1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological cancer for women due to masking of symptoms in early stage disease. The majority of patients are diagnosed in late stage with a very low 5-year survival rate. However, if patients can be diagnosed in early stage, this number could be increased by 90% \[[@B1]\], so early diagnosis is very important for patient survival. CA125, also known as MUC16, was proposed as a serum biomarker for ovarian cancer in 1983. It is a high molecular weight glycoprotein expressed by 80% of epithelial ovarian cancers \[[@B2]\]. The concentration of serum CA125 is also correlated with disease stage and recurrence, as well as patient survival.

Currently, a combination of serum CA125 level and imaging tests is used for ovarian cancer diagnosis, and serum CA125 alone is used for ovarian cancer screening in routine physical examination tests. Thirty-five kilounits/L is the cutoff value of serum CA125 concentration for ovarian cancer screening and assisting clinical diagnosis. However, not all ovarian cancer patients exhibit perfect diagnostic results during physical examination for ovarian cancer screening, and approximately 20% of women with the cancer have concentrations of serum CA125 lower than 35 kilounits/L \[[@B3]\]. Due to these problematic low CA125 concentration cases, high false negative results are obtained during cancer screening, which does not facilitate early diagnosis of ovarian cancer.

Tumor cells can be both suppressed and stimulated by inflammatory cells, and preoperative inflammatory markers, such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), have been studied in many cancers \[[@B4]--[@B6]\]. In ovarian cancer, NLR is associated with epithelial ovarian cancer and can be used to predict survival after treatment \[[@B7], [@B8]\]. A high NLR is correlated with poor prognosis \[[@B9]\]. All of these results indicate that NLR may be another good indicator for use in ovarian cancer screening.

Based on these findings, identifying a way to avoid false negative results due to low CA125 concentration seems urgent, especially in ovarian cancer screening during routine physical examination testing. In this study, we investigated the possible role of differential leukocyte counts (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes) and NLR in ovarian cancer screening. Based on all the data discussed in this paper, we want to find an additional discriminative marker for ovarian cancer screening, especially to avoid missing diagnoses in normal physical examination testing.

2. Materials and Methods {#sec2}
========================

2.1. Study Subjects {#sec2.1}
-------------------

One hundred seventy-three cases of epithelial ovarian cancer were collected between January 2012 and February 2014 in Tianjin Tumor Hospital, and diagnosis was confirmed by pathological assessment. Clinical and pathological information for these patients was recorded at initial diagnosis. Preoperative blood count values for patients, such as absolute neutrophil value, absolute lymphocyte value, absolute monocyte value, and NLR, were also recorded and calculated for this study. NLR is defined as the absolute neutrophil count divided by the absolute lymphocyte count. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, histological type, and pathological grade, based on the criteria of the FIGO and the World Health Organization, were established in all cases. Seventy healthy controls were selected for physical examination in the same hospital, ranging from 28 to 71 years old. All samples with infectious diseases, blood system diseases, thrombosis, and hemorrhage, which affect blood routine results, were excluded.

2.2. Statistical Analysis {#sec2.2}
-------------------------

All statistical analyses were performed using the statistical software SPSS 18.0 and MedCalc 15.8. Data are summarized as the number of observations, the median, and the range. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess differences in continuous variables among the three groups. To quantify the correlation between categorical variables and continuous clinical variables, Spearman\'s correlation coefficient was used. Logistic regression was used to calculate the predicted probability values for each marker separately and for all combinations of markers, and then the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed. The validity of suitable variables alone and in combination with screening tests for ovarian cancer was assessed using the area under the ROC curve. Serial and parallel analyses were conducted to explore the diagnostic value of variables for ovarian cancer. All statistical tests were two-sided, and differences were considered statistically significant at p-values \< 0.05.

3. Results {#sec3}
==========

3.1. Study Population Characteristics {#sec3.1}
-------------------------------------

Diagnostic samples from 173 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer and 70 healthy controls were used in our study. Detailed clinical information for patients is displayed in Supplemental Tables [1](#supplementary-material-1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [2](#supplementary-material-1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. From the 173 patient samples, there were 21 patients with very low CA125 concentration (lower than 35 U/ml). In our study, the low CA125 concentration group was defined as patients with a concentration equal to or below 35 U/ml, while the high CA125 concentration group possessed concentrations higher than 35 U/ml. There was no significant difference in pathological characteristics between these two groups (Supplemental [Table 3](#supplementary-material-1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Comparison of the clinical parameters between the high CA125 concentration and low concentration groups is shown in [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"}.

According to the*t-*test results comparing high and low concentration group parameters, significant differences were found for the CA125 (*p*≦0.001), neutrophil (*p*=0.002), and NLR (*p*=0.002) parameters. Based on the Spearman analysis, low CA125 concentration in patients was also correlated with the number of neutrophils (r=0.24,*p*=0.001) and with NLR (r=0.239,*p*=0.002) ([Table 2](#tab2){ref-type="table"}).

3.2. Diagnostic Significance of NLR and CA125 in Different Groups {#sec3.2}
-----------------------------------------------------------------

To examine whether NLR is a valuable indicator for ovarian cancer patients, 70 healthy people were included as a control group. The baseline data for the control, low CA125, and high CA125 groups are shown in Supplemental [Table 4](#supplementary-material-1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. According to [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}, compared with the control group, there was a significant difference in NLR values found in both low and high concentration groups. However, for the neutrophil data, there was no difference between the control and low CA125 concentration groups. Based on these results, NLR could be another good indicator for patients with low CA125 concentrations.

To further compare the utility of NLR in ovarian cancer as an additional discriminative marker, ROC curves were used to analyze the entire patient group (including high and the low concentration patients) ([Figure 2(a)](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}) or only the low concentration group ([Figure 2(b)](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). In the entire patient group, the area under the curve (AUC) for CA125 alone was 0.942, with a*p*-value \< 0.0001, while the AUC for CA125 and NLR combined was 0.955, with a*p*-value \< 0.0001. The AUC for CA125 was a little higher than that for CA125 alone, suggesting that the combination of CA125 and the NLR may be a good indicative maker for ovarian cancer prediction compared to CA125 alone, which is used widely now.

In the low concentration group, the AUC for CA125 alone was 0.524, but the*p-*value (0.7236) \> 0.05, indicating CA125 alone is not a suitable marker. The AUC for the CA125 and NLR combined was 0.652, with a*p*-value (0.0323) \< 0.05. Although the AUC for CA125 and NLR combined was not very large, it was still larger than that for CA125 alone and was statistically significant. Based on those results, we believe the CA125 and NLR combined may be a good predicator for the low CA125 concentration group ([Table 3](#tab3){ref-type="table"}).

To categorize patients or healthy people as combined-marker positive or negative and to analyze these two different markers (CA125 alone and CA125 and NLR combined) to identify a good predicator for ovarian cancer screening, the optimal value at a cutoff value point was used. In the entire patient group, the combination marker CA125\>24.55 U/ml and NLR \>3.00 was used, and in the low concentration group, the combination marker CA125\>7.65 U/ml and NLR \>1.72 was used. The CA125 \> 35 U/ml marker, which is widely used for tumor screening in routine physical examination tests, was used for both groups. A true positive or true negative was based on the pathology report of the patient. To evaluate these two different predictive makers, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predicative value (PPV), and negative predicative value (NPV) were calculated as shown in [Table 4](#tab4){ref-type="table"}. All results are shown in [Table 5](#tab5){ref-type="table"}.

In the entire patient group, CA125 \> 35 U/ml yielded a sensitivity of 87.9% and specificity of 100%, with PPV equal to 100% and NPV equal to 76.9%. The combination marker was divided into two groups, CA125 \> 24.55 U/ml and NLR\>3.00 or CA125 \>24.55 U/ml or NLR\>3.00. Using the CA125 \>24.55 U/ml and NLR\>3.00 maker, a sensitivity of 38.2% and specificity of 100%, with PPV equal to 100% and NPV equal to 39.5%, were obtained. The CA125 \>24.55 U/ml or NLR\>3.00 group obtained a sensitivity of 92.5% and specificity of 78.6%, with PPV equal to 91.4% and NPV equal to 80.9%.

In the low concentration group, NPV was 76.9%, but the sensitivity, specificity, and PPV were 0%, indicating CA125\> 35U/ml alone is strongly unsuitable as an ovarian cancer predicator. CA125 \>7.65 U/ml and NLR\>1.72 yielded a sensitivity of 52.4% and specificity of 67.1%, with PPV equal to 32.4% and NPV equal to 82.5%. The CA125 \>7.65 U/ml or NLR\>1.72 group obtained a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 12.9%, with PPV equal to 25.6% and NPV equal to 100%.

4. Discussion {#sec4}
=============

The high fatality rate for ovarian cancer patients is primarily due to a lack of early detection. Many patients are not diagnosed until late stage, so early detection for ovarian cancer is urgent. Routine physical examination is a good way to monitor our health, especially for early detection of cancer. Currently, the concentration of serum CA125 monitoring is the main method used for ovarian cancer screening during physical examination. In addition, in people who have been diagnosed with ovarian cancer, CA125 concentration can also be used to evaluate survival after treatment. Unfortunately, not all ovarian cancer patients exhibit high CA125 concentrations. In our study, 21 of 173 (approximately 12%) patients presented concentrations lower than 35 U/ml, despite being diagnosed with ovarian cancer by FIGO stage from I to IV (Supplemental [Table 3](#supplementary-material-1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Our study only involved 173 patients, so if the study number was increased, we believe the percentage of low CA125 concentrations in cancer would be much larger. Hence, identifying a way to avoid these false negatives due to ovarian cancer cases with low CA125 concentration is very important. Because early cancer stage discovery is mainly based on routine physical examination, a cost-effective assay also should be considered.

Systemic inflammation is associated with many different cancers through induction of angiogenesis, metastasis, and cell proliferation \[[@B10]\]. NLR is an inflammatory marker used for evaluating patient status. For ovarian cancer, pretreatment NLR was elevated in epithelial ovarian cancer and exhibited predictive prognostic significance of survival after treatment. Immune complexes (ICs) are formed by the antigen and antibody against the antigen, and circulating immune complexes (CICs) are free ICs that circulate through body fluids. Normally, large size CICs can be cleared by macrophages, and small size CICs can be expelled from the body by the kidney filtration system. However, some middle size CICs cannot be cleared and remain in the circulatory system. These CICs could activate the inflammatory response, which is a basic mechanism for immune complex disease. In 2010, Daniel et al. demonstrated the existence of CICs involving CA125 and suggested that CA125 CICs provided an explanation for ovarian cancer with low CA125 concentrations \[[@B3]\]. Based on all of these findings, NLR should be a good indicator for ovarian cancer. In addition, because NLR results are very easily obtained, the cost-effectiveness is in accordance with the demands of screening markers for routine physical examination.

One hundred seventy-three ovarian cancer patients were involved in our study, and 21 of them exhibited low CA125 concentrations with no significant difference in age, lymphocyte number, or monocyte number. However, compared with the high concentration group, a significantly lower NLR was found in the low concentration group. According to the Spearman test results, high or low CA125 concentration for cancer patients was positively correlated with NLR. Thus, our study also demonstrates that NLR could be another good marker for ovarian cancer patients. Our ROC-AUC results proved that CA125 and NLR combined should be a good indicator for complete patient groups and for patients with low CA125 concentrations.

The marker we discussed herein is intended to be used for cancer screening during routine physical examination. In other words, positive markers should be maximally distinguished from the entire examination population, despite some false positives. Hence, the patients with the lowest levels would be missed by the marker. For further diagnosis of ovarian cancer and to exclude false positives, tests will be conducted by exams in the hospital, including CT and pathology. Hence, sensitivity and NPV should be the most important characteristics to be considered. The sensitivity rate for a marker is the true positive rate diagnosed by this marker, so the higher the sensitivity, the fewer the patients who will be missed. NPV is a negative predictive value equal to negatives diagnosed by the marker vs the true negatives, so the higher the NPV, the fewer the true positives left.

In the entire patient group, the ROC-AUC for CA125 and NLR (0.955) was a little larger than that for CA125\>35 U/ml alone ([Table 3](#tab3){ref-type="table"}), but the sensitivity was not as good as the traditional method, that is, CA125\>35 U/ml alone. The sensitivity for the combination group was only 38.2%, while CA125\>35 U/ml alone was up to 87.9%. However, for the CA125 or NLR group, both the sensitivity and the NPV were higher than those for the CA125\>35 U/ml alone group, indicating that CA125 \>24.55 U/ml or NLR\>3.00 may be a better predictor for ovarian cancer screening during normal physical examination. NLR is an inflammatory maker correlated with many different malignant and nonmalignant diseases \[[@B11], [@B12]\]. Furthermore, the size of our sample was less than 200, and larger sample numbers and further study are needed to confirm whether CA125 \>24.55 U/ml or NLR\>3.00 can replace the traditional marker alone (CA125\>35 U/ml).

For the low concentration group, we believe these results represent a new strategy for cancer screening during routine physical examination that may avoid missing ovarian cancer cases with low CA125 concentrations. Based on our data ([Table 4](#tab4){ref-type="table"}), the CA125 \> 35 U/ml group had zero sensitivity and zero specificity for ovarian cancer, indicating the traditional screening marker as useless in these cases. Although the CA125 or NLR group had 100% sensitivity and NPV, the specificity was too low at only 12.9%, which was not acceptable by clinical standards. In the CA125 and NLR groups, 52.4% sensitivity and 82.5% NPV were obtained with an acceptable sensitivity (67.1%). Based on these results, we believe that CA125\>7.65 U/ml and NLR \>1.72 may be a good additional discriminative marker for ovarian cancer screening in the population with CA125 lower than 35 U/ml. However, since the number of patients with ovarian cancer in this cohort was limited and all samples were from the oncology hospital, further confirmation will be needed using more samples from more diverse hospitals.

In conclusion, based on our data, we believe that CA125\>7.65 U/ml and NLR \>1.72 would be an effective maker for patients with low CA125 concentration. To avoid missing a diagnosis of ovarian cancer due to a false negative during routine physical examination, a new strategy for cancer screening with two-step evaluation that is easy to conduct and cost-effective needs to be developed ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). However, using lower cutoff concentration for screening can lead to more diagnostic tests and, hence, higher cost of healthcare. Further studies will be needed to establish the outcome benefits of our suggested strategy.

This work was supported by Tianjin Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (Y1511), Tianjin Medical University funding (2110-2JY003, 19KJ01010093), and National Natural Science Funds for Young Scholar of China (81601836).

Data Availability
=================

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article and the supplementary information file(s).

Conflicts of Interest
=====================

The authors do not have any conflicts of interest.

Authors\' Contributions
=======================

Hongyan Zhang and Qianyu Huo carried out experiments, analyzed the data, and participated in the experiment design and manuscript writing. You Cheng and Yunde Liu collected the samples. Lunhui Huang conceived the study and edited the manuscript. Yunde Liu and Huijing Bao supervised and participated in data analysis and interpretation and manuscript writing. Yunde Liu participated in the data analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Hongyan Zhang and Qianyu Huo contributed equally to this work.

Supplementary Materials {#supplementary-material-1}
=======================

###### 

Supplemental Table 1. Patient population characteristics. Supplemental Table 2. Overview on the WBC parameters, NLR, and some normal cancer screening tumor markers for 173 epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Supplemental Table 3. Comparison of pathological characteristics between high CA125 concentrations and low CA125 concentrations in epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Supplemental Table 4. Baseline data of the subjected patients.

###### 

Click here for additional data file.

![Neutrophil cell number (x 10^9^/L) and NLR in control (healthy people), low concentration (CA125≤ 35U/ml), and high concentration (CA125\>35U/ml) groups. NLR in both low and high concentration groups was significantly higher than that in the control group. *∗* p\<0.05, *∗∗* p\<0.01, *∗∗∗* p\<0.001.](BMRI2019-8107906.001){#fig1}

![Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the entire patient group (a) or only the low CA125 concentration patient group (b).](BMRI2019-8107906.002){#fig2}

![The illustration of two-step evaluation procedure for ovarian cancer screening.](BMRI2019-8107906.003){#fig3}

###### 

Comparison of clinical parameters between high CA125 concentrations and low CA125 concentrations in epithelial ovarian cancer patients.

  Parameters              CA125≤ 35 U/ml       CA125\> 35 U/ml           *P* value
  ----------------------- -------------------- ------------------------- -----------
  Age (years)             54.50 (23-71)        55.00 (24-80)             0.733
  CA125 (U/mL)            15.88 (3.45-61.67)   534.40 (40.04-21269.00)   ≦ 0.001
  Neutrophil (x10^9^/L)   3.31 (1.78-8.89)     4.32 (0.54-14.86)         0.002
  Lymphocyte (x10^9^/L)   1.87 (0.65-2.81)     1.61 (0.34-5.45)          0.074
  Monocyte (x10^9^/L)     0.31 (0.21-0.63)     0.40 (0.02-1.36)          0.045
  NLR                     1.84 (1.01-4.35)     2.77 (0.40-22.57)         0.002

###### 

Spearman correlation analysis.

        Neutrophil   NLR
  ----- ------------ -------
  r     0.24         0.239
  *p*   0.001        0.002

###### 

ROC-AUC for individual and combined variable analyses for ovarian cancers.

  Variables                                                                                           ROC-AUC               Cut-off   Value at cut-off point        *p*-value
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------- --------- ----------------------------- -----------
  *Healthy people vs the entire cancer patient group (including low and high CA125 concentrations)*                                                                 
  CA125                                                                                               0.942 (0.905-0.968)   0.5654    CA125 (33.84 *∗*)             \< 0.0001
  CA125 + NLR                                                                                         0.955 (0.921-0.978)   0.6455    CA125 (24.55*∗*) NLR (3.00)   \< 0.0001
                                                                                                                                                                    
  *Healthy people vs the low CA125 concentration group*                                                                                                             
  CA125                                                                                               0.526 (0.418-0.632)   0.2546    CA125 (26.36*∗*)              0.7236
  CA125 + NLR                                                                                         0.652 (0.545-0.749)   0.1942    CA125 (7.68*∗*) NLR (1.72)    0.0323

Abbreviations. AUC: under the curve; ROC-AUC: areas under curves; *∗*: U/mL.

###### 

The formula of the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and the NPV.

                    Pathology results (Gold standard)   Total              
  ----------------- ----------------------------------- -------- --------- -----
  Analyzed marker   Positive                            a (TP)   b (FP)    a+b
  Negative          c (FN)                              d (TN)   c+d       
  Total             a+c                                 b+d      a+b+c+d   

TP: true positive; FP: false positive; FN: false negative; TN: true negative.

Sensitivity=a/(a+c); specificity =d/(b+d); PPV=a/(a+b); NPV=d/(c+d).

###### 

Characterization of the different diagnostic methods for different study groups.

                                      Positive\#   Negative\#   Total   Sensitivity   Specificity   PPV     NPV
  ----------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------- ------------- ------------- ------- -------
  *Entire patient group*                                                                                    
  CA125\>35 U/ml                                                                                            
  Positive                            152          0            152     87.9%         100%          100%    76.9%
  Negative                            21           70           91                                          
  Total                               173          70           243                                         
  CA125 \>24.55 U/ml and NLR\>3.00                                                                          
  Positive                            66           0            66      38.2%         100%          100%    39.5%
  Negative                            107          70           177                                         
  Total                               173          70           243                                         
  CA125 \>24.55 U/ml or NLR\>3.00                                                                           
  Positive                            160          15           175     92.5%         78.6%         91.4%   80.9%
  Negative                            13           55           68                                          
  Total                               173          70           243                                         
                                                                                                            
  *Low concentration patient group*                                                                         
  CA125\>35 U/ml                                                                                            
  Positive                            0            0            0       0%            0%            0%      76.9%
  Negative                            21           70           91                                          
  Total                               21           70           91                                          
  CA125 \>7.65 U/ml and NLR\>1.72                                                                           
  Positive                            11           23           34      52.4%         67.1%         32.4%   82.5%
  Negative                            10           47           57                                          
  Total                               21           70           91                                          
  CA125 \>7.65 U/ml or NLR\>1.72                                                                            
  Positive                            21           61           82      100%          12.9%         25.6%   100%
  Negative                            0            9            9                                           
  Total                               21           70           91                                          

PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value; \#: results based on pathology test.

[^1]: Academic Editor: Abdelaziz M. Thabet
