Karnozin
Karnozin (beta-alanil--{L}--histidin) je dipeptid sastavljen od dve aminokiseline: beta-alanina i histidina. U velikim koncentracijama ga ima u mišićima i moždanom tkivu.

Karnozin i karnitin je otkrio ruski biohemičar Vladimir Sergejević Gulević. Istraživači u Britaniji, Južnoj Koreji, Rusiji i drugim zemljama su dokazali da karnozin ima brojne blagotvorne antioksidativne osobine. Dokazano je da karnozin izbacuje reaktivne vrste kiseonik a (ROS) kao i alfa-beta nezasićene aldehide, nastale peroksidacijom masnih kiselina ćelijskih membrana tokom oksidativnog stresa. 

Karnozin može da se suprotstavi glikaciji, takođe je sposoban da helira dvovalentne jone metala. Pretpostavka je da hronična glikoliza ubrzava starenje. Otkriveno je da karnozin inhibira dijabetičnu nefropatiju štiteći podocite i mezangijalne ćelije.

Proizvodi koji sadrže karnozin se koriste i u preparatima za smanjivanje bora na koži.

Neka istraživanja su otkrila blagotvorne efekte N-acetilkarnozina u prevenciji i lečenju katarakte očiju; jedno istraživanje je otkrilo da karnozin smanjuje maglovitost sočiva oka pacova koji su bili izloženi gvanidinu radi izazivanja katarakte.< Međutim, iako pozitivni rezultati postoje, tvrdnje da karnozin izaziva ove i druge oftalmološke koristi su, za sada, nedovoljno podržane (od strane zvanične farmaceutske industrije) da bi bili odobreni od strane matičnih medicinskih zajednica.

Studija iz 2001. godine utvrdila je da karnozin poboljšava socijalizaciju i receptivni rečnik dece sa autizmom. U životinjskim modelima, suplementirani karnozin može da poveća nivoe kortikosterona, koji može da objasni hiperaktivnost ispoljenu kod većih doza. Međutim, gore navedena studija koristila je karnozin ubrizgavan u piliće intracerebroventrikularno, dok kod ljudi još uvek nije primećen povećan nivo kortikosterona.

Kod životinjskih modela utvrđeno je da karnozin usporava rast raka i štiti od oksidativnog stresa izazvanog alkoholom, kao i hronična oštećenja jetre uzrokovana etanolom. Karnozin je takođe neuro zaštitnik protiv trajne cerebralne ishemije kod miševa.

Karnozin može da poveća Hejflik limit kod ljudskih fibroblasta, a čini se i da smanjuje stopu skraćivanja telomera. Karnozin se takođe smatra zaštitnikom protiv starenja.
Pošto se prefiks karno- odnosi na meso (izvor pomenut gore) za tipične vegetarijanske dijete se smatra da im nedostaje karnozina.

Kliničko ispitivanje profesora Vanga i dr. pod nazivom „Upotreba karnozina kao prirodnog leka protiv starenja ljudi“ sprovedena je na 96 pacijenata sa raznličitim stepenima katarakte, i pokazala je 80% uspešnosti kod uznapredovalih katarakti, i 100% kod pacijenata sa blagim do umerenim kataraktama, tokom 6 meseci probnog perioda.

Karnozinemija, ili nedostatak karnozina ili nedostatak aminoacil-histidin dipeptida, je redak autozomno- recesivan metabolički poremećaj, koji izaziva nedostatak karnozinaze, vrste dipeptidaze (enzima koji deli dipeptide u njihova dva aminokiselniska konstituenta). Ovaj poremećaj dovodi do povećanja karnozina u urinu, likvoru, krvi i nervnom sistemu. Neurološki poremećaji povezani sa nedostatkom karnozina, i rezultujućom karnozinemijom („karnozin u krvi”) su česti.

Reference

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Spoljašnje veze 

 
 -{Karnozin EXTRA}-
 -{Sve što želite da znate o karnozinu}-

Хемијска једињења присутна у животињама
Дипептиди
Антистаросне супстанце
Karnozin ( beta-alanil--{ L } --histidin ) je dipeptid sastavljen od dve aminokiseline : beta-alanina i histidina . U velikim koncentracijama ga ima u mišićima i moždanom tkivu . Karnozin i karnitin je otkrio ruski biohemičar Vladimir Sergejević Gulević . Istraživači u Britaniji , Južnoj Koreji , Rusiji i drugim zemljama su dokazali da karnozin ima brojne blagotvorne antioksidativne osobine . Dokazano je da karnozin izbacuje reaktivne vrste kiseonik a ( ROS ) kao i alfa-beta nezasićene aldehide , nastale peroksidacijom masnih kiselina ćelijskih membrana tokom oksidativnog stresa . Karnozin može da se suprotstavi glikaciji , takođe je sposoban da helira dvovalentne jone metala . Pretpostavka je da hronična glikoliza ubrzava starenje . Otkriveno je da karnozin inhibira dijabetičnu nefropatiju štiteći podocite i mezangijalne ćelije . Proizvodi koji sadrže karnozin se koriste i u preparatima za smanjivanje bora na koži . Neka istraživanja su otkrila blagotvorne efekte N-acetilkarnozina u prevenciji i lečenju katarakte očiju ; jedno istraživanje je otkrilo da karnozin smanjuje maglovitost sočiva oka pacova koji su bili izloženi gvanidinu radi izazivanja katarakte.< Međutim , iako pozitivni rezultati postoje , tvrdnje da karnozin izaziva ove i druge oftalmološke koristi su , za sada , nedovoljno podržane ( od strane zvanične farmaceutske industrije ) da bi bili odobreni od strane matičnih medicinskih zajednica . Studija iz godine utvrdila je da karnozin poboljšava socijalizaciju i receptivni rečnik dece sa autizmom . U životinjskim modelima , suplementirani karnozin može da poveća nivoe kortikosterona , koji može da objasni hiperaktivnost ispoljenu kod većih doza . Međutim , gore navedena studija koristila je karnozin ubrizgavan u piliće intracerebroventrikularno , dok kod ljudi još uvek nije primećen povećan nivo kortikosterona . Kod životinjskih modela utvrđeno je da karnozin usporava rast raka i štiti od oksidativnog stresa izazvanog alkoholom , kao i hronična oštećenja jetre uzrokovana etanolom . Karnozin je takođe neuro zaštitnik protiv trajne cerebralne ishemije kod miševa . Karnozin može da poveća Hejflik limit kod ljudskih fibroblasta , a čini se i da smanjuje stopu skraćivanja telomera . Karnozin se takođe smatra zaštitnikom protiv starenja . Pošto se prefiks karno- odnosi na meso ( izvor pomenut gore ) za tipične vegetarijanske dijete se smatra da im nedostaje karnozina . Kliničko ispitivanje profesora Vanga i dr. pod nazivom „ Upotreba karnozina kao prirodnog leka protiv starenja ljudi “ sprovedena je napacijenata sa raznličitim stepenima katarakte , i pokazala je uspešnosti kod uznapredovalih katarakti , i kod pacijenata sa blagim do umerenim kataraktama , tokommeseci probnog perioda . Karnozinemija , ili nedostatak karnozina ili nedostatak aminoacil-histidin dipeptida , je redak autozomno- recesivan metabolički poremećaj , koji izaziva nedostatak karnozinaze , vrste dipeptidaze ( enzima koji deli dipeptide u njihova dva aminokiselniska konstituenta ) . Ovaj poremećaj dovodi do povećanja karnozina u urinu , likvoru , krvi i nervnom sistemu . Neurološki poremećaji povezani sa nedostatkom karnozina , i rezultujućom karnozinemijom ( „ karnozin u krvi ” ) su česti . Reference Literatura - { Abe H . Role of Histidine-Related Compounds as Intracellular Proton Buffering Constituents in Vertebrate Muscle . Biochemistry ( Mosc ) 65:7 Aime S , Digilio G , Bruno E , et al . Modulation of the antioxidant activity of HO * scavengers by albumin binding : a-NMR study . Biochem Biophys Res Commun.307( 4 ) : Aldini G , Orioli M , Carini M et al . Profiling histidine-containing dipeptides in rat tissues by liquid chromatography / electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry . 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