Other causes include: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) (1) Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) (2) Infectious diseases (eg, viral encephalitis [particularly in children], sinusitis, meningitis, tuberculosis [TB], syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]) Tumor metastasis to the optic nerve Systemic lupus erythematosus Chemicals and drugs such as lead.