Open fractures can be classified using the Gustilo-Anderson system: Grade I: Wound < 1 cm, with minimal contamination, comminution, and soft-tissue damage Grade II: Wound > 1 cm, with moderate soft-tissue damage and minimal periosteal stripping Grade IIIA: Severe soft-tissue damage and substantial contamination, with adequate soft-tissue coverage Grade IIIB: Severe soft-tissue damage and substantial contamination, with inadequate soft-tissue coverage Grade IIIC: Open fracture with arterial injury requiring repair Higher grades indicate a higher risk of infection and later osteomyelitis; however, interobserver reliability using this system is not high (often about 60%), and certain aspects can be best assessed intraoperatively.