A UTI is considered complicated if the patient is a child, is pregnant, or has any of the following: A structural or functional urinary tract abnormality and obstruction of urine flow A comorbidity that increases risk of acquiring infection or resistance to treatment, such as poorly controlled diabetes, chronic kidney disease, or immunocompromise Recent instrumentation or surgery of the urinary tract Risk factors Risk factors for development of UTI in women include the following: Sexual intercourse Diaphragm and spermicide use Antibiotic use New sex partner within the past year History of UTIs in 1st-degree female relatives History of recurrent UTIs First UTI at early age Risk factors for UTI in males include the following: Benign prostatic hyperplasia with obstruction, common in men over 50 years Any other cause of obstruction of the urinary tract (eg, prostate cancer, urethral stricture) Recent instrumentation or indwelling catheters Structural abnormalities, such as bladder diverticula Neurologic conditions that interfere with normal voiding (eg, spinal cord injury) Cognitive impairment, fecal or urinary incontinence Even use of spermicide-coated condoms increases risk of UTI in women.