Count Special Integers
<p>We call a positive integer <strong>special</strong> if all of its digits are <strong>distinct</strong>.</p>

<p>Given a <strong>positive</strong> integer <code>n</code>, return <em>the number of special integers that belong to the interval </em><code>[1, n]</code>.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong class="example">Example 1:</strong></p>

<pre>
<strong>Input:</strong> n = 20
<strong>Output:</strong> 19
<strong>Explanation:</strong> All the integers from 1 to 20, except 11, are special. Thus, there are 19 special integers.
</pre>

<p><strong class="example">Example 2:</strong></p>

<pre>
<strong>Input:</strong> n = 5
<strong>Output:</strong> 5
<strong>Explanation:</strong> All the integers from 1 to 5 are special.
</pre>

<p><strong class="example">Example 3:</strong></p>

<pre>
<strong>Input:</strong> n = 135
<strong>Output:</strong> 110
<strong>Explanation:</strong> There are 110 integers from 1 to 135 that are special.
Some of the integers that are not special are: 22, 114, and 131.</pre>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Constraints:</strong></p>

<ul>
	<li><code>1 &lt;= n &lt;= 2 * 10<sup>9</sup></code></li>
</ul>
Math; Dynamic Programming
class Solution {
    private char[] s;
    private Integer[][] f;

    public int countSpecialNumbers(int n) {
        s = String.valueOf(n).toCharArray();
        f = new Integer[s.length][1 << 10];
        return dfs(0, 0, true, true);
    }

    private int dfs(int i, int mask, boolean lead, boolean limit) {
        if (i >= s.length) {
            return lead ? 0 : 1;
        }
        if (!limit && !lead && f[i][mask] != null) {
            return f[i][mask];
        }
        int up = limit ? s[i] - '0' : 9;
        int ans = 0;
        for (int j = 0; j <= up; ++j) {
            if ((mask >> j & 1) == 1) {
                continue;
            }
            if (lead && j == 0) {
                ans += dfs(i + 1, mask, true, limit && j == up);
            } else {
                ans += dfs(i + 1, mask | (1 << j), false, limit && j == up);
            }
        }
        if (!limit && !lead) {
            f[i][mask] = ans;
        }
        return ans;
    }
}
