2016;183:988 97. S2.1-42. Kumanyika SK, Gary TL, Lancaster KJ, et al. Achieving healthy weight in African-American communities: research perspectives and priori- ties. Obes Res. 2005;13:2037 47. S2.1-43. Grandner MA. Addressing sleep disturbances: an opportunity to pre- vent cardiometabolic disease? Int Rev Psychiatry. 2014;26:155 76. S2.1-44. Knutson KL. Sociodemographic and cultural determinants of sleep deficiency: implications for cardiometabolic disease risk. Soc Sci Med. 2013;79:7 15. S2.1-45. Ismail K, Winkley K, Rabe-Hesketh S. Systematic review and meta- analysis of randomised controlled trials of psychological interven- tions to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2004;363:1589 97. S2.1-46. Alam R, Sturt J, Lall R, et al. An updated meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of psychological interventions delivered by CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES psychological specialists and generalist clinicians on glycaemic control and on psychological status. Patient Educ Couns. 2009;75:25 36. S2.1-47. Bolen SD, Chandar A, Falck-Ytter C, et al. Effectiveness and safety of patient activation interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29:1166 76. S2.1-48. Gonzalez JS, Tanenbaum ML, Commissariat PV. Psychosocial fac- tors in medication adherence and diabetes self-management: Implications for research and practice. Am Psychol. 2016;71:539 51. S2.1-49. Javaheri S, Redline S. Insomnia and risk of cardiovascular disease. Chest. 2017;152:435 44. S2.1-50. Samuel LJ, Dennison Himmelfarb CR, Szklo M, et al. Social engage- ment and chronic disease risk behaviors: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Prev Med. 2015;71:61 6. S2.1-51. Verbiest M, Brakema E, van der Kleij R, et al. National guidelines for smoking cessation in primary care: a literature review and evidence analysis. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2017;27:2. 2.2. Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk S2.2-1. Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, et al.


Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk S2.2-1. Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:S49 73. S2.2-2. American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association. ASCVD Risk Estimator. Available at: https://tools.acc.org/ldl/ascvd_ risk_estimator/index.html#!/calulate/estimator. Accessed September 21, 2018. S2.2-3. Ference BA, Graham I, Tokgozoglu L, et al. Impact of lipids on car- diovascular health: JACC Health Promotion Series. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:1141 56. S2.2-4. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/ AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;139:e1082 1143. S2.2-5. Patel J, Al Rifai M, Scheuner MT, et al. Basic vs more complex definitions of family history in the prediction of coronary heart dis- ease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93:1213 23. S2.2-6. del Rinc n ID, Williams K, Stern MP, et al. High incidence of car- diovascular events in a rheumatoid arthritis cohort not explained by traditional cardiac risk factors. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:2737 45. S2.2-7. Manzi S, Meilahn EN, Rairie JE, et al. Age-specific incidence rates of myocardial infarction and angina in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison with the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;145:408 15. S2.2-8. Wu P, Haththotuwa R, Kwok CS, et al. Preeclampsia and future cardiovascular health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10:e003497. S2.2-9. Tanz LJ, Stuart JJ, Williams PL, et al. Preterm delivery and mater- nal cardiovascular disease in young and middle-aged adult women. Circulation. 2017;135:578 89. S2.2-10. Wellons M, Ouyang P, Schreiner PJ, et al. Early menopause predicts future coronary heart disease and stroke: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Menopause.


Early menopause predicts future coronary heart disease and stroke: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Menopause. 2012;19:1081 7. S2.2-11. Uddin SMI, Mirbolouk M, Dardari Z, et al. Erectile dysfunction as an independent predictor of future cardiovascular events. Circulation. 2018;138:540 2. S2.2-12. Triant VA, Perez J, Regan S, et al. Cardiovascular risk predic- tion functions underestimate risk in HIV infection. Circulation. 2018;137:2203 14. S2.2-13. Volgman AS, Palaniappan LS, Aggarwal NT, et al. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in South Asians in the United States: epide- miology, risk factors, and treatments: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;138:e1 34. S2.2-14. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FAH, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2195 207. S2.2-15. DeFilippis AP, Young R, Carrubba CJ, et al. An analysis of calibra- tion and discrimination among multiple cardiovascular risk scores in a modern multiethnic cohort. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162: 266 75. S2.2-16. Mahabadi AA, M hlenkamp S, Lehmann N, et al. CAC score improves coronary and CV risk assessment above statin indication by ESC and AHA/ACC primary prevention guidelines. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10:143 53. S2.2-17. Budoff MJ, Young R, Burke G, et al. Ten-year association of coronary artery calcium with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Eur Heart J. 2018;39:2401 8. S2.2-18. McClelland RL, Jorgensen NW, Budoff M, et al. 10-year coronary heart disease risk prediction using coronary artery calcium and traditional risk factors: derivation in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) with validation in the HNR (Heinz Nixdorf Recall) study and the DHS (Dallas Heart Study). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:1643 53. S2.2-19. Kavousi M, Desai CS, Ayers C, et al. Prevalence and prognostic impli- cations of coronary artery calcification in low-risk women: a meta- analysis. JAMA.


Prevalence and prognostic impli- cations of coronary artery calcification in low-risk women: a meta- analysis. JAMA. 2016;316:2126 34. S2.2-20. Carr JJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Terry JG, et al. Association of coronary artery calcium in adults aged 32 to 46 years with incident coronary heart disease and death. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:391 9. S2.2-21. Mortensen MB, Fuster V, Muntendam P, et al. A simple disease- guided approach to personalize ACC/AHA-recommended statin allocation in elderly people: the BioImage Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:881 91. S2.2-22. Blaha MJ, Cainzos-Achirica M, Greenland P, et al. Role of coronary artery calcium score of zero and other negative risk markers for cardiovascular disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation. 2016;133:849 58. S2.2-23. Patel J, Al Rifai M, Blaha MJ, et al. Coronary artery calcium improves risk assessment in adults with a family history of premature coronary heart disease: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:e003186. S2.2-24. Pursnani A, Massaro JM, D Agostino RB Sr, et al. Guideline-based statin eligibility, coronary artery calcification, and cardiovascular events. JAMA. 2015;314:134 41. S2.2-25. Valenti V, Hartaigh B, Heo R, et al. A 15-year warranty period for asymptomatic individuals without coronary artery calcium: a pro- spective follow-up of 9 715 individuals. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:900 9. S2.2-26. Yano Y, O Donnell CJ, Kuller L, et al. Association of coronary artery calcium score vs age with cardiovascular risk in older adults: an analysis of pooled population-based studies. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:986 94. S2.2-27. Yeboah J, Young R, McClelland RL, et al. Utility of nontraditional risk markers in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:139 47. S2.2-28. Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. MESA 10-Year CHD Risk with Coronary Artery Calcification. Available at: https://www. mesa-nhlbi.org/MESACHDRisk/MesaRiskScore/RiskScore.aspx. Accessed September 21, 2018. S2.2-29. Astronaut Cardiovascular Health and Risk Modification (Astro- CHARM).


Accessed September 21, 2018. S2.2-29. Astronaut Cardiovascular Health and Risk Modification (Astro- CHARM). 10-Year ASCVD Risk Calculator with Coronary Artery Calcium. Available at: http://astrocharm.org/calculator-working. Accessed September 21, 2018. S2.2-30. Gupta A, Lau E, Varshney R, et al. The identification of calcified coro- nary plaque is associated with initiation and continuation of pharma- cological and lifestyle preventive therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10:833 42. S2.2-31. Shah RV, Spahillari A, Mwasongwe S, et al. Subclinical atherosclero- sis, statin eligibility, and outcomes in African American individuals: the Jackson Heart Study. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:644 52. S2.2-32. Lloyd-Jones DM, Leip EP, Larson MG, et al. Prediction of lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease by risk factor burden at 50 years of age. Circulation. 2006;113:791 8. S2.2-33. Berry JD, Dyer A, Cai X, et al. Lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:321 9. S2.2-34. Wilkins JT, Ning H, Berry J, et al. Lifetime risk and years lived free of total cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2012;308:1795 801. S2.2-35. Pencina MJ, D Agostino RB Sr, Larson MG, et al. Predicting the 30-year risk of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2009;119:3078 84. S2.2-36. Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce ath- erosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:S1 45. S2.2-37. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71:e13 115. S2.2-38. Pender A, Lloyd-Jones DM, Stone NJ, et al.


2018;71:e13 115. S2.2-38. Pender A, Lloyd-Jones DM, Stone NJ, et al. Refining statin prescrib- ing in lower-risk individuals: informing risk/benefit decisions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:1690 7. S2.2-39. Andersson C, Enserro D, Larson MG, et al. Implications of the US cholesterol guidelines on eligibility for statin therapy in the commu- nity: comparison of observed and predicted risks in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4:e001888. S2.2-40. Kavousi M, Leening MJG, Nanchen D, et al. Comparison of applica- tion of the ACC/AHA guidelines, Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, and European Society of Cardiology guidelines for cardiovascular dis- ease prevention in a European cohort. JAMA. 2014;311:1416 23. S2.2-41. Pylypchuk R, Wells S, Kerr A, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk predic- tion equations in 400000 primary care patients in New Zealand: a derivation and validation study. Lancet. 2018;391:1897 907. S2.2-42. DeFilippis AP, Young R, McEvoy JW, et al. Risk score overestimation: the impact of individual cardiovascular risk factors and preventive therapies on the performance of the American Heart Association- American College of Cardiology-Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease risk score in a modern multi-ethnic cohort. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:598 608. S2.2-43. Emdin CA, Khera AV, Natarajan P, et al. Evaluation of the pooled cohort equations for prediction of cardiovascular risk in a contempo- rary prospective cohort. Am J Cardiol. 2017;119:881 5. S2.2-44. Rana JS, Tabada GH, Solomon MD, et al. Accuracy of the atheroscle- rotic cardiovascular risk equation in a large contemporary, multieth- nic population. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:2118 30. S2.2-45. Cook NR, Ridker PM. Further insight into the cardiovascular risk calculator: the roles of statins, revascularizations, and underas- certainment in the Women s Health Study. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:1964 71. S2.2-46. Sussman JB, Wiitala WL, Zawistowski M, et al.


2014;174:1964 71. S2.2-46. Sussman JB, Wiitala WL, Zawistowski M, et al. The veterans affairs cardiac risk score: recalibrating the atherosclerotic cardiovascular dis- ease score for applied use. Med Care. 2017;55:864 70. S2.2-47. Wolfson J, Vock DM, Bandyopadhyay S, et al. Use and customization of risk scores for predicting cardiovascular events using electronic health record data. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:e003670. S2.2-48. Muntner P, Colantonio LD, Cushman M, et al. Validation of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease pooled cohort risk equations. JAMA. 2014;311:1406 15. S2.2-49. Colantonio LD, Richman JS, Carson AP, et al. Performance of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease pooled cohort risk equations by social deprivation status. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:e005676. S2.2-50. Crowson CS, Gabriel SE, Semb AG, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis-spe- cific cardiovascular risk scores are not superior to general risk scores: a validation analysis of patients from seven countries. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56:1102 10. S2.2-51. Dalton JE, Perzynski AT, Zidar DA, et al. Accuracy of cardiovascular risk prediction varies by neighborhood socioeconomic position: a ret- rospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167:456 64. S2.2-52. Mora S, Wenger NK, Cook NR, et al. Evaluation of the pooled cohort risk equations for cardiovascular risk prediction in a multi- ethnic cohort from the Women s Health Initiative. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178:1231 40. S2.2-53. Yang X, Li J, Hu D, et al. Predicting the 10-year risks of athero- sclerotic cardiovascular disease in Chinese population: the China- PAR project (Prediction for ASCVD Risk in China). Circulation. 2016;134:1430 40. S2.2-54. Jung KJ, Jang Y, Oh DJ, et al. The ACC/AHA 2013 pooled cohort equations compared to a Korean Risk Prediction Model for athero- sclerotic cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 2015;242:367 75. S2.2-55. D Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, et al. General cardiovascu- lar risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation.


General cardiovascu- lar risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2008;117:743 53. S2.2-56. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Rifai N, et al. Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score. JAMA. 2007;297:611 9. S2.2-57. Ridker PM, Paynter NP, Rifai N, et al. C-reactive protein and parental history improve global cardiovascular risk prediction: the Reynolds Risk Score for men. Circulation. 2008;118:2243 51; 4p following 2251. S2.2-58. Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G, et al. 2016 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2999 3058. S2.2-59. JBS3 Board. Joint British Societies consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3). Heart 100 suppl 2 2014:ii1 67. S2.2-60. Anderson TJ, Gr goire J, Pearson GJ, et al. 2016 Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the management of dyslipid- emia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32:1263 82. S2.2-61. Downs JR, O Malley PG. Management of dyslipidemia for cardiovas- cular disease risk reduction: synopsis of the 2014 US Department of Veterans Affairs and US Department of Defense clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:291 7. S2.2-62. Bibbins-Domingo KUS Preventive Services Task Force. Aspirin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and colorectal can- cer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:836 45. S2.2-63. US Preventive Services Task Force Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, et al. Statin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular dis- ease in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Re64commendation Statement. JAMA. 2016;316:1997 2007. S2.2-64. Karmali KN, Goff DC Jr, Ning H, et al. A systematic examination of the 2013 ACC/AHA pooled cohort risk assessment tool for athero- sclerotic cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:959 68. S2.2-65.


A systematic examination of the 2013 ACC/AHA pooled cohort risk assessment tool for athero- sclerotic cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:959 68. S2.2-65. Mortensen MB, Nordestgaard BG, Afzal S, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines superior to ESC/EAS guidelines for primary prevention with statins in non-diabetic Europeans: the Copenhagen General Population Study. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:586 94. S2.2-66. Mortensen MB, Afzal S, Nordestgaard BG, et al. Primary preven- tion with statins: ACC/AHA risk-based approach versus trial- based approaches to guide statin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:2699 709. S2.2-67. Loprinzi PD, Addoh O. Predictive validity of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association pooled cohort equations in predicting all-cause and cardiovascular disease-specific mortality in a national prospective cohort study of adults in the United States. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91:763 9. S2.2-68. Yadlowsky S, Hayward RA, Sussman JB, et al. Clinical implications of revised pooled cohort equations for estimating atherosclerotic car- diovascular disease risk. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169:20 9. S2.2-69. Nasir K, Bittencourt MS, Blaha MJ, et al. Implications of coro- nary artery calcium testing among statin candidates according to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cho- lesterol management guidelines: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:1657 68. S2.2-70. Miedema MD, Duprez DA, Misialek JR, et al. Use of coronary artery calcium testing to guide aspirin utilization for primary preven- tion: estimates from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2014;7:453 60. S2.2-71. Mitchell JD, Fergestrom N, Gage BF, et al. Impact of statins on cardio- vascular outcomes following coronary artery calcium scoring. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:3233 42. 3. LIFESTYLE FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIOVASCULAR RISK 3.1. Nutrition and Diet S3.1-1. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvad J, et al. Primary prevention of car- diovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts.


Primary prevention of car- diovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:e34. S3.1-2. Kim H, Caulfield LE, Rebholz CM. Healthy plant-based diets are associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality in US adults. J Nutr. 2018;148:624 31. S3.1-3. Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM, Miller PE, et al. Higher diet quality is asso- ciated with decreased risk of all-cause cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality among older adults. J Nutr. 2014;144:881 9. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES S3.1-4. Satija A, Bhupathiraju SN, Spiegelman D, et al. Healthful and unhealthful plant-based diets and the risk of coronary heart disease in US adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:411 22. S3.1-5. Sotos-Prieto M, Bhupathiraju SN, Mattei J, et al. Association of changes in diet quality with total and cause-specific mortality. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:143 53. S3.1-6. Whalen KA, Judd S, McCullough ML, et al. Paleolithic and Mediterranean diet pattern scores are inversely associated with all- cause and cause-specific mortality in adults. J Nutr. 2017;147:612 20. S3.1-7. Bao Y, Han J, Hu FB, et al. Association of nut consumption with total and cause-specific mortality. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2001 11. S3.1-8. Bernstein AM, Sun Q, Hu FB, et al. Major dietary protein sources and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Circulation. 2010;122:876 83. S3.1-9. Song M, Fung TT, Hu FB, et al. Association of animal and plant pro- tein intake with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:1453 63. S3.1-10. Tharrey M, Mariotti F, Mashchak A, et al. Patterns of plant and animal protein intake are strongly associated with cardiovascular mortality: the Adventist Health Study-2 cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47:1603 12. S3.1-11. Mart nez-Gonz lez MA, S nchez-Tainta A, Corella D, et al.


Mart nez-Gonz lez MA, S nchez-Tainta A, Corella D, et al. A pro- vegetarian food pattern and reduction in total mortality in the Prevenci n con Dieta Mediterr nea (PREDIMED) study. Am J Clin Nutr 100 suppl 1 2014:320S 28S. S3.1-12. Wang DD, Li Y, Chiuve SE, et al. Association of specific dietary fats with total and cause-specific mortality. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:1134 45. S3.1-13. Dehghan M, Mente A, Zhang X, et al. Associations of fats and carbo- hydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 coun- tries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2017;390:2050 62. S3.1-14. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, et al. Effects on blood pres- sure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:3 10. S3.1-15. Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek E, et al. Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP). BMJ. 2007;334:885 8. S3.1-16. Micha R, Pe alvo JL, Cudhea F, et al. Association between dietary factors and mortality from heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes in the United States. JAMA. 2017;317:912 24. S3.1-17. Kiage JN, Merrill PD, Robinson CJ, et al. Intake of trans fat and all- cause mortality in the Reasons for Geographical and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97:1121 8. S3.1-18. L fvenborg JE, Andersson T, Carlsson P-O, et al. Sweetened bever- age intake and risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;175:605 14. S3.1-19. Yang Q, Zhang Z, Gregg EW, et al. Added sugar intake and car- diovascular diseases mortality among US adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:516 24. S3.1-20.


Added sugar intake and car- diovascular diseases mortality among US adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:516 24. S3.1-20. Johnson RK, Lichtenstein AH, Anderson CAM, et al. Low- calorie sweetened beverages and cardiometabolic health: a sci- ence advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;138:e126 40. S3.1-21. Shikany JM, Safford MM, Newby PK, et al. Southern dietary pat- tern is associated with hazard of acute coronary heart disease in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. Circulation. 2015;132:804 14. S3.1-22. Seidelmann SB, Claggett B, Cheng S, et al. Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2018;3:e419 28. S3.1-23. Trichopoulou A, Psaltopoulou T, Orfanos P, et al. Low-carbohydrate- high-protein diet and long-term survival in a general population cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61:575 81. S3.1-24. Noto H, Goto A, Tsujimoto T, et al. Low-carbohydrate diets and all- cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observa- tional studies. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e55030. S3.1-25. Brandt EJ, Myerson R, Perraillon MC, et al. Hospital admissions for myocardial infarction and stroke before and after the trans-fatty acid restrictions in New York. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:627 34. S3.1-26. Micha R, Mozaffarian D. Trans fatty acids: effects on meta- bolic syndrome, heart disease and diabetes. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5:335 44. S3.1-27. Mozaffarian D. Dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular dis- ease, diabetes, and obesity: a comprehensive review. Circulation. 2016;133:187 225. S3.1-28. Weir HK, Anderson RN, Coleman King SM, et al. Heart disease and cancer deaths trends and projections in the United States, 1969 2020. Prev Chronic Dis. 2016;13:E157. S3.1-28a. Micha R, Wallace SK, Mozaffarian D. Red and processed meat con- sumption and risk of incident coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2010;121:2271 83. S3.1-29.


Micha R, Wallace SK, Mozaffarian D. Red and processed meat con- sumption and risk of incident coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2010;121:2271 83. S3.1-29. Van Horn L, Carson JAS, Appel LJ, et al. Recommended dietary pattern to achieve adherence to the American Heart Association/ American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) guidelines: a scien- tific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134:e505 29. S3.1-30. Rimm EB, Appel LJ, Chiuve SE, et al. Seafood long-chain n-3 polyun- saturated fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;138:e35 47. S3.1-31. Dehghan M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Association of dairy intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 21 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2018;392:2288 97. 3.2. Exercise and Physical Activity S3.2-1. Orrow G, Kinmonth A-L, Sanderson S, et al. Effectiveness of physi- cal activity promotion based in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2012;344:e1389. S3.2-2. Sanchez A, Bully P, Martinez C, et al. Effectiveness of physical activity promotion interventions in primary care: a review of reviews. Prev Med 76 suppl 2015:S56 67. S3.2-3. Ekelund U, Steene-Johannessen J, Brown WJ, et al. Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. Lancet. 2016;388: 1302 10. S3.2-4. Hamer M, Chida Y. Walking and primary prevention: a meta- analysis of prospective cohort studies. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42: 238 43. S3.2-5. Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, et al. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. BMJ. 2016;354:i3857. S3.2-6.


Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. BMJ. 2016;354:i3857. S3.2-6. Sattelmair J, Pertman J, Ding EL, et al. Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation. 2011;124:789 95. S3.2-7. Zheng H, Orsini N, Amin J, et al. Quantifying the dose-response of walking in reducing coronary heart disease risk: meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2009;24:181 92. S3.2-8. Wahid A, Manek N, Nichols M, et al. Quantifying the association between physical activity and cardiovascular disease and diabe- tes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e002495. S3.2-9. Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, et al. Sedentary time and its asso- ciation with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:123 32. S3.2-10. Chomistek AK, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, et al. Relationship of sed- entary behavior and physical activity to incident cardiovascular dis- ease: results from the Women s Health Initiative. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:2346 54. S3.2-11. Patterson R, McNamara E, Tainio M, et al. Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analy- sis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33:811 29. S3.2-12. 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2018. Available at: https://health.gov/paguidelines/second-edition/ report. Accessed January 3, 2019. S3.2-13. Lee I-M, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, et al. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012;380:219 29. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES S3.2-14. Physical Activity Guidelines Steering Committee. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.


Physical Activity Guidelines Steering Committee. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Available at: https://health.gov/ paguidelines/2008/. Accessed January 5, 2019. S3.2-15. Milton K, Macniven R, Bauman A. Review of the epidemiological evi- dence for physical activity and health from low- and middle-income countries. Glob Public Health. 2014;9:369 81. S3.2-16. Lobelo F, Rohm Young D, Sallis R, et al. Routine assessment and promotion of physical activity in healthcare settings: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137:e495 522. S3.2-17. Kraus WE, Bittner V, Appel L, et al. The National Physical Activity Plan: a call to action from the American Heart Association: a sci- ence advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131:1932 40. S3.2-18. Diep L, Kwagyan J, Kurantsin-Mills J, et al. Association of physical activity level and stroke outcomes in men and women: a meta-anal- ysis. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2010;19:1815 22. S3.2-19. Sofi F, Capalbo A, Cesari F, et al. Physical activity during leisure time and primary prevention of coronary heart disease: an updated meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15:247 57. S3.2-20. Liu C-J, Latham NK. Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009:CD002759. S3.2-21. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Boul NG, et al. Effects of aerobic training, resis- tance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:357 69. S3.2-22. Carlson DJ, Dieberg G, Hess NC, et al. Isometric exercise training for blood pressure management: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89:327 34. S3.2-23. Goodman JM, Burr JF, Banks L, et al. The acute risks of exercise in apparently healthy adults and relevance for prevention of cardiovas- cular events. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32:523 32. S3.2-24. Thompson PD, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, et al.


2016;32:523 32. S3.2-24. Thompson PD, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, et al. Exercise and acute cardiovascular events placing the risks into perspective: a scien- tific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation. 2007;115:2358 68. S3.2-25. Merghani A, Maestrini V, Rosmini S, et al. Prevalence of subclinical coronary artery disease in masters endurance athletes with a low atherosclerotic risk profile. Circulation. 2017;136:126 37. S3.2-26. Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, et al. 2016 European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: the Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts). Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2315 81. S3.2-27. Saint-Maurice PF, Troiano RP, Matthews CE, et al. Moderate- to-vigorous physical activity and all-cause mortality: do bouts matter? J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7:e007678. S3.2-28. Vasankari V, Husu P, V h -Ypy H, et al. Association of objectively measured sedentary behaviour and physical activity with cardiovas- cular disease risk. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017;24:1311 8. S3.2-29. Pandey A, Garg S, Khunger M, et al. Dose-response relationship between physical activity and risk of heart failure: a meta-analysis. Circulation. 2015;132:1786 94. S3.2-30. Young DR, Hivert M-F, Alhassan S, et al. Sedentary behavior and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134:e262 79. S3.2-31. Chastin SFM, De Craemer M, De Cocker K, et al. How does light-intensity physical activity associate with adult cardiometabolic health and mortal- ity? Systematic review with meta-analysis of experimental and observa- tional studies. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Apr 25. [Epub ahead of print]. 4.


Br J Sports Med. 2018 Apr 25. [Epub ahead of print]. 4. OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIOVASCULAR RISK 4.1. Obesity and Being Overweight S4.1-1. LeBlanc EL, Patnode CD, Webber EM, et al. Draft evidence review for weight loss to prevent obesity-related morbidity and mortality in adults: behavioral interventions. Kaiser Permanente Research Affiliates Evidence-based Practice Center, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research: Portland, OR; 2018. AHRQ Publication No. 18-05239-EF-1. Available at: https://www.uspreventiveservicestask- force.org/Page/Document/draft-evidence-review/obesity-in-adults- interventions1. Accessed January 5, 2019. S4.1-2. Ma C, Avenell A, Bolland M, et al. Effects of weight loss interven- tions for adults who are obese on mortality, cardiovascular dis- ease, and cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2017; 359:j4849. S4.1-3. Canoy D, Cairns BJ, Balkwill A, et al. Coronary heart disease inci- dence in women by waist circumference within categories of body mass index. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2013;20:759 62. S4.1-4. Warren TY, Wilcox S, Dowda M, et al. Independent association of waist circumference with hypertension and diabetes in African American women, South Carolina, 2007 2009. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:E105. S4.1-5. Czernichow S, Kengne A-P, Stamatakis E, et al. Body mass index, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: which is the better discrimi- nator of cardiovascular disease mortality risk?: evidence from an individual-participant meta-analysis of 82 864 participants from nine cohort studies. Obes Rev. 2011;12:680 7. S4.1-6. Flint AJ, Rexrode KM, Hu FB, et al. Body mass index, waist circumfer- ence, and risk of coronary heart disease: a prospective study among men and women. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2010;4:e171 81. S4.1-7. American Heart Association. Extreme Obesity, And What You Can Do. Available at: https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy- eating/losing-weight/extreme-obesity-and-what-you-can-do. Accessed January 5, 2019. S4.1-8. Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, et al. Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2015 2016. NCHS Data Brief. 2017:1 8. S4.1-9.


Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2015 2016. NCHS Data Brief. 2017:1 8. S4.1-9. Asad Z, Abbas M, Javed I, et al. Obesity is associated with incident atrial fibrillation independent of gender: a meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2018;29:725 32. S4.1-10. Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014;129:S102 38. S4.1-11. Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Long-term drug treatment for obesity: a systematic and clinical review. JAMA. 2014;311:74 86. S4.1-12. Golzarand M, Toolabi K, Farid R. The bariatric surgery and weight losing: a meta-analysis in the long- and very long-term effects of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on weight loss in adults. Surg Endosc. 2017;31:4331 45. S4.1-13. Newman AB, Lee JS, Visser M, et al. Weight change and the con- servation of lean mass in old age: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:872 8; quiz 915 6. S4.1-14. Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Zoico E, et al. Health consequences of obe- sity in the elderly: a review of four unresolved questions. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29:1011 29. S4.1-15. Miller SL, Wolfe RR. The danger of weight loss in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2008;12:487 91. S4.1-16. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393 403. S4.1-17. Look AHEAD Research Group, Wing RR, Bolin P, et al. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:145 54. S4.1-18. McTigue KM, Harris R, Hemphill B, et al.


2013;369:145 54. S4.1-18. McTigue KM, Harris R, Hemphill B, et al. Screening and inter- ventions for obesity in adults: summary of the evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139: 933 49. S4.1-19. Stegenga H, Haines A, Jones K, et al. Identification, assessment, and management of overweight and obesity: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ. 2014;349:g6608. S4.1-20. WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strate- gies. Lancet. 2004;363:157 63. S4.1-21. Zhang P, Wang R, Gao C, et al. Prevalence of central obesity among adults with normal BMI and its association with metabolic diseases in northeast China. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0160402. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES S4.1-22. Sharma S, Batsis JA, Coutinho T, et al. Normal-weight central obesity and mortality risk in older adults with coronary artery disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91:343 51. S4.1-23. Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity. Endocr Pract. 2016;22 suppl 3:1 203. S4.1-24. Balkau B, Deanfield JE, Despr s J-P, et al. International Day for the Evaluation of Abdominal Obesity (IDEA): a study of waist circum- ference, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus in 168000 primary care patients in 63 countries. Circulation. 2007;116: 1942 51. S4.1-25. NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Obesity in Adults. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1998. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK2003/. Accessed January 5, 2019. 4.2. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus S4.2-1. Huo R, Du T, Xu Y, et al.


Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus S4.2-1. Huo R, Du T, Xu Y, et al. Effects of Mediterranean-style diet on gly- cemic control, weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors among type 2 diabetes individuals: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69:1200 8. S4.2-2. Azadbakht L, Fard NRP, Karimi M, et al. Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan on cardiovas- cular risks among type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized crossover clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:55 7. S4.2-3. Snowling NJ, Hopkins WG. Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2518 27. S4.2-4. Church TS, Blair SN, Cocreham S, et al. Effects of aerobic and resis- tance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 dia- betes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;304:2253 62. S4.2-5. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on com- plications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352:854 65. S4.2-6. Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, et al. Diabetes medications as monotherapy or metformin-based combination therapy for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:740 51. S4.2-7. Hong J, Zhang Y, Lai S, et al. Effects of metformin versus glipizide on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:1304 11. S4.2-8. Griffin SJ, Leaver JK, Irving GJ. Impact of metformin on cardiovascu- lar disease: a meta-analysis of randomised trials among people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2017;60:1620 9. S4.2-9. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovas- cular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2117 28. S4.2-10. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al.


2015;373:2117 28. S4.2-10. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and car- diovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:644 57. S4.2-11. Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:311 22. S4.2-12. Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, et al. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:347 57. S4.2-13. Hernandez AF, Green JB, Janmohamed S, et al. Albiglutide and car- diovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardio- vascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;392:1519 29. S4.2-14. Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovas- cular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1834 44. S4.2-15. Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics 2018 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137:e67 492. S4.2-16. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, et al. Multifactorial intervention and car- diovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:383 93. S4.2-17. Liu G, Li Y, Hu Y, et al. Influence of lifestyle on incident cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:2867 76. S4.2-18. Rejeski WJ, Ip EH, Bertoni AG, et al. Lifestyle change and mobil- ity in obese adults with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;366: 1209 17. S4.2-19. Burger KNJ, Beulens JWJ, van der Schouw YT, et al. Dietary fiber, carbohydrate quality and quantity, and mortality risk of individuals with diabetes mellitus. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e43127. S4.2-20.


Dietary fiber, carbohydrate quality and quantity, and mortality risk of individuals with diabetes mellitus. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e43127. S4.2-20. Micha R, Wallace SK, Mozaffarian D. Red and processed meat con- sumption and risk of incident coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2010;121:2271 83. S4.2-21. Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, et al. Changes in red meat consump- tion and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: three cohorts of US men and women. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173:1328 35. S4.2-22. Boul NG, Haddad E, Kenny GP, et al. Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. JAMA. 2001;286:1218 27. S4.2-23. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, Nathan DM, Genuth S, et al. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977 86. S4.2-24. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin com- pared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352:837 53. S4.2-25. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vas- cular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:129 39. S4.2-26. Ray KK, Seshasai SRK, Wijesuriya S, et al. Effect of intensive control of glucose on cardiovascular outcomes and death in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2009;373:1765 72. S4.2-27. Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of car- diovascular outcome trials. Lancet. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(18)32590-X. 4.3. High Blood Cholesterol S4.3-1.


SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of car- diovascular outcome trials. Lancet. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(18)32590-X. 4.3. High Blood Cholesterol S4.3-1. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/ AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;139:e1082 1143. S4.3-2. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists (CTT) Collaboration, Baigent C, Blackwell L, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376:1670 81. S4.3-3. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:2181 92. S4.3-4. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists (CTT) Collaboration Herrington W, Emberson J, et al. Impact of renal function on the effects of LDL cho- lesterol lowering with statin-based regimens: a meta-analysis of indi- vidual participant data from 28 randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4:829 39. S4.3-5. Chou R, Dana T, Blazina I, et al. Statin use for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: a systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Report No. 14-05206-EF-2. 2016. US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: Rockville, MD. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK396415. Accessed January 5, 2019. S4.3-6. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cho- lesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA. 1998;279:1615 22. S4.3-7. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FAH, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein.


Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2195 207. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES S4.3-8. Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;CD004816. S4.3-9. Yusuf S, Bosch J, Dagenais G, et al. Cholesterol lowering in inter- mediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:2021 31. S4.3-10. Silverman MG, Ference BA, Im K, et al. Association between lower- ing LDL-C and cardiovascular risk reduction among different thera- peutic interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;316:1289 97. S4.3-11. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al. Primary preven- tion of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:685 96. S4.3-12. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, et al. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:2005 16. S4.3-13. de Vries FM, Denig P, Pouwels KB, et al. Primary prevention of major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events with statins in diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. Drugs. 2012;72:2365 73. S4.3-14. Knopp RH, d Emden M, Smilde JG, et al. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular end points in sub- jects with type 2 diabetes: the Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in non-insulin-dependent diabe- tes mellitus (ASPEN). Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1478 85. S4.3-15. Mulnier HE, Seaman HE, Raleigh VS, et al. Risk of myocardial infarc- tion in men and women with type 2 diabetes in the UK: a cohort study using the General Practice Research Database. Diabetologia. 2008;51:1639 45. S4.3-16. Rana JS, Liu JY, Moffet HH, et al.


2008;51:1639 45. S4.3-16. Rana JS, Liu JY, Moffet HH, et al. Diabetes and prior coronary heart disease are not necessarily risk equivalent for future coronary heart disease events. J Gen Intern Med. 2016;31:387 93. S4.3-17. Sever PS, Poulter NR, Dahl f B, et al. Reduction in cardiovascular events with atorvastatin in 2 532 patients with type 2 diabetes: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial lipid-lowering arm (ASCOT-LLA). Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1151 7. S4.3-18. Soedamah-Muthu SS, Fuller JH, Mulnier HE, et al. High risk of cardio- vascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes in the U.K.: a cohort study using the general practice research database. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:798 804. S4.3-19. Wong ND, Glovaci D, Wong K, et al. Global cardiovascular disease risk assessment in United States adults with diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2012;9:146 52. S4.3-20. Besseling J, Hovingh GK, Huijgen R, et al. Statins in familial hyper- cholesterolemia: consequences for coronary artery disease and all- cause mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:252 60. S4.3-21. Khera AV, Won H-H, Peloso GM, et al. Diagnostic yield and clini- cal utility of sequencing familial hypercholesterolemia genes in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:2578 89. S4.3-22. Nanchen D, Gencer B, Muller O, et al. Prognosis of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia after acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2016;134:698 709. S4.3-23. Perak AM, Ning H, de Ferranti SD, et al. Long-term risk of atheroscle- rotic cardiovascular disease in US adults with the familial hypercho- lesterolemia phenotype. Circulation. 2016;134:9 19. S4.3-24. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1301 7. S4.3-25. Versmissen J, Oosterveer DM, Yazdanpanah M, et al. Efficacy of statins in familial hypercholesterolaemia: a long term cohort study. BMJ. 2008;337:a2423. S4.3-26.


Efficacy of statins in familial hypercholesterolaemia: a long term cohort study. BMJ. 2008;337:a2423. S4.3-26. Mortensen MB, Fuster V, Muntendam P, et al. A simple disease- guided approach to personalize ACC/AHA-recommended statin allocation in elderly people: the BioImage Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:881 91. S4.3-27. Willeit P, Kiechl S, Kronenberg F, et al. Discrimination and net reclassification of cardiovascular risk with lipoprotein(a): prospec- tive 15-year outcomes in the Bruneck Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:851 60. S4.3-28. Nasir K, Bittencourt MS, Blaha MJ, et al. Implications of coro- nary artery calcium testing among statin candidates according to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cho- lesterol management guidelines: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:1657 68. S4.3-29. Ridker PM, Mora S, Rose L, et al. Percent reduction in LDL choles- terol following high-intensity statin therapy: potential implications for guidelines and for the prescription of emerging lipid-lowering agents. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:1373 9. S4.3-30. Yano Y, O Donnell CJ, Kuller L, et al. Association of coronary artery calcium score vs age with cardiovascular risk in older adults: an analysis of pooled population-based studies. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:986 94. S4.3-31. Malik S, Zhao Y, Budoff M, et al. Coronary artery calcium score for long-term risk classification in individuals with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:1332 40. S4.3-32. Sniderman AD, Tsimikas S, Fazio S. The severe hypercholesterolemia phenotype: clinical diagnosis, management, and emerging thera- pies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:1935 47. S4.3-33. Sniderman AD, Williams K, Contois JH, et al. A meta-analysis of low- density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein choles- terol, and apolipoprotein B as markers of cardiovascular risk. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2011;4:337 45. S4.3-34. Budoff MJ, Young R, Burke G, et al.


2011;4:337 45. S4.3-34. Budoff MJ, Young R, Burke G, et al. Ten-year association of coronary artery calcium with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Eur Heart J. 2018;39:2401 8. S4.3-35. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists (CTT) Collaborators, Mihaylova B, Emberson J, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet. 2012;380:581 90. S4.3-36. Nakamura H, Arakawa K, Itakura H, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan (MEGA Study): a prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;368:1155 63. S4.3-37. Vallejo-Vaz AJ, Robertson M, Catapano AL, et al. Low-density lipo- protein cholesterol lowering for the primary prevention of cardio- vascular disease among men with primary elevations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of 190 mg/dL or above: analyses from the WOSCOPS (West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study) 5-year randomized trial and 20-year observational follow-up. Circulation. 2017;136:1878 91. S4.3-38. Mora S, Glynn RJ, Hsia J, et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein or dyslipidemia: results from the Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) and meta-analysis of women from primary prevention trials. Circulation. 2010;121:1069 77. S4.3-39. Samarasekera EJ, Neilson JM, Warren RB, et al. Incidence of cardio- vascular disease in individuals with psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133:2340 6. S4.3-40. Feinstein MJ, Nance RM, Drozd DR, et al. Assessing and refin- ing myocardial infarction risk estimation among patients with human immunodeficiency virus: a study by the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:155 62. S4.3-41. DeFilippis AP, Young R, Carrubba CJ, et al.


2017;2:155 62. S4.3-41. DeFilippis AP, Young R, Carrubba CJ, et al. An analysis of calibra- tion and discrimination among multiple cardiovascular risk scores in a modern multiethnic cohort. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:266 75. S4.3-42. Carr JJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Terry JG, et al. Association of coronary artery calcium in adults aged 32 to 46 years with incident coronary heart disease and death. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:391 9. S4.3-43. Fudim M, Zalawadiya S, Patel DK, et al. Data on coronary artery calcium score performance and cardiovascular risk reclassification across gender and ethnicities. Data Brief. 2016;6:578 81. S4.3-44. Gupta A, Lau E, Varshney R, et al. The identification of calcified coro- nary plaque is associated with initiation and continuation of pharma- cological and lifestyle preventive therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10:833 42. S4.3-45. Han D, Hartaigh B, Lee JH, et al. Assessment of coronary artery calcium scoring for statin treatment strategy according to ACC/ AHA guidelines in asymptomatic Korean adults. Yonsei Med J. 2017;58:82 9. S4.3-46. Hong JC, Blankstein R, Shaw LJ, et al. Implications of coronary artery calcium testing for treatment decisions among statin can- didates according to the ACC/AHA cholesterol management CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES guidelines: a cost-effectiveness analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10:938 52. S4.3-47. Kavousi M, Desai CS, Ayers C, et al. Prevalence and prognostic impli- cations of coronary artery calcification in low-risk women: a meta- analysis. JAMA. 2016;316:2126 34. S4.3-48. Mahabadi AA, M hlenkamp S, Lehmann N, et al. CAC score improves coronary and CV risk assessment above statin indication by ESC and AHA/ACC primary prevention guidelines. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10:143 53. S4.3-49. McClelland RL, Jorgensen NW, Budoff M, et al.


2017;10:143 53. S4.3-49. McClelland RL, Jorgensen NW, Budoff M, et al. 10-year coronary heart disease risk prediction using coronary artery calcium and traditional risk factors: derivation in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) with validation in the HNR (Heinz Nixdorf Recall) study and the DHS (Dallas Heart Study). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:1643 53. S4.3-50. Pursnani A, Massaro JM, D Agostino RB Sr, et al. Guideline-based statin eligibility, coronary artery calcification, and cardiovascular events. JAMA. 2015;314:134 41. S4.3-51. Qureshi WT, Rana JS, Yeboah J, et al. Risk stratification for primary prevention of coronary artery disease: roles of C-reactive protein and coronary artery calcium. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2015;17:110. S4.3-52. Shah RV, Spahillari A, Mwasongwe S, et al. Subclinical atherosclero- sis, statin eligibility, and outcomes in African American individuals: the Jackson Heart Study. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:644 52. S4.3-53. Waheed S, Pollack S, Roth M, et al. Collective impact of conventional cardiovascular risk factors and coronary calcium score on clinical out- comes with or without statin therapy: The St Francis Heart Study. Atherosclerosis. 2016;255:193 9. S4.3-54. Yeboah J, Polonsky TS, Young R, et al. Utility of nontraditional risk markers in individuals ineligible for statin therapy according to the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cholesterol guidelines. Circulation. 2015;132:916 22. S4.3-55. Yeboah J, Young R, McClelland RL, et al. Utility of nontraditional risk markers in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:139 47. S4.3-56. Krumholz HM. Treatment of cholesterol in 2017. JAMA. 2017;318:417 8. S4.3-57. Martin SS, Sperling LS, Blaha MJ, et al. Clinician-patient risk discus- sion for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention: impor- tance to implementation of the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:1361 8. S4.3-58. Cohen R, Budoff M, McClelland RL, et al.


2015;65:1361 8. S4.3-58. Cohen R, Budoff M, McClelland RL, et al. Significance of a posi- tive family history for coronary heart disease in patients with a zero coronary artery calcium score (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Am J Cardiol. 2014;114:1210 4. S4.3-59. Pandya A, Sy S, Cho S, et al. Cost-effectiveness of 10-year risk thresholds for initiation of statin therapy for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2015;314:142 50. S4.3-60. Singh A, Collins BL, Gupta A, et al. Cardiovascular risk and statin eligibility of young adults after an MI: Partners YOUNG-MI Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:292 302. S4.3-61. Huo X, Gao L, Guo L, et al. Risk of non-fatal cardiovascular diseases in early-onset versus late-onset type 2 diabetes in China: a cross- sectional study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4:115 24. S4.3-62. Svensson MK, Cederholm J, Eliasson B, et al. Albuminuria and renal function as predictors of cardiovascular events and mortality in a general population of patients with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2013;10:520 9. S4.3-63. Guo VY, Cao B, Wu X, et al. Prospective association between dia- betic retinopathy and cardiovascular disease a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016;25:1688 95. S4.3-64. Brownrigg JRW, de Lusignan S, McGovern A, et al. Peripheral neu- ropathy and the risk of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mel- litus. Heart. 2014;100:1837 43. S4.3-65. Ogren M, Hedblad B, Engstr m G, et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in 68-year- old men with diabetes. Results from the population study Men born in 1914 from Malm , Sweden. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005;29:182 9. S4.3-66. Pang X-H, Han J, Ye W-L, et al.


2005;29:182 9. S4.3-66. Pang X-H, Han J, Ye W-L, et al. Lower extremity peripheral arterial disease is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease and stroke risks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in China. Int J Endocrinol. 2017;2017:9620513. 4.4. High Blood Pressure or Hypertension S4.4-1. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71:e13 115. S4.4-2. Neter JE, Stam BE, Kok FJ, et al. Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. 2003;42:878 84. S4.4-3. The effects of nonpharmacologic interventions on blood pressure of persons with high normal levels. Results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase I. JAMA. 1992;267:1213 20. S4.4-4. Whelton PK, Kumanyika SK, Cook NR, et al. Efficacy of nonphar- macologic interventions in adults with high-normal blood pressure: results from phase 1 of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:652S 60S. S4.4-5. Effects of weight loss and sodium reduction intervention on blood pressure and hypertension incidence in overweight people with high-normal blood pressure. The Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. The Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:657 67. S4.4-6. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, et al. Effects on blood pres- sure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:3 10. S4.4-7. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1117 24. S4.4-8.


DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1117 24. S4.4-8. Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, et al. Effects of comprehen- sive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA. 2003;289:2083 93. S4.4-9. Mozaffarian D, Fahimi S, Singh GM, et al. Global sodium con- sumption and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:624 34. S4.4-10. He FJ, Li J, Macgregor GA. Effect of longer term modest salt reduc- tion on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-anal- ysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2013;346:f1325. S4.4-11. Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, et al. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Collaborative Research Group. JAMA. 1998;279:839 46. S4.4-12. Aburto NJ, Ziolkovska A, Hooper L, et al. Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2013;346:f1326. S4.4-13. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, J rgens G. Effects of low-sodium diet vs. high-sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, cat- echolamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride (Cochrane Review). Am J Hypertens. 2012;25:1 15. S4.4-14. Whelton PK, He J, Cutler JA, et al. Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. JAMA. 1997;277:1624 32. S4.4-15. Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, et al. Effect of increased potas- sium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2013;346:f1378. S4.4-16. Geleijnse JM, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE. Blood pressure response to changes in sodium and potassium intake: a metaregression analysis of randomised trials. J Hum Hypertens. 2003;17:471 80. S4.4-17. World Health Association. Guideline: Potassium Intake for Adults and Children. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development; 2012. S4.4-18. Whelton PK, He J.


Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development; 2012. S4.4-18. Whelton PK, He J. Health effects of sodium and potassium in humans. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2014;25:75 9. S4.4-19. Cornelissen VA, Smart NA. Exercise training for blood pres- sure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2:e004473. S4.4-20. Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:493 503. S4.4-21. Carlson DJ, Dieberg G, Hess NC, et al. Isometric exercise training for blood pressure management: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89:327 34. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES S4.4-22. Garc a-Hermoso A, Saavedra JM, Escalante Y. Effects of exercise on resting blood pressure in obese children: a meta-analysis of random- ized controlled trials. Obes Rev. 2013;14:919 28. S4.4-23. Rossi AM, Moullec G, Lavoie KL, et al. The evolution of a Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendation: the impact of resistance training on resting blood pressure in adults as an example. Can J Cardiol. 2013;29:622 7. S4.4-24. Roerecke M, Kaczorowski J, Tobe SW, et al. The effect of a reduction in alcohol consumption on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2017;2:e108 20. S4.4-25. Xin X, He J, Frontini MG, et al. Effects of alcohol reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. 2001;38:1112 7. S4.4-26. Stewart SH, Latham PK, Miller PM, et al. Blood pressure reduc- tion during treatment for alcohol dependence: results from the Combining Medications and Behavioral Interventions for Alcoholism (COMBINE) study. Addiction. 2008;103:1622 8. S4.4-27. Dickinson HO, Mason JM, Nicolson DJ, et al. Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2006;24:215 33. S4.4-28.


Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2006;24:215 33. S4.4-28. Wallace P, Cutler S, Haines A. Randomised controlled trial of general practitioner intervention in patients with excessive alcohol consump- tion. BMJ. 1988;297:663 8. S4.4-29. Lang T, Nicaud V, Darn B, et al. Improving hypertension control among excessive alcohol drinkers: a randomised controlled trial in France. The WALPA Group. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1995;49:610 6. S4.4-30. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ. 2009;338:b1665. S4.4-31. Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016;387:957 67. S4.4-32. Sundstr m J, Arima H, Jackson R, et al. Effects of blood pressure reduction in mild hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analy- sis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:184 91. S4.4-33. Xie X, Atkins E, Lv J, et al. Effects of intensive blood pressure low- ering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016;387:435 43. S4.4-34. SPRINT Research Group, Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, et al. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2103 16. S4.4-35. Czernichow S, Zanchetti A, Turnbull F, et al. The effects of blood pres- sure reduction and of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events according to baseline blood pressure: meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Hypertens. 2011;29:4 16. S4.4-36. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Blood pressure-lowering treatment based on cardiovascular risk: a meta- analysis of individual patient data. Lancet. 2014;384:591 8. S4.4-37. Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A.


Lancet. 2014;384:591 8. S4.4-37. Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure low- ering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 2. Effects at different baseline and achieved blood pressure levels overview and meta- analyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens. 2014;32:2296 304. S4.4-38. Thompson AM, Hu T, Eshelbrenner CL, et al. Antihypertensive treat- ment and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease events among persons without hypertension: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;305:913 22. S4.4-39. Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure low- ering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 7. Effects of more vs. less intensive blood pressure lowering and different achieved blood pressure levels updated overview and meta-analyses of random- ized trials. J Hypertens. 2016;34:613 22. S4.4-40. Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Gentile G, et al. More versus less intensive blood pressure-lowering strategy: cumulative evidence and trial sequential analysis. Hypertension. 2016;68:642 53. S4.4-41. Bangalore S, Toklu B, Gianos E, et al. Optimal systolic blood pres- sure target after SPRINT: insights from a network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med. 2017;130:707 19.e8. S4.4-42. Bundy JD, Li C, Stuchlik P, et al. Systolic blood pressure reduction and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:775 81. S4.4-43. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Loriga G, et al. Blood-pressure control for renoprotection in patients with non-diabetic chronic renal disease (REIN-2): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365:939 46. S4.4-44. Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T, et al. Effect of blood pres- sure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA. 2002;288:2421 31. S4.4-45. Upadhyay A, Earley A, Haynes SM, et al. Systematic review: blood pressure target in chronic kidney disease and proteinuria as an effect modifier. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:541 8. S4.4-46.


Systematic review: blood pressure target in chronic kidney disease and proteinuria as an effect modifier. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:541 8. S4.4-46. Jafar TH, Stark PC, Schmid CH, et al. Progression of chronic kidney disease: the role of blood pressure control, proteinuria, and angio- tensin-converting enzyme inhibition: a patient-level meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:244 52. S4.4-47. Lv J, Ehteshami P, Sarnak MJ, et al. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on the progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2013;185:949 57. S4.4-48. Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ, et al. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:877 84. S4.4-49. Emdin CA, Rahimi K, Neal B, et al. Blood pressure lowering in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015;313:603 15. S4.4-50. Arguedas JA, Leiva V, Wright JM. Blood pressure targets for hyper- tension in people with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013:CD008277. S4.4-51. Margolis KL, O Connor PJ, Morgan TM, et al. Outcomes of combined cardiovascular risk factor management strategies in type 2 diabetes: the ACCORD randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:1721 8. S4.4-52. Bress AP, Bellows BK, King JB, et al. Cost-effectiveness of inten- sive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:745 55. S4.4-53. Soliman EZ, Byington RP, Bigger JT, et al. Effect of intensive blood pressure lowering on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with diabetes mellitus: Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes blood pressure trial. Hypertension. 2015;66:1123 9. S4.4-54. ACCORD Study Group, Cushman WC, Evans GW, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1575 85. S4.4-55. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al.


2010;362:1575 85. S4.4-55. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of indi- vidual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:1903 13. S4.4-56. Kassa B, Boissel J-P, Cucherat M, et al. Treatment of high blood pres- sure and gain in event-free life expectancy. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2005;1:163 9. S4.4-57. van Dieren S, Kengne AP, Chalmers J, et al. Effects of blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular outcomes in different cardiovascular risk groups among participants with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;98:83 90. S4.4-58. Montgomery AA, Fahey T, Ben-Shlomo Y, et al. The influence of absolute cardiovascular risk, patient utilities, and costs on the deci- sion to treat hypertension: a Markov decision analysis. J Hypertens. 2003;21:1753 9. S4.4-59. Lonn EM, Bosch J, L pez-Jaramillo P, et al. Blood-pressure lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:2009 20. S4.4-60. Neaton JD, Grimm RH Jr, Prineas RJ, et al. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study. Final results. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study Research Group. JAMA. 1993;270:713 24. S4.4-61. Julius S, Nesbitt SD, Egan BM, et al. Feasibility of treating prehy- pertension with an angiotensin-receptor blocker. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1685 97. S4.4-62. Lawes CMM, Bennett DA, Lewington S, et al. Blood pressure and coronary heart disease: a review of the evidence. Semin Vasc Med. 2002;2:355 68. S4.4-63. Danaei G, Ding EL, Mozaffarian D, et al. The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000058. S4.4-64. Muntner P, Carey RM, Gidding S, et al. Potential US population impact of the 2017 ACC/AHA high blood pressure guideline. Circulation. 2018;137:109 18. S4.4-65. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Hinderliter A, et al.


2018;137:109 18. S4.4-65. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Hinderliter A, et al. Effects of the DASH diet alone and in combination with exercise and weight loss on CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES blood pressure and cardiovascular biomarkers in men and women with high blood pressure: the ENCORE study. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:126 35. S4.4-66. Reboussin DM, Allen NB, Griswold ME, et al. Systematic review for the 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/ NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71: e116 35. S4.4-67. Baker S, Priest P, Jackson R. Using thresholds based on risk of car- diovascular disease to target treatment for hypertension: modelling events averted and number treated. BMJ. 2000;320:680 5. S4.4-68. Eddy DM, Adler J, Patterson B, et al. Individualized guidelines: the potential for increasing quality and reducing costs. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:627 34. S4.4-69. Karmali KN, Lloyd-Jones DM. Global risk assessment to guide blood pressure management in cardiovascular disease prevention. Hypertension. 2017;69:e2 9. S4.4-70. Muntner P, Whelton PK. Using predicted cardiovascular disease risk in conjunction with blood pressure to guide antihypertensive medi- cation treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:2446 56. S4.4-71. Brunstr m M, Carlberg B. Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: sys- tematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2016;352:i717. S4.4-72. Appel LJ, Wright JT Jr, Greene T, et al. Intensive blood-pressure control in hypertensive chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:918 29. S4.4-73. Reboldi G, Gentile G, Angeli F, et al. Effects of intensive blood pres- sure reduction on myocardial infarction and stroke in diabetes: a meta-analysis in 73 913 patients. J Hypertens. 2011;29:1253 69. S4.4-74.


Effects of intensive blood pres- sure reduction on myocardial infarction and stroke in diabetes: a meta-analysis in 73 913 patients. J Hypertens. 2011;29:1253 69. S4.4-74. Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group Gerstein HC, Miller ME, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545 59. S4.4-75. Julius S, Kaciroti N, Egan BM, et al. TROPHY study: Outcomes based on the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Hypertension definition of hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2008;2:39 43. S4.4-76. L ders S, Schrader J, Berger J, et al. The PHARAO study: prevention of hypertension with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril in patients with high-normal blood pressure: a prospective, randomized, controlled prevention trial of the German Hypertension League. J Hypertens. 2008;26:1487 96. S4.4-77. Allen NB, Siddique J, Wilkins JT, et al. Blood pressure trajectories in early adulthood and subclinical atherosclerosis in middle age. JAMA. 2014;311:490 7. S4.4-78. Inder JD, Carlson DJ, Dieberg G, et al. Isometric exercise training for blood pressure management: a systematic review and meta-analysis to optimize benefit. Hypertens Res. 2016;39:88 94. S4.4-79. Roerecke M, Kaczorowski J, Tobe SW, et al. The effect of a reduction in alcohol consumption on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2017;2:e108 20. S4.4-80. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. What Is A Standard Drink? Available at: https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/ alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/what-standard-drink. Accessed August 16, 2017. S4.4-81. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH How Do I Make the DASH? Available at: https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/toolkit/ DASH/how_make_dash.htm. Accessed January 6, 2019. S4.4-82. Top 10 Dash Diet Tips. Available at: http://dashdiet.org/dash-diet- tips.html. Accessed January 6, 2019. 4.5. Tobacco Use S4.5-1. Carson KV, Verbiest MEA, Crone MR, et al. Training health pro- fessionals in smoking cessation.


Carson KV, Verbiest MEA, Crone MR, et al. Training health pro- fessionals in smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012:CD000214. S4.5-2. Patnode CD, Henderson JT, Thompson JH, et al. Behavioral coun- seling and pharmacotherapy interventions for tobacco cessation in adults, including pregnant women: a review of reviews for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163: 608 21. S4.5-3. Stead LF, Koilpillai P, Fanshawe TR1, et al. Combined pharmacother- apy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3:CD008286. S4.5-4. Pan A, Wang Y, Talaei M, et al. Relation of smoking with total mortality and cardiovascular events among patients with diabe- tes mellitus: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Circulation. 2015;132:1795 804. S4.5-5. Mons U, M ezzinler A, Gellert C, et al. Impact of smoking and smok- ing cessation on cardiovascular events and mortality among older adults: meta-analysis of individual participant data from prospective cohort studies of the CHANCES consortium. BMJ. 2015;350:h1551. S4.5-6. Lv X, Sun J, Bi Y, et al. Risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease associated with secondhand smoke exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2015;199:106 15. S4.5-7. US National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Office on Smoking and Health. The Health Consequences of Smoking 50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. 2014. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, GA. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK179276. Accessed January 5, 2019. S4.5-8. Teo KK, Ounpuu S, Hawken S, et al. Tobacco use and risk of myo- cardial infarction in 52 countries in the INTERHEART study: a case- control study. Lancet. 2006;368:647 58. S4.5-9. US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. Washington, DC: 2010. Available at: https://www.healthypeople. gov. Accessed January 3, 2019. S4.5-10. Bhatnagar A, Whitsel LP, Ribisl KM, et al.


Accessed January 3, 2019. S4.5-10. Bhatnagar A, Whitsel LP, Ribisl KM, et al. Electronic cigarettes: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;130:1418 36. S4.5-11. Bhatnagar A. cardiovascular perspective of the promises and perils of e-cigarettes. Circ Res. 2016;118:1872 5. S4.5-12. Lippi G, Favaloro EJ, Meschi T, et al. E-cigarettes and cardiovas- cular risk: beyond science and mysticism. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2014;40:60 5. S4.5-13. Moheimani RS, Bhetraratana M, Yin F, et al. Increased cardiac sympathetic activity and oxidative stress in habitual electronic cigarette users: implications for cardiovascular risk. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:278 84. S4.5-14. A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and depen- dence: a US Public Health Service report. The Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline panel, staff, and consortium representatives. JAMA. 2000;283:3244 54. S4.5-15. Tobacco Use and Dependence Guideline Panel Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2008. S4.5-16. Pbert L, Fletcher KE, Flint AJ, et al. Smoking prevention and cessation intervention delivery by pediatric providers, as assessed with patient exit interviews. Pediatrics. 2006;118:e810 24. S4.5-17. Wang M, Wang J-W, Cao S-S, et al. Cigarette smoking and electronic cigarettes use: a meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13:120. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010120. S4.5-18. Jha P, Ramasundarahettige C, Landsman V, et al. 21st-century haz- ards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:341 50. S4.5-19. Barua RS, Rigotti NA, Benowitz NL, et al. 2018 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Tobacco Cessation Treatment: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:3332 65. S4.5-20. Anthenelli RM, Benowitz NL, West R, et al.


2018;72:3332 65. S4.5-20. Anthenelli RM, Benowitz NL, West R, et al. Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders (EAGLES): a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet. 2016;387:2507 20. S4.5-21. Prochaska JJ, Benowitz NL. The past, present, and future of nicotine addiction therapy. Annu Rev Med. 2016;67:467 86. S4.5-22. Rigotti NA, Clair C, Munafo MR, et al. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012:CD001837. S4.5-23. US Preventive Services Task Force. Final Recommendation Statement: Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions. 2017. Available at: https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/ RecommendationStatementFinal/tobacco-use-in-adults-and-pregnant- women-counseling-and-interventions1. Accessed January 5, 2019. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES S4.5-24. Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. Available at: http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/ January 5, 2019. S4.5-25. Ahmed AA, Patel K, Nyaku MA, et al. Risk of heart failure and death after prolonged smoking cessation: role of amount and duration of prior smoking. Circ Heart Fail. 2015;8:694 701. S4.5-26. Khan RJ, Stewart CP, Davis SK, et al. The risk and burden of smoking related heart disease mortality among young people in the United States. Tob Induc Dis. 2015;13:16. S4.5-27. NAADAC, the Association for Addiction Professionals. National Certificate in Tobacco Treatment Practice (NCTTP). Available at: https://www.naadac.org/NCTTP. Accessed January 5, 2019. S4.5-28. Association for the Treatment of Tobacco Use and Dependence (ATTUD). Available at: http://www.attud.org. Accessed January 5, 2019. S4.5-29. Council for Tobacco Treatment Training Programs. Accredited pro- grams. Available at: http://ctttp.org/accredited-programs. Accessed January 30, 2019. S4.5-30. Otsuka R, Watanabe H, Hirata K, et al. Acute effects of passive smoking on the coronary circulation in healthy young adults. JAMA. 2001;286:436 41. S4.5-31. Oono IP, Mackay DF, Pell JP. Meta-analysis of the association between secondhand smoke exposure and stroke. J Public Health (Oxf).


Meta-analysis of the association between secondhand smoke exposure and stroke. J Public Health (Oxf). 2011;33:496 502. S4.5-32. US Institute of Medicine Committee on Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Acute Coronary Events. Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects: Making Sense of the Evidence. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. 2010. Available at: http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219565. Accessed January 5, 2019. S4.5-33. US Department of Health and Human Services. The health conse- quences of smoking 50 years of progress: A report of the Surgeon General. ed. Atlanta, GA: 2014. S4.5-34. Tobacco Control Legal Consortium, Public Health Law Center. HUD s rule to restrict smoking in public housing: an overview. Available at: https://publichealthlawcenter.org/sites/default/files/resources/HUD- January 5, 2019. 4.6. Aspirin Use S4.6-1. Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV, Senger CA, et al. Aspirin for the pri- mary prevention of cardiovascular events: a systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:804 13. S4.6-2. Whitlock EP, Burda BU, Williams SB, et al. Bleeding risks with aspirin use for primary prevention in adults: a systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:826 35. S4.6-3. Lotrionte M, Biasucci LM, Peruzzi M, et al. Which aspirin dose and preparation is best for the long-term prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer? Evidence from a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2016;58:495 504. S4.6-4. Raju N, Sobieraj-Teague M, Bosch J, et al. Updated meta-analysis of aspirin in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Am J Med. 2016;129:e35 6. S4.6-5. Ogawa H, Nakayama M, Morimoto T, et al. Low-dose aspirin for primary prevention of atherosclerotic events in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;300:2134 41. S4.6-6. Belch J, MacCuish A, Campbell I, et al.


2008;300:2134 41. S4.6-6. Belch J, MacCuish A, Campbell I, et al. The prevention of progres- sion of arterial disease and diabetes (POPADAD) trial: factorial randomised placebo controlled trial of aspirin and antioxidants in patients with diabetes and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. BMJ. 2008;337:a1840. S4.6-7. Fowkes FGR, Price JF, Stewart MCW, et al. Aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular events in a general population screened for a low ankle brachial index: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;303:841 8. S4.6-8. Ikeda Y, Shimada K, Teramoto T, et al. Low-dose aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in Japanese patients 60 years or older with atherosclerotic risk factors: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312:2510 20. S4.6-9. McNeil JJ, Wolfe R, Woods RL, et al. Effect of aspirin on cardio- vascular events and bleeding in the healthy elderly. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:1509 18. S4.6-10. Garc a Rodr guez LA, Mart n-P rez M, Hennekens CH, et al. Bleeding risk with long-term low-dose aspirin: a systematic review of observa- tional studies. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0160046. S4.6-11. Capodanno D, Angiolillo DJ. Aspirin for primary cardiovascu- lar risk prevention and beyond in diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2016;134:1579 94. S4.6-12. Antithrombotic Trialists (ATT) Collaboration, Baigent C, Blackwell L, et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular dis- ease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2009;373:1849 60. S4.6-13. Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts). Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2315 81. S4.6-14.


Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2315 81. S4.6-14. Pearson TA, Blair SN, Daniels SR, et al. AHA guidelines for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke: 2002 update: consensus panel guide to comprehensive risk reduction for adult patients without coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular diseases. Circulation. 2002;106:388 91. S4.6-15. Bibbins-Domingo K, US Preventive Services Task Force. Aspirin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and colorec- tal cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:836 45. S4.6-16. ASCEND Study Collaborative Group, Bowman L, Mafham M, et al. Effects of aspirin for primary prevention in persons with diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:1529 39. S4.6-17. Gaziano JM, Brotons C, Coppolecchia R, et al. Use of aspirin to reduce risk of initial vascular events in patients at moderate risk of cardiovascular disease (ARRIVE): a randomised, double-blind, pla- cebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;392:1036 46. S4.6-18. Pignone M, Alberts MJ, Colwell JA, et al. Aspirin for primary pre- vention of cardiovascular events in people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association, a scientific state- ment of the American Heart Association, and an expert consen- sus document of the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2010;121:2694 701. S4.6-19. Halvorsen S, Andreotti F, ten Berg JM, et al. Aspirin therapy in pri- mary cardiovascular disease prevention: a position paper of the European Society of Cardiology working group on thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:319 27. S4.6-20. Mora S, Manson JE. Aspirin for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:1195 204. S4.6-21. Miedema MD, Duprez DA, Misialek JR, et al.


2016;176:1195 204. S4.6-21. Miedema MD, Duprez DA, Misialek JR, et al. Use of coronary artery calcium testing to guide aspirin utilization for primary preven- tion: estimates from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2014;7:453 60. S4.6-22. Rothwell PM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, et al. Effects of aspirin on risks of vascular events and cancer according to bodyweight and dose: analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2018;392:387 99. S4.6-23. Ridker PM. Should aspirin be used for primary prevention in the post-statin Era? N Engl J Med. 2018;379:1572 4. 5. COST AND VALUE CONSIDERATIONS S5-1. Weintraub WS, Daniels SR, Burke LE, et al. Value of primordial and primary prevention for cardiovascular disease: a policy state- ment from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;124: 967 90. S5-2. Anderson JL, Heidenreich PA, Barnett PG, et al. ACC/AHA state- ment on cost/value methodology in clinical practice guidelines and performance measures: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:2329 45. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES S5-3. Bress AP, Bellows BK, King JB, et al. Cost-effectiveness of intensive ver- sus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:745 55. S5-4. Moran AE, Odden MC, Thanataveerat A, et al. Cost-effectiveness of hypertension therapy according to 2014 guidelines. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:447 55. S5-5. Park C, Wang G, Durthaler JM, et al. Cost-effectiveness analyses of antihypertensive medicines: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2017;53:S131 42. S5-6. Richman IB, Fairley M, J rgensen ME, et al. Cost-effectiveness of intensive blood pressure management. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1:872 9. S5-7. Heller DJ, Coxson PG, Penko J, et al. Evaluating the impact and cost- effectiveness of statin use guidelines for primary prevention of coro- nary heart disease and stroke. Circulation. 2017;136:1087 98.


Evaluating the impact and cost- effectiveness of statin use guidelines for primary prevention of coro- nary heart disease and stroke. Circulation. 2017;136:1087 98. S5-8. Odden MC, Pletcher MJ, Coxson PG, et al. Cost-effectiveness and population impact of statins for primary prevention in adults aged 75 years or older in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:533 41. S5-9. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. Statin cost-effective- ness in the United States for people at different vascular risk levels. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009;2:65 72. S6-1. Lehr AL, Driver SL, Stone NJ. The ABCDs of lifestyle counseling. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1:505 6. APPENDIX 1. SEARCH CRITERIA 1. Patnode CD, Evans CV, Senger CA, et al. Behavioral counseling to pro- mote a healthful diet and physical activity for cardiovascular disease prevention in adults without known cardiovascular disease risk factors: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2017;318:175 93. 2. LeBlanc ES, Patnode CD, Webber EM, et al. Behavioral and pharmaco- therapy weight loss interventions to prevent obesity-related morbid- ity and mortality in adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2018;320: 1172 91. 3. Selph S, Dana T, Bougatsos C, et al. Screening for abnormal glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review to update the 2008 US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. Report No. 13-05190- EF-1. Rockville, MD: US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2015. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK293871. Accessed January 5, 2019. 4. Patnode CD, Henderson JT, Thompson JH, et al. Behavioral counsel- ing and pharmacotherapy interventions for tobacco cessation in adults, including pregnant women: a review of reviews for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:608 21. 5. Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV, Senger CA, et al.


2015;163:608 21. 5. Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV, Senger CA, et al. Aspirin for the pri- mary prevention of cardiovascular events: a systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:804 13. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES cardiovascular coronary heart myocardial infarction MI CVD CHD cerebrovascular stroke microvascular mortality prevent* Tobacco Use Search since the 2015 review4 Smoking/ smoking exp Tobacco Use Cessation / cigarette* Tobacco Use Disorder / tobacco Electronic Cigarettes/ nicotine Primary Prevention/ vape vaping e-cigarette electronic cigarette electronic nicotine delivery system* ENDS cardiovascular coronary heart myocardial infarction MI CVD CHD cerebrovascular stroke microvascular mortality prevent* Aspirin Use Search since the 2016 review5 Aspirin aspirin exp Cerebrovascular Disorders/ acetylsalicylic acid exp Cardiovascular Diseases/ clopidogrel Primary Prevention/ cardiovascular coronary heart myocardial infarction APPENDIX 1. SEARCH CRITERIA The rapid review conducted by the Evidence-based Practice Center to complete this literature search, in the limited timeframe provided, built on existing systematic reviews conducted on behalf of the USPSTF. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Terms Key Words Nutrition and Diet Search since the 2017 review1 exp Diet/ diet* exp Diet Therapy/ cardiovascular Healthy Diet coronary Primary Prevention/ heart myocardial infarction MI CVD CHD cerebrovascular stroke microvascular mortality prevent* Obesity and Weight Loss Search since the 2018 review2 exp Obesity/ obes* exp Weight Loss overweight Primary Prevention/ weight cardiovascular coronary heart myocardial infarction MI CVD CHD cerebrovascular stroke microvascular mortality prevent* Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Search since the 2015 review3 exp Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ impaired fasting glucose Prediabetic State/ impaired glucose tolerance Glucose Intolerance/ Ifg Primary Prevention/ Igt prediabetes* type 2 diabet* DM Appendix 1. Continued Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Terms Key Words (Continued) (Continued) CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Primary Prevention/ Continued MI CVD CHD cerebrovascular stroke microvascular mortality prevent* Social Determinants of Health Search limited to English.


Continued Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Terms Key Words (Continued) (Continued) CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Primary Prevention/ Continued MI CVD CHD cerebrovascular stroke microvascular mortality prevent* Social Determinants of Health Search limited to English. No date restrictions (conducted 7/11/2018) Similar articles searches were also conducted where potentially highly relevant papers were found NONE SPECIFIED, BUT DUE TO AUTOMATIC TERM MAPPING IN PUBMED, SOME MeSH TERMS MAY HAVE BEEN EMPLOYED Social determinants of health Equity Social status Social deprivation Neighborhood Neighborhood conditions Uninsured Housing Immigration Adverse childhood events Social gradient Educational status Inequalities Sexuality Atherosclerosis cardiovascular Team Based Care Search limited to English, 1/1/2010-10/14/2018 (though earlier articles may have been identified through related articles search) Related articles searches were also conducted where potentially highly relevant papers were found NONE SPECIFIED, BUT DUE TO AUTOMATIC TERM MAPPING IN PUBMED, SOME MeSH TERMS MAY HAVE BEEN EMPLOYED team Team care Collaborative care Multidisciplinary team based team approach prevention Primary prevention Cardiovascular disease, Cholesterol Aspirin Smoking Obesity Heart disease Appendix 1.