Risk factors for vulvar cancer include Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) Cigarette smoking Lichen sclerosus Immunodeficiency Squamous hyperplasia Squamous carcinoma or intraepithelial neoplasia of the vagina, cervix, or anus Chronic granulomatous disease Most vulvar cancers are caused by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.