


Complications of diagnostic cerebral angiography: evalua- tion of 19,826 consecutive patients. Radiology. 2007;243:812 819. doi: 84. Tholen AT, de Mony C, Genders TS, Buskens E, Dippel DW, van der Lugt A, Hunink MG. Suspected carotid artery stenosis: cost-effectiveness of CT angiography in work-up of patients with recent TIA or minor ischemic stroke. 85. Coutts SB, Moreau F, Asdaghi N, Boulanger JM, Camden MC, Campbell BCV, Demchuk AM, Field TS, Goyal M, Krause M, et al; Diagnosis of Uncertain-Origin Benign Transient Neurological Symptoms (DOUBT) Study Group. Rate and prognosis of brain ischemia in patients with lower-risk tran- sient or persistent minor neurologic events. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76:1439 CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Kleindorfer 86. Nordestgaard BG, Langsted A, Mora S, Kolovou G, Baum H, Bruckert E, WattsGF,SypniewskaG,WiklundO,Bor nJ,etal;EuropeanAtherosclerosis Society (EAS) and the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) Joint Consensus Initiative. Fasting is not routinely required for determination of a lipid profile: clinical and labora- tory implications including flagging at desirable concentration cutpoints: a joint consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Clin 87. Rasmussen KL, Philips M, Tripodi A, Goetze JP. Unexpected, isolated acti- vated partial thromboplastin time prolongation: a practical mini-review. Eur J Haematol. 2020;104:519 525. doi: 10.1111/ejh.13394 88. Kamal AH, Tefferi A, Pruthi RK. How to interpret and pursue an abnormal prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and bleeding time in adults. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:864 873. doi: 10.4065/82.7.864 89. Saric M, Armour AC, Arnaout MS, Chaudhry FA, Grimm RA, Kronzon I, Landeck BF, Maganti K, Michelena HI, Tolstrup K. Guidelines for the use of echocardiography in the evaluation of a cardiac source of embolism. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29:1 42. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2015.09.011 90. Bushnell C, Siddiqi Z, Morgenlander JC, Goldstein LB.


2016;29:1 42. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2015.09.011 90. Bushnell C, Siddiqi Z, Morgenlander JC, Goldstein LB. Use of specialized coagulation testing in the evaluation of patients with acute ischemic stroke. 91. Lappin JM, Darke S, Farrell M. Stroke and methamphetamine use in young adults: a review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017;88:1079 1091. doi: 92. Levine SR, Brust JC, Futrell N, Ho KL, Blake D, Millikan CH, Brass LM, Fayad P, Schultz LR, Selwa JF. Cerebrovascular complications of the use of the crack form of alkaloidal cocaine. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:699 704. 93. de Bruijn SF, Agema WR, Lammers GJ, van der Wall EE, Wolterbeek R, Holman ER, Bollen EL, Bax JJ. Transesophageal echocardiography is su- perior to transthoracic echocardiography in management of patients of any age with transient ischemic attack or stroke. Stroke. 2006;37:2531 2534. 94. Harloff A, Handke M, Reinhard M, Geibel A, Hetzel A. Therapeutic strate- gies after examination by transesophageal echocardiography in 503 pa- tients with ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2006;37:859 864. doi: 10.1161/01. 95. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvad J, Covas MI, Corella D, Ar s F, G mez-Gracia E, Ruiz-Guti rrez V, Fiol M, Lapetra J, et al; PREDIMED Study Investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:e34. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800389 96. Rees K, Takeda A, Martin N, Ellis L, Wijesekara D, Vepa A, Das A, Hartley L, Stranges S. Mediterranean-style diet for the primary and second- ary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 97. He FJ, Tan M, Ma Y, MacGregor GA. Salt reduction to prevent hyperten- sion and cardiovascular disease: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll 98.


He FJ, Tan M, Ma Y, MacGregor GA. Salt reduction to prevent hyperten- sion and cardiovascular disease: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll 98. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER 3rd, Simons-Morton DG, et al; DASH- Sodium Collaborative Research Group. Effects on blood pressure of re- duced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet: DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 99. Zhao W, Tang H, Yang X, Luo X, Wang X, Shao C, He J. fish consump- tion and stroke risk: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort stud- ies. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2019;28:604 611. doi: 10.1016/j. 100. Aune D, Giovannucci E, Boffetta P, Fadnes LT, Keum N, Norat T, Greenwood DC, Riboli E, Vatten LJ, Tonstad S. Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality: a system- atic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J 101. He FJ, Nowson CA, MacGregor GA. Fruit and vegetable consumption and stroke: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lancet. 2006;367:320 326. doi: 102. Tong TYN, Appleby PN, Key TJ, Dahm CC, Overvad K, Olsen A, Tj nneland A, Katzke V, K hn T, Boeing H, et al. The associations of major foods and fibre with risks of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke: a prospective study of 418 329 participants in the EPIC cohort across nine European coun- tries. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:2632 2640. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa007 103. Chiavaroli L, Viguiliouk E, Nishi SK, Blanco Mejia S, Raheli D, Kahleov H, Salas-Salvad J, Kendall CW, Sievenpiper JL. DASH dietary pattern and cardiometabolic outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Nutrients. 2019;11:338. doi: 10.3390/nu11020338 104. Deleted in proof. 105.


DASH dietary pattern and cardiometabolic outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Nutrients. 2019;11:338. doi: 10.3390/nu11020338 104. Deleted in proof. 105. Judd SE, Guti rrez OM, Newby PK, Howard G, Howard VJ, Locher JL, Kissela BM, Shikany JM. Dietary patterns are associated with incident stroke and contribute to excess risk of stroke in Black Americans. Stroke. 106. Vinceti M, Filippini T, Crippa A, de Sesmaisons A, Wise LA, Orsini N. Meta- analysis of potassium intake and the risk of stroke. J Am Heart Assoc. 107. Strazzullo P, D Elia L, Kandala NB, Cappuccio FP. Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ. 108. Kastorini CM, Milionis HJ, Kantas D, Bika E, Nikolaou V, Vemmos KN, Goudevenos JA, Panagiotakos DB. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet in relation to ischemic stroke nonfatal events in nonhypercholes- terolemic and hypercholesterolemic participants: results of a case/ case-control study. Angiology. 2012;63:509 515. doi: 10.1177/ 109. Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Shimizu N, Shimizu H. Sodium intake and risk of death from stroke in Japanese men and women. Stroke. 2004;35:1543 110. Turan TN, Nizam A, Lynn MJ, Egan BM, Le NA, Lopes-Virella MF, Hermayer KL, Harrell J, Derdeyn CP, Fiorella D, et al. Relationship between risk factor control and vascular events in the SAMMPRIS trial. Neurology. 111. Lennon O, Galvin R, Smith K, Doody C, Blake C. Lifestyle interventions for secondary disease prevention in stroke and transient ischaemic at- tack: a systematic review. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2014;21:1026 1039. doi: 112. Deijle IA, Van Schaik SM, Van Wegen EE, Weinstein HC, Kwakkel G, Van den Berg-Vos RM. Lifestyle interventions to prevent cardiovascu- lar events after stroke and transient ischemic attack: systematic re- view and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2017;48:174 179. doi: 10.1161/ 113. D Isabella NT, Shkredova DA, Richardson JA, Tang A.


2017;48:174 179. doi: 10.1161/ 113. D Isabella NT, Shkredova DA, Richardson JA, Tang A. Effects of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors following stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2017;31:1561 1572. 114. Wang L, Cai L, Qian H, Oh JS, Tanikawa R, Shi X. Repositioning tech- nique for the decompression of symptomatic dolichoectatic verte- brobasilar pathology: a comprehensive review of sling characteristics and surgical experience. World Neurosurg. 2019;122:620 631. doi: 115. English C, Janssen H, Crowfoot G, Bourne J, Callister R, Dunn A, Oldmeadow C, Ong LK, Palazzi K, Patterson A, et al. Frequent, short bouts of light-intensity exercises while standing decreases systolic blood pres- sure: Breaking Up Sitting Time After Stroke (BUST-Stroke) trial. Int J 116. Warburton DER, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: a system- atic review of current systematic reviews. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2017;32:541 117. Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, Veerman JL, Delwiche K, Iannarone ML, Moyer ML, et al. Physical activ- ity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart dis- ease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. BMJ. 118. Lee CD, Folsom AR, Blair SN. Physical activity and stroke risk: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 2003;34:2475 2481. doi: 10.1161/01.STR. 119. Paix o C, Dias CM, Jorge R, Carra a EV, Yannakoulia M, de Zwaan M, Soini S, Hill JO, Teixeira PJ, Santos I. Successful weight loss maintenance: a sys- tematic review of weight control registries. Obes Rev. 2020;21:e13003. 120. Sherman DL. Exercise and endothelial function. Coron Artery Dis. 121. Ernst E. Regular exercise reduces fibrinogen levels: a review of longitudinal studies. Br J Sports Med. 1993;27:175 176. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.27.3.175 122.


Ernst E. Regular exercise reduces fibrinogen levels: a review of longitudinal studies. Br J Sports Med. 1993;27:175 176. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.27.3.175 122. Wosornu D, Allardyce W, Ballantyne D, Tansey P. Influence of power and aerobic exercise training on haemostatic factors after coronary artery sur- gery. Br Heart J. 1992;68:181 186. doi: 10.1136/hrt.68.8.181 123. Reinholdsson M, Palstam A, Sunnerhagen KS. Prestroke physical activ- ity could influence acute stroke severity (part of PAPSIGOT). Neurology. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Kleindorfer 124. Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, Bajaj RR, Silver MA, Mitchell MS, Alter DA. Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:123 132. doi: 10.7326/M14-1651 125. Ekelund U, Steene-Johannessen J, Brown WJ, Fagerland MW, Owen N, Powell KE, Bauman A, Lee IM; Lancet Physical Activity Series 2 Executive Committe; Lancet Sedentary Behaviour Working Group. Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sit- ting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. Lancet. 2016;388:1302 1310. doi: 126. Bernhardt J, Dewey H, Thrift A, Donnan G. Inactive and alone: physi- cal activity within the first 14 days of acute stroke unit care. Stroke. 127. Fini NA, Holland AE, Keating J, Simek J, Bernhardt J. How physically active are people following stroke? Systematic review and quantitative synthesis. Phys Ther. 2017;97:707 717. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzx038 128. Saunders DH, Sanderson M, Hayes S, Johnson L, Kramer S, Carter DD, Jarvis H, Brazzelli M, Mead GE. Physical fitness training for stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;3:CD003316. doi: 129. Boysen G, Krarup LH, Zeng X, Oskedra A, K rv J, Andersen G, Gluud C, Pedersen A, Lindahl M, Hansen L, et al; ExStroke Pilot Trial Group.


Boysen G, Krarup LH, Zeng X, Oskedra A, K rv J, Andersen G, Gluud C, Pedersen A, Lindahl M, Hansen L, et al; ExStroke Pilot Trial Group. ExStroke Pilot Trial of the effect of repeated instructions to improve physi- cal activity after ischaemic stroke: a multinational randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ. 2009;339:b2810. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b2810 129a. Lynch EA, Jones TM, Simpson DB, Fini NA, Kuys SS, Borschmann K, Kramer S, Johnson L, Callisaya ML, Mahendran N, et al; ACTIOnS Collaboration. Activity monitors for increasing physical activity in adult stroke survivors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;7:CD012543. doi: 130. Wang C, Redgrave J, Shafizadeh M, Majid A, Kilner K, Ali AN. Aerobic exercise interventions reduce blood pressure in patients after stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53:1515 1525. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098903 131. Faulkner J, Stoner L, Lanford J, Jolliffe E, Mitchelmore A, Lambrick D. Long-term effect of participation in an early exercise and education program on clinical outcomes and cost implications, in patients with TIA and minor, non-disabling stroke. Transl Stroke Res. 2017;8:220 227. doi: 132. Prior PL, Hachinski V, Unsworth K, Chan R, Mytka S, O Callaghan C, Suskin N. Comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation for secondary prevention after transient ischemic attack or mild stroke, I: feasibility and risk factors. 133. Kirk H, Kersten P, Crawford P, Keens A, Ashburn A, Conway J. The car- diac model of rehabilitation for reducing cardiovascular risk factors post transient ischaemic attack and stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin 134. Kono Y, Yamada S, Yamaguchi J, Hagiwara Y, Iritani N, Ishida S, Araki A, Hasegawa Y, Sakakibara H, Koike Y. Secondary prevention of new vascular events with lifestyle intervention in patients with noncardioembolic mild ischemic stroke: a single-center randomized controlled trial. Cerebrovasc 135.


Secondary prevention of new vascular events with lifestyle intervention in patients with noncardioembolic mild ischemic stroke: a single-center randomized controlled trial. Cerebrovasc 135. Lloyd M, Skelton DA, Mead GE, Williams B, van Wijck F. Physical fitness interventions for nonambulatory stroke survivors: a mixed-methods sys- tematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav. 2018;8:e01000. doi: 136. Biasin L, Sage MD, Brunton K, Fraser J, Howe JA, Bayley M, Brooks D, McIlroy WE, Mansfield A, Inness EL. Integrating aerobic training within sub- acute stroke rehabilitation: a feasibility study. Phys Ther. 2014;94:1796 137. Lennon O, Carey A, Gaffney N, Stephenson J, Blake C. A pilot randomized controlled trial to evaluate the benefit of the cardiac rehabilitation paradigm for the non-acute ischaemic stroke population. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22:125 138. English C, Healy GN, Coates A, Lewis L, Olds T, Bernhardt J. Sitting and activity time in people with stroke. Phys Ther. 2016;96:193 201. doi: 139. Rigotti NA, Clair C, Munaf MR, Stead LF. Interventions for smok- ing cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 140. Stead LF, Koilpillai P, Fanshawe TR, Lancaster T. Combined pharmacothera- py and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3:CD008286. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008286.pub3 141. Evans-Hudnall GL, Stanley MA, Clark AN, Bush AL, Resnicow K, Liu Y, Kass JS, Sander AM. Improving secondary stroke self-care among underserved ethnic minority individuals: a randomized clinical trial of a pilot intervention. J Behav Med. 2014;37:196 204. doi: 10.1007/s10865-012-9469-2 142. Ahmadi M, Laumeier I, Ihl T, Steinicke M, Ferse C, Endres M, Grau A, Hastrup S, Poppert H, Palm F, et al. A support programme for secondary prevention in patients with transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke (INSPiRE-TMS): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 143.


A support programme for secondary prevention in patients with transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke (INSPiRE-TMS): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 143. Chen J, Li S, Zheng K, Wang H, Xie Y, Xu P, Dai Z, Gu M, Xia Y, Zhao M, et al. Impact of smoking status on stroke recurrence. J Am Heart Assoc. 144. Kaplan RC, Tirschwell DL, Longstreth WT Jr, Manolio TA, Heckbert SR, Lefkowitz D, El-Saed A, Psaty BM. Vascular events, mortality, and pre- ventive therapy following ischemic stroke in the elderly. Neurology. 145. Huang ZX, Lin XL, Lu HK, Liang XY, Fan LJ, Liu XT. Lifestyles correlate with strokerecurrenceinChineseinpatientswithfirst-everacuteischemicstroke. J Neurol. 2019;266:1194 1202. doi: 10.1007/s00415-019-09249-5 146. van den Berg MJ, van der Graaf Y, Deckers JW, de Kanter W, Algra A, Kappelle LJ, de Borst GJ, Cramer MM, Visseren FLJ; SMART Study Group. Smoking cessation and risk of recurrent cardiovascular events and mortality after a first manifestation of arterial disease. Am Heart J. 147. Pan B, Jin X, Jun L, Qiu S, Zheng Q, Pan M. The relationship between smok- ing and stroke: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98:e14872. 148. Lin MP, Ovbiagele B, Markovic D, Towfighi A. Association of second- hand smoke with stroke outcomes. Stroke. 2016;47:2828 2835. doi: 149. Bonita R, Duncan J, Truelsen T, Jackson RT, Beaglehole R. Passive smok- ing as well as active smoking increases the risk of acute stroke. Tob 150. Lee PN, Thornton AJ, Forey BA, Hamling JS. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk of stroke in never smokers: an updated review with meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017;26:204 216. doi: 151. Shinton R, Beevers G. Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke. BMJ. 1989;298:789 794. doi: 10.1136/bmj.298.6676.789 152. Wolf PA, D Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Bonita R, Belanger AJ.


Wolf PA, D Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Bonita R, Belanger AJ. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke: the Framingham study. JAMA. 1988;259:1025 1029. 153. Howard G, Wagenknecht LE, Cai J, Cooper L, Kraut MA, Toole JF. Cigarette smoking and other risk factors for silent cerebral infarction in the general population. Stroke. 1998;29:913 917. doi: 10.1161/01.str.29.5.913 154. Deleted in proof. 155. Lee PN, Forey BA. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk of stroke in nonsmokers: a review with meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc 156. Ives SP, Heuschmann PU, Wolfe CD, Redfern J. Patterns of smok- ing cessation in the first 3 years after stroke: the South London Stroke Register. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15:329 335. doi: 157. Edjoc RK, Reid RD, Sharma M, Fang J; Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network. The prognostic effect of cigarette smoking on stroke severity, disability, length of stay in hospital, and mortality in a cohort with cere- brovascular disease. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;22:e446 e454. doi: 158. Kammersgaard LP, Olsen TS. Cardiovascular risk factors and 5-year mor- tality in the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;21:187 159. Myint PK, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Day NE, Khaw KT.Smokingpredictslong-termmortalityinstroke:theEuropeanProspective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk prospective population study. Prev Med. 2006;42:128 131. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.11.014 160. Lancaster T, Stead LF. Individual behavioural counselling for smok- ing cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3:CD001292. doi: 161. Ois A, Gomis M, Rodr guez-Campello A, Cuadrado-Godia E, Jim nez-Conde J, Pont-Sunyer C, Cuccurella G, Roquer J. Factors associated with a high risk of recurrence in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor stroke. 162. Ricci C, Wood A, Muller D, Gunter MJ, Agudo A, Boeing H, van der Schouw YT, Warnakula S, Saieva C, Spijkerman A, et al.


Ricci C, Wood A, Muller D, Gunter MJ, Agudo A, Boeing H, van der Schouw YT, Warnakula S, Saieva C, Spijkerman A, et al. Alcohol intake in relation CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Kleindorfer to non-fatal and fatal coronary heart disease and stroke: EPIC-CVD case- cohort study. BMJ. 2018;361:k934. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k934 163. Patra J, Taylor B, Irving H, Roerecke M, Baliunas D, Mohapatra S, Rehm J. Alcohol consumption and the risk of morbidity and mortality for different stroke types a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 164. Sull JW, Yi SW, Nam CM, Choi K, Ohrr H. Binge drinking and hy- pertension on cardiovascular disease mortality in Korean men and women: a Kangwha cohort study. Stroke. 2010;41:2157 2162. doi: 166. Reynolds K, Lewis B, Nolen JD, Kinney GL, Sathya B, He J, Lewis BL. Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 167. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2017: Booklet 2: Global Overview of Drug Demand and Supply. Accessed and-supply.html 168. Salehi Omran S, Chatterjee A, Chen ML, Lerario MP, Merkler AE, Kamel H. National trends in hospitalizations for stroke associated with infective en- docarditis and opioid use between 1993 and 2015. Stroke. 2019;50:577 169. Indave BI, Sordo L, Bravo MJ, Sarasa-Renedo A, Fern ndez-Balbuena S, De la Fuente L, Sonego M, Barrio G. Risk of stroke in prescription and other amphetamine-type stimulants use: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol 170. Sordo L, Indave BI, Barrio G, Degenhardt L, de la Fuente L, Bravo MJ. Cocaine use and risk of stroke: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 171. Ali WM, Zubaid M, Al-Motarreb A, Singh R, Al-Shereiqi SZ, Shehab A, Rashed W, Al-Sagheer NQ, Saleh AH, Al Suwaidi J.


Ali WM, Zubaid M, Al-Motarreb A, Singh R, Al-Shereiqi SZ, Shehab A, Rashed W, Al-Sagheer NQ, Saleh AH, Al Suwaidi J. Association of khat chewing with increased risk of stroke and death in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85:974 980. doi: 172. Habel LA, Cooper WO, Sox CM, Chan KA, Fireman BH, Arbogast PG, Cheetham TC, Quinn VP, Dublin S, Boudreau DM, et al. ADHD medications and risk of serious cardiovascular events in young and middle-aged adults. 173. Holick CN, Turnbull BR, Jones ME, Chaudhry S, Bangs ME, Seeger JD. Atomoxetineandcerebrovascularoutcomesinadults.JClinPsychopharmacol. 174. Huang MC, Yang SY, Lin SK, Chen KY, Chen YY, Kuo CJ, Hung YN. Risk of cardiovascular diseases and stroke events in methamphetamine users: a 10-year follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77:1396 1403. doi: 175. Westover AN, McBride S, Haley RW. Stroke in young adults who abuse am- phetamines or cocaine: a population-based study of hospitalized patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:495 502. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.4.495 176. Petitti DB, Sidney S, Quesenberry C, Bernstein A. Stroke and cocaine or amphetamine use. Epidemiology. 1998;9:596 600. 177. Reis JP, Auer R, Bancks MP, Goff DC Jr, Lewis CE, Pletcher MJ, Rana JS, Shikany JM, Sidney S. Cumulative lifetime marijuana use and incident car- diovascular disease in middle age: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Am J Public Health. 2017;107:601 606. 178. Desai R, Singh S, Patel K, Goyal H, Shah M, Mansuri Z, Patel S, Mahuwala ZK, Goldstein LB , Qureshi AI. Stroke in young cannabis users (18 49 years): National trends in hospitalizations and outcomes. Int J Stroke. 179. Parekh T, Pemmasani S, Desai R. Marijuana use among young adults (18-44 years of age) and risk of stroke: a Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey analysis. Stroke. 2020;51:308 310. doi: 180.


Parekh T, Pemmasani S, Desai R. Marijuana use among young adults (18-44 years of age) and risk of stroke: a Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey analysis. Stroke. 2020;51:308 310. doi: 180. Cam J, Farr M. Drug addiction. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:975 986. doi: 181. Herbeck DM, Hser YI, Teruya C. Empirically supported substance abuse treat- ment approaches: a survey of treatment providers perspectives and prac- tices. Addict Behav. 2008;33:699 712. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.12.003 182. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Psychosocially Assisted Pharmacological Treatment of Opioid Dependence. World Health Organization; 2009. 183. Edjoc RK, Reid RD, Sharma M. The effectiveness of smoking cessation in- terventions in smokers with cerebrovascular disease: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2012;2:e002022. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002022 184. Doehner W, Schenkel J, Anker SD, Springer J, Audebert HJ. Overweight and obesity are associated with improved survival, functional outcome, and stroke recurrence after acute stroke or transient ischaemic attack: observations from the TEMPiS trial. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:268 277. doi: 185. Zonneveld TP, Richard E, Vergouwen MD, Nederkoorn PJ, de Haan R, Roos YB, Kruyt ND. Blood pressure-lowering treatment for preventing recur- rent stroke, major vascular events, and dementia in patients with a his- tory of stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 186. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of perindopril-based blood-pressure lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2001;358:1033 1041. doi: 187. Schrader J, L ders S, Kulschewski A, Hammersen F, Plate K, Berger J, Zidek W, Dominiak P, Diener HC; MOSES Study Group. Morbidity and mortality after stroke, eprosartan compared with nitrendipine for secondary prevention: principal results of a prospective random- ized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke. 2005;36:1218 1226. doi: 188.


Morbidity and mortality after stroke, eprosartan compared with nitrendipine for secondary prevention: principal results of a prospective random- ized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke. 2005;36:1218 1226. doi: 188. Rashid P, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath P. Blood pressure reduction and secondary prevention of stroke and other vascular events: a systematic review. Stroke. 189. Liu L, Wang Z, Gong L, Zhang Y, Thijs L, Staessen JA, Wang J. Blood pres- sure reduction for the secondary prevention of stroke: a Chinese trial and a systematic review of the literature. Hypertens Res. 2009;32:1032 1040. 190. Kitagawa K, Yamamoto Y, Arima H, Maeda T, Sunami N, Kanzawa T, Eguchi K, Kamiyama K, Minematsu K, Ueda S, et al; Recurrent Stroke Prevention Clinical Outcome Study Group. Effect of standard vs inten- sive blood pressure control on the risk of recurrent stroke: a randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76:1309 1318. doi: 191. Mant J, McManus RJ, Roalfe A, Fletcher K, Taylor CJ, Martin U, Virdee S, Greenfield S, Hobbs FD. Different systolic blood pressure targets for people with history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack: PAST-BP (Prevention After Stroke Blood Pressure) randomised controlled trial. 192. SPS3 Study Group; Benavente OR, Coffey CS, Conwit R, Hart RG, McClure LA, Pearce LA, Pergola PE, Szychowski JM. Blood-pressure tar- gets in patients with recent lacunar stroke: the SPS3 randomised trial. 193. Bath PM, Scutt P, Blackburn DJ, Ankolekar S, Krishnan K, Ballard C, Burns A, Mant J, Passmore P, Pocock S, et al; PODCAST Trial Investigators. Intensive versus guideline blood pressure and lipid lowering in patients with previous stroke: main results from the pilot Prevention of Decline in Cognition after Stroke Trial (PODCAST) randomised controlled trial. PLoS 194. Katsanos AH, Filippatou A, Manios E, Deftereos S, Parissis J, Frogoudaki A, Vrettou AR, Ikonomidis I, Pikilidou M, Kargiotis O, et al.


Katsanos AH, Filippatou A, Manios E, Deftereos S, Parissis J, Frogoudaki A, Vrettou AR, Ikonomidis I, Pikilidou M, Kargiotis O, et al. Blood pres- sure reduction and secondary stroke prevention: a systematic review and metaregression analysis of randomized clinical trials. Hypertension. 195. Lakhan SE, Sapko MT. Blood pressure lowering treatment for preventing stroke recurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Arch Med. 196. Wang WT, You LK, Chiang CE, Sung SH, Chuang SY, Cheng HM, Chen CH. Comparative effectiveness of blood pressure-lowering drugs in patients who have already suffered from stroke: traditional and bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95:e3302. 197. Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL, Cotton D, Ounpuu S, Lawton WA, Palesch Y, Martin RH, Albers GW, Bath P, et al; PRoFESS Study Group. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 198. Clark D 3rd, Colantonio LD, Min YI, Hall ME, Zhao H, Mentz RJ, Shimbo D, Ogedegbe G, Howard G, Levitan EB, et al. Population-attributable risk for cardiovascular disease associated with hypertension in Black adults. JAMA 199. Willey JZ, Moon YP, Kahn E, Rodriguez CJ, Rundek T, Cheung K, Sacco RL, Elkind MS. Population attributable risks of hypertension and diabetes for cardiovascular disease and stroke in the Northern Manhattan Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e001106. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001106 200. Arima H, Chalmers J, Woodward M, Anderson C, Rodgers A, Davis S, Macmahon S, Neal B; PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Lower target CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Kleindorfer blood pressures are safe and effective for the prevention of recurrent stroke: the PROGRESS trial. J Hypertens. 2006;24:1201 1208. doi: 201. Ovbiagele B, Diener HC, Yusuf S, Martin RH, Cotton D, Vinisko R, Donnan GA, Bath PM; PROFESS Investigators. Level of systolic blood pressure within the normal range and risk of recurrent stroke. JAMA. 202.


Level of systolic blood pressure within the normal range and risk of recurrent stroke. JAMA. 202. Ovbiagele B. Low-normal systolic blood pressure and second- ary stroke risk. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;22:633 638. doi: 203. Lin MP, Ovbiagele B, Markovic D, Towfighi A. Systolic blood pressure and mortality after stroke: too low, no go? Stroke. 2015;46:1307 1313. doi: 204. Kim J, Gall SL, Nelson MR, Sharman JE, Thrift AG. Lower systolic blood pressure is associated with poorer survival in long-term survivors of stroke. J 205. Sandset EC, Bath PM, Boysen G, Jatuzis D, K rv J, L ders S, Murray GD, Richter PS, Roine RO, Ter nt A, et al; SCAST Study Group. The angioten- sin-receptor blocker candesartan for treatment of acute stroke (SCAST): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2011;377:741 206. PATS Collaborating Group. Post-stroke antihypertensive treatment study: a preliminary result. Chinese Med J. 1995;108:710 717. 207. Zanchetti A, Liu L, Mancia G, Parati G, Grassi G, Stramba-Badiale M, Silani V, Bilo G, Corrao G, Zambon A, et al. Blood pressure and LDL- cholesterol targets for prevention of recurrent strokes and cognitive decline in the hypertensive patient: design of the European Society of Hypertension-Chinese Hypertension League Stroke in Hypertension Optimal Treatment randomized trial. J Hypertens. 2014;32:1888 1897. 208. Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A 3rd, Goldstein LB, Hennerici M, Rudolph AE, Sillesen H, Simunovic L, Szarek M, Welch KM, et al; Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic at- tack. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:549 559. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa061894 209. Callahan A, Amarenco P, Goldstein LB, Sillesen H, Messig M, Samsa GP, Altafullah I, Ledbetter LY, MacLeod MJ, Scott R, et al; SPARCL Investigators.


Callahan A, Amarenco P, Goldstein LB, Sillesen H, Messig M, Samsa GP, Altafullah I, Ledbetter LY, MacLeod MJ, Scott R, et al; SPARCL Investigators. Risk of stroke and cardiovascular events after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in patients with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome: secondary analysis of the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial. Arch Neurol. 2011;68:1245 1251. doi: 210. Amarenco P, Kim JS, Labreuche J, Charles H, Abtan J, B jot Y, Cabrejo L, Cha JK, Ducrocq G, Giroud M, et al; Treat Stroke to Target Investigators. A comparison of two LDL cholesterol targets after ischemic stroke. N Engl J 211. Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, McCagg A, White JA, Theroux P, DariusH,LewisBS,OphuisTO,JukemaJW,etal;IMPROVE-ITInvestigators. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2387 2397. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1410489 212. Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, Honarpour N, Wiviott SD, Murphy SA, Kuder JF, Wang H, Liu T, Wasserman SM, et al; FOURIER Steering Committee and Investigators. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in pa- tients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1713 1722. 213. Schwartz GG, Steg PG, Szarek M, Bhatt DL, Bittner VA, Diaz R, Edelberg JM, Goodman SG, Hanotin C, Harrington RA, et al; ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Committees and Investigators. Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:2097 2107. doi: 214. Chiavaroli L, Nishi SK, Khan TA, Braunstein CR, Glenn AJ, Mejia SB, Raheli D, Kahleov H, Salas-Salvad J, Jenkins DJA, et al. Portfolio di- etary pattern and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta- analysis of controlled trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;61:43 53. doi: 215. Benner JS, Tierce JC, Ballantyne CM, Prasad C, Bullano MF, Willey VJ, Erbey J, Sugano DS.


Benner JS, Tierce JC, Ballantyne CM, Prasad C, Bullano MF, Willey VJ, Erbey J, Sugano DS. Follow-up lipid tests and physician visits are asso- ciated with improved adherence to statin therapy. Pharmacoeconomics. 216. Bohula EA, Wiviott SD, Giugliano RP, Blazing MA, Park JG, Murphy SA, White JA, Mach F, Van de Werf F, Dalby AJ, et al. Prevention of stroke with the addition of ezetimibe to statin therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome in IMPROVE-IT (Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial). Circulation. 2017;136:2440 2450. doi: 217. Cannon CP, Khan I, Klimchak AC, Reynolds MR, Sanchez RJ, Sasiela WJ. Simulation of lipid-lowering therapy intensification in a population with ath- erosclerotic cardiovascular disease. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:959 966. doi: 218. Virani SS, Akeroyd JM, Nambi V, Heidenreich PA, Morris PB, Nasir K, Michos ED, Bittner VA, Petersen LA, Ballantyne CM. Estimation of eligibil- ity for proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors and associ- ated costs based on the FOURIER Trial (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk): insights from the Department of Veterans Affairs. Circulation. 2017;135:2572 219. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, Jacobson TA, Ketchum SB, Doyle RT Jr, Juliano RA, Jiao L, Granowitz C, et al; REDUCE-IT Investigators. Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:11 22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1812792 220. Tanaka K, Ishikawa Y, Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, Saito Y, Matsuzawa Y, Sasaki J, Oikawa S, Hishida H, et al; JELIS Investigators, Japan. Reduction in the recurrence of stroke by eicosapentaenoic acid for hypercholesterolemic patients: subanalysis of the JELIS trial. Stroke. 221. Bays HE, Ballantyne CM, Kastelein JJ, Isaacsohn JL, Braeckman RA, Soni PN.


Bays HE, Ballantyne CM, Kastelein JJ, Isaacsohn JL, Braeckman RA, Soni PN. Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in patients with very high triglyceride levels (from the Multi-center, plA- cebo-controlled, Randomized, double-blINd, 12-week study with an open- label Extension [MARINE] trial). Am J Cardiol. 2011;108:682 690. doi: 222. Christian JB, Arondekar B, Buysman EK, Johnson SL, Seeger JD, Jacobson TA. Clinical and economic benefits observed when follow-up triglyceride levels are less than 500 mg/dL in patients with severe hypertriglyceride- mia. J Clin Lipidol. 2012;6:450 461. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2012.08.007 223. Rhodes KS, Weintraub M, Marchlewicz EH, Rubenfire M, Brook RD. Medical nutrition therapy is the essential cornerstone for effective treat- ment of refractory severe hypertriglyceridemia regardless of pharmaceu- tical treatment: evidence from a lipid management program. J Clin Lipidol. 224. Nicholls SJ, Lincoff AM, Garcia M, Bash D, Ballantyne CM, Barter PJ, Davidson MH, Kastelein JJP, Koenig W, McGuire DK, et al. Effect of high- dose omega-3 fatty acids vs corn oil on major adverse cardiovascular events in patients at high cardiovascular risk: the STRENGTH randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324:2268 2280. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.22258 225. Kalstad AA, Myhre PL, Laake K, Tveit SH, Schmidt EB, Smith P, Nilsen DWT, Tveit A, Fagerland MW, Solheim S, et al; OMEMI Investigators. Effects of n-3 fatty acid supplements in elderly patients after myocardial infarc- tion: a randomized, controlled trial. Circulation. 2021;143:528 539. doi: 226. Brunzell JD, Schrott HG. The interaction of familial and secondary causes of hypertriglyceridemia: role in pancreatitis. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1973;86:245 254. 227.


The interaction of familial and secondary causes of hypertriglyceridemia: role in pancreatitis. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1973;86:245 254. 227. Wiggins BS, Saseen JJ, Page RL 2nd, Reed BN, Sneed K, Kostis JB, Lanfear D, Virani S, Morris PB; on behalf of the American Heart Association Clinical Pharmacology Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Hypertension; Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research; and Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology. Recommendations for management of clinically significant drug-drug interactions with statins and select agents used in patients with cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134:e468 e495. doi: 228. Basar R, Uzum AK, Canbaz B, Dogansen SC, Kalayoglu-Besisik S, Altay-Dadin S, Aral F, Ozbey NC. Therapeutic apheresis for severe hypertri- glyceridemia in pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;287:839 843. doi: 229. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977 986. 230. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treat- ment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352:837 853. 231. Gerstein HC, Calhoun HM, Dagenais GR, Diaz R, Lakshmanan M, Pais P, Probstfield J, Riesmeyer JS, Riddle MC, Ryd n L, et al. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;394:121 130. doi: CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Kleindorfer 232. Hernandez AF, Green JB, Janmohamed S, D Agostino RB Sr, Granger CB, Jones NP, Leiter LA, Rosenberg AE, Sigmon KN, Somerville MC, et al; Harmony Outcomes Committees and Investigators.


Hernandez AF, Green JB, Janmohamed S, D Agostino RB Sr, Granger CB, Jones NP, Leiter LA, Rosenberg AE, Sigmon KN, Somerville MC, et al; Harmony Outcomes Committees and Investigators. Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, ran- domised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;392:1519 1529. doi: 233. Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, Eliaschewitz FG, J dar E, Leiter LA, Lingvay I, Rosenstock J, Seufert J, Warren ML, et al; SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1834 1844. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141 234. Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, Kristensen P, Mann JF, Nauck MA, Nissen SE, Pocock S, Poulter NR, Ravn LS, et al; LEADER Steering Committee; LEADER Trial Investigators. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:311 322. doi: 235. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, de Zeeuw D, Fulcher G, Erondu N, Shaw W, Law G, Desai M, Matthews D; CANVAS Program Collaborative Group. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:2099. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1712572 236. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, Mattheus M, Devins T, Johansen OE, Woerle HJ, et al; EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2117 2128. doi: 237. Tuomilehto J, Lindstr m J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, H m l inen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, Kein nen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Rastas M, et al; Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1343 1350. doi: 238.


Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1343 1350. doi: 238. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle in- tervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393 403. doi: 239. ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 240. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, Reda D, Emanuele N, Reaven PD, Zieve FJ, Marks J, Davis SN, Hayward R, et al; VADT Investigators. Glucose con- trol and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J 241. Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr, Bigger JT, Buse JB, Cushman WC, Genuth S, Ismail-Beigi F, Grimm RH Jr, et al. Effects of intensive glu- cose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545 2559. 242. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, Genuth SM, Lachin JM, Orchard TJ, Raskin P, Zinman B; Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/ Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2643 243. Kelly TN, Bazzano LA, Fonseca VA, Thethi TK, Reynolds K, He J. Systematic review: glucose control and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:394 403. doi: 10.7326/0003- 244. Ray KK, Seshasai SR, Wijesuriya S, Sivakumaran R, Nethercott S, Preiss D, Erqou S, Sattar N. Effect of intensive control of glucose on cardiovas- cular outcomes and death in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-anal- ysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet.


Ray KK, Seshasai SR, Wijesuriya S, Sivakumaran R, Nethercott S, Preiss D, Erqou S, Sattar N. Effect of intensive control of glucose on cardiovas- cular outcomes and death in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-anal- ysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2009;373:1765 1772. doi: 245. DeFronzo RA, Tripathy D, Schwenke DC, Banerji M, Bray GA, Buchanan TA, Clement SC, Henry RR, Hodis HN, Kitabchi AE, et al; ACT NOW Study. Pioglitazone for diabetes prevention in impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1104 1115. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1010949 246. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M; STOP- NIDDM Trial Research Group. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359:2072 247. le Roux CW, Astrup A, Fujioka K, Greenway F, Lau DCW, Van Gaal L, Ortiz RV, Wilding JPH, Skj th TV, Manning LS, et al; SCALE Obesity Prediabetes NN8022-1839 Study Group. 3 Years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2017;389:1399 248. Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Furie KL, Young LH, Inzucchi SE, Gorman M, Guarino PD, Lovejoy AM, Peduzzi PN, Conwit R, et al; IRIS Trial Investigators. Pioglitazone after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J 249. Bullard KM, Cowie CC, Lessem SE, Saydah SH, Menke A, Geiss LS, Orchard TJ, Rolka DB, Imperatore G. Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in adults by diabetes type United States 2016. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 250. Almdal T, Scharling H, Jensen JS, Vestergaard H. The independent ef- fect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on ischemic heart disease, stroke, and death: a population-based study of 13,000 men and women with 20 years of follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1422 1426. doi: 251.


Almdal T, Scharling H, Jensen JS, Vestergaard H. The independent ef- fect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on ischemic heart disease, stroke, and death: a population-based study of 13,000 men and women with 20 years of follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1422 1426. doi: 251. Banerjee C, Moon YP, Paik MC, Rundek T, Mora-McLaughlin C, Vieira JR, Sacco RL, Elkind MS. Duration of diabetes and risk of ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Study. Stroke. 2012;43:1212 1217. doi: 252. Mitsios JP, Ekinci EI, Mitsios GP, Churilov L, Thijs V. Relationship between glycated hemoglobin and stroke risk: a systematic review and meta-analy- sis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7:e007858. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.00785 253. Folsom AR, Rasmussen ML, Chambless LE, Howard G, Cooper LS, Schmidt MI, Heiss G. Prospective associations of fasting insulin, body fat distribu- tion, and diabetes with risk of ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study investigators. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1077 254. Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, Matsushita K, Wagenknecht L, Pankow J, Coresh J, Brancati FL. Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovas- cular risk in nondiabetic adults. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:800 811. doi: 255. Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Inzucchi SE, Brass LM, Bravata DM, Shulman GI, McVeety JC. Prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance following a tran- sient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:227 256. Pan Y, Chen W, Wang Y. Prediabetes and outcome of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analy- sis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2019;28:683 692. doi: 10.1016/j. 257. Hier DB, Foulkes MA, Swiontoniowski M, Sacco RL, Gorelick PB, Mohr JP, Price TR, Wolf PA. Stroke recurrence within 2 years after ischemic infarc- tion. Stroke. 1991;22:155 161. doi: 10.1161/01.str.22.2.155 258.


Hier DB, Foulkes MA, Swiontoniowski M, Sacco RL, Gorelick PB, Mohr JP, Price TR, Wolf PA. Stroke recurrence within 2 years after ischemic infarc- tion. Stroke. 1991;22:155 161. doi: 10.1161/01.str.22.2.155 258. Lean ME, Leslie WS, Barnes AC, Brosnahan N, Thom G, McCombie L, Peters C, Zhyzhneuskaya S, Al-Mrabeh A, Hollingsworth KG, et al. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2018;391:541 551. doi: 259. Dixon JB, O Brien PE, Playfair J, Chapman L, Schachter LM, Skinner S, Proietto J, Bailey M, Anderson M. Adjustable gastric banding and conven- tional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 260. Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kirwan JP, Wolski K, Aminian A, Brethauer SA, Navaneethan SD, Singh RP, Pothier CE, Nissen SE, et al; STAMPEDE Investigators. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes: 5-year outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:641 651. doi: 261. Arnott C, Li Q, Kang A, Neuen BL, Bompoint S, Lam CSP, Rodgers A, Mahaffey KW, Cannon CP, Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition for the prevention of cardiovascular events in pa- tients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9:e014908. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.014908 262. American Diabetes Association. 6: Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes 2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43 (suppl 1):S66 S76. doi: 263. Buse JB, Wexler DJ, Tsapas A, Rossing P, Mingrone G, Mathieu C, D Alessio DA, Davies MJ. 2019 Update to: management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2020;43:487 493. doi: 10.2337/dci19-0066 264.


2019 Update to: management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2020;43:487 493. doi: 10.2337/dci19-0066 264. Davies MJ, D Alessio DA, Fradkin J, Kernan WN, Mathieu C, Mingrone G, Rossing P, Tsapas A, Wexler DJ, Buse JB. Management of hypergly- cemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2018;41:2669 2701. doi: CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Kleindorfer 265. American Diabetes Association. 2: Classification and diagnosis of diabe- tes: standards of medical care in diabetes 2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43 266. American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Care of Older Adults With Diabetes Mellitus, Moreno G, Mangione CM, Kimbro L, Vaisberg E. Guidelines abstracted from the American Geriatrics Society guidelines for improving the care of older adults with diabetes mellitus: 2013 update. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61:2020 2026. doi: 10.1111/jgs.12514 267. Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Kansagara D, Horwitch C, Barry MJ, Forciea MA; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Hemoglobin A1c targets for glycemic control with pharmacologic therapy for nonpregnant adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a guidance state- ment update from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 268. Inzucchi SE, Docherty K, Kober L, Kosiborod MN, Martinez F. Effect of dapagliflozin on the incidence of diabetes: a prespecified exploratory anal- ysis from DAPA-HF. Paper presented at: American Diabetes Association 80th Scientific Sessions; 2020; virtual. 269. Kernan WN, Inzucchi SE, Viscoli CM, Brass LM, Bravata DM, Shulman GI, McVeety JC, Horwitz RI. Impaired insulin sensitivity among nondiabetic patients with a recent TIA or ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2003;60:1447 270.


Impaired insulin sensitivity among nondiabetic patients with a recent TIA or ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2003;60:1447 270. Hishinuma A, Majima M, Kurabayashi H. Insulin resistance in pa- tients with stroke is related to visceral fat obesity and adipocyto- kines. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;17:175 180. doi: 10.1016/j. 271. Rundek T, Gardener H, Xu Q, Goldberg RB, Wright CB, Boden-Albala B, Disla N, Paik MC, Elkind MS, Sacco RL. Insulin resistance and risk of ischemic stroke among nondiabetic individuals from the Northern Manhattan Study. Arch Neurol. 2010;67:1195 1200. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.235 272. Thacker EL, Psaty BM, McKnight B, Heckbert SR, Longstreth WT Jr, Mukamal KJ, Meigs JB, de Boer IH, Boyko EJ, Carnethon MR, et al. Fasting and post-glucose load measures of insulin resistance and risk of ischemic stroke in older adults. Stroke. 2011;42:3347 3351. doi: 273. Hyv rinen M, Tuomilehto J, M h nen M, Stehouwer CD, Py r l K, Zethelius B, Qiao Q; DECODE Study Group. Hyperglycemia and inci- dence of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: comparison between fast- ing and 2-hour glucose criteria. Stroke. 2009;40:1633 1637. doi: 274. Lee M, Saver JL, Hong KS, Song S, Chang KH, Ovbiagele B. Effect of pre- diabetes on future risk of stroke: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;344:e3564. 275. Burchfiel CM, Curb JD, Rodriguez BL, Abbott RD, Chiu D, Yano K. Glucose intolerance and 22-year stroke incidence: the Honolulu Heart Program. 276. Ikramuddin S, Korner J, Lee WJ, Connett JE, Inabnet WB, Billington CJ, Thomas AJ, Leslie DB, Chong K, Jeffery RW, et al. Roux-en-Y gas- tric bypass vs intensive medical management for the control of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia: the Diabetes Surgery Study randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;309:2240 2249. doi: 277. Petersen KF, Dufour S, Befroy D, Lehrke M, Hendler RE, Shulman GI.


Petersen KF, Dufour S, Befroy D, Lehrke M, Hendler RE, Shulman GI. Reversal of nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis, hepatic insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia by moderate weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabe- tes. Diabetes. 2005;54:603 608. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.54.3.603 278. Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K, Brethauer SA, Kirwan JP, Pothier CE, Thomas S, Abood B, Nissen SE, Bhatt DL. Bariatric surgery versus in- tensive medical therapy in obese patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med. 279. Wing RR, Lang W, Wadden TA, Safford M, Knowler WC, Bertoni AG, Hill JO, Brancati FL, Peters A, Wagenknecht L; Look AHEAD Research Group. Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 280. Jebb SA, Ahern AL, Olson AD, Aston LM, Holzapfel C, Stoll J, Amann-Gassner U, Simpson AE, Fuller NR, Pearson S, et al. Primary care referral to a commercial provider for weight loss treatment versus standard care: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378:1485 1492. doi: 281. LeBlanc ES, Patnode CD, Webber EM, Redmond N, Rushkin M, O Connor EA. Behavioral and pharmacotherapy weight loss interventions to prevent obesity-related morbidity and mortality in adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 282. Flegal KM, Kruszon-Moran D, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Trends in obesity among adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. JAMA. 283. Ward ZJ, Bleich SN, Cradock AL, Barrett JL, Giles CM, Flax C, Long MW, Gortmaker SL. Projected U.S. state-level prevalence of adult obe- sity and severe obesity. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:2440 2450. doi: 284. Suk SH, Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, Cheun JF, Pittman JG, Elkind MS, Paik MC; Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Abdominal obesity and risk of ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke. 285.


Abdominal obesity and risk of ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke. 285. Ni Mhurchu C, Rodgers A, Pan WH, Gu DF, Woodward M; Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. Body mass index and cardiovascular disease in the Asia-Pacific region: an overview of 33 cohorts involving 310,000 participants. Int J Epidemiol. 2004;33:751 758. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyh163 286. Bazzano LA, Gu D, Whelton MR, Wu X, Chen CS, Duan X, Chen J, Chen JC, He J. Body mass index and risk of stroke among Chinese men and women. Ann Neurol. 2010;67:11 20. doi: 10.1002/ana.21950 287. Hu G, Tuomilehto J, Silventoinen K, Sarti C, M nnist S, Jousilahti P. Body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio on the risk of total and type-specific stroke. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1420 1427. doi: 288. Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Berger K, Kase CS, Rexrode KM, Cook NR, Buring JE, Manson JE. Body mass index and the risk of stroke in men. Arch Intern 289. Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Rexrode KM, Kase CS, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE. Prospective study of body mass index and risk of stroke in apparently healthy women. Circulation. 2005;111:1992 1998. doi: 290. Kroll ME, Green J, Beral V, Sudlow CL, Brown A, Kirichek O, Price A, Yang TO, Reeves GK; Million Women Study Collaborators. Adiposity and ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: prospective study in women and meta-analysis. 291. Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases Collaboration (BMI Mediated Effects), Lu Y, Hajifathalian K, Ezzati M, Woodward M, Rimm EB, Danaei G. Metabolic mediators of the effects of body-mass index, overweight, and obesity on coronary heart disease and stroke: a pooled analysis of 97 prospective cohorts with 1 8 million participants. Lancet. 2014;383:970 983. 292.


Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases Collaboration (BMI Mediated Effects), Lu Y, Hajifathalian K, Ezzati M, Woodward M, Rimm EB, Danaei G. Metabolic mediators of the effects of body-mass index, overweight, and obesity on coronary heart disease and stroke: a pooled analysis of 97 prospective cohorts with 1 8 million participants. Lancet. 2014;383:970 983. 292. Look AHEAD Research Group, Wing RR, Bolin P, Brancati FL, Bray GA, Clark JM, Coday M, Crow RS, Curtis JM, Egan CM, Espeland MA, et al. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:145 154. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1212914 293. Sj str m L, Peltonen M, Jacobson P, Sj str m CD, Karason K, Wedel H, Ahlin S, Anveden , Bengtsson C, Bergmark G, et al. Bariatric surgery and long-term cardiovascular events. JAMA. 2012;307:56 65. doi: 294. Fisher DP, Johnson E, Haneuse S, Arterburn D, Coleman KJ, O Connor PJ, O Brien R, Bogart A, Theis MK, Anau J, et al. Association between bariatric surgery and macrovascular disease outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and severe obesity. JAMA. 2018;320:1570 1582. doi: 295. Kernan WN, Inzucchi SE, Sawan C, Macko RF, Furie KL. Obesity: a stub- bornly obvious target for stroke prevention. Stroke. 2013;44:278 286. doi: 296. Huang K, Liu F, Han X, Huang C, Huang J, Gu D, Yang X. Association of BMI with total mortality and recurrent stroke among stroke patients: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Atherosclerosis. 2016;253:94 101. doi: 297. Aparicio HJ, Himali JJ, Beiser AS, Davis-Plourde KL, Vasan RS, Kase CS, Wolf PA, Seshadri S. Overweight, obesity, and survival after stroke in the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:e004721. doi: 298. Lajous M, Banack HR, Kaufman JS, Hernan MA. Should patients with chronic disease be told to gain weight?


Should patients with chronic disease be told to gain weight? The obesity paradox and selection bias. Am J Med. 2015;128:334 336. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.10.043 299. Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, Garber AJ, Hurley DL, Jastreboff AM, Nadolsky K, Pessah-Pollack R, Plodkowski R; Reviewers of the AACE/ ACE Obesity Clinical Practice Guidelines. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity. Endocr 300. US Preventive Services Task Force, Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Caughey AB, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Epling JW Jr, Grossman DC, Kemper AR, et al. Behavioral weight loss interventions to prevent CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Kleindorfer obesity-related morbidity and mortality in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018;320:1163 1171. 301. Moyer VA; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for and man- agement of obesity in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force rec- ommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:373 378. doi: 302. Jonas DE, Amick HR, Feltner C, Weber RP, Arvanitis M, Stine A, Lux L, Harris RP. Screening for obstructive sleep apnea in adults: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 303. McEvoy RD, Antic NA, Heeley E, Luo Y, Ou Q, Zhang X, Mediano O, Chen R, Drager LF, Liu Z, et al; SAVE Investigators and Coordinators. CPAP for prevention of cardiovascular events in obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J 304. Tsivgoulis G, Alexandrov AV, Katsanos AH, Barlinn K, Mikulik R, Lambadiari V, Bonakis A, Alexandrov AW. Noninvasive ventilatory correction in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 305. Parra O, Sanchez-Armengol A, Bonnin M, Arboix A, Campos-Rodriguez F, Perez-Ronchel J, Duran-Cantolla J, de la Torre G, Gonzalez Marcos JR, de la Pena M, et al.


Parra O, Sanchez-Armengol A, Bonnin M, Arboix A, Campos-Rodriguez F, Perez-Ronchel J, Duran-Cantolla J, de la Torre G, Gonzalez Marcos JR, de la Pena M, et al. Early treatment of obstructive apnoea and stroke out- come: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Respir J. 2011;37:1128 1136. 306. Bravata DM, Sico J, Vaz Fragoso CA, Miech EJ, Matthias MS, Lampert R, Williams LS, Concato J, Ivan CS, Fleck JD, et al. Diagnosing and treating sleep apnea in patients with acute cerebrovascular disease. J Am Heart 307. Gupta A, Shukla G, Afsar M, Poornima S, Pandey RM, Goyal V, Srivastava A, Vibha D, Behari M. Role of positive airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14:511 521. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.7034 308. Minnerup J, Ritter MA, Wersching H, Kemmling A, Okegwo A, Schmidt A, Schilling M, Ringelstein EB, Sch bitz WR, Young P, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure ventilation for acute ischemic stroke: a randomized feasibility study. Stroke. 2012;43:1137 1139. doi: 309. Ryan CM, Bayley M, Green R, Murray BJ, Bradley TD. Influence of con- tinuous positive airway pressure on outcomes of rehabilitation in stroke patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Stroke. 2011;42:1062 1067. doi: 310. Wessendorf TE, Wang YM, Thilmann AF, Sorgenfrei U, Konietzko N, Teschler H. Treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea with nasal continuous positive airway pressure in stroke. Eur Respir J. 2001;18:623 629. doi: 311. Sandberg O, Franklin KA, Bucht G, Eriksson S, Gustafson Y. Nasal con- tinuous positive airway pressure in stroke patients with sleep apnoea: a randomized treatment study. Eur Respir J. 2001;18:630 634. doi: 312. Bravata DM, Concato J, Fried T, Ranjbar N, Sadarangani T, McClain V, Struve F, Zygmunt L, Knight HJ, Lo A, et al.


Bravata DM, Concato J, Fried T, Ranjbar N, Sadarangani T, McClain V, Struve F, Zygmunt L, Knight HJ, Lo A, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure: evaluation of a novel therapy for patients with acute ischemic stroke. Sleep. 2011;34:1271 1277. doi: 10.5665/SLEEP.1254 313. Brill AK, Horvath T, Seiler A, Camilo M, Haynes AG, Ott SR, Egger M, Bassetti CL. CPAP as treatment of sleep apnea after stroke: a meta- analysis of randomized trials. Neurology. 2018;90:e1222 e1230. doi: 314. Sandberg O, Franklin KA, Bucht G, Gustafson Y. Sleep apnea, delirium, depressed mood, cognition, and ADL ability after stroke. J Am Geriatr Soc. 315. Bravata DM, McClain V, Austin C, Ferguson J, Burrus N, Miech EJ, Matthias MS, Chumbler N, Ofner S, Foresman B, et al. Diagnosing and managing sleep apnea in patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease: a random- ized trial of a home-based strategy. Sleep Breath. 2017;21:713 725. doi: 316. Saletu MT, Kotzian ST, Schwarzinger A, Haider S, Spatt J, Saletu B. Sleep apnea testing is a feasible and accurate method to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea in stroke patients during in-hospital rehabilitation. J Clin Sleep 317. Qaseem A, Dallas P, Owens DK, Starkey M, Holty JE, Shekelle P; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:210 220. doi: 318. Peppard PE, Young T, Barnet JH, Palta M, Hagen EW, Hla KM. Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults. Am J Epidemiol. 319. Yaggi HK, Concato J, Kernan WN, Lichtman JH, Brass LM, Mohsenin V. Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death. N Engl J 320.


Yaggi HK, Concato J, Kernan WN, Lichtman JH, Brass LM, Mohsenin V. Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death. N Engl J 320. Shahar E, Whitney CW, Redline S, Lee ET, Newman AB, Nieto FJ, O Connor GT, Boland LL, Schwartz JE, Samet JM. Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:19 25. doi: 321. Redline S, Yenokyan G, Gottlieb DJ, Shahar E, O Connor GT, Resnick HE, Diener-West M, Sanders MH, Wolf PA, Geraghty EM, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea and incident stroke: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:269 277. doi: 322. Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Skatrud J. Prospective study of the associa- tion between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med. 323. Johnson KG, Johnson DC. Frequency of sleep apnea in stroke and TIA patients: a meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6:131 137. 324. Mohsenin V. Obstructive sleep apnea: a new preventive and therapeutic target for stroke: a new kid on the block. Am J Med. 2015;128:811 816. 325. Seiler A, Camilo M, Korostovtseva L, Haynes AG, Brill AK, Horvath T, Egger M, Bassetti CL. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing after stroke and TIA: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 2019;92:e648 e654. doi: 326. Parra O, Arboix A, Bechich S, Garc a-Eroles L, Montserrat JM, L pez JA, Ballester E, Guerra JM, Sope a JJ. Time course of sleep-related breathing disorders in first-ever stroke or transient ischemic attack. Am J Respir Crit 327. Sahlin C, Sandberg O, Gustafson Y, Bucht G, Carlberg B, Stenlund H, Franklin KA. Obstructive sleep apnea is a risk factor for death in patients with stroke: a 10-year follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:297 301. 328. Birkbak J, Clark AJ, Rod NH.


Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:297 301. 328. Birkbak J, Clark AJ, Rod NH. The effect of sleep disordered breathing on the outcome of stroke and transient ischemic attack: a systematic review. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10:103 108. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.3376 329. Turkington PM, Allgar V, Bamford J, Wanklyn P, Elliott MW. Effect of up- per airway obstruction in acute stroke on functional outcome at 6 months. 330. Qaseem A, Holty JE, Owens DK, Dallas P, Starkey M, Shekelle P; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Management of obstructive sleep apnea in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:471 483. doi: 331. Deleted in proofs. 332. Takala M, Puustinen J, Rauhala E, Holm A. Pre-screening of sleep- disordered breathing after stroke: a systematic review. Brain Behav. 333. Senaratna CV, Perret JL, Matheson MC, Lodge CJ, Lowe AJ, Cassim R, Russell MA, Burgess JA, Hamilton GS, Dharmage SC. Validity of the Berlin questionnaire in detecting obstructive sleep apnea: a system- atic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2017;36:116 124. doi: 334. Kapur VK, Auckley DH, Chowdhuri S, Kuhlmann DC, Mehra R, Ramar K, Harrod CG. Clinical practice guideline for diagnostic testing for adult obstructive sleep apnea: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13:479 504. doi: 335. Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Howlett-Smith H, Stern BJ, Hertzberg VS, Frankel MR, Levine SR, Chaturvedi S, Kasner SE, Benesch CG, et al; Warfarin- Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Trial Investigators. Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1305 1316. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa043033 336. Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Derdeyn CP, Turan TN, Fiorella D, Lane BF, Janis LS, Lutsep HL, Barnwell SL, Waters MF, et al; SAMMPRIS Trial Investigators.


Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Derdeyn CP, Turan TN, Fiorella D, Lane BF, Janis LS, Lutsep HL, Barnwell SL, Waters MF, et al; SAMMPRIS Trial Investigators. Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial steno- sis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:993 1003. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1105335 337. Chaturvedi S, Turan TN, Lynn MJ, Kasner SE, Romano J, Cotsonis G, Frankel M, Chimowitz MI; WASID Study Group. Risk factor status and vas- cular events in patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis. Neurology. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Kleindorfer 338. Liu L, Wong KS, Leng X, Pu Y, Wang Y, Jing J, Zou X, Pan Y, Wang A, Meng X, et al; CHANCE Investigators. Dual antiplatelet therapy in stroke and ICAS: subgroup analysis of CHANCE. Neurology. 2015;85:1154 1162. 339. Wong KS, Chen C, Fu J, Chang HM, Suwanwela NC, Huang YN, Han Z, Tan KS, Ratanakorn D, Chollate P, et al; CLAIR Study Investigators. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for reducing embolisation in patients with acute symptomatic cerebral or carotid artery stenosis (CLAIR study): a ran- domised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:489 340. Amarenco P, Denison H, Evans SR, Himmelmann A, James S, Knutsson M, Ladenvall P, Molina CA, Wang Y, Johnston SC; THALES Steering Committee and Investigators. Ticagrelor added to aspirin in acute nonse- vere ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack of atherosclerotic origin. 341. Kwon SU, Cho YJ, Koo JS, Bae HJ, Lee YS, Hong KS, Lee JH, Kim JS. Cilostazol prevents the progression of the symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis: the multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial of cilostazol in symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Stroke. 2005;36:782 786. 342. Kwon SU, Hong KS, Kang DW, Park JM, Lee JH, Cho YJ, Yu KH, Koo JS, Wong KS, Lee SH, et al. Efficacy and safety of combination antiplatelet therapies in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. 343.


Efficacy and safety of combination antiplatelet therapies in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. 343. Uchiyama S, Sakai N, Toi S, Ezura M, Okada Y, Takagi M, Nagai Y, Matsubara Y, Minematsu K, Suzuki N, et al; CATHARSIS Study Group. Final results of Cilostazol-Aspirin Therapy against Recurrent Stroke with Intracranial Artery Stenosis (CATHARSIS). Cerebrovasc Dis Extra. 2015;5:1 13. doi: 344. Toyoda K, Uchiyama S, Yamaguchi T, Easton JD, Kimura K, Hoshino H, Sakai N, Okada Y, Tanaka K, Origasa H, et al; CSPS.com Trial Investigators. Dual antiplatelet therapy using cilostazol for secondary prevention in patients with high-risk ischaemic stroke in Japan: a multicentre, open- label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18:539 548. doi: 345. Turan TN, Cotsonis G, Lynn MJ, Chaturvedi S, Chimowitz M; Warfarin- Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease (WASID) Trial Investigators. Relationship between blood pressure and stroke recurrence in patients with intracranial arterial stenosis. Circulation. 2007;115:2969 2975. doi: 346. Yu DD, Pu YH, Pan YS, Zou XY, Soo Y, Leung T, Liu LP, Wang DZ, Wong KS, Wang YL, et al; Chinese Intracranial Atherosclerosis (CICAS) Study Group. High blood pressure increases the risk of poor outcome at dis- charge and 12-month follow-up in patients with symptomatic intracranial large artery stenosis and occlusions: subgroup analysis of the CICAS Study. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2015;21:530 535. doi: 10.1111/cns.12400 347. Amin-Hanjani S, Turan TN, Du X, Pandey DK, Rose-Finnell L, Richardson D, Elkind MS, Zipfel GJ, Liebeskind DS, Silver FL, et al; VERiTAS Study Group. Higher stroke risk with lower blood pressure in hemodynamic vertebro- basilar disease: analysis from the VERiTAS study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 348. Park JM, Kim BJ, Kwon SU, Hwang YH, Heo SH, Rha JH, Lee J, Park MS, Kim JT, Song HJ, et al.


Park JM, Kim BJ, Kwon SU, Hwang YH, Heo SH, Rha JH, Lee J, Park MS, Kim JT, Song HJ, et al. Intensive blood pressure control may not be safe in subacute ischemic stroke by intracranial atherosclerosis: a result of randomized trial. J Hypertens. 2018;36:1936 1941. doi: 349. Zhou P, Lu Z, Gao P, Wang P, Cao Z, Zhang G, Wang S, Feng Y, Wang P. Efficacy and safety of intensive statin therapy in Chinese patients with atherosclerotic intracranial arterial stenosis: a single-center, randomized, single-blind, parallel-group study with one-year follow-up. Clin Neurol 350. Alexander MJ, Zauner A, Chaloupka JC, Baxter B, Callison RC, Gupta R, Song SS, Yu W; WEAVE Trial Sites and Interventionalists. WEAVE trial: final results in 152 on-label patients. Stroke. 2019;50:889 894. doi: 351. Aghaebrahim A, Agnoletto GJ, Aguilar-Salinas P, Granja MF, Monteiro A, Siddiqui AH, Levy EI, Shallwani H, Kim SJ, Haussen DC, et al. Endovascular recanalization of symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis despite aggres- sive medical management. World Neurosurg. 2019;123:e693 e699. doi: 352. Lutsep HL, Barnwell SL, Larsen DT, Lynn MJ, Hong M, Turan TN, Derdeyn CP, Fiorella D, Janis LS, Chimowitz MI; SAMMPRIS Investigators. Outcome in patients previously on antithrombotic therapy in the SAMMPRIS trial: subgroup analysis. Stroke. 2015;46:775 779. doi: 353. Derdeyn CP, Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Fiorella D, Turan TN, Janis LS, Montgomery J, Nizam A, Lane BF, Lutsep HL, et al; Stenting and Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis Trial Investigators. Aggressive medical treatment with or without stenting in high-risk patients with intracranial artery stenosis (SAMMPRIS): the final results of a randomised trial. Lancet. 2014;383:333 341. doi: 354. Miao Z, Jiang L, Wu H, Bao Y, Jiao L, Li S, Wu J, Hua Y, Li Y, Zhu J, et al.


Miao Z, Jiang L, Wu H, Bao Y, Jiao L, Li S, Wu J, Hua Y, Li Y, Zhu J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of symptomatic middle cerebral artery steno- sis: endovascular versus medical therapy in a Chinese population. Stroke. 355. Zaidat OO, Fitzsimmons BF, Woodward BK, Wang Z, Killer-Oberpfalzer M, Wakhloo A, Gupta R, Kirshner H, Megerian JT, Lesko J, et al; VISSIT Trial Investigators. Effect of a balloon-expandable intracranial stent vs medical therapy on risk of stroke in patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis: the VISSIT randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;313:1240 1248. doi: 356. Lutsep HL, Lynn MJ, Cotsonis GA, Derdeyn CP, Turan TN, Fiorella D, Janis LS, Lane BF, Montgomery J, Chimowitz MI; SAMMPRIS Investigators. Does the stenting versus aggressive medical therapy trial support stenting for subgroups with intracranial stenosis? Stroke. 2015;46:3282 3284. 357. Wabnitz AM, Derdeyn CP, Fiorella DJ, Lynn MJ, Cotsonis GA, Liebeskind DS, Waters MF, Lutsep H, Lopez-Cancio E, Turan TN, et al; SAMMPRIS Investigators. Hemodynamic markers in the ante- rior circulation as predictors of recurrent stroke in patients with intra- cranial stenosis [published online December 11, 2018]. Stroke. doi: 358. Compter A, van der Worp HB, Schonewille WJ, Vos JA, Boiten J, Nederkoorn PJ, Uyttenboogaart M, Lo RT, Algra A, Kappelle LJ; VAST Investigators. Stenting versus medical treatment in patients with symptom- atic vertebral artery stenosis: a randomised open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet 359. Markus HS, Larsson SC, Kuker W, Schulz UG, Ford I, Rothwell PM, Clifton A; VIST Investigators. Stenting for symptomatic vertebral artery stenosis: the Vertebral Artery Ischaemia Stenting Trial. Neurology. 2017;89:1229 360. Kasner SE, Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Howlett-Smith H, Stern BJ, Hertzberg VS, Frankel MR, Levine SR, Chaturvedi S, Benesch CG, et al; Warfarin Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Trial Investigators.


Kasner SE, Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Howlett-Smith H, Stern BJ, Hertzberg VS, Frankel MR, Levine SR, Chaturvedi S, Benesch CG, et al; Warfarin Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Trial Investigators. Predictors of ischemic stroke in the territory of a symptomatic intracra- nial arterial stenosis. Circulation. 2006;113:555 563. doi: 10.1161/ 361. EC/IC Bypass Study Group. Failure of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. results of an international randomized trial. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:1191 1200. doi: 10.1056/ 362. Gorelick PB, Wong KS, Bae HJ, Pandey DK. Large artery intracranial oc- clusive disease: a large worldwide burden but a relatively neglected frontier. 363. Amin-Hanjani S, Pandey DK, Rose-Finnell L, Du X, Richardson D, Thulborn KR, Elkind MS, Zipfel GJ, Liebeskind DS, Silver FL, et al; Vertebrobasilar Flow Evaluation and Risk of Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke Study Group. Effect of hemodynamics on stroke risk in symptomatic atheroscle- rotic vertebrobasilar occlusive disease. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73:178 185. 364. L pez-Cancio E, Matheus MG, Romano JG, Liebeskind DS, Prabhakaran S, Turan TN, Cotsonis GA, Lynn MJ, Rumboldt Z, Chimowitz MI. Infarct patterns, collaterals and likely causative mechanisms of stroke in symp- tomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;37:417 422. 365. Johnston SC, Elm JJ, Easton JD, Farrant M, Barsan WG, Kim AS, Lindblad AS, Palesch YY, Zurita KG, Albers GW, et al; POINT and Neurological Emergencies Treatment Trials Network Investigators. Time course for benefit and risk of clopidogrel and aspirin after acute transient ischemic attack and minor ischemic stroke. Circulation. 2019;140:658 664. doi: 366. US Food and Drug Administration. Use of the Stryker Wingspan stent sys- tem outside of approved indications leads to an increased risk of stroke or death: FDA Safety Communication. 2019. Accessed December 3, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/medical-device-safety/use-stryker- wingspan-stent-system-outside-approved-indications-leads-increased- risk-stroke-or-death CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Kleindorfer 367. US Food and Drug Administration.


Accessed December 3, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/medical-device-safety/use-stryker- wingspan-stent-system-outside-approved-indications-leads-increased- risk-stroke-or-death CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Kleindorfer 367. US Food and Drug Administration. Rates of stroke and death: 522 post- market surveillance studies database. 2013. Accessed December 3, 2020. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMA/pss. 368. Gr schel K, Schnaudigel S, Pilgram SM, Wasser K, Kastrup A. A systematic review on outcome after stenting for intracranial atherosclerosis. Stroke. 369. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, Fox AJ, Taylor DW, Mayberg MR, Warlow CP, Barnett HJ; Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists Collaboration. Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarter- ectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet. 2003;361:107 116. doi: 370. Barnett HJM, Taylor DW, Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Peerless SJ, Ferguson GG, Fox AJ, Rankin RN, Hachinski VC, Wiebers DO, et al. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:445 453. 371. Howard G, Roubin GS, Jansen O, Hendrikse J, Halliday A, Fraedrich G, Eckstein HH, Calvet D, Bulbulia R, Bonati LH, et al; Carotid Stenting Trialists Collaboration. Association between age and risk of stroke or death from carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting: a meta-analysis of pooled patient data from four randomised trials. Lancet. 2016;387:1305 372. Rantner B, Kollerits B, Roubin GS, Ringleb PA, Jansen O, Howard G, Hendrikse J, Halliday A, Gregson J, Eckstein HH, et al; Carotid Stenosis Trialists Collaboration. Early endarterectomy carries a lower procedural risk than early stenting in patients with symptomatic stenosis of the in- ternal carotid artery: results from 4 randomized controlled trials. Stroke. 373. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, Warlow CP, Barnett HJ; Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists Collaboration. Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery. 374.


Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery. 374. Yadav JS, Wholey MH, Kuntz RE, Fayad P, Katzen BT, Mishkel GJ, Bajwa TK, Whitlow P, Strickman NE, Jaff MR, et al; Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High Risk for Endarterectomy Investigators. Protected carotid-artery stenting versus endarterec- tomy in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1493 1501. doi: 375. Brott TG, Hobson RW 2nd, Howard G, Roubin GS, Clark WM, Brooks W, Mackey A, Hill MD, Leimgruber PP, Sheffet AJ, et al; CREST Investigators. Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:11 23. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0912321 376. Schermerhorn ML, Liang P, Eldrup-Jorgensen J, Cronenwett JL, Nolan BW, Kashyap VS, Wang GJ, Motaganahalli RL, Malas MB. Association of transcarotid artery revascularization vs transfemoral carotid artery stenting with stroke or death among patients with carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 377. Powers WJ, Clarke WR, Grubb RL Jr, Videen TO, Adams HP Jr, Derdeyn CP; COSS Investigators. Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery for stroke prevention in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia: the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306:1983 1992. doi: 377a. Amarenco P, Kim JS, Labreuche J, Charles H, Abtan J, B jot Y, Cabrejo L, Cha JK, Ducrocq G, Giroud M, et al; Treat Stroke to Target Investigators. A comparison of two LDL cholesterol targets after ischemic stroke. N Engl J 378. Markus HS, Harshfield EL, Compter A, Kuker W, Kappelle LJ, Clifton A, van der Worp HB, Rothwell P, Algra A; Vertebral Stenosis Trialists Collaboration. Stenting for symptomatic vertebral artery stenosis: a preplanned pooled individual patient data analysis. Lancet Neurol. 379. Hanel RA, Brasiliense LB, Spetzler RF. Microsurgical revasculariza- tion of proximal vertebral artery: a single-center, single-operator analy- sis. Neurosurgery. 2009;64:1043 1050. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU. 380.


Microsurgical revasculariza- tion of proximal vertebral artery: a single-center, single-operator analy- sis. Neurosurgery. 2009;64:1043 1050. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU. 380. Amarenco P, Davis S, Jones EF, Cohen AA, Heiss WD, Kaste M, Laou nan C, Young D, Macleod M, Donnan GA; Aortic Arch Related Cerebral Hazard Trial Investigators. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus warfarin in patients with stroke and aortic arch plaques. Stroke. 2014;45:1248 1257. doi: 381. Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM, Cimminiello C, Csiba L, Kaste M, Leys D, Matias-Guiu J, Rupprecht HJ; MATCH Investigators. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:331 337. doi: 382. SPS3 Investigators; Benavente OR, Hart RG, McClure LA, Szychowski JM, Coffey CS, Pearce LA. Effects of clopidogrel added to aspirin in pa- tients with recent lacunar stroke. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:817 825. doi: 383. Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration; Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, Emberson J, Godwin J, Peto R, Buring J, Hennekens C, Kearney P, Meade T, et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual partici- pant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2009;373:1849 1860. doi: 384. Johnston SC, Easton JD, Farrant M, Barsan W, Conwit RA, Elm JJ, Kim AS, Lindblad AS, Palesch YY; Clinical Research Collaboration, Neurological Emergencies Treatment Trials Network, and the POINT Investigators. Clopidogrel and aspirin in acute ischemic stroke and high-risk TIA. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:215 225. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800410 385. Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of ran- domised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324:71 86. doi: 386. Amarenco P, Duyckaerts C, Tzourio C, H nin D, Bousser MG, Hauw JJ.