Thus, in patients with chronic pain due to non-terminal disorders, lower-risk nonopioid therapies should be tried before opioids; these therapies include Nonopioid drugs Integrative (complementary and alternative) medicine techniques (eg, acupuncture, massage, transcutaneous electrical stimulation [TENS]) Cognitive-behavioral techniques Interventional therapies (epidural injections, joint injections, nerve blocks, nerve ablation, spinal or peripheral nerve stimulation) In patients with chronic pain due to non-terminal disorders, opioid therapy may be considered, but usually only if nonopioid therapy has been unsuccessful.