title: Miscellaneous  Grammar - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование...

text:
Miscellaneous Grammar Translate the sentences into Russian.
1
.
The work referred to also brought to light many examples of
abnormal behaviour. 2. Having examined it carefully, wc found out that
the gas under investigation exhibited anomalous behaviour. 3. The
abnormal osmotic pressures can be explained by the hypothesis of a
hydrolytic decomposition. 4. To conclude, there arc two features of high
abnormal chcmical reactivity. S. If the temperature is raised, a small amount
of phenol must be added in order to produce a separation of liquid.
6
. If
water is added to ether, solution will not occur. 7. Shown in the following
table is the degree of agreement between the two sets of values.
8
. The
experimental facts wc obtained arc in agreement with the law. 9. And to
sum up, the pressure must be considered in agreement with the modem
kinetic theory. 10. If wc prepare some HgCd alloys and allow the alloy to
reach the ordinary temperature, it will generally solidify provided enough
Cd is present.
11
. Other conditions being equal, the dissociation theory is
in good agreement with these observations. 12. The agreement between
the final columns shows the hydrolysis of the salt to have practically
disappeared. 13. The results of several methods to be described later arc in
satisfactory agreement. 14. If a solid be allowed to cool down, it becomes
heterogeneous. 15. a- and P-rays were found to consist of pulsations
analogous to Rdntgcn rays. 16. Though somewhat different, analogous
behaviour may be observed in the case of the gaseous system. 17. It follows
from the above that the case is analogous to a mixture of alcohol and
water. 18. Returning to van’t H offs argument, it will be remembered that
the striking feature of his argument is that he actually calculated the normal
constant for substanccs dissolved in a given solvent. 19. To understand
Arrhenius’ argument more clcarly, it is ncccssary that wc should refer to
the work of Kohlrauch. 20. The gas law has been seen to apply only to
dilute solutions. 21. With the help of the kinetic theory applied to the
thermal expansion, one can calculate that the absolute zero is -273°C.
22. Applying the law of mass action, the following equation was obtained.
23. The values given below arc calculatcd on the assumption that
1
gram-
molcculc of the substancc under examination is dissolved in
10
litres of
water. 24. This assumption is shown to be quite inadequate. 25. The formula
quoted earlier is based on a number of assumptions which restrict its
applicability. 26. It has been shown experimentally that this assumption is
252
a correct one in the inorganic colloids examined. 27. Further assumptions
were made about the electrical work required for the vibration of the


particles. 28. One has to make separate assumption in cach single ease.
29. It was on the basis of the electrolytic dissociation theory that the factor
/ was shown later by Arrhenius. 30. It is not uninteresting to note that the
subject of osmotic pressure of clcctrolytcs is discussed on the basis of the
theory put forward in 1883. 31. One should never forget that the Phase
Rule is based on thermodynamical considerations. 32. Unfortunately, this
formula is based on a number of assumptions which ncccssarily restrict its
applicability. 33. It should be admitted that the behaviour of matter at
-273°C is practically inconccivablc to us. 34. The behaviour of gases and,
to a less extent, the behaviour of liquids can, thus, be accountcd for. 35. The
authors were the first to endeavour to investigate the behaviour of liquids
and gases from the physical standpoint. 36. The behaviour of several gases
has been investigated but no definite conclusion could be drawn. 37. It is
not unlikely that when mercury and water arc brought together the two
liquids will remain side by side. 38. If alcohol and water be brought together,
complete miscibility takes placc. 39. The relation enables us to calculatc к
quite easily. 40. Lord Kelvin calculated that when the air spacc between
them was 1 O
'5
cm, the attraction was 2 grams weight. 41. One can calculatc
by Gay-Lussac’s law, what the density would be. 42. Let us now calculatc
the equilibrium constant for the above case. 43. It is essential that tlic ease
of mixed crystals of thallium nitrate and potassium nitrate should be taken
here. 44. Take the case of iodine and benzene. 45. In ccrtain cases, one
could find that in the mixed crystal one of the components would have a
smaller molccular weight than in the ordinary case. 46. Whatever reasons
may be given, Henry’s law is a particular case of the distribution law.
47. Whatever considerations may be presented, the case is different with
organic colloids. 48. If the experiment be earned out at a very low
temperature, hydrogen is found to behave like other gases. 49. The work
carried out is based on ccrtain relationships which proved to be incorrect.
50. Unless otherwise specified, the analyses arc carried out in an analogous
manner. 51. A scries o f freezing point determinations at various
concentrations was carried out which is consistent with the data from the
literature. 52. A further addition of phenol causcs a second liquid phase to
be formed. 53. Refer oncc more to Figure 2, it is seen therefrom what
made the gas concentrate in water. 54. A very striking confirmation of the
dissociation theory was afforded by the work o f Ostwald on the
permanganates in aqueous solutions. 55. Suffice it to say, this has been
confirmed in the case of the salts of quinic acid only. 56. It is small wonder
that the observed changc of degree of dissociation is likewise satisfactory
confirmation of the law of mass action. 57. In the present chaptcr, the
systems will be considered in which combination between compounds
can occur with the formation of definite compounds. 58. There arc three
separate curves to be considered in the ease of sodium sulphate and water.
59. Consider one molcculc moving in a straight line. 60. One might consider
253
gases simply as systems o f small particles. 61. The substancc obtained is
believed to be cither an impure form of Ag;0
3
or a basic sulphate of
tripositivc silver. 62. The residue left after most of the liquid air had boiled
away consisted largely of oxygen and nitrogen. 63. To obtain phosphoric
acid, one must dissolve the oxide of phosphorus in water. 64. To balance
an equation, the formulas of all reactants and products must be known.
65. The acidity of solutions is often expressed in terms of pH; the lower
the pH, the more acid in the solution.
66
. No precipitate forms unless the
value o f the ion product for the mixture is greater than Kps for the salt
being considered. 67. To destroy sulphur compounds, Courtois added
sulphuric acid, and on one eventful day in 1811 he must have added it in
cxccss.
68
. Bunsen’s early cacodyl researches were followed by a study of
blast fumacc gases. 69. It was not until 1870 that Bcrthclot began to study
the explosive force of powders. 70. Having added the ncccssary amount
of sulphur to bromine and mixed the solution obtained with icc, wc obtained
hydrogen bromide. 71. Compounds o f phosphorus arc likely to be reduced
by hot carbon. 72. Catalysts accelerate the reactions that otherwise would
be too slow. 73. Soon after hearing of the discovery of argon, Lccoq dc
Boisbaudran predicted that it might belong to a family of absolutely inert
elements, all o f which were then unknown. 74. Whether our observation is
of significance remains to be proved. 75. Should the Sun cease to give us
heat, the air and the whole surfacc of the earth would slowly cool off.
76. The pcrfcrritcs arc rather stable in alkaline media, but when acidified
evolve oxygen, the iron being reduced to the tripositivc state. 77. These
striking properties made him suspcct the presence of a new element. 78. For
many purposes, it is desirable that water should be pure. 79. Bccausc of
the complications introduced by operating at elevated temperatures it was
d ear that the reaction o f silver nitrite with alkyl halides ought to be
conducted at as low a temperature as possible. 80. The first step in the
reaction appears to be the formation of ferrite, which is followed by
atmoshpcric oxidation of the iron. 81. Increasing temperatures iip to 50° С
and high alkali concentration favour ferrate formation. 82. Upon washing
these plates with a little distilled water, one obtains the substancc in the
pure state. 83. For one substancc to dissolve in another their molcculcs
must attract cach other strongly. 84. Copper and gold oxides arc weak
bases, the basic charactcr decreasing as the atomic weight rises. 85. The
liquid a substancc dissolves in is callcd a solvent.
86
. That coppcr comcs
off the anode in the tripositivc form is confirmed by calculations involving
the anodic loss of weight and Faraday’s law. 87. The discovery of spectral
analysis increased Bunsen’s fame enormously and led to his being callcd
to Berlin.
88
. Having cooled the concentrated solution of naphthalene in
hexane wc obtained white precipitate of pure naphthalene. 89. During the
remaining years o f his life Franhofcr continued his studies o f spcctra
without ever realizing the significance of the lines which today bear his
name. 90. None of the fourteen colourless gases studied showed lines.
9 1. It was Bcrthclot who, starting from the elements, synthesized the various
hydrocarbons. 92. The initial rate is only slightly aflcctcd by the acid
concentration, or by the ionic strength of the solution. 93. Three products
arc likely to be formed by the clcctrolytic reduction at a lead cathodc.
94. Experiments similar to those just described were performed in aqueous
medium in the presence of various coordinating agents. 95. On adding
barium chloride reagent to the reaction mixture white barium sulphate is
formed if nitrite is present. 96. It was well known among silver miners
that a ccrtain ore found as a white mineral, horn silver, turned dark upon
exposure to sunlight. 97. In the early years of the scicncc o f chcmistry a
substancc was acccpted as an element so long as no reaction showing it to
be a compound had been observed. 98. To vaporize means to changc a
solid into a vapour by heating it. 99. Different elements consist of different
kinds of atoms, the most significant being their weights.
1
00. Mendeleyev's
succcss in working out the Periodic Tabic was largely due to the exhaustive
study he gave to the properties of the elements. 101. The explosion of a
mixture o f hydrogen and chlorinc might have occurred, had the ncccssary
precautions not been taken in time. 102. The policy of some countries
seems to favour agriculture more than all other employments, which results
in particular development of agricultural chcmistry. 103. The cathodic
reduction of Yb(IH) in a cell of a type similar to that used for the production
o f dipositive europium results in the formation of Yb(II). 104. The
spcctroscopc shows the outer atmosphere of the Sun to consist largely of
hydrogen. 105. Ramsay continued to search for other inert gases, and in
this he was aided by his assistant, Morris William Travers. 106. No
conclusion can be drawn as to whether chlorination occurred at the 9*position.
107. Tlircc presently unknown ionic spccics have to be prepared and
studied for a complete examination to be possible. 108. When an clement
exists in more than one form, it is said to be allotropic. 109. To measure
any quantity is to compare it with something already known, taken as a
standard. 110. This phenomenon is the more pronounced, tlic more non*
homogeneous the metal.
1 11
. Had the method of clcctrolytic reduction
o f the nitrobenzene been employed, the yield o f aniline would have been
considerably higher. 112. To separate the thorium from iron, this
precipitate is dissolved in hydrochloric acid. 113. This group being inert
to most reagents, it is impossible to hydrolizc it. 114. Upon being warmed
with conccntratcd sulphuric acid, the ion is decomposed with the
liberation o f oxygen. 115. The alkali metals do form positive ions.
116. Hydrogen is placcd by itself in the periodic tabic bccausc its chcmical
behaviour is not closely similar to that of any other clement. 117. It is an
experimental fact that two fluorine atoms will combinc to form a diatomic
molcculc F;. 118. It was while systematizing his ideas for his famous
textbook, Principles o f Chemistry, that D. 1. Mendeleyev devised his
periodic tabic. 119. If Avogadro’s hypothesis had been accepted, chcmists
would have been spared half a ccntury of confusion. 120. Titanium seems
to combinc all the best properties of steel and aluminium with other
valuable ones of its own.
|


title:
БИБЛИОТЕКА
ВГУ - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова,...

text:
Ex. 5. Discuss the following topics:
1. The Discovery of the Periodic System of the Elements.
2. Mendeleyev’s Life.
3. Mendeleyev’s Interests.
4. The Periodic System of Elements at Present.
DO YOU KNOW THAT...
Mendeleyev planned to present his paper on the periodic table at the
meeting of the Russian Chcmical Socicty on March
6
, 1869, but on that
day he was ill. His friend N. S. Mcnshutkin (1842-1907), a noted Russian
analytical chcmist who was a colleague at the University of St. Petersburg
read die paper for him. The communication did not evoke any unusual
interest at this meeting.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


title:
Appendices
I - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова,...

text:
Appendices
I
Words a Student Should Know before
Studying the Textbook
a*
about*
above
active
after
afternoon
in the afternoon
again
against
ago
agree
all*
along
already
always
American
among
an*
and*
animal
any
anybody
anything
April
army
around
arrive
art
artist
as*
at*
at 5 o'clock
at the table
August
autumn
in autumn
В
back
bad (worse, worst)
badly
bag
ball
be* (am*, is*, are*,
was*, were*)
there is..., etc.
be absent
bebord
be going to
be ill (well)
be interested in
be late
be on duty
be over
be present
be ready
be sorry
b e ... years old
beautiful
bccausc
become
before
begin
beginning
behind
belong
between
big*
bird
black
blackboard
blue
book
both
box
bread
break
bridge '
bring
brother
brown
build
building
bus
go by bus
busy
be busy
but*
buy
by*
by my friend
* Здесь и далее слова, пометенные звездочкой, следует выучить в первую очередь.
256
с
call*
can*
capital
capitalist
car
go by car
catch
cclcbratc
ccntral
ccntrc
ccntuiy
chair
changc
child (children)
cinema
circle
city
class
classroom
clean
clear
o’clock
It is 5 o’clock,
cloud
club
coast
coat
cold
collective
colour
comc*
come in
continue
copy
comer
correct
correctly
count
country
cover
cross
cup
cut
D
daily
dark
day
December
9
Степаном
decide
defend
democracy
democratic
demonstrate
dcscribc
desk
die
different
difficult
dinner
dirty
discover
do* (did*)
doctor
dog
door
down*
dress
drink
during
duly
E
each
early
east
easy
eat
economic
economy
eight
eighty
eighteen
eighth
eleven
eleventh
else
empty
end
England
English
enough
enter
evening
in the evening
every
everybody
everyone
everything
explain
exploit
eye
F
face
factory
family
far
farmer
father
Februaiy
field
fifteen
fifth
fifty
fight
film
find
finish
fire
first*
fish
five
flag
food
football
for*
forest
foiget
forty
four
fourteen
fourth
Friday
friend
friendly
from*
from Moscow
from 5 to 7 o’clock
front
in front of
full
G
game
garden
get*
get acquainted with
get up
girl
257
give
glass
go* (went*)
go away
goon
go out
go to bed
good (better, best)
grammar
grass
great
green
g rey
ground
grow
H
half
hand
happen
happy
hard
hat
have* (has*, had*)
have dinner (supper,
breakfast, tea...)
have a nice time
have to
he*
hear
heart
heavy
help
her*
here*
high
him*
his*
histoiy
hockey
holidays
home
at home
homework
hope
hot
how
how long
how many
how much
hundred
hungry
I
I*
if»
in*
industrial
industry
interesting
international
into*
invite
it*
its
January
job
June
July
just*
К
kill
king
know
lake
land
language
large
last
late
learn
leave
left
lesson
let
let’s (let us)
letter
life
light
like*
listen
little*
live
long
look*
look out
loud
love
low
M
make*
man (men)
many* (more*, most*)
March
march
May
may*
me*
mean
meat
meet
meeting
member
middle
milk
million
mine
minute
mistake
Monday
money
moon
morning
in the morning
mother
mountain
move
much* .
museum
music
must*
my*
N
name
What is your name?
— My name is...
national
near
necessary
need
never
new*
newspaper
next
258
night
at night
nine
nineteen
ninety
ninth
no*
nobody
nothing
noon
north
not*
notebook
November
now*
number
October
of*
the book of my friend
off*
often
old*
on*
on Monday
on the table
once
one*
only*
open
or*
organize
other*
our*
out*
out of
over*
be over
page
parents
park
part
party
pay
peace
pen
pencil
people
picture
place
plan
plane
play
pleasant
political
poor
port
prepare
pronounce
pupil
put
quarter
question
quick
quickly
quiet
rain
ratio
read
rcceivc
red
remain
remember
rest
rich
right* (
2
)
rise
river
road
room
round
run
Russia
Russian
Saturday
say* (said*)
school
sea
second
see*
sell
send
September
seven
seventeen
seventh
seventy
shall
share
she*
ship
shoe
shop
short
show
side
simple
simply
sister
sit
sit down
six
sixteen
sixth
sixty
ski
sky
sleep
slow
slowly
small
snow
so*
socicty
soft
some*
somebody
something
south
speak
spend
sports
spring
in spring
square
stand
stand up
star
start
stop
story
street
strong
struggle
student
study
suit
summer
in summer
sun
Sunday
supper
swim
table
take
take part in
tea
teach
teacher
tell
ten
tenth
that* (those)
the*
theatre
their*
them*
then*
there*
they*
thing
think
third
thirteen
thirty
this* (these)
thousand
three
through
Thursday
tickct
time
to*
Give the book
to the teacher.
Go to the
blackboard,
today
tomorrow
town
train
tram
translate
travel
tree
try
Tuesday
twelfth
twelve
twenty
two*
U
under
understand
unemployed
unite
up*
use
usual
village
visit
W
wait
wait for
walk
wall
want*
war
warm
wash
watch
water
way
we*
Wednesday
week
weekly
well*
what*
when*
where*
which*
white
who* (whom, whose)
why
window
winter
in winter
with
He writes with a pen.
without
will*
woman (women)
word
work
worker
world
write
writer
wrong
year
yearly
Chemical Elements
II
Ac
actinium
(rck'tiniom)
актиний
Ag
silver
I'silvo]
серебро
At
aluminium
(,xlo'mimom]
алюминий
Am
americium
[.snuTnstom]
америши!
Ar
argon
['argon]
аргон
As
arsenic
[a:snik]
мышьяк
At
astatine
['sestotiin]
астат
Au
gold
[gould]
золото
В
boron
j'borron]
бор
Ba
barium
j'bconom]
барий
Be
beryllium
[bo'nliom]
бериллий
Bi
bismuth
['bizmoO]
висмут
Bk
berkelium
[bd'ki:liom]
беркелий
Br
bromine
[#broomi:n]
бром
С
carbon
['ka:bon]
углерод
Ca
calcium
['kxlsiom]
кальций
Cd
cadmium
['kxdmiom]
кадмий
Ce
cerium
['sioriom)
церий
Cf
californium
[#кге1эТэ:тэт]
калифорний
Cl
chlorine
j'kb:ri:n]
хлор
Cm
curium
[kjuonam]
кюрий
Co
cobalt
[*кооЬэ:к]
кобальт
Cr
chromium
['kroomtom]
хром
Cs
c(a)csium
['siiziom]
цезий
Cu
copper
(kopo)
медь
Dy
dysprosium
[dis'prouziom]
диспрозий
Er
erbium
['з.Ыэт]
эрбий
Es
einsteinium
[ain'stainiom]
эйнштейний
Eu
europium
[ju: roopiom)
европий
F
fluorine
['floori.n]
фтор
Fe
iron
('aion]
железо
Fm
fcrmium
(Тз:тют)
фермий
Fr
francium
[Tnenstom]
франций
Ga
gallium
i'gxltdm)
галлий
Gd
gadolinium
i.gsds'hniom]
гадолиний
Ge
germanium
[d33: 'meimom]
германий
11
hydrogen
['haidrad
3
on]
водород
He
helium
j'hHism]
гелий
Hf
hafnium
[hafniam]
гафиий
Hg
mercury
['m3:kjunj
ртуть
Ho
holmium
['houlmiom]
гольмий
1
iodine
[*aiodi:n]
йод
ln
indium
('lndiamj
индий
Ir
iridium
[l'ndism]
иридий
К
potassium
[po'tssism]
калий
Kr
kiypton
('knpton]
криптон
Ku
kurchatovium
(,k3:t/o't3uvi3m]
курчатовий
La
lanthanum
j'henfonam]
лантан
Li
lithium
I'hOiom]
литий
Ln
lawrcncium
(b'rensism]
лоурснсий
Lu
lutecium
[lo’tiijam]
лютеций
Md
mendelevium
j,mend9*li:vi3m]
менделевий
Mg
magnesium
[mxg*ni:zj9m]
магний
Mn
manganese
[,msng9'ni:z]
марганец
Mo
molybdenum
(mo'hbdsnom]
молибден
N
nitrogen
j'nattr3d3on]
азот
Na
sodium
j'saudiom]
натрий
Nb
niobium
[паГэоЬют]
ниобий
Nd
neodymium
(,ni:oo'dimi3m]
неодим
Ne
neon
j'niron]
неон
Ni
nickel
jmkl]
никель
No
nobelium
[пэо'ЫЖэт]
нобелий
Np
neptunium
(nep'tju:niom)
нептуний
Ns
nielsbohrium
[ni:ls'b3:nom]
нильсборий
О
oxygen
[Dksidson]
кислород
Os
osmium
I'ozmidm]
осмий
P
phosphorus
j'fosforos]
фосфор
Pa
protactinium
j.proutaek'tmiom]
протактиний
Pb
lead
[led]
свинец
Pd
palladium
(po'leidtom]
палладий
Pm
promethium
[proo’mirOiom]
прометий
Po
polonium
[рэ'1эотэт]
ПОЛОНИЙ
Pr
praseodymium
l.preiziao'dimiam]
празеодим
Pt
platinum
['platinsm]
платина
Pu
plutonium
(plu: 'tdoniom]
плутоний
Ra
radium
I'reidiom]
радий
Rb
rubidium
[ru'bidiom]
рубидий
Re
rhenium
I'lrniom)
рений
Rh
rhodium
('rood tom)
родий
Rn
radon
j'reidon]
радон
Ru
ruthenium
(ru'Girniam)
рутений
S
sulphur
(SAlfo)
сера
Sb
antimony
[sntimsm]
сурьма
Sc
scandium
['skxndism]
скандий
Sc
selenium
[so'li:ni3m]
селен
Si
silicon
[’sihkon]
кремний
Sm
samarium
(so'mconom)
самарий
Sn
tin
[tin]
олово
Sr
strontium
[’strontidm]
стронций
Та
tantalum
['txnolsm]
тантал
Tb
terbium
[’t3:bi3m]
тербий
Tc
technetium
[tek'nir/ism]
технеций
Те
tellurium
[te'luonom]
теллур
Tb
thorium
('0D:nom)
торий
Ti
titan um
(taiteinjom]
титан
TI
thallium
['Oxiism]
таллий
Tm
tullium
[ЧлЬэт]
тулий
U
uranium
[jos'reimsm]
уран.
V
vanadium
[vo'neidiom]
ванадий
W
tungsten
['tAQstsn]
вольфрам
Xe
xenon
j'zirnon]
ксенон
Y
yttrium
['itnsm ]
иттрий
Yb
ytterbium
[i't3:biom]
иттербий
Zn
zinc
[ziok]
цинк
Zr
zirconium
|гз:*кэоп
1
эт]
цирконий
I ll
В английском языке словопроизводство (derivation), т. с. образо
вание одного слова из другого, является самым распространенным
способом образования слов.
Образование одного слова из другого производится следующими
способами.
1. Без изменения произношения и написания слова:
у существительных и глаголов:
attack— атака
to attack — атаковать
play — игра
to play — играть
load — нагрузка
to load — нагружать
у прилагательных и глаголов:
dose— близкий
to close — сближаться
warm— теплый
to warm — нагревать
last— последний
to last— продолжаться, длиться
slow— медленный
to slow— замедляться)
loose — свободный
to loose — освобождать, ослаблять
у наречий и глаголов:
slow— медленно
to slow— замедлять(ся)
double— вдвое
to double— удваиватъ(ся)
В некоторых случаях — у нескольких частей речи'.
light — светлый
Ught — свет
to light—зажигать, освещать
slow — медленный
slow — медленно to slow — замедлять(ся)
2. При помощи изменения места ударений:
'progress — прогресс, развитие to pro'gress — прогрессировать, разви
ваться
'increase— рост, увеличение
to in 'crease — увеличиваться
'decrease— уменьшение; спад to de'crease — уменьшать(ся)
'object — объект, цель
to ob'ject — возражать, протестовать
'protest — протест
to pro'test — протестовать
Word-building
0 (A
3. При помощи аффиксов (префиксов и суффиксов)
1) Наиболее употребительные префиксы:
UN-
— имеет отрицательное значение, присоединяется к прилага
тельным:
able — способный
unable — неспособный
equal — равный
unequal — неравный
known— известный
unknown— неизвестный
satisfactory— удовлетворительный unsatisfactory—неудовлетворительный
— присоединяется к глаголам, меняя их значение на противо
положное:
to balance — уравновешивать
to unbalance— выводить из равновесия
to block— преграждать; задерживать to unblock— открывать; устранять
препятствие
to brace— обхватывать, скреплять to unbrace — ослаблять, расслаблять
to clasp — сжимать
to unclasp— разжимать; выпускать
to cover— закрывать, накрывать
to uncover — открывать, раскрывать
to link— соединять, смыкать
to unlink— разъединять, размыкать
DIS-
— образует глаголы, имеющие значение обратного действия, унич
тожения качества или свойства; существительные со значением от
сутствия, лишения чего-л.; прилагательные, обозначающие противо
положное качество или его отсутствие:
to join — соединять
to disjoin — разъединять
to affirm— подтверждать; утверждать to disaffirm— отрицать
to adjust— регулировать; настраивать to disadjust— разрегулировать
armament— вооружение
disarmament— разоружение
charge— заряд
discharge— разряд
coloured— окрашенный
discoloured— изменивший цвет,
обесцвеченный
— обозначает разделение, отделение, рассеивание, разложение
на составные части:
dismiss— распускать
disperse— разгонять, рассеивать
dismemberment— расчленение, разделение на части
disengage— освобождать; выключать; выделять
MIS-
— образует глаголы и существительные со значением противо
положности или неправильности:
adjustment— регулировка; установка
to misadjustment — неверная
регулировка или установка
265
to apply— применять; использовать to misapply — неправильно
использовать; злоупотреблять
to miscalculate— ошибиться в расчете
mis-citation— искаженная шпата
misconstruction— неверное построе
ние; неверное истолкование
to calculate— рассчитывал»; считать
citation — цитата
construction— строительство;
конструкция; составление
(программы)
handling— обращение
to measure — измерять
mishandling— неверное обращение
(с прибора»)
to mismeasure— неправильно измерять
IN-, IL-, IM-, IR-
— придают словам отрицательное значение:
ability — возможность; способность inability— невозможность;
неспособность
accurate— точный, правильный
inaccurate — неточный, ошибочный
accuracy— точность, аккуратность inaccuracy— неточность, ошибка,
погрешность ( прибора)
correct — правильный
incorrect — неправильный
complete— завершенный, полный
incomplete — незавершенный,
неполный
constant— постоянный, устойчивый inconstant— непостоянный,
неустойчивый
legal — правильный, законный
logical — логичный
limitable— ограниченный
balance — равновесие
mobile— подвижный
movable— подвижный
penetrable— проницаемый
permeable— проницаемый
illegal — неправильный, незаконный
illogical — нелогичный
illimitable— неограниченный
imbalance— неустойчивость,
отсутствие равновесия
immobile— неподвижный
immovable— неподвижный;
стационарный
impenetrable— непроницаемый; не
поддающийся воздействию
impermeable— непроницаемый;
плотный
regular— правильный; регулярный irregular— неправильный;
нерегулярный
radiation— радиация
irradiation— иррадиация, облучение
relation — связь, отношение
irrelation— несоответствие;
отсутствие связи
reversible— обратимый
irreversible— необратимый
СО-
— означает общность, совместность действий, сотрудничество;
взаимность (в существительных) или одинаковую степень чего-л.
(в прилагательных):
266
factor— фактор
cofactor— совместно действующий
фактор
to operate— действовать, работать to co-opcratc— сотрудничать,
взаимодействовать
RE-
— обозначает повторность действия, возвращение в прежнее
состояние:
to act— действовать
adsorption — адсорбция
acting—действующий
current— текущий, современный
to react — реагировать; действовать
постоянно
readsorption — резорбция
reacting— реагирующий;
реакционный
recurrent— повторяющийся;
текущий; периодический
OVER-
— встречается в различных частях речи; указывает на характер
действия; на положение над чем-л. или нахождение сверху или за пре
делами чего-л., движение над чем-л. или через что-л., превышение,
переход за пределы чепьл.; чрезмерность чего-то:
abundant— обильный;
распространенный
action— действие
balance— равновесие
charge— заряд
delicate— тонкий;
(высоко)чувствитеяьный
proportion — пропорция,
соотношение; часть, доля
work — работа
overabundant — избыточный
over-action— сверхакпюность
overbalance— перевес; избыток
overcharge— перегрузка; перезаряд (ат.)
overdelicate— сверхчувствительный
overproportion— диспропорция;
избыточное содержание
overwork— перегрузка, перенапряжение
INTER-
— обозначает взаимодействие, взаимовлияние:
to act— действовать
to interact— взаимодействовать; воздействовал»,
влиять
interatomic— межатомный
interaxial — межосевой
to interchange — переставлять; обмениваться);
чередоваться)
communication— связь
intercommunication— взаимосвязь
current—текущий
intercurrent— случайный; промежуточный,
интеркуррентный
atomic — атомный
axial — осевой
to change — менять
267
face — поверхность
interface — поверхность раздела;
граница
to flow— течь
to interflow— сливаться, смешиваться
link — связь
interlink — связующее звено
mediate — опосредованный;
intermediate — промежуточное
промежуточный
(соединение), полупродукт
mixture — смесь
intermixture — примесь
polymerization— полимеризация interpolymerization —
сополимсризацня
to work— работать; действовать to interwork — оказывать взаимное
воздействие, взаимодействовать
оит-
— образует:— существительные со значением расположения вне
границ, пределов чсго-л., занятая, пребывания вне чсго-л., выхода,
исхода;
to соте — приходить
outcome— результат
flow — поток; течение
outflow— вытекание; утечка; вытекшее
количество
throw— бросок
outthrow— выброс; выпуск
— прилагательные со значением находящегося, расположенного
вне чсго-л., направляющегося или направленного куда-л.;
to date— датировать
outdated — устарелый
to lie— лежать; находиться
outlying— удаленный; далекий
— глаголы со значениями действия, направленного наружу, вов
не, а также со значениями превосходства или превышения:
to balance — быть в равновесии, to outbalance — превосходить;
уравновешивать
перевешивать
to wear— носить
to outwear— устаревать
to weigh — весить
to outweigh — превосходить в весе
2) Наиболее употребительные суффиксы существительных:
-ER,-OR
— образуют существительные со значением профессии, действу
ющего лица, орудия действия, национальности:
to absorb — поглощать; всасывать
absorber — поглотитель,
абсорбционный аппарат
to accelerate— ускорять; разгонять, accelerator— ускоритель,
увеличивать скорость
акселератор
to boil — кипятить
boiler — паровой котел; реторта
to boost — поднимать; повышать
booster— усилитель;
промежуточный детонатор;
ракетоноситель
to distribute — распределять;
distributor— распределительное
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |


title: Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина - бет 151

text:
разделять; классифицировать
устройство; распределитель
to invent — изобретать; создавать
inventor — изобретатель
268
to rub— тереть
to test — испытывать, ставить опыт
to vaporize — испарять, выпаривать
rubber — резина, каучук
tester— испытатель; лаборант
vaporizer — испаритель
•ENT, -ANT
— образуют существительные:
to absorb — потощать; всасывать
to assist — помогать, ассистировать
to dessicatc — высушивать;
терять влажность
to deterge — очищать; мыть
absorbent — поглотитель, абсорбент
assistant — помощник, ассистент
dessicant — сиккатив
to depend — зависеть
to equivalence — эквивалентность
to react — реагировать
detergent — моющее, детсргентнос
средство
dependent — зависимый
equivalent — эквивалент
reagent — реагент
-ION, -SION, -TION
— образуют существительные, обозначающие действие или про
цесс, состояние или качество, конкретный результат действия:
to act — действовать
action— действие
to apprehend — понимать, постигать apprehension — концепция, понятие
to collide — сталкиваться
collision — столкновение
to attract — притягивать
attraction — притяжение; столкнове
ние
to crystallize— кристаллнзовать(ся) crystallization— кристаллизация
to direct — направлять; руководить
direction — направление; указание,
инструкция
to ionize — ионизировать
ionization — ионизация
to react — реагировать
reaction — реакция
•ANCE, -ENCE
— образуют отвлеченные существительные, обозначающие дей
ствие, состояние, качество, а также некоторые конкретные существи
тельные:
to assist — помогать, ассистировать assistance — помощь; содействие
to disturb — нарушать равновесие
покоя; движения
to depend — зависеть
to differ — различаться, отличаться
to ignore — не обращать внимания;
пренебрегать
disturbance— нарушение;
повреждение
dependence — зависимость
difference— разница; различие
ignorance— невежество; незнание
-URE
— образует существительные, обозначающие процесс, действие
и его результаты:
to fail — терпеть неудачу, поражение failure — неудача, провал
to press — давить
pressure— давление
269
— встречается также в существительных, обозначающих дей
ствие; процесс, состояние, качество или результат действия:
culture— культура
temperature— температура
fracture — разрыв
structure— структура
nature — природа
literature— литература
-NESS
— образует в основном существительные от прилагательных с
отвлеченным значением качества:
kind— добрый
kindness— доброта
useful — полезный, пригодный
usefulness— полезность, пригодность
dark— темный
darkness— темнота
quick — быстрый
quickness — быстрота
-ТН
— образует существительные от глаголов и прилагательных, обо
значающие действие и его результат:
to grow — расти
growth — рост, развитие
strong — сильный
strength — сила
true— истинный; точный;
truth — правда; точность;
настоящий
соответствие
long— длинный
length— дпнна, протяженность
deep — глубокий
depth — глубина
-ISM
— образует существительные с отвлеченным значением:
communism— коммунизм
mechanism— механизм
capitalism— капитализм
criticism — критика
realism— реализм
-DOM
— образует существительные с отвлеченным значением:
wise— мудрый
wisdom— мудрость
free — свободный
freedom — свобода
-TV, -ITY
— образуют абстрактные существительные, обозначающие со
стояние, положение, казчсство, свойство:
able — способный
ability — способность
flexible — гибкий, эластичный
flexibility— гибкость, эластичность
special— особый; специальный
speciality— специальность
superior— лучший; превосходный superiority — превосходство
270
-ICS
— встречается в названиях ряда наук:
physics— физика
economics— экономика
mathematics— математика
clcctronics— электроника
dialectics— диалектика
dynamics— динамика
tactics— тактика
-ICITY
— образует отвлеченные существительные, обозначающие свой
ство, качество или состояние:
atomic— атомный
atomicity — атомность, валентность
electric— электрический
electricity— электричество
specific — особый, точный
specificity — специфичность
-ING
— образует существительные:
to fog— затуманиваться)
fogging— потускнение: затемнение; вуаль
heating— нагревание; накаливание
pointing— указание; прицеливание
poisoning— отравление
freezing — замораживание
to heat — нагревать
to point — указывать
to poison— отравлять
to freeze— замораживать
-MENT
— образует существительные, обозначающие действие и его ре
зультат, состояние:
to move— двигаться
movement—движение
to develop — развивать
development— развитие
to equip— оборудовать
equipment— оборудование
to achieve— достигать
achievement— достижение
to measure — измерять
measurement— измерение
3) Наиболее употребительные суффиксы прилагательных:
to answer— отвечать
to move— двигаться
sense — чувство
flex— сгибать, гнуть
to limit— ограничивать
-ABLE, -IBLE
answerable— ответственный; соответст
вующий
movable— подвижный; переносной
sensible— чувствительный
flexible— подвижный; гибкий
limitable— ограниченный
-ANT,-ENT
to resist — сопротивляться
resistant — стойкий, прочный
to differ— различать, отличаться different — различный; отличающийся
to depend — зависеть
dependent — зависимый
271
-IVE:
to act— действовать
active— активный
to create— творить
creative— творческий
to decide — решать
decisive— решающий
to demonstrate— демонстрировать; demonstrative— наглядный, доказа-
показывать
тельный
-FUL
— обозначает наличие качества:
peace— мир
peaceful — мирный
саге— забота
careful— заботливый; осторожный;
тщательный
-LESS
— обозначает отсутствие качества:
wire — провод, проволока
wireless— беспроволочный; беспро
водной
use— польза
useless— бесполезный
life— жизнь
lifeless— безжизненный
•ISH
— обозначает неполную степень качества:
blue— голубой
bluish— голубоватый
white— белый
whitish— беловатый
cold— холодный
coldish— довольно холодный; холод
новатый
-Y
— указывает на степень качества или склонность к чему-то:
dirt— грязь
dirty — грязный
ice— лсд
icy— ледяной
chill — холод
chilly— холодный
-AL
emotion— эмоция
emotional— эмоциональный
centre — центр
central— центральный
technique— техника; метод
technical— технический
-1C
atom — атом
atomic— атомный
economy— экономика
economic— экономный; экономи
ческий
history— история
historic— исторический
system— система
systematic— систематический
272
-ous
danger— опасность
dangerous — опасный
poison— яд
poisonous— ядовитый, отравляющий
glory— слава
glorious— славный
4) Наиболее употребительные суффиксы глаголов:
-FY
electricity— электричество to electrify— элеетризовать, электрифицировать
quality— качество
to qualify— квалифицировать
class— класс
to classify— классифицировать
pure— чистый
to purify— очищать
-IZE
equal— равный
to eqalize— сравнять, уравнять
real— явный, действитель
ный
to realize— понимать
economy— экономика
to economize— экономить
-EN
deep— глубокий
todeepen— углублять
fast— быстрый
to fasten— убыстрять
short— короткий
to shorten— укорачивать
wide — широкий
to widen— расширять
О бщ ие схемы
образования нронзводиы х слов
{
Г "
anion
cation
I
i
anionic
cationic
ion
1
\
ionic
ion/cc
ionizing J ioniz able
ionization
react
reaction
X
reactii’i
reactor
action
interaction
act
J
]
actiVc
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |


title: ' ' " I 4 - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
' ' " I 4
active^*
f
activate
a c t i v i o ^ / |
activation activator
exprcssage
1
-----
express
1
---
i
г
*
expressive
expressless
expressed
I
!
i
express*/-
expressible
expressive/)' cxpresslessnesj
expression
i
expressionless
у
expressions!
expression*?/
expressionism
^
cxpressionist/c
Prepositions o f Placc a n d D irection
IV
above
©
over
О
under
Irregular Verbs
V
arise
arose
arisen
возникать
be
was, were
been
быть, являться; находиться
bear
bore
borne
нести; переносить; выносить
become
became
become
становиться
begin
began
begun
начинаться)
bind
bound
bound
связывать
break
broke
broken
ломать; порывать; разрушать
bring
brought
brought
приносить; доставлять
build
built
built
строить; создавать
burn
burnt
burnt
гореть; сжигать; жечь
buy
bought
bought
покупать
catch
caught
caught
схватить; поймать; уловить
choose
chose
chosen
выбирать
come
came
come
приходить; приезжать
cost
cost
cost
стоить
cut
cut
cut
резать; сокращать; снижать
deal
dealt
dealt
распределять
do
did
done
делать
draw
drew
drawn
тащить; извлекать
drink
drank
drunk
пить
drive
drove
driven
управлять; приводить в движение;
ехать
eat
ate
eaten
есть
fall
fell
fallen
падать
276
feel
felt
felt
чувствовать
fight
fought
fought
бороться
find
found
found
находить; оказываться
fly
flew
flown
летать; лететь
forget
forgot
forgotten
забывать
freeze
froze
frozen
замерзать; замораживать; застывать
g«
got
got
получать; добираться; становиться
give
gave
given
давать; придавать
go
went
gone
идти; двигаться; ехать
grow
grew
grown
расти; выращивать; становиться
have
had
had
иметь
hear
heard
heard
слышать; услышать
hold
held
held
держать; вмешать; проводить
(мероприятие)
keep
kept
kept
держать; сохранять; продолжать
know
knew
known
знать
lay
laid
laid
класть; положить
lead
led
led
вести; руководить
learn
learnt
learnt
учить(ся); узнавать
leave
left
left
уходить, уезжать; оставлять
let
let
let
позволять
lie
lay
lain
лежать
light
lit
lit
зажигать; освещать
lose
lost
lost
терять; утратить
make
made
made
делать
mean
meant
meant
означать; значить; подразумевать
meet
met
met
встречать; удовлетворять
overcome
overcame
overcome
преодолевать
pay
paid
paid
платить
put
put
put,
4
класть; помешать
read
read
read
С «Читать
f
ring
rang
rung
звонить
277
rise
rose
risen
повышаться)
run
ran
run
бегать; работать; управлять
say
said
said
говорить; сказать
see
saw
seen
видеть
sell
sold
sold
продавать
send
sent
sent
посылать
set
set
set
ставить; устанавливать
shed
shed
shed
проливать; лить
show
showed
shown
показывать
shut
shut
shut
закрывать; перекрывать
sit
sat
sat
сидеть; заседать
sleep
slept
slept
спать
slide
slid
slid
скользить
speak
spoke
spoken
говорить; разговаривать
spend
spent
spent
тратить; проводить {время)
spread
spread
spread
распространяться; простираться
stand
stood
stood
стоять; выдерживать
strike
struck
struck
ударять; поражать
swim
swam
swum
плавать
take
took
taken
брать; взять
teach
taught
taught
учить; обучать
tell
told
told
говорить; рассказывать; сообщать
think
thought
thought
думать; полагать
understand understood understood понимать
win
won
won
выигрывать; победить
write
wrote
written
писать
БИБЛИОТЕКА
БГУ
Содержание
Предисловие............................................................................................. 3
Part One. The Predicate............................................................................ 4
Lesson 1. Определение сказуемого в предложении. Простое сказуемое
в действительном залоге (Indefinite). Употребление глагола
will для выражения регулярности действия в настоящем,
глаголов used to и would для выражения повторности
в прошлом. Функции глагола do............................................ 4
Text I A. Hypotheses, Theories and Laws..........................................5
Text 1 B. Dalton’s Atomic Theoiy..................................................... 9
Lesson 2. Простое сказуемое в действительном залоге (Continuous,
Perfect)............................................................................... 11
Text 2 A. The World’s Greatest Chemist...........................................12
Text 2 B. The Mendeleyev Story......................................................16
Lesson 3. Простое сказуемое в страдательном залоге......................... 18
Text 3 A. The History of the Periodic Table...................................... 19
Text 3 B. The Periodic Table of the Elements................................... 23
Lesson 4. Особые случаи выражения сказуемого глаголом
в страдательном залоге........................................................ 25
Text 4 A. Oxygen: History and Occurrence.......................................26
Text 4 В. Oxygen........................................................................... 30
Lesson S. Согласование времен...........................................................32
Text 5 A. Modem Uses of Oxygen...................................................34
Text 5 B. Ozone: Properties, Toxicity, and Applications....................38
Lesson 6. Составное именное сказуемое. Общие сведения
о неличных формах глагола. Способы выражения
предикатива......................................................................... 40
279
Text 6 A. Hydrogen....................................................................... 41
Text б B. Hydrogen Production.......................................................46
Lesson 7. Составное именное сказуемое. Типы глаголов-связок
48
Text 7 A. Silicon Dioxide............................................................... 49
Text 7 В. Silicon: an Essential Element for Life Processes.................S3
Lesson 8. Составное глагольное сказуемое. Формы инфинитива и их
значення. Модальные глаголы и их заместители..................SS
Text 8 A. Selenium........................................................................ 56
Text 8 В. Selenium Compounds...................................................... 61
Lesson 9. Выражение вероятности действия при помощи модальных
глаголов...............................................................................63
Text 9 A. The Halogens..................................................................64
Text 9 В. Fluorine.......................................................................... 68
Lesson 10. Формы и употребление сослагательного наклонения......... 70
Text 10 A. Indium.......................................................................... 72
Text 10 В. Uses of Indium.............................................................. 75
Lesson 11. Употребление и перевод гааголов may, might, could,
ought в сослагательном наклонении................................... 77
Text 11 A. Fascinating Phosphorus.................................................. 79
Text 11 B. Modifications of Phosphorus.......................................... 82
Lesson 12. Повторение темы «Сказуемое»........................................... 84
Text 12 A. Chemical Symbols for Elements......................................85
Text 12 B. Chemical Symbols for Representing Compounds.............. 89
Part Two. The Subject.............................................................................92
Lesson 13. Подлежащее. Существительное в функции подлежащего.
Местоимение в функции подлежащего.............................. 92
Text 13 A. The History of Chemistry...............................................93
Text 13 B. New Frontiers in Chemistry............................................ 97
Lesson 14. Оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом».................99
Text 14 A. The Idea of the Atom....................................................100'
Text 14 B. The Atomic Theory of Democritus and Dalton............... 103
Lesson 15. Некоторые особенности перевода на русский язык
оборота «именительный падеж с инфинитивом». Оборот
«именительный падеж с причастием, прилагательным,
числительным»................................................................ 105
280
Text 15 A. The Atomic Theoiy..................................................... 106
Text 15 B. The Bohr Theoiy of the Hydrogen Atom....................... 109
Lesson 16. Инфннитнв it ннфинитивиый оборот в функции
подлежащего...................................................................Ill
Text 16 A. Molcculcs...................................................................112
Text 16B. Molecular Composition and Size.................................. 115
Lesson 17. Герундий н герундиальный оборот в функции
подлежащего...................................................................117
Text 17 A. Molecules in Gases and Liquids...................................118
Text 17 B. Molecules in Solids..................................................... 121
Lesson 18. Придаточное предложение в функции подлежащего
123
Text 18 A. The Nature of a Liquid.................................................124
Text 18 B. The Nature of a Gas.................................................... 127
Part Three. The Object.........................................................................130
Lesson 19. Место дополнения в предложении. Существительное
и местоимение в функции дополнения............................ 130
Text 19 A. The Study of the Structure of Molecules....................... 131
Text 19 B. The Development of the Theory of Valence...................134
Lesson 20. Инфинитив и инфинитивный оборот в функции
дополнения.....................................................................136
Text 20 A. The Structure of Covalent Compounds..........................137
Text 20 B. Covalence...................................................................141
Lesson 21. Причастный оборот в функции дополнения..................... 143
Text 21 A. Factors Influencing the Rate of Reactions..................... 144
Text 21 B. A Catalyst...................................................................147
Lesson 22. Герундий и герундиальный оборот в функции
дополнения.................................................................... 148
Text 22 A. Factors Affecting the Boiling Point.............................. 149
Text 22 B. Temperature Scales.....................................................152
Lesson 23. Придаточное предложение в функции дополнения..........154
Text 23 A. Celsius versus Centigrade............................................155
Text 23 В. The Kelvin Temperature Scalc and Modem Means
of Measuring the Temperature...................................... 159
281
Lesson 24. Повторение тем «Подлежащее» к «Дополнение»...............161
Text 24 Л. The Composition and Structure of Water........................162
Text 24 B. Water.......................................................................... 166
Part Four. The Attribute........................................................................168
Lesson 25. Определение. Прилагательное, местоимение,
существительное, наречие в функции определения
168
Text 25 A. Bases.......................................................................... 168
Text 25 В. The Anhenius Theory of Acids and Bases......................171
Lesson 26. Герундий и герундиальный оборот в функции
определения. Причастие н причастный оборот
в функции определения. Инфинитив после
причастия II и слов likely, sure, certain............................ 173
Text 26 A. Liquids and Solutions...................................................174
Text 26 B. A Kinetic Theory of Liquids..........................................177
Lesson 27. Инфинитив и инфинитивный оборот в функции
определения. Придаточное предложение в функции
определения...........................................................
179
Text 27 A. The Properties of Solutions...........................................179
Text 27 В. Types of Solutions.......................................................182
Part Five. The Adverbial Modifier........................................................ 184
Lesson 28. Обстоятельство. Существительное, наречие,
герундий и герундиальный оборот в функции
обстоятельства................................................................. 184
Text 28 A. Interactions in Electrolyte Solutions...............................185
Text 28 В. Ionic Theories..............................................................188
Lesson 29. Причастие и причастный оборот в функции
обстоятельства. Независимый причастный оборот
190
Text 29 A. Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium........................................... 190
Text 29 В. Temperature Dependence of Vapour Equilibrium
194
Lesson 30. Инфинитив и инфинитивный оборот в функции
обстоятельства. Придаточные обстоятельственные
предложения.................................................................... 195
Text 30 A. Solubility.....................................................................196
Text 30 В. Nonidcal Solutions.......................................................200
282
|


title: Part Six. Parentheses - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т....

text:
Part Six. Parentheses
202
Lesson 31. Вводные члены предложения. Инфинитив и причастие
в
функции вводного члена предложения.......................... 202
Text 31 A. Oxidation and Reduction.............................................. 202
Text 31 D. Original Meanings of Oxidation and Reduction.............. 206
Part Seven. Emphatic Constructions..................................................... 208
Lesson 32. Усилительное
do. Эмфатические конструкции
типа
It is... that..................................................................208
Text 32 A. Analytical Chemistry — the Oldest Field of Chemistry ... 209
Text 32 B. Two Branches of Analytical Chemistry.......................... 212
Lesson 33. Эмфатические уступительные предложения..................... 213
Text 33 A. Classical Methods of Analysis.......................................214
Text 33 B. Modem Methods of Analysis.........................................217
Lesson 34. Различные случаи инверсии............................................. 219
Text 34 A. Statistical Methods in Analytical Chcmistiy....................219
Text 34 B. Fundamentals of the Analytical Balance......................... 222
Lesson 3S. Предложения с парным союзом
the... the.... Двойное
отрицание........................................................................224
Text 35 A. Investigations of Spectra............................................... 224
Text 35 B. Who is the Discovcrcr of Spectrum Analysis?.................227
Lesson 36. Общее повторение............................................................229
Text 36 A. Choosing Chemistry a Profession.................................. 229
Text 36 B. Why Study Chemistry?.................................................232
Thmslation Practice..............................................................................235
Texts................................................................................................. 235
Text 1. Conductance and Electrolysis............................................. 235
Text 2. Library and You................................................................ 235
Text 3. Infrared Spectroscopy........................................................ 236
Text 4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance............................................. 236
Text 5. Gold.................................................................................237
Text 6. Actinium.......................................................................... 237
Text 7. Radiation Effects on Polymers........................................... 238
Text 8. A Metal That Doesn’t Sink.................................................239
283


title: Lesson  3 - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
Lesson 3
ГРАММАТИКА: Простое сказуемое в страдательном залоге.
Ex.
а)
b) thorough [*
6
лгэ], valence [‘veibns], column ['kolom], immediately
[rmiidjoth], accept [ok"sept], weight [wcit], whereas [weor'asz], isotope
['aisotaop], neutron [*nju:tron]
c) argon ['agon], cobalt [*кэоЬэ:к], gallium ['gasliom], germanium
[dso'mcmiom], helium ['hi:ljom], iodine [atodkn], krypton ['knptonj.neon [*ni:on],
nickel t'mkl], potassium [po'tassjom], protactinium [.prootak'timom], radium
['rcidjom], radon ['rcidon], scandium ['skaendiom], tellurium [tc'ljuanam], thorium
['
0
э:пэт], xenon ['zenon]
What are these elements?
Ex. 2. Read the following words and say what Russian words help to
understand their meaning:
OnaUphysical, special*valencc, column, general, revise, position, indicate,
, group
isotope, pijxtuK£;ma$s,n?^otbn, neutron, vacant, radioactive, contain
7* 1*1
18 i
1 ici
i
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |


title: Scction I - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
Ex. 3. Pay attention to the following way of word-building:
основа слова +
-once (-ence) [ans] —» существительное
-ancex substance, significance, importance
-ence: valcnce, existence, difference, occurrence, dependence
основа слова +
-ment [mant] —» существительное
establishment, experiment, development, statement, argument, measurement
основа слова + -и
>ard(s) (wod(z)] —> наречне
aftcrward(s), forward, eastward(s), homeward(s), downward(s)
Ex. 4. Give the initial forms of the following words and find them in the
dictionary:
proposed, resembling, placcd, discoveries, successes, pairs, occurring,
higher, caused, indicated, changing
Ex. 5. Define what parts of speech the italicized words belong to. Translate
the sentences into Russian.
1. Every
chemical has its own
chemical and physical properties. 2. In
the evening he usually works in his
study. 3. Chemists
study properties of
elements and their compounds. 4.
There is a round table in the middle of
the room. 5. Mendeleyev proposed his periodic
table in 1869.6. There arc
many
places of interest in St. Petersburg. 7. Mendeleyev
places the elements
in the order of increasing atomic weight.
Text 3 A
The History of the Periodic Table
The final and most important step in the development of the periodic
table was taken in 1869, when the Russian chcmist Dmitry Ivanovich
Mendeleyev (1834-1907) made a thorough study of the relation between
the atomic weights o f the elements and their physical and chcmical
properties, with special attention to valcncc. Mendeleyev proposed a
periodic table containing seventeen columns, resembling in a general way
the present periodic table without the noble gases. In 1871 Mendeleyev
revised this table and placcd a number o f elements in different positions,
corresponding to revised values of their atomic weights.
The “zero” group was added to the periodic table after the discovery
o f helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon by Lord Rayleigh and Sir
William Ramsay in 1894 and the following years.
The periodic law was accepted immediately after its proposal by
Mendeleyev bccausc of its succcss in making predictions with its use which
were afterward verified by experiment. In 1871 Mendeleyev found that by
changing seventeen elements from the positions indicated by the atomic
weights which had been acccptcd for them into new positions, their properties
could be better correlated with the properties of the other elements.
Most of the elements occur in the periodic table in the order of
increasing atomic weights. There still remain, however, four pairs of
elements in the inverted order of atomic weight; argon and potassium (the
atomic numbers of argon and potassium arc 18 and 19, respectively, whereas
their atomic weights are 39.948 and 39.098), cobalt and nickel, tclluruim
and iodine, and protactinium and thorium. The nature of the isotopes of
these elements is such that the atomic weight of the naturally occurring
mixture of isotopes is greater for the element
of the lower atomic number
in cach of these pairs than for the element of higher atomic number; thus,
argon consists almost entirely (99.6%) of the isotope with mass number
40 (18 protons, 22 neutrons), whereas potassium consists largely (93.4%)
o f the isotope with mass number 39 (19 protons, 20 neutrons). This
inversion o f the order in the periodic system, as indicated by the chcmical
properties of the elements, from that of atomic weight caused much concern
before the atomic numbers o f the elements were discovered, but has now
been recognized as having little significance.
A very striking application of the periodic law was made by Men
deleyev. He predicted the existence of six elements which had not yet
been discovered, corresponding to vacant places in his table. Three of
these elements were soon discovered (they were named scandium, gallium,
and germanium by their discoverers), and it was found that their properties
and the properties of their compounds arc very close to those predicted by
Mendeleyev.
After helium and argon had been discovered, the existence of neon,
krypton, xenon, and radon was clearly indicated by the periodic law, and
the search for those elements in air led to the discovery of the first three of
them; radon was then discovered during the investigation of the properties
of radium and other radioactive substanccs.
Words and Word*Combinations to Be Memorized
acccpt, add, air, application, because of, causc, close, column, compound,
conccm, contain, discovery, entirely, following, gas, however, immediately,
important, increase, inverse, investigation, isotope, largely, lead, mixture,
neutron, noble, occur, pair, physical, propose, proton, recognize, relation,
resemble, respectively, revise, search, significance, soon, step, still, striking,
success, thorough, vacant, valence, value, weight, whereas
Ex. 6. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
take steps,
make a thorough study, propose, column, in a general way,
corresponding to, the following years, accept a law, immediately, bccausc
of, make predictions, most of, occur, in the order of, still, in the inverted
order, respectively, whereas, almost entirely, largely, causc conccm,
recognize, little significance, application, soon, be close to smth., indicate
clearly, during the investigation, radioactive substanccs
20
наиболее
важный шаг, периодическая таблица, отношение, атом
ный вес, между, особое внимание, содержать, инертный газ, пере
смотреть таблицу, ряд элементов,
нулевая группа, добавить к чему-л.,
успех, большинство элементов, в обратном порядке, атомный номер,
смесь изотопов, состоять из, протон, нейтрон, главным образом, боль
шое значение, применение, свободные места в таблице, таким обра
зом, вскоре, химическое соединение, в воздухе, привести к
Ex. 8. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where ncccssary.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


title: Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина - бет 17

text:
6
. The periodic law was accepted and widely used by chcmists. 7. It was
found that the atomic weights which had been accepted for some elements
were not accurate.
8
. After the paper on the periodic
table was presented,
it was soon published in Russian and in German. 9. Properties of chcmical
elements and compounds arc thoroughly studied in laboratories. 10. Some
elements were given new places in the table after the revision of their'
atomic weights. 11. The inversion o f the order in the periodic system has
now been rccognizcd as having little significance. 12. The periodic
law is
widely applied by chcmists. 13. Radon was discovered during the
investigation o f the properties o f radium and radioactive substanccs.
Ex. 11. Translate the scntcnccs into English.
I. Когда Менделеев разрабатывал периодическую систему, мно
гие элементы еще не были открыты. 2. Русское химическое обще
ство было основано в 1868 году. 3. Нулевая группа была добавлена к
периодическом таблице после открытия инертных газов. 4. Предска
зания Менделеева оправдались последующим открытием новых эле
ментов. 5. Гелий, неон, аргон, криптон и ксенон были открыты в
1894 году и в последующие годы.
6
. Всю свою жизнь Менделеев по
святил развитию науки. 7. Химические свойства указывали на нару
шение порядка в нескольких местах в таблице.
8
. Менделеев пред
сказал существование шесте элементов.
Ex. 12. Make up questions to the italicized parts of the scntcnccs.
1.
Mendeleyev proposed a periodic
table containing seventeen columns
(2). 2. The
periodic table was acccptcd
immediately after its proposal (2).
3. Most of the elements
occur in the periodic table in the order of increasing
atomic weight (
2
).
Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:
1. When did Mendeleyev present his periodic system? 2. Were there
noble gases in his periodic table? 3. Why did Mendeleyev revise his
table? 4. What elements arc there in Group “0”? 5. How arc elements
arranged in the system?
6
. Why arc there elements in the inverted
order
of atomic weights? 7. What discoveries verified Mendeleyev’s pre
dictions?
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


title: Section 11 - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
Упр. 3. Определите значения выделенных слов по контексту.
1. The atomic numbers of helium and neon arc 2 and 10, those of
lithium and sodium arc
one greater (3 and 11). 2. The elements 3,11,19,
37, 55 and 87 arc very
reactive chemically. 3. The sky in summer is often
blue, but air is
colourless. 4. The properties of the elements Li, Na, K, Rb,
Cs and Fr resemble each other, and those of their compounds arc
similar.
5. The horizontal
rows of the periodic tabic arc callcd periods.
6
. The
seventh period on which the elements 106 and 107 have a hypothetical
cxistcncc is callcd
incomplete. 7. Chemists
speak about the recurrence of
properties, bccausc similar properties do occur again and again in every
next period.
Слова к тексту:
cleavage — расщепление; congencr — принадлежащий к одному роду;
arbitrary — произвольный, случайный; vary — изменяться; dependence—
зависимость; connection — связь
Text 3 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — б минут).
The Periodic Table of the Elements
One of the most valuable parts o f chcmical theory is the periodic law.
In its modem form this law states simply that the properties of the chcmical
elements arc not arbitrary, but depend upon the electronic structure of the
atom and vary with the atomic number in a systematic way. The important
point is that this dependence involves periodicity that shows itself in the
periodic rccurrcncc of characteristic properties.
For example, the elements with atomic numbers 2,10,18,36,54, and
86
are all chemically inert gases. Similarly, the elements with atomic
numbers one greater— namely 3,11,19,37,55, and 87 arc all light metals
that arc very reactive chemically. These six metals — lithium (3), sodium
(11), potassium ( 19), rubidium (37), cesium (55) and francium (87)— all
rcact with chlorine and form colourless salts that crystallize in cubes and
show a cubic cleavage. The chcmical formulas
of these salts arc similar;
LiCI, NaCl, KC
1
, RbCI, CsCl, and FrCl. The composition and
properties
of other compounds of these six metals are correspondingly similar, and
different from those of other elements.
The horizontal rows of the periodic table arc callcd periods: they consist
o f a very short period (containing hydrogen and helium, atomic numbers
1
and
2
), two short periods of
8
elements each, two long periods of 18
elements each, a very long period of 32 elements, and an incomplete period.
The vertical columns o f the periodic table, with connections between
the short and
long periods as shown, arc the groups o f chemical elements.
Elements in the same group arc sometimes callcd congcncrs; these elements
have closely related physical and chcmical properties.
23
Упр. 4. Скажите, узнали ли вы что-нибудь новое из этого текста.
Если да, то что именно?
Упр. 5. Разделите текст на тематические части и озаглавьте их.
Упр. б. Скажите, что говорится в тексте:
1) о строении периодической таблицы; 2) о периодах; 3) о группах
элементов; 4) о том, как выявляется периодичность химических и фи
зических свойств элементов.
Унр. 7. Найдите в тексте современную формулировку периодичес
кого закона и переведите ее на русский язык.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


title: Scction III - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
2. The Description of the Periodic Table.
3. Predictions Come True.
4. Characteristic Features of One of the Groups of Elements.
DO YOU KNOW THAT...
At present 109 elements arc known to the world science, some of them
have only hypothetical existence. Attempts arc being made to synthesize
them in laboratory. Two elements bear the names of great Russian scientists
Mendeleyev and Kurchatov. They arc No. 101 (mcndclcvium) and No.
104 (kurchatovium). The development of the science of periodicity was
greatly influenced by the synthesis of transuraniums. Ruthenium (No. 44)
was named in honour o f Russia.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


Lesson 4
ГРАММАТИКА: Особыс случаи выражения сказуемого
глаголом
в стра
дательном залоге.
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:
0
[ЭО]
no, so, role, close, those, note, ago,
devote, over, hope
but:
[A]
one, none
[DO]
old, cold, only
0
l°]
on. long, not, box, clock, dog, hot,
shop, soft, stop, strong
0
[A]
love, above, cover, discover, come,
some, among, other, mother, brother
or (+ согласная)
I*]
for, form, order, north, port, short
but: [з:]
work, word, world
or + гласная
[
d
:]
more, before, explore, store
oor
[
d
:]
door, floor
but: [ОЭ]
poor
00
M
book, look, foot, good
[u:]
room, food, soon, moon, noon
b)
oxygen ['oksid
5
(o)n], amateur ['acmota:], adherent [od'hioront], various
[‘vesnss], particularly [po'tikjololi], evidence [cvidons], phlogiston
[flD'dsistan],
combustion [kom'bAStjbn], concept ('konsopt], average ['aivandsj, atmosphere
['ictmosfio]
25
Ex. 2. Read the following words and say what Russian words help to
understand their meaning:
religious, pharmacist, component, atmosphere, publication, role,
phlogiston, basis, concept, combination, Swedish, French, metal, product
Ex. 3. Pay attention to the following way of word-building:
основа слова + -age [ids] —> существительное
average, heritage, language
основа слова + -ry [n] —» существительное
theory, ccntury, country, factoiy, history, industry, discovery
основа слова + -tiide [tju(:)d]
существительное
multitude, magnitude
Ex. 4. Arrange the words in the alphabetic order and find their meaning
in the dictionary*.
credit, share, clergyman, amateur, persecution, derive, delay, ardent,
adherent, yield, volume, extent, independently, mercuric
Ex. 5. Define what parts of speech the italicized words belong to. Translate
the sentences into Russian. Use the dictionary if necessary.
1
.
Priestley’s work was published in 1774. 2. The students o f our
group work hard at their English. 3. Shccle’s experiments had probably
been performed even earlier than Priestley’s. 4. He experiments on this
substancc to make its composition clear. 5. Oxygen plays an important
role in combustion.
6
. The plays by A. P. Chekhov arc known all over
the world. 7. Air the room, please.
8
. Oxygen makes up 21 per cent of
air. 9. The yield of this reaction is usually good. 10. As a result o f
combustion many substanccs yield products which react with water and
give acidic solutions. 11. She looks fin e today. 12. Priestley’s fin e work
gave good results.
Text 4 A
Oxygen: History and Occurrence
Credit for the discovery of oxygen is shared by two men, Joseph
Priestley, an English clergyman and amateur scientist, who later moved to
the United States to escape religious persecution, and Carl Wilhelm Schccle,
a Swedish pharmacist. Working independently, these two men both obtained
the gas which wc know as oxygen by heating various compounds of the
element, particularly mercuric oxide. They also found evidence that this
gas is a component of the atmosphere. Priestley’s work was published in
1774, but although Schcclc’s experiments had probably been performed
even earlier, their publication was delayed and no account of them appeared
*»Л
until 1777. Though Priestley recognized that the gas which he had
discovered plays an important role in combustion, he remained, along with
Schccle, an ardent adherent of the phlogiston theory of combustion; in
fact, he callcd the gas “dcphlogisticated air”.
On the basis of the experimental results o f Priestley, Schcelc, and
others, as well as some very fine experimental work of his own, in 1777
the brilliant French chcmist Lavoisier established the modem concept
that the combustion of a substancc consists in its combination with the
new gas which Priestley and Schcelc had described, and which Lavoisier
found an important constituent of the atmosphere. Sincc the combustion
of many substanccs (now known as non-metals) such as phosphorus and
sulphur yields products which react with water and give acidic solutions,
Lavoisier named this gas oxygen, derived from Greek words meaning
“acid former”.
Oxygen occurs in the free state as the second most abundant component
of the atmosphere; about one-fifth o f the air by volume is oxygen. In the
combined state it makes up 88.81% by weight of pure water, and, on the
average, 85.79% of sea water. It occurs in the earth’s crust, in the form of
a multitude of compounds, to the estimated extent o f46.43%.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
abundant, account, acid, air, although, appear, atmosphere, on the average,
combination, combustion, component, concept, consist in, constituent, earth,
escapc, establish, estimate, even, evidence, fine, free, heat, make up, metal,
obtain, occurrence, oxide, oxygen, own, particularly, perform, play a role,
probably, product, publication, publish, pure, react, since, solution, though,
until, very, as well as, yield
Ex. 6. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
move to, escape smth., obtain, by heating, particularly, find evidence,
be a component of smth., although, perform an experiment, even earlier,
appear, until, though, along with, in fact, on the basis of, as well as, very
fine experimental work, modem concept, work of one’s own, consist in
smth., sincc, such as, yield products, an acidic solution, the second most
abundant component, about one-fifth by volume, in the combined state,
on the average
Ex. 7. Give the English equivalents for the following:
различные соединения, путем нагревания, особенно, найти дока
зательство, составная часть атмосферы, хотя, опубликовать работу,
признавать, играть важную роль, наряду с, на основании, так же как,
тонкая работа, современное понятие, заключаться в, так как, неме
талл, давать продуты, реагировать с, в свободном состоянии, встре
чаться в атмосфере, около 90% по весу, чистая вода, в среднем, мор
ская вода
27
Ex. 8. Fill in the blanks with prepositions and conjunctions where
ncccssary.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |


title: Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина - бет 21

text:
combustion was established by Lavoisier.
8
. Substanccs such as phosphorus
and sulphur arc known as non-metals. 9. The name “oxygen” was derived
from Greek words meaning “acid former”.
10
. Oxygen is found in the free
state in the atmosphere. 11. When a substancc is attacked by oxygen, it
forms an oxide or a number o f oxides. 12. Not
unfrcqucntly the elements
helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon arc referred to as noble gases.
13. Gold is unafTcctcd by oxygen. 14. Many kinds o f oxides arc met with
in the study of chcmistry. 1 S. By Dalton’s atomic theory atoms were looked
at as indivisible constituents of substanccs. 16. Potassium is quickly actcd
on by the oxygen of the air. 17. Oxygen is constantly being put back to the
atmosphere by trees and other plants. 18. This method has been followed
sincc the time o f Priestley. 19. The lccturc was followed by the
demonstration o f experiments. 20. The first succcss was followed by many
others. 21. The yield of the reaction is greatly affectcd by temperature.
22. Attention was drawn to the valcncc of substanccs. 23. Attempts were
made to obtain pure oxygen. 24. Much attention has been given recently
to the study of this group o f oxides.
Ex. 11. Translate the sentences into English.
1
. Современное
понятие горения было установлено Лавуазье в
1777 году. 2. Этот газ был назван «образующим кислоты». 3. Кисло
род был найден в земной коре в виде соединений. 4. Кислород был
получен нагреванием различных
соединений этого элемента, в част
ности, оксида ртути. 5. Работа Пристли была опубликована в 1774 году.
6. Кислород был открыт и описан во второй половине XVIII века.
7. Такие вещества, как калий, известны как очень активные металлы.
8
. На золото кислород не действует ни при какой температуре.
Ex. 12. Make up questions to the italicized parts of the sentences.
1.
Priestley lived and worked
in England and then
in the United States
(3). 2.
Oxygen was obtained
by heating various compounds of
this clement
(3). 3.
The word “oxygen" derived from Greek means “
acidformer” (2).
Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:
1.
What famous scientists worked on the discovery of oxygen? 2. Who
was the first to obtain this gas? 3. What was the method of obtaining
oxygen? 4. What theory of combustion existed in Priestley’s time? 5. What
did the French chcmist Lavoisier establish?
6
. What docs the modem conccpt
o f combustion state? 7. What docs the word “oxygen” mean?
8
. Where
docs oxygen occur and in what state?
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


title: Scction II - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
The reaction proceeds at a temperature just above the melting point o f
potassium chlorate if a small amount of manganese dioxide, MnOj, is
mixed with it. Although the manganese dioxide accelerates the rate o f
evolution of oxygen from the potassium chlorate, it itself is not changed.
Oxygen is made commercially mainly by the distillation of liquid air.
Nitrogen is more volatile than oxygen, and tends to evaporate first from
liquid air. Nearly pure oxygen is obtained by properly controlling the
conditions o f the evaporation. Oxygen is stored and shipped in steel
cylinders, at pressures o f 100 atm or more. Oxygen is also made
commercially, together with hydrogen, by the electrolysis of water.
Упр. 4. Скажите, чем отличается текст 4 В от текста 4 А.
Упр. 5. Разделите текст на тематические части н озаглавьте каж-
дую часть.
Упр. б. Скажите, что говорится в тексте:
1) о распространении кислорода; 2) о его физических свойствах;
3) о получении кислорода в лаборатории; 4) о промышленном полу
чении кислорода; 5) о его хранении.
Упр. 7. Найдите в тексте и переведите на русский язык все предложе
ния, в
которых говорится о получении кислорода в промышленности.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


title: Section Ш - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
1. In what way did Priestley and Schccic obtain oxygen? 2. What is
the modem conccpt of combustion? 3. What is the role o f oxygen in
combustion? 4. Who established this conccpt first? 5. Is oxygen an abundant
clement? Give some examples.
6
. What arc the physical properties of
oxygen? 7. What ways of preparing oxygen in the laboratory do you know?
8
. How is oxygen made commercially?
Ex. 5. Discuss the following topics:
1. Physical Properties of Oxygen.
2. Chcmical Properties of Oxygen.
3. Preparation of Oxygen.
4. The History of the Discovery of Oxygen.
DO YOU KNOW THAT...
The phlogiston theory of combustion was still prevalent in Russia in
the middle o f the eighteenth ccntury. It came into conflict with the
corpuscular theory put forward by Lomonosov. His experiments on the
calcination of metals helped Lomonosov to find evidence against it and
led him to the discovery of the main law of chcmistry — the law of
conservation of mass and energy.
Ex. 4. Give detailed answers to the following questions:
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


Lesson 5
ГРАММАТИКА: Согласование времен.
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:
u
but:
Du:]
[u:]
use, due, cube, huge, human, future,
refuse, deduce, duty, assume, music
blue, true
u
M
up, but, cut, thus, such, publish, hundred,
result, crust, just, number, much,
combustion, substancc
but: to]
put, full
ur (+ согласная)
[з:]
turn, burn, occur, purpose, surface,
further
ur + гласная
Do»] pure, during
eu
Du:]
neutral neutron, pneumatic, pneumonia
cw
new, few
32
b)
calcium ['kaclsiam], carbidc [’ka:baid], commcrcial [кэ'тз:/з1],
liquefaction [.likwi'fxk/sn], acctylcnc [o'setili:n], broad (bro:d], field [fi:ld],
garage ('джга:з), automobile ['D:tomo.bi:l], manufacture [.mxnjo'fxkt/o],
refrigerator [ri'fridsorcito], iron [‘aion], disease [di'zirz], alitutude ['a‘ltitju:dj,
health [hclO], pneumonia [nju(:)'mdunj3]
Ex. 2. Read the following words and say what Russian words help to
understand their meaning.
interest, gas, active, actual, extremely, factor, speed, method, econom
ically, calcium, carbidc, scale, process, fractional distillation, technically,
temperature, revolutionize, defect, operate, industrially, rectification,
acctylcnc, proportion, basis, practically, division, production, garage,
automobile, manufacture, refrigerator
Ex. 3. Pay attention to the following way of word-building:
основа слова + -lure [t/э] —> существительное
nature, structure, mixture, feature, picture, temperature, manufacture
but: -sure pressure [-/э], measure [-
59
]
основа слова (иногда с чередованием гласных корня) + -th
сущест
вительное
strength, length, depth, death, breath, health
основа слова + -less —» прилагательное
useless, senseless, colourless, odourless, tasteless, featureless
Ex. 4. Give the initial forms of the following words, arrange them in the
alphabetic order and find their meaning in a dictionary.
mixed, welding, divided, fields, perhaps, equipment, applied, surfaces,
altitudes, otherwise, feet, besides, required
Ex. 5. Using the context and a dictionary give the right meaning of the
Italicized words.
1. He usually finds his own way to do the work. 2. There is no other
way out. 3. In this way, the oxy-acctylcnc process is applied almost in
every field of industry. 4. How long is a foot? — It is 30.48 centimetres.
5. The phlogiston theory no longer exists.
6
. The academic year is divided
into two terms. 7. Technical terms arc easy to learn if there arc Russian
analogues.
8
. Elements arc classified in terms of their properties. 9. My
friend lives not fa r from the University. 10. By fa r the greatest volume of
oxygen is used for industrial purposes.
2 CrcnjHOM
33
Text 5 A
Modern Uses of Oxygen
Although oxygen has been used in industry for more than 100 years,
there has been interest in this colourless, odourless, tasteless gas for several'
hundred years. Its presence as an active element in the air was suspected
as long ago as 1500 A. D., but only in 1777 Antoine Lavoisier, a French
chcmist, named oxygen and described its properties.
The actual development o f the industrial application of oxygen for the
next hundred years was extremely slow. Then, at the turn of the twentieth
century, two factors greatly speeded progress. One was a method for
economically producing oxygen of high purity from the air, and the other
was a method for producing calcium carbidc on a commercial scale.
Probably 95 per cent of the huge volume of oxygen used today is obtained
from the air by a process which was developed by Dr. Carl von Linde in
Germany in 1895 and 1902. This method is based upon the liquefaction of
air and its fractional distillation. Technically, the proccss is complicated, as
it requires one of the lowest temperatures used industrially — more than
300°F below zero (-194.4eC). The liquid air is a very cold mixture of liquid
oxygen and liquid nitrogen. Oxygen is then separated by rectification. Most
oxygen produced for industrial purposes is purer than 99 per ccnt.
Calcium carbidc treated with water produces acctylcnc, a gas which
burns in air with a brilliant white light. When the two gases, oxygen and
acctylcnc arc mixed in proper proportions and burned, their combustion
produces the hottest flame known — more than 5400°F (» 3000°C). This
flame for the past
100
years has formed the basis for the oxy-acctylcnc
proccss for welding and cutting metals.
Today there is practically no industry which docs not use the proccss.
Broadly speaking, applications arc divided into two fields — repair and
production. The repair field is perhaps the better known, for practically
every garage uses the oxy-acctylcnc proccss for repairing automobile parts.
In industry, there is not a factory which docs not use the proccss in many
different ways for repairing the equipment.
Another proccss where acetylene is used, is callcd “hard-facing”*.
Extremely hard alloys arc applied to the surfaces of metal parts, increasing
the life of the parts many times.
Certain industries have developed mostly due to welding. This is true
in the manufacture of airplanes, automobiles, refrigerators, railway roads.
But the greatest amount of oxygen is used in cutting iron and steel —
one of the most spectacular applications of oxygen in industry. This simple
proccss has literally revolutionized the metalworking industries. It was
found that any cuts were made quite easily.
* hard-facing — покрытие твердым слоем, улрочненне поверхности
34
One of the most recent applications of the oxy-acctylcnc proccss is for
removing surface defects from steel. In this way, larger amounts o f cleaner
and better steel arc made possible at lower cost.
Although by far the greatest volume of oxygen— amounting to several
billion cubic feet a year— is used for industrial puiposcs, an ever increasing
amount of oxygen is being used in mcdicinc, the treatment o f diseases,
such as pneumonia or heart diseases. It has saved many lives. Besides,
while breathing oxygen, aircraft pilots operate at altitudes otherwise
impractical without it.
It may be said that oxygen is men’s best friend— both in industry and
for human health.
Words and Word-Combinatlons to Be Memorized
acetylene, actual, amount, apply, base, below, besides, bum, calcium,
carbide, commercial, complicated, development, distillation, divide, equipment,
ever, extremely, factor, foot (feet), fractional, human, interest, iron, liquid,
manufacture, mix, nitrogen, operate, past, possible, practically, presence,
process, production, proportion, recent, scale, separate, speed, steel, taste,
tasteless, technically, temperature, than, true, at the turn of the ccntuiy, while
Ex.
6
. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
long ago, more than, less than, industrial application, extremely slow,
at the turn of the twentieth ccntuiy, speed progress, high, purity, on a
commercial scale, huge volume, obtain by a proccss, develop a process,
liquid air, separate, for industrial purposes, treat with smth., mix in proper
proportions, form the basis for smth., automobile parts, the metalworking
industries, remove a dcfcct, treat a disease, breathe oxygen
Ex. 7. Give the English equivalents for the following:
активный элемент, только, в промышленных масштабах, вероятно,
карбид кальция, получить из воздуха, разработать метод, фракционная
перегонка, самая низкая температура, ниже нуля, выше нуля, жидкий
воздух, для промышленных целей, горсть на воздухе, разделить на,
металлические детали, наибольшее количество, простой процесс, та
ким образом, возможный, хотя, кроме того, лучший друг человека
Ex.
8
. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |


title: Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина - бет 25

text:
Ex. 9. a) Cheek up if you remember the following:
Прилагательные Полож!ггсльная
степень
Сравнительная
степень
Превосходная
степень
Односложные
прилагательные
long
longer
the
longer/
Многосложные
прилагательные
difficult
more
difficult
the most
difficult
Особые случаи
good
bad
little
much/many
far
better
worse
less
more
farther/
further
the best
the worst
the least
the most
the farthest/
the furthest
b) Translate the following adjectives into English and give their
comparative and superlative forms:
новый, хороший, большой, плохой, нктерссный, теоретический,
много, легкий, высокий,
маленький
c) Translate the scntcnccs into Russian, paying attention to the adjectives.
1. The Russian language is more difficult than the English language.
2. This work is less important than that work. 3. Lesson 2 is more interesting
than Lesson 1.4. What is the largest city in Russia? 5. Is the Volga longer
than the Lena?
6
. Which is the oldest building in St. Pctcrsbuig University?
7. Which was the most difficult subjcct for you when you were at school?
8
. Who is the oldest in your group? 9. Most oxygen produced for industrial
purposes is purer than 99 per ccnt.
10
. Some applications of oxy-acctylcnc
process arc better known than others.
11
. One o f the most spectacular
applications of oxygen in industry is for cutting iron and steel.
12
. Perhaps
you will describe the most reccnt applications of the oxy-acetylcnc proccss.
13. Oxygen is men’s best friend.
Ex. 10. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1.
He told me that the Iccturc would begin at 3 p. m. 2. They knew
student N was working at the laboratory. 3. As I hadn’t read this article
before, I went to the reading-room. 4
. 1
thought she would bccomc a
good student. S. When I camc to the laboratory, he had already gone
home.
6
. Wc were told that even Lavoisier had been interested in oxygen.
7. The teacher explained how the substancc had been obtained in his
laboratory.
8
. The hypothesis was very interesting but wc wanted to know
how it had been developed. 9. Soddy showed that some radioactive
elements had similar behaviour. 10. Mendeleyev predicted that more
elements would be discovered and even described their properties.
1 1
. Early chemists thought that water was an element. 12. Their
36
experiment showed that not all isotopes were stable. 13. When wc came
in, she had finished her experiment and was analysing the results.
14. Everybody knew that professor N was making experiments on the
properties of substanccs.
Ex. 11. Translate the sentences into English.
1
. Кислород уже давно применяется в промышленности. 2. Кис
лород обычно получают из воздуха путем его сжижения и фракцион
ной перегонки. 3. В техническом отношении этот процесс сложен.
4. Жидкий воздух — это
очень холодная смесь жидкого кислорода и
жидкого азота. 5. Когда карбид
кальция обрабатывают водой, полу
чается ацетилен.
6
. В настоящее время кислородно-ацетиленовая свар
ка и резка металлов применяется почти во всех отраслях промыш
ленности. 7. Огромное количество кислорода используется ежегодно
для промышленных целей.
8
. Кислород— лучший друг человека. Он
послужил спасению жизни многих людей.
Ex. 12. Make up questions to the italicized parts of the sentences.
1. There has been
interest in oxygen
fo r several hundred years (2).
2.
Today there is practically no industry which
does not use the oxy-
acetylene process (3). 3.
Applications of
the oxy-acetylene proccss arc
divided into
two fields — repair and production (3).
Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:
1
. Who gave the name to oxygen? When? 2. What can you say about
the industrial application of oxygen in the nineteenth century? 3. What
industrial application o f oxygen is known best of all? 4.
In what fields o f
industry is the oxy-acctylcnc proccss used? 5. Why is oxygen callcd
men’s best friend?
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


text:
purity ozone
is desired (is necessary), liquid ozone is used. 4. When
water is boiling,
vapour is formed.
6
. The normal atmospheric
pressure
is 760 mm. 7. The characteristic odour o f ozone is detcctablc by
nose.
8
. This odour
provides (gives)
a warning (a signal) of toxicity. 9. On
exposure to oxygen metals arc oxidized.
10
. Gaseous ozone
possesses
four resonance structures. 11. Elcctrophilic nature o f ozone is
accounted
fo r (explained by) this fact.
Слова к тексту:
silent discharge — тнхнй разряд; require — требовать; environment —
окружающая среда; pass through a vessel — проходить через сосуд; bond —
связь; rat — крыса; undergo — подвергаться
Text 5 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 7 минут).
Ozone: Properties, Toxicity, and Applications
Common methods for ozone generation arc ultraviolet radiation, silent
electric arc discharge and electrolysis. The unltraviolct radiation technique
is used only when relatively low concentrations arc required, c. g. for
environmental study. The electrolysis of water is not widely used bccausc
of its low efficiency. So far, the action of silent clcctric discharge on oxygen
is the most common method for the production of ozone. It gives a yield of
6
% by weight of ozone.
When high purity or quantity of ozone is desired, it is possible to use
liquid ozone. The ozonc-oxygcn mixture from
one of the above methods
is passed through a vessel at liquid oxygen temperature (-183°C). Because
o f the large difference in the vapour pressure of ozone and oxygen, oxygen
is pumped off from the mixture whereas ozone is liquefied. Liquid ozone
is then vaporized from the concentrated system for further use.
Ozone is a colourless gas with characteristic odour which is detectable
by nose and provides a warning o f toxic exposure. The ozone molecule is
non-linear with a bond angle o f 116°. In contrast to oxygen, gaseous ozone
is diamagnetic and possesses four resonance structures with (III) and (IV)
accounting for its elcctrophilic nature.
0»
0*
0
0
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


title:
*0

0 - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
composition of total lung lipid. Therefore vitamin E, the biological
antioxidant, provides protection from ozone toxicity.
Ozone is a particularly destructive substancc to rubber and other
elastomers.
Упр. 4. Скажите, узнали ли вы что-нибуаь новое из этого текста.
Что именно?
Упр. 5. Разделите текст на
тематические
части и озаглавьте каж
дую часть.
Упр. б. Скажите, что говорится в тексте:
1) о получении озона; 2) о том, какой метод получения озона явля
ется самым распространенным; 3) о том, что собой представляет озон;
4) о том, каково биологическое действие озона.
Упр. 7. Найдите в тексте предложения с описанием строения моле
кулы озона и переведите их на русский язык.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


title: Scction  III - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова,...

text:
1. What factors speeded the development of the
industrial application
of oxygen? 2. How is oxygen produced today? 3. Why has the oxy-acctylcnc
proccss found wide application? 4. Where else is oxygen used besides in
industry?
Ex. 5. Discuss the following topics:
1
. Methods of Obtaining Oxygen.
2. The Application of Oxygen.
3. The Difference Between Oxygen and Ozone.
DO YOU KNOW THAT...
In nature ozone is formed from oxygen during lightning discharges,
and at altitudes of 10,000-30,000 metres through the action of solar
ultraviolet radiation. Ozone removes harmful ultraviolet radiation from
sunlight and also absorbs the Earth’s own infra-red radiation thus protecting
it against cooling. Therefore the ozone belt plays a major role in protecting
life on Earth.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: