The main effects of the TGF-beta family are Proinflammatory activity (eg, by chemoattraction of monocytes and macrophages) but also anti-inflammatory activity (eg, by inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation) Induction of switch to IgA Promotion of tissue repair and fibrosis Clinical relevance of TGF-beta includes Trials of antagonists (eg, antisense oligonucleotides) in cancer are ongoing.