1) The ability of cement-retained crown on abutment increased from GIC (Ketac Cem 59.88 N), Zinc oxide & eugenol (Temp Bond 66.46 N), Resin chemistry cement (Crown set 202.9 N), Zinc phosphate (Elite GC 209.10 N), Self-etch / Self-adhesive Resin Cement (Maxcem Elite 222.48 N), Resin reinforced glass ionomer (Fuji Plus 246.15 N), and Zinc polycarboxylate (Durelon 317.14 N);