In temperate climates, the most common causes are Connective tissue disorders Hepatic cirrhosis with portal hypertension Hemolytic anemias Infections (eg, hepatitis, mononucleosis) Infiltrative diseases (eg, fatty liver, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, Gaucher disease) Lymphoproliferative disorders Myeloproliferative neoplasms Chronic myeloid leukemia In the tropics, the most common causes are Infectious diseases (eg, malaria, visceral leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis) If splenomegaly is massive (spleen palpable 8 cm below the costal margin), the cause is usually Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Chronic myeloid leukemia Gaucher disease Hairy cell leukemia Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Polycythemia vera Primary myelofibrosis Splenomegaly can lead to cytopenias, a disorder called hypersplenism.