Thus, the optimal evidence-based approach for treating smokers, particularly those not ready to quit or those who have not yet considered quitting, should be guided by the same principles that guide chronic disease management, namely Continually assessing and monitoring smoking status Using different evidence-based interventions (or combinations) for different patients and building on their prior experiences and treatment preferences Encouraging temporary abstinence and reduction in consumption for patients who fall short of total smoking cessation while emphasizing that abstinence is the ultimate goal Although reduction in consumption can increase motivation to quit (particularly when combined with nicotine replacement therapy), smokers should be reminded that reducing the number of cigarettes smoked may not improve health because smokers often inhale more smoke (and thus more toxins) per cigarette to maintain nicotine intake when they reduce the number of cigarettes smoked per day.