However, several studies have demonstrated that de novo piRNAs could be rapidly produced after invasions of novel TEs. For example, P elements invaded D. melanogaster by horizontal transfer from Drosophila willistoni within the last 100 years, and they remain polymorphic in the populations of D. melanogaster [28,33]. Notably, abundant piRNAs specifically repressing P elements are readily detected in the P strains [29]. Furthermore, the adaptation to the novel P element insertion could even occur within the lifetime of a single fly [30]. Penelope is a member of the Penelope-like element (PLE) family and it remains polymorphic in Drosophila virilis [149].
Several studies have shown that de novo piRNAs can be quickly generated in response to invasions by novel transposable elements (TEs). For instance, P elements, which were introduced into D. melanogaster through horizontal transfer from Drosophila willistoni within the past century, remain polymorphic in D. melanogaster populations. In P strains, abundant piRNAs that specifically target and suppress P elements have been observed. Additionally, adaptation to novel P element insertions can occur within the lifespan of a single fly. Similarly, Penelope, a member of the Penelope-like element (PLE) family, is polymorphic in Drosophila virilis.
Several studies have shown that de novo piRNAs can be quickly produced following the introduction of novel transposable elements (TEs). For instance, P elements have invaded D. melanogaster through horizontal transfer from Drosophila willistoni within the past century, and they continue to show variation in D. melanogaster populations. Abundant piRNAs that specifically target P elements are easily identified in the P strains. Additionally, adaptation to a new P element insertion may occur within the lifespan of a single fly. Penelope, which belongs to the Penelope-like element (PLE) family, also remains polymorphic in Drosophila virilis.
De novo piRNAs have been demonstrated to be rapidly generated after the introduction of new transposable elements (TEs) in several studies. For example, P elements have been introduced into D. melanogaster by horizontal transfer from Drosophila willistoni over the last century and are still variable in D. melanogaster populations. Several piRNAs that specifically bind P elements are readily detected in the P strains. Furthermore, adaptation to a new P element insertion can take place within the lifetime of a single fly. Penelope, a member of the Penelope-like element (PLE) family, is also polymorphic in Drosophila virilis.
De novo piRNAs have been demonstrated to be rapidly generated after the introduction of new TEs in several studies. For example, P elements have been horizontally transferred from Drosophila willistoni into D. melanogaster in the last 100 years, and they still vary in D. melanogaster populations. P elements are targeted by a large number of piRNAs that are readily detectable in the P strains. Moreover, adaptation to a new P element insertion can take place during the life of a single fly. Penelope, a member of the Penelope-like element (PLE) family, is also polymorphic in Drosophila virilis.