Count of Range Sum
<p>Given an integer array <code>nums</code> and two integers <code>lower</code> and <code>upper</code>, return <em>the number of range sums that lie in</em> <code>[lower, upper]</code> <em>inclusive</em>.</p>

<p>Range sum <code>S(i, j)</code> is defined as the sum of the elements in <code>nums</code> between indices <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> inclusive, where <code>i &lt;= j</code>.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong class="example">Example 1:</strong></p>

<pre>
<strong>Input:</strong> nums = [-2,5,-1], lower = -2, upper = 2
<strong>Output:</strong> 3
<strong>Explanation:</strong> The three ranges are: [0,0], [2,2], and [0,2] and their respective sums are: -2, -1, 2.
</pre>

<p><strong class="example">Example 2:</strong></p>

<pre>
<strong>Input:</strong> nums = [0], lower = 0, upper = 0
<strong>Output:</strong> 1
</pre>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Constraints:</strong></p>

<ul>
	<li><code>1 &lt;= nums.length &lt;= 10<sup>5</sup></code></li>
	<li><code>-2<sup>31</sup> &lt;= nums[i] &lt;= 2<sup>31</sup> - 1</code></li>
	<li><code>-10<sup>5</sup> &lt;= lower &lt;= upper &lt;= 10<sup>5</sup></code></li>
	<li>The answer is <strong>guaranteed</strong> to fit in a <strong>32-bit</strong> integer.</li>
</ul>
Binary Indexed Tree; Segment Tree; Array; Binary Search; Divide and Conquer; Ordered Set; Merge Sort
type BinaryIndexedTree struct {
	n int
	c []int
}

func newBinaryIndexedTree(n int) *BinaryIndexedTree {
	c := make([]int, n+1)
	return &BinaryIndexedTree{n, c}
}

func (this *BinaryIndexedTree) update(x, delta int) {
	for x <= this.n {
		this.c[x] += delta
		x += x & -x
	}
}

func (this *BinaryIndexedTree) query(x int) int {
	s := 0
	for x > 0 {
		s += this.c[x]
		x -= x & -x
	}
	return s
}

func countRangeSum(nums []int, lower int, upper int) (ans int) {
	n := len(nums)
	s := make([]int, n+1)
	for i, x := range nums {
		s[i+1] = s[i] + x
	}
	arr := make([]int, (n+1)*3)
	for i, j := 0, 0; i <= n; i, j = i+1, j+3 {
		arr[j] = s[i]
		arr[j+1] = s[i] - lower
		arr[j+2] = s[i] - upper
	}
	sort.Ints(arr)
	m := 0
	for i := range arr {
		if i == 0 || arr[i] != arr[i-1] {
			arr[m] = arr[i]
			m++
		}
	}
	arr = arr[:m]
	tree := newBinaryIndexedTree(m)
	for _, x := range s {
		l := sort.SearchInts(arr, x-upper) + 1
		r := sort.SearchInts(arr, x-lower) + 1
		ans += tree.query(r) - tree.query(l-1)
		tree.update(sort.SearchInts(arr, x)+1, 1)
	}
	return
}