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[Assistant] God had permitted trials to come upon His people to prepare them for the accomplishment of His gracious purpose toward them. The church had been brought low that she might be exalted.


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[Assistant] God was about to display his power in her behalf.


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[Assistant] To give to the world another evidence that he will not forsake those who trust in him.


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[Assistant] He had overruled events to cause the wrath of Satan and the plots of evil men to advance his glory and to bring his people to a place of security.


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[Assistant] Persecution and exile were opening the way to freedom.


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[Assistant] When first constrained to separate from the English Church.


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[Assistant] The Puritans had joined themselves together by a solemn covenant as the Lord's free people.


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[Assistant] To walk together in all his ways made known or to be made known to them. Close quote.


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[Assistant] J. Brown, The Pilgrim Fathers, page 74. Here was the true spirit of reform, the vital principle of Protestantism.


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[Assistant] It was with this purpose that the pilgrims departed from Holland to find a home in the New World.


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[Assistant] Who was providentially prevented from accompanying them.


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[Assistant] In his farewell address to the exile said, quote, Brethren, we are now ere long to part asunder.


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[Assistant] And the Lord knoweth whether I shall live ever to see your faces more.


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[Assistant] I charge you before God and his blessed angels to follow me no farther than I have followed Christ.


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[Assistant] If God should reveal anything to you by any other instrument of his be as ready to receive it


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[Assistant] As ever you were to receive any truth of my ministry, for I am very confident


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[Assistant] The Lord hath more truth and light yet to break forth out of his holy word.


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[Assistant] For my part, I cannot sufficiently bewail the condition of the reformed churches, who are come to a period in religion and will go at present no farther than the instruments of their reformation.


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[Assistant] The Lutherans cannot be drawn to go beyond what Luther saw. And the Calvinists, you see,


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[Assistant] Stick fast where they were left by that great man of God who yet saw not all things. This is a misery much to be lamented.


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[Assistant] For though they were burning and shining lights in their time,


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[Assistant] In which you have agreed to walk in all the ways of the Lord, made or to be made known unto you.


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[Assistant] Remember your promise in covenant with God and with one another.


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[Assistant] To receive whatever light and truth shall be made known to you from his written word. But withal, take heed, I beseech you, what you receive for truth.


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[Assistant] And compare it and weigh it with other scriptures of truth before you accept it.


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[Assistant] For it is not possible the Christian world should come so lately out of such thick anti-Christian darkness.


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[Assistant] It was the desire for liberty of conscience that inspired the pilgrims to brave the perils of the long journey across the sea, to endure the hardships and dangers of the wilderness,


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[Assistant] The pilgrims did not yet comprehend the great principle of religious liberty.


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[Assistant] The freedom which they sacrificed so much to secure for themselves, they were not equally ready to grant others.


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[Assistant] Even of the foremost thinkers and moralists of the 17th century.


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[Assistant] had any just conception of that grand principle.


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[Assistant] The outgrowth of the New Testament, which acknowledges God as the sole judge of human faith. Martin, volume 5, page 297.


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[Assistant] They were not entirely free from her spirit of intolerance. The dense darkness in which, through the long ages of her rule, popery had enveloped all Christendom, had not even yet been wholly dissipated.


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[Assistant] Said one of the leading ministers in the colony of Massachusetts Bay, quote,


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[Assistant] It was toleration that made the world anti-Christian.


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[Assistant] And the church never took harm by the punishment of heretics, close quote.


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[Assistant] The regulation was adopted by the colonists that only church members should have a voice in the civil government. A kind of state church was formed.


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[Assistant] All the people being required to contribute to the support of the clergy


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[Assistant] And the magistrates being authorized to suppress heresy.


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[Assistant] Thus the secular power was in the hands of the Church.


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[Assistant] It was not long before these measures led to the inevitable result.


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[Assistant] 11 years after the planting of the first colony, Roger Williams came to the New World.


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[Assistant] Like the early pilgrims, he came to enjoy religious freedom.


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[Assistant] But unlike them, he saw what so few in his time had yet seen.


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[Assistant] With Robinson holding it impossible that all the light from God's word had yet been received. Williams quote,


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[Assistant] ...was the first person in modern Christendom to establish civil government on the doctrine of the liberty of conscience, the equality of opinions before the law."


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[Assistant] Bancroft, part 1, chapter 15, paragraph 16.


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[Assistant] He declared it to be the duty of the magistrate to restrain crime but never to control the conscience.


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[Assistant] The public or the magistrates may decide, he said, what is due from man to man.


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[Assistant] But when they attempt to prescribe a man's duties to God, they are out of place and there can be no safety for it is clear that if the magistrate has the power,


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[Assistant] He may decree one set of opinions or beliefs today and another tomorrow.


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[Assistant] As has been done in England by different kings and queens.


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[Assistant] And by different popes and councils in the Roman Church.


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[Assistant] So that belief would become a heap of confusion. Close quote. Martin, volume 5, page 340.


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[Assistant] Attendance at the services of the established church was required under a penalty of fine or imprisonment.


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[Assistant] The worst statute in the English Code was that which did but enforce attendance upon the parish church.


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[Assistant] To compel men to unite with those of a different creed, he regarded as an open violation of their natural rights.


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[Assistant] To maintain a worship against his own consent.


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[Assistant] What? exclaimed his antagonists, amazed at his tenets. Is not the laborer worthy of his hire?


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[Assistant] Yes, he replied. From them that hire him. Close quote.


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[Assistant] Bancroft, part 1, chapter 15, paragraph 2.


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[Assistant] Roger Williams was respected and beloved as a faithful minister.


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[Assistant] a man of rare gifts of unbending integrity and true benevolence.


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[Assistant] Yet his steadfast denial of the right of civil magistrates to authority over the Church,


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[Assistant] And his demand for religious liberty could not be tolerated.


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[Assistant] The application of this new doctrine it was urged.


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[Assistant] Subvert the fundamental state and government of the country. He was sentenced to banishment from the colonies and finally to avoid arrest he was forced to flee amid the cold and storms of winter into the unbroken forest.


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[Assistant] For 14 weeks, he says, I was sorely tossed in a bitter season, not knowing what bread or bed did mean.


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[Assistant] But the ravens fed me in the wilderness. Close quote.


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[Assistant] And a hollow tree often served him for a shelter. Martin, volume 5, pages 349 and 350.


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[Assistant] Thus he continued his painful flight through the snow and the trackless forest until he found refuge with an Indian tribe whose confidence and affection he had won while endeavoring to teach them the truths of the gospel.


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[Assistant] Making his way at last, after months of change and wandering to the shores of Narragansett Bay.


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[Assistant] He there laid the foundation of the first state of modern times that in the fullest sense recognized the right of religious freedom.


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[Assistant] The fundamental principle of Roger Williams's colony was, quote,


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[Assistant] And it increased and prospered until its foundation principles, civil and religious liberty, became the cornerstones of the American Republic.


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[Assistant] In that grand old document which our forefathers set forth as their Bill of Rights, the Declaration of Independence, they declared, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,


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[Assistant] That they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights.


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[Assistant] That among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.


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[Assistant] And the constitution guarantees in the most explicit terms the inviolability of conscience.


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[Assistant] No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.


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[Assistant] Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof


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[Assistant] The framers of the Constitution recognize the eternal principle.


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[Assistant] has sustained so many martyrs in tortures and flames.


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[Assistant] They felt that their duty to God was superior to human enactments.


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[Assistant] And that man could exercise no authority over their consciences.


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[Assistant] It is an inborn principle which nothing can eradicate."


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[Assistant] Congressional documents of the United States of America.


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[Assistant] Serial number 200, document number 271.


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[Assistant] As the tidings spread through the countries of Europe, of a land where every man might enjoy the fruit of his own labor and obey the convictions of his own conscience, thousands flocked to the shores of the New World. Colonies rapidly multiplied.


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[Assistant] Massachusetts, by special law, offered free welcome and aid at the public cost to Christians of any nationality who might fly beyond the Atlantic to escape from wars or famine or the oppression of their persecutors.


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[Assistant] Thus the fugitive and the downtrodden were by statute


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[Assistant] Made the guests of the commonwealth. Close quote.


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[Assistant] As many thousand pilgrims were settled in New England.


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[Assistant] To secure the object which they sought, they were content to earn a bare subsistence by a life of frugality and toil.


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[Assistant] They ask nothing from the soil but the reasonable returns of their own labor.


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[Assistant] No golden vision through a deceitful halo around their path.


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[Assistant] Watering the tree of liberty with their tears and with the sweat of their brow, till it took deep root in the land. The Bible was held as the foundation of faith, the source of wisdom, and the charter of liberty. Its principles were diligently taught in the home, in the school, and in the church.


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[Assistant] And its fruits were manifest in thrift, intelligence, purity, and temperance.


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[Assistant] One might be for years a dweller in the Puritan settlement, quote, and not see a drunkard or hear an oath or meet a beggar, close quote.


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[Assistant] Bancroft Part 1, Chapter 19, Paragraph 25.


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[Assistant] It was demonstrated that the principles of the Bible are the surest safeguards of national greatness.


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[Assistant] The feeble and isolated colonies grew to a confederation of powerful states.


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[Assistant] And the world marked with wonder the peace and prosperity of a church without a pope and a state without a king.


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[Assistant] But continually increasing numbers were attracted to the shores of America.


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[Assistant] Actuated by motives widely different from those of the first pilgrims.


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[Assistant] Though the primitive faith and purity exerted a widespread and molding power,


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[Assistant] Yet its influence became less and less as the numbers increased of those who sought only worldly advantage. The regulation adopted by the early colonists of permitting only members of the church to vote or to hold office in the civil government led to most pernicious results.


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[Assistant] This measure had been accepted as a means of preserving the purity of the state, but it resulted in the corruption of the church.


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[Assistant] A profession of religion being the condition of suffrage and office holding,


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[Assistant] And even in the ministry were those who not only held eras of doctrine, but who were ignorant of the renewing power of the Holy Spirit.


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[Assistant] Thus again was demonstrated the evil results so often witnessed in the history of the church from the days of Constantine to the present, of attempting to build up the church by the aid of the state.


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[Assistant] Of appealing to the secular power in support of the gospel of him who declared, My kingdom is not of this world. John 18 verse 36.


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[Assistant] The union of the church with the state, by the degree never so slight,


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[Assistant] While it might appear to bring the world nearer to the church,


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[Assistant] Does in reality, but bring the church nearer to the world.


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[Assistant] The great principles so nobly advocated by Robinson and Roger Williams that truth is progressive.


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[Assistant] That Christians should stand ready to accept all the light which may shine from God's holy word was lost sight of by their descendants.


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[Assistant] The Protestant Churches of America and those of Europe as well.


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[Assistant] So highly favored in receiving the blessings of the Reformation, failed to press forward in the path of reform.


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[Assistant] Though a few faithful men arose from time to time to proclaim new truth and expose long-cherished error,


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[Assistant] The majority like the Jews in Christ's day or the Papists in the time of Luther.


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[Assistant] We're content to believe as their fathers had believed and to live as they had lived.


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[Assistant] And errors and superstitions which would have been cast aside had the church continued to walk in the light of God's word were retained and cherished.


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[Assistant] Thus the spirit inspired by the Reformation gradually died out.


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[Assistant] Until there was almost as great need of reform in the Protestant churches as in the Roman church in the time of Luther.


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[Assistant] There was the same worldliness and spiritual stupor, a similar reverence for the opinions of men, and substitution of human theories for the teachings of God's word.


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[Assistant] The wide circulation of the Bible in the early part of the 19th century and the great light thus shed upon the world


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[Assistant] Was not followed by a corresponding advance in knowledge of revealed truth or in experimental religion.


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[Assistant] Satan could not, as in former ages, keep God's word from the people. It had been placed within the reach of all. But in order still to accomplish his object, he led many to value it but lightly. Men neglected to search the scriptures.


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[Assistant] And thus they continued to accept false interpretations.


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[Assistant] And to cherish doctrines which had no foundation in the Bible.


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[Assistant] Seeing the failure of his efforts to crush out the truth by persecution,


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[Assistant] Satan had again resorted to the plan of compromise which led to the great apostasy and the formation of the Church of Rome. He had induced Christians to ally themselves, not now with pagans,


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[Assistant] But with those who, by their devotion to the things of this world, had proved themselves to be as truly idolaters as were the worshipers of graven images.


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[Assistant] And the results of this union were no less pernicious now than in former ages.


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[Assistant] Satan continued to pervert the doctrines of the Bible.


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[Assistant] And traditions that were to ruin millions were taking deep root.


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[Assistant] The church was upholding and defending these traditions.


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[Assistant] Instead of contending for the faith which was once delivered unto the saints.


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[Assistant] Thus were degraded the principles for which the reformers had done and suffered so much.


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[Assistant] Alec Baldwin was here last night. Yes. And he, he does an imitation of, he plays Donald Trump on Saturday Night Live. Have you seen him do that? Uh, no. You've not seen him? Okay. So...


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[Assistant] No, not at all. So you don't know that Beyonce is pregnant?


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[Assistant] This is the book, it's called Portraits of Coverage. President Bush is here. Do you love clicking buttons and subscribing to things? Then click the button to subscribe to my channel and you'll finally be happy.


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[Assistant] x plus 25 upon x equal to 10 then the value of x square plus 50 upon x square is what?


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[Assistant] 2A plus A root 2 equal to 8, 2 plus root 2.


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[Assistant] Alice told us what to do. Let's get it done. The others nodded with determined expressions.


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[Assistant] They were not going to give into hopelessness and wait to die. Yes, we all would fight. What else was there? And apparently we would involve others because Alice had said so before she'd left us. How could we not follow Alice's last warning? The wolves too would fight with us for Renesmee. We would fight, they would fight, and we all would die. I didn't feel the same resolve the others seemed to feel. Alice knew the odds.


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[Assistant] She was giving us the only chance she could see, but the chance was too slim for her to bet on it.


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[Assistant] I felt already beaten as I turned my back on Sam's critical face and followed Carlisle toward home. We ran automatically now, not the same panicked hurry as before. As we neared the river, Esme's head lifted. There was that other trail. It was fresh. She nodded forward toward where she had called Edward's attention on the way here, while we were racing to save Alice. It has to be from earlier in the day.


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[Assistant] It was just Alice without Jasper, Edward said lifelessly. Esme's face puckered and she nodded. I drifted to the right, falling a little behind. I was sure Edward was right, but at the same time, after all, how had Alice's note ended up on a page from my book? Bella, Edward asked in an emotionless voice as I hesitated. I want to follow the trail, I told him.


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[Assistant] Smelling the light scent of Alice that led away from her earlier flight path. I was new to this, but it smelled exactly the same to me, just minus the scent of Jasper. Edward's golden eyes were empty. It probably just leads back to the house. Then I'll meet you there. At first I thought he would let me go alone. But then as I moved a few steps away, his blank eyes flickered to life. I'll come with you, he said quietly.


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[Assistant] She could have stolen a pad of post-its from any of the houses by the highway. Why my book? When did she get it? Sure enough.


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[Assistant] The trail led back to the cottage by a circuitous route that stayed far clear of the Cullen's house and the wolves in the nearby woods. Edward's brows tightened in confusion as it became obvious where the trail led. He tried to reason it out.


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[Assistant] Still doesn't really seem possible. Well, there it is.


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[Assistant] Before you go, we have to sort out what you're going to be called.


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[Assistant] Have you? The other brothers are all dukes. How do you feel about Duke of Windsor? It's fine. Yes, fine.


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[Assistant] Well, well, the little man with a sharp friend.


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[Assistant] And get this straight. I don't care what you do. But I'm gonna see to it that it looks alright to him. From now on you go anywhere you please, with anyone you please. But I'm gonna take you there and I'm gonna pick you up and bring you home. Get that? Exactly the way I'd take and pick up his laundry.


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[Assistant] Hey, okay. But she didn't come in. She went out.


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[Assistant] Aldia saw it too. And do you remember the report of the elves that went after the orc band? Ah, said Sam. I do. And I remember more too. I don't like my thoughts.


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[Assistant] But thinking of one thing and another and Mr. Bilbo's stories and all, I fancy I could put a name on the creature.


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[Assistant] And we better be a bit more watchful ourselves or we'll feel some nasty fingers around our necks one of these nights. If we ever wake up to feel anything.


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[Assistant] It sounds the same in the Shire and in Wilderland, or it ought to be, but either it's out of its running, or I'm all wrong in my reckoning!


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[Assistant] You remember, Mr. Frodo, the moon was waning as we lay on the plant up in that tree. A week from the full, I reckon.


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[Assistant] And we'd been a week on the way last night when up pops a new moon as thin as a nail pairing. As if we had never stayed no time in the Elvish country.


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[Assistant] Well, I can remember three nights there for certain, and I seem to remember several more. But I would take my oath that it was never a whole month. Anyone would think that time did not-


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[Assistant] But this seems to be a lucky one. Now perhaps we can get away without those cursed goblins seeking us.


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[Assistant] King, he really put British visual culture on the map. Both in terms of what he commissioned, in the form of Rubens and Van Dyck, but also what he collected.


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[Assistant] He really put British visual culture on the map. Both in terms of what he commissioned, in the form of Rubens and Van Dyck, but also what he collected.


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[Assistant] It's difficult to understate the impact that this genius of portraiture had. He was like an impresario, crying action.


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[Assistant] There was a feeling of illusion and realism in a way that Daniel Muitens had slightly prepared the English for.


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[Assistant] I mean, one of the first things that he did, and Charles I, of course, was highly aware of the possibilities of an artist like Van Dyck. He collected the works of Titian, uh, he


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[Assistant] He had a slightly gnomish face, very pronounced, slightly goggly eyes. He was also very small. He was five foot four. He had bow legs. He had rickets when he was young. And so he needed...


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[Assistant] I genuinely feel that when you look at those portraits of Charles I, Van Dyck has elevated him with a subtle manipulation of the brush into an almost Christ-like figure.


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[Assistant] Van Dyck bought with him this, this box of tricks from the High Renaissance. And he dumped them down in London. And with all the tools...


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[Assistant] All the insights, all the technical brilliance and proficiency,


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[Assistant] Poetic mood that he was able to imbue his sitters with, he transformed the way we looked.


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[Assistant] You know, you just violated rule number three. I did? All right, so I shouldn't let you ride on this train. As long as Mr. Gardner will put up with you, I guess it'll be all right. Thanks.


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[Assistant] Yes, you're right at that. But you better keep an eye out for rattlers and coyotes and skunks. A lot of mountain lions around here, too. But then I guess you can take care of yourself. Come on, Brawny. Ah, stubby.


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[Assistant] I was only drying your beard, you old rocky mountain canary. Come on, grubs are waiting.


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[Assistant] You can have your rake now, Mr. Gardner, and we'll pay you for the wear and tear on it. Yeah? When? Right after delivery.


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[Assistant] How much does she hold, Mel? That's about 500 gallons.


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[Assistant] That does it, Dan. Drive on down to the main road and wait with the rest of them.


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[Assistant] I mean, everyone worked for scale, and uhm, and scale is kinda like the minimum wage of the movie business. But, uh, either they like the script a lot, or they just have really bad agents. Terrible representation.


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[Assistant] Uh, the plot line concerns these two angels that were kicked out of heaven years ago and, uh, they find a loophole centuries later, eons later, millennia later, uhm, that allows them to get back into, into heaven. But if they do it, what they don't realize is it will end existence, because it would prove God fallible.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so the, a bunch of people kind of set out to stop him. Chris is one of them. Linda Fiorentino plays a character named Bethany. She's another.


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[Assistant] Salma Hayek, plays Amuse, Serendipity, she's another two characters we've used a lot in.


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[Assistant] In our other, uh, pictures, Jay and Silent Bob, they play, they're prophets in this movie.


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[Assistant] Because it was a Disney movie initially. Uh, this is my feeling. Uhm, the film was a Miramax movie. Uhm, by virtue of that it was a Disney film.


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[Assistant] The Catholic League is an organization, as you know, they're heat seekers, you know, they love to go after stuff that raises their profile, doesn't necessarily go after things that are necessary, or really intentionally attacks on the faith, or the church, a church, they, they feel, they go after things that they feel attacks them as Catholics.


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[Assistant] Uhm, they feel that Disney attacks Catholics constantly, whether it's with


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[Assistant] So, to me, the Catholic League's real outrage about the movie was not an outrage at all. It was a very well-designed publicity campaign. And if you read their materials and whatnot, it reflects that as much to me. I mean, I've read so many things where Bill Donahue said, I tried to contact Eisner about this movie.


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[Assistant] Why not call me? I'm the author. You know what I mean? I'm accessible. I'm in Jersey. I'm not doing anything. Uhm, you could find me any time of day, but there's no press in, in going after the guy who made clerks or saying, I, I talked to the guy who made clerks, you know, and people were like, so? Uhm, the Iser equation was the big thing for him and that became very clear to me too once,


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[Assistant] The, uh, six, seven months into this campaign by the Catholic League against the movie, we finally got a call in our office from the Catholic League, and this was about three weeks ago, saying,


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[Assistant] Dr. Donahue would like a screening of the film set up. This was great. It was a message I wanted to frame. It was so good. Dr. Donahue wants a screening of the film set up for him so he can speak about it intelligently. And I was just like, what's he been doing for the last six months? Makes no sense.


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[Assistant] Don't really talk about the faith, don't talk about Christ. Talks about how their outrage as Catholics, how as Catholics they have to defend themselves against attack, against them being Catholics. They take everything very personally and we saw it with the Brooklyn Art Museum, the sensations exhibit. There's a painting.


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[Assistant] Sure, that's why I'm not saying across the boards, like, anyone who's upset by that is wrong. Catholic League, though, I mean, saw it as an excellent opportunity to just build publicity for themselves based on the sensations exhibit because for the first half of the year,


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[Assistant] I think I make films that are kind of personal. I put up movies that I kind of would like to see myself. And I like to make movies about guys or situations that I...


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[Assistant] Big bombastic type Hollywood movies, but you don't really identify with them all the time, like it's great to watch.


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[Assistant] Kinda the small audience we have digs that as well. You feel good about this.


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[Assistant] I feel wonderful about it. It's a funny, funny flick.


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[Assistant] It makes you think. If you walk out of the movie and maybe you think about your own faith or your own spirituality, or maybe not, at least you've been entertained. And you want people to do that.


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[Assistant] That'd be nice, and that's why I couldn't understand why people would be so up in arms about a movie that made anyone think about their own religion or their own faith. Because nobody does that. No movies make you do that anymore. Movies are largely...


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[Assistant] Attending Parliament would be injurious to my health. Richard, what meaning do you impute to that? Come on, boy! He is your physician.


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[Assistant] The city heirs will be fettered, of course, and all manner of thieves and cutthroats will dog my journey.


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[Assistant] With plenty more to be found in Parliament besides. But ever before was it thus, and no letter then from my dear friend the Doctor.


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[Assistant] Requests to the parish first, of course, as is proper. The family. To my brother Owen, ten pounds for the purchase of books. With temperance to your usual habits, that should see you through a week perhaps.


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[Assistant] Ego, though, you may be, for your inheritance, some wine. Of course.


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[Assistant] You lack your brother's memorable expression. And the diary?


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[Assistant] A papist alone, England could suffer, but not a Spaniard do. Many in court favour the match. Until the tide shifts.


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[Assistant] You keep that faction at a clear remove. Do you understand me?


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[Assistant] Yes, and that's why we have this podcast to get this information out to the people.


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[Assistant] So I know he's, I'm sure he's missed many birthday parties, many celebrations throughout this kid's lives. But since he's gone to LA and Los Angeles, I think they've really gotten a chance to be together more. The whole family lives out in LA and his son's going to college next year.


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[Assistant] Basketball scholarship, which, I mean, the last name definitely helps, and he's very good, but it-


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[Assistant] There's a lot of sons with famous fathers who probably weren't recruited this heavily and Brawny wasn't all American. So I think he's really stepped up on the court.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, so Brownie's got probably one year at USC. And then...


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[Assistant] I believe that Dwayne had his first child when he was at Marquette. So he's been...


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[Assistant] He was an early father going through college trying to figure that life out.


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[Assistant] Yeah, they're starting fistfights in the crowd, but they were able to come together to.


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[Assistant] Cool to see him embrace fatherhood because he had this kind of traumatic


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[Assistant] Experience with his father, you know, he lost him at a pretty early age from alcoholism actually. So he was about 20 when his father passed away and he never really, I mean, he got to see him play pro, but never really reach, you know, the pinnacle that he was at. So I think that, you know, really plays a big factor into, you know, how he's really embraced.


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[Assistant] Which I mean, it's incredible that he runs the charity, but you know, not a great report to, uh, to have.


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[Assistant] And going back to like, we kind of spoke about Ronaldo, but I think he's really embraced kind of this dad role taking on, you know, the future's child and then having his own with Ciara. Cause when he was drafted by the Rockies, his father just, he passed away shortly after that. So we really never got to see him reach the pinnacle.


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[Assistant] You know, even getting drafted and playing in the minor leagues for a little bit and then, you know, winning Super Bowls with the Seahawks, so.


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[Assistant] And having the guy they see on TV throw touchdowns and strike people out, coming into their hospital room.


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[Assistant] Yeah, or, be ever popular, have a nice day, a-hole.


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[Assistant] I'd hauled myself through the whole grieving process and come out in one piece again. Maybe then I could offer Lizzie a ride in a fast car and talk makes and models and get to know something about her and see if I liked her as a person. But that wasn't going to happen now. Magic wasn't going to save me. I was just going to have to take the torture like a man, suck it up. Lizzie waited, maybe hoping I was going to offer her that ride or maybe not.


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[Assistant] I'd better get this car back to the guy I borrowed it from, I muttered. She smiled again. Glad to hear you're going straight. Yeah, you convinced me. She watched me get in the car, still sort of concerned. I probably look like someone who's about to drive off a cliff, which maybe I would have, if that kind of move would work for a werewolf. She waved once, her eyes trailing after the car. At first, I drove more sanely on the way back.


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[Assistant] I wasn't in a rush. I didn't wanna go where I was going. Back to that house. Back to that forest. Back to the pain I'd run from. Back to being absolutely alone with it. Okay, that was melodramatic. I wouldn't be all alone, but that was a bad thing. Leah and Seth would have to suffer with me. I was glad Seth wouldn't have to suffer long. Kid didn't deserve to have his peace of mind ruined. Leah didn't either.


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[Assistant] I thought she would probably do this for me if our positions were reversed. It would be interesting, at the very least, and strange too, to have Leah as a companion, as a friend. We were going to get under each other's skin a lot, that was for sure. She wouldn't be one to let me wallow, but I thought that was a good thing. I'd probably need someone to kick my butt now and then, but when it came right down to


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[Assistant] She was really the only friend who had any chance of understanding what I was going through now. I thought of the hunt this morning and how close our minds had been for that one moment in time. It hadn't been a bad thing, different, a little scary, a little awkward, but also nice in a weird way. I didn't have to be all alone.


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[Assistant] And I knew Leo was strong enough to face with me the months that were coming. Months and years. It made me tired to think about it.


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[Assistant] They were well hidden in the thick branches, but I was expecting them, and I knew what to look for. I nodded as I blew past them, not bothering to wonder what they made of my day trip. I nodded to Leah and Seth, too, as I cruised up the Collins driveway. It was starting to get dark, and the clouds were thick on this side of the sound, but I saw their eyes glitter in the glow of the headlights. I would explain to them later. There'd be plenty of time for that. It was a surprise to find Edward waiting for me in the garage.


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[Assistant] I hadn't seen him away from Bella in days. I could tell from his face that nothing bad had happened to her. In fact, he looked more peaceful than before. My stomach tightened as I remembered where that piece came from.


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[Assistant] Ah man, they got, they got brooded.


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[Assistant] Nooo! Nooo! The hardest task. And I want to!


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[Assistant] Yeaah. Daylight robbery.


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[Assistant] Colin McLeaner than Finn Balor. Thank you. Geordie bus driver Harry.


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[Assistant] Abominable Michael Abbott! You are terrible. Thank you very much. I'll do it properly.


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[Assistant] Our Navy is great. Our Navy is great. Our people are great.


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[Assistant] Every last name is some old white guy's name. That's true. That's right.


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[Assistant] I am kinda scary at this, at Atlanta is a trap game already. I think they're 3-0 going into Atlanta. They're playing a mobile quarterback, Marcus Mariota.


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[Assistant] It's gonna be in the dome. I, I, that's a trap game. I think they can sneak out of there by winning, uh, by a field goal. Pittsburgh, I think they get them the first game, but this is very manageable. When you go to that second four.


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[Assistant] Now, uh, now, this is the one where you, the Chargers, they never play well against the Chargers for some reason. They played well last year. I mean, but even when the Chargers came there last, I think it's...


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[Assistant] I think you get New England. I think you, I think you get New England. So I got an L to the Chargers. You beat New England. And then at Baltimore, that's an L. That's a, that's a, this, this is a convincing y'all. I think Lamar Jackson gets this.


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[Assistant] The Cleveland Browns, if they want to win, I'm looking at Miles Garrett. This has to be your defensive player of the year type performance. This is it.


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[Assistant] And this is why I always tell y'all, man. Look, you got Myles Garrett, you got Jadavia Clowney. You got a lot of people in that field getting a lot of money. Denzel Ward feels like he's a top three corner. You got John Johnson. He getting a boatload of money at safety. And you got Grant Dupont, who I feel like is going to be.


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[Assistant] I've been thinking about this a lot. Jacoby Brissett getting all the reps.


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[Assistant] Okay. You know, Charles, uh, one of the things that I haven't heard many people kind of prognosticate on or kind of guess is, say for instance, uh, Judge Sue Robinson comes back with her verdict and say it's eight games. What is the, what do you think the likelihood of


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[Assistant] A, Deshaun Watson appealing to eight games or B, the NFL appealing to eight games, right? Because they still can do that if it's anything over zero games. Do you have a kind of a sense on whether or not they will take whatever she says and ride out with it?


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[Assistant] Zion says three and one in the first four games, then two and two the next four games, five and three after eight games. Uh, Jack. And he had that ready. Okay. He agreed with you. Jack is his cousin. Jack. Bernie says, uh, four and four, uh, will be a win. Would you go be reset?


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[Assistant] Uh, and Nav454 says Newton would be way worse than Jacoby Brissette. He's not a Newton fan. And then finally, and then finally, um, Frank Bennett Jr. Says, I'm really more worried about our kicker than our quarterback because if these first eight games are close,


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[Assistant] We will need Kade to be big time.


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[Assistant] I want to ask you this question. How long before it's just straight up like this? We're just going to pay every player X amount of dollars to come play here and that's what it is. And they're going to just have a pay scale, uh, in college football.


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[Assistant] I think we have five ACLs, um, ACL reconstructions between the both of us. And, and when you said you were skiing, I looked around and said, huh, what are you doing, what? Like, skiing, that's one of the worst things you can do. Especially with microfraction. Yeaah, that ain't no thing, man. Like, that's crazy.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and playing football at the same time. And did you have any issues with that? Uhm, at Ohio State, being able to like, you know, stay on track to, you know, have your ultimate goal is going to the pros, but also having that backup plan, uh, in school too.


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[Assistant] So I'm glad I ain't the only one that did that. Leroy, I want to get to this. You tell a great story, right? And especially on these golf courses, man. So I want to know.


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[Assistant] Who's the person that you done been around that done lost the most money?


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[Assistant] Taking L's on this golf course. Cause I know you got a couple buddies that just, they habitual get out there and take L's.


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[Assistant] Also, you, you put this as a, as a, as a headline right here. So you telling me, cause they played in the same era, you telling me Eric Metcalf was faster than prime time. Dion Sanders. Who changed the game as well.


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[Assistant] People in the chat is going crazy. My man, Frank Benny Junior says, I'd like to see Leroy vs. G. Bush 101 basketball. Didn't that man just tell you, Father, time is undefeated. We will not be tempting the good Lord. Ryan Carlson says, Randall Cunningham did it before.


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[Assistant] Uh, I will give you that, uh, Barry Sanders was one of the first, the, the shifty short guys. He, he wasn't a bruising back, but uh, Barry Sanders is, uh, in my generation was probably the best.


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[Assistant] Charles Woodson against Ohio State. He had David Boston locked up. He had everything locked up and ran the ball and ran the ball and was catching touchdowns and had Heisman moments and he had a sweet double digit number two.


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[Assistant] We know what this supposed to be. We know what this supposed to be right here.


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[Assistant] The man of many talents. I like it. I like that. He's relegated. He's going to do multiple P's and C's. He's changing the name of the company.


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[Assistant] There you go. By the way, this is the idea, the montage of all of Bull's jingles. Uh, two minutes. Could be like a holiday special. Yes. There it is.


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[Assistant] You know, do you know, this is the craziest part. Do you know about this? The most predominant colors in every uniform in all of Major League Baseball, Football, Hockey, all of them is red, white and blue. Yeaah.


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[Assistant] That is crazy. Think about all the teams that have it. They just remix it. They just keep bringing, and then how many teams got all white? Just all white, just all white with blue letters, all white with red letters, all white with all white letters. This is terrible. Give me some.


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[Assistant] I tell you what, man, listen, this is quick, man. Uh, y'all need to stop listening to people in these, in these investments, man. Bernie Madoff got rich people to invest in garbage, right?


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[Assistant] Bernie Madoff, he had other rich people. Sometimes when y'all cats got money, right? And they come up to you and they say, yo man, I got an idea, man. I got an idea. It's going to get you 45% interest. Just, I just need about 10 stacks. Here's what you need to tell them people. I work for a living. I play football. I play basketball. That's my job.


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[Assistant] I-I-I don't do anything. I don't need to make any more money.


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[Assistant] You just need a loan. Tell to sign them people up for a one time loan and tell them they got to give you 10% interest on your loan. Give it to them. If they give it back to you, you can continue to do business with them, right? If they don't give you the money back, which half the people won't, just keep it pushing, but stop giving your money to these, these financial advisors and all these other people. And by the way,


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[Assistant] Cash app, you dirty for this too. Cash app, you're dirty. We talked about Venmo and PayPal. You selling Bitcoin? You're pushing Bitcoin through Cash app?


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[Assistant] They should not be investing in crypto currency. Get you some savings accounts, get you something and get you a little money market and put it away. Stop trying to get rich. Bitcoin. Ain't nothing. You can't get rich off nothing imaginary.


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[Assistant] You shouldn't be, you shouldn't be surprised. I don't like Bitcoin and please don't invest in it. Get your bank account. Stop playing.


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[Assistant] Yes, yes, but, but at least, at least you can monetize those. I can't say, if I want to give Tybus Bitcoin, he like, all right, well I get.


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[Assistant] Thank you, my boy. I'm very grateful to you.


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[Assistant] Yes, I'm afraid you must. Our future depends upon it. Another...


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[Assistant] What are you doing here? Hmm? Is there something wrong?


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[Assistant] And every pretty girl that come along will take a bite out of me. Oh, round and round the old jokes are.


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[Assistant] You really got a crust. The horse run off and I...


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[Assistant] I couldn't hardly leave you here in all this mess. Maybe I can be as tough as this Marty Jarrod. Maybe just


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[Assistant] I ain't got no sweetheart. I ain't got no sweetheart.


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[Assistant] We should rest, Neil. You look tired.


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[Assistant] Now, this is your father, child.


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[Assistant] It is hard to take to heart the lesson that such a death brings.


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[Assistant] Amen! Hold your fire! Hold your fire! Let him shoot it out!


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[Assistant] Good, good. I'm, I'm good. Enjoying LA. Yeah? You having a good time out here? Yeah.


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[Assistant] Yeaah. I'ma, I'ma, I'ma stay longer, so. Oh nice. It's nice.


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[Assistant] Label meetings, I hit a studio, made a song called No Bad Days in L.A. because this shit is perfect.


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[Assistant] I've been here for a long time. I touched down and I was looking like, like we got off out the airport. We rolled a blunt in the airport and like smoked in the Uber. That shit was live.


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[Assistant] No, it's not that bad. It's not as bad as New York, but like, it's still kinda, you know.


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[Assistant] Like you can, I think you can. If you're smooth, in the right part of town. If you just move right, you probably could.


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[Assistant] So I was born in Toronto, uhm, when my dad, my dad had me at my age now. So he moved to BC, British Columbia, the other side of Canada, uhm, early on. And then back in high school, I moved back to Toronto and then been there since.


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[Assistant] So it's like moving from Scarborough, the East end of Toronto, uh, dominantly minorities to West coast suburbia, uh, predominantly Caucasian culture influence. And it was just a, it was a good experience. Like I got to experience both sides of, of.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of the, I don't know, scale I guess, like complete opposites. Right. So yeaah.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, so like, uh, no, my thing is that like, it allows me to connect with like, all types of people. Like, I was like, uhm, I look Filipino, my whole family is dark skinned, going to a Francophone school, only here that's not actually French, Francophone school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh yeaah, uhm, I experienced racism through like a bleacher view perspective, cause my whole family is dark skinned, so living in, uhm, on the island, Vancouver island in west coast suburbia, uhm, my dad, uh, got into some politics with the police there and,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, I mean, I do like, like when you're a minority, I guess at the end of the day, uh, you do feel racism, but like I got to really see like, uhm, just the, like,


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[Assistant] How grave the situation is, but like from like, if I was watching it, like it was a movie type shit, like, like sitting right there and it's not affecting me, but like it's, it's really real affecting like someone like my father that close to me, you know, so.


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[Assistant] I've been making music since I was young. I started releasing music when I went to Toronto because being in that environment, I couldn't really, um,


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[Assistant] Like be who I was, I was aspiring to be, like be the person I was trying to become in that, in that environment. I was very boxed in. So like, as soon as I got to Toronto, I started recording my music in 2016, started releasing it. Now we're here.


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[Assistant] I don't know, it just needs to be put on the platform where people can see it and once people can see it, uh, chancellor the fuck with it if they don't fuck you.


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[Assistant] I had a couple friends that wanted to be in music as well, like...


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[Assistant] Release in February though, so just so the visuals could match the sound, I guess. Right. So that everything about Kilimanjaro was on point. Type shit.


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[Assistant] I don't know, I just, I just had, I just had the foreset, I guess.


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[Assistant] And I, I moved to Scarborough in the middle of winter, it's cold, it's dark, it's depressing, and I didn't know anyone at my high school, no one knew who I was, you know what I'm saying? So like, it, it was like the complete opposites on both sides. So like, I experienced being like, alone, like, with no friends, like.


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[Assistant] And I'll just write, like, even the ad libs, I'll write them in like, so like, I can just be time efficient when I'm at the studio, cause I was young and broke. That's 50 bucks an hour or whatever. Yeaah. I'd have real quick. 50 bucks an hour?


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[Assistant] Like I had family there, my whole family was there, so I had like,


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[Assistant] Like my bro God from DC, he moved to Toronto. And then I was like, okay, finally there's someone I can like.


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[Assistant] Go downtown with and like be on the scene with and like meet different people because like I was living like in Scarborough which is like a It's like it's still in Toronto, but like They're just kind of like


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I was trying to be on at the time. So I had, all my friends at Scarborough weren't really built like what I was trying to do. But, yeaah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah. Nah, like one of the coolest things about...


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[Assistant] Just everything is like having the people like I respect in Toronto respect me and like fuck with me like so like having the love of the city behind me but like that.


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[Assistant] Yeah, no, no, to like Toronto, Toronto, Vancouver especially, like those two cities, like, I fuck with, cause every time I show out there, they just show me love, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, like, when it first, first dropped, like, I kinda had clubs just in the city, like, like the scene, like, just the kids and shit, like, and uhm, I just put it out there and it just...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, the first media outlet to cover it was like this blog called The Sixth Drag. Yeaah, I saw that. Yeaah, it's like a local, uh, a local blog. Now, so like, I guess it was recognized first in Toronto.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and then after it was pigeons and planes. Right. And then just everyone else kinda...


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[Assistant] I remember, uhm, early on, like Travis Scott, like,


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[Assistant] I think so. I think like, at first when I started learning about the music industry, it was like, like my whole life, watching interviews.


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[Assistant] Like my conditions. Like I need, I need my, uh, what I want before anything else or I can't do anything.


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[Assistant] I used to fuck with SNU like hard, bro, like from time, and then uhm,


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[Assistant] No, like Instagram videos. I have an Instagram video where I have like, lowkey almost a full song, uhm, YouTube snippets.


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[Assistant] Bro, I'm debating if I should stay here or if I should go back for OVO Fest in Carabana this weekend, man. Fuck LA, it's so nice. It's a one time in Toronto.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a wave right there. The thing is I try to match every visual with how it sounds. So, like, I feel like the best artist can translate


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[Assistant] Tommy, it isn't good to study too much. You ought to be out playing with the other children.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi there. In this video I again wanted to talk about interpretation of regression results, but in the context of log models.


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[Assistant] So remember from the last video what we looked at as we looked at the interpretation of individual coefficients in some sort of regression y is equal to alpha plus


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Beta 1 times some variable x1 plus beta 2 times x2, sort of continuing all the way up to sort of beta p times xp.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we talked about these individual betas as representing the marginal effect of that particular variable on the dependent variable. So it shows what is the sort of marginal partial effect of that variable importantly actually. So it says if x1 was to increase by one unit, assuming all my other variables are constant, then what happens to my dependent variable?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What happens if instead I regress sort of log y on sort of the logs of my independent variables? So I sort of have beta 1 times log of x1 plus beta 2 times log of x2, yeaah, sort of continuing all the way up to beta p times log of xp.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, that's quite a clunky description about what's going on, and it doesn't really tell us anything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, if we go through and we sort of differentiate, or we find the differential of, uh, both sides,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then, if we sort of differentiate logs, we always get sort of 1 over that variable, so that's why we've got the sort of dy divided by y equals beta 1 times dx1 over x1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What does this actually mean? Does this have any sort of significance? Well, it does in economics. Perhaps if you write it a slightly different way, it'll become more apparent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can write this as the change in y divided by y divided by the change in x1 divided by x1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which in a sense, the top thing is actually just the percentage change in y, and the bottom is just the percentage change in x1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, actually what beta 1 represents in this sort of log model is it represents elasticities. So, in particular it shows what is the sort of partial elasticity of my dependent variable with respect to that particular independent variable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So assuming that all the other variables are constant, what would be the percentage increase in my dependent variable from a 1% increase in that variable in question?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so that's the example where I've got sort of both my independent and my dependent variable being logged. What happens if I just have, let's say, my dependent variable? So I've got log y is equal to alpha plus beta 1 times x1 plus da da da.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although beta 1 shows here, what is the percentage increase in y from a one unit increase in x1. So because we haven't logged x1, we're talking about sort of what is the effect of a level change in x1 in percentage terms on y. So that's the case if I have a log-dependent variable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In terms of its units, that would be associated with a 1% increase in x1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when you sort of think about it in this terms, it becomes quite clear why we sort of have these benefits from doing a sort of log log model. Well, one of the benefits is that because it sort of makes all of our


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it actually means that our coefficients can sort of almost be directly compared with one another, which is also another nice property to have when we're sort of looking between different regression models.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes! And then somebody talks to me again, or say beignatis or beignets to me again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is pretty funny, honestly. I enjoy it just cause it gets my attention. That's what I like. And people think I'm really faking about me liking just anime stuff. So, let me say this again, whatever you think you know about NFL players or you think you know what we are, you don't know me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not that. I'm literally just a nerd. I literally play football. I'm good at football, but yet I know what I like and that's anime. That's my social life. That's my off the field thing. This is work for me. This is work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We really don't have a connection like that, you know what I mean? But when you actually bring something to my interest of anime, it may be for you. You may bring it out just for me to sign that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm down for that because you brought something that interests me, you know what I mean? So, and people, there's some people who don't even know nothing about anime, but they still bring it because they understand me as a person.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You bring anime, you're my first priority. And then people be looking at me crazy for passing them up. Wow, there's somebody who got-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, you know, once I get through all my anime fans, I get back and I try to sign as much as I can for anybody. I'm literally the last person that be out there signing, honestly, but I gotta get to my, the people who respect me as a person who don't just see me as a football player, they see me as a person, as a person Jamal Williams and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As you know, Jamal Williams the football player. I got you brother, I understand. Once you respect me, I got you. Like a real person, not just what I do, then I have a different type of connection with you and then you become my first priority. So, that's it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Game room, honestly. It goes in my house. Those are my aesthetics in my house. People giving me stuff and I just put it all around my house, on the floor, on the counters, in the windows. I put them everywhere. Just cause, to those, to me, that's a connection that will ever be built for me. You know? We don't play football for long, but.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just making connections with fans of them bringing me stuff that I can hold on forever and just hold with them, uh, just for memories. It's something that holds deep to my heart.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's pretty much it, really. Like, even when I was little, I didn't really know what I was watching yet, till I got older and I was like, oh snap. So that was animated this whole time I was watching. So, but, it's just growing up and just learning, you know what I mean? But I just loved it since I was a kid. I just loved the...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The lessons you can get from it from, it may be dramatized or over, over realization of like- Naruto. Adversities that they go through, but I can still take what they go through in anime and reflect it into my own life. Cause we all go through adversity. We all go through things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Half full mentality. You know what I mean? Even when things are going bad, you can still think positive to make the outcome be better. You always can make your results.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can always control your mindset. You don't have to be negative when negative things happen. You can stay positive, you can keep yourself motivated, because the more you stay motivated, things will change. So, just have a strong will in your mind to believe in yourself, and that's all you need in life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm an inside man. I'd rather stay in my house than anything, so. A vacation to me is, uh, just never leaving my house if I can, shoot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep, anime, video games, you know, that's pretty much me right there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nah, well one, I didn't know what was happening. I didn't, I told nobody. Tell me, don't tell me nothing about the game. I didn't watch the game, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Family deaths in my, in my family that's just recent and just coming up to that game is just a lot that I just felt like I had a great game.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I did a lot and I just felt like I just represented them well. And so, after we won and all that, just, they was just the first people to come to my mind.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, they just wanted me. That's it. We had no problems of what we wanted to come into contact with, what our deal was. We got it done and then they brought me in and they tell me what our...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I do love the line. They just, and lines, and linemen in general just, they have so much personality that I wish I, I wish I did have, but it takes a minute for me to bring lines out. But they just great people, uhm, I just love how,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our line is moving the ball. Our line get off, get off the ball and they really make holes for us. So I just know the more and more we get comfortable with each other, they'll see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, how I run, how I want to get through, but they make it so easy to get in, you know, running the ball that I feel like I won't have to make drastic decisions. I just be out there just making plays. So I'm just grateful to be here with me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, I just, honestly I just try to just tell em, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just keep playing like, just keep playing like it's your last play. Don't come in, lackadaisical, don't come in like it's college and you the man.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cause here, you know, you're a rookie, so you gon' get tested. And if you not, you know, if you not ready to get tested everyday, bye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Players then, it's gonna be a little hard for you, like practice is gonna be a little long for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you gon' dread certain times, but those, those are the times in your head when you gotta have a mental...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, I'm proud of him, to have him as a teammate. Like, he, no, uh, egos, nothing like that. He takes, uh, everything that me and AK tells him. So, I'm just grateful to be here with him, try to help him on his way, on his football career, and he's doing a great job, though. Thank you. Yes, sir. Y'all have a blessed day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's so funny you ask, I literally, two minutes before I was up here, I was like, I feel like, I feel like a fan was let in, like I feel like I'm a fan, like I feel like they accidentally...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I feel like the main thing I've learned is like I have no clue what to expect at all. Like everything is what I think it's not gonna be, so. Yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This Robert North might be rather difficult to do business with finally. He has no bad habits. He's very studious.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Never make a mistake, Mr. Fielding. Never.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your family would be perfectly safe if you do as we are, working on that formula alone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now Mr. Fielding, we understand each other. You are free to go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It would be best to mention this interview to no one. To no one, understand? And please remember, we are determined to get that gasoline formula, either from you or your friend, Mr. North.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very well. You will be contacted again for further instructions. Goodbye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Heinrich, have you ever heard of that beautiful friendship of, uh, Damon and Prithee?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think now everything is ready. Heinrich, code a message to Karl Schmidt. Have him board the Dawn Express and fly west immediately. Yes, sir.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A friend. I'm not a fool. You do not think I would give you good money for a piece of paper?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wait! Are you sure you know what you're doing? Yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He was very pained about conditions, about the war, and he's one of the few people that had that type of visibility and put his prestige


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] ...stood by him to the extent that it cast a shadow on his career. By that I mean when he sat down to do an interview, one of the first things would come up was Jack Scott.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bruce would just take Bill inside and pound him, and he'd force the ball in the basket.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bruce was going to very proudly pick up a personal foul, and the other guy was going to be eating a little plywood.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After they ran that story, Sports Illustrated called and they said, who's this Walton kid? We've been told that he's the best player in the country, that we got the wrong best player. And nobody in the nation caught on. John Wooden caught on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He had the ability to time his leap so that he caught the rebound and turned his upper body, had the facility to throw that great outlook pass.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For Bill Walton, uh, that loss is one that he'll be thinking about probably almost every week if not every month of his life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He'll go, for example, what he thinks the opening will be and practice it for a half hour in the mirror of his hotel room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He does kind of enjoy it when the critics in the audience have their next snap by some comment that he's made. I'm sure he'd give it up in a second.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is it? What is the attraction? Two things. First of all, I have to say somebody who knows him considers him a friend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you heard the Hillary Clinton thing about the basket of deplorables and people are irredeemable, there are a lot of Americans out there, and I talk to them a lot, who think that people in the media


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the political world looked down on them and have basically contempt for them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they look at Donald Trump as somebody that can go out there and stand up and dish it right back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With, with people in the media and politics of both parties.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not too many of the time, Bill. I thought I was going to be a liberal. My heroes were JFK, Robert Kennedy, Martin Luther King. And then I began to see this in college.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I went on a protest, uh, over Kent State to Vietnam, uh, to Washington. And I began to sense this sort of, you know, contempt for my parents' generation, the so-called greatest generation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I really think that that is more, that, that, that Hillary Clinton remark that I just cited to you. What's interesting is not just that she said it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the response you hear from the audience that cheered because they all agree. That's the kind of thing that I think is really seriously wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The American middle class. And the rich. Yep, but, but Bill, I mean, this is where we get into the difference here of class warfare. I don't believe in class warfare.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, I read today, again, the questions, the specific questions asked to him by Senator Al Franken and Senator Patrick Leahy, and it was referenced to a CNN story, as a matter of fact. That was the reference, and he was talking about the CNN story. He was not talking about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's a senior United States Senator. Senators of both parties and members of Congress meet with Russians and other diplomats all the time. The Obama State Department sent the Russian ambassador and these other folks to Cleveland, to the Republican National Convention. So the guy is there in Cleveland at the behest of the Obama State Department.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I understand that, but Bill, to be Berkeley candidate, as I've said many times on CNN, I totally disagree with this. I don't think he should ever release his tax returns. We've had Presidents of the United States from George Walsh, Washington, all the way through to Lyndon Johnson, who never released a single tax return.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I did, respectfully, I have to say to you that this becomes a political gotcha game. I mean, if he releases there saying, oh well you did this, you did this, we need to get the country moving again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then they should put out their report and we should investigate this. I'm all for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, the central intelligence agents doing all these things that the U.S. Senate, run by Democrats in the day, said was bad behavior on the part of the American government, going after Fidel Castro, trying to put poison in his beard and all this sort of stuff. We have done some things. I agree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bill was the butt of a lot of their jokes. I mean, Larry would make fun about Walton's feet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And about his beard and his berry eating and his politics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I always look forward to my evenings here. I tell my wife Mr. Vinnie is a rare housekeeper. It's a shame she couldn't be with us tonight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He, he don't mean that. He, he's just, he's just tired. Well, we're just as happy to come here as, as, uh, See you next month, sir. Just as usual. Hmm?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Looks like, like we're in for a little rain. Good night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, I don't mind doing that. You see, this is mine. It's something I've done all by myself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mom and Dad are so glad you talked me into joining 4-H, Mr. Barkley. I... I wasn't very happy before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You belong to the 4-H. You want to make a project out of raising two purebred, uh, caracal lambs. You have no money, no security, but you want to borrow money from my bank. That right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My bank charges 6%. Are you prepared to sign an agreement to pay that for any money you borrow?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No running, Elizabeth! What did I say?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And today I'll be also taking part in introducing speakers with Sylvain. But before we introduce the first speaker today, I'd like to sort of show you a bit how we're going to do the question and answering. So I'll share my screen and you should see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So uhm, even though you can probably see us on YouTube or Twitch, we're going to take all of the questions on the forum. So what you want to do when you're watching one of the speakers is you head to the course category.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then here you'll see various topics for each of the speakers. So the first speaker today is going to be Tom Wolf. And the way it works is you post a reply to this topic so you can say, Hello, I have a question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then once you post this, people can vote on that topic and we'll then select the most voted topics by when you click a like. And this will then allow us to rank the most important questions that you have. And it will also let people who can't make it today for the live stream also benefit from all of your awesome questions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I think Jay probably needs no introduction to everyone who's here to listen about transformers. Uhm, I think all of us have kind of started by trying to read the attention is all you need paper and gotten completely confused by this crazy architecture diagram.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then immediately gone to Jay's super influential blog post called The Illustrated Transformer, where he really nicely shows kind of conceptually how these things work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then there's a whole series of beautiful blog posts ranging from pandas to numpy to gpt. I mean the whole works. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you, Jay, for this amazing service you've done to the community. You've kind of demystified Transformers, um, which is amazing. And today, um, Jay's going to talk to us about a gentle visual introduction to Transformer models. So I'll add. Yep. Great. You got your thing there. Perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so I'm kind of wondering like what kind of considerations go into curating the data sets, um, when you're, when you're doing this, because we know that GPT-3, for example, has a wide set of kind of known biases and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great, cool, cool, great. So we have a few more questions, uhm, on the forums. So this one is more of a...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a general question. Put it here in the chat. So do you see a future in symbolic learning rather than probabilistic approaches? I think this is kind of like, you know, the big topic on Twitter between Barry Marcus and, um, you know, other people who are like connectionists. And I'm curious to see what your thoughts are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I think a kind of very related question here is whether like transformers or, you know, deep neural networks in general can do true extrapolation. Um, and you know, whether we're just doing interpolation on some sort of, you know, manifold in a lower dimension and,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think this is generally what the symbolists are always, you know, wanting us to pay attention to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cool, so another question we have here is, uhm, so you know, your blog, as I mentioned at the start, has kind of helped everyone visually understand what's going on under the hood and sort of what concept or architecture is like next on your, on your list.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think we have another question here. It's a bit of a long one. I'll see if I can just read it out. It doesn't quite fit. So uhm, it says, let's see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For T5, uhm, there's been around three approaches that have been used to fine-tune pre-trained models for all downstream tasks. So this is kind of like where you fine-tune all of the layers or you just freeze some layers or, you know, do gradual unfreezing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the question is that for models like BERT, which are more these encoder based models, uhm, which of these approaches do you think is best, you know, kind of using freezing or just, just fine tuning the whole thing?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. And I think this is kind of very closely related to this follow up question, which is sort of how, how do we know how much we should fine tune a pre-trade model? So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Are there some like general like heuristics or strategies that you sort of think about when you're doing fine tuning?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, and I think this is also perhaps why everyone has got so excited about models like GPT-3 because they kind of showed, like in Tom's talk, he mentioned this kind of curve where you can see, you know, the performance as a function of number of examples and in the few shot case where you only need 10 examples and you're still, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Almost, you know, several tens of points better than everything else. This is quite impressive. And maybe just one last question for you because here I guess you're doing few shot learning is did you see this technique of like prompt engineering or few shot learning becoming kind of as commonplace in industry?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, as you know, the current paradigm we use of, you know, collecting several thousand examples and, you know, training our class of ozone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Totally. So that's I think all the questions we have from the community right now. And thank you once again for this beautiful talk and for taking part in this event. I think everyone really enjoys seeing your amazing slides and images.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, Chen is a software engineer from the Keras team who also focuses on these high-level modeling APIs, um, and also has a master's in electrical engineering from Stanford and is really interested in simplifying code implementations of ML tasks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're really excited to have you here to sort of help people understand kind of what Keras is, you know, maybe convert all the PyTorch diehards. And before getting started, I just want to show people just quickly how they can ask questions. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you go to the Hugging Face forums, you can click on the course category and then you can scroll down to where we have Matthew Watson and Chen Xian. And here you can just post your questions and we'll be voting on them based on likes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Um, got a couple of questions here. Some are a bit technical. Um, so one question is, uh, Matt, you explained this, uh, text vectorization class. This in the, um, yes, we can see it. So, you know, it kind of looks like a tokenizer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Um, in some sense, and the question is, does it or Keras the library more generally allow users to kind of train their own tokenizers? So if they're trying to sort of train BERT themselves, um, can they do this?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Awesome. And speaking of uh, TensorFlow, the next question is, uh, people tend to use TensorFlow and Keras interchangeably. And I was wondering what the differences are or when should use one over the other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. Go ahead. I was just going to say, I think TensorFlow 2 kind of, if I remember correctly, Keras became kind of like a first-class citizen. Is that correct?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, definitely. I totally agree. Like if you want to, you know, build an experiment quickly, you just want to just get done fast. You don't want to, you know, get into the low level, you know, graph and stuff. But I think, you know, from my old experience in TensorFlow 1, using the graph was really great for performance reasons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is maybe more of a philosophical question. Uhm, so since the transformer architecture took over NLP, do you see a good use for previous models like LSTMs? Cause I think Matt, you showed a pretty nice example and you kind of answered this a little bit with this, uh, you know, 20k parameter or 90k parameter model, I think.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I totally agree. I think like one thing we sometimes forget is like, you know, transformers is not like the first thing you should reach for maybe like if you're building like a real NLP application, Naive Bayes with Ngrams is like a really strong baseline. And you know, you'll often find that the extra complexity, you know, cause you some problems in


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there's a lot of optimizers out there these days and is Adam really all we need or should we be looking at other optimizers? Cause I think you mentioned in your code when you were building the model.compile you had Adam and yeah, I know that like there's like a history of Adam and Adam W and all these kinds of things, but I'm just curious, like just generally, what do you think about the space of optimizers and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and this is another final question maybe for Matt. I think in your talk you were explaining, you know, you had these learning codes or validation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Accuracy and so on and so the question is, can you expand a bit more on this idea of training loss and validation loss? And if the validation loss starts increasing, can we conclude that the model is fitting?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like, you know, working at Hugging Face, you know, contribute to some of the open source libraries we have here. And there's always this kind of like trying to keep an eye out on the future of like, you know, where things are going. So for example, you know, Transformers, there's a lot of developments outside of NLP. And one thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That uhm, Hanging Face is interested in is like, you know, looking at vision and audio and so you sort of have to make some design decisions about your library, how it evolves and how do you make sure things are backwards compatible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I was kind of curious like in the Keras team, like where do you see like the sort of like the future? What are the interesting, like say domains or let's say even APIs that you find particularly exciting and maybe you can shed some light on where, where the library is going.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you know, like for example, like, you know, in my old job, I was a data scientist and you could get one GPU and you had to share it, you know, with like three data scientists.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but you start to see that like now that companies are really investing heavily, especially in NLP.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This idea of like distributed training becomes really important because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, being able to iterate fast is, is in some sense like the way you make progress on your problem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think at the moment, there's a lot of like pain in, in like, you know, if you think to yourself, okay, I've got my super nice say Keras, you know, lines of code. You said it's not so much code and now suddenly I want to scale out to like, you know, 20 GPUs and then.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I feel like the abstractions are not quite there yet. Like at least for me, like I feel like it takes a lot of work to to build out to that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Awesome. So that's it for the questions. And yeah, thank you once again for taking part in this community event. I think it's given people a really great primer for how to train models in Keras and TensorFlow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have a TensorFlow scapegoat, as we say at Hugging Phase, who's, you know, responsible for building all the API part of Hugging Phase Transformers, and he's super excited to see more people using this. So thanks a lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, so I think we have a few minutes before the next speaker, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe I could ask you, Sylvan, for people who are interested in like doing projects for the next three days or the last three days of this week, kind of like, you know, what should they know about this? And a lot of people have been asking about the certificate. Maybe we could talk about that for the next few minutes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah. So, so these ones are actually, this is based on Amazon reviews. So it goes from one to five stars and then I mapped them to emojis. So there's five different emojis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, yeaah, so, so this is actually one thing that's like challenging when you have a five-star system that, uhm, the, the models, like, may get some ambiguity, uhm, between, you know, on the extremes that will do well, but on the, the ones that are sort of in between, it, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Awesome. Thanks a lot, Mark. That was a super comprehensive tour through, I'd say, almost all of ML. Uhm, so great. And in fact, it reminded me a bit of, uh, Jeremy Howard's, uh, what is TorchNN really? He has this super nice tutorial on the PyTorch docs where he kind of deconstructs all this stuff from scratch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I sort of saw you also channeled Richard Feynman at the end, where he had a similar analogy in physics that, you know, imagine we lost all knowledge. What would be the one idea that you would like people to remember? And he was like, you know, matter is made of atoms.


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[Assistant] So I think we've got time for like a couple of questions. Um, so one thing here was, um, you mentioned at some point this, uh, sort of kind of technical detail about, I'm not needing high precision bits in machine learning or maybe deep learning in particular. Could you sort of expand a little bit? Why is this? And you know, why should I care?


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[Assistant] Awesome, thanks. So I think we hit the time. So thanks again once for giving this awesome talk and thank you for contributing to the course community event.


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[Assistant] I would say like, at least for myself, it was kind of surprising that you could kind of remove the sort of somehow like temporal nature.


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[Assistant] Which like as humans, when we read text, we tend to read say left to right or right to left, depending on which language you speak. And I was just kind of curious, like, was this something that you at Google kind of figured out from like linguists or it's like, it was really like taking a different perspective on the


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[Assistant] Can I barge in again? Sorry. So this question you mentioned about, like, we don't really understand the properties of these molecules. I mean, wasn't chemistry sort of solved by chemists in some sense, like a hundred years ago? Could you maybe sort of expand a bit on what the challenges are?


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[Assistant] There's one which is perhaps a little bit technical, but let's see how we go.


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[Assistant] It's, uh, there's a typo, but can transformers be used to find which code snippets in one language are similar to another? So, you know, if you, you've got Java and Python and do you think, you know, graphical neural networks would be a solution. And I think what this question is getting at is a little bit this thing about like, you emphasize a lot machine translation and alignment and this kind of stuff.


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[Assistant] So it's a sort of telling us that, you know, the future may involve some sort of, you know, not maybe radically different architecture, but you know, some, some that there is life beyond transformers in some sense.


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[Assistant] Awesome. Thank you. I think we've run out of time. So thank you once again for sharing your deep knowledge with us and the community. And yeah, it's been a, it's been a pleasure. So.


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[Assistant] Have you actually looked into any difference in terms of generational differences? Like, for example, the way people my age as a freshman in college view technology as opposed to people who have graduated college 20 years ago.


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[Assistant] That distant past is where creation happened.


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[Assistant] Any successful mission systems engineer who doesn't think there was luck involved is either a fool or a liar.


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[Assistant] I wonder, w-w-would you care to inspect the interior appointment model, the captain's private quarters? If you have not been aboard ship before, you'll find they're full of the handiest and most practical notions.


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[Assistant] Big enough for two, Ma. With a squeeze.


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[Assistant] I could show you more than one great man who was a Newgate bird, and had been burned in the hand.


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[Assistant] Mark them up for what they are, my love. Here, Bill Cormack. Show your hand to the lady.


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[Assistant] For thine is the kingdom, the power and the glory, forever and ever. Amen.


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[Assistant] Well surely it's not those red coats on the march again. No. They struck camp two weeks ago.


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[Assistant] You'd be forced to write it. But I think it also speaks to the issue of