A comparison of dabig- atran etexilate with warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves: the Randomized, phase II study to Evaluate the sAfety and pharmacokinetics of oraL dabIGatran etexilate in patients after heart valve replacemeNt (RE- ALIGN). Am Heart J. 2012;163:931 7.e1. 5. Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Brueckmann M, et al. Dabigatran ver- sus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1206 14. 6. Torella M, Torella D, Chiodini P, et al. LOWERing the INtensity of oral anticoaGulant Therapy in patients with bileaflet mechanical aortic valve replacement: results from the LOWERING-IT Trial. Am Heart J. 2010;160:171 8. 7. Hering D, Piper C, Bergemann R, et al. Thromboembolic and bleeding complications following St. Jude Medical valve replacement: results of the German Experience With Low-Intensity Anticoagulation Study. Chest. 2005;127:53 9. 8. Acar J, Iung B, Boissel JP, et al. AREVA: multicenter randomized compari- son of low-dose versus standard-dose anticoagulation in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves. Circulation. 1996;94:2107 12. 9. Whitlock RP, Sun JC, Fremes SE, et al. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for valvular disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e576S 600S. 10. Horstkotte D, Scharf RE, Schultheiss HP. Intracardiac thrombosis: patient- related and device-related factors. J Heart Valve Dis. 1995;4:114 20. 11. Pruefer D, Dahm M, Dohmen G, et al. Intensity of oral anticoagulation af- ter implantation of St. Jude Medical mitral or multiple valve replacement: lessons learned from GELIA (GELIA 5). Eur Heart J Suppl. 2001;3:Q39 43. 12. Rod s-Cabau J, Masson J-B, Welsh RC, et al.


12. Rod s-Cabau J, Masson J-B, Welsh RC, et al. Aspirin versus aspirin plus clopidogrel as antithrombotic treatment following transcatheter aortic valve replacement with a balloon-expandable valve: the ARTE (Aspirin Ver- sus Aspirin + Clopidogrel Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implanta- tion) randomized clinical trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:1357 65. 13. Zuo W, Yang M, He Y, et al. Single or dual antiplatelet therapy after trans- catheter aortic valve replacement: an updated systemic review and meta- analysis. J Thorac Dis. 2019;11:959 68. 14. Maes F, Stabile E, Ussia GP, et al. Meta-analysis comparing single versus dual antiplatelet therapy following transcatheter aortic valve implanta- tion. Am J Cardiol. 2018;122:310 5. 15. Heras M, Chesebro JH, Fuster V, et al. High risk of thromboemboli early after bioprosthetic cardiac valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:1111 9. 16. Colli A, Mestres CA, Castella M, et al. Comparing warfarin to aspirin (WoA) after aortic valve replacement with the St. Jude Medical Epic heart valve bioprosthesis: results of the WoA Epic pilot trial. J Heart Valve Dis. 2007;16:667 71. 17. Aramendi JI, Mestres C-A, Martinez-Le n J, et al. Triflusal versus oral an- ticoagulation for primary prevention of thromboembolism after biopros- thetic valve replacement (TRAC): prospective, randomized, co-operative trial. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005;27:854 60. 18. Nu ez L, Gil Aguado M, Larrea JL, et al. Prevention of thromboembolism using aspirin after mitral valve replacement with porcine bioprosthesis. Ann Thorac Surg. 1984;37:84 7. 19. Tiede DJ, Nishimura RA, Gastineau DA, et al. Modern management of prosthetic valve anticoagulation. Mayo Clin Proc. 1998;73:665 80. 20. M rie C, K ber L, Skov Olsen P, et al. Association of warfarin ther- apy duration after bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement with risk of mortality, thromboembolic complications, and bleeding. JAMA. 2012;308:2118 25. 21. Russo A, Grigioni F, Avierinos J-F, et al.


2012;308:2118 25. 21. Russo A, Grigioni F, Avierinos J-F, et al. Thromboembolic complications after surgical correction of mitral regurgitation incidence, predictors, and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1203 11. 22. Egbe AC, Pislaru SV, Pellikka PA, et al. Bioprosthetic valve thrombosis ver- sus structural failure: clinical and echocardiographic predictors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:2285 94. 23. Chakravarty T, Patel A, Kapadia S, et al. Anticoagulation after surgical or transcatheter bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:1190 200. 24. Sundt TM, Zehr KJ, Dearani JA, et al. Is early anticoagulation with warfarin necessary after bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement? J Thorac Cardio- vasc Surg. 2005;129:1024 31. 25. El Bardissi AW, DiBardino DJ, Chen FY, et al. Is early antithrombotic ther- apy necessary in patients with bioprosthetic aortic valves in normal sinus rhythm? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;139:1137 45. 26. Massel DR, Little SH. Antiplatelet and anticoagulation for patients with prosthetic heart valves. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;CD003464. 27. Puskas J, Gerdisch M, Nichols D, et al. Reduced anticoagulation after mechanical aortic valve replacement: interim results from the prospec- tive randomized on-X valve anticoagulation clinical trial randomized Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;147:1202 10. 28. Puskas JD, Gerdisch M, Nichols D, et al. Anticoagulation and antiplatelet strategies after On-X mechanical aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Car- diol. 2018;71:2717 26. 29. Ussia GP, Scarabelli M, Mul M, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy versus as- pirin alone in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108:1772 6. 30. Dangas GD, Tijssen JGP, Wohrle J, et al. A controlled trial of rivaroxaban af- ter transcatheter aortic-valve replacement. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:120 9. 31. Makkar RR, Fontana G, Jilaihawi H, et al. Possible subclinical leaflet throm- bosis in bioprosthetic aortic valves.


Makkar RR, Fontana G, Jilaihawi H, et al. Possible subclinical leaflet throm- bosis in bioprosthetic aortic valves. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2015 24. 32. Jose J, Sulimov DS, El-Mawardy M, et al. Clinical bioprosthetic heart valve thrombosis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: inci- dence, characteristics, and treatment outcomes. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:686 97. 33. Jochheim D, Barbanti M, Capretti G, et al. Oral anticoagulant type and outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12:1566 76. 34. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1139 51. 35. Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2093 104. 36. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in non- valvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:883 91. 37. Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJV, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:981 92. 38. Edmunds LH Jr. Thrombotic and bleeding complications of prosthetic heart valves. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987;44:430 45. 39. Capodanno D, Angiolillo DJ. Antiplatelet therapy after implantation of bioresorbable vascular scaffolds: a review of the published data, practi- cal recommendations, and future directions. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:425 37. 40. Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Kaatz S, et al. Perioperative bridging anticoagu- lation in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:823 33. 11.3. Bridging Therapy 1. Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Spencer FA, et al. Perioperative manage- ment of antithrombotic therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence- Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e326S 50S. 2. Kearon C, Hirsh J. Management of anticoagulation before and after elec- tive surgery. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1506 11. 3.


Management of anticoagulation before and after elec- tive surgery. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1506 11. 3. Tinker JH, Tarhan S. Discontinuing anticoagulant therapy in surgical pa- tients with cardiac valve prostheses. Observations in 180 operations. JAMA. 1978;239:738 9. 4. Lankiewicz MW, Hays J, Friedman KD, et al. Urgent reversal of warfarin with prothrombin complex concentrate. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4:967 70. 5. Renda G, Ricci F, Giugliano RP, et al. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral antico- agulants in patients with atrial fibrillation and valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:1363 71. 6. Hammerstingl C, Tripp C, Schmidt H, et al. Periprocedural bridging ther- apy with low-molecular-weight heparin in chronically anticoagulated pa- tients with prosthetic mechanical heart valves: experience in 116 patients from the prospective BRAVE registry. J Heart Valve Dis. 2007;16:285 92. 7. Spyropoulos AC, Turpie AG, Dunn AS, et al. Perioperative bridging therapy with unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves on long-term oral anticoagulants (from the REGIMEN Registry). Am J Cardiol. 2008;102:883 9. 8. Pengo V, Cucchini U, Denas G, et al. Standardized low-molecular-weight heparin bridging regimen in outpatients on oral anticoagulants undergo- ing invasive procedure or surgery: an inception cohort management study. Circulation. 2009;119:2920 7. 9. Daniels PR, McBane RD, Litin SC, et al. Peri-procedural anticoagulation management of mechanical prosthetic heart valve patients. Thromb Res. 2009;124:300 5. 10. Bui HT, Krisnaswami A, Le CU, et al. Comparison of safety of subcutane- ous enoxaparin as outpatient anticoagulation bridging therapy in patients with a mechanical heart valve versus patients with nonvalvular atrial fibril- lation. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:1429 33. 11. Biteker M, Tekkesin AI, Can MM, et al. Outcome of noncardiac and non- vascular surgery in patients with mechanical heart valves. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:562 7. 12. Weiss A, Brose S, Ploetze K, et al.


2012;110:562 7. 12. Weiss A, Brose S, Ploetze K, et al. Half-dose enoxaparin vs. full-dose enoxaparin for postoperative bridging therapy in patients after cardiac surgery: which dose regimen should be preferred? Clin Hemorheol Micro- circ. 2013;54:249 58. 13. Pengo V, Palareti G, Cucchini U, et al. Low-intensity oral anticoagulant plus low-dose aspirin during the first six months versus standard-intensity oral anticoagulant therapy after mechanical heart valve replacement: a pilot study of low-intensity warfarin and aspirin in cardiac prostheses (LI- WACAP). Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2007;13:241 8. 14. Hjellstrom L, Labaf A. Prophylactic doses of low-molecular weight hepa- rin as periprocedural bridging therapy in mechanical heart valve patients. Thromb Res. 2018;163:180 4. 15. Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Kaatz S, et al. Perioperative bridg- ing anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:823 33. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 11.4. Excessive Anticoagulation and Serious Bleeding With Prosthetic Valves 1. Pollack CV Jr, Reilly PA, Eikelboom J, et al. Idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:511 20. 2. Siegal DM, Curnutte JT, Connolly SJ, et al. Andexanet alfa for the reversal of factor Xa inhibitor activity. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2413 24. 3. Connolly SJ, Milling TJ Jr, Eikelboom JW, et al. Andexanet alfa for acute major bleeding associated with factor Xa inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1131 41. 4. Connolly SJ, Crowther M, Eikelboom JW, et al. Full study report of andex- anet alfa for bleeding associated with factor Xa inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:1326 35. 5. Pollack CV Jr, Reilly PA, van Ryn J, et al. Idarucizumab for dabigatran rever- sal - full cohort analysis. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:431 41. 6. Genewein U, Haeberli A, Straub PW, et al. Rebound after cessation of oral anticoagulant therapy: the biochemical evidence. Br J Haematol. 1996;92:479 85. 7.


Rebound after cessation of oral anticoagulant therapy: the biochemical evidence. Br J Haematol. 1996;92:479 85. 7. Tomaselli GF, Mahaffey KW, Cuker A, et al. 2017 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on management of bleeding in patients on oral antico- agulants: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Ex- pert Consensus Decision Pathways. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:3042 67. 8. Tazarourte K, Riou B, Tremey B, et al. Guideline-concordant administra- tion of prothrombin complex concentrate and vitamin K is associated with decreased mortality in patients with severe bleeding under vitamin K an- tagonist treatment (EPAHK study). Crit Care. 2014;18:R81. 9. Tsu LV, Dienes JE, Dager WE. Vitamin K dosing to reverse warfarin based on INR, route of administration, and home warfarin dose in the acute/ critical care setting. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46:1617 26. 10. Pernod G, Godi r A, Gozalo C, et al. French clinical practice guidelines on the management of patients on vitamin K antagonists in at-risk situ- ations (overdose, risk of bleeding, and active bleeding). Thromb Res. 2010;126:e167 74. 11. Weibert RT, Le DT, Kayser SR, et al. Correction of excessive anticoagulation with low-dose oral vitamin K1. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:959 62. 12. Yiu K-H, Siu C-W, Jim M-H, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety profiles of intravenous vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma as treatment of warfarin-related over-anticoagulation in patients with mechanical heart valves. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:409 11. 13. Khatib R, Ludwikowska M, Witt DM, et al. Vitamin K for reversal of exces- sive vitamin K antagonist anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Blood Adv. 2019;3:789 96. 11.5. Thromboembolic Events With Prosthetic Valves 1. Dangas GD, Weitz JI, Giustino G, et al. Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:2670 89. 2.


Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:2670 89. 2. Chakravarty T, S ndergaard L, Friedman J, et al. Subclinical leaflet throm- bosis in surgical and transcatheter bioprosthetic aortic valves: an observa- tional study. Lancet. 2017;389:2383 92. 3. Makkar RR, Fontana G, Jilaihawi H, et al. Possible subclinical leaflet throm- bosis in bioprosthetic aortic valves. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2015 24. 4. Sondergaard L, De Backer O, Kofoed KF, et al. Natural history of subclini- cal leaflet thrombosis affecting motion in bioprosthetic aortic valves. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:2201 7. 11.6. Acute Mechanical Valve Thrombosis 11.6.1. Diagnosis of Acute Mechanical Valve Thrombosis 1. Montorsi P, De Bernardi F, Muratori M, et al. Role of cine-fluoroscopy, transthoracic, and transesophageal echocardiography in patients with sus- pected prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. Am J Cardiol. 2000;85:58 64. 2. Muratori M, Montorsi P, Teruzzi G, et al. Feasibility and diagnostic ac- curacy of quantitative assessment of mechanical prostheses leaflet mo- tion by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in suspected prosthetic valve dysfunction. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:94 100. 3. Cianciulli TE, Lax JA, Beck MA, et al. Cinefluoroscopic assessment of me- chanical disc prostheses: its value as a complementary method to echocar- diography. J Heart Valve Dis. 2005;14:664 73. 4. Symersky P, Budde RPJ, de Mol BAJM, et al. Comparison of multidetector- row computed tomography to echocardiography and fluoroscopy for evaluation of patients with mechanical prosthetic valve obstruction. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:1128 34. 5. Bapat V, Attia R, Redwood S, et al. Use of transcatheter heart valves for a valve-in-valve implantation in patients with degenerated aortic biopros- thesis: technical considerations and results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;144:1372 9. 6. G nd z S, zkan M, Kal ik M, et al. Sixty-four-section cardiac computed tomography in mechanical prosthetic heart valve dysfunction: thrombus or pannus. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:e003246.


Sixty-four-section cardiac computed tomography in mechanical prosthetic heart valve dysfunction: thrombus or pannus. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:e003246. 7. Suh YJ, Lee S, Im DJ, et al. Added value of cardiac computed tomog- raphy for evaluation of mechanical aortic valve: emphasis on evaluation of pannus with surgical findings as standard reference. Int J Cardiol. 2016;214:454 60. 8. Dangas GD, Weitz JI, Giustino G, et al. Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:2670 89. 9. Barbetseas J, Nagueh SF, Pitsavos C, et al. Differentiating thrombus from pannus formation in obstructed mechanical prosthetic valves: an evalu- ation of clinical, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic parameters. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:1410 7. 10. Zoghbi WA, Chambers JB, Dumesnil JG, et al. Recommendations for evalu- ation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Task Force on Prosthetic Valves. Developed in conjunction with the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging Committee, Cardiac Imaging Committee of the American Heart Association, the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:975 1014. 11. zkan M, G nd z S, Biteker M, et al. Comparison of different TEE-guided thrombolytic regimens for prosthetic valve thrombosis: the TROIA trial. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:206 16. 12. Such D, Symersky P, Tanis W, et al. Multimodality imaging assessment of prosthetic heart valves. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:e003703. 1. C ceres-L riga FM, P rez-L pez H, Morlans-Hern ndez K, et al. Throm- bolysis as first choice therapy in prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. A study of 68 patients. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2006;21:185 90. 2. Karthikeyan G, Senguttuvan NB, Joseph J, et al.


2006;21:185 90. 2. Karthikeyan G, Senguttuvan NB, Joseph J, et al. Urgent surgery compared with fibrinolytic therapy for the treatment of left-sided prosthetic heart valve thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:1557 66. 3. Keuleers S, Herijgers P, Herregods M-C, et al. Comparison of thrombolysis versus surgery as a first line therapy for prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107:275 9. 4. Nagy A, D nes M, Lengyel M. Predictors of the outcome of thrombolytic therapy in prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis: a study of 62 events. J Heart Valve Dis. 2009;18:268 75. 5. zkan M, akal B, Karakoyun S, et al. Thrombolytic therapy for the treatment of prosthetic heart valve thrombosis in pregnancy with low- dose, slow infusion of tissue-type plasminogen activator. Circulation. 2013;128:532 40. 6. zkan M, G nd z S, Biteker M, et al. Comparison of different TEE-guided thrombolytic regimens for prosthetic valve thrombosis: the TROIA trial. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:206 16. 7. Roudaut R, Lafitte S, Roudaut M-F, et al. Management of prosthetic heart valve obstruction: fibrinolysis versus surgery. Early results and long-term follow-up in a single-centre study of 263 cases. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;102:269 77. 8. Tong AT, Roudaut R, Ozkan M, et al. Transesophageal echocardiogra- phy improves risk assessment of thrombolysis of prosthetic valve throm- bosis: results of the international PRO-TEE registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:77 84. 9. Bade AS, Shaikh SSA, Khemani H, et al. Thrombolysis is an effective and safe therapy in stuck mitral valves with delayed presentation as well as hemodynamically unstable patients: a single centre study. Cardiol Res. 2018;9:161 4. 10. Pragt H, van Melle JP, Javadikasgari H, et al. Mechanical valves in the pul- monary position: an international retrospective analysis. J Thorac Cardio- vasc Surg. 2017;154:1371 8.e1. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 11.


J Thorac Cardio- vasc Surg. 2017;154:1371 8.e1. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 11. Taherkhani M, Hashemi SR, Hekmat M, et al. Thrombolytic therapy for right-sided mechanical pulmonic and tricuspid valves: the largest survival analysis to date. Tex Heart Inst J. 2015;42:543 7. 12. Kumar BM, Gnanaraj JP, Swaminathan N, et al. Assessment of hemody- namic and clinical response in thrombolytic therapy for prosthetic valve thrombosis. Indian Heart J. 2017;69:S6. 13. zkan M, G nd z S, G rsoy OM, et al. Ultraslow thrombolytic therapy: a novel strategy in the management of PROsthetic MEchanical valve Throm- bosis and the prEdictors of outcomE: the Ultra-slow PROMETEE trial. Am Heart J. 2015;170:409 18. 14. Roudaut R, Lafitte S, Roudaut M-F, et al. Fibrinolysis of mechanical pros- thetic valve thrombosis: a single-center study of 127 cases. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:653 8. 11.7. Bioprosthetic Valve Thrombosis 11.7.1. Diagnosis of Bioprosthetic Valve Thrombosis 1. Puri R, Auffret V, Rod s-Cabau J. Bioprosthetic valve thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:2193 211. 2. Puvimanasinghe JP, Steyerberg EW, Takkenberg JJ, et al. Prognosis after aortic valve replacement with a bioprosthesis: predictions based on meta- analysis and microsimulation. Circulation. 2001;103:1535 41. 3. Dangas GD, Weitz JI, Giustino G, et al. Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:2670 89. 4. Jose J, Sulimov DS, El-Mawardy M, et al. Clinical bioprosthetic heart valve thrombosis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: inci- dence, characteristics, and treatment outcomes. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:686 97. 5. Chakravarty T, S ndergaard L, Friedman J, et al. Subclinical leaflet throm- bosis in surgical and transcatheter bioprosthetic aortic valves: an observa- tional study. Lancet. 2017;389:2383 92. 6. Pislaru SV, Hussain I, Pellikka PA, et al. Misconceptions, diagnostic chal- lenges and treatment opportunities in bioprosthetic valve thrombosis: les- sons from a case series. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;47:725 32.


Misconceptions, diagnostic chal- lenges and treatment opportunities in bioprosthetic valve thrombosis: les- sons from a case series. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;47:725 32. 11.7.2. Medical Therapy 1. Makkar RR, Fontana G, Jilaihawi H, et al. Possible subclinical leaflet throm- bosis in bioprosthetic aortic valves. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2015 24. 2. Jander N, Kienzle R-P, Kayser G, et al. Usefulness of phenprocoumon for the treatment of obstructing thrombus in bioprostheses in the aortic valve position. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109:257 62. 3. Butnaru A, Shaheen J, Tzivoni D, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of early bioprosthetic malfunction in the mitral valve position due to thrombus formation. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112:1439 44. 4. Pislaru SV, Hussain I, Pellikka PA, et al. Misconceptions, diagnostic chal- lenges and treatment opportunities in bioprosthetic valve thrombosis: les- sons from a case series. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;47:725 32. 5. De Marchena E., Mesa J, Pomenti S, et al. Thrombus formation fol- lowing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8:728 39. 6. Jose J, Sulimov DS, El-Mawardy M, et al. Clinical bioprosthetic heart valve thrombosis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: inci- dence, characteristics, and treatment outcomes. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:686 97. 7. Latib A, Naganuma T, Abdel-Wahab M, et al. Treatment and clinical out- comes of transcatheter heart valve thrombosis. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8:e001779. 8. Chakravarty T, S ndergaard L, Friedman J, et al. Subclinical leaflet throm- bosis in surgical and transcatheter bioprosthetic aortic valves: an observa- tional study. Lancet. 2017;389:2383 92. 11.8. Prosthetic Valve Stenosis 11.8.1. Diagnosis of Prosthetic Valve Stenosis 1. Zoghbi WA, Chambers JB, Dumesnil JG, et al. Recommendations for evalu- ation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Task Force on Prosthetic Valves.


Recommendations for evalu- ation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Task Force on Prosthetic Valves. Developed in conjunction with the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging Committee, Cardiac Imaging Committee of the American Heart Association, the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:975 1014. 2. Lancellotti P, Pibarot P, Chambers J, et al. Recommendations for the im- aging assessment of prosthetic heart valves: a report from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17:589 90. 3. Puri R, Auffret V, Rod s-Cabau J. Bioprosthetic valve thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:2193 211. 4. Puvimanasinghe JP, Steyerberg EW, Takkenberg JJ, et al. Prognosis after aortic valve replacement with a bioprosthesis: predictions based on meta- analysis and microsimulation. Circulation. 2001;103:1535 41. 5. Dangas GD, Weitz JI, Giustino G, et al. Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:2670 89. 6. Jose J, Sulimov DS, El-Mawardy M, et al. Clinical bioprosthetic heart valve thrombosis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: inci- dence, characteristics, and treatment outcomes. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:686 97. 7. Chakravarty T, S ndergaard L, Friedman J, et al. Subclinical leaflet throm- bosis in surgical and transcatheter bioprosthetic aortic valves: an observa- tional study. Lancet. 2017;389:2383 92. 8. Barbetseas J, Nagueh SF, Pitsavos C, et al. Differentiating thrombus from pannus formation in obstructed mechanical prosthetic valves: an evalu- ation of clinical, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic parameters. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:1410 7. 9. Dvir D, Bourguignon T, Otto CM, et al. Standardized definition of struc- tural valve degeneration for surgical and transcatheter bioprosthetic aortic valves. Circulation. 2018;137:388 99.


Standardized definition of struc- tural valve degeneration for surgical and transcatheter bioprosthetic aortic valves. Circulation. 2018;137:388 99. 10. Pibarot P, Dumesnil JG. Prosthetic heart valves: selection of the optimal prosthesis and long-term management. Circulation. 2009;119:1034 48. 11. Koene BM, Soliman Hamad MA, Bouma W, et al. Impact of prosthesis- patient mismatch on early and late mortality after aortic valve replace- ment. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;8:96. 11.8.2. Intervention for Prosthetic Valve Stenosis 1. Leontyev S, Borger MA, Davierwala P, et al. Redo aortic valve surgery: early and late outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91:1120 6. 2. Kaneko T, Vassileva CM, Englum B, et al. Contemporary outcomes of re- peat aortic valve replacement: a benchmark for transcatheter valve-in- valve procedures. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;100:1298 304. 3. Jaussaud N, Gariboldi V, Grisoli D, et al. Risk of reoperation for mitral bioprosthesis dysfunction. J Heart Valve Dis. 2012;21:56 60. 4. Dvir D, Webb JG, Bleiziffer S, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in failed bioprosthetic surgical valves. JAMA. 2014;312:162 70. 5. Ye J, Cheung A, Yamashita M, et al. Transcatheter aortic and mitral valve- in-valve implantation for failed surgical bioprosthetic valves: an 8-year single-center experience. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8:1735 44. 6. Makkar RR, Fontana G, Jilaihawi H, et al. Possible subclinical leaflet throm- bosis in bioprosthetic aortic valves. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2015 24. 7. Jander N, Kienzle R-P, Kayser G, et al. Usefulness of phenprocoumon for the treatment of obstructing thrombus in bioprostheses in the aortic valve position. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109:257 62. 8. Butnaru A, Shaheen J, Tzivoni D, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of early bioprosthetic malfunction in the mitral valve position due to thrombus formation. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112:1439 44. 9. Pislaru SV, Hussain I, Pellikka PA, et al.


2013;112:1439 44. 9. Pislaru SV, Hussain I, Pellikka PA, et al. Misconceptions, diagnostic chal- lenges and treatment opportunities in bioprosthetic valve thrombosis: les- sons from a case series. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;47:725 32. catheter aortic valve replacement. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8:728 39. 11. Jose J, Sulimov DS, El-Mawardy M, et al. Clinical bioprosthetic heart valve thrombosis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: inci- dence, characteristics, and treatment outcomes. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:686 97. 12. Latib A, Naganuma T, Abdel-Wahab M, et al. Treatment and clinical out- comes of transcatheter heart valve thrombosis. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8:e001779. 13. Chakravarty T, S ndergaard L, Friedman J, et al. Subclinical leaflet throm- bosis in surgical and transcatheter bioprosthetic aortic valves: an observa- tional study. Lancet. 2017;389:2383 92. 14. Gozdek M, Raffa GM, Suwalski P, et al. Comparative performance of transcatheter aortic valve-in-valve implantation versus conventional surgi- cal redo aortic valve replacement in patients with degenerated aortic valve CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES bioprostheses: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018;53:495 504. 15. Takagi H, Hari Y, Kawai N, et al. Meta-analysis of transcatheter aortic valve implantation for bicuspid versus tricuspid aortic valves. J Cardiol. 2019;74:40 8. 16. Kaneko T, Aranki S, Javed Q, et al. Mechanical versus bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement in patients <65 years old. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;147:117 26. 17. Petrescu I, Egbe AC, Ionescu F, et al. Long-term outcomes of anticoagula- tion for bioprosthetic valve thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75:857 66. 11.9. Prosthetic Valve Regurgitation 1. Dvir D, Bourguignon T, Otto CM, et al. Standardized definition of struc- tural valve degeneration for surgical and transcatheter bioprosthetic aortic valves. Circulation. 2018;137:388 99. 2. Zoghbi WA, Chambers JB, Dumesnil JG, et al.


2018;137:388 99. 2. Zoghbi WA, Chambers JB, Dumesnil JG, et al. Recommendations for evalu- ation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Task Force on Prosthetic Valves. Developed in conjunction with the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging Committee, Cardiac Imaging Committee of the American Heart Association, the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:975 1014. 11.9.1. Diagnosis of Prosthetic Valve Regurgitation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Task Force on Prosthetic Valves. Developed in conjunction with the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging Committee, Cardiac Imaging Committee of the American Heart Association, the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:975 1014. 2. Lancellotti P, Pibarot P, Chambers J, et al. Recommendations for the im- aging assessment of prosthetic heart valves: a report from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17:589 90. 3. Zoghbi WA, Asch FM, Bruce C, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation of valvular regurgitation after percutaneous valve repair or replacement: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography. Developed in col- laboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interven- tions, Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Society for Cardiovascu- lar Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32:431 75. 4. Hascoet S, Smolka G, Bagate F, et al. Multimodality imaging guidance for percutaneous paravalvular leak closure: Insights from the multi-centre FFPP register. Arch Cardiovasc Dis.


Multimodality imaging guidance for percutaneous paravalvular leak closure: Insights from the multi-centre FFPP register. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;111:421 31. 5. Garc a-Fern ndez MA, Cort s M, Garc a-Robles JA, et al. Utility of real- time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in evaluating the success of percutaneous transcatheter closure of mitral paravalvular leaks. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:26 32. 6. Nombela-Franco L, Ribeiro HB, Urena M, et al. Significant mitral regurgita- tion left untreated at the time of aortic valve replacement: a comprehen- sive review of a frequent entity in the transcatheter aortic valve replace- ment era. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2643 58. 7. Ruiz CE, Hahn RT, Berrebi A, et al. Clinical trial principles and endpoint definitions for paravalvular leaks in surgical prosthesis: an expert state- ment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:2067 87. 8. Lang RM, Badano LP, Tsang W, et al. EAE/ASE recommendations for image acquisition and display using three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012;25:3 46. 9. Ruparelia N, Cao J, Newton JD, et al. Paravalvular leak closure under intracardiac echocardiographic guidance. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;91:958 65. 1. Akins CW, Bitondo JM, Hilgenberg AD, et al. Early and late results of the surgical correction of cardiac prosthetic paravalvular leaks. J Heart Valve Dis. 2005;14:792 9. 2. Kaneko T, Vassileva CM, Englum B, et al. Contemporary outcomes of re- peat aortic valve replacement: a benchmark for transcatheter valve-in- valve procedures. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;100:1298 304. 3. Kaneko T, Aranki S, Javed Q, et al. Mechanical versus bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement in patients <65 years old. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;147:117 26. 4. Jaussaud N, Gariboldi V, Grisoli D, et al. Risk of reoperation for mitral bioprosthesis dysfunction. J Heart Valve Dis. 2012;21:56 60. 5. Sorajja P, Cabalka AK, Hagler DJ, et al.


2012;21:56 60. 5. Sorajja P, Cabalka AK, Hagler DJ, et al. Percutaneous repair of paravalvular prosthetic regurgitation: acute and 30-day outcomes in 115 patients. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;4:314 21. 6. Sorajja P, Cabalka AK, Hagler DJ, et al. Long-term follow-up of percuta- neous repair of paravalvular prosthetic regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:2218 24. 7. Alkhouli M, Rihal CS, Zack CJ, et al. Transcatheter and surgical manage- ment of mitral paravalvular leak: long-term outcomes. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:1946 56. 8. Alkhouli M, Zack CJ, Sarraf M, et al. Successful percutaneous mitral para- valvular leak closure is associated with improved midterm survival. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:e005730. 9. Ruiz CE, Jelnin V, Kronzon I, et al. Clinical outcomes in patients undergo- ing percutaneous closure of periprosthetic paravalvular leaks. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:2210 7. 10. Dvir D, Webb JG, Bleiziffer S, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in failed bioprosthetic surgical valves. JAMA. 2014;312:162 70. 11. Phan K, Zhao D-F, Wang N, et al. Transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation versus reoperative conventional aortic valve replacement: a systematic re- view. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8:E83 93. 12. Webb JG, Wood DA, Ye J, et al. Transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation for failed bioprosthetic heart valves. Circulation. 2010;121:1848 57. 13. Kaneko T, Vassileva CM, Englum B, et al. Contemporary outcomes of re- peat aortic valve replacement: a benchmark for transcatheter valve-in- valve procedures. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;100:1298 304. 14. Shah S, Alashi A, Pettersson GB, et al. Characteristics and longer-term outcomes of paravalvular leak after aortic and mitral valve surgery. J Tho- rac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;157:1785 92.e1. 15. Bouhout I, Mazine A, Ghoneim A, et al. Long-term results after surgical treatment of paravalvular leak in the aortic and mitral position. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;151:1260 6.e1. 16. STS online risk calculator. Available at: http://riskcalc sts org/STSWebRisk- Calc273/de aspx 2013.


STS online risk calculator. Available at: http://riskcalc sts org/STSWebRisk- Calc273/de aspx 2013. Accessed June 20, 2020. 17. Takagi H, Hari Y, Kawai N, et al. Meta-analysis of transcatheter aortic valve implantation for bicuspid versus tricuspid aortic valves. J Cardiol. 2019;74:40 8. 18. Gozdek M, Raffa GM, Suwalski P, et al. Comparative performance of transcatheter aortic valve-in-valve implantation versus conventional surgi- cal redo aortic valve replacement in patients with degenerated aortic valve bioprostheses: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018;53:495 504. 12. INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS 12.2. Diagnosis of IE 1. Steckelberg JM, Wilson WR. Risk factors for infective endocarditis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1993;7:9 19. 2. Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke En- docarditis Service. Am J Med. 1994;96:200 9. 3. Kupferwasser LI, Darius H, M ller AM, et al. Diagnosis of culture-negative endocarditis: the role of the Duke criteria and the impact of transesopha- geal echocardiography. Am Heart J. 2001;142:146 52. 4. Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:633 8. 5. P rez-V zquez A, Fari as MC, Garc a-Palomo JD, et al. Evaluation of the Duke criteria in 93 episodes of prosthetic valve endocarditis: could sensi- tivity be improved? Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1185 91. 6. Lukes AS, Bright DK, Durack DT. Diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1993;7:1 8. 7. Dodds GA, Sexton DJ, Durack DT, et al. Negative predictive value of the Duke criteria for infective endocarditis. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:403 7. 8. Bayer AS. Diagnostic criteria for identifying cases of endocarditis revisit- ing the Duke criteria two years later. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23:303 4. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 9. Prendergast BD.


Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23:303 4. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 9. Prendergast BD. Diagnostic criteria and problems in infective endocarditis. Heart. 2004;90:611 3. 10. Tsutsumi T, Eron LJ. Clinical use of the Duke criteria in patients with sus- pected infective endocarditis and negative transesophageal echocardio- grams. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2012;20:315 8. 11. Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B, et al. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:463 73. 12. Haldar SM, O Gara PT. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis and management. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2006;3:310 7. 13. Bashore TM, Cabell C, Fowler V Jr. Update on infective endocarditis. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2006;31:274 352. 14. M gge A, Daniel WG, Frank G, et al. Echocardiography in infective endo- carditis: reassessment of prognostic implications of vegetation size deter- mined by the transthoracic and the transesophageal approach. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14:631 8. 15. Burger AJ, Peart B, Jabi H, et al. The role of two-dimensional echocar- diology in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis [corrected]. Angiology. 1991;42:552 60. 16. Irani WN, Grayburn PA, Afridi I. A negative transthoracic echocardiogram obviates the need for transesophageal echocardiography in patients with suspected native valve active infective endocarditis. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:101 3. 17. Liu Y-W, Tsai W-C, Hsu C-H, et al. Judicious use of transthoracic echocardiog- raphy in infective endocarditis screening. Can J Cardiol. 2009;25:703 5. 18. Kemp WE Jr, Citrin B, Byrd BF 3rd. Echocardiography in infective endocar- ditis. South Med J. 1999;92:744 54. 19. Rubenson DS, Tucker CR, Stinson EB, et al. The use of echocardiography in diagnosing culture-negative endocarditis. Circulation. 1981;64:641 6. 20. Shapiro SM, Young E, De Guzman S, et al. Transesophageal echocardiog- raphy in diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Chest. 1994;105:377 82. 21.


Transesophageal echocardiog- raphy in diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Chest. 1994;105:377 82. 21. Erbel R, Rohmann S, Drexler M, et al. Improved diagnostic value of echo- cardiography in patients with infective endocarditis by transoesophageal approach. A prospective study. Eur Heart J. 1988;9:43 53. 22. Rasmussen RV, H st U, Arpi M, et al. Prevalence of infective endocarditis in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: the value of screen- ing with echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2011;12:414 20. 23. Reynolds HR, Jagen MA, Tunick PA, et al. Sensitivity of transthoracic versus transesophageal echocardiography for the detection of native valve veg- etations in the modern era. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:67 70. 24. Daniel WG, M gge A, Martin RP, et al. Improvement in the diagnosis of abscesses associated with endocarditis by transesophageal echocardiog- raphy. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:795 800. 25. Sochowski RA, Chan KL. Implication of negative results on a monoplane transesophageal echocardiographic study in patients with suspected in- fective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;21:216 21. 26. Shively BK, Gurule FT, Roldan CA, et al. Diagnostic value of transesopha- geal compared with transthoracic echocardiography in infective endocar- ditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18:391 7. 27. Pedersen WR, Walker M, Olson JD, et al. Value of transesophageal echo- cardiography as an adjunct to transthoracic echocardiography in evalua- tion of native and prosthetic valve endocarditis. Chest. 1991;100:351 6. 28. Ronderos RE, Portis M, Stoermann W, et al. Are all echocardiographic findings equally predictive for diagnosis in prosthetic endocarditis? J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2004;17:664 9. 29. Roe MT, Abramson MA, Li J, et al. Clinical information determines the impact of transesophageal echocardiography on the diagnosis of infective endocarditis by the duke criteria. Am Heart J. 2000;139:945 51. 30. Karalis DG, Bansal RC, Hauck AJ, et al.


2000;139:945 51. 30. Karalis DG, Bansal RC, Hauck AJ, et al. Transesophageal echocardiograph- ic recognition of subaortic complications in aortic valve endocarditis. Clini- cal and surgical implications. Circulation. 1992;86:353 62. 31. El-Ahdab F, Benjamin DK Jr, Wang A, et al. Risk of endocarditis among pa- tients with prosthetic valves and Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Am J Med. 2005;118:225 9. 32. Douglas PS, Garcia MJ, Haines DE, et al. ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/ SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR 2011 appropriate use criteria for echocardiogra- phy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropri- ate Use Criteria Task Force, American Society of Echocardiography, Ameri- can Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovas- cular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardio- vascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:1126 66. 33. Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, et al. ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 guideline update for the clinical application of echocardiography: summa- ry article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASE Committee to Update the 1997 Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocar- diography). Circulation. 2003;108:1146 62. 34. Vilacosta I, Graupner C, San Rom n JA, et al. Risk of embolization after in- stitution of antibiotic therapy for infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1489 95. 35. Hoen B, Alla F, Selton-Suty C, et al. Changing profile of infective endocar- ditis: results of a 1-year survey in France. JAMA. 2002;288:75 81. 36. Rosen AB, Fowler VG Jr, Corey GR, et al. Cost-effectiveness of trans- esophageal echocardiography to determine the duration of therapy for intravascular catheter-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:810 20. 37. Fagman E, Perrotta S, Bech-Hanssen O, et al.


1999;130:810 20. 37. Fagman E, Perrotta S, Bech-Hanssen O, et al. ECG-gated computed to- mography: a new role for patients with suspected aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis. Eur Radiol. 2012;22:2407 14. 38. Rohmann S, Erbel R, Darius H, et al. Prediction of rapid versus prolonged healing of infective endocarditis by monitoring vegetation size. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1991;4:465 74. 39. Massoure P-L, Reuter S, Lafitte S, et al. Pacemaker endocarditis: clinical features and management of 60 consecutive cases. Pacing Clin Electro- physiol. 2007;30:12 9. 40. Narducci ML, Pelargonio G, Russo E, et al. Usefulness of intracardiac echo- cardiography for the diagnosis of cardiovascular implantable electronic device-related endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:1398 405. 41. Cabell CH, Jollis JG, Peterson GE, et al. Changing patient character- istics and the effect on mortality in endocarditis. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:90 4. 42. Habib G, Hoen B, Tornos P, et al. Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009): the Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2369 413. 43. Mylonakis E, Calderwood SB. Infective endocarditis in adults. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1318 30. 44. Lengyel M. The impact of transesophageal echocardiography on the man- agement of prosthetic valve endocarditis: experience of 31 cases and re- view of the literature. J Heart Valve Dis. 1997;6:204 11. 45. Bayer AS. Infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;17:313 20. 46. Ghatak A, Pullatt R, Vyse S, et al. Appropriateness criteria are an imprecise measure for repeat echocardiograms. Echocardiography. 2011;28:131 5. 47. Shapira Y, Weisenberg DE, Vaturi M, et al. The impact of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in infective endocarditis. Isr Med As- soc J. 2007;9:299 302. 48. Yao F, Han L, Xu Z, et al.


2007;9:299 302. 48. Yao F, Han L, Xu Z, et al. Surgical treatment of multivalvular endocardi- tis: twenty-one-year single center experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:1475 80. 49. Eltzschig HK, Rosenberger P, L ffler M, et al. Impact of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography on surgical decisions in 12,566 pa- tients undergoing cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:845 52. 50. Silva F, Arruda R, Nobre A, et al. Impact of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in cardiac surgery: retrospective analysis of a series of 850 examinations. Rev Port Cardiol. 2010;29:1363 82. 51. Iversen K, Ihlemann N, Gill SU, et al. Partial oral versus intravenous antibi- otic treatment of endocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:415 24. 52. Watanakunakorn C. Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis at a community teaching hospital, 1980 to 1991. An analysis of 106 cases. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:2330 5. 53. Abraham J, Mansour C, Veledar E, et al. Staphylococcus aureus bactere- mia and endocarditis: the Grady Memorial Hospital experience with meth- icillin-sensitive S aureus and methicillin-resistant S aureus bacteremia. Am Heart J. 2004;147:536 9. 54. Kaasch AJ, Fowler VG Jr, Rieg S, et al. Use of a simple criteria set for guid- ing echocardiography in nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:1 9. 55. Petti CA, Fowler VG Jr. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocardi- tis. Cardiol Clin. 2003;21:219 33, vii. 56. Fowler VG Jr, Sanders LL, Kong LK, et al. Infective endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus: 59 prospectively identified cases with follow-up. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:106 14. 57. San Martin J, Sarri C, de las Cuevas C, et al. Relevance of clinical pre- sentation and period of diagnosis in prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Heart Valve Dis. 2010;19:131 8. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 58. Knudsen JB, Fuursted K, Petersen E, et al. Failure of clinical features of low probability endocarditis.


Knudsen JB, Fuursted K, Petersen E, et al. Failure of clinical features of low probability endocarditis. The early echo remains essential. Scand Cardio- vasc J. 2011;45:133 8. 59. Lamas CC, Eykyn SJ. Suggested modifications to the Duke criteria for the clinical diagnosis of native valve and prosthetic valve endocarditis: analysis of 118 pathologically proven cases. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25:713 9. 60. Piper C, K rfer R, Horstkotte D. Prosthetic valve endocarditis. Heart. 2001;85:590 3. 61. Feuchtner GM, Stolzmann P, Dichtl W, et al. Multislice computed tomog- raphy in infective endocarditis: comparison with transesophageal echocar- diography and intraoperative findings. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:436 44. 62. Gahide G, Bommart S, Demaria R, et al. Preoperative evaluation in aortic endocarditis: findings on cardiac CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194:574 8. 63. Lentini S, Monaco F, Tancredi F, et al. Aortic valve infective endocardi- tis: could multi-detector CT scan be proposed for routine screening of concomitant coronary artery disease before surgery? Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87:1585 7. 64. Schoepf U, White R, Woodard P, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria : Suspected Infective Endocarditis. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2011. 65. Kung VWS, Jarral OA, Shipolini AR, et al. Is it safe to perform coronary angiography during acute endocarditis? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2011;13:158 67. 66. Cianciulli TE, Lax JA, Beck MA, et al. Cinefluoroscopic assessment of me- chanical disc prostheses: its value as a complementary method to echocar- diography. J Heart Valve Dis. 2005;14:664 73. 67. Aoyagi S, Nishimi M, Kawano H, et al. Obstruction of St Jude Medical valves in the aortic position: significance of a combination of cineradiog- raphy and echocardiography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;120:142 7. 68. Vogel W, Stoll HP, Bay W, et al. Cineradiography for determination of normal and abnormal function in mechanical heart valves. Am J Cardiol.


Cineradiography for determination of normal and abnormal function in mechanical heart valves. Am J Cardiol. 1993;71:225 32. 69. Mahmood M, Kendi AT, Ajmal S, et al. Meta-analysis of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2019;26:922 35. 70. de Camargo RA, Sommer Bitencourt M, Meneghetti JC, et al. The role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed to- mography in the diagnosis of left-sided endocarditis: native vs prosthetic valves endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70:583 94. 71. Scholtens AM, Swart LE, Verberne HJ, et al. Dual-time-point FDG PET/ CT imaging in prosthetic heart valve endocarditis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2018;25:1960 7. 72. Fowler VG Jr, Li J, Corey GR, et al. Role of echocardiography in evaluation of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: experience in 103 pa- tients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:1072 8. 73. Sullenberger AL, Avedissian LS, Kent SM. Importance of transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Heart Valve Dis. 2005;14:23 8. 74. Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infec- tious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:e18 55. 75. Capp R, Chang Y, Brown DFM. Effective antibiotic treatment prescribed by emergency physicians in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe sepsis or septic shock: where is the gap? J Emerg Med. 2011;41:573 80. 76. Garza D, Becan-McBride K. Phlebotomy Handbook. Stamford, CT: Apple- ton & Lange; 1998. 77. Baron EJ, Scott JD, Tompkins LS. Prolonged incubation and extensive subculturing do not increase recovery of clinically significant micro- organisms from standard automated blood cultures. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1677 80. 78. Houpikian P, Raoult D. Blood culture-negative endocarditis in a refer- ence center: etiologic diagnosis of 348 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84:162 73. 12.3.


Houpikian P, Raoult D. Blood culture-negative endocarditis in a refer- ence center: etiologic diagnosis of 348 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84:162 73. 12.3. Medical Therapy 1. Gould FK, Denning DW, Elliott TSJ, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of endocarditis in adults: a report of the Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:269 89. 2. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, et al. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endo- carditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovas- cular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association. Circulation. 2005;111:e394 e434. 3. L pez J, Sevilla T, Vilacosta I, et al. Prognostic role of persistent positive blood cultures after initiation of antibiotic therapy in left-sided infective endocarditis. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:1749 54. 4. Partridge DG, O Brien E, Chapman ALN. Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy for infective endocarditis: a review of 4 years experience at a UK centre. Postgrad Med J. 2012;88:377 81. 5. Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS. General principles of antimicrobial therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86:156 67. 6. DiNubile MJ. Short-course antibiotic therapy for right-sided endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus in injection drug users. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:873 6. 7. Mart -Carvajal AJ, Dayer M, Conterno LO, et al. A comparison of different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of infective endocarditis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;4:CD009880. 8. Liebschutz JM, Crooks D, Herman D, et al. Buprenorphine treatment for hospitalized, opioid-dependent patients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:1369 76. 9. Englander H, Weimer M, Solotaroff R, et al. Planning and designing the Improving Addiction Care Team (IMPACT) for hospitalized adults with sub- stance use disorder.


Planning and designing the Improving Addiction Care Team (IMPACT) for hospitalized adults with sub- stance use disorder. J Hosp Med. 2017;12:339 42. 10. Schranz AJ, Fleischauer A, Chu VH, et al. Trends in drug use-associated infective endocarditis and heart valve surgery, 2007 to 2017: a study of statewide discharge data. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170:31 40. 11. Whitlock RP, Sun JC, Fremes SE, et al. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for valvular disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e576S 600S. 12. Masuda J, Yutani C, Waki R, et al. Histopathological analysis of the mech- anisms of intracranial hemorrhage complicating infective endocarditis. Stroke. 1992;23:843 50. 13. Tornos P, Almirante B, Mirabet S, et al. Infective endocarditis due to Staph- ylococcus aureus: deleterious effect of anticoagulant therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:473 5. 14. Carpenter JL, McAllister CK. Anticoagulation in prosthetic valve endocar- ditis. South Med J. 1983;76:1372 5. 15. Lieberman A, Hass WK, Pinto R, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage and in- farction in anticoagulated patients with prosthetic heart valves. Stroke. 1978;9:18 24. 16. Wilson WR, Geraci JE, Danielson GK, et al. Anticoagulant therapy and central nervous system complications in patients with prosthetic valve en- docarditis. Circulation. 1978;57:1004 7. 17. Ananthasubramaniam K, Beattie JN, Rosman HS, et al. How safely and for how long can warfarin therapy be withheld in prosthetic heart valve pa- tients hospitalized with a major hemorrhage? Chest. 2001;119:478 84. 18. Snygg-Martin U, Gustafsson L, Rosengren L, et al. Cerebrovascular com- plications in patients with left-sided infective endocarditis are common: a prospective study using magnetic resonance imaging and neurochemical brain damage markers. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:23 30. 19. Tunkel AR, Kaye D. Neurologic complications of infective endocarditis. Neurol Clin. 1993;11:419 40. ment options. Cerebral Embolism Study Group. Stroke.


Neurol Clin. 1993;11:419 40. ment options. Cerebral Embolism Study Group. Stroke. 1984;15:779 89. 21. Kamalakannan D, Beeai M, Gardin JM, et al. Anticoagulation in infective endocarditis: a survey of infectious disease specialists and cardiologists. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2005;13:122 6. 22. Nagpal A, Sohail MR, Steckelberg JM. Prosthetic valve endocarditis: state of the heart. Clin Invest. 2012;2:803 17. 23. Thuny F, Avierinos J-F, Tribouilloy C, et al. Impact of cerebrovascular com- plications on mortality and neurologic outcome during infective endocar- ditis: a prospective multicentre study. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:1155 61. 24. Duval X, Iung B, Klein I, et al. Effect of early cerebral magnetic resonance imaging on clinical decisions in infective endocarditis: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:497 504, W175. 25. Iversen K, Ihlemann N, Gill SU, et al. Partial oral versus intravenous antibi- otic treatment of endocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:415 24. 26. Pruitt AA, Rubin RH, Karchmer AW, et al. Neurologic complications of bacterial endocarditis. Medicine (Baltimore). 1978;57:329 43. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 27. Chan K-L, Tam J, Dumesnil JG, et al. Effect of long-term aspirin use on embolic events in infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:37 41. 28. Fang MC, Go AS, Chang Y, et al. Death and disability from warfarin- associated intracranial and extracranial hemorrhages. Am J Med. 2007;120:700 5. 29. Rasmussen RV, Snygg-Martin U, Olaison L, et al. Major cerebral events in Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis: is anticoagulant therapy safe? Cardiology. 2009;114:284 91. 30. Sonneville R, Mirabel M, Hajage D, et al. Neurologic complications and outcomes of infective endocarditis in critically ill patients: the ENDO- cardite en REAnimation prospective multicenter study. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:1474 81. 31. Chan K-L, Dumesnil JG, Cujec B, et al. A randomized trial of aspirin on the risk of embolic events in patients with infective endocarditis.


A randomized trial of aspirin on the risk of embolic events in patients with infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:775 80. 32. Anavekar NS, Tleyjeh IM, Anavekar NS, et al. Impact of prior antiplate- let therapy on risk of embolism in infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:1180 6. 33. Hart RG, Tonarelli SB, Pearce LA. Avoiding central nervous system bleeding during antithrombotic therapy: recent data and ideas. Stroke. 2005;36:1588 93. 34. He J, Whelton PK, Vu B, et al. Aspirin and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 1998;280:1930 5. 35. Werner M, Andersson R, Olaison L, et al. A clinical study of culture-nega- tive endocarditis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003;82:263 73. 36. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: in- ternational guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:296 327. 37. Habib G, Hoen B, Tornos P, et al. Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009): the Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2369 413. 38. Park CB, Greason KL, Suri RM, et al. Fate of nonreplaced sinuses of Valsalva in bicuspid aortic valve disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;142:278 84. 39. Cabell CH, Jollis JG, Peterson GE, et al. Changing patient character- istics and the effect on mortality in endocarditis. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:90 4. 40. Tleyjeh IM, Abdel-Latif A, Rahbi H, et al. A systematic review of popula- tion-based studies of infective endocarditis. Chest. 2007;132:1025 35. 41. Klug D, Lacroix D, Savoye C, et al. Systemic infection related to endocar- ditis on pacemaker leads: clinical presentation and management. Circula- tion. 1997;95:2098 107. 42. Lalani T, Chu VH, Park LP, et al.


1997;95:2098 107. 42. Lalani T, Chu VH, Park LP, et al. In-hospital and 1-year mortality in patients undergoing early surgery for prosthetic valve endocarditis. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173:1495 504. 1. Erba PA, Habib G, Glaudemans AWJM, et al. The round table approach in infective endocarditis & cardiovascular implantable electronic devices infections: make your e-Team come true. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:1107 8. 2. Chirillo F, Scotton P, Rocco F, et al. Impact of a multidisciplinary manage- ment strategy on the outcome of patients with native valve infective en- docarditis. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112:1171 6. 3. Botelho-Nevers E, Thuny F, Casalta JP, et al. Dramatic reduction in infective endocarditis-related mortality with a management-based approach. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:1290 8. 4. Thuny F, Grisoli D, Collart F, et al. Management of infective endocarditis: challenges and perspectives. Lancet. 2012;379:965 75. 5. Gaca JG, Sheng S, Daneshmand MA, et al. Outcomes for endocarditis surgery in North America: a simplified risk scoring system. J Thorac Car- diovasc Surg. 2011;141:98 106.e1 2. 6. Sambola A, Fern ndez-Hidalgo N, Almirante B, et al. Sex differences in native-valve infective endocarditis in a single tertiary-care hospital. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106:92 8. 7. Wang A, Athan E, Pappas PA, et al. Contemporary clinical profile and outcome of prosthetic valve endocarditis. JAMA. 2007;297:1354 61. 8. Lalani T, Chu VH, Park LP, et al. In-hospital and 1-year mortality in patients undergoing early surgery for prosthetic valve endocarditis. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173:1495 504. 9. Nagpal A, Sohail MR, Steckelberg JM. Prosthetic valve endocarditis: state of the heart. Clin Invest. 2012;2:803 17. 10. Jault F, Gandjbakhch I, Rama A, et al. Active native valve endocarditis: determinants of operative death and late mortality. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63:1737 41. 11. Hasbun R, Vikram HR, Barakat LA, et al.


1997;63:1737 41. 11. Hasbun R, Vikram HR, Barakat LA, et al. Complicated left-sided na- tive valve endocarditis in adults: risk classification for mortality. JAMA. 2003;289:1933 40. 12. Kiefer T, Park L, Tribouilloy C, et al. Association between valvular surgery and mortality among patients with infective endocarditis complicated by heart failure. JAMA. 2011;306:2239 47. 13. Tornos P, Sanz E, Permanyer-Miralda G, et al. Late prosthetic valve endo- carditis. Immediate and long-term prognosis. Chest. 1992;101:37 41. 14. Gordon SM, Serkey JM, Longworth DL, et al. Early onset prosthetic valve endocarditis: the Cleveland Clinic experience 1992 1997. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69:1388 92. 15. Prendergast BD, Tornos P. Surgery for infective endocarditis: who and when? Circulation. 2010;121:1141 52. 16. Funakoshi S, Kaji S, Yamamuro A, et al. Impact of early surgery in the active phase on long-term outcomes in left-sided native valve infective endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;142:836 42.e1. 17. Bauernschmitt R, Jakob HG, Vahl CF, et al. Operation for infective endo- carditis: results after implantation of mechanical valves. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:359 64. 18. Musci M, Siniawski H, Pasic M, et al. Surgical therapy in patients with active infective endocarditis: seven-year single centre experience in a sub- group of 255 patients treated with the Shelhigh stentless bioprosthesis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;34:410 7. 19. Yu VL, Fang GD, Keys TF, et al. Prosthetic valve endocarditis: superiority of surgical valve replacement versus medical therapy only. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;58:1073 7. 20. Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B, et al. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:463 73. 21. Remadi JP, Habib G, Nadji G, et al. Predictors of death and impact of surgery in Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:1295 302. 22.


Predictors of death and impact of surgery in Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:1295 302. 22. Hill EE, Herijgers P, Claus P, et al. Infective endocarditis: changing epidemi- ology and predictors of 6-month mortality: a prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:196 203. 23. Aksoy O, Sexton DJ, Wang A, et al. Early surgery in patients with infective endocarditis: a propensity score analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:364 72. 24. Ellis ME, Al-Abdely H, Sandridge A, et al. Fungal endocarditis: evidence in the world literature, 1965 1995. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:50 62. 25. Wolff M, Witchitz S, Chastang C, et al. Prosthetic valve endocarditis in the ICU. Prognostic factors of overall survival in a series of 122 cases and consequences for treatment decision. Chest. 1995;108:688 94. 26. Chirouze C, Cabell CH, Fowler VG Jr, et al. Prognostic factors in 61 cases of Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic valve infective endocarditis from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis merged database. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:1323 7. 27. Melgar GR, Nasser RM, Gordon SM, et al. Fungal prosthetic valve endo- carditis in 16 patients. An 11-year experience in a tertiary care hospital. Medicine (Baltimore). 1997;76:94 103. 28. Fowler VG Jr, Miro JM, Hoen B, et al. Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: a consequence of medical progress. JAMA. 2005;293:3012 21. 29. Miro JM, Anguera I, Cabell CH, et al. Staphylococcus aureus native valve infective endocarditis: report of 566 episodes from the Interna- tional Collaboration on Endocarditis Merged Database. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:507 14. 30. Hill EE, Peetermans WE, Vanderschueren S, et al. Methicillin-resistant ver- sus methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;27:445 50. 31. Attaran S, Chukwuemeka A, Punjabi PP, et al. Do all patients with pros- thetic valve endocarditis need surgery? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012;15:1057 61. 32.


Do all patients with pros- thetic valve endocarditis need surgery? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012;15:1057 61. 32. Cowgill LD, Addonizio VP, Hopeman AR, et al. A practical approach to prosthetic valve endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987;43:450 7. 33. Ribera E, G mez-Jimenez J, Cortes E, et al. Effectiveness of cloxacillin with and without gentamicin in short-term therapy for right-sided Staphylo- coccus aureus endocarditis. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125:969 74. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 34. Rabkin DG, Mokadam NA, Miller DW, et al. Long-term outcome for the surgical treatment of infective endocarditis with a focus on intravenous drug users. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93:51 7. 35. Hubbell G, Cheitlin MD, Rapaport E. Presentation, management, and follow-up evaluation of infective endocarditis in drug addicts. Am Heart J. 1981;102:85 94. 36. Wang K, Gobel F, Gleason DF, et al. Complete heart block complicating bacterial endocarditis. Circulation. 1972;46:939 47. 37. Middlemost S, Wisenbaugh T, Meyerowitz C, et al. A case for early surgery in native left-sided endocarditis complicated by heart failure: results in 203 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18:663 7. 38. Chan K-L. Early clinical course and long-term outcome of patients with infective endocarditis complicated by perivalvular abscess. CMAJ. 2002;167:19 24. 39. Jault F, Gandjbakhch I, Chastre JC, et al. Prosthetic valve endocarditis with ring abscesses. Surgical management and long-term results. J Thorac Car- diovasc Surg. 1993;105:1106 13. 40. Anguera I, Miro JM, Vilacosta I, et al. Aorto-cavitary fistulous tract forma- tion in infective endocarditis: clinical and echocardiographic features of 76 cases and risk factors for mortality. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:288 97. 41. Habib G, Avierinos J-F, Thuny F. Aortic valve endocarditis: is there an opti- mal surgical timing? Curr Opin Cardiol. 2007;22:77 83. 42. Spiliopoulos K, Haschemi A, Fink G, et al.


2007;22:77 83. 42. Spiliopoulos K, Haschemi A, Fink G, et al. Infective endocarditis complicat- ed by paravalvular abscess: a surgical challenge. An 11-year single center experience. Heart Surg Forum. 2010;13:E67 73. 43. d Udekem Y, David TE, Feindel CM, et al. Long-term results of operation for paravalvular abscess. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;62:48 53. 44. Alonso-Valle H, Fari as-Alvarez C, Garc a-Palomo JD, et al. Clinical course and predictors of death in prosthetic valve endocarditis over a 20-year period. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;139:887 93. 45. Klieverik LMA, Yacoub MH, Edwards S, et al. Surgical treatment of active native aortic valve endocarditis with allografts and mechanical prostheses. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88:1814 21. 46. Hill EE, Herijgers P, Claus P, et al. Abscess in infective endocarditis: the value of transesophageal echocardiography and outcome: a 5-year study. Am Heart J. 2007;154:923 8. 47. Manne MB, Shrestha NK, Lytle BW, et al. Outcomes after surgical treat- ment of native and prosthetic valve infective endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93:489 93. 48. Head SJ, Mokhles MM, Osnabrugge RLJ, et al. Surgery in current therapy for infective endocarditis. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2011;7:255 63. 49. Narducci ML, Pelargonio G, Russo E, et al. Usefulness of intracardiac echo- cardiography for the diagnosis of cardiovascular implantable electronic device-related endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:1398 405. 50. Sohail MR, Uslan DZ, Khan AH, et al. Infective endocarditis complicating permanent pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator infec- tion. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:46 53. 51. Athan E, Chu VH, Tattevin P, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of infective endocarditis involving implantable cardiac devices. JAMA. 2012;307:1727 35. 52. Rundstr m H, Kennergren C, Andersson R, et al. Pacemaker endocarditis during 18 years in G teborg. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36:674 9. 53. Ho H-H, Siu C-W, Yiu K-H, et al.


2004;36:674 9. 53. Ho H-H, Siu C-W, Yiu K-H, et al. Prosthetic valve endocarditis in a mul- ticenter registry of Chinese patients. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2010;18:430 4. 54. Baddour LM, Epstein AE, Erickson CC, et al. Update on cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections and their management: a sci- entific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121:458 77. 55. Viganego F, O Donoghue S, Eldadah Z, et al. Effect of early diagnosis and treatment with percutaneous lead extraction on survival in patients with cardiac device infections. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109:1466 71. 56. Rudasill SE, Sanaiha Y, Mardock AL, et al. Clinical outcomes of in- fective endocarditis in injection drug users. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:559 70. 57. Rodger L, Glockler-Lauf SD, Shojaei E, et al. Clinical characteristics and factors associated with mortality in first-episode infective endocarditis among persons who inject drugs. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1:e185220. 58. Schranz AJ, Fleischauer A, Chu VH, et al. Trends in drug use-associated infective endocarditis and heart valve surgery, 2007 to 2017: a study of statewide discharge data. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170:31 40. 59. Rosenthal ES, Karchmer AW, Theisen-Toupal J, et al. Suboptimal addiction interventions for patients hospitalized with injection drug use-associated infective endocarditis. Am J Med. 2016;129:481 5. 60. Liebschutz JM, Crooks D, Herman D, et al. Buprenorphine treatment for hospitalized, opioid-dependent patients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:1369 76. 61. Kang D-H, Kim Y-J, Kim S-H, et al. Early surgery versus conventional treat- ment for infective endocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2466 73. 62. Thuny F, Di Salvo G, Belliard O, et al. Risk of embolism and death in in- fective endocarditis: prognostic value of echocardiography: a prospective multicenter study. Circulation. 2005;112:69 75. 63. M gge A, Daniel WG, Frank G, et al.


63. M gge A, Daniel WG, Frank G, et al. Echocardiography in infective endo- carditis: reassessment of prognostic implications of vegetation size deter- mined by the transthoracic and the transesophageal approach. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14:631 8. 64. Rohmann S, Erbel R, Darius H, et al. Prediction of rapid versus prolonged healing of infective endocarditis by monitoring vegetation size. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1991;4:465 74. 65. Habib G. Embolic risk in subacute bacterial endocarditis: determinants and role of transesophageal echocardiography. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2005;7:264 71. 66. Truninger K, Attenhofer Jost CH, Seifert B, et al. Long term follow up of prosthetic valve endocarditis: what characteristics identify patients who were treated successfully with antibiotics alone? Heart. 1999;82:714 20. 67. Fosbol EL, Park LP, Chu VH, et al. The association between vegetation size and surgical treatment on 6-month mortality in left-sided infective endocarditis. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:2243 51. 68. Suzuki M, Takanashi S, Ohshima Y, et al. Critical potential of early cardiac surgery for infective endocarditis with cardio-embolic strokes. Int J Car- diol. 2017;227:222 4. 69. Garc a-Borbolla Fern ndez R, Sancho Jald n M, Calle P rez G, et al. Per- cutaneous treatment of mitral valve periprosthetic leakage. An alternative to high-risk surgery? Rev Esp Cardiol. 2009;62:438 41. 70. Nietlispach F, Johnson M, Moss RR, et al. Transcatheter closure of paraval- vular defects using a purpose-specific occluder. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3:759 65. 71. Klug D, Lacroix D, Savoye C, et al. Systemic infection related to endocar- ditis on pacemaker leads: clinical presentation and management. Circula- tion. 1997;95:2098 107. 72. Baddour LM, Cha Y-M, Wilson WR. Clinical practice. Infections of cardio- vascular implantable electronic devices. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:842 9. 73. Cabell CH, Jollis JG, Peterson GE, et al. Changing patient character- istics and the effect on mortality in endocarditis.


Changing patient character- istics and the effect on mortality in endocarditis. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:90 4. 74. Ghoreishi M, Foster N, Pasrija C, et al. Early operation in patients with mitral valve infective endocarditis and acute stroke is safe. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;105:69 75. 13. PREGNANCY AND VHD 13.1. Initial Management of Women With VHD Before and During Pregnancy 1. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, et al. 2018 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during preg- nancy. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3165 241. 2. Siu SC, Sermer M, Colman JM, et al. Prospective multicenter study of pregnancy outcomes in women with heart disease. Circulation. 2001;104:515 21. 3. Elkayam U, Bitar F. Valvular heart disease and pregnancy part I: native valves. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:223 30. 4. Le niak-Sobelga A, Tracz W, KostKiewicz M, et al. Clinical and echocardio- graphic assessment of pregnant women with valvular heart diseases ma- ternal and fetal outcome. Int J Cardiol. 2004;94:15 23. 5. Ducas RA, Javier DA, D Souza R, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with significant valve disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2020;106:512 9. 6. Orwat S, Diller G-P, van Hagen IM, et al. Risk of pregnancy in moderate and severe aortic stenosis: from the multinational ROPAC registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:1727 37. 7. Roos-Hesselink J, Baris L, Johnson M, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with cardiovascular disease: evolving trends over 10 years in the ESC Registry Of Pregnancy And Cardiac disease (ROPAC). Eur Heart J. 2019;40:3848 55. 8. Sliwa K, van Hagen IM, Budts W, et al. Pulmonary hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: data from the Registry Of Pregnancy and Cardiac CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Disease (ROPAC) of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;18:1119 28. 9.


Pulmonary hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: data from the Registry Of Pregnancy and Cardiac CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Disease (ROPAC) of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;18:1119 28. 9. Silversides CK, Grewal J, Mason J, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with heart disease: the CARPREG II study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:2419 30. 10. Thomas E, Yang J, Xu J, et al. Pulmonary hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: insights from the national inpatient sample. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:e006144. 11. Sugishita Y, Ito I, Kubo T. Pregnancy in cardiac patients: possible influence of volume overload by pregnancy on pulmonary circulation. Jpn Circ J. 1986;50:376 83. 12. van Hagen IM, Thorne SA, Taha N, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with rheumatic mitral valve disease: results from the Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease. Circulation. 2018;137:806 16. 13. Lancellotti P, Lebois F, Simon M, et al. Prognostic importance of quantita- tive exercise Doppler echocardiography in asymptomatic valvular aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2005;112:I377 82. 14. Mar chaux S, Hachicha Z, Bellouin A, et al. Usefulness of exercise-stress echocardiography for risk stratification of true asymptomatic patients with aortic valve stenosis. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:1390 7. 15. Das P, Rimington H, Chambers J. Exercise testing to stratify risk in aortic stenosis. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1309 13. 13.1.1. Medical Therapy for Women With VHD Before and During Pregnancy 1. Elkayam U, Bitar F. Valvular heart disease and pregnancy part I: native valves. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:223 30. 2. al Kasab SM, Sabag T, al Zaibag M, et al. Beta-adrenergic receptor block- ade in the management of pregnant women with mitral stenosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;163:37 40. 3. Nakhjavan FK, Katz MR, Maranhao V, et al.


1990;163:37 40. 3. Nakhjavan FK, Katz MR, Maranhao V, et al. Analysis of influence of cat- echolamine and tachycardia during supine exercise in patients with mitral stenosis and sinus rhythm. Br Heart J. 1969;31:753 61. 4. Bhatia ML, Shrivastava S, Roy SB. Immediate haemodynamic effects of a beta adrenergic blocking agent-propranolol-in mitral stenosis at fixed heart rates. Br Heart J. 1972;34:638 44. 5. Lydakis C, Lip GY, Beevers M, et al. Atenolol and fetal growth in pregnan- cies complicated by hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1999;12:541 7. 6. Ruys TP, Maggioni A, Johnson MR, et al. Cardiac medication during preg- nancy, data from the ROPAC. Int J Cardiol. 2014;177:124 8. 7. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, et al. 2018 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during preg- nancy. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3165 241. 8. Taylor J. The first ESC guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:3055 6. 9. Schaefer C. Angiotensin II-receptor-antagonists: further evidence of feto- toxicity but not teratogenicity. Birth Defects Res Part A Clin Mol Teratol. 2003;67:591 4. 10. Cooper WO, Hernandez-Diaz S, Arbogast PG, et al. Major congenital mal- formations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2443 51. 11. Shotan A, Widerhorn J, Hurst A, et al. Risks of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition during pregnancy: experimental and clinical evi- dence, potential mechanisms, and recommendations for use. Am J Med. 1994;96:451 6. 12. January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2014;130:2071 104. 13. January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, et al.


2014;130:2071 104. 13. January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, et al. 2019 AHA/ACC/HRS focused up- date of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of pa- tients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiol- ogy/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Developed in collaboration with the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2019;140:e125 51. 13.1.2. Intervention for Women With Native VHD Before and During Pregnancy 13.1.2.1. Pre-Pregnancy Intervention 1. Le niak-Sobelga A, Tracz W, KostKiewicz M, et al. Clinical and echocar- diographic assessment of pregnant women with valvular heart diseases maternal and fetal outcome. Int J Cardiol. 2004;94:15 23. 2. Siu SC, Sermer M, Colman JM, et al. Prospective multicenter study of pregnancy outcomes in women with heart disease. Circulation. 2001;104:515 21. 3. Hameed A, Karaalp IS, Tummala PP, et al. The effect of valvular heart disease on maternal and fetal outcome of pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:893 9. 4. Barbosa PJ, Lopes AA, Feitosa GS, et al. Prognostic factors of rheumatic mitral stenosis during pregnancy and puerperium. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2000;75:215 24. 5. Bhatla N, Lal S, Behera G, et al. Cardiac disease in pregnancy. Int J Gynae- col Obstet. 2003;82:153 9. 6. Orwat S, Diller G-P, van Hagen IM, et al. Risk of pregnancy in moderate and severe aortic stenosis: from the multinational ROPAC registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:1727 37. 7. Tzemos N, Silversides CK, Colman JM, et al. Late cardiac outcomes af- ter pregnancy in women with congenital aortic stenosis. Am Heart J. 2009;157:474 80. 8. Arias F, Pineda J. Aortic stenosis and pregnancy. J Reprod Med. 1978;20:229 32. 9. Silversides CK, Colman JM, Sermer M, et al. Early and intermediate-term outcomes of pregnancy with congenital aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:1386 9. 10.


Early and intermediate-term outcomes of pregnancy with congenital aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:1386 9. 10. Yap S-C, Drenthen W, Pieper PG, et al. Risk of complications dur- ing pregnancy in women with congenital aortic stenosis. Int J Cardiol. 2008;126:240 6. 11. Sugishita Y, Ito I, Kubo T. Pregnancy in cardiac patients: possible influence of volume overload by pregnancy on pulmonary circulation. Jpn Circ J. 1986;50:376 83. 12. Bryg RJ, Gordon PR, Kudesia VS, et al. Effect of pregnancy on pressure gradient in mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 1989;63:384 6. 13. Palacios IF, Sanchez PL, Harrell LC, et al. Which patients benefit from percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty? Prevalvuloplasty and post- valvuloplasty variables that predict long-term outcome. Circulation. 2002;105:1465 71. 14. van Hagen IM, Roos-Hesselink JW, Ruys TPE, et al. Pregnancy in women with a mechanical heart valve: data of the European Society of Cardi- ology Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC). Circulation. 2015;132:132 42. 15. De Santo LS, Romano G, Della Corte A, et al. Mechanical aortic valve replacement in young women planning on pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes under low oral anticoagulation, a pilot observational study on a comprehensive pre-operative counseling protocol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1110 5. 16. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, et al. 2018 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during preg- nancy. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3165 241. 13.1.2.2. During-Pregnancy Intervention 1. Tzemos N, Silversides CK, Colman JM, et al. Late cardiac outcomes af- ter pregnancy in women with congenital aortic stenosis. Am Heart J. 2009;157:474 80. 2. Banning AP, Pearson JF, Hall RJ. Role of balloon dilatation of the aor- tic valve in pregnant patients with severe aortic stenosis. Br Heart J. 1993;70:544 5. 3. Easterling TR, Chadwick HS, Otto CM, et al. Aortic stenosis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1988;72:113 8.


Easterling TR, Chadwick HS, Otto CM, et al. Aortic stenosis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1988;72:113 8. 4. Lao TT, Adelman AG, Sermer M, et al. Balloon valvuloplasty for congenital aortic stenosis in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;100:1141 2. 5. McIvor RA. Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty during pregnancy. Int J Cardiol. 1991;32:1 3. 6. Myerson SG, Mitchell ARJ, Ormerod OJM, et al. What is the role of balloon dilatation for severe aortic stenosis during pregnancy? J Heart Valve Dis. 2005;14:147 50. 7. Tumelero RT, Duda NT, Tognon AP, et al. Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty in a pregnant adolescent. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004;82: 98 101. 8. McCann GP, Steadman CD, Ray SG, et al. Managing the asymptomatic patient with severe aortic stenosis: randomised controlled trials of early surgery are overdue. Heart. 2011;97:1119 21. 9. Ben Farhat M, Gamra H, Betbout F, et al. Percutaneous balloon mitral commissurotomy during pregnancy. Heart. 1997;77:564 7. 10. de Souza JA, Martinez EE Jr, Ambrose JA, et al. Percutaneous balloon mi- tral valvuloplasty in comparison with open mitral valve commissurotomy for mitral stenosis during pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:900 3. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 11. Glantz JC, Pomerantz RM, Cunningham MJ, et al. Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty for severe mitral stenosis during pregnancy: a review of ther- apeutic options. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1993;48:503 8. 12. Iung B, Cormier B, Elias J, et al. Usefulness of percutaneous balloon commissurotomy for mitral stenosis during pregnancy. Am J Cardiol. 1994;73:398 400. 13. Weiss BM, von Segesser LK, Alon E, et al. Outcome of cardiovascular sur- gery and pregnancy: a systematic review of the period 1984 1996. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179:1643 53. 14. Becker RM. Intracardiac surgery in pregnant women. Ann Thorac Surg. 1983;36:453 8. 15. Chambers CE, Clark SL. Cardiac surgery during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1994;37:316 23.


Chambers CE, Clark SL. Cardiac surgery during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1994;37:316 23. 16. Parry AJ, Westaby S. Cardiopulmonary bypass during pregnancy. Ann Tho- rac Surg. 1996;61:1865 9. 17. Gulraze A, Kurdi W, Niaz F, et al. Mitral balloon valvuloplasty during preg- nancy: the long term up to 17 years obstetric outcome and childhood development. Pak J Med Sci. 2014;30:86 90. 18. Vinayakumar D, Vinod GV, Madhavan S, et al. Maternal and fetal out- comes in pregnant women undergoing balloon mitral valvotomy for rheu- matic mitral stenosis. Indian Heart J. 2016;68:780 2. 19. Salome N, Dias CC, Ribeiro J, et al. Balloon mitral valvuloplasty during pregnancy our experience. Rev Port Cardiol. 2002;21:1437 44. 20. Weiss BM, von Segesser LK, Alon E, et al. Outcome of cardiovascular sur- gery and pregnancy: a systematic review of the period 1984 1996. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179:1643 53. 13.2. Prosthetic Valves in Pregnant Women 13.2.1. Initial Management 1. Samiei N, Amirsardari M, Rezaei Y, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of hemodynamic changes in left-sided heart valves in pregnant women with valvular heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2016;118:1046 52. 2. Goland S, Schwartzenberg S, Fan J, et al. Monitoring of anti-Xa in preg- nant patients with mechanical prosthetic valves receiving low-molecular- weight heparin: peak or trough levels? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2014;19:451 6. 3. Vause S, Clarke B, Tower CL, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves: a prospective descriptive population based study using the United Kingdom Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS) data collection system. BJOG. 2017;124:1411 9. 4. van Hagen IM, Roos-Hesselink JW, Ruys TPE, et al. Pregnancy in women with a mechanical heart valve: data of the European Society of Cardi- ology Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC). Circulation. 2015;132:132 42. 5.


Pregnancy in women with a mechanical heart valve: data of the European Society of Cardi- ology Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC). Circulation. 2015;132:132 42. 5. D Souza R, Ostro J, Shah PS, et al. Anticoagulation for pregnant women with mechanical heart valves: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:1509 16. 6. Steinberg ZL, Dominguez-Islas CP, Otto CM, et al. Maternal and fetal outcomes of anticoagulation in pregnant women with mechanical heart valves. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:2681 91. 7. Lancellotti P, Pibarot P, Chambers J, et al. Recommendations for the im- aging assessment of prosthetic heart valves: a report from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17:589 90. 8. Tong AT, Roudaut R, Ozkan M, et al. Transesophageal echocardiogra- phy improves risk assessment of thrombolysis of prosthetic valve throm- bosis: results of the international PRO-TEE registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:77 84. 9. zkan M, akal B, Karakoyun S, et al. Thrombolytic therapy for the treatment of prosthetic heart valve thrombosis in pregnancy with low- dose, slow infusion of tissue-type plasminogen activator. Circulation. 2013;128:532 40. 10. Alshawabkeh L, Economy KE, Valente AM. Anticoagulation during preg- nancy: evolving strategies with a focus on mechanical valves. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:1804 13. 11. Tong AT, Roudaut R, Ozkan M, et al. Transesophageal echocardiogra- phy improves risk assessment of thrombolysis of prosthetic valve throm- bosis: results of the international PRO-TEE registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:77 84. 12. Ozkan M, Cakal B, Karakoyun S, et al. Thrombolytic therapy for the treatment of prosthetic heart valve thrombosis in pregnancy with low-dose, slow infusion of tissue-type plasminogen activator. Circulation. 2013;128:532 40. 13.2.2. Anticoagulation for Pregnant Women With Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valves 1. Alshawabkeh L, Economy KE, Valente AM.


Anticoagulation for Pregnant Women With Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valves 1. Alshawabkeh L, Economy KE, Valente AM. Anticoagulation during preg- nancy: evolving strategies with a focus on mechanical valves. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:1804 13. 2. Samiei N, Amirsardari M, Rezaei Y, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of hemodynamic changes in left-sided heart valves in pregnant women with valvular heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2016;118:1046 52. 3. D Souza R, Ostro J, Shah PS, et al. Anticoagulation for pregnant women with mechanical heart valves: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:1509 16. 4. Chan WS, Anand S, Ginsberg JS. Anticoagulation of pregnant women with mechanical heart valves: a systematic review of the literature. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:191 6. 5. Lawley CM, Lain SJ, Algert CS, et al. Prosthetic heart valves in pregnancy, outcomes for women and their babies: a systematic review and meta- analysis. BJOG. 2015;122:1446 55. 6. Xu Z, Fan J, Luo X, et al. Anticoagulation regimens during pregnancy in patients with mechanical heart valves: a systematic review and meta-anal- ysis. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32:1248.e1 9. 7. Batra J, Itagaki S, Egorova NN, et al. Outcomes and long-term effects of pregnancy in women with biologic and mechanical valve prostheses. Am J Cardiol. 2018;122:1738 44. 8. Yinon Y, Siu SC, Warshafsky C, et al. Use of low molecular weight hepa- rin in pregnant women with mechanical heart valves. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:1259 63. 9. Rowan JA, McCowan LM, Raudkivi PJ, et al. Enoxaparin treatment in women with mechanical heart valves during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gy- necol. 2001;185:633 7. 10. Abildgaard U, Sandset PM, Hammerstr m J, et al. Management of preg- nant women with mechanical heart valve prosthesis: thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin. Thromb Res. 2009;124:262 7. 11. van Hagen IM, Roos-Hesselink JW, Ruys TPE, et al.


11. van Hagen IM, Roos-Hesselink JW, Ruys TPE, et al. Pregnancy in women with a mechanical heart valve: data of the European Society of Cardi- ology Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC). Circulation. 2015;132:132 42. 12. Goland S, Schwartzenberg S, Fan J, et al. Monitoring of anti-Xa in preg- nant patients with mechanical prosthetic valves receiving low-molecular- weight heparin: peak or trough levels? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2014;19:451 6. 13. Elkayam U. Anticoagulation therapy for pregnant women with mechani- cal prosthetic heart valves: how to improve safety? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:2692 5. 14. Vause S, Clarke B, Tower CL, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves: a prospective descriptive population based study using the United Kingdom Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS) data collection system. BJOG. 2017;124:1411 9. 15. Oran B, Lee-Parritz A, Ansell J. Low molecular weight heparin for the pro- phylaxis of thromboembolism in women with prosthetic mechanical heart valves during pregnancy. Thromb Haemost. 2004;92:747 51. 16. Steinberg ZL, Dominguez-Islas CP, Otto CM, et al. Maternal and fetal outcomes of anticoagulation in pregnant women with mechanical heart valves. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:2681 91. 17. D Souza R, Silversides CK, McLintock C. Optimal anticoagulation for pregnant women with mechanical heart valves. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2016;42:798 804. 18. Vitale N, De Feo M, De Santo LS, et al. Dose-dependent fetal complica- tions of warfarin in pregnant women with mechanical heart valves. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:1637 41. 19. Meschengieser SS, Fondevila CG, Santarelli MT, et al. Anticoagulation in pregnant women with mechanical heart valve prostheses. Heart. 1999;82:23 6. 20. Sadler L, McCowan L, White H, et al. Pregnancy outcomes and cardiac complications in women with mechanical, bioprosthetic and homograft valves. BJOG. 2000;107:245 53. 21. Horlocker TT, Vandermeuelen E, Kopp SL, et al.


2000;107:245 53. 21. Horlocker TT, Vandermeuelen E, Kopp SL, et al. Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Soci- ety of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine evidence-based guidelines (fourth edition). Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43:263 309. 22. De Santo LS, Romano G, Della Corte A, et al. Mitral mechanical re- placement in young rheumatic women: analysis of long-term survival, CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES valve-related complications, and pregnancy outcomes over a 3707-pa- tient-year follow-up. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;130:13 9. 23. Ayad SW, Hassanein MM, Mohamed EA, et al. Maternal and fetal out- comes in pregnant women with a prosthetic mechanical heart valve. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2016;10:11 7. 24. Al-Lawati AAM, Venkitraman M, Al-Delaime T, et al. Pregnancy and me- chanical heart valves replacement; dilemma of anticoagulation. Eur J Car- diothorac Surg. 2002;22:223 7. 25. Hassouna A, Allam H. Limited dose warfarin throughout pregnancy in patients with mechanical heart valve prosthesis: a meta-analysis. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2014;18:797 806. 26. zkan M, akal B, Karakoyun S, et al. Thrombolytic therapy for the treatment of prosthetic heart valve thrombosis in pregnancy with low- dose, slow infusion of tissue-type plasminogen activator. Circulation. 2013;128:532 40. 27. McLintock C, McCowan LME, North RA. Maternal complications and pregnancy outcome in women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves treated with enoxaparin. BJOG. 2009;116:1585 92. 28. Massel DR, Little SH. Antiplatelet and anticoagulation for patients with prosthetic heart valves. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;CD003464. 29. Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Brueckmann M, et al. Dabigatran ver- sus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1206 14. 30. Lameijer H, Aalberts JJJ, van Veldhuisen DJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of di- rect oral anticoagulants during pregnancy; a systematic literature review. Thromb Res. 2018;169:123 7. 31.


Efficacy and safety of di- rect oral anticoagulants during pregnancy; a systematic literature review. Thromb Res. 2018;169:123 7. 31. Beyer-Westendorf J, Michalski F, Tittl L, et al. Pregnancy outcome in pa- tients exposed to direct oral anticoagulants - and the challenge of event reporting. Thromb Haemost. 2016;116:651 8. 32. Cohen H, Arachchillage DR, Middeldorp S, et al. Management of direct oral anticoagulants in women of childbearing potential: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2016;14:1673 6. 33. Quinn J, Von Klemperer K, Brooks R, et al. Use of high intensity adjusted dose low molecular weight heparin in women with mechanical heart valves during pregnancy: a single-center experience. Haematologica. 2009;94:1608 12. 34. James AH, Brancazio LR, Gehrig TR, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis in pregnant women with mechanical heart valves. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006;19:543 9. 35. Meschengieser SS, Fondevila CG, Santarelli MT, et al. Anticoagulation in pregnant women with mechanical heart valve prostheses. Heart. 1999;82:23 6. 36. De Santo LS, Romano G, Della Corte A, et al. Mitral mechanical replace- ment in young rheumatic women: analysis of long-term survival, valve- related complications, and pregnancy outcomes over a 3707-patient-year follow-up. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;130:13 9. 37. Al-Lawati AA, Venkitraman M, Al-Delaime T, et al. Pregnancy and me- chanical heart valves replacement; dilemma of anticoagulation. Eur J Car- diothorac Surg. 2002;22:223 7. 38. De Santo LS, Romano G, Della Corte A, et al. Mechanical aortic valve replace- ment in young women planning on pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes under low oral anticoagulation, a pilot observational study on a comprehen- sive pre-operative counseling protocol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1110 5. 39. McLintock C, McCowan LM, North RA. Maternal complications and preg- nancy outcome in women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves treated with enoxaparin. BJOG. 2009;116:1585 92. 40.


Maternal complications and preg- nancy outcome in women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves treated with enoxaparin. BJOG. 2009;116:1585 92. 40. Sillesen M, Hjortdal V, Vejlstrup N, et al. Pregnancy with prosthetic heart valves 30 years nationwide experience in Denmark. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;40:448 54. 41. James AH, Brancazio LR, Gehrig TR, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis in pregnant women with mechanical heart valves. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006;19:543 9. heparin to prevent thromboembolic phenomena in pregnant patients with mechanical cardiac valve prostheses. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:1698 703. 43. Sbarouni E, Oakley CM. Outcome of pregnancy in women with valve pros- theses. Br Heart J. 1994;71:196 201. 44. Ozkan M, Cakal B, Karakoyun S, et al. Thrombolytic therapy for the treatment of prosthetic heart valve thrombosis in pregnancy with low- dose, slow infusion of tissue-type plasminogen activator. Circulation. 2013;128:532 40. 45. Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Brueckmann M, et al. Dabigatran ver- sus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1206 14. 14. SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 14.1. Evaluation and Management of CAD in Patients With VHD 14.1.1. Management of CAD in Patients Undergoing TAVI 1. Bajaj A, Pancholy S, Sethi A, et al. Safety and feasibility of PCI in patients undergoing TAVR: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Lung. 2017;46:92 9. 2. Chakravarty T, Sharma R, Abramowitz Y, et al. Outcomes in patients with transcatheter aortic valve replacement and left main stenting: the TAVR- LM registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:951 60. 3. Mohr FW, Morice M-C, Kappetein AP, et al. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with three- vessel disease and left main coronary disease: 5-year follow-up of the randomised, clinical SYNTAX trial. Lancet. 2013;381:629 38. 4. Thalji NM, Suri RM, Daly RC, et al.