Transcatheter procedures include Balloon atrial septostomy for palliation of severely cyanotic neonates with transposition of the great arteries Balloon dilation of severe aortic valve stenosis or pulmonic valve stenosis Transcatheter closure of cardiac shunts (most often atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus) Transcatheter placement of pulmonary valve Balloon dilation with or without stenting of vascular stenoses, most commonly pulmonary artery stenosis Heart failure in neonates Acute, severe heart failure or cyanosis during the first week of life is a medical emergency.