Mitral stenosis: Narrowing of the mitral orifice that impedes blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle Mitral valve prolapse: Billowing of mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during systole Pulmonic regurgitation: Insufficiency of the pulmonic valve causing blood flow from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole Pulmonic stenosis: Narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract causing obstruction of blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery during systole Tricuspid regurgitation: Insufficiency of the tricuspid valve causing blood flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium during systole Tricuspid stenosis: Narrowing of the tricuspid orifice that obstructs blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle Historically, diagnosis of valvular disorders by observation, palpation, and auscultation was a tough test for aspiring clinicians (1).