title: AngularJS testing error: Unknown provider: $_httpBackend_Provider <- $_httpBackend_
body: <p>I am attempting to test an AngularJS controller with a Jasmine unit test spec file. My approach is to use $httpBacked, in the following test:</p>
  
  <pre><code>describe('SubmissionsController', function() {
      var minimal_mock_response = [ { id: 1 } ]; 
      var scope, routeParams, $httpBackend; 
  
      beforeEach(module('submissionServices'));
  
      beforeEach(inject(function($_httpBackend_, $rootScope) {
          scope = $rootScope.$new();  
          $httpBackend = $_httpBackend_;
          $httpBackend.expectGET('/submissions').respond(minimal_mock_response);
          routeParams = {};
      }));
  
      it('passes a trivial test', function() {
          expect(true).toBe(true);
      });
  });
  </code></pre>
  
  <p>I inserted the expect(true).toBe(true) just to get the test to execute and fail, even though it does not touch the angular controller. When I I attempt to run the test with jasmine-headless-webkit, I receive the following error:</p>
  
  <pre><code>jasmine-headless-webkit spec/javascripts/SubmissionsControllerSpec.js
  
  Running Jasmine specs...
  F
  FAIL: 1 test, 1 failure, 0.011 secs.
  
  Submissions controllers SubmissionsController passes a trivial test.     (XXX/spec/javascripts/SubmissionsControllerSpec.js:18)
  Error: Unknown provider: $_httpBackend_Provider &lt;- $_httpBackend_
  
  Test ordering seed: --seed 9254 
  </code></pre>
  
  <p><strong>Are there any hints on how I can correct this error and make the trivial test execute?</strong></p>