Compared to vacA m2 subtype, patients with vacA m1 subtype had a higher risk to have atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in the gastric specimen taken from location about 5 cm above the border of the cancer lesion, with the odds ratios of 4.95 (CI 95%, 1.46 - 17.76) and 8.06 (CI 95%, 1.57 - 55.27), respectively.