Risk factors associated with cervical cancer include Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Increased potential exposure to sexually transmitted diseases (eg, early age at first sexual activity or first childbirth, multiple sex partners, high-risk sex partners) History of vulvar or vaginal squamous intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer Anal intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer Oral contraceptive use Cigarette smoking Immunodeficiency The precursor to cervical cancer is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).