These dynamic steady states are reminiscent of the “ﬂuctuating steady states” observed in colloidal systems [8, 9]. Driven 2D VL can be used as simple models for a small portion of the vortex systems studied experimentally, for which history eﬀects in the response have been often observed [20] and signatures of criticality at the depinning transition were reported [3, 23]. In fact, in several superconducting materials, the vortex response is modiﬁed after the application of large shaking ac ﬁelds and/or transport currents. Prototypes of such systems are clean NbSe2 single crystals in which the stable vortex phase at low temperatures and weak magnetic ﬁelds is an ordered Bragg Glass (BG) without VL dislocations [24]. When ﬁeld-cooled (FC) from the normal state, the system is trapped in disordered metastable conﬁgurations where the VL is strongly pinned [21, 25].
These dynamic steady states resemble the "fluctuating steady states" observed in colloidal systems [8, 9]. Driven 2D vortex lattices (VL) serve as simplified models for a subset of experimentally studied vortex systems, where history-dependent responses are frequently observed [20], and evidence of critical behavior at the depinning transition has been reported [3, 23]. In many superconducting materials, the vortex response is altered following the application of strong alternating current (ac) fields or transport currents. A notable example is clean NbSe2 single crystals, where the stable vortex phase at low temperatures and weak magnetic fields is an ordered Bragg Glass (BG) free of VL dislocations [24]. When field-cooled (FC) from the normal state, the system becomes trapped in disordered metastable configurations with strong VL pinning [21, 25].
These dynamic steady states are similar to the "fluctuating steady states" seen in colloidal systems. Driven two-dimensional vortex lattices can serve as basic models for certain vortex systems that have been examined experimentally, where history effects in the response have been frequently noted, as well as indicators of criticality at the depinning transition. In several superconducting materials, the vortex response changes following the application of large oscillating magnetic fields or transport currents. Clean NbSe2 single crystals exemplify such systems, where the stable vortex phase at low temperatures and weak magnetic fields is characterized as an ordered Bragg Glass without vortex lattice dislocations. When cooled in a magnetic field from the normal state, the system becomes trapped in disordered metastable configurations that result in strong pinning of the vortex lattice.
These dynamic steady states are analogous to the "fluctuating steady states" observed in colloidal systems. Driven two-dimensional vortex lattices can be used as a simple model for some experimentally studied vortex systems, where history effects in the response have been often observed, and as a sign of criticality at the depinning transition. In many superconducting materials, the vortex response is altered after the application of large oscillating magnetic fields or transport currents. Such systems are represented by clean NbSe2 single crystals, where the vortex phase at low temperature and low magnetic field is described as an ordered Bragg Glass without vortex lattice dislocations. When cooled in a magnetic field from the normal state, the system is trapped in disordered metastable states, leading to strong pinning of the vortex lattice.
These dynamic steady states are analogous to the "fluctuating steady states" observed in colloidal systems. Two-dimensional driven vortex lattices can be used as simple models for some vortex systems that have been studied experimentally, where history effects in the response have been often observed, and signs of criticality at the depinning transition. In many superconductors, the vortex response is modified after the application of large oscillating magnetic fields or transport currents. Clean NbSe2 single crystals are such systems, where the stable vortex phase at low temperatures and weak magnetic fields is an ordered Bragg Glass without vortex lattice dislocations. Upon cooling in a magnetic field from the normal state, the system is trapped in disordered metastable states that lead to strong pinning of the vortex lattice.