Inheritance may be Autosomal dominant: Involving a mutation in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 gene (STAT1) Autosomal recessive: Involving a mutation in the autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) In the recessive form (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidosis-ectodermal dystrophy), autoimmune manifestations typically develop; they include endocrine disorders (eg, hypoparathyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, hypogonadism, thyroid disorders, diabetes), alopecia areata, pernicious anemia, and hepatitis.