Count Increasing Quadruplets
<p>Given a <strong>0-indexed</strong> integer array <code>nums</code> of size <code>n</code> containing all numbers from <code>1</code> to <code>n</code>, return <em>the number of increasing quadruplets</em>.</p>

<p>A quadruplet <code>(i, j, k, l)</code> is increasing if:</p>

<ul>
	<li><code>0 &lt;= i &lt; j &lt; k &lt; l &lt; n</code>, and</li>
	<li><code>nums[i] &lt; nums[k] &lt; nums[j] &lt; nums[l]</code>.</li>
</ul>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong class="example">Example 1:</strong></p>

<pre>
<strong>Input:</strong> nums = [1,3,2,4,5]
<strong>Output:</strong> 2
<strong>Explanation:</strong> 
- When i = 0, j = 1, k = 2, and l = 3, nums[i] &lt; nums[k] &lt; nums[j] &lt; nums[l].
- When i = 0, j = 1, k = 2, and l = 4, nums[i] &lt; nums[k] &lt; nums[j] &lt; nums[l]. 
There are no other quadruplets, so we return 2.
</pre>

<p><strong class="example">Example 2:</strong></p>

<pre>
<strong>Input:</strong> nums = [1,2,3,4]
<strong>Output:</strong> 0
<strong>Explanation:</strong> There exists only one quadruplet with i = 0, j = 1, k = 2, l = 3, but since nums[j] &lt; nums[k], we return 0.
</pre>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Constraints:</strong></p>

<ul>
	<li><code>4 &lt;= nums.length &lt;= 4000</code></li>
	<li><code>1 &lt;= nums[i] &lt;= nums.length</code></li>
	<li>All the integers of <code>nums</code> are <strong>unique</strong>. <code>nums</code> is a permutation.</li>
</ul>
Binary Indexed Tree; Array; Dynamic Programming; Enumeration; Prefix Sum
class Solution:
    def countQuadruplets(self, nums: List[int]) -> int:
        n = len(nums)
        f = [[0] * n for _ in range(n)]
        g = [[0] * n for _ in range(n)]
        for j in range(1, n - 2):
            cnt = sum(nums[l] > nums[j] for l in range(j + 1, n))
            for k in range(j + 1, n - 1):
                if nums[j] > nums[k]:
                    f[j][k] = cnt
                else:
                    cnt -= 1
        for k in range(2, n - 1):
            cnt = sum(nums[i] < nums[k] for i in range(k))
            for j in range(k - 1, 0, -1):
                if nums[j] > nums[k]:
                    g[j][k] = cnt
                else:
                    cnt -= 1
        return sum(
            f[j][k] * g[j][k] for j in range(1, n - 2) for k in range(j + 1, n - 1)
        )
