The main effects of TNF-alpha include Cytotoxicity to tumor cells Cachexia Induction of secretion of several cytokines (eg, IL-1, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma) Induction of E-selectin on endothelium Activation of macrophages Antiviral activity Clinical relevance of TNF-alpha includes For TNF-alpha antagonists (mAb or soluble receptor), treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, plaque psoriasis, Crohn disease refractory to standard treatments, ulcerative colitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, noninfectious intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, and pan-uveitis.