Monitoring includes ECG Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, preferably by intra-arterial catheter Respiratory rate and depth Pulse oximetry Urine flow by indwelling bladder catheter Body temperature Clinical status, including sensorium (eg, Glasgow Coma Scale), pulse volume, skin temperature, and color Measurement of CVP, PAOP, and thermodilution cardiac output using a balloon-tipped pulmonary arterial catheter may be helpful for diagnosis and initial management of patients with shock of uncertain or mixed etiology or with severe shock, especially when accompanied by oliguria or pulmonary edema.