Hydraulic formula for calculation of the area of the stenotic mitral valve, other cardiac valves, and central circulatory shunts. I. Am Heart J. 1951;41:1 29. 3. Gorlin WB, Gorlin R. A generalized formulation of the Gorlin formula for calculating the area of the stenotic mitral valve and other stenotic cardiac valves. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;15:246 7. 6.2.1.5. Diagnostic Testing: Exercise Testing 1. Cheitlin MD. Stress echocardiography in mitral stenosis: when is it useful? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:402 4. 2. Cheriex EC, Pieters FA, Janssen JH, et al. Value of exercise Doppler-echocar- diography in patients with mitral stenosis. Int J Cardiol. 1994;45:219 26. 3. Grimaldi A, Olivotto I, Figini F, et al. Dynamic assessment of valvular reserve capacity in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;13:476 82. 4. Suh WM, Kern MJ. Addressing the hemodynamic dilemma of combined mitral and aortic stenosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;71:944 9. 5. Reis G, Motta MS, Barbosa MM, et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiog- raphy for noninvasive assessment and risk stratification of patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:393 401. 6. Roshdy HS, Meshrif AM, El-Dosouky II. Value of the mitral valve resistance in evaluation of symptomatic patients with mild and moderate mitral ste- nosis a dobutamine stress echocardiographic study. Echocardiography. 2014;31:347 52. 6.2.2. Medical Therapy 1. Kim JY, Kim S-H, Myong J-P, et al. Outcomes of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with mitral stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:1123 31. 2. Giugliano RP, O Gara PT. DOACs in Patients with mitral stenosis and atrial fibrillation: time for a randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:1132 4. 3. Olesen KH. The natural history of 271 patients with mitral stenosis under medical treatment. Br Heart J. 1962;24:349 57. 4. Rowe JC, Bland EF, Sprague HB, et al.


1962;24:349 57. 4. Rowe JC, Bland EF, Sprague HB, et al. The course of mitral stenosis without surgery: ten- and twenty-year perspectives. Ann Intern Med. 1960;52:741 9. 5. Szekely P. Systemic embolism and anticoagulant prophylaxis in rheumatic heart disease. Br Med J. 1964;1:1209 12. 6. Wilson JK, Greenwood WF. The natural history of mitral stenosis. Can Med Assoc J. 1954;71:323 31. 7. Omran H, Rang B, Schmidt H, et al. Incidence of left atrial thrombi in patients in sinus rhythm and with a recent neurologic deficit. Am Heart J. 2000;140:658 62. 8. Yusuf J, Goyal M, Mukhopadhyay S, et al. Effect of heart rate control on coagulation status in patients of rheumatic mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation a pilot study. Indian Heart J. 2015;67(suppl 2):S40 5. 9. Rigolin VH, Higgenbotham MB, Robiolio PA, et al. Effect of inadequate cardiac output reserve on exercise tolerance in patients with moderate mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:236 40. 10. Laufer-Perl M, Gura Y, Shimiaie J, et al. Mechanisms of effort intoler- ance in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis: combined echocardiog- raphy and cardiopulmonary stress protocol. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10:622 33. 11. Kitzman DW, Upadhya B, Zhao D. New concepts in an old disease: exer- cise intolerance in moderate mitral stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10:634 6. 12. Saggu DK, Narain VS, Dwivedi SK, et al. Effect of ivabradine on heart rate and duration of exercise in patients with mild-to-moderate mitral steno- sis: a randomized comparison with metoprolol. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2015;65:552 4. 13. Parakh N, Chaturvedi V, Kurian S, et al. Effect of ivabradine vs atenolol on heart rate and effort tolerance in patients with mild to moderate mitral stenosis and normal sinus rhythm. J Card Fail. 2012;18:282 8. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 14. Agrawal V, Kumar N, Lohiya B, et al.


CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 14. Agrawal V, Kumar N, Lohiya B, et al. Metoprolol vs ivabradine in patients with mitral stenosis in sinus rhythm. Int J Cardiol. 2016;221:562 6. 15. Rajesh GN, Sajeer K, Sajeev CG, et al. A comparative study of ivabradine and atenolol in patients with moderate mitral stenosis in sinus rhythm. Indian Heart J. 2016;68:311 5. 16. Iung B, Leenhardt A, Extramiana F. Management of atrial fibrillation in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Heart. 2018;104:1062 8. 17. Krishnamoorthy KM. Incidence and predictors of left atrial thrombus in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis and sinus rhythm: a transesopha- geal echocardiographic study. Echocardiography. 2012;29:876 7. 18. Manjunath CN, Srinivasa KH, Panneerselvam A, et al. Incidence and pre- dictors of left atrial thrombus in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis and sinus rhythm: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. Echocar- diography. 2011;28:457 60. 19. Keenan NG, Cueff C, Cimadevilla C, et al. Usefulness of left atrial volume versus diameter to assess thromboembolic risk in mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106:1152 6. 1. Nunes MCP, Tan TC, Elmariah S, et al. The echo score revisited: impact of incorporating commissural morphology and leaflet displacement to the prediction of outcome for patients undergoing percutaneous mitral valvu- loplasty. Circulation. 2014;129:886 95. 2. Bouleti C, Iung B, Laou nan C, et al. Late results of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy up to 20 years: development and validation of a risk score predicting late functional results from a series of 912 patients. Cir- culation. 2012;125:2119 27. 3. Meneguz-Moreno RA, Costa JR Jr, Gomes NL, et al. Very long term follow- up after percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty. JACC Cardiovasc In- terv. 2018;11:1945 52. 4. Rifaie O, Abdel-Dayem MK, Ramzy A, et al. Percutaneous mitral valvoto- my versus closed surgical commissurotomy. Up to 15 years of follow-up of a prospective randomized study.


Up to 15 years of follow-up of a prospective randomized study. J Cardiol. 2009;53:28 34. 5. Cardoso LF, Grinberg M, Pomerantzeff PMA, et al. Comparison of open commissurotomy and balloon valvuloplasty in mitral stenosis. A five-year follow-up. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004;83:248 52; 3 7. 6. Cotrufo M, Renzulli A, Ismeno G, et al. Percutaneous mitral commissur- otomy versus open mitral commissurotomy: a comparative study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;15:646 51. 7. Song J-K, Kim M-J, Yun S-C, et al. Long-term outcomes of percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty versus open cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardio- vasc Surg. 2010;139:103 10. 8. Arora R, Nair M, Kalra GS, et al. Immediate and long-term results of bal- loon and surgical closed mitral valvotomy: a randomized comparative study. Am Heart J. 1993;125:1091 4. 9. Ben FM, Ayari M, Maatouk F, et al. Percutaneous balloon versus surgical closed and open mitral commissurotomy: seven-year follow-up results of a randomized trial. Circulation. 1998;97:245 50. 10. Patel JJ, Shama D, Mitha AS, et al. Balloon valvuloplasty versus closed commissurotomy for pliable mitral stenosis: a prospective hemodynamic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18:1318 22. 11. Reyes VP, Raju BS, Wynne J, et al. Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty com- pared with open surgical commissurotomy for mitral stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:961 7. 12. Turi ZG, Reyes VP, Raju BS, et al. Percutaneous balloon versus surgical closed commissurotomy for mitral stenosis. A prospective, randomized trial. Circulation. 1991;83:1179 85. 13. Reichart DT, Sodian R, Zenker R, et al. Long-term ( 50 years) results of patients after mitral valve commissurotomy a single-center experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143:S96 8. 14. Yang B, DeBenedictus C, Watt T, et al. The impact of concomitant pulmo- nary hypertension on early and late outcomes following surgery for mitral stenosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;152:394 400.e1. 15.


The impact of concomitant pulmo- nary hypertension on early and late outcomes following surgery for mitral stenosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;152:394 400.e1. 15. Demirkan B, Guray Y, Guray U, et al. The acute effect of percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty on atrial electromechanical delay and P-wave dispersion in patients with mitral stenosis. Herz. 2013;38:210 5. 16. Aviles RJ, Nishimura RA, Pellikka PA, et al. Utility of stress Doppler echocar- diography in patients undergoing percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2001;14:676 81. 17. Bouleti C, Iung B, Himbert D, et al. Relationship between valve calcifica- tion and long-term results of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy for rheumatic mitral stenosis. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;7:381 9. 18. Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10:1 25. 19. Cannan CR, Nishimura RA, Reeder GS, et al. Echocardiographic assess- ment of commissural calcium: a simple predictor of outcome after percu- taneous mitral balloon valvotomy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:175 80. 20. Apostolakis EE, Baikoussis NG. Methods of estimation of mitral valve re- gurgitation for the cardiac surgeon. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;4:34. 21. Badheka AO, Shah N, Ghatak A, et al. Balloon mitral valvuloplasty in the United States: a 13-year perspective. Am J Med. 2014;127:1126 e1 12. 22. Abascal VM, Wilkins GT, O Shea JP, et al. Prediction of successful outcome in 130 patients undergoing percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy. Circu- lation. 1990;82:448 56. 23. Wilkins GT, Weyman AE, Abascal VM, et al. Percutaneous balloon dilata- tion of the mitral valve: an analysis of echocardiographic variables related to outcome and the mechanism of dilatation. Br Heart J. 1988;60:299 308. 24. Sutaria N, Northridge DB, Shaw TR. Significance of commissural calcifica- tion on outcome of mitral balloon valvotomy. Heart. 2000;84:398 402. 25.


Significance of commissural calcifica- tion on outcome of mitral balloon valvotomy. Heart. 2000;84:398 402. 25. Gajjala OR, Durgaprasad R, Velam V, et al. New integrated approach to percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty combining Wilkins score with com- missural calcium score and commissural area ratio. Echocardiography. 2017;34:1284 91. 26. Cho I-J, Hong G-R, Lee SH, et al. Differences in characteristics, left atrial reverse remodeling, and functional outcomes after mitral valve replace- ment in patients with low-gradient very severe mitral stenosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29:759 67. 27. El Sabbagh A, Reddy YNV, Barros-Gomes S, et al. Low-gradient severe mi- tral stenosis: hemodynamic profiles, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8:e010736. 28. Nunes MCP, Tan TC, Elmariah S, et al. Net atrioventricular compliance is an independent predictor of cardiovascular death in mitral stenosis. Heart. 2017;103:1891 8. 29. Eleid MF, Nishimura RA, Lennon RJ, et al. Left ventricular diastolic dys- function in patients with mitral stenosis undergoing percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88:337 44. 30. Cho I-J, Chang H-J, Lee SY, et al. Differential impact of net atrioventricular compliance on clinical outcomes in patients with mitral stenosis according to cardiac rhythm. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30:552 60. 31. Ellis LB, Singh JB, Morales DD, et al. Fifteen-to twenty-year study of one thousand patients undergoing closed mitral valvuloplasty. Circulation. 1973;48:357 64. 32. Finnegan JO, Gray DC, MacVaugh H 3rd, et al. The open approach to mitral commissurotomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1974;67:75 82. 33. Gross RI, Cunningham JN Jr, Snively SL, et al. Long-term results of open radical mitral commissurotomy: ten year follow-up study of 202 patients. Am J Cardiol. 1981;47:821 5. 34. Halseth WL, Elliott DP, Walker EL, et al. Open mitral commissurotomy. A modern re-evaluation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1980;80:842 8. 35. John S, Bashi VV, Jairaj PS, et al.


1980;80:842 8. 35. John S, Bashi VV, Jairaj PS, et al. Closed mitral valvotomy: early results and long-term follow-up of 3724 consecutive patients. Circulation. 1983;68:891 6. 36. Mullin MJ, Engelman RM, Isom OW, et al. Experience with open mitral commissurotomy in 100 consecutive patients. Surgery. 1974;76:974 82. 37. Song H, Kang D-H, Kim JH, et al. Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty versus surgical treatment in mitral stenosis with severe tricuspid regurgitation. Circulation. 2007;116:I246 50. 38. Hart SA, Krasuski RA, Wang A, et al. Pulmonary hypertension and elevat- ed transpulmonary gradient in patients with mitral stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis. 2010;19:708 15. 39. Coutinho GF, Antunes MJ. Surgery for mitral stenosis in patients with pulmonary hypertension: how far can we go? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;152:302 3. 40. Mahfouz RA. Impact of pulmonary artery stiffness on right ventricular function and tricuspid regurgitation after successful percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty: the importance of early intervention. Echocardiogra- phy. 2012;29:1157 63. 41. Arat N, Altay H, Korkmaz S, et al. The effect of baseline pulmonary artery pressure on right ventricular functions after mitral balloon valvuloplasty for rheumatic mitral stenosis: a tissue Doppler imaging study. Turk Kardi- yol Dern Ars. 2008;36:223 30. 42. Vincens JJ, Temizer D, Post JR, et al. Long-term outcome of cardiac surgery in patients with mitral stenosis and severe pulmonary hypertension. Circu- lation. 1995;92:II137 42. 43. Iung B, Leenhardt A, Extramiana F. Management of atrial fibrillation in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Heart. 2018;104:1062 8. 44. Cheitlin MD. Stress echocardiography in mitral stenosis: when is it useful? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:402 4. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 45. Cheriex EC, Pieters FA, Janssen JH, et al. Value of exercise Doppler-echocar- diography in patients with mitral stenosis. Int J Cardiol. 1994;45:219 26. 46. Grimaldi A, Olivotto I, Figini F, et al.


1994;45:219 26. 46. Grimaldi A, Olivotto I, Figini F, et al. Dynamic assessment of valvular reserve capacity in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;13:476 82. 47. Suh WM, Kern MJ. Addressing the hemodynamic dilemma of combined mitral and aortic stenosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;71:944 9. 48. Reis G, Motta MS, Barbosa MM, et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiog- raphy for noninvasive assessment and risk stratification of patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:393 401. 6.3. Nonrheumatic Calcific MS 1. Abramowitz Y, Jilaihawi H, Chakravarty T, et al. Mitral annulus calcifica- tion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:1934 41. 2. Sud K, Agarwal S, Parashar A, et al. Degenerative mitral stenosis: unmet need for percutaneous interventions. Circulation. 2016;133:1594 604. 3. Bertrand PB, Mihos CG, Yucel E. Mitral annular calcification and calcific mitral stenosis: therapeutic challenges and considerations. Curr Treat Op- tions Cardiovasc Med. 2019;21:19. 4. Pasca I, Dang P, Tyagi G, et al. Survival in patients with degenerative mitral stenosis: results from a large retrospective cohort study. J Am Soc Echocar- diogr. 2016;29:461 9. 5. Akram MR, Chan T, McAuliffe S, et al. Non-rheumatic annular mitral ste- nosis: prevalence and characteristics. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10:103 5. 6. Asselbergs FW, Mozaffarian D, Katz R, et al. Association of renal function with cardiac calcifications in older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:834 40. 7. Ix JH, Shlipak MG, Katz R, et al. Kidney function and aortic valve and mitral annular calcification in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50:412 20. 8. Jesri A, Braitman LE, Pressman GS. Severe mitral annular calcification pre- dicts chronic kidney disease. Int J Cardiol. 2008;128:193 6. 9. Pressman GS, Agarwal A, Braitman LE, et al. Mitral annular calcium caus- ing mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol.


Mitral annular calcium caus- ing mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105:389 91. 10. Rao AK, Djamali A, Korcarz CE, et al. Mitral annular calcification is associ- ated with reduced left ventricular function and inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21:747 50. 11. Tsutsui RS, Banerjee K, Kapadia S, et al. Natural history of mitral stenosis in patients with mitral annular calcification. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:1105 7. 12. Reddy YNV, Murgo JP, Nishimura RA. Complexity of defining severe ste- nosis from mitral annular calcification. Circulation. 2019;140:523 5. 13. Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10:1 25. 14. Chu JW, Levine RA, Chua S, et al. Assessing mitral valve area and orifice geometry in calcific mitral stenosis: a new solution by real-time three- dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21:1006 9. 15. Oktay AA, Gilliland YE, Lavie CJ, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of degenerative mitral stenosis: a diagnostic challenge of an emerging car- diac disease. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2017;42:71 100. 16. Movva R, Murthy K, Romero-Corral A, et al. Calcification of the mitral valve and annulus: systematic evaluation of effects on valve anatomy and function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26:1135 42. 17. Hussain ST, Idrees J, Brozzi NA, et al. Use of annulus washer after debride- ment: a new mitral valve replacement technique for patients with severe mitral annular calcification. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;145:1672 4. 18. Kato Y, Hattori K, Bito Y, et al. Simple supra-annular prosthesis insertion for dialysis patients with extensive mitral annular calcification. J Heart Valve Dis. 2011;20:180 3. 19. Lin PY, Kan CD, Luo CY, et al. Mitral valve replacement in the presence of massive posterior annular calcification. J Card Surg. 1999;14:266 9. 20. McEnany MT.


Mitral valve replacement in the presence of massive posterior annular calcification. J Card Surg. 1999;14:266 9. 20. McEnany MT. Mitral valve replacement in the presence of severe valvular and annular calcification. J Card Surg. 1993;8:117 24. 21. Nataf P, Pavie A, Jault F, et al. Intraatrial insertion of a mitral prosthesis in a destroyed or calcified mitral annulus. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;58:163 7. 22. Shapira Y, Weisenberg DE, Vaturi M, et al. The impact of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in infective endocarditis. Isr Med As- soc J. 2007;9:299 302. 23. Guerrero M, Urena M, Himbert D, et al. 1-Year outcomes of transcatheter mitral valve replacement in patients with severe mitral annular calcifica- tion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:1841 53. 7. MITRAL REGURGITATION 7.1. Acute MR 1. Horstkotte D, Schulte HD, Niehues R, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in acute, severe mitral regurgitation: experience in 42 con- secutive patients entering the intensive care unit with pulmonary edema. J Heart Valve Dis. 1993;2:512 22. 2. Yoran C, Yellin EL, Becker RM, et al. Mechanism of reduction of mitral regurgitation with vasodilator therapy. Am J Cardiol. 1979;43:773 7. 3. Nanjappa MC, Ananthakrishna R, Hemanna Setty SK, et al. Acute severe mitral regurgitation following balloon mitral valvotomy: echocardiograph- ic features, operative findings, and outcome in 50 surgical cases. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;81:603 8. 4. Watanabe N. Acute mitral regurgitation. Heart. 2019;105:671 7. 7.1.1. Diagnosis of Acute MR 1. Watanabe N. Acute mitral regurgitation. Heart. 2019;105:671 7. 7.1.2. Medical Therapy 1. Horstkotte D, Schulte HD, Niehues R, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in acute, severe mitral regurgitation: experience in 42 con- secutive patients entering the intensive care unit with pulmonary edema. J Heart Valve Dis. 1993;2:512 22. 2. Yoran C, Yellin EL, Becker RM, et al.


1993;2:512 22. 2. Yoran C, Yellin EL, Becker RM, et al. Mechanism of reduction of mitral regurgitation with vasodilator therapy. Am J Cardiol. 1979;43:773 7. 1. Nanjappa MC, Ananthakrishna R, Hemanna Setty SK, et al. Acute severe mitral regurgitation following balloon mitral valvotomy: echocardiograph- ic features, operative findings, and outcome in 50 surgical cases. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;81:603 8. 2. Ternus BW, Mankad S, Edwards WD, et al. Clinical presentation and echo- cardiographic diagnosis of postinfarction papillary muscle rupture: A re- view of 22 cases. Echocardiography. 2017;34:973 7. 3. Leitman M, Tyomkin V, Raanani E, et al. Assessment and Management of Acute Severe Mitral Regurgitation in the Intensive Care Unit. J Heart Valve Dis. 2017;26:161 8. 4. Pasquier M, Sierro C, Yersin B, et al. Traumatic mitral valve injury after blunt chest trauma: a case report and review of the literature. J Trauma. 2010;68:243 6. 5. Pillai AA, Balasubramonian VR, Munuswamy H, et al. Acute severe mitral regurgitation with cardiogenic shock following balloon mitral valvuloplas- ty: echocardiographic findings and outcomes following surgery. Cardio- vasc Interv Ther. 2019;34:260 8. 7.2. Chronic Primary MR 7.2.2. Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Chronic Primary MR 7.2.2.1. Diagnostic Testing: Initial Diagnosis 1. Bargiggia GS, Tronconi L, Sahn DJ, et al. A new method for quantitation of mitral regurgitation based on color flow Doppler imaging of flow con- vergence proximal to regurgitant orifice. Circulation. 1991;84:1481 9. 2. Recusani F, Bargiggia GS, Yoganathan AP, et al. A new method for quan- tification of regurgitant flow rate using color Doppler flow imaging of the flow convergence region proximal to a discrete orifice. An in vitro study. Circulation. 1991;83:594 604. 3. Tribouilloy C, Shen WF, Quere JP, et al. Assessment of severity of mitral regurgitation by measuring regurgitant jet width at its origin with trans- esophageal Doppler color flow imaging.


Assessment of severity of mitral regurgitation by measuring regurgitant jet width at its origin with trans- esophageal Doppler color flow imaging. Circulation. 1992;85:1248 53. 4. Tribouilloy C, Grigioni F, Avierinos JF, et al. Survival implication of left ventricular end-systolic diameter in mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflets a long-term follow-up multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1961 8. 5. Enriquez-Sarano M, Avierinos J-F, Messika-Zeitoun D, et al. Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:875 83. 6. Ozdogan O, Yuksel A, Gurgun C, et al. Evaluation of the severity of mitral regurgitation by the use of signal void in magnetic resonance imaging. Echocardiography. 2009;26:1127 35. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 7. Pflugfelder PW, Sechtem UP, White RD, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of mitral regurgitation by analysis of left atrial signal loss in cine magnetic resonance. Am Heart J. 1989;117:1113 9. 8. Myerson SG, d Arcy J, Christiansen JP, et al. Determination of clinical outcome in mitral regurgitation with cardiovascular magnetic resonance quantification. Circulation. 2016;133:2287 96. 9. Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, et al. Recommendations for noninvasive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography. Developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardio- vascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30:303 71. 10. Dahm M, Iversen S, Schmid FX, et al. Intraoperative evaluation of recon- struction of the atrioventricular valves by transesophageal echocardiogra- phy. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1987;35(Spec No. 2):140 2. 11. Saiki Y, Kasegawa H, Kawase M, et al. Intraoperative TEE during mitral valve repair: does it predict early and late postoperative mitral valve dys- function? Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66:1277 81. 12. Lancellotti P, Moura L, Pierard LA, et al. European Association of Echocar- diography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation.


European Association of Echocar- diography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation. Part 2: mitral and tricuspid regurgitation (native valve disease). Eur J Echo- cardiogr. 2010;11:307 32. 13. Carabello BA, Crawford FA Jr. Valvular heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:32 41. 14. Tribouilloy CM, Enriquez-Sarano M, Schaff HV, et al. Impact of preoperative symptoms on survival after surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation: rationale for optimizing surgical indications. Circulation. 1999;99:400 5. 15. Gillinov AM, Mihaljevic T, Blackstone EH, et al. Should patients with severe degenerative mitral regurgitation delay surgery until symptoms develop? Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90:481 8. 16. Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Schaff HV, et al. Echocardiographic predic- tion of survival after surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 1994;90:830 7. 17. Schuler G, Peterson KL, Johnson A, et al. Temporal response of left ventricular performance to mitral valve surgery. Circulation. 1979;59: 1218 31. 18. Galderisi M, Cosyns B, Edvardsen T, et al. Standardization of adult transthoracic echocardiography reporting in agreement with recent chamber quantification, diastolic function, and heart valve disease recommendations: an expert con- sensus document of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18:1301 10. 19. Jenner J, S rensson P, Pernow J, et al. Contrast enhancement and image quality influence two- and three-dimensional echocardiographic determi- nation of left ventricular volumes: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2019;13:1179546819831980. 20. Tribouilloy C, Rusinaru D, Szymanski C, et al. Predicting left ventricular dysfunction after valve repair for mitral regurgitation due to leaflet pro- lapse: additive value of left ventricular end-systolic dimension to ejection fraction. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2011;12:702 10. 21. Suri RM, Clavel M-A, Schaff HV, et al. Effect of recurrent mitral regurgi- tation following degenerative mitral valve repair: long-term analysis of competing outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:488 98. 22.


Effect of recurrent mitral regurgi- tation following degenerative mitral valve repair: long-term analysis of competing outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:488 98. 22. Bax JJ, Debonnaire P, Lancellotti P, et al. Transcatheter interventions for mitral regurgitation: multimodality imaging for patient selection and pro- cedural guidance. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:2029 48. 23. Zoghbi WA, Asch FM, Bruce C, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation of val- vular regurgitation after percutaneous valve repair or replacement: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography. Developed in collabora- tion with the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32:431 75. 7.2.2.2. Diagnostic Testing: Changing Signs or Symptoms 1. Antoine C, Benfari G, Michelena HI, et al. Clinical outcome of degenera- tive mitral regurgitation: critical importance of echocardiographic quanti- tative assessment in routine practice. Circulation. 2018;138:1317 26. 2. Tribouilloy CM, Enriquez-Sarano M, Schaff HV, et al. Impact of preop- erative symptoms on survival after surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation: rationale for optimizing surgical indications. Circulation. 1999;99:400 5. 7.2.2.3. Diagnostic Testing: Routine Follow-Up 1. Zilberszac R, Heinze G, Binder T, et al. Long-term outcome of active sur- veillance in severe but asymptomatic primary mitral regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;11:1213 21. 2. Ghoreishi M, Evans CF, DeFilippi CR, et al. Pulmonary hypertension ad- versely affects short- and long-term survival after mitral valve operation for mitral regurgitation: implications for timing of surgery. J Thorac Car- diovasc Surg. 2011;142:1439 52. 3. Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Schaff HV, et al. Echocardiographic predic- tion of survival after surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 1994;90:830 7. 4. Kang D-H, Kim JH, Rim JH, et al. Comparison of early surgery versus con- ventional treatment in asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation. Circula- tion. 2009;119:797 804. 5. Bonow RO.


Comparison of early surgery versus con- ventional treatment in asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation. Circula- tion. 2009;119:797 804. 5. Bonow RO. Chronic mitral regurgitation and aortic regurgitation: have indications for surgery changed? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:693 701. 6. Enriquez-Sarano M, Avierinos J-F, Messika-Zeitoun D, et al. Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:875 83. 7. Rosenhek R, Rader F, Klaar U, et al. Outcome of watchful waiting in as- ymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2006;113:2238 44. 8. Grigioni F, Tribouilloy C, Avierinos JF, et al. Outcomes in mitral regurgita- tion due to flail leaflets a multicenter European study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008;1:133 41. 9. Kang D-H, Park S-J, Sun BJ, et al. Early surgery versus conventional treat- ment for asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation: a propensity analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2398 407. 10. Rosen SE, Borer JS, Hochreiter C, et al. Natural history of the asymp- tomatic/minimally symptomatic patient with severe mitral regurgitation secondary to mitral valve prolapse and normal right and left ventricular performance. Am J Cardiol. 1994;74:374 80. 11. Qui ones MA, Douglas PS, Foster E, et al. American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association clinical competence statement on echocardiog- raphy: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart As- sociation/American College of Physicians American Society of Internal Medicine Task Force on Clinical Competence. Developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography, the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and the Society of Pediatric Echocardiography. Circulation. 2003;107:1068 89. 12. Detaint D, Messika-Zeitoun D, Avierinos J-F, et al. B-type natriuretic pep- tide in organic mitral regurgitation: determinants and impact on outcome. Circulation. 2005;111:2391 7. 13. Sutton TM, Stewart RAH, Gerber IL, et al. Plasma natriuretic peptide levels increase with symptoms and severity of mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:2280 7. 14.


Plasma natriuretic peptide levels increase with symptoms and severity of mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:2280 7. 14. Pizarro R, Bazzino OO, Oberti PF, et al. Prospective validation of the prognostic usefulness of brain natriuretic peptide in asymptomatic patients with chronic severe mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1099 106. 15. Alashi A, Mentias A, Patel K, et al. Synergistic utility of brain natriuretic peptide and left ventricular global longitudinal strain in asymptomatic patients with significant primary mitral regurgitation and preserved sys- tolic function undergoing mitral valve surgery. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:e004451. 16. Klaar U, Gabriel H, Bergler-Klein J, et al. Prognostic value of serial B-type natriuretic peptide measurement in asymptomatic organic mitral regurgi- tation. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13:163 9. 17. Mentias A, Patel K, Patel H, et al. Prognostic utility of brain natri- uretic peptide in asymptomatic patients with significant mitral regur- gitation and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 2016;117:258 63. 18. Magne J, Mahjoub H, Pierard LA, et al. Prognostic importance of brain na- triuretic peptide and left ventricular longitudinal function in asymptomatic degenerative mitral regurgitation. Heart. 2012;98:584 91. 19. Hiemstra YL, Tomsic A, van Wijngaarden SE, et al. Prognostic value of global longitudinal strain and etiology after surgery for primary mitral re- gurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13:577 85. 20. Clavel M-A, Tribouilloy C, Vanoverschelde J-L, et al. Association of B-type natriuretic peptide with survival in patients with degenerative mitral regur- gitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:1297 307. 21. Kim HM, Cho G-Y, Hwang I-C, et al. Myocardial strain in prediction of outcomes after surgery for severe mitral regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;11:1235 44. 7.2.2.4. Diagnostic Testing: Cardiac Catheterization 1. Nishimura RA, Carabello BA. Hemodynamics in the cardiac catheterization laboratory of the 21st century. Circulation. 2012;125:2138 50. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 7.2.2.5.


Hemodynamics in the cardiac catheterization laboratory of the 21st century. Circulation. 2012;125:2138 50. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 7.2.2.5. Diagnostic Testing: Exercise Testing 1. Tischler MD, Battle RW, Ashikaga T, et al. Effects of exercise on left ven- tricular performance determined by echocardiography in chronic, severe mitral regurgitation secondary to mitral valve prolapse. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:397 402. 2. Tischler MD, Battle RW, Saha M, et al. Observations suggesting a high inci- dence of exercise-induced severe mitral regurgitation in patients with mild rheumatic mitral valve disease at rest. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:128 33. 3. Magne J, Lancellotti P, Pi rard LA. Exercise-induced changes in degenera- tive mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:300 9. 4. Magne J, Lancellotti P, Pi rard LA. Exercise pulmonary hypertension in as- ymptomatic degenerative mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2010;122:33 41. 7.2.3. Medical Therapy 1. Ahmed MI, Aban I, Lloyd SG, et al. A randomized controlled phase IIb trial of beta(1)-receptor blockade for chronic degenerative mitral regurgita- tion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:833 8. 2. Nemoto S, Hamawaki M, De Freitas G, et al. Differential effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril versus the beta-adren- ergic receptor blocker atenolol on hemodynamics and left ventricular con- tractile function in experimental mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:149 54. 3. Varadarajan P, Joshi N, Appel D, et al. Effect of beta-blocker therapy on survival in patients with severe mitral regurgitation and normal left ven- tricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102:611 5. 4. Dujardin KS, Enriquez-Sarano M, Bailey KR, et al. Effect of losartan on de- gree of mitral regurgitation quantified by echocardiography. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:570 6. 5. Harris KM, Aeppli DM, Carey CF. Effects of angiotensin-converting en- zyme inhibition on mitral regurgitation severity, left ventricular size, and functional capacity. Am Heart J. 2005;150:1106. 6.


Effects of angiotensin-converting en- zyme inhibition on mitral regurgitation severity, left ventricular size, and functional capacity. Am Heart J. 2005;150:1106. 6. Kizilbash AM, Willett DL, Brickner ME, et al. Effects of afterload reduc- tion on vena contracta width in mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:427 31. 7. Tischler MD, Rowan M, LeWinter MM. Effect of enalapril therapy on left ventricular mass and volumes in asymptomatic chronic, severe mi- tral regurgitation secondary to mitral valve prolapse. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:242 5. 8. Wisenbaugh T, Sinovich V, Dullabh A, et al. Six month pilot study of cap- topril for mildly symptomatic, severe isolated mitral and isolated aortic regurgitation. J Heart Valve Dis. 1994;3:197 204. 1. Tribouilloy CM, Enriquez-Sarano M, Schaff HV, et al. Impact of preop- erative symptoms on survival after surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation: rationale for optimizing surgical indications. Circulation. 1999;99:400 5. 2. Gillinov AM, Mihaljevic T, Blackstone EH, et al. Should patients with severe degenerative mitral regurgitation delay surgery until symptoms develop? Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90:481 8. 3. Rosenhek R, Rader F, Klaar U, et al. Outcome of watchful waiting in as- ymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2006;113:2238 44. 4. Kang D-H, Kim JH, Rim JH, et al. Comparison of early surgery versus con- ventional treatment in asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation. Circula- tion. 2009;119:797 804. 5. Schuler G, Peterson KL, Johnson A, et al. Temporal response of left ven- tricular performance to mitral valve surgery. Circulation. 1979;59:1218 31. 6. Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Schaff HV, et al. Echocardiographic predic- tion of survival after surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 1994;90:830 7. 7. Tribouilloy C, Grigioni F, Avierinos JF, et al. Survival implication of left ven- tricular end-systolic diameter in mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflets a long-term follow-up multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1961 8.


Survival implication of left ven- tricular end-systolic diameter in mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflets a long-term follow-up multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1961 8. 8. Enriquez-Sarano M, Avierinos J-F, Messika-Zeitoun D, et al. Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:875 83. 9. Crawford MH, Souchek J, Oprian CA, et al. Determinants of survival and left ventricular performance after mitral valve replacement. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Valvular Heart Disease. Circulation. 1990;81:1173 81. 10. Borow KM, Green LH, Mann T, et al. End-systolic volume as a predictor of postoperative left ventricular performance in volume overload from valvu- lar regurgitation. Am J Med. 1980;68:655 63. 11. Suri RM, Clavel M-A, Schaff HV, et al. Effect of recurrent mitral regurgi- tation following degenerative mitral valve repair: long-term analysis of competing outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:488 98. 12. Vassileva CM, Mishkel G, McNeely C, et al. Long-term survival of patients undergoing mitral valve repair and replacement: a longitudinal analysis of Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries. Circulation. 2013;127:1870 6. 13. Suri RM, Vanoverschelde J-L, Grigioni F, et al. Association between early surgical intervention vs watchful waiting and outcomes for mitral regurgi- tation due to flail mitral valve leaflets. JAMA. 2013;310:609 16. 14. Grigioni F, Tribouilloy C, Avierinos JF, et al. Outcomes in mitral regurgita- tion due to flail leaflets a multicenter European study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008;1:133 41. 15. Lazam S, Vanoverschelde J-L, Tribouilloy C, et al. Twenty-year outcome af- ter mitral repair versus replacement for severe degenerative mitral regur- gitation: analysis of a large, prospective, multicenter, international registry. Circulation. 2017;135:410 22. 16. Tribouilloy C, Rusinaru D, Szymanski C, et al.


2017;135:410 22. 16. Tribouilloy C, Rusinaru D, Szymanski C, et al. Predicting left ventricular dysfunction after valve repair for mitral regurgitation due to leaflet pro- lapse: additive value of left ventricular end-systolic dimension to ejection fraction. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2011;12:702 10. 17. Feldman T, Kar S, Elmariah S, et al. Randomized comparison of percutane- ous repair and surgery for mitral regurgitation: 5-year results of EVEREST II. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:2844 54. 18. Feldman T, Foster E, Glower DD, et al. Percutaneous repair or surgery for mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1395 406. 19. Dillon J, Yakub MA, Kong PK, et al. Comparative long-term results of mi- tral valve repair in adults with chronic rheumatic disease and degenerative disease: is repair for burnt-out rheumatic disease still inferior to repair for degenerative disease in the current era? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;149:771 7. 20. Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH, Alaulaqi A, et al. Outcomes after repair of the anterior mitral leaflet for degenerative disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;86:708 17. 21. Weiner MM, Hofer I, Lin H-M, et al. Relationship among surgical vol- ume, repair quality, and perioperative outcomes for repair of mitral in- sufficiency in a mitral valve reference center. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148:2021 6. 22. Enriquez-Sarano M, Suri RM, Clavel M-A, et al. Is there an outcome pen- alty linked to guideline-based indications for valvular surgery? Early and long-term analysis of patients with organic mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;150:50 8. 23. David TE, Ivanov J, Armstrong S, et al. A comparison of outcomes of mitral valve repair for degenerative disease with posterior, anterior, and bileaflet prolapse. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;130:1242 9. 24. Suri RM, Schaff HV, Dearani JA, et al. Survival advantage and improved durability of mitral repair for leaflet prolapse subsets in the current era.


Survival advantage and improved durability of mitral repair for leaflet prolapse subsets in the current era. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82:819 26. 25. Castillo JG, Anyanwu AC, El-Eshmawi A, et al. All anterior and bileaflet mitral valve prolapses are repairable in the modern era of reconstructive surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;45:139 45. 26. Chikwe J, Toyoda N, Anyanwu AC, et al. Relation of mitral valve sur- gery volume to repair rate, durability, and survival. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:2397 406. 27. Castillo JG, Anyanwu AC, Fuster V, et al. A near 100% repair rate for mitral valve prolapse is achievable in a reference center: implications for future guidelines. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;144:308 12. 28. El-Eshmawi A, Castillo JG, Tang GHL, et al. Developing a mitral valve cen- ter of excellence. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2018;33:155 61. 29. Bonow RO, Adams DH. The time has come to define centers of excellence in mitral valve repair. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:499 501. 30. Badhwar V, Peterson ED, Jacobs JP, et al. Longitudinal outcome of isolated mitral repair in older patients: results from 14,604 procedures performed from 1991 to 2007. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;94:1870 7. 31. Chikwe J, Goldstone AB, Passage J, et al. A propensity score-adjusted ret- rospective comparison of early and mid-term results of mitral valve repair versus replacement in octogenarians. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:618 26. 32. Starling MR. Effects of valve surgery on left ventricular contractile function in patients with long-term mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 1995;92:811 8. 33. McClure RS, Athanasopoulos LV, McGurk S, et al. One thousand minimally invasive mitral valve operations: early outcomes, late outcomes, and echo- cardiographic follow-up. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;145:1199 206. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 34. Arcidi JM Jr, Rodriguez E, Elbeery JR, et al.


CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 34. Arcidi JM Jr, Rodriguez E, Elbeery JR, et al. Fifteen-year experience with minimally invasive approach for reoperations involving the mitral valve. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143:1062 8. 35. Holzhey DM, Seeburger J, Misfeld M, et al. Learning minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: a cumulative sum sequential probability analy- sis of 3895 operations from a single high-volume center. Circulation. 2013;128:483 91. 36. Mihaljevic T, Jarrett CM, Gillinov AM, et al. Robotic repair of posterior mitral valve prolapse versus conventional approaches: potential realized. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;141:72 80.e1 4. 37. Suri RM, Burkhart HM, Daly RC, et al. Robotic mitral valve repair for all prolapse subsets using techniques identical to open valvuloplasty: estab- lishing the benchmark against which percutaneous interventions should be judged. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;142:970 9. 38. Suri RM, Schaff HV, Meyer SR, et al. Thoracoscopic versus open mitral valve repair: a propensity score analysis of early outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88:1185 90. 39. David TE, Armstrong S, McCrindle BW, et al. Late outcomes of mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation due to degenerative disease. Circulation. 2013;127:1485 92. 40. David TE, David CM, Tsang W, et al. Long-term results of mitral valve repair for regurgitation due to leaflet prolapse. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:1044 53. 41. Quintana E, Suri RM, Thalji NM, et al. Left ventricular dysfunction after mitral valve repair the fallacy of normal preoperative myocardial func- tion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148:2752 60. 42. Sorajja P, Vemulapalli S, Feldman T, et al. Outcomes with transcatheter mitral valve repair in the United States: an STS/ACC TVT registry report. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:2315 27. 43. Yankah CA, Siniawski H, Detschades C, et al. Rheumatic mitral valve re- pair: 22-year clinical results. J Heart Valve Dis. 2011;20:257 64. 7.3. Chronic Secondary MR 7.3.1.


J Heart Valve Dis. 2011;20:257 64. 7.3. Chronic Secondary MR 7.3.1. Stages of Chronic Secondary MR 1. Uretsky S, Gillam L, Lang R, et al. Discordance between echocardiography and MRI in the assessment of mitral regurgitation severity: a prospective multicenter trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:1078 88. 2. Grayburn PA, Carabello B, Hung J, et al. Defining severe secondary mi- tral regurgitation: emphasizing an integrated approach. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:2792 801. 3. Acker MA, Parides MK, Perrault LP, et al. Mitral-valve repair versus re- placement for severe ischemic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:23 32. 4. Goldstein D, Moskowitz AJ, Gelijns AC, et al. Two-year outcomes of sur- gical treatment of severe ischemic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:344 53. 5. Michler RE, Smith PK, Parides MK, et al. Two-year outcomes of surgi- cal treatment of moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:1932 41. 6. Smith PK, Puskas JD, Ascheim DD, et al. Surgical treatment of moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2178 88. 7.3.2. Diagnosis of Chronic Secondary MR 1. Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, et al. Recommendations for noninva- sive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation: a report from the Ameri- can Society of Echocardiography. Developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30:303 71. 2. Grigioni F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Zehr KJ, et al. Ischemic mitral regurgitation: long-term outcome and prognostic implications with quantitative Doppler assessment. Circulation. 2001;103:1759 64. 3. Stone GW, Lindenfeld J, Abraham WT, et al. Transcatheter mitral-valve repair in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:2307 18. 4. Tommaso CL, Fullerton DA, Feldman T, et al. SCAI/AATS/ACC/STS operator and institutional requirements for transcatheter valve repair and replacement. Part II. mitral valve. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:1515 26. 5.


Part II. mitral valve. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:1515 26. 5. Maisano F, Franzen O, Baldus S, et al. Percutaneous mitral valve interven- tions in the real world: early and 1-year results from the ACCESS-EU, a prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized post-approval study of the Mi- traClip therapy in Europe. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:1052 61. 6. Mauri L, Foster E, Glower DD, et al. 4-Year results of a randomized con- trolled trial of percutaneous repair versus surgery for mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:317 28. 7. Bax JJ, Debonnaire P, Lancellotti P, et al. Transcatheter interventions for mitral regurgitation: multimodality imaging for patient selection and pro- cedural guidance. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:2029 48. 8. Zoghbi WA, Asch FM, Bruce C, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation of valvular regurgitation after percutaneous valve repair or replacement: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography. Developed in col- laboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interven- tions, Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Society for Cardiovascu- lar Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32:431 75. 9. Feldman T, Foster E, Glower DD, et al. Percutaneous repair or surgery for mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1395 406. 10. Feldman T, Kar S, Elmariah S, et al. Randomized comparison of percutane- ous repair and surgery for mitral regurgitation: 5-year results of EVEREST II. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:2844 54. 11. Silvestry FE, Rodriguez LL, Herrmann HC, et al. Echocardiographic guid- ance and assessment of percutaneous repair for mitral regurgitation with the Evalve MitraClip: lessons learned from EVEREST I. J Am Soc Echocar- diogr. 2007;20:1131 40. 12. Nickenig G, Estevez-Loureiro R, Franzen O, et al. Percutaneous mitral valve edge-to-edge repair: in-hospital results and 1-year follow-up of 628 pa- tients of the 2011 2012 Pilot European Sentinel Registry. J Am Coll Car- diol. 2014;64:875 84.


Percutaneous mitral valve edge-to-edge repair: in-hospital results and 1-year follow-up of 628 pa- tients of the 2011 2012 Pilot European Sentinel Registry. J Am Coll Car- diol. 2014;64:875 84. 13. Sorajja P, Vemulapalli S, Feldman T, et al. Outcomes with transcatheter mitral valve repair in the United States: an STS/ACC TVT registry report. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:2315 27. 14. Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Jones RH, et al. Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2016;374: 1511 20. 15. Panza JA, Ellis AM, Al-Khalidi HR, et al. Myocardial viability and long-term outcomes in ischemic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:739 48. 16. Ji Q, Zhao Y, Shen J, et al. Predictors of ischemic mitral regurgitation im- provement after surgical revascularization plus mitral valve repair for mod- erate ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Card Surg. 2020;35:528 35. 17. Kopjar T, Gasparovic H, Mestres CA, et al. Meta-analysis of concomitant mitral valve repair and coronary artery bypass surgery versus isolated coro- nary artery bypass surgery in patients with moderate ischaemic mitral re- gurgitation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016;50:212 22. 18. Virk SA, Tian DH, Sriravindrarajah A, et al. Mitral valve surgery and cor- onary artery bypass grafting for moderate-to-severe ischemic mitral re- gurgitation: meta-analysis of clinical and echocardiographic outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017;154:127 36. 7.3.3. Medical Therapy 1. SOLVD Investigators, Yusuf S, Pitt B, et al. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with re- duced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:685 91. 2. Eriksson SV, Eneroth P, Kjekshus J, et al. Neuroendocrine activation in rela- tion to left ventricular function in chronic severe congestive heart failure: a subgroup analysis from the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). Clin Cardiol. 1994;17:603 6. 3.


Neuroendocrine activation in rela- tion to left ventricular function in chronic severe congestive heart failure: a subgroup analysis from the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). Clin Cardiol. 1994;17:603 6. 3. Granger CB, McMurray JJV, Yusuf S, et al. Effects of candesartan in pa- tients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic func- tion intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM- Alternative trial. Lancet. 2003;362:772 6. 4. Krum H, Roecker EB, Mohacsi P, et al. Effects of initiating carvedilol in patients with severe chronic heart failure: results from the COPERNICUS Study. JAMA. 2003;289:712 8. 5. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbid- ity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldac- tone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:709 17. 6. St John Sutton MG, Plappert T, Abraham WT, et al. Effect of cardiac resyn- chronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2003;107:1985 90. 7. van Bommel RJ, Marsan NA, Delgado V, et al. Cardiac resynchroniza- tion therapy as a therapeutic option in patients with moderate-severe functional mitral regurgitation and high operative risk. Circulation. 2011;124:912 9. 8. Kang D-H, Park S-J, Shin S-H, et al. Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibi- tor for functional mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2019;139:1354 65. 9. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013;128:e240 327. 10. Mullens W, Martens P. Sacubitril/valsartan to reduce secondary mitral re- gurgitation. Circulation. 2019;139:1366 70. 11. Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, et al. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1845 53. 12. Stone GW, Lindenfeld J, Abraham WT, et al.


2002;346:1845 53. 12. Stone GW, Lindenfeld J, Abraham WT, et al. Transcatheter mitral-valve repair in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:2307 18. 1. Stone GW, Lindenfeld J, Abraham WT, et al. Transcatheter mitral-valve repair in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:2307 18. 2. Obadia J-F, Messika-Zeitoun D, Leurent G, et al. Percutaneous repair or medical treatment for secondary mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:2297 306. 3. Ailawadi G, Lim DS, Mack MJ, et al. One-year outcomes after MitraClip for functional mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2019;139:37 47. 4. Arnold SV, Chinnakondepalli KM, Spertus JA, et al. Health status after transcatheter mitral-valve repair in heart failure and secondary mitral re- gurgitation: COAPT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:2123 32. 5. Grayburn PA, Sannino A, Packer M. Proportionate and disproportionate functional mitral regurgitation: a new conceptual framework that recon- ciles the results of the MITRA-FR and COAPT trials. JACC Cardiovasc Imag- ing. 2019;12:353 62. 6. Nishimura RA, Bonow RO. Percutaneous repair of secondary mitral regur- gitation a tale of two trials. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:2374 6. 7. Swaans MJ, Bakker ALM, Alipour A, et al. Survival of transcatheter mitral valve repair compared with surgical and conservative treatment in high- surgical-risk patients. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;7:875 81. 8. Auricchio A, Schillinger W, Meyer S, et al. Correction of mitral regurgita- tion in nonresponders to cardiac resynchronization therapy by MitraClip improves symptoms and promotes reverse remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:2183 9. 9. Deja MA, Grayburn PA, Sun B, et al. Influence of mitral regurgitation re- pair on survival in the surgical treatment for ischemic heart failure trial. Circulation. 2012;125:2639 48. regurgitation on late results after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:2128 34. 11.


2012;125:2639 48. regurgitation on late results after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:2128 34. 11. Bax JJ, Braun J, Somer ST, et al. Restrictive annuloplasty and coronary revascularization in ischemic mitral regurgitation results in reverse left ven- tricular remodeling. Circulation. 2004;110:II103 8. 12. Fattouch K, Guccione F, Sampognaro R, et al. POINT: Efficacy of adding mitral valve restrictive annuloplasty to coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with moderate ischemic mitral valve regurgitation: a randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;138:278 85. 13. Samad Z, Shaw LK, Phelan M, et al. Management and outcomes in pa- tients with moderate or severe functional mitral regurgitation and severe left ventricular dysfunction. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2733 41. 14. Nishimura RA, Vahanian A, Eleid MF, et al. Mitral valve disease current management and future challenges. Lancet. 2016;387:1324 34. 15. Deja MA, Grayburn PA, Sun B, et al. Influence of mitral regurgitation re- pair on survival in the surgical treatment for ischemic heart failure trial. Circulation. 2012;125:2639 48. 16. Rankin JS, Grau-Sepulveda M, Shahian DM, et al. The impact of mitral disease etiology on operative mortality after mitral valve operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;106:1406 13. 17. Gammie JS, Chikwe J, Badhwar V, et al. Isolated mitral valve surgery: the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;106:716 27. 18. Kihara T, Gillinov AM, Takasaki K, et al. Mitral regurgitation associated with mitral annular dilation in patients with lone atrial fibrillation: an echocardiographic study. Echocardiography. 2009;26:885 9. 19. Vohra HA, Whistance RN, Magan A, et al. Mitral valve repair for severe mitral regurgitation secondary to lone atrial fibrillation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012;42:634 7. 20. Takahashi Y, Abe Y, Sasaki Y, et al.


2012;42:634 7. 20. Takahashi Y, Abe Y, Sasaki Y, et al. Mitral valve repair for atrial functional mitral regurgitation in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Interact Car- diovasc Thorac Surg. 2015;21:163 8. 21. Goldstein D, Moskowitz AJ, Gelijns AC, et al. Two-year outcomes of sur- gical treatment of severe ischemic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:344 53. 22. Wu AH, Aaronson KD, Bolling SF, et al. Impact of mitral valve annuloplasty on mortality risk in patients with mitral regurgitation and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:381 7. 23. Grigioni F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Zehr KJ, et al. Ischemic mitral regurgitation: long-term outcome and prognostic implications with quantitative Doppler assessment. Circulation. 2001;103:1759 64. 24. Lancellotti P, G rard PL, Pi rard LA. Long-term outcome of patients with heart failure and dynamic functional mitral regurgitation. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1528 32. 25. Trichon BH, Felker GM, Shaw LK, et al. Relation of frequency and sever- ity of mitral regurgitation to survival among patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:538 43. 26. Rossi A, Dini FL, Faggiano P, et al. Independent prognostic value of func- tional mitral regurgitation in patients with heart failure. A quantitative analysis of 1256 patients with ischaemic and non-ischaemic dilated car- diomyopathy. Heart. 2011;97:1675 80. 27. Mihaljevic T, Lam B-K, Rajeswaran J, et al. Impact of mitral valve annulo- plasty combined with revascularization in patients with functional isch- emic mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:2191 201. 28. Harris KM, Sundt TM 3rd, Aeppli D, et al. Can late survival of patients with moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation be impacted by intervention on the valve? Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:1468 75. 29. Benedetto U, Melina G, Roscitano A, et al.


2002;74:1468 75. 29. Benedetto U, Melina G, Roscitano A, et al. Does combined mitral valve surgery improve survival when compared to revascularization alone in patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation? A meta-analysis on 2479 pa- tients. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2009;10:109 14. 30. Cohn LH, Rizzo RJ, Adams DH, et al. The effect of pathophysiology on the surgical treatment of ischemic mitral regurgitation: operative and late risks of repair versus replacement. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1995;9:568 74. 31. Chan KMJ, Punjabi PP, Flather M, et al. Coronary artery bypass surgery with or without mitral valve annuloplasty in moderate functional ischemic mitral regurgitation: final results of the Randomized Ischemic Mitral Evalu- ation (RIME) trial. Circulation. 2012;126:2502 10. 32. Acker MA, Parides MK, Perrault LP, et al. Mitral-valve repair versus re- placement for severe ischemic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:23 32. 33. Sugimoto T, Okada M, Ozaki N, et al. Long-term evaluation of treatment for functional tricuspid regurgitation with regurgitant volume: character- istic differences based on primary cardiac lesion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;117:463 71. 34. Fukuda S, Gillinov AM, McCarthy PM, et al. Determinants of recurrent or residual functional tricuspid regurgitation after tricuspid annuloplasty. Circulation. 2006;114:I582 7. 35. Ling LF, Obuchowski NA, Rodriguez L, et al. Accuracy and interobserver concordance of echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and systolic function: a quality control exercise. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012;25:709 13. 36. Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, et al. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:685 713. 37. Beygui F, Furber A, Del pine S, et al. Routine breath-hold gradient echo MRI-derived right ventricular mass, volumes and function: accuracy, repro- ducibility and coherence study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2004;20:509 16. 38.


Routine breath-hold gradient echo MRI-derived right ventricular mass, volumes and function: accuracy, repro- ducibility and coherence study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2004;20:509 16. 38. Caudron J, Fares J, Vivier P-H, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and variability of three semi-quantitative methods for assessing right ventricular systolic function from cardiac MRI in patients with acquired heart disease. Eur Radiol. 2011;21:2111 20. 39. Maceira AM, Prasad SK, Khan M, et al. Reference right ventricular systolic and diastolic function normalized to age, gender and body surface area from steady-state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2879 88. 40. Navia JL, Brozzi NA, Klein AL, et al. Moderate tricuspid regurgitation with left-sided degenerative heart valve disease: to repair or not to repair? Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93:59 67. 41. Nesser HJ, Tkalec W, Patel AR, et al. Quantitation of right ventricular volumes and ejection fraction by three-dimensional echocardiography in patients: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging and radionuclide ventriculography. Echocardiography. 2006;23:666 80. 42. Pavlicek M, Wahl A, Rutz T, et al. Right ventricular systolic function assess- ment: rank of echocardiographic methods vs. cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2011;12:871 80. 43. Speiser U, Hirschberger M, Pilz G, et al. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion assessed using MRI for semi-quantification of right ventricular ejection fraction. Br J Radiol. 2012;85:e716 21. 44. Magne J, Girerd N, S n chal M, et al. Mitral repair versus replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation: comparison of short-term and long-term survival. Circulation. 2009;120:S104-11. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 45. Lorusso R, Gelsomino S, Vizzardi E, et al. Mitral valve repair or replace- ment for ischemic mitral regurgitation? The Italian Study on the Treat- ment of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation (ISTIMIR). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;145:128 39. 46. McGee EC, Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH, et al.


2013;145:128 39. 46. McGee EC, Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH, et al. Recurrent mitral regurgi- tation after annuloplasty for functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;128:916 24. 47. Miller DC. Ischemic mitral regurgitation redux to repair or to replace? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;122:1059 62. 48. Grayburn PA, Foster E, Sangli C, et al. Relationship between the mag- nitude of reduction in mitral regurgitation severity and left ventricular and left atrial reverse remodeling after MitraClip therapy. Circulation. 2013;128:1667 74. 49. Pibarot P, Delgado V, Bax JJ. MITRA-FR vs. COAPT: lessons from two tri- als with diametrically opposed results. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;20:620 4. 50. Braun J, Bax JJ, Versteegh MI, et al. Preoperative left ventricular dimensions predict reverse remodeling following restrictive mitral annuloplasty in isch- emic mitral regurgitation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005;27:847 53. 51. Kim D-H, Heo R, Handschumacher MD, et al. Mitral valve adaptation to isolated annular dilation: insights into the mechanism of atrial functional mitral regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:665 77. 52. Deferm S, Bertrand PB, Verbrugge FH, et al. Atrial functional mitral regurgita- tion: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:2465 76. 53. Gertz ZM, Raina A, Saghy L, et al. Evidence of atrial functional mitral re- gurgitation due to atrial fibrillation: reversal with arrhythmia control. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:1474 81. 8. TRICUSPID VALVE DISEASE 8.1. Classification and Stages of TR 1. Nath J, Foster E, Heidenreich PA. Impact of tricuspid regurgitation on long- term survival. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:405 9. 2. Topilsky Y, Nkomo VT, Vatury O, et al. Clinical outcome of isolated tricus- pid regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7:1185 94. 3. Lee J-W, Song J-M, Park JP, et al. Long-term prognosis of isolated signifi- cant tricuspid regurgitation. Circ J. 2010;74:375 80. 4.


Long-term prognosis of isolated signifi- cant tricuspid regurgitation. Circ J. 2010;74:375 80. 4. Bar N, Schwartz LA, Biner S, et al. Clinical outcome of isolated tricuspid regurgitation in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and pulmonary hypertension. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018;31:34 41. 5. Benfari G, Antoine C, Miller WL, et al. Excess mortality associated with functional tricuspid regurgitation complicating heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Circulation. 2019;140:196 206. 6. Wang N, Fulcher J, Abeysuriya N, et al. Tricuspid regurgitation is associ- ated with increased mortality independent of pulmonary pressures and right heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:476 84. 7. Chorin E, Rozenbaum Z, Topilsky Y, et al. Tricuspid regurgitation and long- term clinical outcomes. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;21:157 65. 8. Lin G, Nishimura RA, Connolly HM, et al. Severe symptomatic tricuspid valve regurgitation due to permanent pacemaker or implantable cardio- verter-defibrillator leads. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1672 5. 9. Chang JD, Manning WJ, Ebrille E, et al. Tricuspid valve dysfunction fol- lowing pacemaker or cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:2331 41. 10. Paniagua D, Aldrich HR, Lieberman EH, et al. Increased prevalence of sig- nificant tricuspid regurgitation in patients with transvenous pacemakers leads. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:1130 2, A9. 11. Park SJ, Gentry JL 3rd, Varma N, et al. Transvenous extraction of pace- maker and defibrillator leads and the risk of tricuspid valve regurgitation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;4:1421 8. 12. Mediratta A, Addetia K, Yamat M, et al. 3D Echocardiographic location of implantable device leads and mechanism of associated tricuspid regurgi- tation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7:337 47. 13. Addetia K, Harb SC, Hahn RT, et al. Cardiac implantable electronic de- vice lead-induced tricuspid regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:622 36. 14. Topilsky Y, Khanna A, Le Tourneau T, et al.


14. Topilsky Y, Khanna A, Le Tourneau T, et al. Clinical context and mechanism of functional tricuspid regurgitation in patients with and without pulmo- nary hypertension. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:314 23. 15. Mutlak D, Lessick J, Reisner SA, et al. Echocardiography-based spectrum of severe tricuspid regurgitation: the frequency of apparently idiopathic tricuspid regurgitation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007;20:405 8. 16. Zhao SX, Soltanzad N, Swaminathan A, et al. Frequency and associat- ed clinical features of functional tricuspid regurgitation in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2017;119:1371 7. 17. Utsunomiya H, Itabashi Y, Mihara H, et al. Functional tricuspid regur- gitation caused by chronic atrial fibrillation: a real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10:e004897. 18. Yamasaki N, Kondo F, Kubo T, et al. Severe tricuspid regurgitation in the aged: atrial remodeling associated with long-standing atrial fibrillation. J Cardiol. 2006;48:315 23. 19. Maeder MT, Holst DP, Kaye DM. Tricuspid regurgitation contributes to re- nal dysfunction in patients with heart failure. J Card Fail. 2008;14:824 30. 20. Lau GT, Tan HC, Kritharides L. Type of liver dysfunction in heart failure and its relation to the severity of tricuspid regurgitation. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:1405 9. 21. Mangoni AA, DiSalvo TG, Vlahakes GJ, et al. Outcome following isolated tricuspid valve replacement. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;19:68 73. 22. Kim JB, Jung S-H, Choo SJ, et al. Surgical outcomes of severe tricuspid re- gurgitation: predictors of adverse clinical outcomes. Heart. 2013;99:181 7. 23. Ailawadi G, Lapar DJ, Swenson BR, et al. Model for end-stage liver dis- ease predicts mortality for tricuspid valve surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87:1460 7. 8.2. Tricuspid Regurgitation 8.2.1. Diagnosis of TR 1. Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, et al. Recommendations for noninva- sive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation: a report from the Ameri- can Society of Echocardiography.


Recommendations for noninva- sive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation: a report from the Ameri- can Society of Echocardiography. Developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30:303 71. 2. Lancellotti P, Moura L, Pierard LA, et al. European Association of Echocar- diography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation. Part 2: mitral and tricuspid regurgitation (native valve disease). Eur J Echo- cardiogr. 2010;11:307 32. 3. Nishimura RA, Carabello BA. Hemodynamics in the cardiac catheterization laboratory of the 21st century. Circulation. 2012;125:2138 50. 4. Hahn RT. Finding concordance in discord: the value of discordant invasive and echocardiographic pulmonary artery pressure measurements with se- vere tricuspid regurgitation. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:2796 8. 5. Lurz P, Orban M, Besler C, et al. Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and risk stratification of pulmonary hypertension in severe tricuspid regurgita- tion and implications for transcatheter tricuspid valve repair. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:2785 95. 6. Hahn RT, Thomas JD, Khalique OK, et al. Imaging assessment of tricuspid regurgitation severity. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:469 90. 7. Dahou A, Ong G, Hamid N, et al. Quantifying tricuspid regurgitation se- verity: a comparison of proximal isovelocity surface area and novel quan- titative Doppler methods. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:560 2. 8. Hahn RT, Zamorano JL. The need for a new tricuspid regurgitation grading scheme. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18:1342 3. 9. Peri Y, Sadeh B, Sherez C, et al. Quantitative assessment of effective re- gurgitant orifice: impact on risk stratification, and cut-off for severe and torrential tricuspid regurgitation grade. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;21:768 76. 10. Utsunomiya H, Harada Y, Susawa H, et al. Comprehensive evaluation of tricuspid regurgitation location and severity using vena contracta analysis: a color Doppler three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32:1526 37.e2. 11.


Comprehensive evaluation of tricuspid regurgitation location and severity using vena contracta analysis: a color Doppler three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32:1526 37.e2. 11. Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, et al. Recommendations for eval- uation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:777 802. 12. Chopra HK, Nanda NC, Fan P, et al. Can two-dimensional echocardiogra- phy and Doppler color flow mapping identify the need for tricuspid valve repair? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14:1266 74. 13. Dreyfus GD, Corbi PJ, Chan KMJ, et al. Secondary tricuspid regurgitation or dilatation: which should be the criteria for surgical repair? Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:127 32. 14. Lancellotti P, Tribouilloy C, Hagendorff A, et al. European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regur- gitation. Part 1: aortic and pulmonary regurgitation (native valve disease). Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11:223 44. 15. Sugimoto T, Okada M, Ozaki N, et al. Long-term evaluation of treat- ment for functional tricuspid regurgitation with regurgitant volume: CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES characteristic differences based on primary cardiac lesion. J Thorac Car- diovasc Surg. 1999;117:463 71. 16. Ling LF, Obuchowski NA, Rodriguez L, et al. Accuracy and interobserver concordance of echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and systolic function: a quality control exercise. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012;25:709 13. 17. Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, et al. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:685 713. 8.2.2. Medical Therapy 1. Antoniou T, Koletsis EN, Prokakis C, et al. Hemodynamic effects of com- bination therapy with inhaled nitric oxide and iloprost in patients with pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction after high-risk cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2013;27:459 66. 2.


Hemodynamic effects of com- bination therapy with inhaled nitric oxide and iloprost in patients with pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction after high-risk cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2013;27:459 66. 2. McLaughlin VV, Archer SL, Badesch DB, et al. ACCF/AHA 2009 expert consen- sus document on pulmonary hypertension a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association. Developed in collaboration with the Ameri- can College of Chest Physicians; American Thoracic Society, Inc.; and the Pulmonary Hypertension Association. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1573 619. 3. Wang J, Han J, Li Y, et al. Impact of surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation on the progression of tricuspid regurgitation and right-sided heart remodel- ing after mitral-valve surgery: a propensity-score matching analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e004213. 4. Stulak JM, Schaff HV, Dearani JA, et al. Restoration of sinus rhythm by the Maze procedure halts progression of tricuspid regurgitation after mitral surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;86:40 4; discussion 44 5. 8.2.3. Timing of Intervention 1. Staab ME, Nishimura RA, Dearani JA. Isolated tricuspid valve surgery for severe tricuspid regurgitation following prior left heart valve surgery: anal- ysis of outcome in 34 patients. J Heart Valve Dis. 1999;8:567 74. 2. Vassileva CM, Shabosky J, Boley T, et al. Tricuspid valve surgery: the past 10 years from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143:1043 9. 3. Dreyfus GD, Corbi PJ, Chan KMJ, et al. Secondary tricuspid regurgitation or dilatation: which should be the criteria for surgical repair? Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:127 32. 4. Navia JL, Brozzi NA, Klein AL, et al. Moderate tricuspid regurgitation with left-sided degenerative heart valve disease: to repair or not to repair? Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93:59 67. 5. Benedetto U, Melina G, Angeloni E, et al.


2012;93:59 67. 5. Benedetto U, Melina G, Angeloni E, et al. Prophylactic tricuspid annulo- plasty in patients with dilated tricuspid annulus undergoing mitral valve surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143:632 8. 6. Van de Veire NR, Braun J, Delgado V, et al. Tricuspid annuloplasty prevents right ventricular dilatation and progression of tricuspid regurgitation in patients with tricuspid annular dilatation undergoing mitral valve repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;141:1431 9. 7. Calafiore AM, Gallina S, Iac AL, et al. Mitral valve surgery for functional mitral regurgitation: should moderate-or-more tricuspid regurgitation be treated? A propensity score analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87:698 703. 8. Chan V, Burwash IG, Lam B-K, et al. Clinical and echocardiographic im- pact of functional tricuspid regurgitation repair at the time of mitral valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88:1209 15. 9. Kim JB, Yoo DG, Kim GS, et al. Mild-to-moderate functional tricuspid re- gurgitation in patients undergoing valve replacement for rheumatic mitral disease: the influence of tricuspid valve repair on clinical and echocardio- graphic outcomes. Heart. 2012;98:24 30. 10. Yilmaz O, Suri RM, Dearani JA, et al. Functional tricuspid regurgitation at the time of mitral valve repair for degenerative leaflet prolapse: the case for a selective approach. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;142:608 13. 11. Hamandi M, Smith RL, Ryan WH, et al. Outcomes of isolated tricus- pid valve surgery have improved in the modern era. Ann Thorac Surg. 2019;108:11 5. 12. Kim Y-J, Kwon D-A, Kim H-K, et al. Determinants of surgical outcome in pa- tients with isolated tricuspid regurgitation. Circulation. 2009;120:1672 8. 13. Messika-Zeitoun D, Thomson H, Bellamy M, et al. Medical and surgical outcome of tricuspid regurgitation caused by flail leaflets. J Thorac Car- diovasc Surg. 2004;128:296 302. 14. M ller JE, Pellikka PA, Bernheim AM, et al.


14. M ller JE, Pellikka PA, Bernheim AM, et al. Prognosis of carcinoid heart disease: analysis of 200 cases over two decades. Circulation. 2005;112:3320 7. 15. Kadri AN, Menon V, Sammour YM, et al. Outcomes of patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation and congestive heart failure. Heart. 2019;105:1813 7. 16. Lee J-W, Song J-M, Park JP, et al. Long-term prognosis of isolated signifi- cant tricuspid regurgitation. Circ J. 2010;74:375 80. 17. Axtell AL, Bhambhani V, Moonsamy P, et al. Surgery does not improve survival in patients with isolated severe tricuspid regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:715 25. 18. Pfannm ller B, Misfeld M, Borger MA, et al. Isolated reoperative minimally invasive tricuspid valve operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;94:2005 10. 19. Kim JB, Jung S-H, Choo SJ, et al. Clinical and echocardiographic outcomes after surgery for severe isolated tricuspid regurgitation. J Thorac Cardio- vasc Surg. 2013;146:278 84. 20. Mangoni AA, DiSalvo TG, Vlahakes GJ, et al. Outcome following isolated tricuspid valve replacement. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;19:68 73. 21. Zack CJ, Fender EA, Chandrashekar P, et al. National trends and outcomes in isolated tricuspid valve surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:2953 60. 22. Topilsky Y, Khanna AD, Oh JK, et al. Preoperative factors associated with adverse outcome after tricuspid valve replacement. Circulation. 2011;123:1929 39. 23. Fender EA, Petrescu I, Ionescu F, et al. Prognostic importance and pre- dictors of survival in isolated tricuspid regurgitation: a growing problem. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94:2032 9. 24. Topilsky Y, Khanna A, Le Tourneau T, et al. Clinical context and mechanism of functional tricuspid regurgitation in patients with and without pulmo- nary hypertension. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:314 23. 25. Mutlak D, Lessick J, Reisner SA, et al. Echocardiography-based spectrum of severe tricuspid regurgitation: the frequency of apparently idiopathic tricuspid regurgitation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007;20:405 8. 26.


Echocardiography-based spectrum of severe tricuspid regurgitation: the frequency of apparently idiopathic tricuspid regurgitation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007;20:405 8. 26. Taramasso M, Hahn RT, Alessandrini H, et al. The international multicenter TriValve registry: which patients are undergoing transcatheter tricuspid re- pair? JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:1982 90. 27. Asmarats L, Puri R, Latib A, et al. Transcatheter tricuspid valve interven- tions: landscape, challenges, and future directions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:2935 56. 28. Chikwe J, Anyanwu AC. Surgical strategies for functional tricuspid regur- gitation. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;22:90 6. 29. Kwon D-A, Park J-S, Chang H-J, et al. Prediction of outcome in patients undergoing surgery for severe tricuspid regurgitation following mitral valve surgery and role of tricuspid annular systolic velocity. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:659 61. 30. Lee R, Li S, Rankin JS, et al. Fifteen-year outcome trends for valve surgery in North America. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91:677 84. 31. Rogers JH, Bolling SF. The tricuspid valve: current perspective and evolving management of tricuspid regurgitation. Circulation. 2009;119:2718 25. 32. Kwak J-J, Kim Y-J, Kim M-K, et al. Development of tricuspid regurgitation late after left-sided valve surgery: a single-center experience with long- term echocardiographic examinations. Am Heart J. 2008;155:732 7. 33. Chopra HK, Nanda NC, Fan P, et al. Can two-dimensional echocardiogra- phy and Doppler color flow mapping identify the need for tricuspid valve repair? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14:1266 74. 34. Mahesh B, Wells F, Nashef S, et al. Role of concomitant tricuspid surgery in moderate functional tricuspid regurgitation in patients undergoing left heart valve surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;43:2 8. 35. Shiran A, Sagie A. Tricuspid regurgitation in mitral valve disease incidence, prognostic implications, mechanism, and management. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:401 8. 36. Sagie A, Schwammenthal E, Padial LR, et al.


2009;53:401 8. 36. Sagie A, Schwammenthal E, Padial LR, et al. Determinants of functional tricuspid regurgitation in incomplete tricuspid valve closure: Doppler color flow study of 109 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24:446 53. 37. Lin G, Nishimura RA, Connolly HM, et al. Severe symptomatic tricuspid valve regurgitation due to permanent pacemaker or implantable cardio- verter-defibrillator leads. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1672 5. 38. Alqahtani F, Berzingi CO, Aljohani S, et al. Contemporary trends in the use and outcomes of surgical treatment of tricuspid regurgitation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:e007597. 39. Jeganathan R, Armstrong S, Al-Alao B, et al. The risk and outcomes of reoperative tricuspid valve surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95:119 24. 9. PULMONIC VALVE DISEASE 1. Stout KK, Daniels CJ, Aboulhosn JA, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;139:e698 800. 10. MIXED VALVE DISEASE 10.1. Diagnosis of Mixed VHD 1. Unger P, Rosenhek R, Dedobbeleer C, et al. Management of multiple valve disease. Heart. 2011;97:272 7. 2. Lee R, Li S, Rankin JS, et al. Fifteen-year outcome trends for valve surgery in North America. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91:677 84. 3. Venneri L, Khattar RS, Senior R. Assessment of complex multi-valve dis- ease and prosthetic valves. Heart Lung Circ. 2019;28:1436 46. 4. Iung B, Delgado V, Rosenhek R, et al. Contemporary presentation and management of valvular heart disease: the EURObservational Research Pro- gramme Valvular Heart Disease II Survey. Circulation. 2019;140:1156 69. 5. Unger P, Clavel MA, Lindman BR, et al. Pathophysiology and management of multivalvular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2016;13:429 40. 10.2. Timing of Intervention for Mixed VHD 10.2.1. Intervention for Mixed AS and AR 1.


Timing of Intervention for Mixed VHD 10.2.1. Intervention for Mixed AS and AR 1. Zilberszac R, Gabriel H, Schemper M, et al. Outcome of combined stenotic and regurgitant aortic valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:1489 95. 2. Egbe AC, Luis SA, Padang R, et al. Outcomes in moderate mixed aor- tic valve disease: is it time for a paradigm shift? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:2321 9. 10.2.2. Intervention for Mixed AS and MR 1. Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH, Cosgrove DM 3rd, et al. Mitral valve repair with aortic valve replacement is superior to double valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125:1372 87. 2. Nombela-Franco L, Ribeiro HB, Urena M, et al. Significant mitral regurgita- tion left untreated at the time of aortic valve replacement: a comprehen- sive review of a frequent entity in the transcatheter aortic valve replace- ment era. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2643 58. 3. Kiramijyan S, Koifman E, Asch FM, et al. Impact of functional versus or- ganic baseline mitral regurgitation on short- and long-term outcomes af- ter transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Am J Cardiol. 2016;117:839 46. 4. Chakravarty T, Van Belle E, Jilaihawi H, et al. Meta-analysis of the impact of mitral regurgitation on outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve im- plantation. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115:942 9. 5. Cort s C, Amat-Santos IJ, Nombela-Franco L, et al. Mitral regurgitation af- ter transcatheter aortic valve replacement: prognosis, imaging predictors, and potential management. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;9:1603 14. 6. Feldman T, Kar S, Elmariah S, et al. Randomized comparison of percutane- ous repair and surgery for mitral regurgitation: 5-year results of EVEREST II. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:2844 54. 7. Jeong DS, Park PW, Sung K, et al. Long-term clinical impact of functional mitral regurgitation after aortic valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92:1339 45. 8.


Long-term clinical impact of functional mitral regurgitation after aortic valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92:1339 45. 8. Ruel M, Kapila V, Price J, et al. Natural history and predictors of outcome in patients with concomitant functional mitral regurgitation at the time of aortic valve replacement. Circulation. 2006;114:I541 6. 9. Barbanti M, Webb JG, Hahn RT, et al. Impact of preoperative moder- ate/severe mitral regurgitation on 2-year outcome after transcath- eter and surgical aortic valve replacement: insight from the Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valve (PARTNER) Trial Cohort A. Circulation. 2013;128:2776 84. 10. Abdelghani M, Abdel-Wahab M, Hemetsberger R, et al. Fate and long- term prognostic implications of mitral regurgitation in patients undergo- ing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Int J Cardiol. 2019;288:39 43. 10.2.4. Intervention for Mixed MS and AR 1. Gash AK, Carabello BA, Kent RL, et al. Left ventricular performance in patients with coexistent mitral stenosis and aortic insufficiency. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;3:703 11. 2. Unger P, Pibarot P, Tribouilloy C, et al. Multiple and mixed valvular heart diseases. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;11:e007862. 3. Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH, Cosgrove DM 3rd, et al. Mitral valve repair with aortic valve replacement is superior to double valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125:1372 87. 11. PROSTHETIC VALVES 11.1. Evaluation and Selection of Prosthetic Valves 11.1.1. Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Prosthetic Valves 1. Burstow DJ, Nishimura RA, Bailey KR, et al. Continuous wave Doppler echocardiographic measurement of prosthetic valve gradients. A simulta- neous Doppler-catheter correlative study. Circulation. 1989;80:504 14. 2. Baumgartner H, Khan S, DeRobertis M, et al. Effect of prosthetic aortic valve design on the Doppler-catheter gradient correlation: an in vitro study of normal St. Jude, Medtronic-Hall, Starr-Edwards and Hancock valves. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19:324 32. 3. Vandervoort PM, Greenberg NL, Powell KA, et al.


1992;19:324 32. 3. Vandervoort PM, Greenberg NL, Powell KA, et al. Pressure recovery in bileaflet heart valve prostheses. Localized high velocities and gradients in central and side orifices with implications for Doppler-catheter gradient relation in aortic and mitral position. Circulation. 1995;92:3464 72. 4. Dumesnil JG, Honos GN, Lemieux M, et al. Validation and applications of indexed aortic prosthetic valve areas calculated by Doppler echocardiog- raphy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;16:637 43. 5. Van den Brink RBA. Evaluation of prosthetic heart valves by transesopha- geal echocardiography: problems, pitfalls, and timing of echocardiogra- phy. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2006;10:89 100. 6. Vitarelli A, Conde Y, Cimino E, et al. Assessment of severity of mechani- cal prosthetic mitral regurgitation by transoesophageal echocardiography. Heart. 2004;90:539 44. 7. Kronzon I, Sugeng L, Perk G, et al. Real-time 3-dimensional trans- esophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of post-operative mitral annuloplasty ring and prosthetic valve dehiscence. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1543 7. 8. Kim JY, Suh YJ, Han K, et al. Diagnostic value of advanced imaging mo- dalities for the detection and differentiation of prosthetic valve obstruc- tion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:2182 92. 9. Salaun E, Mahjoub H, Girerd N, et al. Rate, timing, correlates, and out- comes of hemodynamic valve deterioration after bioprosthetic surgical aortic valve replacement. Circulation. 2018;138:971 85. 10. Rahimtoola SH. Choice of prosthetic heart valve in adults an update. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:2413 26. 11. van Geldorp MWA, Eric Jamieson WR, Kappetein AP, et al. Patient out- come after aortic valve replacement with a mechanical or biological pros- thesis: weighing lifetime anticoagulant-related event risk against reopera- tion risk. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:881 6, 866.e1 5. 12. Salaun E, Mahjoub H, Dahou A, et al. Hemodynamic deterioration of surgically implanted bioprosthetic aortic valves. J Am Coll Cardiol.


Hemodynamic deterioration of surgically implanted bioprosthetic aortic valves. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:241 51. 13. Dvir D, Bourguignon T, Otto CM, et al. Standardized definition of struc- tural valve degeneration for surgical and transcatheter bioprosthetic aortic valves. Circulation. 2018;137:388 99. 14. Douglas PS, Leon MB, Mack MJ, et al. Longitudinal hemodynamics of transcatheter and surgical aortic valves in the PARTNER trial. JAMA Car- diol. 2017;2:1197 206. 15. Mack MJ, Leon MB, Smith CR, et al. 5-year outcomes of transcatheter aor- tic valve replacement or surgical aortic valve replacement for high surgical risk patients with aortic stenosis (PARTNER 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385:2477 84. 16. Kapadia SR, Leon MB, Makkar RR, et al. 5-Year outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement compared with standard treatment for patients with inoperable aortic stenosis (PARTNER 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385:2485 91. 17. Fernandez-Santos S, Th ron A, Pibarot P, et al. Valve hemodynamic per- formance and myocardial strain after implantation of a third-generation, balloon-expandable, transcatheter aortic valve. Cardiol J. 2019 May 20. Online ahead of print. doi:10.5603/CJ.a2019.0049 18. Manoharan G, Van Mieghem NM, Windecker S, et al. 1-Year outcomes with the Evolut R self-expanding transcatheter aortic valve: from the inter- national FORWARD study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;11:2326 34. CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 19. Gleason TG, Reardon MJ, Popma JJ, et al. 5-Year outcomes of self-ex- panding transcatheter versus surgical aortic valve replacement in high-risk patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:2687 96. 20. Blackman DJ, Saraf S, MacCarthy PA, et al. Long-term durability of trans- catheter aortic valve prostheses. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:537 45. 21. S ndergaard L, Ihlemann N, Capodanno D, et al. Durability of transcath- eter and surgical bioprosthetic aortic valves in patients at lower surgical risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:546 53. 11.2.1.


Durability of transcath- eter and surgical bioprosthetic aortic valves in patients at lower surgical risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:546 53. 11.2.1. Selection of Prosthetic Valve Type: Bioprosthetic Versus Mechanical Valve 1. Goldstone AB, Chiu P, Baiocchi M, et al. Mechanical or biologic pros- theses for aortic-valve and mitral-valve replacement. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1847 57. 2. Badhwar V, Ofenloch JC, Rovin JD, et al. Noninferiority of closely moni- tored mechanical valves to bioprostheses overshadowed by early mortality benefit in younger patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93:748 53. 3. Brown ML, Schaff HV, Lahr BD, et al. Aortic valve replacement in patients aged 50 to 70 years: improved outcome with mechanical versus biologic prostheses. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135:878 84. 4. van Geldorp MWA, Eric Jamieson WR, Kappetein AP, et al. Patient out- come after aortic valve replacement with a mechanical or biological pros- thesis: weighing lifetime anticoagulant-related event risk against reopera- tion risk. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:881 6, 866.e1 5. 5. Kulik A, B dard P, Lam B-K, et al. Mechanical versus bioprosthetic valve replacement in middle-aged patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;30:485 91. 6. Glaser N, Jackson V, Holzmann MJ, et al. Aortic valve replacement with mechanical vs. biological prostheses in patients aged 50 69 years. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2658 67. 7. Chikwe J, Chiang YP, Egorova NN, et al. Survival and outcomes following bioprosthetic vs mechanical mitral valve replacement in patients aged 50 to 69 years. JAMA. 2015;313:1435 42. 8. McClure RS, McGurk S, Cevasco M, et al. Late outcomes comparison of nonelderly patients with stented bioprosthetic and mechanical valves in the aortic position: a propensity-matched analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148:1931 9. 9. Chiang YP, Chikwe J, Moskowitz AJ, et al.


2014;148:1931 9. 9. Chiang YP, Chikwe J, Moskowitz AJ, et al. Survival and long-term out- comes following bioprosthetic vs mechanical aortic valve replacement in patients aged 50 to 69 years. JAMA. 2014;312:1323 9. 10. Kaneko T, Aranki S, Javed Q, et al. Mechanical versus bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement in patients <65 years old. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;147:117 26. 11. Bourguignon T, Bouquiaux-Stablo A-L, Loardi C, et al. Very late outcomes for mitral valve replacement with the Carpentier-Edwards pericardial bio- prosthesis: 25-year follow-up of 450 implantations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148:2004 11.e1. 12. Buratto E, Shi WY, Wynne R, et al. Improved survival after the Ross pro- cedure compared with mechanical aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:1337 44. 13. El-Hamamsy I, Eryigit Z, Stevens L-M, et al. Long-term outcomes after autograft versus homograft aortic root replacement in adults with aortic valve disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376:524 31. 14. Martin E, Mohammadi S, Jacques F, et al. Clinical outcomes following the Ross procedure in adults: a 25-year longitudinal study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:1890 9. 15. Bourguignon T, El Khoury R, Candolfi P, et al. Very long-term outcomes of the Carpentier-Edwards PERIMOUNT aortic valve in patients aged 60 or younger. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;100:853 9. 16. Tuzcu EM, Kapadia SR, Vemulapalli S, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve re- placement of failed surgically implanted bioprostheses: the STS/ACC reg- istry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:370 82. 17. Ye J, Cheung A, Yamashita M, et al. Transcatheter aortic and mitral valve- in-valve implantation for failed surgical bioprosthetic valves: an 8-year single-center experience. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8:1735 44. 18. Dvir D, Webb JG, Bleiziffer S, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in failed bioprosthetic surgical valves. JAMA. 2014;312:162 70. 19. Dvir D, Webb J, Brecker S, et al.


2014;312:162 70. 19. Dvir D, Webb J, Brecker S, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement for degenerative bioprosthetic surgical valves: results from the global valve-in- valve registry. Circulation. 2012;126:2335 44. 20. Coylewright M, Forrest JK, McCabe JM, et al. TAVR in low-risk patients: FDA approval, the new NCD, and shared decision-making. J Am Coll Car- diol. 2020;75:1208 11. 21. Hess EP, Coylewright M, Frosch DL, et al. Implementation of shared deci- sion making in cardiovascular care: past, present, and future. Circ Cardio- vasc Qual Outcomes. 2014;7:797 803. 22. Weber A, Noureddine H, Englberger L, et al. Ten-year comparison of peri- cardial tissue valves versus mechanical prostheses for aortic valve replace- ment in patients younger than 60 years of age. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;144:1075 83. 23. Hammermeister K, Sethi GK, Henderson WG, et al. Outcomes 15 years after valve replacement with a mechanical versus a bioprosthetic valve: final report of the Veterans Affairs randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:1152 8. 24. Chan V, Jamieson WRE, Germann E, et al. Performance of bioprostheses and mechanical prostheses assessed by composites of valve-related com- plications to 15 years after aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131:1267 73. 25. Dunning J, Gao H, Chambers J, et al. Aortic valve surgery: marked in- creases in volume and significant decreases in mechanical valve use an analysis of 41,227 patients over 5 years from the Society for Cardiotho- racic Surgery in Great Britain and Ireland National database. J Thorac Car- diovasc Surg. 2011;142:776 82.e3. 26. Stassano P, L. DT, Monaco M, et al. Aortic valve replacement: a prospective randomized evaluation of mechanical versus biological valves in patients ages 55 to 70 years. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1862 8. 27. Brennan JM, Edwards FH, Zhao Y, et al.


2009;54:1862 8. 27. Brennan JM, Edwards FH, Zhao Y, et al. Long-term safety and effective- ness of mechanical versus biologic aortic valve prostheses in older pa- tients: results from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery National Database. Circulation. 2013;127:1647 55. 28. Banbury MK, Cosgrove DM 3rd, Thomas JD, et al. Hemodynamic stability during 17 years of the Carpentier-Edwards aortic pericardial bioprosthesis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:1460 5. 29. Dellgren G, David TE, Raanani E, et al. Late hemodynamic and clinical out- comes of aortic valve replacement with the Carpentier-Edwards Perimount pericardial bioprosthesis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;124:146 54. 30. Borger MA, Ivanov J, Armstrong S, et al. Twenty-year results of the Han- cock II bioprosthesis. J Heart Valve Dis. 2006;15:49 55. 31. Myk n PSU, Bech-Hansen O. A 20-year experience of 1712 patients with the Biocor porcine bioprosthesis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:76 81. 32. Mazine A, El-Hamamsy I, Verma S, et al. Ross procedure in adults for car- diologists and cardiac surgeons: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:2761 77. 11.2. Antithrombotic Therapy 1. Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Bri t E. Thromboembolic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses. Circula- tion. 1994;89:635 41. 2. Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Wintzen AR, et al. Optimal oral antico- agulant therapy in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:11 7. 3. Sun JCJ, Davidson MJ, Lamy A, et al. Antithrombotic management of pa- tients with prosthetic heart valves: current evidence and future trends. Lancet. 2009;374:565 76. 4. Van de Werf F, Brueckmann M, Connolly SJ, et al. A comparison of dabig- atran etexilate with warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves: the Randomized, phase II study to Evaluate the sAfety and pharmacokinetics of oraL dabIGatran etexilate in patients after heart valve replacemeNt (RE- ALIGN).