STATE OF MISSOURI,                                   )
                                                     )
        Plaintiff-Respondent,                        )
                                                     )
v.                                                   )        No. SD35327
                                                     )
JERRY RAY GILLUM,                                    )        Filed: April 30, 2019
                                                     )
        Defendant-Appellant.                         )

             APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF BUTLER COUNTY

                                  Honorable Michael M. Pritchett

AFFIRMED

        Jerry Ray Gillum (“Defendant”) was convicted after a jury trial of the class D

felony of resisting arrest 1 and the class C felony of possession of a controlled substance.

See sections 575.150, RSMo 2016, and 195.202. 2 In a single point on appeal, Defendant

claims the trial court erred in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal because the

evidence adduced at trial was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that




1
  Defendant does not appeal his conviction for resisting arrest. The trial court sentenced Defendant as a
persistent offender to serve a total of twelve years in prison.
2
  Unless otherwise indicated, all statutory citations are to RSMo. Cum. Supp. 2011. Section 195.202 was
transferred to section 579.015, effective January 1, 2017.


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Defendant knowingly and consciously possessed methamphetamine. Finding no merit in

that claim, we affirm.

                                   Standard of Review

               “When considering the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, this
       Court must determine whether sufficient evidence permits a reasonable
       juror to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Wright, 382
       S.W.3d 902, 903 (Mo. banc 2012) (internal quotation omitted). “The
       evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom are viewed in the light
       most favorable to the verdict, disregarding any evidence and inferences
       contrary to the verdict.” Id. “This is not an assessment of whether the
       Court believes that the evidence at trial established guilt beyond a
       reasonable doubt but rather a question of whether, in light of the evidence
       most favorable to the State, any rational fact-finder could have found the
       essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.

State v. Stewart, 560 S.W.3d 531, 533 (Mo. banc 2018).

                                           Facts

       Viewed in the light most favorable to the judgment, id., the evidence presented at

trial was as follows. At approximately 10:00 a.m. on August 23, 2016, Deputy Benjamin

Chamblin with the Butler County Sheriff’s Office (“Deputy Chamblin”) observed an

older model Chevy truck with expired tags. Deputy Chamblin activated his emergency

lights to conduct a traffic stop, but the truck did not pull over. Deputy Chamblin then

activated his siren, but the truck continued on, running both a red light and a stop sign

before hitting a guard rail and sliding down a hill. When the truck came to a stop, the

driver and passenger exited and began running in different directions. Deputy Chamblin

pursued the driver. After a hundred-yard chase, Deputy Chamblin caught up to the

driver, Defendant, and took him into custody.

       At the request of Deputy Chamblin, another deputy, Aaron Pratt (“Deputy Pratt”),

transported Defendant to the sheriff’s office for booking into the jail. When Deputy Pratt

searched Defendant during the booking process, he found a syringe in Defendant’s right


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front pocket. Deputy Pratt described the syringe as clear, very small in diameter, with an

orange cap. The syringe contained a small amount of liquid. Deputy Pratt seized the

syringe and placed it into evidence. The syringe was later submitted to the Missouri State

Highway Patrol Crime Laboratory, where it tested positive for methamphetamine.

                                        Analysis

       Defendant’s point claims:

                The trial court erred in overruling [Defendant]’s motions for
       judgment of acquittal and in imposing sentence and judgment upon him . .
       . in that sufficient evidence was not presented from which a reasonable
       juror could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that he knowingly and
       consciously was in possession of methamphetamine based on the used
       syringe with residue found in his pocket when he was arrested.

We disagree.

       Section 195.202 makes it “unlawful for any person to possess or have under his

control a controlled substance.” A person “possess[es] a controlled substance” when,

“with the knowledge of the presence and nature of a substance, [he] has actual or

constructive possession of the substance. A person has actual possession if he has the

substance on his person or within easy reach and convenient control.” Section

195.010(34). “In order to sustain a conviction for possession of a controlled substance,

the State must show (1) that the defendant consciously and intentionally possessed the

substance; and (2) the defendant was aware of the presence and nature of the substance.”

State v. Kopp, 325 S.W.3d 466, 468 (Mo. App. S.D. 2010) (quoting State v. Breese, 250

S.W.3d 413, 420 (Mo. App. S.D. 2008)).

       Defendant argues that because the liquid in the syringe was not measurable, it

might support a knowing possession of paraphernalia used to inject drugs in the past, but




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an inference that Defendant was knowingly in possession of methamphetamine at the

time of his arrest would be unreasonable.

         “Missouri’s drug statutes do not establish a minimum amount necessary to sustain

a conviction for illegal possession.” State v. Moore, 352 S.W.3d 392, 400 (Mo. App.

E.D. 2011). See also section 195.017.4(3)(c) (defining a Schedule II controlled substance

to include “[a]ny material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any

quantity of the following substances. . . : [m]ethamphetamine”). “Rather, the defendant’s

guilt depends on his acts and knowledge–whether his knowing possession may be fairly

inferred given the de minimus amount combined with all the surrounding circumstances.”

Moore, 352 S.W.3d at 400. Even though the drug is unweighable, “1) the drug must be

present, 2) the defendant must know of its presence and nature, and 3) the defendant must

possess it[.]” Id.

         Here, the drug was present. Both Deputy Pratt and Sarah Brown, a criminalist

with the Drug Chemistry Section of the Missouri State Highway Patrol Crime Lab

(“criminalist Brown”), testified that a small amount of liquid substance or residue was

visible in the syringe. When criminalist Brown tested the rinse 3 from the syringe, it

contained methamphetamine.

         The drug was found on Defendant’s person, a fact that establishes actual

possession under section 195.010(34). Regarding Defendant’s knowledge of its presence

and nature, “[a] defendant’s knowledge of a controlled substance may be reasonably

inferred from the defendant’s actual possession of that substance.” State v. Anderson,

386 S.W.3d 186, 190 (Mo. App. E.D. 2012). The fact that Defendant fled from

3
 Criminalist Brown testified that, in order to test residue from a syringe, the plunger is removed from the
syringe, a pipette is used to inject water into the syringe in order to rinse it, and the resulting rinse is then
put into an instrument that separates out and identifies any compounds found within the rinse.


                                                         4
authorities constitutes an “[a]dditional incriminating circumstance[] that will support an

inference of knowledge and control[.]” 4 Id. at 191; see also State v. McKelvey, 129

S.W.3d 456, 459 (Mo. App. S.D. 2004). Further, the fact that the drug was visible inside

the syringe to criminalist Brown and Deputy Pratt supports a reasonable inference that

Defendant knew of its presence and nature; if it was visible to them, “it would also have

been visible to [D]efendant.” Kopp, 325 S.W.3d at 469 (quoting State v. Breese, 250

S.W.3d 413, 422 (Mo. App. S.D. 2008)).

        Defendant unpersuasively claims that his case is more like State v. Polk, 529

S.W.2d 490 (Mo. App. St.L.D. 1975), and State v. Baker, 912 S.W.2d 541 (Mo. App.

W.D. 1995), cases in which the court found insufficient evidence that the defendants

knowingly and consciously possessed the controlled substances at issue. Unlike the

instant case, there was no evidence in Polk that the defendant had actual possession of the

drugs. 529 S.W.2d at 492-93. In Baker, unlike here, the State conceded that “there was

no visible or measurable unused or unburnt cocaine in . . . the pipe” -- only “burnt residue

left from past use of the pipe to smoke cocaine[.]” 912 S.W.2d at 544-45 (emphasis

added). While Baker “also included language that appeared to indicate that, in certain

situations, if only a miniscule amount of the controlled substance is present, a finding of

possession is precluded[,] [as Defendant acknowledges,] other courts, including this one,

have held that a defendant can knowingly possess trace amounts of a controlled substance

that could be classified as mere residue.” Breese, 250 S.W.3d at 421 (citing McKelvey,



4
  We are unpersuaded by Defendant’s argument that his flight from law enforcement evidences only his
consciousness of guilt for possession of drug paraphernalia and driving with an expired registration.
“[O]ne may flee to avoid arrest for more than one offense[,]” State v. Scott, 687 S.W.2d 592, 593 (Mo.
App. E.D. 1985) (quoting State v. Nienaber, 148 S.W.2d 1024, 1027 (Mo. 1941)), and the inference most
favorable to the verdict is that Defendant was fleeing because he knew he was in possession of
methamphetamine.


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129 S.W.3d at 459; State v. Mayabb, 43 S.W.3d 429, 433 (Mo. App. S.D. 2001); and

State v. Smith, 808 S.W.2d 24, 26 (Mo. App. E.D. 1991)).

       Here, the syringe was in Defendant’s actual possession, and it contained visible

liquid or residue that tested positive for methamphetamine. Defendant’s flight from

Deputy Chamblin was further evidence of Defendant’s knowing possession of the

methamphetamine. The evidence was sufficient to allow a reasonable juror to find

Defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Defendant’s point is denied, and his

convictions are affirmed.


DON E. BURRELL, P.J. – OPINION AUTHOR

NANCY STEFFEN RAHMEYER, J. – CONCURS

GARY W. LYNCH, J. – CONCURS




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