title: Lesson  6 - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
Lesson 6
Ex. 4. Give detailed answers to the following questions:
ГРАММАТИКА: Составное именное сказуемое. Общие сведения о нелич
ных формах шагала. Способы выражения предикатива.
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:
al + согласная
[°:1]
call, also, all, small, already, almost,
always, ball, salt, although, wall
al + k
[*:)
walk, chalk
but: [*]
alcohol, alkali, calcium, alchemist
a
[a:]
sample, example, past, after, answer, ask,
half, task, class, grass, glass, pass, vast,
mask, fast, last
but: [*]
mass
wh
[w]
what, while, when, where, which, white,
why
but: wh + о
lh]
who, whose, whole, whom
w + a
[
wd
]
want, water, wash, was, watch
w + ar
[wo:]
warm, war
b)
light [laitj, ratio ['reijiou], committee [ko'miti], accuracy ['xkjorosi],
deuterium [dju(:) 't юпэт], tritium ftntiom], nucleus [*nju:kli9s], ionize ['aianaiz],
40
covalent [koo'veilont], convenient [kon'vi:njont], sulphuric [SAl'fjosnk], cathodc
['kxOaod], anode [’jcnood]
Ex. 2. Read the following words and say what Russian words help to
understand their meaning:
mass, individual, calculate, committcc, standard, zinc, impress, isotopic,
deuterium, tritium, radioactive, stable, ordinary, separation, electrolysis,
concentrate, apparatus, proton, ion, sole, neutron, characteristic, general,
natural, recombine, line, combination, organic, covalent, type, class, act,
negative, molecule, hydride, barium, action, cathodc, anode
Ex. 3. Pay attention to the following way of word-building:
основа слова + -ize [aiz] —» глагол
summarize, organize, recognize, ionize, revolutionize, generalize
основа слова + -ем -» существительное, прилагательное
student, component, constituent, coefficient, opponent
different, convenient, intelligent, efficient, violent,
evident, constituent
со- + основа слова -» существительное, прилагательное, глагол
co-worker, co-author, co-pupil, co-student,
co-reactant, coordination
covalent, coaxial, coordinate
__________________ coexist, cooperate, coagulate, coordinate_________
Ex. 4. Compare the meanings of the verb with and without prepositions.
Use a dictionary if necessary.
come — come back— comc ofF — comc out; decide — decide upon;
g o — go back — go on — go away — go out — go in for; stand— stand
u p — stand for, make— make up— make out; find — find out; set— set
up; give— give away— give back— give ofF— give up; get— get ofT—
get out— get together— get up; consist in — consist of; use— use up
Ex. 5. Make up some sentences of your own illustrating different meanings
of verbs with and without prepositions. Use the verbs from exercise 4.
Text 6 A
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is the lightest chcmical element. Its mass is die unit of
measurement for the masses of other elements.
Atomic weight, or mass, was long considered the most important
property of an clement. By weighing the amounts of individual elements
making up a chcmical compound and calculating the weights of these ratios
to the weight of hydrogen which will combinc with the same elements, it
is found that the atomic weights o f the other elements are almost, but not
quite, whole numbers.
During the nineteenth century a committee of chcmists was chosen
to decide upon a standard of accuracy for atomic weights. The committee
set the atomic weight o f oxygen at 16.000 in order to make the atomic
weights of other elements comc out closer to whole numbers. That change
of standards gave hydrogen the weight of 1.008.
Hydrogen was first obtained in 1766 by Sir Henry Cavendish in
London. He found that he could get the gas by dissolving zinc, iron or
tin in diluted vitriolic acid (H
2
S 04) or spirit of salt (HCI). He discovered
that a mixture of hydrogen and common air explodes with a long noise,
and he was impressed with the lightness o f the gas. He named the gas
“inflammable air”, the name “hydrogen” (water-former) was given by
Lavoisier.
Hydrogen exists in three isotopic forms, known as hydrogen
(or protium), deuterium and tritium. Tritium is radioactive, with a short
half-life. Deuterium is stable, and occurs in a small amount with ordinary
hydrogen. Its compound (D
2
0 ) is known as heavy water. Slight
differences between the properties of ordinary water and heavy water
allow their separation, notably by electrolysis, in which ordinary water
is decomposed and heavy water bccomcs concentrated in the water left
in the apparatus.
The nuclear structure of ordinary hydrogen consists of one proton,
the unit of matter. This is the same as a hydrogen ion. An electron as the
sole planet in this system completes the structure of hydrogen atom.
The diffcrcncc between ordinary hydrogen and heavy hydrogen
(deuterium) lies in the fact that deuterium has a neutron in the nucleus in
addition to the proton. Addition o f the neutron adds weight but docs not
change the chcmical characteristics. This is in accordance with a general
rule covering structures o f elements.
Tritium has a nuclcus consisting of one proton and two neutrons.
Hydrogen is given oiTby some natural gas wells, but it cscapcs into
the upper air. It is not found uncombincd on the earth. It is recognized in
the stars by its spectrum lines in the light that wc receive from them.
In combination with oxygen, in the form o f water, and with carbon,
in the many organic compounds, hydrogen is one of the most abundant
elements on the earth.
Hydrogen combines with other elements and forms different kinds
of compounds, some of which ionize in solution, others which arc joined
with covalent bonds, yielding organic types o f compounds.
Although formerly it used to be classed with the alkali metals o f
Group 1 in the periodic table, hydrogen acts as a negative part of the
molecule when it is in combination with those metals. It forms hydrides
which arc in general colourless crystals. Similar compounds arc formed
with calcium and barium o f Group II. The hydrides decompose in water,
42
releasing hydrogen. This properly has been used as a convenient way to
store hydrogen.
Hydrogen is usually obtained by action of sulphuric acid (H
2
SO.«) on
zinc. The metal replaces the hydrogen, which bubbles оПГ a gas.
Electrolysis of water also liberates hydrogen at the cathodc, while oxygen
comes off at the anode.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
in accordance with, act, action, alkali, anode, apparatus, barium, bond,
carbon, choosc, comc out, combine, concentrate, consider, covalent, decompose,
difference, dissolve, electrolysis, clcctron, explode, form, general, give off, half*
life, hydride, hydrogen, ion, ionize, line, measurement, molecule, negative,
nucleus, in older to, ordinary, radioactive, separation, spectrum, stable, standard,
sulphuric, tin, unit, whole, zinc
Ex. 6. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
unit o f measurement, make up a compound, whole numbers, a
committee of chcmists, a standard of accuracy, in order to, weigh, dissolve,
zinc, iron, a diluted acid, common air, the lightness of the gas, hydrogen,
an isotopic form, radioactive, a short half-life, stable, a small amount,
ordinary, heavy water, slight difference, electrolysis, apparatus, consist
of, the unit of matter, an ion, an clcctron, complete the structure, the
difference lies in the fact, in addition to the proton, change the chcmical
characteristics, be in accordance with, a rule, a neutron, a proton, to give
off, escape into the upper air, in the stars, spcctrum lines, different kinds
of compounds, in solution, similar compounds, at the cathodc, at the anode
Ex. 7. Give the English equivalents for the following:
самый легкий химический элемент, единица измерения, самое
важное свойство, целое число, для того чтобы, находить, получить
газ, растворить, разбавленная серная кислота, обычный воздух, лег
кий газ, изотопная форма, радиоактивный, короткий период полурас
пада, химическое соединение, тяжелая вода, незначительные разли
чия, электролиз, состоять из, находиться в соответствии с, общее
правило, линии спектра, в виде воды, соединяться с другими элемен
тами, различные соединения, ионизироваться в растворе, щелочные
металлы, гидрид, разлагаться в воде, на катоде, на аноде
Ex. 8. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.
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title: ISBN  5-8465-0578-3 - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т....

text:
ISBN 5-8465-0578-3
ISBN 5-7695-3546-6
© Степанова Т.А., Ступина И.Ю ., 2006
© Филологический факультет СПбГУ, 2006
© Издательский центр «Академия», 2006
Содержание
Предисловие............................................................................................................. 3
P a rt One. The P red ica te.........................................................................................4
Lesson 1. Определение сказуемого в предложении. Простое сказуемое
в действительном залоге (Indefinite). Употребление глагола
will для выражения регулярности действия в настоящем,
глаголов used to и would для выражения повторности
в прошлом. Функции глагола d o ....................................................4
Text 1 A. Hypotheses, Theories and L a w s ................................................ 5
Text 1 B. Dalton’s Atomic Theory.............................................................. 9
Lesson 2. Простое сказуемое в действительном залоге (Continuous,
Perfect)............................................................................................. 11
Text 2 A. The World’s Greatest C hem ist..................................................12
Text 2 B. The Mendeleyev S to ry...............................................................16
Lesson 3. Простое сказуемое в страдательном залоге...............................18
Text 3 A. The History o f the Periodic Table........................................... 19
Text 3 B. The Periodic Table of the Elem ents.........................................23
Lesson 4. Особые случаи выражения сказуемого глаголом
в страдательном залоге................................................................. 25
Text 4 A. Oxygen: History and Occurrence............................................. 26
Text 4 В. O xygen........................................................................................30
Lesson 5. Согласование врем ен .....................................................................32
Text 5 A. Modem Uses of O xygen........................................................... 34
Text 5 B. Ozone: Properties, Toxicity, and Applications....................... 38
Lesson 6. Составное именное сказуемое. Общие сведения
о неличных формах глагола. Способы выражения
предикатива......................................................................................40
Text 6 A. H ydrogen................................................................................... 41
Text 6 В. Hydrogen Production................................................................ 46
Lesson 7. Составное именное сказуемое. Типы глаголов-связок........... 48
Text 7 A. Silicon D ioxide..........................................................................49
Text 7 В. Silicon: an Essential Element for Life Processes....................53
Lesson 8. Составное глагольное сказуемое. Формы инфинитива и их
значения. Модальные глаголы и их заместители.....................55
Text 8 A. Selenium .....................................................................................56
Text 8 В. Selenium Com pounds............................................................... 61
Lesson 9. Выражение вероятности действия при помощи модальных
глаголов............................................................................................ 63
Text 9 A. The H alogens............................................................................. 64
Text 9 B. Fluorine.......................................................................................68
Lesson 10. Формы и употребление сослагательного наклонения........... 70
Text 10 A. Indium .......................................................................................72
Text 10 В. Uses of Indium ......................................................................... 75
Lesson 11. Употребление и перевод глаголов may, might, could,
ought в сослагательном наклонении......................................... 77
Text 11 A. Fascinating Phosphorus........................................................... 79
Text 11 B. Modifications of Phosphorus..................................................82
Lesson 12. Повторение темы «Сказуемое»...................................................84
Text 12 A. Chemical Symbols for Elem ents............................................ 85
Text 12 B. Chemical Symbols for Representing Compounds.................89
P a rt Two. The S u b je ct.......................................................................................... 92
Lesson 13. Подлежащее. Существительное в функции подлежащего.
Местоимение в функции подлежащего....................................92
Text 13 A. History o f Chemistry............................................................... 93
Text 13B. New Frontiers in Chem istry....................................................97
Lesson 14. Оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом»....................99
Text 14 A. The Idea of the A to m .......................................................... 100
Text 14 B. The Atomic Theory o f Democritus and D a lto n ................. 103
Lesson 15. Некоторые особенности перевода на русский язык
оборота «именительный падеж с инфинитивом». Оборот
«именительный падеж с причастием, прилагательным,
числительным»......................................................................... 105
Text 15 A. The Atomic Theory.............................................................. 106
Text 15B. The Bohr Theory o f the Hydrogen A tom ............................ 109
Lesson 16. Инфинитив и инфинитивный оборот в функции
подлежащего.............................................................................. 111
Text 16 A. Molecules.............................................................................. 112
Text 16 В. Molecular Composition and S ize....................................... 115
Lesson 17. Герундий и герундиальный оборот в функции
подлежащего.............................................................................. 117
Text 17 A. Molecules in Gases and L iquids....................................... 118
Text 17 B. Molecules in Solids.............................................................. 121
Lesson 18. Придаточное предложение в функции подлежащего
123
Text 18 A. The Nature of a Liquid........................................................ 124
Text 18 B. The Nature of a G a s ............................................................. 127
P a rt Three. The O b je c t..................................................................................... 130
Lesson 19. Место дополнения в предложении. Существительное
и местоимение в функции дополнения................................ 130
Text 19 A. The Study o f the Structure of M olecules........................... 131
Text 19 B. The Development o f the Theory of Valence........................ 134
Lesson 20. Инфинитив и инфинитивный оборот в функции
дополнения................................................................................ 136
Text 20 A. The Structure of Covalent Compounds.............................. 137
Text 20 B. Covalence.............................................................................. 141
Lesson 21. Причастный оборот в функции дополнения........................ 143
Text 21 A. Factors Influencing the Rate o f R eactions.......................... 144
Text 21 B. A Catalyst.............................................................................. 147
Lesson 22. Герундий и герундиальный оборот в функции
дополнения................................................................................ 148
Text 22 A. Factors Affecting the Boiling P o in t.................................. 149
Text 22 B. Temperature S cales............................................................ 152
Lesson 23. Придаточное предложение в функции дополнения
154
Text 23 A. Celsius versus Centigrade..................................................... 155
Text 23 В. The Kelvin Temperature Scale and Modem Means
o f Measuring the Tem perature...............................................159
Lesson 24. Повторение тем «Подлежащее» и «Дополнение»............... 161
Text 24 A. The Composition and Structure of W ater............................162
Text 24 B. W ater..................................................................................... 166
P a rt Four. The A ttrib u te ....................................................................................168
Lesson 25. Определение. Прилагательное, местоимение,
существительное, наречие в функции определения
168
Text 25 A. B ases.................................................................................... 168
Text 25 В. The Arrhenius Theory o f Acids and B ases........................ 171
Lesson 26. Герундий и герундиальный оборот в функции
определения. Причастие и причастный оборот
в функции определения. Инфинитив после
причастия II и слов likely, sure, certain................................. 173
Text 26 A. Liquids and Solutions........................................................... 174
Text 26 B. A Kinetic Theory of L iquids............................................... 177
Lesson 27. Инфинитив и инфинитивный оборот в функции
определения. Придаточное предложение в функции
определения.................................................................................179
Text 27 A. The Properties of S olutions.................................................179
Text 27 В. Types of Solutions.............................................................. 182
P a rt Five. The Adverbial M o d ifie r................................................................ 184
Lesson 28. Обстоятельство. Существительное, наречие,
герундий и герундиальный оборот в функции
обстоятельства.......................................................................... 184
Text 28 A. Interactions in Electrolyte Solutions...................................185
Text 28 В. Ionic Theories..................................................................... 188
Lesson 29. Причастие и причастный оборот в функции
обстоятельства. Независимый причастный оборот
190
Text 29 A. Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium................................................ 190
Text 29 В. Temperature Dependence of Vapour Equilibrium............. 194
Lesson 30. Инфинитив и инфинитивный оборот в функции
обстоятельства. Придаточные обстоятельственные
предложения.............................................................................. 195
Text 30 A. Solubility................................................................................196
Text 30 В. Nonideal Solutions...............................................................200
P a rt Six. P aren th eses..........................................................................................202
Lesson 31. Вводные члены предложения. Инфинитив и причастие
в функции вводного члена предложения.............................. 202
Text 31 A. Oxidation and R eduction......................................................202
Text 31B. Original Meanings of Oxidation and R eduction................ 206
P a rt Seven. Em phatic C onstru ctio n s.............................................................. 208
Lesson 32. Усилительное do. Эмфатические конструкции
типа Л
is...
that............................................................................ 208
Text 32 A. Analytical Chemistry — the Oldest Field o f Chemistry ... 209
Text 32 B. Two Branches o f Analytical C hem istry.............................. 212
Lesson 33. Эмфатические уступительные предложения......................... 213
Text 33 A. Classical Methods o f A nalysis............................................. 214
Text 33 B. Modem Methods o f Analysis............................................... 217
Lesson 34. Различные случаи инверсии .....................................................219
Text 34 A. Statistical Methods in Analytical Chemistry.......................219
Text 34 B. Fundamentals of the Analytical Balance............................. 222
Lesson 35. Предложения с парным союзом the... the... . Двойное
отрицание ................................................................................... 224
Text 35 A. Investigations of Spectra.......................................................224
Text 35 B. Who is the Discoverer of Spectrum Analysis?....................227
Lesson 36. Общее повторение......................................................................229
Text 36 A. Choosing Chemistry a Profession........................................229
Text 36 B. Why Study C hem istry?.........................................................232
Translation P ra c tic e ........................................................................................... 235
T ex ts................................................................................................................. 235
Text 1. Conductance and Electrolysis.....................................................235
Text 2. Library and Y ou........................................................................... 235
Text 3. Infrared Spectroscopy................................................................. 236
Text 4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.....................................................236
Text 5. G o ld .............................................................................................. 237
Text 6. A ctinium .......................................................................................237
Text 7. Radiation Effects on P olym ers.................................................. 238
Text 8. A Metal That Doesn’t S ink.........................................................239
Text 9. Insulator Turns into Superconductor.........................................239
Text 10. Salt Shaker Wedding................................................................ 240
Text 11. The Role of Theory in Chem istry.......................................... 241
Text 12. Theories of M atter................................................................... 242
Text 13. Molecular T heory.................................................................... 243
Text 14. Differentiating between Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary
A lcohols.................................................................................. 243
Text 15. A Brief History o f Polypeptide Chem istry........................... 244
Text 16. Characteristics o f Mossbauer Spectra.................................... 245
Text 17. Free R adicals............................................................................246
Text 18. The Manufacture of Sulphuric A c id ...................................... 246
Text 19. What Is Light? What Is an Electron?.......................................247
Text 20. The Nature of R esonance.........................................................248
Text 21. Bengamin Franklin and Electricity.......................................... 248
Text 22. Future Perspectives....................................................................249
Text 23. Gas Chromatography M ethods................................................ 250
Text 24. Liquid Chromatography D etectors.......................................... 251
Miscellaneous Gram mar................................................................................. 252
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title: Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина - бет 30

text:
водород растворением цинка, железа или олова в разбавленной сер
ной или соляной кислоте. 4. Комитет решил установить атомный вес
водорода 1,008, а кислорода — 16,000. 5. Водород — самый легкий
элемент.
6
. Название «водород» означает «образующий воду». 7. Уче
ные знают три изотопных формы водорода.
8
. Одна из них (тритий) —
радиоактивна, с коротким периодом полураспада. 9. Водород— один
из наиболее распространенных элементов на Земле. 10. Гидриды раз
лагаются в воде, испуская водород.
Ex. 12. Make up questions to the italicized parts of the sentences.
1. Hydrogen is recognized
in the stars by its spectrum lines in the light
that we receive from them (2). 2. Hydrogen forms
different kinds o f
compounds, some o f them ionize in solution (3). 3.
Hydrogen forms
hydrides
which arc in general colourlcss crystals (
2
).
Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:
1. What kind of gas is hydrogen? 2. Why was this gas named “water-
former’? 3. Why was hydrogen chosen the unit of measurement for the
masses of other elements? 4. What arc the isotopic forms of hydrogen?
S. What is the structure of a hydrogen ion?
6
. Docs hydrogen occur free in
nature? 7. In what forms docs hydrogen mostly occur in nature?
8
. How is
hydrogen usually obtained?
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title: Scction II - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
Text 6 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 5 минут).
Hydrogen Production
Hydrogen is a very widely distributed clement. It is found in most o f
the substanccs that constitute living matter, and in many inorganic
substanccs. There arc more compounds of hydrogen known than of any
other element.
Free hydrogen, H2, is a colourless, odourless, and tasteless gas. It is the
lightest of all gases, its density is about one-fourteenth that of air. Its melting
point (-259°C or 14K) and boiling point (-252.7°C) arc very low, only those
of helium arc lower. Liquid hydrogen, with density 0.070 g/cnr\ is the tightest
of all liquids. Crystalline hydrogen, with density 0.088 g/cm*\ is also the
lightest of all crystalline substanccs. Hydrogen is very slightly soluble in
water, 1 litre of water at 0°C dissolves only 21.5 ml
of hydrogen gas under
1
-atm pressure. The solubility decreases with increasing temperature, and
increases with the increase in the pressure of the gas.
In the laboratory, hydrogen is easily made by the reaction of an acid
such as sulphuric acid, H
2
S 0 4, with a metal such as zinc. The equation for
the reaction is:
H
2
S 0
4
(aq) + Zn(c) -» ZnS0
4
(aq) + H
2
(g).
Sometimes hydrogen is prepared by the reaction o f some metals with
water or steam. Sodium and the other alkali metals react very vigorously
with water, so vigorously as to generate enough heat to ignite the liberated
hydrogen. An alloy of lead and sodium, which reacts less vigorously, is
sometimes used for the preparation of hydrogen.
Much of the hydrogen that is used in industry is produced by the
reaction of iron with steam. The steam from a boiler is passed over iron
filings heated to a temperature of about 600°C. The reaction that occurs is
3Fc(c) + 4H
2
0(g) -»
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title:
F
cj - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
Упр. 5. Разделите текст на тематические части н озаглавьте каж
дую часть.
Упр. 6. Скажите, что говорится в тексте:
а)
о распространении водорода; б) о физических свойствах водо
рода.
Упр. 7. Найдите в тексте описание получения водорода в промыш
ленности и переведите этот отрывок на русский язык.
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title: Section III - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
Section III
Ex. 1. Think оГ the situations when a disjunctive question may be used,
Examples: 1) She is the first-year student, isn’t she?— Yes, she is.
You were absent yesterday, weren’t you? — Yes, I was.
You have done the exercise, haven’t you? — Yes, I have.
2) She hasn’t finished her speech, has she? — No, she hasn’t.
We haven’t yet studied such reactions, have we?—No, we haven’t
Ex. 2. Translate the following questions into English. Let your fellow
students respond to them.
1. Мы уже много знаем о водороде и кислороде, не правда ли?
2. Химические свойства щелочных металлов очень интересны, да?
3. Вы еще не закончили свою лабораторную работу, да? 4. Он прав,
не правда ли? 5. Эта книга не очень трудна для вас, не правда ли?
6
. Вам нравится учиться, правда? 7. Она живет на Среднем проспек
те, да?
8
. Вы уже видели своего преподавателя сегодня, да? 9. В ауди
тории № 21 нет сейчас студентов, не правда ли? 10. У нас уже не
осталось времени, да?
Ex. 3. Make up sentences or short stories with the following words:
1
) hydrogen, element, unit, other, be, it, use, lightest, mass chemical,
measurement, element; 2) first, dissolve, iron, Cavendish, obtain, zinc,
tin, hydrogen, acid, diluted, sulphuric; 3) be, clement, earth, hydrogen,
abundant, spectrum, find, line, stars; 4) prepare, some, metal, at present,
hydrogen, reaction, water
Ex. 4. Give detailed answers to the following questions:
1. What arc the physical properties of hydrogen? 2. In what way was
hydrogen obtained first? 3. What are the chcmical properties of hydrogen?
4. What do you know about the isotopic forms of hydrogen? 5. What arc
the ways of obtaining hydrogen?
Ex. 5. Discuss the following topics:
1. The Structure of a Hydrogen Atom.
47
2. Hydrogen as the Unit o f Measurement for the Masses of Other
Elements.
3. The DifTcrcncc Between the Isotopic Forms of Hydrogen.
4. Commercial Obtaining o f Hydrogen.
DO YOU KNOW THAT...
In accordance with the theory of acids existing at that time, the result
of the reaction o f inflammable air and oxygen was expected in the form o f
an acid, but what Lavoisier obtained was only water. Later he learnt that
Henry Cavendish in London had made similar experiments and had
obtained water as a result of a combustion of the mixture of “inflammable
air” and oxygen. Lavoisier repeated the experiment and made a striking
discovery that water was not an element. And he gave “inflammable air”
the name of hydrogen.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |


Lesson 7
ГРАММАТИКА: Составное именное сказуемое. Типы глаголов-связок.
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:
OU, ow
под ударе
нием
but:
[au]
[90]
[A]
[u:]
now, how, out, about, house, allow,
founder, surround, brown, down, account,
amount, pronouncc, without, cloud, count,
loud, thousand
know, show, low, although, grow, snow
country, double, trouble, young
group, through
ow
в безудар
ной позиции
[эи]
window, yellow
our
[аиэ]
our, hour, sour
but: [о:]
four, your
oi, oy
[01]
boy, join, alloy, point
au, aw
[о:]
law, because, causc, August, autumn,
automobile
b)
silicon ['silikon], dioxide [dai'Dksaid], mineral ['тшэгэ1], quartz [kwa:ts],
hexagonal [hek'saegonl], identify [ai'dcntifai], polarization [pDolorai'zci/n], silicic
[sf hsik], hydroxyl [haid'roksil], adjaccnt [o'dseisont], neighbour ['neibo]
48
Ex. 2. Read the following words and say what Russian words help to
understand their meaning.
dioxide, mineral, quartz, granite, rotate, polarization, condensation,
product, ordinary, position, cubic
Ex. 3. Pay attention to the following way of word-building:
основа слова + -ness [ms] -» существительное
lightness, usefulness, hardness, beautifulness, happiness, whiteness
основа слова + -ty [ti] -* существительное
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |


party, property, speciality, purity, beauty
основа слова + -fy [fai] - » глагол
verify, testify, intensify, signify, identify, simplify
Ex. 4. Find the meaning of the following words in a dictionary. If you
can't find the word, try to find its constituent parts and deduce the meaning
of the whole word.
hexagonal, widespread, well-formed, right-handed, left-handed,
tetrahedron, test-tube, cross-road, test-paper, fcllow-studcnt, water-proof,
shop-assistant
Ex. 5. Find the meaning of the italicized words in a dictionary and translate
the sentences into Russian.
1. Quartz occurs in many deposits as well-formed crystals. 2. It also
occurs as a crystalline constituent of many rocks. 3. The crystals of quartz
are left-handed or right-handed by their face development. 4. Silicic acid
has the property of undergoing condensation very radily with elimination
of water. 5. Each silicon atom is surrounded by four oxygen atoms.
6
. The
structure o f quartz accounts fo r the hardness of the mineral.
Text 7 A
Silicon Dioxide
Silicon is, next to oxygen, the most abundant element in the earth’s
crust which occurs mostly in the form of oxides. Silicon dioxide (silica),
Si02, occurs in nature in three different crystal forms: as the minerals
quartz (hexagonal), cristobalite (cubic), and tridymitc (hexagonal).
Quartz is the most widespread o f these minerals; it occurs in many
deposits as well-formed crystals, and also as a crystalline constituent of
many rocks, such as granite. It is a hard, colourless substancc. Its crystals
arc identified as right-handed or left-handed by their face development
49
and also by (he direction in which they rotate the plane o f polarization of
polarized light.
The structure of quartz is closely related to that of silicic acid, H
4
Si04.
In this acid silicon has ligancy 4, and is surrounded by a tetrahedron or
four oxygen atoms, with one hydrogen atom attached to each oxygen atom.
Silicic acid, which is a very weak acid, has the property of undergoing
condensation very readily, with elimination of water. If each of the four
hydroxyl groups of a silicic acid molcculc condenses with a similar
hydroxyl group of an adjacent molcculc, eliminating water, a structure is
obtained in which the silicon atom is bonded to four surrounding silicon
atoms by silicon-oxygcn-silicon bonds. This proccss leads to a condensation
product with formula Si02, sincc each silicon atom is surrounded by four
oxygen atoms, and each oxygen atom serves as a neighbour to two silicon
atoms. The structure of quartz and of the other forms of silica is described
as consisting of Si0
4
tetrahedra, and each oxygen atom is a comer of two
o f these tetrahedra. In order to break a crystal of quartz it is necessary to
break some silicon-oxygcn bonds. In this way the structure of quartz
accounts for the hardness of the mineral.
Cristobalitc and tridymitc arc similarly made from Si0
4
tetrahedra fused
together by sharing oxygen atoms, with, however, different arrangements
o f the tetrahedra in space from that of quartz. Tridymitc resembles ordinary
icc in structure, with silicon atoms in the oxygcn-atom positions; cristobalitc
similarly resembles cubic icc.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
account for, adjacent, arrangement, attach, closely, crystalline, deposit,
dioxide, formula, fuse, granite, group, hydroxyl, identify, mostly, neighbour,
position, quartz, be related to, serve, share, silicon, similarly, since, space,
surround, together, undergo, weak
Ex. 6. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
next to oxygen, mostly, the most widespread mineral, deposit, a well-
formed crystal, constituent, a hard substancc, identify something, right-
handed, left-handed, rotate, the plane of polarization, polarized light, be
closely related to, be surrounded by, a weak acid, undergo condensation, a
hydroxyl group, an adjaccnt molecule, be bonded to, lead to, condensation
product, neighbour, in order to break a crystal, account for, be fused
together, share oxygen atoms, ordinary icc, resemble smth. in structure
Ex. 7. Give the English equivalents for the following:
диоксид кремния, встречаться в природе, вращать плоскость по
ляризации, структура кварца, быть тесно связанным с, окружать, при
соединить к атому, очень слабая кислота, подвергаться конденса
ции, очень легко, каждая из гидроксильных групп, молекула кислоты,
связь, вести к, продукт конденсации, разорвать связь, таким образом,
50
объяснять, твердость минерала, делить между собой атомы кислоро
да, различные расположения в пространстве, быть похожим на лсд
по структуре
Ex. 8. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.
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title: Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина - бет 36

text:
Ex. 10. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to link-verbs.
1. Quartz is a hard, colourlcss substancc. 2. Silicic acid is a weak acid.
3. To break a crystal of quartz is to break some silicon-oxygcn bonds.
4. Silicon mostly occurs combined. 5. As chcmistry developed, some
hypotheses became laws. 6. An acid turns blue litmus red. 7. Watcr tums
into icc at 0°C. 8. Only a few of metals occur free in nature. 9. At boiling
point, water turns into vapour. 10. The students remained silent. 11. The
hypothesis holds true under different conditions. 12. The solution turns
yellow on standing. 13. He felt sorry for what he had done. 14. The
predictions proved right. IS. It was S p. m. and the classes were over.
16. Dalton’s atomic theory became one of the foundations of modem
chcmistry.
Ex. 11. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Кремний— однн из самых распространенных элементов на зем
ле. 2. Кремний встречается главным образом в виде диоксида крем
ния. 3. Кварц— это твердое бесцветное вещество. 4. Твердость квар
ца объясняется его структурой. 5. Структура кварца тесно связана со
структурой кремнекнслоты. 6. Кремнскислота — очень слабая кис
лота, она легко подвергается конденсации. 7. В кремнекнелоте крем
ний окружен четырьмя атомами кислорода и к каждому атому кисло
рода присоединен атом водорода.
Ex. 12. Make up two or three questions to the italicized parts of the
sentences.
1. Quartz
crystals arc identified as
right-handed or
left-handed (2).
2.
The structure of quartz and o f
other forms o f silica is described
as
consisting o fS i0 4 tetrahedra (3). 3.
In order to break a crystal o f quartz it
is necessary
to break some silicon-oxygen bonds (2).
Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:
1. In what state docs silicon occur? 2. What arc the physical properties
of quartz? 3. How is the hardness of quartz accounted for? 4. What do you
know about silicic acid? 5. Describe the molecular structure of SiOj.
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title: Section П - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
Упр. 3. Определите значения выделенных слов по контексту. Сино
нимы в скобках помогут вам.
1. Until now there has been no />roq/“(evidcncc) for the importance of
silicon in the life of animals or men. 2. Silicon is
required (necessary) for
normal growth of living beings. 3.
Previous (early) laboratory studies
showed several ways of obtaining hydrogen. 4. In the earliest
stages (steps)
o f calcification in bones their
calcium content (amount of calcium) is very
low. 5. When a reaction proceeds quickly, wc usually say that its
rate is
high. 6. The symbols for
magnesium and
fluorine arc Mg and F. 7. Other
observations support the previous
conclusion that silicon is essential.
8. Silicon is present in animal matter in small
quantities. 9. Two is the
average between 1 and 3.
Слова к текст)':
vital — жизненный; except — кроме; suggest — наводить на мысль;
bone— кость; especially— особенно; plant— растение; egg—яйцо; bird —
птица; appreciable — ощутимый; implications
(pi.) — толкования; parti
cipant — участник
Text 7 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения —
6 минут).
Silicon: an Essential Element for Life Processes
Until now there has been no proof that silicon plays any definite role
in vital processes in animals or men. Scientists believed that it was
noncssential except in certain primitive organisms. But later it was shown
that silicon is required for normal growth and development o f living
beings.
Previous laboratory studies had suggested a possible role for silicon
in bone formation, especially in young bone. In the earliest stages of
calcification in bones, when their calcium content is
very low, there is a
direct relationship between silicon and calcium. Silicon is associated
with calcium and increases the rate of bone mineralization. A relation
has also been established between silicon, magnesium and fluorine in
the formation of bones.
Some studies have also suggested the possibility that silicon has a
physiological function. In addition to calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,
iron and certain vitamins, silicon, along with tin, vanadium, and fluorine,
has an cfTcct of pigmentation.
Other observations support the previous conclusion that silicon is
essential. The level of silicon effective for normal growth and devel
opment is of the order that is present in plant and animal food-stufT.
Silicon is present in animal matter. The eggs o f birds and milk have
small but appreciable quantities. The blood of man averages about 5 mg
of silicon per litre.
53
The discovery of the essential role o f silicon in life processes has many
implications, first, from an cvolutionaiy point of view, since silica performs
a skeletal role in some primitive organisms, and, second, because, although
great importance has been attached to the study of toxicity of silica, it has
also been found that silicon itself can be considered as an important
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title: participant in normal metabolism - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование...

text:
Ex. 4. Give detailed answers to the following questions:
1. In what form docs silicon occur in nature? 2. What is the structure
of quartz; what arc the properties of this mineral? 3. What is the structure
of silicic acid; what arc the properties of this acid? 4. In what living
processes in animals or men docs silicon take part?
Ex. 5. Discuss the following topics:
1. An Abundance of Silicon.
2. The Structure of Si02 Molecule.
3. Properties and Structure of Quartz, Cristobalitc and Tridymitc.
4. The Role of Silicon in Living Processes.
DO YOU KNOW THAT...
Although the compounds of silicon have been used for many centuries,
the element was prepared only at the beginning of the 19th ccntuiy. At
present, there arc several methods of obtaining silicon. One of them is to
heat silicon dioxide with magnesium:
SiO: + 2Mg = Si + 2MgO.
One way of preparing silicon commercially is by reducing SiOj with
carbon in an electric fumacc.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


Lesson 8
ГРАММАТИКА: Составное глагольное сказуемое. Формы инфинитива
и их значения. Модальные глаголы и их заместители.
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:
-gh
в середине и в конце
слова не произносится
but: [f]
high, light, slight, night, might, weigh,
weight,
though,
through,
although,
thorough, thoroughly, brought
tough, enough, laugh
s
М
sit, such, solution, mass, serve, student, list,
substance, selenium, discover, sister,
sulphur, less. same, several, iust. so. similar
M
is, as, has, these, boys, ores, please, pens,
observe
sh
til
she, shall, shop, should, show, reddish,
share, short
55
b)
nevertheless [.nevodo'les], giant [’d
3
aiont], tellurium [to'ljooriom],
selenium (si'li:ni3m), variety [vo'raioti], curious ('kjuorios], conductivity
[.kondAk'tiviti], colloid ['kobid], gelatin fd sc b tin ], hydrazine ['haidro,zi:n],
hydrate ('haidrcit], suspension [sos'penjn]
Ex. 2. Read the following words and say what Russian words help to
understand their meaning:
elementary, interesting, giant, valence, allotropic, characteristic, variety,
electrical, condition, colloid, gram, gelatin, hydrazine, hydrate, minute,
observe, protective, serve, suspension
Ex. 3. Pay attention to the following way of word-building:
red + -isli —
> reddish (красн-ым + -оват(ый) ■= красноватый)
greenish, bluish, yellowish, pinkish, brownish
основа слова + -/и / -> прилагательное
useful, beautiful, helpful, careful, truthful, thankful, peaceful, successful
основа слова + -sion Цп), fen] —
»существительное
conversion, suspension, inversion; division, explosion, corrosion
Ex. 4. Arrange the following words in the alphabetic order and find their
meaning in a dictionary:
textbooks, nevertheless, ores, infer, alike, pieces, coating, flame,
peculiar, curious, varies, prolong
Ex. 5. Find the meaning of the words or expressions with the italicized
words in a dictionary and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Selenium is well worth studying. 2. It is worthwhile reading this
textbook. 3. We compared the atomic weights o f many elements.
4. Selenium has an atomic weight o f78.96 as compared with 32 for sulphur.
5. His respect to his tcachcrs was great. 6. In this respect selenium differs
from sulphur.
Text 8 A
Selenium
The element selenium usually receives scant* attention in elementary
textbooks, probably because it is o f little importance commercially.
Nevertheless, it is an interesting substance and well worth studying.
Selenium was discovered by the Swedish giant among chemists,
Berzelius.
The clement is not abundant, but it is to be found in various ores.
* scant — скудный
56
Selenium is the sister element of sulphur, forming with tellurium the
elements occurring in Group VI. It has an atomic weight o f 78.96 as
compared with 32 for sulphur. From the fact that the atomic weight is
more, wc may infer that selenium should be less active than sulphur. Its
valences arc: +2, +4, and +6, the same as those of sulphur. It can be found
in several allotropic forms, just as sulphur docs. It will be helpful to
remember that the two elements arc very much alike in their chcmical
properties and so the reactions of sulphur arc similar to those of selenium.
A piccc of amorphous selenium is rather hard and quite brittle, just as
sulphur is. The dark colour of the clement, the silver-grey coating on its
surface arc characteristic. Another variety of the clement is red.
The element is both odourless and tasteless. It bums as readily as
sulphur docs, with a reddish-blue flame and the peculiar odour. In working
with selenium, beware* of the odour of its hydrogen compound; it is worse
than that of hydrogen sulphide.
One curious property of selenium should be mentioned. The substancc
varies in its electrical conductivity according to the amount of light that
falls upon it. Wc should remember that sulphur is a nonconductor. An
experiment shows that selenium differs in this rcspcct.
Under proper conditions selenium can form a colloid. One gram of
selenium dioxide is dissolved in 500 ml of water. To 50 ml of this solution
wc add, after heating, 10 ml of a onc-pcrccnt solution of gelatin, and then,
drop by drop,* 60 ml of hydrazine hydrate (1:2,000 o f water). Wc must
remember to keep it just below the boiling point for 16 minutes. The
beautiful peach-pink** colour of the colloid is to be observed. The colloid
can be made without gelatin, but the protective colloid serves to prolong
the life o f the colloidal suspension.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
according to, alike, be alike, allotropic, amoiphous, another, coating, colloid,
compare, as compared, condition, conductivity, conductor, differ, drop,
clcctrical,
elementary, fall, few, a few, gram, heat, hydrate, importance, keep, mention,
nevertheless, ore, piccc, proper, quite, rather, readily, in this respect, selenium,
several, silver, sulphur, sulphide, surface, suspension, tellurium, textbook,
variety, vary, be worth (while).
Ex. 6. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
elementary textbooks, receive attention, be of importance, probably,
nevertheless, bccausc, be worth studying, among, in various ores, the sister
clement, as compared with, be less activc, be more activc, several allotropic
forms, just as, remember, be very much alike, be similar to, amorphous
* b e w a re — остерегаться
** p e a c h -p in k — псрсиково-ргоовый (чист)
I
57
selenium, piece, rather hard, dark colour, the silver-grey coating, on the
surface, another variety of, both... and..., bum readily, be worse than,
mention, electrical conductivity, according to, fall upon smth., remember,
be a conductor, be a nonconductor, differ in some rcspcct, under proper
conditions, heating, a one-percent solution, drop by drop, the protective
colloid, prolong the life
Ex. 7. Give the English equivalents for the following:
вероятно, иметь большое промышленное значение, тем не менее,
интересный, среди химиков, в различных рудах, атомный вес, по срав
нению с, быть более (менее) активным, такая же валентность, не
сколько аллотропных форм, быть полезным, быть очень похожим,
довольно твердый, темный цвет, покрытие на поверхности, как... так
и..., при работе с, в соответствии с, непроводник, в этом отношении,
при надлежащих условиях, однопроцентный раствор, защитное по
крытие, продлить жизнь
Ex. 8. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.
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title: A ppendices - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
Предисловие
Учебное пособие представляет собой курс английского языка, предназ
наченный для студентов химических факультетов университетов. Цель кур
са — подготовить студентов к самостоятельному чтению и переводу ориги
нальной научной литературы по химическим специальностям, а также развить
навыки устной речи, предусмотренные программой по английскому языку
для университетов.
Учебное пособие построено по принципу комплексного изучения ино
странного языка и включает аспекты аналитического и самостоятельного
ознакомительного чтения, грамматики и разговора.
Материал рассчитан на 268 учебных часов. Каждый урок включает три
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title: Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина - бет 40

text:
ссры похожи на реакции селсна.
6
. Селен без запаха и без вкуса, но
может иметь несколько вариаций по цвету. 7. При работе с селеном
следует помнить, что у его соединения с водородом запах хуже, чем у
сероводорода.
8
. Удельная электропроводность селена может изме
няться в соответствии с количеством падающего на него света...
Ex. 12. Make up questions to the italicized parts of the sentence.
1.
Selenium was discovered by the Swedish chemist
Berzelius in
1817 (4). 2. A piece of amorphous
selenium is rather hard and quite brittle,
ju st as sulphur is (2). 3.
The protective colloid can prolong
the life of the
colloidal suspension
o f selenium (3).
Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:
1
.
Why is there only little information about selenium in elementary
textbooks? 2. Why are the properties of selenium and sulphur alike?
3. What arc the physical properties of selenium? 4. What can you say
about clcctrical conductivity o f selenium and sulphur? 5. In what way
can we prepare a colloid with selenium?
6
. How can the life of this
colloid be prolonged?
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text:
Text 8 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 5 минут).
Selenium Compounds
The element (selenium) can combine with the metals, just as sulphur
can, forming sclenidcs. Let us grind some selenium to powder in a mortar.
After that, wc should take 10 grams of this powder and grind it with
7 grams of iron dust, a proportion o f 80 and 56, the approximate atomic
weight ratio of the two elements. Then, wc must pour the well-mixed
material into a dry test-tube and heat it. Ferrous scicnidc is formed, the
action proceeds somewhat less vigorously than that between iron and
sulphur. When the tube has cooled somewhat, wc can break it open and
remove a grey-black product which much resembles ferrous sulphide.
Selenium will unite similarly with zinc and with other metals such as
coppcr and lead.
Selenium dioxide may be formed by the combustion of the element.
The dioxide is white and can dissolve readily in water
to form selenious
acid just as sulphur dioxide dissolves to form sulphurous acid:
HjO + ScO; —
> H’ScOj.
When selenious acid is treated with chlorine or potassium perman
ganate, sclenic acid is produced; the proccss, of course, can be callcd
oxidation, the reaction proceeds just as it does with sulphurous acid.
Small
lumps of ferrous selenidc arc transferred to a small flask connected to a
train of bottles containing solutions o f a number of different metallic salts,
for example, those of cadmium, cobalt, nickel, arsenic, and antimony. Any
excess of gas which may escape is led into the flue. Add some hydrochloric
or sulphuric acid to the material in the flask, and presently hydrogen
selenidc forms and bubbles into the liquids in the various bottles. Various
selcnidcs can be formed.
Упр. 4. Действительно ли текст
8
В содержит ту информации», кото
рую вы ожидали в нем найти? Скажите, что было для вас новым.
Упр. 5. Разделите текст на тематические части и озаглавьте каж
дую часть.
Упр. б. Скажите, что говорится в тексте:
1
)
о
способности селена реагировать с металлами;
2
) о реакции се
лена с железом; 3) об образовании диоксида селена; 4) об образовании
селенистой кислоты; 5) о получении селеновой кислоты.
Упр. 7. Найдите в тексте отрывок, гае описывается получение селс-
нида водорода; переведите его на русский язык.
61


title: Scction III - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
Scction III Ex. 1. Think of the situations when the following expressions may be used:
be going to\ be worth (white) + существительное или герундий; be used to Examples:
l . I ’m going to finish this work at home.
2.T hc book is w o rth read in g , but it is difficult to get it.
3 .Н с is used to doing everything quickly.
Ex. 2. Translate the scntenccs into English, using expressions from exercise 1.
1. Я не собираюсь делать домашнее задание сегодня. Уже поздно.
2. Я не буду заниматься иностранным языком регулярно. 3. Она при
выкла вставать рано. 4. Есть студенты, которые привыкли получать
хорошие оценки. 5. Он начнет реакцию заново, реагент был недоста
точно чистый, б. Она говорила, что собирается на этот фильм. 7. Мы
не привыкли переводить текст без словаря. 8. Стоит научиться пи
сать сразу без ошибок, не придется тратить время на переписывание.
9. Он не привык к таким запахам. 10. Свойства некоторых соедине
ний стоит запоминать. 11. Сейчас эту статью читать не стоит, она
будет для вас трудна.
Ex. 3. Make up sentences or short stories with the following words:
1) clement, importance, abundant, little, commercial, selenium, be;
2) selenium, alike, property, atomic sulphur, be, weight, greater; 3) can,
several, form, selenium, find, allotropic; 4) odourless, selenium, be, both...
and..., tasteless, in colour, or, hard, red, dark, may; 5) metal, selenium,
combine, form, can, selcnidcs
Ex. 4. Give detailed answers to the following questions:
1. What are the physical properties of selenium? 2. What do you know
about chemical properties of selenium? 3. In what respect are selenium
and sulphur alike? Why? 4. What selenium compounds do you know?
5. What methods of the preparation of selcnidcs do you know?
Ex. 5. Discuss the following topics:
1. An Abundance of Selenium and Its Compounds.
2. The Similarity of the Properties of the Elements Occurring in Group VI.
3. The Description of the Properties of Selenium.
4. Selenium Compounds.
DO YOU KNOW THAT...
In 1817 Berzelius managed to obtain a brown-red powder. It burned
like sulphur. He established that it was a new element. He remembered the
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other element with the similar properties — tellurium which has been
given its name in the honour of die earth (from Greek “tcllus” meaning
“earth”). He decided to name the newly-discovered element in honour o f
the moon, that is why it is callcd selenium.


Lesson 9
ГРАММАТИКА: Выражение вероятности действия при помощи модаль
ных глаголов.
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:
e
(9)
go, green, agree, flag, game, garden, glass,
good, great, grey, grow, gram, gas, group,
organic, negative
g + e, i, У
[d3l
agent, gentle, g/ant, age, change, general,
arrange, genius, hydrogen, halogen, oxygen,
large, gymnasium, gyration, gypsum
but: [g]
give, get, girl, together
ng
fo]
long, strong, among, young, interesting,
coating, according, prolong
nk, nc
[Ok]
pink, drink, think, thank, distinct
qu
[k\v]
question, quick, quiet, quarter, quite, quartz,
require, liquid, equipment, quantity
que
M
u’nique, tcch'nique
b) chlorine [kb:'nn], hydrochloric ['haidrao'klonk], iodatc [’aiddeit], iodine
[’ai9di:n], alcohol [’aslkohol], halogen [ЪжЫзэп], saltpeter [’so:lt.pi:to], violet
['vaiolit], triiodide [trafaiodaid]
i
Ex. 2. Read the following words and say, what Russian words help to
understand their meaning.
halogen, unique, molcculc, chlorine, manufacture, electrolysis,
chloride, bromine, cficct, agent, iodine, ion, iodatc, conccntratc, lustre,
violet, chloroform, indicate, alcohol
Ex. 3. Pay attention to the following way оГ word-building:
a)
основа слова + -ine [i:n] —»существительное, глагол
chlorinc, bromine, iodine, hydrazine, examine, determine
основа слова + -ine [atn] —> ирнлагателыюе
crystalline, alkaline
dis- + основа слова —»придает отрицательное значение, указы
вает на лишение, отделение, разделение
discover, dissolve, disappear, disperse, disadvantage, disagreeable,
disintegrate
b)
Приставки. o({означающие количество
mon-
[mon]
uni-
U
u:n0
‘one’
monoxide
univalent
di-
[dai]
bi-
(bai)
‘two’
dioxide
bicarbonate
tri-
(traij
‘three’
triiodidc
tetra-
[tctro]
•four’
tetrachloride
pent-
IpentJ
‘five’
pentoxidc
per-
1
рэ]
‘more’
perchloric (acid)
multi-
ImAltiJ
‘many’
multicoloured
E x. 4. D eterm ine w h at p a r t o f speech th e following w ords belong to a n d
find th e ir m eaning in a dictionary.
undergo, touch upon, irritate, volatile, disagreeable, saltpeter, lustre,
pain, sore, spill, skin, throat, Chile, tincturc, hydrochloric, treat with, brine,
gentle, keep
E x. S. D efine th e m ean in g o f th e italicized w ords.
1. Oil is callcd petroleum by the English. 2. Olive oil is used for cooking.
3. Iodine is an almost black crystalline solid with a slightly metallic lustre.
4. A beautiful lustre was hanging in the room. 5. Men arc usually stronger
than women. 6. A strong solution of sodium chloride was prepared.
Text 9 A
The Halogens
Halogens may have interested chemists since early times, for they
possess unique properties. They must have interested scientists as all of
them, F2, Cl>, Br2 and I2, consist of diatomic molecules. We arc going to
touch upon some of their properties in what follows.
Chlorinc (from Greek “chloros”, greenish-yellow), the most common
of the halogens is a greenish-yellow gas with a sharp irritating odour. It
64
was first made by ihc Swedish chcmist K. W. Schccic in 1774, by the action
of manganese dioxide on hydrochloric acid. It is now manufactured on a
large scale by the electrolysis of a strong solution of sodium chloridc.
The element bromine (from Greek “bromos”, stench) occurs in the
form of compounds in small quantities in seawater and in natural salt
deposits. It is an easily volatile, dark reddish-brown liquid with a strong
disagreeable odour and an irritating cficct on the eyes and throat. It may
producc painful sores when spilled on the skin. The free clement can be
made by treating a bromide with an oxidizing agent, such as chlorinc.
The clement iodine (from Greek “iodcs”, violet) occurs as iodide ion,
I2, in very small quantities in seawater, and, as sodium iodatc, NalOj, in
deposits of Chile saltpeter. It is made commercially from sodium iodatc
obtained from saltpeter, from kelp, which conccntratcs it from seawater,
and from oil-well brines.
The free element is an almost black crystalline solid with a slightly
metallic lustre. On gentle warming it gives a beautiful blue-violet vapour.
Its solutions in chloroform, carbon tctrachloridc, and carbon disulphidc
arc also bluc-violct in colour, indicating that the molecules I2 in these
solutions closely resemble the gas molecules. The solutions of iodine in
water containing potassium iodide and in alcohol (tincturc o f iodine) arc
brown; this changc in colour suggests that the iodine molecules have
undergone chcmical reaction in these solutions. The brown compound
K I
3
,
potassium-triiodidc, is present in the first solution, and a compound
with alcohol in the second.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
alcohol, bromine, chloride, chlorine, common, diatomic, follow, be going
to, halogen, hydrochloric acid, iodide, iodine, lustre, manganese, oil, possess,
potassium, producc, quantity, on a large scale, sharp, sodium, suggest, tincture,
touch, treat, unique, volatile
Ex.
6
. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
sincc early times, interest smb., possess unique properties, diatomic
molecules, be going to, greenish-yellow, a sharp irritating odour, hydro
chloric acid, be manufactured on a large scalc, a strong solution, occur in
the form of compounds, a small quantity, natural salt deposits, be volatile,
treat smth. with an oxidizing agent, a black crystalline solid, a slightly
metallic lustre, on warming, resemble gas molcculcs, undergo chcmical
reaction, be present in solution
Ex. 7. Give the English equivalents for the following:
галоген, состоять из двухатомных молекул, соляная кислота, в
больших масштабах, электролиз раствора, раствор хлорида натрия,
в морской воде, быть летучим, обладать уникальными свойствами,
3 Степаном
65
окислитель, встречаться, в очень малых количествах, получать из
морской воды, элемент в свободном состоянии, кристаллическое
твердое вещество, металлический блеск, раствор йода в спирте, под
вергаться реакции, находиться в растворе, предполагать (наводить
на мысль)
Ex.
8
. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |


title: Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина - бет 44

text:
1. The text that you must have read describes the properties of halogens.
2. This student can’t have started the reaction before learning the properties
of the substanccs. 3. The author may have supposed that this description
would help to understand his idea better. 4. The teacher may have spoken
about such reactions, I don’t remember. 5. Mendeleyev could have presented
his periodic system himself, but he was ill. 6. You ought to have been more
attentive working in the laboratory. 7. The scientists of our faculty may have
discovered some new properties of electrodes, now they arc writing an article
on this problem. 8. Everyone must have noticcd a blue-violet vapour when
iodine was being warmed. 9. The reaction may not proceed to completion
without heating. 10. The laboratory assistant can’t
have done all the work
alone. 11. Our friends haven’t come yet, they must be still working in their
laboratory. 12. You should have paid more attention to a theoretical course
before starting your practice. 13. The reaction must have occurred, the colour
ofthe reagents has changed. 14. Chemistry couldn't have reached the present
level of development without the atomic theory. IS. The discovery of the
periodic law must have been the greatest discovery in the nineteenth-century
chemistry. 16. The researchers would have tested their results by experiment,
but they had no all the necessary apparatus. 17. Newton
may have thought
that light was a stream of particles. 18. Suggestions were made as to what
may have occurred during the reaction.
Ex. 11. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Галогены— это элементы VII группы. 2. Все галогены состоят
из двухатомных молекул. 3. Самый обычный из галогенов, хлор, —
это зеленовато-желтый газ. 4. Хлор был впервые получен шведским
химиком Шееле в 1774 году. 5. Сейчас хлор получают в больших мас
штабах электролизом
раствора хлорида натрия, б. Бром встречается
в малых количествах в виде соединений в морской лоде и природных
отложениях солей. 9. Йод также может встречаться в очень малых
количествах в
морской воде.
Ex. 12. Make up questions to the italicized parts of the sentences.
1.
Halogens may have interested
chemists since
early times (3).
2.
Iodine is an almost black crystalline
solid with a
slightly metallic lustre
(3). 3.
The solutions of iodine in water containing potassium iodide and
in
alcohol are
brown (3).
Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:
1. What elements arc called halogens? 2. Why may the halogens
have interested chemists? 3. What is the most common of the halogens?
4. When was chlorinc obtained? 5. In what way is chlorinc obtained
now? 6. What kind of element is bromine? 7. Where docs bromine occur
and in what form? 8. In what way is iodine made commercially? 9. What
kind of element is iodine?
Ex. lO.TYanslntc the sentences into Russian, paying attention to modal verbs.
67


title: Section II - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
bavc been extremely difficult, for it took him several years of hard
experimenting to obtain free fluorine gas.
Упр. 4. Скажите, узнали ли вы что-нибудь новое нз текста 9 В? Если
узнали, то что именно?
Упр. 5. Разделите текст на тематические часто н озаглавьте каж
дую часть.
Упр. б. Скажите, что говорится в тексте:
1
) о
способности фтора соединяться с другими элементами;
2
) о том,
чем объясняется высокая реакционная
способность фтора; 3) о воздей
ствии фтора на асбест; 4) о том, как фтор был впервые получен.
Упр. 7. Найдите в тексте отрывок, гае описываются возможности
получения фтора и переведите его на русский язык.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


title: Section Ш - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
Section Ш
Ex. 1. Think of the situations when the following expressions may be used:
it takes me (you, him, her, us, them); it took me (you, him, her, us, them);
if’// take me (you, him, her, us, them)
Ex. 2. Translate the following into English, using the expressions from
exercise
1
:
1. На подготовку к семинару у меня обычно уходит 2-3 часа.
2. Сколько вам потребуется времени, чтобы выполнить эту лабора
торную работу? 3. Вчера я потратил 40 минут на выполнение этого
упражнения. 4. Сколько тебе потребуется времени, чтобы поехать до
мой и вернуться обратно? 5. Он живет недалеко, ему надо не более
15 минут, чтобы дойти до факультета. 6. Этот текст трудный. Мне
понадобится часа два, чтобы перевести его письменно. 7. Теперь ты
не будешь тратить много времени на дорогу в библиотеку, у тебя в
доме на первом этаже открывается новая библиотека. 8. У нас сегод
ня собрание. 9. Обычно я езжу в университет на троллейбусе и на
автобусе, у меня на это уходит 50 минут. А сегодня я поехал на метро
и на автобусе, и мне понадобилось всего 35 минут. 10. Вчера мне при
шлось лечь спать поздно, понадобилось много времени, чтобы под
готовиться к семинару.
Ex. 3. Make up sentences or short stories with the following words:
1) most, halogen, chlorinc, common, be, greenish-yellow, gas, irritating,
odour, sharp, it, Swedish, 1774, make, Shcclc, chemist; 2) easily, dark,
bromine, be, volatile, reddish-brown, liquid, disagreeable, strong, odour,
have, effect, irritating, eyes, throat; 3) almost, solid, iodine, be, black,
slightly, lustre, crystalline, metallic; 4) halogen, reactive, it, all, fluorine,
light, form, element, compound, except, gas, inert
69
Ex. 4. Give detailed answers to the following questions:
I . Why arc the halogens interesting for chcmists? 2. What can you say
about chlorinc? 3. What kind of substancc is bromine? 4. What do you
know about iodine? 5. What arc the properties of fluorine?
Ex. 5. Discuss the following topics:
1. The Occurrence of the Halogens in Nature.
2. The Preparation of the Halogens.
3. The Properties of the Halogens.
4. Fluorine — the Most Rcactivc of the Halogens.
DO YOU KNOW THAT...
Salt consists of two poisons. Salt is made up of the metal, sodium, and
the gas, chlorinc. Both of these arc poisons. But when they arc chcmically
combined, you can cat them safely.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |


Lesson 10
ГРАММАТИКА: Формы н употребление сослагательного наклонения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronouncc the following words:
с + e ,i,y
M
place, act'd, central, presence, city, per cent,
except, circle, c/nema, century, precipitate,
decide, December, face, necessary, pcace, pencil,
cycle, cyclic, cylinder, receive, process
с
M
become, active, compose, occur, direct, combine,
compound, electrode, application, react, prospect,
collect, nitric, cold, according, effect, can, zinc,
consider, picture
ci
Ш
M
commercial, socialist, coefficient, special, effici
ency, especially, dissociate, associate, sufficient,
appreciable
calcium, glacial, society, specific, specimen, dis
sociation, association
ch
Wl
M
such, which, chair, change, children, each, much,
rich, March, teach, choose, touch
chemist, chcmistry, chemical, characteristic,
chlorine, chloride, mechanical, technical
tch
[»л
catch, watch, switch
ck
M
back, black, clock, hockey, quick, ticket, attack,
check, nickel, thick
70
b) laboratory [lo'borstn], curiosity [.kjuorf
DSiti],
available [o'veil obi],
exhibit [tg'zibit], anhydrous [asn'haidrds], dilute [dai'lu:t], equation [i'kwei/эп],
hydroxide [hai'droksaid], residue [‘rezidju:], approximately [o'proksimoth]
Ex. 2. Read the following words and say what Russian words help to
understand their meanings:
gram, laboratory, mineral, per ccnt, characteristic, group, oxide,
combination, halide, stable, hydrate, clcctrodc, potential, conccntratc,
reaction, metallic, volt, spectral, line, analysis, method, extract, zinc,
indium, material, collect, mass, cadmium, filter, filtrate, result, neutralize,
basic, sulphite
Ex. 3. Pay attention to the following way of word-building:
основа слова + -ate [eit] [it] —» существительное
sulphate, filtrate, precipitate, nitrate, carbonate
- ) [it] прилагательное
accurate, immediate, appropriate
- » [eit] глагол
operate, separate, evaporate, precipitate, investigate, correlate,
dissociate, formulate
основа слова + -у
прилагательное
watery, healthy, ordinary, necessary, spongy
основа слова + -able, -ible —> прилагательное (со значением воз
можности)
[cibl] able, stable, unstable, enable
[ibl] possible, sensible
[obi] agreeable, probable, capable, considerable, desirable, available
Ex. 4. Give the initial forms of the following words and find their meaning
in a dictionary:
attempted, applications, quantities, exhibits, places, lies, series,
extracting, ores, considered, leaving, boiled, analyses, composed,
precipitated, halides, supplies, salts, curiosities
Ex. S. Define the meaning of the italicized words.
1.
No commercial applications of indium were attempted for many
years. 2. Their attempt to obtain pure indium was a success. 3. The available
supply of indium at that time was only one gram. 4. Some compounds o f
indium were supplied for further analysis. 5. In(OH)j is precipitated from
an indium salt solution. 6. When KOH was added to an indium salt solution,
a precipitate of In(OH)j was formed.
71
Text 10 A
Indium
Indium was regarded as a laboratory curiosity for many years and no
commercial applications were attempted until 1924. It would hardly be
possible to think of its application, for the available supply at that time
was only one gram, with no immediate prospects of more.
Indium seldom occurs in a mineral in quantities over 0.1 per ccnt.
Several methods of extracting indium from its ores should have been
considered. According to one of them, indium-bearing zinc metal was treated
with a quantity of dilute H:SQi which would dissolve almost all the material,
leaving a residue of zinc. On this residue there was collected a spongy mass
composed of lead, copper, cadmium, tin, arsenic, iron, and indium. Nitric
acid was used to dissolve the spongy mass, after which the solution was
evaporated with sulphuric acid. Lead sulphate was left behind on the filter.
The filtrate was treated with NHj(aq) to precipitate In(OH)3 and Fe(OH)3
which were dissolved in HC1. The resulting solution was approximately
neutralized and boiled with NaHSOj, which precipitated the basic sulphite,
In:(SO})} *In(OH)3 *5H;0. The basic sulphite was dissolved in sulphuric
acid and pure In(OH)} was obtained by the addition ofNHj(aq).
Indium exhibits properties characteristic of the aluminium group.
Indium burns in air with a blue flame to form the scsquioxidc, ln:0 }. If
it were heated in the presence of halogens or sulphur, direct combination
would take place. In each case indium goes to its highest oxidation state.
The other halides (InX and InX:, where X is a halogen) have been prepared,
with the possible exceptions of InF and InF:. Only the halides, InX), arc
stable in the presence of water. There are three tri-fluorides of indium, the
hydrates of the compositions InFj*3H:0 and InF3*9H;0 and the anhydrous
salt, InFj. Most indium compounds are soluble in water.
W o rd s an d W o rd -C o m b in atio n s to Be M em orized
acctic acid, addition, almost, aluminium, analysis, anhydrous, approxi
mately, attempt, available, basic, boil, case, collect, compose, composition,
dilute, direct, clcctrodc, equation, evaporate, cxccption, exhibit, cxtract, filter,
fluoride, halide, hardly, hydroxide, indium, laboratory, lie, mass, material, most,
nitric acid, oxidation, per ccnt, potential, precipitate, prevent, regard, residue,
salt, seldom, scries, sulphite, soluble, supply, take placc, volt
Ex. 6. Give th e R ussian eq u iv alen ts fo r th e following:
attempt applications, regard smth. as, hardly, be available, immediate
prospects, over 1 per ccnt, exhibit properties, bum with a blue flame, in
the presence of, take placc, in each ease, oxidation state, with the cxccption
of, be soluble in water, in the electromotive series, an clcctrodc potential,
dilute acid, react with the evolution of hydrogen, together, concentrated
72
acid, acctic acid, according to the equation, to have some cfTcct on smth.,
to dissolve almost all the material, the resulting solution
Ex. 7. Give the English equivalents for the following:
в течение многих лет, едва ли возможно, в количестве свыше
1
про
цента, рассмотреть, несколько методов, разбавленная серная кисло
та, почти все вещество, на фильтре, получающийся раствор, прояв
лять характерные свойства, горсть на воздухе, прямое соединение,
происходить (иметь место), в каждом случае, за исключением чего-
то, в присутствии воды, безводная соль, большинство соединений,
концентрированная кислота, по уравнению (согласно уравнению),
спектральный анализ
Ex.
8
. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |


title: Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина - бет 48

text:
Ex. 10. Translate the scntcnccs into Russian, paying attention to the
subjunctive mood.
1. There would be no life without such elements as carbon, oxygen,
hydrogen, ctc. 2. It is ncccssary that the substanccs be pure. 3. The tcachcr
suggested that the equation of the reaction be written on the blackboard.
4. The solution is diluted lest it be very strong. 5. They would do it once
more if they had time. 6. The condition was made that the reaction should
procccd slowly. 7. He should have told us about the new time-table. 8. She
should have done it yesterday but she didn't know that her results were
not accurate. 9. Heating or cooling would affect the state of water, but not
its composition. 10. Dry gas would occupy less volume. 11. It would be
difficult to find a more abundant element than oxygen. 12. The corrosion
would procccd much more rapidly in the presence of oxygen. 13. Wc would
begin the calculation but wc have no all the ncccssary data. 14. You should
have known that these arc inflammable substanccs. 15. They should have
described the properties of the substanccs that were obtained. 16. It would
be true to say that experiment is the foundation of chcmistry. 17. The new
apparatus would have given more accurate results. 18. It is essential that
water should be turned into vapour. 19.1 wish she were right. 2 0 .1 should
have asked the tcachcr but I could not comc to the seminar. 21. They
suggest that the experiment be started at once.
Ex. 11. Translate the scntcnccs into English.
1. Индий встречается в природе в очень незначительных количе
ствах. 2. Свойства индия характерны для элементов III группы. 3. Ин
дий горит на воздухе и образует окисел 1п20 3. 4. Большинство соеди
нений индия растворимы в воде. 5. Разбавленная соляная кислота
реагирует с индием с выделением водорода. 6. Уксусная кислота не
растворяет индия. 7. Спектральный анализ показывает характерные
для индия синие линии.
Ex. 12. Make up questions to the italicized parts of the scntcnccs.
1.
Indium lies
between iron and tin in the electromotive series (2).
2.
Two reactions are possible with
concentrated sulphuric acid (3).
3.
Several methods of extracting indium
from its ores arc possible (2).
Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:
I . What is the occurrence of indium in nature? 2. What properties
docs indium exhibit? 3. What can you say about commercial applications
of indium? 4. What kind of oxide docs indium form? 5. What compounds
of indium and the halogens arc known? 6. In what way docs indium react
with sulphuric acid? 7. What docs the spcctral analysis show?
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


text:
Упр. 2. Назовите значения следующих интернациональных слов:
material, medicine, pharmaceutical, thallium, platinum, busmuth,
temperature, corrosion, discomfort, patient, dentist, amalgamate, diffuse,
uniform, porous, attack, diffuse
Упр. 3. Определите значения выделенных слов по контексту. Сино
нимы в скобках помогут вам.
1. Sometimes chemists add indium to obtain
desirable (needed)
properties of substances. 2. Indium forms
alloys (mixtures of metals) with
lead, tin, silver, gold, platinum and others. 3. Unique properties o f indium
enable (give the possibility) it to be used in medicine. 4. Indium alloys arc
very
corrosion-resistant (unaffected by corrosion). 5. Indium can be
deposited on the
article (thing) coated with zinc or cadmium.
Слова к тексту:
purpose — цель; jewellery — ювелирные изделия; mordant — веще
ство, закрепляющее краску; dyestuff — краситель; braze— паять; insert —
вставка; cast — форма
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


title: Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина - бет 4

text:
раздела: в первом разделе отрабатываются навыки изучающего чтения, в
него включены основной текст, предтекстовые и послетекстовые фонети
ческие, лексические и грамматические упражнения и задания; во втором раз
деле на основе текста для ознакомительного чтения отрабатываются навыки
беспереводного понимания, в него включены тренировочные и творческие
упражнения для ведения дискуссии по теме; третий раздел предназначен для
развития навыков устной речи — составления диалогов и рассказов на бы
товые и специальные темы.
Система упражнений включает задания на контроль понимания прочи
танного, активизацию соответствующих грамматических и лексических яв
лений, дифференциацию текстов по содержанию, перефразирование, опре
деление логических мыслей, изложенных в тексте, поиск информации, из
ложение содержания текстов в произвольной форме, а также в форме
реферата, резюме или аннотации.


title: (для о тл и вки )' - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А....

text:
Indium cannot be plated on ferrous metals directly. However, by first
coating the iron or steel with a metal such as zinc, cadmium, or some
similar metal which has a higher clcctrodc potential than the iron or steel
and indium plate could be deposited successfully. After such a plate is
deposited the article is baked at a temperature slightly above the melting
point of indium for several hours. The indium and the other non-ferrous
metal diffuse into one another, to producc a uniform plate which would
not chip or peel and which would be non-porous.
Indium can be plated directly on non-ferrous metals. Generally, the
plate is diffused into the base metal by the method mentioned above. Such
coatings are more resistant to certain kinds of chcmical attack than the
base metal and arc usually harder.
Упр. 4. Что нового вы узнали из текста 10 В?
Упр. 5. Разделите текст на тематические части и озаглавьте каж
дую часть.
Упр. б. Скажите, что говорится в тексте:
1) о сферах применения индия и его соединений; 2) о сплавах индия
с другими металлами; 3) о применении индия в медицине.
Упр. 7. Найдите в тексте место, т е говорится об особенностях нане
сения слоя индия иа металлы. Переведите этот отрывок на русский
язык.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


text:
1) seldom, mineral, indium, occur, 0.1 per cent, quantity; 2) form,
compound, indium, various, most, be, they, water, soluble; 3) can, ore,
several, indium, extract, method; 4) react, indium, nitric acid, reaction,
possible, concentrated, two, be, sulphuric acid
Ex. 4. Give detailed answers to the following questions:
1. Why wasn’t indium used commercially before 1934? 2. What
methods of extracting indium from its ores do you know? 3. What
compounds can indium form? 4. In what way docs indium react with acids?
5. What arc the main uses of indium?
Ex. 5. Discuss the following topics:
1. The Occurrence of Indium.
2. The Properties o f Indium.
3. The Uses of Indium.
DO YOU KNOW THAT...
In 1863 Reich and Richtcr, in an eflort to trace thallium in zinc blende
observed two new blue lines in the spectrum. The zinc blende had been
roasted to remove most of the arsenic and sulphur. The residue had been
dissolved with hydrochloric acid and evaporated to dryness. This residue of
crude zinc chloridc was submitted to a spectrum analysis. They discovered
the new element, indium, so named from its characteristic blue lines.
Ex. 3. Макс up sentences or short stories with the following words:
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


Lesson 11
ГРАММАТИКА: Употребление и перевод глаголов may, might, could, ought
в сослагательном наклонении.
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words.
ph
ra
physical, physics, phase, phenomenon, sphere,
phosphorus, phosphorescent, sulphur, amorphous
th
[0]
thank, theatre, theory, thing, think, three, third,
thirteen, thirty, Thursday, thousand, method,
hypothesis, lithium, mathematics, growth, length,
synthesis, thorough, through
the, than, other, with, that, this, then, these,
those, they, their, them, there, thus, rather,
further, either, though, nevertheless
77
X
[ksj
[gz]
axis, box, mix, mixture, exception, next, excess,
cxccrcisc, cxccpt, approximately, experiment,
explain, oxygen, expression, extract, extremely,
oxide
examine, examination, example, existence, exhibit,
exact, auxiliary
kn
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |


title:
N
know, knowledge
wr
И - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование...

text:
Text И A
Phosphorus is one of the most interesting of all the elements. Its peculiar
property of glowing in the dark places it in a spccial and rare category. For
some unexplained reason, man has always been intrigued by any substance
with phosphorescent properties.
1Ъс history of phosphorus is no less interesting than the element itself.
It was first prepared in 1669 by a German alchemist Hcnnig Brand, who
like every other alchemist o f his day, was searching for the elusive
philosopher’s stone. We can never tell you what gave him the idea that his
magic stone could be found in human urine, but, nevertheless, he carried
on a scries of elaborate experiments with urine. After much experimentation
he could obtain a yellowish waxy substance by distilling a residue from
the urine. We can imagine how thrilled he must have been when he noticed
that the strange substance glowed in the dark.
Brand kept the details of the preparation of this strange substance se-
cret, but the news soon leaked out. He then sold his formula to other chem
ists, who also made the element in secret. The method o f isolating
phosphorus was made known to the world in general only in 1737. It was
soon discovered that the clement could be obtained from bones, and the
unpleasant method of obtaining it from urine could be abandoned. It is
truly remarkable that Brand could prepare phosphorus with very limited
equipment and knowledge then available. Even today with all of our mod
em equipment, phosphorus is not isolated with ease.
Phosphorus may be fascinating, but is also intensely poisonous. It
should never be allowed to touch the skin, as it causes painful bums which
are extremely difficult to heal. We must always handle it with forceps and
keep it under water when it is not in use.
Phosphorus has a garlic-like colour. Its fumes are poisonous too.
W ords a n d W o rd -C o m b in atio n s to Be M em orized
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


title: Fascinating Phosphorus - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование...

text:
редкая категория, быть интересным, в темноте, по какой-то при
чине, сам элемент, как всякий другой алхнмик, искать что-либо, на
вести
на мысль, проводить ряд экспериментов, желтоватое вещество,
заметить какое-то свойство, держать в секрете,
метод выделения фос
фора, вообще, только в 1737 году, получать элемент из, имеющееся
оборудование, даже сегодня, современное оборудование, быть ядо
витым, обращаться с, держать (хранить) под водой
Ex. 8. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.
/л,
under,
at, with, of, on, by, for
1. Phosphorus is one ... the most interesting ... all the elements.
2. Phosphorus has a peculiar property ... glowing ... the dark. 3 .... some
unexplained reason man has always been interested ... any substance ...
phosphorescent properties. 4. Phosphorus was first prepared ... 1669 ... a
German alchemist Brand. 5. Brand earned ... a series ... experiments to
obtain phosphorus. 6. Brand kept the details... the preparation... phosphorus
... secret. 7. The method ... isolating phosphorus was made known ... the
world... general only... 1737.8. Brand prepared phosphorus... very limited
equipment and knowledge. 9
present phosphorus is not isolated... ease.
10. Phosphorus should be kept... water when it is n o t... use.
Ex. 9. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the word
one/ones.
1. Hydrogen atom contains only one electron and one proton. 2. Red
phosphorus is more stable than the white one. 3. An element is a substance
which consists of only one kind of atoms. 4. The salts formed by
hydrochloric
acid arc called chlorides, the ones formed by sulphuric acid
arc called sulphides. 5. Chlorinc exists in two isotopic forms: the one has
the atomic weight of 35 and the other— of 37.6. Phosphorus is one of the
elements of Group V. 7. Reactions of dilute acids and the conccntratcd
ones arc not alike. 8. Phosphorus exists in several allotropic modifications,
yellow and red arc the most common ones. 9. The chemical
properties of
ozone are similar to those of oxygen, but one must point out that ozone is
more chemically active. 10. Phosphorus is readily dissolved in carbon
disulphidc, one part of it will dissolve nine parts of phosphorus. 11. This
modem apparatus gives more accuratc results than the old one and it is
much easier to handle.
Ex. 10. Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the verbs
may, might, could, ought.
1. Phosphorus may be fascinating, but it is also intensely poisonous.
2.Whcncvcr you may work with phosphorus, remember, it must not be
handled with bare hands. 3. The instruction was quite clcar so that the
students might perform the analysis themselves. 4. Such unexpected results
Ex. 7. Give the English equivalents for the following:
80
might be accountcd for by the fact that the substancc was not very pure.
5. However slow the reaction may procccd, it gives a good yield. 6. They
suppose they could finish their scries of experiments by Friday. 7. The
calculations ought to be done after cach scries of measurements. 8. Important
as this question may be, wc have no time to discuss it now. 9. In order that
the glassware might be used, it should be thoroughly washed. 10. The
author gives a very detailed description of the properties of cach clement
lest anything may be missed. 11. It is quite dear that the reaction could go
to completion after some heating. 12. The methods o f preparation of
phosphorus could have been mentioned together with the description of
properties. 13. The experiment ought
to be repeated several times, so that
you could get some results to compare. 14. In the middle of the 18th ccn-
tury it was discovered that phosphorus could be obtained from bones.
15. Oxygen and hydrogen could be obtained by the clcctrolysis of water.
16. The question how many elements arc essential to life couldn’t be
answered with ccrtainty. 17. Some generalizations ought to be made about
the role of various elements. 18. The schcmc of the proccss is given in
addition to the photograph so that the reader may understand it better.
19. Such research might tell us about the carbon chcmistry. 20.Thcsc
observations reveal chcmical mechanisms that could only have been
uncovered by studies of reactions at high energies.
Ex. 11. T ra n sla te th e scntcnccs in to English.
1. Фосфор обладает интересным свойством светиться в темно
те. 2. История фосфора не мснсс интересна, чем сам элемент. 3. Фос
фор был впервые приготовлен в 1669 году, но метод его приготов
ления стал известен миру только в 1737 году. 4.
Как и все алхимики,
свои метод приготовления фосфора Бранд держал в секрете. 5. Не
обходимо помнить, что фосфор очень ядовит. 6. Известны несколь
ко аллотропных форм фосфора. 7. Фосфор нелегко выделять даже
при современном оборудовании. 8. Одна из форм фосфора — это
желтоватое воскообразное вещество, такой фосфор называют жел
тым или белым.
Ex. 12. M ak e up questions to th e italicized p a rts o f th e sentences.
1.
For some unexplained reason, man has always been intrigued by any
substance with
phosphorescent properties (3). 2. It was
soon discovered
that
phosphorus could be obtained
from bones (3). 3. Its peculiar
property o f
glowing in the dark placcs phosphorus
in a special and rare category (3).
Ex. 13. A nsw er th e follow ing questions:
1.
What is the most interesting property of phosphorus? 2. When
was phosphorus first prepared? 3. What kind o f substancc is it? 4. What
methods were used to prepare phosphorus? 5. Why is it ncccssary to be
careful working with phosphorus? 6. How must phosphorus be kept when
it is not in use?
81


title: Scction  II - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова, И. Ю. Ступина

text:
Be very carcful with the phosphorus solution, as it is highly inflam
mable. Dispose of it immediately after experimenting either by burning it
or washing it down the drum with large quantities of water.
Red phosphorus is so unlike yellow phosphorus, that it is difficult to
realize that both forms arc the same element. The red type is an amorphous
powder. It will not ignite spontaneously. It will not dissolve in carbon
disulphidc. It will not glow in the dark. It has no odour and is not poisonous.
It ignites only when it is heated to about 240 degrees.
Red phosphorus can be prepared by heating yellow phosphorus in the
abscncc of air. The action may be catalyzed by a trace of iodine.
Violet phosphorus can be prepared by dissolving phosphorus in molten
lead and then allowing it to separate by crystallization.
Black phosphorus could be made by subjecting yellow or red phos
phorus to 4,000 atmospheres of pressure at a high temperature.
The yellow phosphorus can be prepared from any other form by
distillation. When they are heated strongly enough, all forms of phosphorus
vaporize and this vapour always condenses to form the yellow variety.
Remember— phosphorus is like a pretty girl: always
interesting, but
sometimes
dangerous!
Упр. 4. Что нопого вам далось узнать из текста 11 В по сравнению
с текстом 11 А?
Упр. 5. Текст имеет подзаголовки. Выделите основную мысль каж
дого отрывка, имеющего подзаголовок.
Упр. б. Скажите, что говорится в тексте:
1) об аллотропных формах фосфора; 2) о фосфоре, полученном ме
тодом восстановления; 3) о том, что представляет собой красный фос
фор; 4) о
способе получения черного фосфора; 5) о
способе получения
желтого фосфора.
Упр. 7. Найдите в тексте предложения, касающиеся соблюдения ос
торожности при работе с фосфором н переведите их на русский язык.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


title: Scction  III - Санкт-петербургского государственного университета высшее профессиональное образование т. А. Степанова,...

text:
вы показать мне, где лаборатория аналитической химии? 5.
Я хотел
бы работать в этой лаборатории. 6. Ему хотелось бы прослушать весь
курс лекций профессора N, но ему надо уезжать. 7. Она хотела бы за
ниматься в нашей группе. 8. Нам хотелось бы закончить работу поско
рее. 9. Ты не мог бы пойти со мной? 10. Не могли бы вы встретиться с
вашим другом и попросить у него последний номер журнала?
Ex. 3. M ake up sentcnccs o r sh o rt stories w ith th e following w ords:
1) be, interesting, phosphorus, always, scientist, it, peculiar, phos
phorescence, because, possess, property; 2) phosphorus, substance, be,
poisonous, dangerous, careful, handle, must, we; 3) allotropic, three, occur,
form, phosphorus, red, yellow, common, be; 4) belong, substance,
phosphorus, category, inflammable
Ex. 4. G ive d etailed a n sw ers to th e follow ing questions:
1. Why did phosphorus interest alchemists? 2. What is the history of
phosphorus? 3. What is to be known when you work with phosphorus?
4. Describe modifications of phosphorus. 5. What arc the properties of
phosphorus?
Ex. 5. D iscuss th e follow ing topics:
1. The Discovery of Phosphorus.
2. The Phosphorus is a Dangerous Substance.
3. The Modifications of Phosphorus.
D O YOU K N O W T H A T ...
One of the first known applications of phosphorus was the production
of matches. At present phosphorus plays its most important part in
agriculture. Phosphatic fertilizers arc widely used in modem agriculture.
The presence o f phosphates in the soil is necessary for plant growth.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу:


title:
Lesson  12
ГРАММАТИКА: Повторение темы «Сказуемое».
Section I

text:
b) symbol, atomic, case, simple, changc, exhibit, state, rubber, oxygen, show,
three, only, pair, inert, avoid, written, also, catch, fire, while, since, way, how,
thus, cause, news, world, truly, allow, place, cold, blue, line, pure
c)
introduce [.intro
-dju:s],
acquire [D'kwaio], quantitative ['kwontitativ], either
['aids],
neither
['naido],
allotropy [a'lDtropi], rather
[*га:дэ]
Ex. 2. Read the following words and say what Russian words help to
understand their meaning:
symbol, publish, extraction, Latin, allotropy, molccular, metallic,
associate, pair, inert, confusion, temperature, stable, combine, atom,
clement, modem
Ex. 3. Pay attention to the following way of word-building:
pre- -t- основа слова — придаст значение «до», «перед», «заранее»
prehistoric, prewar, pre-establish, premature, predetermine
post- + основа слова — придаст значение «после»
post-war, postposition, postgraduate
(приставка) + основа + основа + (суффикс)
airplane, seawater, electromotive, clcctroncgativity, shorthand,
sidestep, sightseeing, old-time, manmadc, lifetime, diclcctropositive
Ex. 4. Find the meaning of the following words in a dictionary. If there is
no word in your dictionary, find its parts and derive the meaning yourself.
old-fashioned, sidestep, sightsee, furthermore, water-like, therefrom,
up-to-date, electropositive, electrostatic, water-proof,
oxygen-rich
Ex. 5. Define what part of speech the italicized words belong to.
1.
On
account of their inactivity inert gases are often referred to as
noble gases. 2. Some chcmical phenomena arc not easily
accounted for.
3. Symbols began as a simple shorthand for the
names of the
elements.
4. Polonium was
named in honour of Poland, the birthcountry of Marie
Sklodowska-Curic. 5. At temperature below 0°C, water turns
solid. 6. Some
solids practically do not dissolve.
Text 12 A
Chemical Symbols for Elements
The Swedish chcmist Berzelius (1779-1848) introduced the modem
symbols for the elements when he published a list of “atomic weights" in
1818. Those elements which, on account of their case of extraction from
their ores had been known from prehistoric times, were given symbols
derived from their Latin names.
85
The symbols began as a simple shorthand for referring to the names of
the
elements, but rapidly acquired a quantitative significance. Pb began
meaning “some lead”, but it rapidly changed and came to mean cither “one
atom of lead” or “one gram atomic weight of lead”, i. e. 207 g of lead.
Some elements can exhibit allotropy; that is to say, they can exist in
two different forms in the same physical state. Taking examples from among
gaseous elements, ozone and molecular oxygen both contain only oxygen
atoms, yet, the reactions of ozone arc completely different from those of
oxygen. It will immediately oxidize rubber and metallic silver, whereas
oxygen will do neither. Evidence from gas-volume determinations shows
that three atoms of oxygen arc associated in ozone, whereas there arc only
two atoms in molecular oxygen. The atoms of all common gaseous elements
exist in pairs except the inert gases. To avoid confusion,
molecular gases
are written 0>, N
2
, Cl> and ozone Oj.
Some elements also exhibit allotropy; for example, white phosphorus
catches fire in air at room temperature while red phosphorus is stable in
air at 240°C. But since there is no way of discovering how many atoms arc
combined together in
any solid, the question is sidestepped, and all solid
elements including allotropcs arc given symbols; thus, both white and red
phosphorus arc P rather than Px.
W o rd s an d W o rd-C om binations to Be M em orized
on account of, associate, avoid, come + миф., completely, confusion,
gaseous, either... or..., except, exist, extraction, include, introduce, list,
molecular, neither, quantitative, rapidly, rather than, refer to, rubber, since, solid,
stable, symbol, volume, yet
Ex. 6. G ive th e R u ssian equivalents fo r th e following:
introduce smth., a list of “atomic weights”, on account of, refer to the
names of the elements, acquire a quantitative significance, cither... or...,
exhibit allotropy, that is to say, exist in different forms, in the same physical
state, take an example,
from among gaseous elements, yet, be completely
different, whereas, exist in pairs, avoid confusion, for example,
catch fire
in air, there is no way of, bo th ... and..., rather than
E x. 7. G ive th e E nglish equivalents fo r th e following:
химический символ, шведский химик, из-за (на основании), с до
исторических времен, быстро изменяться, либо... либо.. проявлять
(какое-либо свойство), в одинаковом состоянии, привести пример, оба,
как... так и..., однако, тогда как, например, воспламеняться на воз
духе, при комнатной температуре, сколько, таким образом, а не...
Ex. 8. Fill in th e b la n k s w ith prepositions w h ere
necessary.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: