                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Humphreys and O’Brien
UNPUBLISHED



              CARLOS FRANCISCO CORDON RIVAS, SR.
                                                                               MEMORANDUM OPINION*
              v.     Record No. 1828-18-4                                          PER CURIAM
                                                                                   APRIL 9, 2019
              FAIRFAX COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF
               FAMILY SERVICES


                                    FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
                                                David Bernhard, Judge

                               (Joseph B. Dailey, on brief), for appellant.

                               (Elizabeth D. Teare; May Shallal; John B. Jacob, Jr., Guardian ad
                               litem for the minor children; Office of the County Attorney, on
                               brief), for appellee.


                     Carlos Francisco Cordon Rivas, Sr. (father) appeals the orders terminating his parental rights

              to his children and approving the goal of adoption. Father argues that the circuit court erred in

              finding that the evidence was sufficient to terminate his parental rights and approve the goal of

              adoption because the Fairfax County Department of Family Services (the Department) did not

              provide “appropriate services designed to remedy the conditions that led to the children’s placement

              or continuation in foster care.” Upon reviewing the record and briefs of the parties, we conclude

              that this appeal is without merit. Accordingly, we summarily affirm the decision of the circuit

              court. See Rule 5A:27.




                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                          BACKGROUND1

       “On appeal from the termination of parental rights, this Court is required to review the

evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing in the circuit court.” Yafi v. Stafford

Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 69 Va. App. 539, 550-51 (2018) (quoting Thach v. Arlington Cty. Dep’t of

Human Servs., 63 Va. App. 157, 168 (2014)).

       Father and Nelly Margarita Bonillas de Cordon (mother) are the biological parents to four

children, C., F., A., and R., who are the subject of this appeal. The Department first became

involved with the family in December 2012, when it received a referral alleging mental abuse

and neglect of C. and F.,2 who were six and four years old at the time. The Department received

allegations that mother assaulted father and was arrested. Two days later, mother took C. and F.

and fled to El Salvador. She and the children eventually returned to Virginia.

       In February 2014, the Department received a referral alleging mental abuse and neglect

of C. and F. Another domestic violence incident occurred between mother and father in front of

the children. Neither parent was willing to cooperate with the Department nor participate in

mental health treatment. The Department placed the children in foster care.

       In 2015, A. was born, and the Department returned C. and F. to mother and father’s home

for a trial home visit from October 16, 2015 to November 5, 2015, when it received a referral

alleging physical neglect of C. and F. Mother left the house overnight with the infant, A., and

she did not bring weather-appropriate clothes, extra diapers, or supplies for A. She left C. and


       1
         The record in this case was sealed. Nevertheless, the appeal necessitates unsealing
relevant portions of the record to resolve the issues raised by appellant. Evidence and factual
findings below that are necessary to address the assignments of error are included in this opinion.
Consequently, “[t]o the extent that this opinion mentions facts found in the sealed record, we
unseal only those specific facts, finding them relevant to the decision in this case. The remainder
of the previously sealed record remains sealed.” Levick v. MacDougall, 294 Va. 283, 288 n.1
(2017).
       2
           A. and R. were not born yet.
                                                -2-
F., who were nine and seven years old at the time, home alone. Mother reported various stories

to the Department as to where she had been when she left C. and F. The social worker noticed

that mother did not respond appropriately to all of the questions and occasionally would “stare

off in space.” The Department placed all three children in foster care. Father expressed concern

about mother and her mental health and told the Department that he was not worried about the

children because they were in foster care. The Department tried to discuss placement options

with father, but he refused to make any decisions without mother.

       The Department offered individual therapy for mother, father, C., and F., and it also

provided intensive family preservation services. C. and F. returned home for a trial home visit in

July 2016, while A. returned home for a trial home visit in August 2016. The Fairfax County

Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court (the JDR court) returned the children to their

parents’ custody on September 30, 2016.

       In November 2016, the Department received a referral for physical neglect of C., F., and

A. Mother physically assaulted father in front of the children, and she was arrested. Mother was

held without bond for thirty days, placed on probation for twelve months, and ordered to

participate in mental health treatment and anger management services. The Department

encouraged father to obtain a protective order, but father refused to file for a protective order or

create a safety plan for the children. The Department offered ongoing services and a referral for

father and the children to stay at a domestic violence shelter, but he refused all services. The

children initially stayed with their former foster parents for a fourteen-day respite.

       The Department explored relative placements, including father’s sister, but she had a

small home and several of her own children. Mother could not identify any relatives. Father

told the Department that the only possible relative to take the children would be his sister.




                                                -3-
       The Department returned the children to father’s care until mother’s release from

incarceration because he refused to keep mother away from the children. Father expressed that

his primary goal was to take care of mother, not the children. The children were placed back in

foster care in December 2016. On January 26, 2017, the JDR court returned the children’s

custody to their parents.

       On July 31, 2017, the Department received a referral alleging physical neglect of C., F.,

and A. At the time, mother was pregnant with R. and stopped taking her medication for her

mental illness. On at least two occasions, mother left the children home alone for extended

periods of time.

       Father contacted the Department and expressed concern that mother was no longer seeing

her therapist. When the social workers interviewed C. and F., they reported that mother had left

them alone more than once. C. complained that there was no food, other than cookies and ice

cream, in the house. C. and F. described their mother as staring off and not responding to them

when she was home. Neither C. nor F. wanted to be alone or go anywhere with mother for fear

of what she might do. Both recalled the domestic violence incident that occurred in November

2016 and that father was bleeding a lot.

       When the social workers interviewed mother, she admitted that she stopped taking her

medications because she was pregnant. She was unable to provide any details to the social

workers about her days with the children.

       Father reported that mother was having an “emotional problem” because of the

pregnancy. He stated that mother had been diagnosed with schizophrenia and that the doctor

gave her the option of reducing her medication while she was pregnant. Mother, however,

decided to stop taking the medication altogether, which father thought was a “bad decision.”

Father expressed concern about leaving the children home alone with mother while he went to

                                              -4-
work. Father acknowledged that mother left the children home alone for the day while he was at

work. Father stated that there was no one with whom he could leave the children while he

worked. The Department offered to assist with child care, but it would be a few days before it

began. Father stated that he was unable to stay home and watch the children until child care

would be available. Father also declined the Department’s offer for rental assistance.

       Father told the Department that he did not have any other family or friends who could

watch the children. Father refused to allow the children to be placed in a foster care respite

placement unless mother agreed. Eventually, mother and father agreed to a respite placement

with the previous foster care family. The children cheered at the prospect of returning to the

foster parents’ home. When the social workers took the children to the foster care respite

placement, A. was not wearing a diaper or underwear, and his shoes and socks were saturated

with urine. C. and A. were wearing clothes that were too small. Upon arrival at the foster home,

the children immediately went to bed and fell asleep.

       The Department explored placement options for the children, including placing them with

church members, but the Department could not locate any viable placements. Therefore, the

Department decided to remove the children, instead of continuing with a respite placement,

because mother had violated her probation and father was “not prioritizing the needs of the

children.” Mother was arrested for violating her probation and subsequently hospitalized at

Western State Hospital.

       On August 2, 2017, the JDR court entered emergency removal orders and granted

temporary custody of the children to the Department. At the adjudicatory hearing, the JDR court

found that the children were abused or neglected and ordered mother to comply with mental

health treatment. On October 13, 2017, the JDR court entered the dispositional orders.




                                                -5-
       The Department offered numerous services to the parents. The Department had referred

mother and father for psychological evaluations, parent-child evaluations, individual therapy,

couple’s therapy, and parenting classes. The Department also referred mother for a

neuropsychological evaluation and a psychiatric evaluation.

       The Department arranged for supervised visitation for the parents. While mother was

hospitalized, the Department had offered father opportunities to visit with the children twice a

week, but father stopped visiting for a while when he refused to transport himself to the visits,

after the Department learned that he had a car and a driver’s license and offered to reimburse him

for mileage. Father’s visits recommenced later, but he only visited once per week.

       In September 2017, the Department moved the children to a pre-adoptive home, where

the foster parents spoke English and Spanish. The Department offered homebased services to

the children and the foster family to assist with the transition. The Department also referred C.

and F. to therapy, as they had been experiencing anxiety with their situation.

       In January 2018, the Department filed petitions to terminate mother and father’s parental

rights to C., F., and A. On February 20, 2018, the JDR court entered orders terminating mother

and father’s parental rights to C., F., and A. and approved the goal of adoption. Mother and

father appealed the orders to the circuit court.

       Meanwhile, the Department contacted father prior to R.’s birth to determine his plans for

the child, and at first, father refused to speak with the Department. While mother was

hospitalized, she gave birth to R. in December 2017. Once R. was ready to be discharged from

the hospital, the Department placed R. in the same foster home as C., F., and A. The Department

advised father about the upcoming hearing date and family partnership meeting for R., but father

said that he was too busy at work and could not come. Father requested a paternity test, which

revealed that he was R.’s biological father. Father also told the Department that he would be

                                                   -6-
unable to care for R. for six weeks, which was the earliest age that R. could attend day care.

Father attended few visitations with R. The JDR court adjudicated R. to be at risk of abuse and

neglect and entered a dispositional order on February 9, 2018.

        When mother was released from incarceration, mother met with the social worker

regarding the children. The Department arranged for mother to visit with the children twice per

week, and her visits were separate from father’s visits. Mother also had an additional visit with

R. during the week, but that was discontinued after she abruptly left for El Salvador in April

2018.

        On May 18, 2018, the JDR court terminated mother and father’s parental rights to R. and

approved the goal of adoption. Mother and father appealed to the circuit court.

        On May 30, 2018, the parties appeared before the circuit court to be heard on the appeals

regarding C., F., and A. The Department presented evidence that mother participated in a

parenting class, couple’s counseling, individual counseling, and homebased services. Likewise,

father participated in parenting classes, couple’s counseling, and two rounds of individual

therapy.

        The Department provided evidence concerning the parents’ visits with the children.

Throughout the history of this case, mother did not regularly visit with the children, and when

she did, she was “hesitant” with them. In February and March 2018, mother still required

prompts from the supervisor as to how to interact with the children and detect their needs.

Mother never could articulate the children’s needs or why they were in foster care. In May 2018,

father’s visits were still chaotic. He focused too much attention on one child and not enough

attention on the other three children. Father told the social worker that he intended to be with

mother and hoped to have the children come home. His plan continued to be that mother would

care for the children, while he was at work. Neither parent had progressed to having community

                                               -7-
visits or unsupervised visits. Also, neither parent had demonstrated that they had learned how to

apply what they had learned from the various services provided.

       The Department presented evidence about mother’s mental health. Dr. Nesly Hneich,

mother’s psychiatrist, testified that she had treated mother between January and August 2017,

until mother was hospitalized at Western State Hospital. Mother attended six out of thirteen

visits. Mother’s diagnosis was schizoaffective disorder, and Dr. Hneich provided psychiatric

services, as well as medication management. Mother refused to take an injectable medication

that Dr. Hneich originally suggested, but she did initially agree to a low dose of pills. Dr. Hneich

found that mother had poor insight into her mental condition and displayed symptoms of flat

affect and “bizarre behaviors,” including erratic and disorganized behaviors, as well as

responding to internal stimuli. Dr. Hneich was concerned that when mother was pregnant with

R., she did not receive prenatal care and had stopped her psychiatric medications. Dr. Hneich

explained to mother that there was another medication that was safe to use during pregnancy, but

mother refused it. Dr. Hneich also expressed concern that a patient who is violent toward one

member of the family could be violent with other members of the family. Dr. Hneich testified

that she did not know whether mother was ever going to be capable of handling the stressors

involved with parenting one child, much less four children.

       At the end of the day on May 30, 2018, the parties had not presented all of their evidence,

so the matter was continued to August 22, 2018. Between the May 30, 2018 hearing and the

August 22, 2018 hearing, R.’s appeal came to the circuit court. The circuit court consolidated

R.’s case with C., F., and A.’s cases.

       On August 22, 2018, the Department continued to present its evidence. Amy Anderson, a

counselor, testified that she had been working with F. off and on since February 2015, and she

also counseled C. and F. as siblings. Anderson worked with F. in play therapy, where F.

                                               -8-
displayed feelings of instability and fear that eventually improved over time spent in therapy.

Anderson diagnosed F. with reactive attachment disorder and unspecified anxiety disorder.

Anderson determined that C.’s prognosis was not as good as F.’s prognosis and that C. needed “a

stable home with adults who . . . [were] able to provide adequate and consistent care . . . .”

Anderson also opined that all of the children needed “two parents who [were] fully committed to

caring for them” and who had “very good management skills.”

       Next, the Department offered the testimony of Damaris Cullerton, who had supervised

mother and father’s visits with the children since 2017. Cullerton explained that she had to set

guidelines because initially, father brought too many sweets for the children. Cullerton also had

to discipline the children if C. and F. acted inappropriately, because father would not always

intervene. Father did not have any structure or rules for the children, and he had difficulty

handling all of the children at one time. Father was not comfortable with R., and Cullerton often

had to take care of R., including changing his diaper, feeding him, and soothing him. Cullerton

had to remind father that she was there to help him and not be a nanny. Although father was

slow to respond to Cullerton’s teaching, he did cooperate and was receptive to her instructions.

       Mother, on the other hand, was resistant to Cullerton’s instruction and advice. During the

visits with all four children, mother’s primary focus was on R. Cullerton noticed that A. never

showed any affection toward mother or greeted her.

       During the eighteen months that she supervised the visits, Cullerton did not notice much

improvement in the parents’ skills. Cullerton remained uncomfortable with the prospect of the

parents having unsupervised visits.

       The Department then presented evidence from Dr. William Ling, who had conducted

several parent-child assessments with father and mother since 2014, as well as psychological

evaluations of father, C., and F. Dr. Ling found that father “had tremendous struggle being able

                                                -9-
to balance his need to work a large number of hours in order to be able to financially provide for

the family with the demand that would occur when his wife became incapacitated or unavailable

to parent.” Dr. Ling also found that father had “struggled to be able to set appropriate

boundaries with his wife” because of her mental illness and refusal to take medication at times.

He had difficulties “adequately provid[ing] for the safety of the children when she [became]

disorganized.” Dr. Ling saw father several times between 2014 and 2018, and he found father to

be “remarkably stable from a psychological perspective and from a parenting perspective.”

Dr. Ling concluded that while father “has the appropriate capacities, he’s been unable to

implement them to a satisfactory degree.” Father has not shown that he “can assume direct

responsibility for the children as a single parent.” Dr. Ling opined that father had prioritized his

job first and foremost, and then secondarily, his wife, and lastly, his children. Dr. Ling

expressed concern that father could be too permissive and would not be able to guide and

supervise the children as they grew older.

       Dr. Ling found that mother had a “basic set of parenting skills that were appropriate, but

her ability to apply those skills was greatly dependent on what her psychological or psychiatric

status was from moment to moment.” Dr. Ling noted that “[t]here were periods of time where

she was clearly and significantly compromised in her functioning, not just as an individual but

also her ability to parent her children.” Dr. Ling expressed concern about mother’s ability to stay

on her medication and how her mental health had affected the children.

       Dr. Ling recommended that the level of supervision not be reduced until mother and

father demonstrated at least two years of stability and an ability to handle one child.

       At the conclusion of the evidence presented on August 22, 2018, the circuit court

continued the case to September 6, 2018, for the final day of evidence and argument. On




                                               - 10 -
September 6, 2018, father and mother moved to strike the evidence, which the circuit court

denied.

          Father did not present any evidence, but mother testified about her situation and that she

wanted the children to come home. She verified that she regularly had been receiving her

medication via injections since November 2017, but admitted that she was not participating in

counseling. On cross-examination, mother acknowledged that she had missed her injections

when she went to El Salvador.

          Mother testified about the children and her mental health. When asked if the children had

any special needs, mother replied, “They need a lot of love.” Mother testified that she was

capable of taking care of the children and knew that she needed to take her medication. Mother

explained that the medication helped to keep her calm and reduced her urges to leave the house

or be violent. However, when asked, she could not identify her illness. She testified that if the

children returned home and she became stressed, she would talk to father or take a walk “to get

away from the stress.”

          After hearing the parties’ arguments, the circuit court found that it was in the best

interests of the children to terminate mother and father’s parental rights under Code

§ 16.1-283(B) and (C)(2) and approve the goal of adoption. The circuit court entered the final

orders, and mother and father timely noted their appeals.

                                              ANALYSIS

          “On review, ‘[a] trial court is presumed to have thoroughly weighed all the evidence,

considered the statutory requirements, and made its determination based on the child’s best

interests.’” Castillo v. Loudoun Cty. Dep’t of Family Servs., 68 Va. App. 547, 558 (2018)

(quoting Logan v. Fairfax Cty. Dep’t of Human Dev., 13 Va. App. 123, 128 (1991)). “Where, as

here, the court hears the evidence ore tenus, its finding is entitled to great weight and will not be

                                                  - 11 -
disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Fauquier Cty. Dep’t

of Soc. Servs. v. Ridgeway, 59 Va. App. 185, 190 (2011) (quoting Martin v. Pittsylvania Cty.

Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 3 Va. App. 15, 20 (1986)).

       Father argues that the circuit court erred by terminating his parental rights and approving

the goal of adoption because the Department failed to provide father with reasonable and

appropriate services to remedy the conditions that led to, and required continuation of, the

children’s placement in foster care. Father contends that the Department did not provide any

services to father to reunify the family after it removed the children in 2017.

       “‘Reasonable and appropriate’ efforts can only be judged with reference to the

circumstances of a particular case. Thus, a court must determine what constitutes reasonable and

appropriate efforts given the facts before the court.” Harrison v. Tazewell Cty. Dep’t of Soc.

Servs., 42 Va. App. 149, 163 (2004) (quoting Ferguson v. Stafford Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 14

Va. App. 333, 338 (1992)). The Department “is not required to force its services upon an

unwilling or disinterested parent.” Tackett v. Arlington Cty. Dep’t of Human Servs., 62

Va. App. 296, 323 (2013) (quoting Harris v. Lynchburg Div. of Soc. Servs., 223 Va. 235, 243

(1982)); see also Logan, 13 Va. App. at 130.

       Since 2014, the Department had provided this family numerous services. Over the years,

the Department offered referrals and services for mental health treatment, individual counseling,

couple’s counseling, parenting classes, intensive family prevention services, psychiatric services,

medication management, parent-child assessments, and psychological evaluations. In 2016, the

Department offered ongoing services and a referral for father and the children to go to a domestic

violence shelter, but father refused all services. In 2017, the Department had offered father

assistance with day care and rent, but father refused that assistance.




                                               - 12 -
       The Department also provided supervised visitation opportunities for mother and father.

Father was even offered additional visitation consisting of two days per week, instead of one day

per week, in 2017 and 2018, but he stopped visiting altogether for a while when he refused to

transport himself to visitations. Then, father recommenced visitation but only once per week.

       At the time of the circuit court hearing, the Department had placed C. and F. in foster

care three times, and A. in foster care twice, in the past four years. Furthermore, R. had been in

foster care since his birth. Despite all of the services provided to father over the years, father did

not demonstrate that he could apply what he had learned. He consistently stated that he placed

mother’s needs over the children’s needs. Father never progressed to having unsupervised or

community visits. In 2018, father still relied on mother to do everything during the visits, and he

“scaled back” his role with the children. Dr. Ling concluded that while father “has the

appropriate capacities, he’s been unable to implement them to a satisfactory degree.”

       Father had not substantially corrected the conditions that led to the findings of neglect

and abuse because father and mother continued to live together, mother had a serious mental

illness for which she did not reliably take medication, and father continued to place mother’s

needs above the children’s needs. See Code § 16.1-283(B). Father was unable to remedy those

conditions that led to and required continued foster care. See Code § 16.1-283(C)(2). “It is

clearly not in the best interests of a child to spend a lengthy period of time waiting to find out

when, or even if, a parent will be capable of resuming his [or her] responsibilities.” Tackett, 62

Va. App. at 322 (quoting Kaywood v. Halifax Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 10 Va. App. 535, 540

(1990)).

       Considering the circumstances of this case, the circuit court did not err in holding that the

Department provided reasonable and appropriate services to the parents to help remedy the




                                                - 13 -
conditions that led to, and required the continuation of, foster care. The circuit court did not err

in terminating father’s parental rights and approving the goal of adoption.

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s ruling is summarily affirmed. Rule 5A:27.

                                                                                           Affirmed.




                                                - 14 -
