Introduction
============

The Antarctic winter is amongst the most extreme environments on earth. Human adaptation to this environment, where severe cold is coupled with moderate altitudes, is poorly understood. In this study, a number of physiological and metabolic measurements were made on a small group of trekkers before and after an attempted winter crossing of Antarctica (White Mars Expedition).

Methods
=======

5 male subjects aged 28-54 yrs were assessed prior to and following a 24 week stay in Antarctica, including 14 weeks above 2,500 m. Measurements included assessment of body fat and bone mineral density (DXA), cardiorespiratory responses to an incremental exercise test, lung and cardiovascular function as well as metabolomic analysis of serum using ^1^H-NMR spectroscopy.

Results
=======

Significant changes were found in the following parameters pre to post expedition, identified using a paired Student t test (mean (SD), p \< 0.05). There was an increase in % lean tissue (79+4 vs. 81+3%), a decrease in % fat tissue (21(4) vs. 19(3) %) and body fat mass (16(5) vs. 14(4) kg), although whole body weight did not change. Both spine bone mineral density (1.2(0.05) vs. 1.13(0.04) g.cm^2^) and FEV~1~:FVC (68(10) vs. 62(8)) were decreased. VO~2max~did not significantly change from the pre-expedition 42mL.kg.min, however an increase was observed pre to post expedition in the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) at each stage (10%) of the VO~2max~test (Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Metabolomics analysis of serum samples revealed changes in two peaks within principal component 2: glucose and a fatty acid CH~2~resonance (Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"} and [1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).

![**A, Mean (SD) RER recorded for each percentile of VO~2max~test, changes in the peak integrals of glucose (B) and the fatty acid CH~2~resonance (C) pre and post expedition**.](2046-7648-4-S1-A121-1){#F1}

Discussion
==========

These results are suggestive of a number of physiological changes resulting from prolonged exposure to the Antarctic winter. In particular, we observed a change in metabolic signature involving changes to both glucose and fatty acid homeostasis with a shift towards increased reliance on carbohydrate metabolism during exercise.

Conclusion
==========

This study has highlighted areas of interest for future investigations into the physiological responses to this unique environment.
