Retinal changes include Hemorrhage, manifested as small or large areas of blood Drusen (small subretinal yellow-white spots that may signify dry age-related macular degeneration) Vascular changes include Arteriovenous nicking, a sign of chronic hypertension in which retinal veins are compressed by arteries where the two cross Copper wiring, a sign of arteriosclerosis in which thickened arteriolar walls increase the thickness of the light reflex Silver wiring, a sign of hypertension in which thin, fibrotic arteriolar walls decrease the thickness of the light reflex Loss of venous pulsations, a sign of increased intracranial pressure in patients known to have had pulsations Slit-lamp examination A slit lamp focuses the height and width of a beam of light for a precise stereoscopic view of the eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, lens, and anterior vitreous.