Count Special Integers
<p>We call a positive integer <strong>special</strong> if all of its digits are <strong>distinct</strong>.</p>

<p>Given a <strong>positive</strong> integer <code>n</code>, return <em>the number of special integers that belong to the interval </em><code>[1, n]</code>.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong class="example">Example 1:</strong></p>

<pre>
<strong>Input:</strong> n = 20
<strong>Output:</strong> 19
<strong>Explanation:</strong> All the integers from 1 to 20, except 11, are special. Thus, there are 19 special integers.
</pre>

<p><strong class="example">Example 2:</strong></p>

<pre>
<strong>Input:</strong> n = 5
<strong>Output:</strong> 5
<strong>Explanation:</strong> All the integers from 1 to 5 are special.
</pre>

<p><strong class="example">Example 3:</strong></p>

<pre>
<strong>Input:</strong> n = 135
<strong>Output:</strong> 110
<strong>Explanation:</strong> There are 110 integers from 1 to 135 that are special.
Some of the integers that are not special are: 22, 114, and 131.</pre>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Constraints:</strong></p>

<ul>
	<li><code>1 &lt;= n &lt;= 2 * 10<sup>9</sup></code></li>
</ul>
Math; Dynamic Programming
class Solution {
public:
    int countSpecialNumbers(int n) {
        string s = to_string(n);
        int m = s.size();
        int f[m][1 << 10];
        memset(f, -1, sizeof(f));
        auto dfs = [&](this auto&& dfs, int i, int mask, bool lead, bool limit) -> int {
            if (i >= m) {
                return lead ^ 1;
            }
            if (!limit && !lead && f[i][mask] != -1) {
                return f[i][mask];
            }
            int up = limit ? s[i] - '0' : 9;
            int ans = 0;
            for (int j = 0; j <= up; ++j) {
                if (mask >> j & 1) {
                    continue;
                }
                if (lead && j == 0) {
                    ans += dfs(i + 1, mask, true, limit && j == up);
                } else {
                    ans += dfs(i + 1, mask | (1 << j), false, limit && j == up);
                }
            }
            if (!limit && !lead) {
                f[i][mask] = ans;
            }
            return ans;
        };
        return dfs(0, 0, true, true);
    }
};
