Common indications for VATS include Bullectomy and lung volume reduction surgery in emphysema Correction of spontaneous primary pneumothorax Lobectomy and pneumonectomy (in some centers) Lung parenchymal biopsy Wedge resection Less common indications for VATS are Biopsy and staging of esophageal cancer Excision of benign mediastinal masses Repair of traumatic injuries to the lung, pleura, or diaphragm Sympathectomy for severe hyperhidrosis or causalgia Contraindications Contraindications to thoracoscopy and VATS are the same as those for thoracentesis.