Peningkatan keasaman air laut
Peningkatan keasaman air laut adalah peristiwa berkurangnya pH lautan yang berada di bumi, yang disebabkan oleh penyerapan karbon dioksida dari atmosfer (pH berkurang = keasaman meningkat). Diperkirakan 30-40% karbon dioksida yang dilepaskan oleh manusia ke atmosfer larut ke perairan. Untuk mempertahankan kesetimbangan kimia, sebagian akan bereaksi dengan air membentuk asam karbonat. Sebagian dari molekul asam karbonat akan beraksi dengan molekul air membentuk ion bikarbonat dan ion hydronium, sehingga meningkatkan keasaman laut. Antara tahun 1751 hingga 1994, pH permukaan laut diperkirakan menurun dari 8.25 menjadi 8.14, yang merupakan peningkatan konsentrasi ion hydronium sebanyak 30% di lautan.

Peningkatan keasaman air aut diperkirakan memiliki beragam konsekuensi, seperti penurunan laju metabolisme cumi-cumi jumbo (Dosidicus gigas), penurunan sistem imunitas kerang biru, dan pemutihan koral.

Reaksi kimia 

  (g) + H2O (l)   (aq) + H2O (l)  H2CO3 (aq)  HCO3− (aq) + H+ (aq)  CO32− (aq) + 2 H+ (aq)

Reaksi kimia lain juga terjadi sehingga kadar ion karbonat di lautan yang tersedia akan berkurang. Hal ini akan menyulitkan bagi hewan laut yang membutuhkan ion karbonat bagi pertumbuhan hidupnya seperti koral untuk proses kalsifikasi tubuhnya, dan beberapa jenis plankton. Struktur yang mengandung ion karbonat pun akan cepat rapuh karena larut oleh asam. Peningkatan keasaman lautan akan memicu gangguan pada rantai makanan yang ada pada dan terhubung dengan lautan. Sebanyak 105 akademi ilmu pengetahuan telah mengeluarkan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi emisi karbon dioksida global sebanyak setidaknya 50% dari tingkat emisi tahun 1990.

Peningkatan keasaman air laut telah terjadi sebelumnya dalam sejarah bumi, seperti peristiwa Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), yang terjadi setidaknya 56 juta tahun yang lalu dan menyebabkan pelarutan struktur karbonat hewan laut hingga membentuk sedimen di basin lautan di seluruh dunia.

Lihat pula 

 Pompa biologis
 Gas rumah kaca
 Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
 Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
 Dampak lingkungan dari industri batu bara

Referensi 

 
 . Report website.
 , RS Policy document 10/09. Report website.
 
 
 .
 Report website.

Bahan bacaan terkait 

 Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC) (2008). Position analysis: CO2 emissions and climate change: Ocean impacts and adaptation issues. ISSN: 1835–7911. Hobart, Tasmania.
 
 , (Article preview only).
 
 
 
 
 
 Kleypas, J. A., R. A. Feely, V. J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C. L. Sabine, and L. L. Robbins. (2006). Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Further Research , report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by National Science Foundation, NOAA and the U.S. Geological Survei, 88pp.
 
 Riebesell, U., V. J. Fabry, L. Hansson and J.-P. Gattuso (Eds.). (2010). Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting, 260 p. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

Pranala luar 
 How Acidification Threatens Oceans from the Inside Out Scientific American August 9, 2010 by Marah J. Hardt and Carl Safina
 Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, report by the Royal Society (UK)
 AR4 WG1 Chapter 5: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level , IPCC
 State of the Science FACT SHEET: Ocean acidification , NOAA
 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center  (CDIAC), the primary data analysis center of the U.S. Department of Energy (located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
 Ocean acidification introduction , USGS
 Climate change threatening the Southern Ocean , report by CSIRO
 The Ocean in a High  World, an international science symposium series
 The Acid Ocean – the Other Problem with  Emission, David Archer (scientist), a RealClimate discussion
 Regularly updated "blog" of ocean acidification publications and news, Jean-Pierre Gattuso
 Task Force on Ocean Acidification in the Pacific , including recent presentations on ocean acidification, Pacific Science Association
 Ocean Acidification , a multimedia, interactive site from The World Ocean Observatory
 Acidic Oceans: Why should we care? Perspectives in ocean science, Andrew Dickson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
 Climate Change: Coral Reefs on the Edge  A video presentation by Prof. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg on impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs
 Life in the Sea Found Its Fate in a Paroxysm of Extinction April 30, 2012
 Ocean acidification virtual lab 
 Ocean Acidification: Starting with the Science , a booklet from the Division on Earth & Life Studies of the United States National Research Council (released April 2011)
 Ocean Acidification , a United States National Academy of Sciences/ National Research Council website that includes downloadable figures and interviews with ocean scientists
 Ancient Ocean Acidification Intimates Long Recovery from Climate Change, July 22, 2010
 Acidification alters fish behavior: higher carbon dioxide in oceans may affect brain chemistry February 25, 2012 Science News
 Coordination of international research efforts and synthesis activities in ocean acidification.  IMBER/SOLAS
 Understanding Ocean Acidification -- Educational Site from Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary -- Education Team 
 Dr. Francisco Chavez on Ocean Acidification – Smithsonian Ocean Portal
 European Project of Ocean Acidification (EPOCA), a 4-year-long EU initiative to investigate ocean acidification (initiated June 2008)
 Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification (BIOACID), a German initiative funded by BMBF
 Ocean Acidification Research Programme (UKOARP), a 5-year-long UK initiative funded by NERC, Defra and DECC
 Research Program on Ocean Acidification  at the Cluster of Excellence "Future Ocean", Kiel
 Ocean Acidification Research Center  at University of Alaska Fairbanks
 Effects of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification on Living Marine Organisms: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, First Session, May 10, 2007
 The Environmental and Economic Impacts of Ocean Acidification: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, April 22, 2010
 Ocean Acidification Congressional Research Service
 Threatening Oceans from the Inside Out: How Acidification Affects Marine Life, Scientific American
 "The Darkening Sea, article in The New Yorker magazine, Nov. 20, 2006 (requires registration)
 "Growing Acidity of Oceans May Kill Corals", Washington Post
 "Scientists Grapple with Ocean Acidification", ABC News
 "Ocean Acidification & Climate", by Clayton Sandell ABC News
 A World Without Whales? by Philippe Cousteau, The Huffington Post
 http://www.oceana.org/climate/solutions/oceana/acidtest/ , Oceana
 The Acid Ocean , Stanford University
 Sea Change (Parts One, Two, and Three), The Seattle Times
 The Other  Problem, an EPOCA-commissioned educational animation created by students from Ridgeway School, Plymouth
 Acid Test: The Global Challenge of Ocean Acidification, by Natural Resources Defense Council
 A Sea Change: Imagine a world without fish , an award-winning documentary and related blog about ocean acidification
 Ocean Acidification in a Nutshell , by Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand
 Ocean Acidification: An Ecosystem Facing Dissolution by GEOMAR I Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
 CO2SYS , a stand-alone executable (also available in a version for Microsoft Excel/VBA)
 seacarb , a R package for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux (also available here)
 CSYS, a Matlab script

Ekologi perairan
Karbon
Oseanografi kimiawi
Perikanan
Geokimia
Efek pemanasan global
Oseanografi biologi
Peningkatan keasaman air laut adalah peristiwa berkurangnya pH lautan yang berada di bumi , yang disebabkan oleh penyerapan karbon dioksida dari atmosfer ( pH berkurang = keasaman meningkat ) . Diperkirakan karbon dioksida yang dilepaskan oleh manusia ke atmosfer larut ke perairan . Untuk mempertahankan kesetimbangan kimia , sebagian akan bereaksi dengan air membentuk asam karbonat . Sebagian dari molekul asam karbonat akan beraksi dengan molekul air membentuk ion bikarbonat dan ion hydronium , sehingga meningkatkan keasaman laut . Antara tahunhingga pH permukaan laut diperkirakan menurun dari25 menjadi14 , yang merupakan peningkatan konsentrasi ion hydronium sebanyak di lautan . Peningkatan keasaman air aut diperkirakan memiliki beragam konsekuensi , seperti penurunan laju metabolisme cumi-cumi jumbo ( Dosidicus gigas ) , penurunan sistem imunitas kerang biru , dan pemutihan koral . Reaksi kimia ( g ) + H2O ( l ) ( aq ) + H2O ( l ) H2CO3 ( aq ) HCO3 − ( aq ) + H+ ( aq ) CO32 − ( aq ) +H+ ( aq ) Reaksi kimia lain juga terjadi sehingga kadar ion karbonat di lautan yang tersedia akan berkurang . Hal ini akan menyulitkan bagi hewan laut yang membutuhkan ion karbonat bagi pertumbuhan hidupnya seperti koral untuk proses kalsifikasi tubuhnya , dan beberapa jenis plankton . Struktur yang mengandung ion karbonat pun akan cepat rapuh karena larut oleh asam . Peningkatan keasaman lautan akan memicu gangguan pada rantai makanan yang ada pada dan terhubung dengan lautan . Sebanyakakademi ilmu pengetahuan telah mengeluarkan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi emisi karbon dioksida global sebanyak setidaknya dari tingkat emisi tahun Peningkatan keasaman air laut telah terjadi sebelumnya dalam sejarah bumi , seperti peristiwa Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum ( PETM ) , yang terjadi setidaknyajuta tahun yang lalu dan menyebabkan pelarutan struktur karbonat hewan laut hingga membentuk sedimen di basin lautan di seluruh dunia . Lihat pula Pompa biologis Gas rumah kaca Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum Dampak lingkungan dari industri batu bara Referensi \ . Report website . , RS Policy document09 . Report website . \ . Report website . Bahan bacaan terkait Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre ( ACE CRC ) Position analysis : CO2 emissions and climate change : Ocean impacts and adaptation issues . ISSN:7911 . Hobart , Tasmania . , ( Article preview only ) . Kleypas , J . A . , R . A . Feely , V . J . Fabry , C . Langdon , C . L . Sabine , and L . L . Robbins . Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers : A Guide for Further Research , report of a workshop held20 April St . Petersburg , FL , sponsored by National Science Foundation , NOAA and the U.S . Geological Survei, p . Riebesell , U . , V . J . Fabry , L . Hansson and J.-P . Gattuso ( Eds . ) . Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting, p . Luxembourg : Publications Office of the European Union . Pranala luar How Acidification Threatens Oceans from the Inside Out Scientific American Augustby Marah J . Hardt and Carl Safina Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide , report by the Royal Society ( UK ) AR4 WG1 Chapter Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level , IPCC State of the Science FACT SHEET : Ocean acidification , NOAA Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ( CDIAC ) , the primary data analysis center of the U.S . Department of Energy ( located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory ) Ocean acidification introduction , USGS Climate change threatening the Southern Ocean , report by CSIRO The Ocean in a High World , an international science symposium series The Acid Ocean – the Other Problem with Emission , David Archer ( scientist ) , a RealClimate discussion Regularly updated " blog " of ocean acidification publications and news , Jean-Pierre Gattuso Task Force on Ocean Acidification in the Pacific , including recent presentations on ocean acidification , Pacific Science Association Ocean Acidification , a multimedia , interactive site from The World Ocean Observatory Acidic Oceans : Why should we care ? Perspectives in ocean science , Andrew Dickson , Scripps Institution of Oceanography Climate Change : Coral Reefs on the Edge A video presentation by Prof . Ove Hoegh-Guldberg on impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs Life in the Sea Found Its Fate in a Paroxysm of Extinction April Ocean acidification virtual lab Ocean Acidification : Starting with the Science , a booklet from the Division on Earth & Life Studies of the United States National Research Council ( released April Ocean Acidification , a United States National Academy of Sciences/ National Research Council website that includes downloadable figures and interviews with ocean scientists Ancient Ocean Acidification Intimates Long Recovery from Climate Change , July Acidification alters fish behavior : higher carbon dioxide in oceans may affect brain chemistry FebruaryScience News Coordination of international research efforts and synthesis activities in ocean acidification . IMBER/SOLAS Understanding Ocean Acidification -- Educational Site from Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary -- Education Team Dr . Francisco Chavez on Ocean Acidification – Smithsonian Ocean Portal European Project of Ocean Acidification ( EPOCA ) , ayear-long EU initiative to investigate ocean acidification ( initiated June Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification ( BIOACID ) , a German initiative funded by BMBF Ocean Acidification Research Programme ( UKOARP ) , ayear-long UK initiative funded by NERC , Defra and DECC Research Program on Ocean Acidification at the Cluster of Excellence " Future Ocean " , Kiel Ocean Acidification Research Center at University of Alaska Fairbanks Effects of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification on Living Marine Organisms : Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans , Atmosphere , Fisheries , and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation , United States Senate , One Hundred Tenth Congress , First Session , May The Environmental and Economic Impacts of Ocean Acidification : Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans , Atmosphere , Fisheries , and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation , United States Senate , One Hundred Eleventh Congress , Second Session , April Ocean Acidification Congressional Research Service Threatening Oceans from the Inside Out : How Acidification Affects Marine Life , Scientific American " The Darkening Sea , article in The New Yorker magazine , Nov.( requires registration ) " Growing Acidity of Oceans May Kill Corals " , Washington Post " Scientists Grapple with Ocean Acidification " , ABC News " Ocean Acidification & Climate " , by Clayton Sandell ABC News A World Without Whales ? by Philippe Cousteau , The Huffington Post http://www.oceana.org/climate/solutions/oceana/acidtest/ , Oceana The Acid Ocean , Stanford University Sea Change ( Parts One , Two , and Three ) , The Seattle Times The Other Problem , an EPOCA-commissioned educational animation created by students from Ridgeway School , Plymouth Acid Test : The Global Challenge of Ocean Acidification , by Natural Resources Defense Council A Sea Change : Imagine a world without fish , an award-winning documentary and related blog about ocean acidification Ocean Acidification in a Nutshell , by Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand Ocean Acidification : An Ecosystem Facing Dissolution by GEOMAR I Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel CO2SYS , a stand-alone executable ( also available in a version for Microsoft Excel/VBA ) seacarb , a R package for Windows , Mac OS X and Linux ( also available here ) CSYS , a Matlab script Ekologi perairan Karbon Oseanografi kimiawi Perikanan Geokimia Efek pemanasan global Oseanografi biologi