Filed 8/19/14 Galligan & Biscay v. Galligan CA1/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE


GALLIGAN & BISCAY,
         Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                                                     A138617
v.
JOSEPH GALLIGAN et al.,                                              (San Mateo County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. CIV 509754)
         Defendants and Respondents.


         Galligan & Biscay (G&B) appeals from a judgment in favor of defendants Joseph
Galligan and Maureen Pollard James1 awarding $112,646.25 in contractual, prevailing
party attorney fees to defendants following their successful motion for summary
judgment. We affirm the summary judgment in favor of defendants, but reverse the
award of attorney fees to them.
                                               I. BACKGROUND
A. The Prior Litigation
         On October 29, 2008, Joseph A. Galligan and Gail M. Galligan executed a trust
declaration establishing The Joseph A. Galligan and Gail M. Galligan 2008 Living Trust
(Trust). Joseph died on July 16, 2010, leaving Gail as the sole trustee. Gail resigned as



         1
         Because this litigation involves multiple members of the Galligan family, some
with the same surname, we refer to defendant siblings individually as Joe and Maureen,
and to their brother Patrick by his surname, to avoid confusion, meaning no disrespect to
the parties.
trustee on August 6, 2010, and Bruce Van Alstyne, the named successor trustee,
consented to serve (trustee). On September 5, 2010, Gail died.
       The Trust provided that upon the deaths of Joseph and Gail, their estate would be
divided for the benefit of six of their eight surviving children (including defendants Joe
and Maureen) and four of their grandchildren, and specifically disinherited Joseph and
Gail’s other two children, Patrick and Timothy.
       Joseph was a shareholder in G&B during his lifetime. G&B was formed on or
about August 31, 1976. Under the terms of Joseph’s pour-over will, his interest in the
law firm was to be distributed to the trustee of the Trust upon his death. The trustee was
informed that in the years preceding Joseph’s death, the firm had been informally
winding down, with Joseph performing little, if any, legal work on client matters, and
referring most active engagements to other attorneys. By the time Joseph died, the
trustee was informed, G&B was essentially a dormant law practice with little or no
economic value.
       In a letter to the trustee dated September 24, 2010, Patrick, an attorney, asserted he
was a 50 percent owner of the firm. To substantiate his claim, Patrick presented a copy
of what purported to be a duly signed stock certificate, dated May 6, 1977, representing
100 shares of capital stock in the firm. On February 15, 2011, the trustee filed a petition
for instructions with the San Mateo County Superior Court (case No. 120876) seeking,
among other things, guidance as to how to resolve Patrick’s claims. On March 4, 2011,
Patrick filed an “Opposition and Joinder” to the petition, to which Maureen filed an
opposition on March 14, 2011. Maureen objected to Patrick’s claim he owned half of the
firm. She asserted Patrick’s supposed stock certificate was intentionally altered, and their
father Joseph was the sole owner of the law firm at the time of his death.
       Before Patrick’s claim of ownership of G&B was adjudicated, he filed a creditor’s
claim against Joseph’s estate and Gail’s estate for $800,000, alleging, inter alia, (1) “[t]he
assets of [G&B] . . . was allowed to be dissipated in breach of trust and fiduciary duties
owed to the owners of [G&B], or otherwise[] allowed to be converted to the use of [Joe]
Galligan and others”; (2) Joseph Galligan under the influence of Joe Galligan had caused


                                              2
Patrick to contribute over $200,000 to G&B “which was thereafter unjustly taken and
used for the benefit of [Joe] Galligan, by the use of fraud and deceit, in that they failed to
disclose that they would not recognize Patrick Galligan’s ownership interest in [G&B], or
that [Joe] Galligan otherwise controlled [G&B] . . .”; and (3) Joe and Maureen exercised
undue influence over their parents causing two of their brothers to be disinherited.
       On May 6, 2011, with the trustee’s petition for instructions still pending, Patrick
filed a separate civil lawsuit (case No. CIV 505394) against the Trust, alleging Joe and
Maureen had committed intentional torts resulting in financial losses to him, G&B, and
his parents’ estates, as particularly described in the earlier-served creditor’s claims, which
Patrick attached to his complaint and expressly incorporated by reference.
B. The 2011 Settlement Agreement
       Subject to the approval of the trial court after a noticed hearing, the trustee and
Patrick negotiated and executed a settlement agreement and release in May 2011, under
which Patrick would receive full ownership of G&B and a $30,000 cash payment in
return for his very broad release of all claims he had—known or unknown, disclosed or
undisclosed, suspected or unsuspected—against, inter alia, the Trust, the trustee, and the
Trust beneficiaries “arising out of or in any way related to agreements, relationships,
events, acts or conduct of, between or among the parties, including, but not limited to
matters expressed or implied in or in any way related to the matters described herein,
including, but not limited to, the Trustee’s acts as trustee of the Trust, the allegations of
the pleadings referred to herein, or anything directly or indirectly related thereto, and any
claims between or among any of the parties arising from or relating to the administration
and distribution of the Trust, Joseph’s estate, Gail’s estate, and G&B, and any property of
or entitlement or rights to or under the Trust, Joseph’s estate, Gail’s estate, and G&B.” 2


       2
         For the express purpose of “clarify[ing] the scope of this Agreement and the
releases provided herein,” the agreement included and incorporated 20 paragraphs of
recitals concerning the Trust, the beneficiaries, the dispute over the ownership of G&B,
and the filing and allegations of Patrick’s creditor’s claim and civil action (case No.
CIV 505394).


                                               3
       By amendment to the petition for instructions, the trustee submitted the proposed
settlement to the trial court for approval. On June 6, 2011, the beneficiaries filed an
objection to the amendment to the petition for instructions, requesting specified changes.
Insofar as relevant here, they asked for language to be added to the release to prevent
G&B, a separate legal entity to be controlled by Patrick, from litigating any of the issues
covered by the release against the beneficiaries. The beneficiaries insisted on such
language as a condition for their approval of the settlement: “Unless and until Patrick
and the Trustee both agree that G&B is bound by the same terms and conditions of the
proposed settlement agreement, this proposal will not be acceptable to the beneficiaries
of the Trust.” The beneficiaries proposed that the release provision of the settlement
agreement, paragraph 26, be amended to include wording to the effect that Patrick, on
behalf of G&B as well as himself, was accepting the provisions concerning ownership of
G&B in full satisfaction of any claims he might have, and was also releasing the claims
described in paragraph 26 on behalf of himself and G&B.
       After the beneficiaries’ proposed language was added to paragraph 26, and other
changes were made, Patrick and the trustee resubmitted their agreement to the court, this
time without objection. Before issuing its order approving the settlement agreement, the
trial court required all the beneficiaries to confirm their approval by signing the
agreement in its final form along with Patrick and the trustee, affirming they approved
the agreement as to form and content.
       The final settlement agreement included the following relevant paragraphs,
italicized to highlight pertinent language added to the final agreement before it was
approved by the parties, the Trust beneficiaries, and the court:
       “23.   The Parties agree that the Trust has a 50% ownership interest in
G&B and Patrick has a 50% ownership interest in G&B.
       “24.   With respect to G&B, the Parties agree to the following, which will be
completed within a reasonable time after court approval:




                                              4
              “a. The Trustee will distribute to Patrick the Trust’s 50% ownership
interest in G&B and Patrick will be responsible for all G&B expenses as of the date of
this agreement.
              “b. The Trustee will deliver to Patrick all G&B files and records in the
possession of the Trustee or its agents.
              “c. The Trustee will transfer to Patrick the G&B bank account and the
balance remaining therein after payment of all legal and other expenses incurred to
transfer the Trust’s G&B shares and deliver the G&B files and records to Patrick. Patrick
waives an accounting of the G&B bank account. The Trustee will make an additional
cash payment to Patrick of the amount necessary to make a total cash distribution to
Patrick of Thirty Thousand Dollars ($30,000).
              “d. The Trustee hereby assigns all other rights and assets of
G&B, if any there are, to Patrick[.]
       “25.   Patrick agrees to dismiss Patrick’s Civil Action with prejudice within 5
days after court approval.
       “26.   Patrick for himself and on behalf of G & B, hereby agrees and
acknowledges that the provisions of paragraphs 23, 24 and 25 above are in full
satisfaction of any and all claims he has against the Trustee, the Trust, the beneficiaries of
the Trust, the executor of Joseph’s Will, Joseph’s estate, Joseph’s heirs, the executor of
Gail’s Will, Gail’s estate, Gail’s heirs, G&B, the shareholders of G&B, the officers,
directors and employees of G&B, Galligan, Thompson, & Flocas LLP, the partners and
employees of Galligan, Thompson, & Flocas LLP, Galligan Professional Building, the
employees of Galligan Professional Building, the heirs, successors and assigns of each of
the foregoing, and the counsel and advisors of each of the foregoing. In consideration of
the terms, conditions, and covenants contained herein, and effective upon this Agreement
becoming effective, Patrick, for himself and on behalf of G & B, and for himself and for
and on behalf of each of his successors, heirs and assigns, hereby releases, acquits and
forever discharges the Trustee, the Trust, the beneficiaries of the Trust, the executor of
Joseph’s Will, Joseph’s estate, Joseph’s heirs, the executor of Gail’s Will, Gail’s estate,


                                              5
Gail’s heirs, G&B, the shareholders of G&B, the officers, directors and employees of
G&B, Galligan, Thompson, & Flocas LLP, the partners and employees of Galligan,
Thompson, & Flocas LLP, Galligan Professional Building, the partners and employees of
Galligan Professional Building, the heirs, successors and assigns of each of the foregoing,
and the counsel and advisors of each of the foregoing, from any and all claims, liabilities,
demands, causes of action, costs, expenses, attorneys fees, damages, indemnities and
obligations of every kind and nature, in law, equity, or otherwise, known and unknown,
suspected and unsuspected, disclosed and undisclosed, arising out of or in any way
related to agreements, relationships, events, acts or conduct of, between or among the
parties, including, but not limited to matters expressed or implied in or in any way related
to the matters described herein, including, but not limited to, the Trustee’s acts as trustee
of the Trust, the allegations of the pleadings referred to herein, or anything directly or
indirectly related thereto, and any claims between or among any of the parties arising
from or relating to the administration and distribution of the Trust, Joseph’s estate, Gail’s
estate, and G&B, and any property of or entitlement or rights to or under the Trust,
Joseph’s estate, Gail’s estate, and G&B.
       “[¶] . . . [¶]
       “35. In the event that either of the Parties commences any action or proceeding
before any tribunal against the other party to enforce or interpret any provision of this
Agreement or is required to defend any such action or proceeding based on, arising from,
or related to this Agreement, the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover his or her
attorneys’ fees and costs incurred.” (Italics added.)
C. The Present Litigation
       G&B, represented by Patrick, sued Joe and Maureen in November 2011, alleging
defendants diverted property and money belonging to G&B from and after January 2007,
by tortious means, and interfered with G&B’s prospective economic advantages for
purposes of destroying the business. The operative first amended complaint alleged
causes of action for (1) common counts (money, goods, client files, and other assets of
G&B taken by defendants and not returned after demand); (2) fraudulent concealment (of


                                              6
books, bank statements, records, and activities of G&B which would have disclosed
defendants were wrongfully diverting G&B funds to themselves from and after
November 2008); (3) conversion of personal property (including cash, client fees,
computer goods and accessories, computer disks, law books, banking and brokerage
statements, corporate files, books and records, client files, and miscellaneous office
equipment from and after November 2008); (4) conversion/embezzlement of funds for
personal use (by means of fraudulent alteration or forgeries, and writing of checks drawn
on G&B’s accounts, occurring between November 2008 and December 2010); (5)
constructive fraud (diverting G&B funds for personal use by, inter alia, forging checks,
charging business credit cards for personal expenses, removing tangible property, and
diverting clients and cases to others or themselves, prior to July 2010, when G&B learned
the true facts); and (6) intentional interference with contractual relations (including
diversion of G&B funds in trustee accounts, and hiding or destroying client files and
mail, occurring between 2006 and December 2010).
       Joe and Maureen moved for summary judgment in December 2012, asserting the
2011 settlement agreement barred all of G&B’s claims. The trial court granted the
motion, finding the settlement agreement and release afforded the defendants a complete
defense in this action.
       Joe and Maureen thereafter moved for an award of $112,646.25 in contractual
attorney fees against G&B, citing evidence that G&B was bound by the fee clause in the
settlement agreement as Patrick’s alter ego, and that Joe and Maureen were entitled to
fees as de facto parties to the settlement agreement or third party beneficiaries of it. The
trial court granted the amount requested in full, and specified that “the fee award may be
made jointly and severally” against G&B and Patrick on the grounds that G&B was
Patrick’s alter ego.
       Judgment in favor of Joe and Maureen was entered on April 11, 2013, and this
timely appeal followed.




                                              7
                                      II. DISCUSSION
       G&B contends the trial court erred in finding the settlement agreement released
the claims asserted in its first amended complaint. With regard to the attorney fee award,
G&B contends (1) the trial judge was properly challenged by G&B under Code of Civil
Procedure section 170.6 after deciding the summary judgment motion and should not
have heard or ruled on defendants’ motion for fees, (2) there was no contractual or legal
basis for the fee award granted, (3) the finding and order that Patrick is jointly and
severally liable were entered without proper notice to Patrick, and (4) the fee award was
excessive and unreasonable.
A. Summary Judgment Ruling
       On appeal we review de novo an order granting summary judgment. (Multani v.
Witkin & Neal (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 1428, 1443.) “ ‘ “A defendant moving for
summary judgment has the burden of producing evidence showing that one or more
elements of the plaintiff’s cause of action cannot be established, or that there is a
complete defense to that cause of action. [Citations.] The burden then shifts to the
plaintiff to produce specific facts showing a triable issue as to the cause of action or the
defense. [Citations.] Despite the shifting burdens of production, the defendant, as the
moving party, always bears the ultimate burden of persuasion as to whether summary
judgment is warranted.” ’ ” (Ibid.)
       Summary judgment is appropriate when a settlement agreement and release
forecloses claims coming within its scope. (Winet v. Price (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 1159.)
The release in this case was extremely broad in scope. It released a sweeping array of
potential claims that could be made against the “beneficiaries of the Trust” as well as
against the “officers, directors and employees of G&B,” both categories which would
unambiguously include Joe and Maureen. The claims released included “any and all
claims . . . of every kind and nature . . . , known and unknown, suspected and
unsuspected, disclosed and undisclosed, . . . in any way related to . . . the allegations of
the pleadings referred to herein . . . , and any claims between or among any of the parties
arising from or relating to the administration and distribution of the Trust . . . and G&B,


                                              8
and any property of or entitlement or rights to or under the Trust, Joseph’s estate, Gail’s
estate, and G&B.” The types of claims asserted in the first amended complaint do come
within this description in multiple respects. They echo, enlarge upon, and directly relate
to “the allegations of the pleadings” in case No. CIV 505394 that are referenced in
paragraph 26. They are also claims “arising from or relating to the administration . . . of
. . . G&B,” and involve “entitlement or rights” pertaining to G&B. The only arguable
issue in this case is whether the release unambiguously included claims by G&B or
whether certain language in paragraphs 24.d. and 26 created an ambiguity requiring resort
to assertedly conflicting extrinsic evidence of the parties’ intent to bar claims by G&B.
       As part of their motion for summary judgment, defendants sought and obtained
judicial notice of the initial and final versions of the settlement agreement, and of the
beneficiaries’ objection to the initial version of paragraph 26 on the grounds that it did
not preclude G&B from filing suit against them. This evidence showed (1) the
beneficiaries openly and expressly conditioned their approval of the settlement on G&B
being bound by the release and acknowledgement of satisfaction of claims to the same
extent as Patrick, and (2) the language they proposed to accomplish that result was added
to the agreement and accepted by Patrick without apparent objection. The final
settlement agreement does in fact provide that Patrick “for himself and on behalf of
G & B” agreed to accept the provisions concerning ownership of G&B in full satisfaction
of any and all claims he had against defendants and agreed to release them from any
claims, known or unknown, in any way related to the allegations made in Patrick’s
creditor’s claim or to the administration of G&B. Taken together, this evidence was
sufficient to shift to G&B the burden of establishing there was any triable issue of
material fact concerning whether the settlement agreement provided a complete defense
to its first amended complaint.
       As an initial matter, we reject G&B’s assertion the release was limited to Patrick’s
claims against the trustee and beneficiaries. G&B cites wording in the first sentence of
paragraph 26 stating the transfer of the Trust’s interest in G&B to Patrick is in “full
satisfaction of any and all claims he has against the Trustee, the Trust, the beneficiaries


                                              9
of the Trust . . . .” (Italics added.) G&B then asserts without substantiation that the
general release that follows in the second sentence of paragraph 26 “has a similar
limitation.” Not so. Even assuming the “he has” language in the first sentence was not
simply an inadvertent grammatical construction error that was overlooked when the
words “for himself and on behalf of G & B” were added to the sentence, the release
language in the second sentence contains no language arguably limiting it to claims by
Patrick. By its own terms, the second sentence releases any claims Patrick or G&B might
assert against the Trust, the beneficiaries of the Trust, or the officers, directors, or
employees of G&B (among other releasees), pertaining in any way to G&B or to the
allegations in Patrick’s creditor’s claim. As we read it, the release language in the second
sentence of paragraph 26 applies unambiguously to all of the claims G&B makes in the
first amended complaint without regard to any purported ambiguity in the drafting of the
first sentence of the paragraph.
       G&B further claims the language added by paragraph 24.d. to the final
agreement—“Trustee hereby assigns all other rights and assets of G&B, if any there are,
to Patrick”—independently creates ambiguity as to the scope of the release. He
maintains this provision “implies” that whatever rights he was foregoing, the parties to
the settlement intended to preserve G&B’s rights against defendants. We do not agree,
and we find no conflict or ambiguity created by the language of paragraph 24.d.
       First, the phrase “other rights and assets of G&B” apparently refers to such other
rights and assets as G&B might have had in addition to those specified in
subparagraphs b. and c. of paragraph 24 (the files and records in the Trustee’s possession,
and a right to a portion of the G&B bank account remaining after payment of specified
expenses). The phrase does not affirm any such rights or assets actually exist, or specify
what they might be. What we can say, however, is whatever “other” rights or assets
G&B had could not have included rights it had lost (due, for example to the passage of
time) or rights it had given up (by express waiver, settlement and release, or otherwise).
The right to pursue defendants on behalf of G&B for money, assets, records or anything
else—if it had ever existed—was one such right. Under paragraph 26, Patrick expressly


                                               10
agreed on behalf of himself and G&B to “release[], acquit[] and forever discharge[]”
defendants from claims pertaining to G&B. This extinguished any such right G&B might
have had against defendants. Thus, whatever else paragraph 24.d. refers to, it does not
include any right to make claims or demands on defendants or the other persons or
entities mentioned in the release pertaining to G&B (or to many other matters). We
therefore reject G&B’s claim that paragraph 24.d. “appears, on its face, to preserve
G&B’s right to pursue [defendants].” (Italics omitted.)
       Second, G&B failed to come forward with any evidence showing its current
interpretation of paragraph 24.d. or paragraph 26 was communicated to the trustee, the
beneficiaries, or the court at any time before the parties all signed off on the agreement.
Given the clarity of the beneficiaries’ insistence that the settlement bind both Patrick and
G&B equally, and preclude any further litigation against them by either, it is plain no
such communication could have occurred—or the beneficiaries most certainly would not
have signed off on the settlement agreement. Patrick’s unexpressed intentions are
immaterial to the interpretation of the settlement agreement. Mutual assent to a
settlement agreement is determined from the reasonable meaning of the words and acts of
the parties, not from their unexpressed intentions or understanding. (Weddington
Productions, Inc. v. Flick (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 793, 810–811.)
       Finally, G&B points to an e-mail Joe sent to Patrick before the settlement
agreement was finalized in which Joe states: “You want to agree that you won’t come
after Maureen and me, but you won’t agree that [G&B] can’t come after us, and you
won’t agree that you can’t participate in turning over [G&B] information. [¶] Go to court
tomorrow with your stock certificate and prove you own it and you don’t need an
agreement.” If anything, the e-mail merely serves to confirm the position taken by Joe
and the other beneficiaries in their objection to the initial agreement—the agreement
either had to preclude suit by G&B as well as Patrick or there would be no agreement and
Patrick would have to prove his asserted ownership of G&B in court. Whatever else it




                                             11
may show, the e-mail does not establish the settlement agreement reflects a mutual
intention to preserve G&B’s right to sue defendants.3
       Based on our de novo review of the record, we find the trial court properly
determined the 2011 settlement agreement and release barred this action, and properly
granted summary judgment to defendants.
B. Attorney Fee Award
       1. Peremptory Challenge
       After the trial court ruled on defendants’ summary judgment motion but before it
heard their motion for attorney fees, G&B filed a peremptory challenge under Code of
Civil Procedure section 170.6 to disqualify Judge Bergeron from adjudicating the fee
motion. Judge Bergeron denied the challenge as untimely. G&B did not challenge the
ruling by writ of mandate. Its present challenge is not cognizable on this appeal: “The
determination of the question of the disqualification of a judge is not an appealable order
and may be reviewed only by a writ of mandate from the appropriate court of appeal
sought only by the parties to the proceeding.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 170.3, subd. (d); see
also People v. Hull (1991) 1 Cal.4th 266, 270 [denial of a disqualification motion is
neither directly appealable nor reviewable on appeal from the subsequent judgment].)
       2. Contractual Basis for Award
       The settlement agreement included the following relevant provisions:
“34. Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, each of the Parties is responsible
for the payment of his or her own attorneys’ fees and costs. [¶] 35. In the event that
either of the Parties commences an action or proceeding before any tribunal against the
other party to enforce or interpret any provision of this Agreement or is required to
defend any such action or proceeding based on, arising from, or related to this
Agreement, the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover his or her attorneys’ fees and
costs incurred.”

       3
         We also find no support in the record for G&B’s claim that its sixth cause of
action alleges tortious conduct by defendants after the settlement agreement became
effective.


                                            12
       On appeal, a determination of the legal basis for an attorney fee award is reviewed
de novo as a question of law. (Sessions Payroll Management, Inc. v. Noble Construction
Co. (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 671, 677 (Sessions).)
       “Attorney fees are not recoverable as costs unless expressly authorized by statute
or contract. [Citations.] Where a contract specifically provides for an award of attorney
fees incurred to enforce the provisions of the contract, the prevailing party in an action on
the contract is entitled to reasonable attorney fees. (Civ. Code, § 1717, subd. (a);[4]
[citation].) . . . As a general rule, attorney fees are awarded only when the action involves
a claim covered by a contractual attorney fee provision and the lawsuit is between
signatories to the contract.” (Real Property Services Corp. v. City of Pasadena (1994)
25 Cal.App.4th 375, 379–380 (RPS).) However, cases in which a nonsignatory to a
contract was permitted to recover, or was found liable for, attorney fees have involved a
nonsignatory who was (1) an alter ego, assignee, or guarantor of a signatory, or (2) a third
party beneficiary of the contract. (See Wilson’s Heating & Air Conditioning v. Wells
Fargo Bank (1988) 202 Cal.App.3d 1326, 1332–1333, fns. 6, 7; Niederer v. Ferreira
(1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 1485, 1505–1506.) In such cases, it must be shown the prevailing
party, whether a signatory or nonsignatory, would have been liable to his or her opponent
for fees had the opposing party prevailed. (Loduca v. Polyzos (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th
334, 340–341 (Loduca); Blickman Turkus, LP v. MF Downtown Sunnyvale, LLC (2008)
162 Cal.App.4th 858, 896–897 (Blickman).)
       As an initial matter, we find that defendants’ assertion of an affirmative defense to
the action based on the settlement agreement did constitute the commencement of a
proceeding to enforce or interpret the settlement agreement for purposes of paragraph 35.
The prevailing party on such defense would be contractually entitled to recover attorney

       4
         “Civil Code section 1717, subdivision (a) [provides in pertinent part]: ‘In any
action on a contract, where the contract specifically provides that attorney’s fees and
costs, which are incurred to enforce that contract, shall be awarded either to one of the
parties or to the prevailing party, then the party who is determined to be the party
prevailing on the contract, whether he or she is the party specified in the contract or not,
shall be entitled to reasonable attorney’s fees in addition to other costs. . . .’ ”


                                             13
fees and costs incurred in litigating it if both the defendants and G&B would be entitled
to the benefit of paragraph 35 if they prevailed, either as “Parties” to it or on some other
legally recognized basis. Because we find defendants are not in fact “Parties” under
paragraph 35 and are not otherwise subject to its provisions, they are not entitled to
enforce it against G&B.5
       Defendants maintain they are either “de facto” parties to the settlement agreement
or third party beneficiaries of the agreement entitled to the benefit of paragraph 35. G&B
concedes defendants may have been third party beneficiaries of the settlement agreement,
but denies they must be considered parties to the agreement. We find it is immaterial
whether defendants are considered parties or third party beneficiaries. In either case, the
attorney fee clause by its own terms does not afford them any contractual right to
prevailing party fees.
       The opening paragraph of the settlement agreement states in relevant part: “This
Settlement Agreement and Release (‘Agreement’) is between Bruce L. Van Alstyne, as
Trustee of the Joseph A. Galligan and Gail M. Galligan Living Trust u/t/a dated
October 29, 2008 (the ‘Trustee’), and Patrick T. Galligan (‘Patrick’) (collectively
sometimes referred to in this Agreement as the ‘Parties’) . . . .” The attorney fee clause in
paragraph 35 of the agreement states that it applies whenever “either of the Parties”
commences an action or proceeding of a type triggering its application “against the other
party.” In other words, the attorney fee clause by its own terms does not apply unless one
of the two “Parties” as defined in the opening paragraph—the “Trustee” or “Patrick”—
commences a proceeding against the other. Even if we assume for purposes of analysis
that the probate court’s insistence on the beneficiaries approving the settlement
effectively made them parties to it, they would still not be “Parties” as defined in the
agreement and therefore paragraph 35 confers no rights on them, whatever other
provisions of the contract might apply to them.


       5
         We assume for purposes of our analysis that G&B is in fact an alter ego of
Patrick and would therefore be treated as a party to the settlement agreement.


                                             14
       The same analysis applies if defendants are assumed to be third party beneficiaries
of the settlement agreement. The release clause of the agreement, paragraph 26, names
the beneficiaries and releases them from liability to Patrick or G&B. Given its text and
the extrinsic evidence discussed ante concerning the beneficiaries’ objection to the initial
version of the paragraph it is clear that defendants were intended beneficiaries of
paragraph 26. But that does not necessarily confer rights on them under paragraph 35.
That depends on the text of the paragraph which, as we have posited, appears to confer
rights only on the trustee and Patrick. Blickman, supra, 162 Cal.App.4th 858 is
illustrative on this point.
       Blickman involved an attorney fee clause that allowed fees in “ ‘any litigation
between the parties hereto to enforce any provision of this Agreement . . . .’ ” (Blickman,
supra, 162 Cal.App.4th at p. 896.) The plaintiff, BT Commercial Real Estate (BTC),
which represented the lessees in a commercial lease transaction, sued the lessor Mozart
Development Co. (Mozart) for unpaid commissions after the leases were terminated
prematurely, contending it was a third party beneficiary of a commission agreement
between Mozart and the listing broker, Commercial Property Services (CPS). (Id. at
pp. 864–866.) Mozart cross-complained against BTC for failure to disclose information
concerning the lessees’ precarious financial condition. (Id. at pp. 865–866.) BTC
successfully demurred to the cross-complaint. (Id. at p. 866.) Mozart thereafter
prevailed against BTC on the complaint and unsuccessfully sought attorney fees incurred
in opposing BTC’s complaint based on BTC’s claim that it was a third party beneficiary
of the commission agreement containing the attorney fee clause quoted above. (Id. at
pp. 866, 893.) Mozart had argued that BTC would have been entitled to fees as a third
party beneficiary had it prevailed on its complaint and therefore, since Mozart prevailed
instead, Mozart was entitled to its fees under Civil Code section 1717. (Blickman, at
p. 893.) BTC contended Mozart had no right to recover against a nonparty to the
commission agreement unless that party would itself have been entitled to fees had it
prevailed; and had BTC prevailed on the complaint it would not have been entitled to



                                             15
fees because the fee clause in issue “did not manifest an intent to extend the right to fees
to third parties.” (Ibid.)
       The Court of Appeal agreed with BTC’s position, and affirmed the denial of fees
to Mozart. The court held: “By its plain terms, the italicized phrase [‘between the parties
hereto’] limits fees to litigation between the signatories, Mozart and its broker CPS. It
does not appear that CPS was ever a party to either BTC’s action or Mozart’s cross-
action. On the face of it, therefore, no part of this proceeding constituted ‘litigation
between the parties hereto,’ and no part of it fell within the fee clause. It follows that
neither party could assert a right to fees under [Civil Code] section 1717[,
subdivision] (a).” (Blickman, supra, 162 Cal.App.4th at p. 896.) The court found this
holding was “supported by a sizeable body of case law.” (Ibid.)
       Blickman relied in part on Sessions, supra, 84 Cal.App.4th at pages 679–681,
which held that a third party beneficiary of a contract could not recover fees under a fee
clause that applied only to litigation initiated by “ ‘either party to enforce the provisions
of this Agreement.’ ” (Italics added by Sessions.) As Sessions notes at page 680, the
underlying contractual principle was stated in Murphy v. Allstate Ins. Co. (1976)
17 Cal.3d 937, 944: “A third party should not be permitted to enforce covenants made
not for his benefit, but rather for others. He is not a contracting party; his right to
performance is predicated on the contracting parties’ intent to benefit him. [Citations.]
As to any provision made not for his benefit but for the benefit of the contracting parties
or for other third parties, he becomes an intermeddler. Permitting a third party to enforce
a covenant made solely to benefit others would lead to the anomaly of granting him a
bonus after his receiving all intended benefit.”6


       6
         In RPS, supra, 25 Cal.App.4th 375, a Second District panel reversed an order
denying attorney fees under a fee clause in a lease agreement that allowed fees to the
prevailing party “ ‘[i]n the event of any action . . . by either party against the other under
this Lease.’ ” (Id. at pp. 377–378.) Without discussing the language of the clause
limiting recovery to actions between the parties, the court held that the lessor was entitled
to fees for prevailing against a third party beneficiary/sublessee of the lease because
“[w]here there is a sufficient nexus between the lessor and sublessee, a nonsignatory

                                              16
       In Loduca, supra, 153 Cal.App.4th at pages 342–343, the court found that an
attorney fee clause awarding fees to the prevailing party “ ‘[i]f a court action is brought’ ”
on the contract would support an award to a third party beneficiary of the contract, since
the language imposed no limitation on third party rights. (See also Cargill, Inc. v. Souza
(2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 962, 970 [fee clause allowing fees to “ ‘any party’ ” as well as
other provisions of the agreement show intent to extend the benefit of the fee clause to
third party creditors].) The fee clause in this case, by contrast, shows no intent to benefit
any person other than Patrick or the trustee in any litigation between them to enforce or
interpret the settlement agreement.
       Here, defendants obtained the benefit of the release provided in paragraph 26 by
asserting it to obtain summary judgment against G&B. Had they wished to protect
themselves further they could have insisted as a condition for their approval of the
settlement agreement that paragraph 35 be broadened to ensure their entitlement to
attorney fees should Patrick or G&B file an action in violation of the release. Nothing in
the record shows such a request was made or considered by the parties. However
important the right to attorney fees might be to defendants’ purpose in protecting
themselves from litigation brought in violation of the release, this court cannot remake
the settlement agreement to provide them with rights not reflected in the language of the
agreement. The right to attorney fees is not implied by law into every contractual release.
       For these reasons, we reverse the award of attorney fees against G&B and Patrick.
                                   III. DISPOSITION
       The judgment is reversed and the matter is remanded for entry of a new judgment
in favor of defendants, modified to eliminate any attorney fee award to them as the
prevailing parties. Each side shall bear its own costs on appeal.

sublessee is entitled to enforce an attorney fee provision in the lease as a third party
beneficiary against a signatory landlord.” (Id. at pp. 382–384.) Since the issue of the
intent of the contracting parties to allow attorney fees in actions not brought by “either
party against the other” was not argued or considered in RPS, we do not find it persuasive
in the case before us. (Cf. Blickman, supra, 162 Cal.App.4th at p. 900 [RPS is only
authority for points actually involved and decided].)


                                             17
                                               _________________________
                                               Margulies, Acting P.J.


We concur:


_________________________
Dondero, J.


_________________________
Becton, J.*




*
 Judge of the Contra Costa County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.



                                          18
