Subsequent breast milk has the following characteristics: Has a high lactose content, providing a readily available energy source compatible with neonatal enzymes Contains large amounts of vitamin E, an important antioxidant that may help prevent anemia by increasing erythrocyte life span Has a calcium: phosphorus ratio of 2: 1, which prevents calcium-deficiency tetany Favorably changes the pH of stools and the intestinal flora, thus protecting against bacterial diarrhea Transfers protective antibodies from mother to infant Contains cholesterol and taurine, which are important for brain growth, regardless of the mother's diet Is a natural source of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids These fatty acids and their very long-chain polyunsaturated derivatives (LC-PUFAS), arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are believed to contribute to the enhanced visual and cognitive outcomes of breastfed compared with formula-fed infants.