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[Assistant] When he was about to make himself some coltsfoot tea to relieve his headache, he heard an outburst of fighting sounds.


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[Assistant] Trembling with shock, he dropped his teacup and smashed it into the ground. How come invaders could get here?


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[Assistant] With this question in mind, he walked to the window and looked down.


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[Assistant] In the dim light of the prism of magic stone, he saw a crowd of people continue to move toward pivotal secret temple.


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[Assistant] They were incredibly fast and killed every guard who came up to stop them with only one strike.


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[Assistant] The guards' armors seemed completely useless in protecting them from the invaders' blades.


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[Assistant] Soon, the grayish-white steps were covered with blood and the invaders arrived at the gate of the temple in the blink of an eye. At this moment, he heard a loud bang on the door.


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[Assistant] A Praetorian guard rushed in and said to him, Your Eminence, Pivotal Secret Temple is under attack. Please leave right now. This guard was the Pope bodyguard. He was followed by a dozen God's punishment warriors. Tafon shouted in a hoarse voice, How did they get in here? He could not believe what he saw.


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[Assistant] To come down to this underground area, they've got to take the cage or get through the secret stronghold of the old holy city.


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[Assistant] Nobody, even the soldiers of the Grey Castle, can unobtrusively capture both the Old and the New Holy Cities and control the entrances to this place unless they have wings. The Praetorian Guard looked pale. The enemies are from the depths of the cave. Please, your Eminence, come with me immediately. Otherwise, it'll be too late. The depths of the cave?


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[Assistant] Tayfun echoed in disbelief, as he knew that place had nothing except some circular holes.


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[Assistant] Shocked and puzzled, he followed the praetorian guard to a secret tunnel along the wall and quickly got to the bottom floor of the temple.


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[Assistant] The Praetorian guard opened a stone trap door at a corner and said to him, Your Eminence, as no one guards the cage, it may not be a safe passage now. I'll escort you to the tunnel leading to the Old Holy City.


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[Assistant] Please take more people here to defend the pivotal secret temple as soon as possible. When he got out of the tunnel his heart sank to the bottom.


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[Assistant] A dozen invaders already waited there with their swords, seeming to have known they would come out from there.


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[Assistant] A man came up and said, I thought I would never get a chance to set foot in the holy city again.


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[Assistant] The successors of the Queen of Starfall City are nothing more than this.


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[Assistant] He wore strange looking armors which looked like a stack of sheet metal and carried a sword whose blade was stained with black blue blood.


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[Assistant] When Tayfun fixed his eyes on the man's face, all his blood froze in a second. He had seen this man before.


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[Assistant] He's Ellington, the Chief Justice of the Sixth Legion's Advanced Force.


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[Assistant] This brave man volunteered to join God's punishment army three years ago.


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[Assistant] Before he went to his incarnation ceremony, he came to say goodbye to me, Teyfon recalled.


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[Assistant] You made this kind of extraordinary warrior with the witch's blood and god's stones of retaliation, but unfortunately, they were defective.


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[Assistant] Because of the lack of key steps, they don't have souls, but you still placed great hope on them.


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[Assistant] You believe these Sola semi-finished products can compete with demons on the battlefields, but now when you see a real finished product you call it a monster? A real finished product?


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[Assistant] Tayfun's heart began to thump as he found this man seemed to know better than himself the process of creating God's punishment army, a top secret of the church.


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[Assistant] All out attack. Kill them all. The Praetorian Guard ordered.


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[Assistant] The 10 gods punishment warriors following him quickly came to the front to protect the archbishop.


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[Assistant] They moved incredibly fast, lunging at the invaders.


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[Assistant] However, these invaders were also God's punishment warriors and even stronger than them.


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[Assistant] They did not outnumber the church's warriors, but they fought much more skillfully. They lured them close and broke them apart.


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[Assistant] Every time one of the church's warriors was fighting against someone in front of him, he would soon get attacked from behind.


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[Assistant] Under such circumstances, even Tayfun could tell it was better to retreat.


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[Assistant] However, a church's warrior would not know how to react unless his controller, the Praetorian Guard, gave him further orders.


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[Assistant] Controlling ten warriors at the same time, the guard was unable to take care of every situation in this fight, so the church's warriors were clearly at a disadvantage to the invaders who were equally strong but could act independently.


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[Assistant] The invaders quickly killed them all without any casualties.


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[Assistant] The leader of the invaders, Ellington, easily hacked the Praetorian Guard to death at the end of the fight.


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[Assistant] After that, he lifted his sword and put it on the old bishop's shoulder, who was standing petrified with shock.


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[Assistant] The black-blue blood of the church is God's punishment warriors, and the red blood of the praetorian guard mixed on the blade and dripped into Teyfun's collar.


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[Assistant] Teyfun said with a trembling voice, you can't kill me. If I die, the holy city will collapse. When that happens, who will stop the demonic beasts?


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[Assistant] If they break through the defense line of Hermes, I'm afraid the four kingdoms will fall into... The leader of the invaders interrupted. Fall into ruins? Save it.


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[Assistant] You can deceive ignorant believers with this story, but we know what those demonic beasts are looking for.


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[Assistant] If it was not you that brought them here, why would those dumb beasts swarm to this trap of ice and snow during months of demons when the magic power is at its peak every year? What? I don't understand what you mean.


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[Assistant] This leader looking like Ellington shrubbed and said, what? It seems that you've not even seen the relic. What a pity.


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[Assistant] The bishop was about to say something, but suddenly he felt cold in his neck.


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[Assistant] Soon endless torpor and coldness occupied his mind.


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[Assistant] Elena kicked the old man's head up, sending it flying and saw his body slowly fall down to the ground.


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[Assistant] She took back her sword in satisfaction and said, let's go. Time to finish our task.


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[Assistant] Someone pulled her back from behind, saying, wait, you're hurt.


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[Assistant] She took off her chest and back armors, revealing a well built upper body. Gee, look at this.


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[Assistant] It would cost at least 50 gold royals back in tequila. To be honest, have you ever looked into the mirror and...


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[Assistant] The one who was treating Elena's wound interrupted, come on, Betty. Isn't that kind of fantasies like torture for us? I don't even dare to recall the days in tequila.


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[Assistant] As compared to the life in the past, my life now resembles being imprisoned in a cage of endless void.


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[Assistant] Someone immediately agreed with her, saying, Carol is right.


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[Assistant] If someone can make me feel what it's like to sleep with a man again, I'll give anything to marry him. No, I'll even treat him as my lord. A man? Come on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll be satisfied if I can eat delicious fried steak with butter again. I just want to do some sunbathing. Dammit, who brought up this subject? Miss Betty. I just wanted to make some casual conversations. This is the body I wanted to have in the first place. Elena got a little upset and shouted, stop it. Don't forget the purpose of our trip. The others were still waiting for us at the top of the tower. Concentrate your mind.


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[Assistant] She led the team into the secret tunnel after Carol finished treating the wound. They got up to the library through the tunnel.


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[Assistant] Another group of witches looking like God's punishment warriors were waiting there. These witches were the remaining members of the Union.


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[Assistant] Elena sighed in her heart, Lady Natalia, have you seen? We win in the end. She asked, have you found the location of the relic?


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[Assistant] Zoe, the leader of the other team, came up and said, the old place.


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[Assistant] Everything is arranged in the same way as that in the holy city of tequila. By the way, why did you spend so much time down there? Are you sure that you didn't let go of a person?


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[Assistant] This relic, the deity's legacy, was the origin of battles of divine will and the top secret of the Union.


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[Assistant] In fact, before the collapse of the Witch's Empire, none of them had known about it.


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[Assistant] When the old order had disintegrated and they had hidden underground, all the survivors like them had finally heard it from the three chiefs.


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[Assistant] From then on, they had become equals and formed a classless group searching for the way of defeating demons, as they had been clear that each and every survivor of the Union would have been equally important in this process.


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[Assistant] Thinking that she was going to touch an object created by deities, Elena felt her heart was beating faster.


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[Assistant] However, she knew it was just an illusion, as she could feel nothing in this body.


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[Assistant] Following Zoe, she walked through a trapdoor behind a bookshelf and got up to the top of the library.


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[Assistant] Up there, she saw a narrow room without a window which had nothing inside except a magic stone giving out the dim blue light above her head. Is this the prayer room mentioned by Pasha? Yes.


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[Assistant] Zoe lifted up an iron hammer and smashed it against the wall.


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[Assistant] With a dull thud, it left only a small white spot on the wall.


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[Assistant] It doesn't seem to be here, she said and chose another position hammer.


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[Assistant] They struck at the wall together and soon opened a gap which was half their height.


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[Assistant] Looking at the gap, they found that the broken wall was almost as thick as half an arm's length and both sides of the wall were brushed with a thick layer of mortar.


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[Assistant] Given that, they could never find this section of hollow walls simply by knocking at the walls and listening to the knocking sound.


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[Assistant] Looking through the gap, they found an even smaller secret chamber instead of another passage leading to the underground. In this chamber, Elena saw the relic of deities.


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[Assistant] Work has begun to power the Kentucky Coal Mining Museum, not by coal, but by the sun.


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[Assistant] And both of them are here in the cave, because the mother's already in heat again, six days after giving birth. So she's in a mating mood. And it doesn't bother the bulls that there are pups in the vicinity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then there's this board that looks like a bench. That's to prevent the pup from climbing over or being pulled over. The baby will stay here for at least three weeks. When it's four weeks old, it can climb out.


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[Assistant] Now she's really in mating mode. And naturally, he's sitting there in front of the hole, waiting for her to come out.


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[Assistant] Everything alright? Yes, I've separated the mother from the cubs. She's outside. Then I'll get the syringes ready.


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[Assistant] Wait, no scratching. Close the door, we don't want it running out.


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[Assistant] Okay, victory. Huh, what a fight.


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[Assistant] Yeah, they've really grown, the little rascals. I'll hold it like this. Does it matter where? No. Careful.


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[Assistant] The otters don't bother to on. He's pretty relaxed in their company.


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[Assistant] When the otters were outside for the first time after the pups were born, they were very aggressive because of the young.


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[Assistant] And when he was sitting up there on the stone, the otters hissed and snarled, and there was a bit of action. But of all the orangutans, Tuan reacted the least.


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[Assistant] Right, okay, now it wants a jab too.


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[Assistant] He prefers plain old kohlrabi leaves.


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[Assistant] Yes, go on, take it. Eat it up.


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[Assistant] His first experiences after birth were negative. I had to hold him tight so that the vet could vaccinate him. That wasn't exactly a positive experience for him.


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[Assistant] Now I can show him that I'm actually quite nice. And that's very important. It's the only way to get close to the animals so I can do a health check.


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[Assistant] Hello and welcome to Overboard, Polygon's board game show. Today we're offering you a let's play of the improvisational party game Snake Oil. But if you act now, we'll include a rules explanation for free.


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[Assistant] In this game, players assume the role of salespeople and must pitch a ridiculous product to a potential customer, who is also playing a role of their own.


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[Assistant] At the start of each round, one player is chosen as the customer. They draw a two-sided customer card and pick one of the roles shown, which could be anything from a taxi driver to an alien to a billionaire. But wait, there's more!


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[Assistant] The goal isn't so much to win as it is to make your friends laugh, although the customer does choose the winner each round.


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[Assistant] With each subsequent round, the player and role of the customer changes and the salespeople refresh their hands with new products to sell.


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[Assistant] Hey everyone, welcome to Overboard. We've got a game of Snake Oil here for you today, but first we're going to introduce our special guest, Nikki Grayson.


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[Assistant] Alright, so, uh, we start this game, we have a customer. Who is our first customer?


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[Assistant] JJ, I'm not gonna miss words here. What I'm selling you today is Desire Jelly. Now, I know what you're thinking. I know what you're thinking. It's not that. That's not what I'm selling. It's Desire Jelly. It's a different product.


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[Assistant] And what it does is as a clown, you slather a toy for the kids in desire jelly.


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[Assistant] And that's a joke, they, you know, they desire the toy, but it's covered in jelly, ha.


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[Assistant] But it's, it's unrelated to the other kind of desire agility, I just want to be explicitly clear about that, no relation.


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[Assistant] You have a royal family, and I want to offer you a nut that is just for your family.


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[Assistant] Your royal family can have its own nut. There's the hazelnut, the cashew nut, derotaphore nut.


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[Assistant] For my mad scientist machinations, I like Warilla the War Gorilla.


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[Assistant] If we go to the moon and take all the hydrogen, we can transfer quicker to a carb, a carbon free, uh, energy system and then less global warming and snowmen will be able to last longer in the weather. I did it. That's why you should buy moon war. Or I'll start a moon war.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mr. Robot Alien, you're gonna get to Earth here and you're gonna quickly discover something, and that's that you have too many bananas, and you need a place to put those bananas, so I've got for you a banana tunnel.


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[Assistant] Because on Earth, you're gonna have too many bananas, and you're gonna have to put them somewhere... Banana tunnel. That's all it is, just a banana tunnel.


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[Assistant] It's been a long day, lonely day at the execution place, and you're just looking for some quality time. Alone. In your bone closet.


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[Assistant] That's for bones. It's for bones. To be clear here, you're an executioner and you're gonna have lots of bones to deal with, so you put all your bones in the bone closet. That's all it's for. Bones.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've had a great time with our guest, Nikki Grayson. Thank you for joining us.


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[Assistant] This has been it for Overboard Polygon's card and board game show. Until next time!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. And it's not fair on her under the circumstances.


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[Assistant] Well, you look as though you had a fun night.


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[Assistant] What are you out for? Just a little bit of fun. You know it's more serious than that. Exactly. And it's not fair on her, under the circumstances.


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[Assistant] I didn't kill Sam Selma. I know that. But I'm not the police. Ah, Johnny. You still can think what you're getting yourself into. Maybe more important, what you're getting Angela Hamilton into.


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[Assistant] Shut the door. What have I done wrong now? I, uh, thought we should all have a talk. Where's Mum? It's about her.


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[Assistant] Sit down. She's already in bed. She's not handling things too well. It's my fault. I should have been here.


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[Assistant] So what do we do about it? I'll give her as much help as we can. Around the house, or with the wedding, you know? Right. There's one other thing too. Try to get the phone as much as possible. She didn't tell you, but John called again the other night and it really threw her. So he calls again, I'd like us to take them.


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[Assistant] We'll try to help her as much as we can. Agreed?


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[Assistant] In your experience, why did these savings account?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why are you pushing so hard for them? Why do you think they're effective?


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[Assistant] Because you're spending your own money as opposed to someone else's. It's like when my daughter goes to the mall with my credit card, or when I go to the mall with my credit card. Our purchases come back quite different.


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[Assistant] Oh, darling, you do have rotten luck. You never will.


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[Assistant] No one. And I only knew him for a week. In Paris three years ago.


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[Assistant] I thought perhaps starvation was better after all. And then I did not starve. I got work here. And then I met Larry.


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[Assistant] If I had consumption, I would go away. And never let him see me. Touch me. So I can do this.


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[Assistant] Yes, I will come. Our table, Larry.


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[Assistant] Nickle bucket lorry. Okay. If I had to enter that ring, I would not ask for three weeks. I would ask for three months. Three years. Thirty years.


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[Assistant] There, the sock is mended. We can strap the bag now, laddie.


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[Assistant] Yeah, Tex had a stroke of luck, and Woody almost had a stroke of apoplexy. Ah, swell music, isn't it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What happened to Squire Flint? Oh, I, I gave him a dance with my girl. Your girl?


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[Assistant] So growing up, I always knew that I wanted to help people. Um, I started off as a nursing major because I was very interested in the medical field, but, um,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In school, I just knew that wasn't the job for me. And then I found out about speech pathology from a mentor I had at my junior college. And that's when I started doing more research. I knew I wanted to get my master's degree and, um, and now I'm here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, so really just because of helping people, I love the combination of like the medical field, uhm, the diversity, you can go into schools, medical, so, I just love the...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I, you know, my many clinical experiences so far, and uhm, whenever I've not had enough information, uhm, I definitely, it depends on the kind of information I need.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I try and keep it simple. So, you know, for our tick plus and minuses, for some of my other more involved clients, I like to make, uhm, kind of pre-planned some data sheets that I can put like three on a page to keep myself organized and getting the most, uhm, data to be accurate and have that information readily available whenever I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, if clients aren't making progress and I see that, then it's definitely, you know, just looking at, well, am I working on the right thing? Going back to that assessment piece, seeing where this child is at.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, so let's see, for adults, uhm, I love to do the WAB, western aphasia battery is one of my favorites. I feel like it's very, uhm, all encompassing, that with a lot of, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Really just depends on the adult. Um, but those are some of my favorites. And then working with children, um, I feel like the self is very, um, all encompassing as well. Um, the told, I really enjoy it. I think it's a fast kind of quicker way to get through things, especially if this child isn't so involved. Um.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, but I'm very, um, I mean, I like to see what's new and what's out there. I love using like informal measures as well. So I want to make sure I go in there and where, how is this client doing when they're not around me? So whether it be in a classroom or for an adult, whether it be in their home. So just kind of tailoring that assessment piece to them and their needs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I recently just had this experience in my school setting where I was, uhm, assessing, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then, uhm, also just collaborating with his family and with the psychologist and seeing, okay, what else can I do that will help get a better picture of this child, whether it be formally or informally, uhm, to get that other necessary information.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so it's something they enjoy. They're having fun while they're doing it. So I found, uhm, being in the school has given me a lot of...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Um, and I'm very interested in dysphagia. I've taken courses on it. I've gone to additional, um, CEU events, um, not only just at, at the ASHA convention, CASHA convention, but, um, just at district level events. So it's something I'm very interested in and I'd like to learn more. Great.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is your, let me see, your company's mantra for therapy?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This means that he can't drink any milk. He can't fortify himself. Really in the long term this is anything but healthy. He's just not gonna grow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We take a look at the navel, whether it's a boy or a girl, and what impression the young animal makes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, the hair's gone, but the skin is relatively intact.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I need a few samples. Please get me a few hairs and a piece of skin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then soon we will be able to see if it's a fungus or not. And if it is, we can give him the right treatment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now comes the not quite so nice part. You have to scratch until tiny blood droplets appear on the surface.


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[Assistant] Yeah, it's all okay. That's enough. It takes a few days, but then we'll know what's up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Usually well dressed, but last seen in janitor's coveralls. That is all.


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[Assistant] Hello! How's it going? I hope that wasn't too hot. This is Josh Rios. It was super hot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The name of a new police drama about crime in the sky.


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[Assistant] We should keep wearing masks after the vaccine. I agree.


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[Assistant] I would like a zoom background of somebody's very very nice house.


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[Assistant] Turns out the shy girl we did a prom prank on was a witch, so now she's blank everyone.


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[Assistant] It's okay. It'll all work out. It's alright. I'm learning a lot.


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[Assistant] I'm just, I'm okay. Wait, you don't love sending it on a pow day?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The dumbest thing Brian has ever got talked into was...


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[Assistant] I was like, there's a certain type of person. I was like, Jenna's the type of person.


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[Assistant] Yeah, yeah. Alright, is it time? Uh oh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, it was by accident. It was one of those things where we were interviewing her and then she pivoted a little bit too hard and I was like


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chapter 24, in the Holy of Holies.


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[Assistant] And revealing present duty as it brought to light the position and work of his people.


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[Assistant] As the disciples of Jesus after the terrible night of their anguish and disappointment were glad when they saw the Lord


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[Assistant] So did those now rejoice, who had looked in faith for his second coming.


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[Assistant] They had expected him to appear in glory to give reward to his servants as their hopes were disappointed.


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[Assistant] They had lost sight of Jesus and with Mary at the sepulcher they cried,


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[Assistant] They have taken away my lord, and I know not where they have laid him.


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[Assistant] Now in the Holy of Holies they again beheld Him, their compassionate High Priest.


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[Assistant] Soon to appear as their king and deliverer. Light from the sanctuary illumined the past, the present, and the future.


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[Assistant] They knew that God had led them by His unerring providence. Though, like the first disciples, they themselves had failed to understand the message which they bore, yet it had been in every respect correct.


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[Assistant] Fear God and give glory to him for the hour of his judgment has come. Pointed to Christ's ministration in the most holy place. To the investigative judgment.


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[Assistant] And not to the coming of Christ for the redemption of his people and the destruction of the wicked.


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[Assistant] The mistake had not been in the reckoning of the prophetic periods.


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[Assistant] But in the event to take place at the end of the 2300 days.


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[Assistant] Through this error the believers had suffered disappointment, yet all that was foretold by the prophecy, and all that they had any scripture warrant to expect, had been accomplished.


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[Assistant] At the very time when they were lamenting the failure of their hopes,


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[Assistant] This coming is foretold also by the prophet Malachi.


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[Assistant] The Lord, whom you seek, shall suddenly come to his temple.


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[Assistant] Even the messenger of the covenant whom you delight in,


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[Assistant] Behold, he shall come, saith the Lord of hosts. Malachi 3 verse 1.


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[Assistant] The coming of the Lord to his temple was sudden, unexpected to his people. They were not looking for him there.


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[Assistant] And as they should by faith follow their high priest in his ministration, their new duties would be revealed.


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[Assistant] For he is like a refiner's fire, and like fuller's soap.


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[Assistant] And he shall sit as a refiner and purifier of silver.


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[Assistant] Those who are living upon the earth when the intercession of Christ shall cease in the sanctuary above.


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[Assistant] ...are to stand in the sight of a holy God without a mediator.


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[Assistant] Their robes must be spotless. Their characters must be purified from sin by the blood of sprinkling.


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[Assistant] Through the grace of God and their own diligent effort, they must be conquerors in the battle with evil. While the investigative judgment is going forward in heaven,


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[Assistant] While the sins of penitent believers are being removed from the sanctuary,


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[Assistant] There is to be a special work of purification, of putting a way of sin among God's people upon earth.


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[Assistant] Then shall the offering of Judah and Jerusalem be pleasant unto the Lord as in the days of old.


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[Assistant] And as in former years, Malachi 3 verse 4.


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[Assistant] Malachi also foretells his second advent, his coming, for the execution of the judgment in these words,


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[Assistant] And I will be a swift witness against the sorcerers, and against the adulterers, and against false swearers, and against those that oppress the hireling in his wages, the widow and the fatherless.


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[Assistant] And they turn aside the stranger from his right and fear not me, saith the Lord of hosts. Malachi 3 verse 5.


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[Assistant] Jude refers to the same scene when he says, behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousands of his saints to execute judgment upon all and to convince all that are ungodly among them of all their ungodly deeds. Jude 14 and 15.


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[Assistant] This coming and the coming of the Lord to his temple are distinct and separate events.


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[Assistant] The coming of Christ as our high priest to the most holy place for the cleansing of the sanctuary brought to view in Daniel 8, 14.


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[Assistant] The coming of the Son of Man to the Ancient of Days as presented in Daniel 7.13,


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[Assistant] And the coming of the Lord to His temple foretold by Malachi are descriptions of the same event.


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[Assistant] In the parable of the ten virgins of Matthew 25.


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[Assistant] In the summer and autumn of 1844, the proclamation, Behold, the bridegroom cometh, was given.


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[Assistant] The two classes represented by the wise and foolish virgins were then developed. One class who looked with joy to the Lord's appearing and who had been diligently preparing to meet him.


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[Assistant] Another class that, influenced by fear and acting from impulse, had been satisfied with a theory of the truth, but who were destitute of the grace of God.


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[Assistant] In the parable when the bridegroom came, they that were ready went in with him to the marriage. The coming of the bridegroom here brought to view takes place before the marriage. The marriage represents the reception of Christ of his kingdom.


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[Assistant] The holy city, the New Jerusalem, which is the capital and representative of the kingdom, is called the Bride, the Lamb's Wife.


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[Assistant] Said the angel to John, Come hither, and I will show thee the bride, the Lamb's wife.


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[Assistant] And the virgins that go out to meet the bridegroom are a symbol of the church.


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[Assistant] In the Revelation, the people of God are said to be the guests at the marriage supper. Revelation 19 verse 9.


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[Assistant] If guests, they cannot be represented also as the bride. Christ as stated by the prophet Daniel.


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[Assistant] They that were ready went in with him to the marriage and the door was shut.


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[Assistant] And to follow him by faith as he goes in before God.


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[Assistant] It is in this sense that they are said to go into the marriage.


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[Assistant] In the parable, it was those that had oil in their vessels with their lamps that went into the marriage.


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[Assistant] Those who with a knowledge of the truth from the scriptures had also the spirit and grace of God,


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[Assistant] And who in the night of their bitter trial had patiently waited, searching the Bible for clearer light,


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[Assistant] These saw the truth concerning the sanctuary in heaven and the Savior's change in ministration.


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[Assistant] And by faith they followed him in his work in the sanctuary above.


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[Assistant] And all who through the testimony of the scriptures accept the same truths.


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[Assistant] Following Christ by faith as he enters in before God to perform the last work of mediation and at its close to receive his kingdom.


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[Assistant] All these are represented as going in to the marriage.


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[Assistant] In the parable of Matthew 22, the same figure of the marriage is introduced.


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[Assistant] And the investigative judgment is clearly represented as taking place before the marriage.


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[Assistant] Upon examination are seen to have the wedding garment on are accepted of God and accounted worthy of a share in his kingdom and a seat upon his throne.


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[Assistant] This work of examination of character of determining who are prepared for the kingdom of God


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[Assistant] Is that of the investigative judgment. The closing work in the sanctuary above.


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[Assistant] We are carried down through the Savior's final ministration.


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[Assistant] To the time when the great work for man's salvation shall be completed.


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[Assistant] In the service of the earthly sanctuary, which as we have seen is a figure of the service in the heavenly.


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[Assistant] When the High Priest on the Day of Atonement entered the Most Holy Place, the ministration in the First Department ceased.


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[Assistant] And he still pleaded his blood before the Father in behalf of sinners.


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[Assistant] This subject was not understood by Adventists in 1844. After the passing of the time when the Savior was expected, they still believed His coming to be near. They held


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[Assistant] That they had reached an important crisis and that the work of Christ as man's intercessor before God had ceased.


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[Assistant] It appeared to them to be taught in the Bible that man's probation would close a short time before the actual coming of the Lord in the clouds of heaven.


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[Assistant] This seemed evident from those scriptures which point to a time when men will seek, knock, and cry at the door of mercy, and it will not be opened.


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[Assistant] And it was a question with them whether the date to which they had looked for the coming of Christ might not rather mark the beginning of this period which was immediately to precede his coming.


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[Assistant] Having given the warning of the judgment near, they felt that their work for the world was done, and they lost their burden of soul for the salvation of sinners, while the bold and blasphemous scoffing of the ungodly seemed to them another evidence that the Spirit of God had been withdrawn from the rejecters of His mercy. All this confirmed them in the belief that probation had ended, or, as they then expressed it, the door of mercy was shut.


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[Assistant] But clearer light came with the investigation of the sanctuary question.


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[Assistant] That the end of the 2300 days in 1844 marked an important crisis.


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[Assistant] But while it was true that that door of hope and mercy by which men had for 1800 years found access to God was closed, another door was opened.


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[Assistant] And forgiveness of sins was offered to men through the intercession of Christ in the Most Holy.


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[Assistant] One part of his ministration had closed only to give place to another.


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[Assistant] There was still an open door to the heavenly sanctuary where Christ was ministering in the sinner's behalf.


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[Assistant] I know thy works. Behold I have set before thee an open door and no man can shut it. Revelation 3 verses 7 and 8.


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[Assistant] It is those who by faith follow Jesus in the great work of the atonement who receive the benefits of his mediation in their behalf.


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[Assistant] While those who reject the light which brings to view this work of ministration are not benefited thereby.


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[Assistant] The Jews who rejected the light given at Christ's first advent and refused to believe on Him as the Savior of the world could not receive pardon through Him.


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[Assistant] The ministration of types and shadows had ceased. The door by which men had formerly found access to God was no longer open.


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[Assistant] The Jews had refused to seek him in the only way whereby he could then be found through the ministration in the sanctuary in heaven. Therefore they found no communion with God. To them the door was shut.


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[Assistant] They had no knowledge of Christ as the true sacrifice and the only mediator before God. Hence, they could not receive the benefits of his mediation.


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[Assistant] The condition of the unbelieving Jews illustrates the condition of the careless and unbelieving among professed Christians who are willingly ignorant of the work of our Merciful High Priest.


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[Assistant] In the typical service when the high priest entered the most holy place.


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[Assistant] All Israel were required to gather about the sanctuary.


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[Assistant] And in the most solemn manner, humble their souls before God.


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[Assistant] How much more essential in this antitypical day of atonement that we understand the work of our High Priest and know what duties are required of us.


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[Assistant] Men cannot with impunity reject the warning which God in mercy sends them. A message was sent from heaven to the world in Noah's day.


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[Assistant] Mercy ceased to plead with the guilty inhabitants of Sodom.


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[Assistant] An all but lot with his wife and two daughters were consumed by the fire sent down from heaven.


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[Assistant] As they reject the teachings of his word, God withdraws his spirit and leaves them to the deceptions which they love.


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[Assistant] But Christ still intercedes in man's behalf, and light will be given to those who seek it.


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[Assistant] Though this was not at first understood by Adventists, it was afterward made plain as the scriptures which defined their true position began to open before them.


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[Assistant] The passing of the time in 1844 was followed by a period of great trial to those who still held the Advent faith.


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[Assistant] Their only relief, so far as ascertaining their true position was concerned, was the light which directed their minds to the sanctuary above.


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[Assistant] Some renounced their faith in their former reckoning of the prophetic periods and ascribed to human


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[Assistant] Or satanic agencies the powerful influence of the Holy Spirit, which had attended the Advent movement.


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[Assistant] Another class firmly held that the Lord had led them in their past experience,


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[Assistant] They saw that their great high priest had entered upon another work of ministration, and following him by faith


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[Assistant] They were led to see also the closing work of the church.


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[Assistant] They had a clearer understanding of the first and second angels' messages and were prepared to receive and give to the world the solemn warning of the third angel of Revelation 14.


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[Assistant] What's crazy about these stories is, Philando Castile's story, they say, like, he was stopped, I think, 49 times by the police. And I know there's always some story about a person's character. Oh, drugs, and a history, and this man could not have been more of a model citizen.


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[Assistant] Worked with children. Was revered in his community. They call him, the kids used to call him Mr. Rogers with dreads. That's what they used to call this guy. You know? And...


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[Assistant] You-you-you-you get to a point where you realize it's like it's just a part of a black person's life in America. Here's-here's how crazy it is, right? I've only lived in the United States.


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[Assistant] For six years. On and off. I lived on the west coast for two and a half years. I've lived on the east coast now for two and a half years. In that time, I shit you not. I have been stopped by police maybe, I would say going on at least eight to ten times I've been stopped by the police.


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[Assistant] Which always blows white people's minds, which I didn't know was, like, a thing. So, like, when someone was talking about it, and then I was like, they said Philando Castile got stopped 49 times, and then I was like, oh yeah, I was like, that's crazy insane. I was like, I've only been stopped, like, maybe seven, eight times.


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[Assistant] And then people are like, wait, what? What do you mean? Where and how? But it's the truth. I've been stopped a shit ton of times. I've been stopped in rental cars, I've been stopped in my car, I've been stopped in a car with tinted windows, a car with rims, a car with no rims, a car with... I've been stopped in a Tesla. Like a Tesla, people.


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[Assistant] And every time, I've, that's the crazy thing is I've just accepted it. I go like, oh shit, I get stopped. And my friend, one of my best friends from North Carolina, he works at The Daily Show now.


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[Assistant] He's always driving with me and he'll always laugh at me because we're best friends. Like whenever I get pulled over, the first thing I do is I throw my arms out the window and it looks so stupid when you see me.


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[Assistant] Just because I, like, I would rather have the cop go, you are weird.


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[Assistant] Here is my woman. Here is my child in the back seat. I have a gun. The officer says, where is the gun? And he says, it is in the glove box, and I have my papers, I have my license. I can show, and the officer says, do the, and he gives him contradictory, you know, instructions, and the guy's trying to, and there's a transcript of this. It's not even like you're making it up.


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[Assistant] And then what happens, the guy slowly reaches for the thing, and then he's shot.


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[Assistant] And what's, you know what's sad about it is I feel the problem is often times in America the conversation gets caught up in racism.


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[Assistant] As it pertains to black and white, but I don't believe that that is the conversation.


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[Assistant] I honestly don't believe that that is the conversation. I believe that the police force as a whole is trained in such a way that it creates


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[Assistant] They know this. We've seen countless videos of, like, a white woman shooting at the cops. And the cops are like, oh, we'll make a plan to get that gun away. Because in their heads, they're going like, yeah, come on. She's just, you know what I mean? She's making a mistake. That's what she's doing.


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[Assistant] She's never, she's not used to crime. Look at her. You know what I'm saying? Like, and then when you flip it in these situations, you realize, you're like, there's no way...


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[Assistant] There's almost no way to not get shot. Every single one has an excuse.


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[Assistant] It was Mike Brown. They said he came to the officer. I understood that story. I was like, we don't know all the details, whatever.


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[Assistant] Then you go, uh, Tamir Rice, the little kid. They said, yeah, but he had a gun. He looked young, but he had a gun. You don't know what the gun... Okay, fine. So don't have any type of gun. Don't come towards the police officer. But then you get other stories. They go, Trayvon Martin. Yeah, but he had a hoodie. Then you're like, all right, the hoodies are fucking scary. I get it. We've all watched...


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[Assistant] Then they go Walter Scott. He was running away from, I never understood, he was running away. He's backwards turns to the officer, he's running away. Where's the threat? No one's threatening from behind. Do you know what I mean? Maybe a Kardashian, but no one else.


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[Assistant] That's all. So I mean, we'll keep talking about it. We'll keep, you know, as my mom always says, like, she goes like,


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[Assistant] It's like a, it's a, it's a phrase that black women in South Africa use because they got so fed up with what was happening. They were like, I won't let this thing break me and I'm fed up with it, but it won't define who I am as a person. Do you know what I mean? So it's like, that's what my mom would say. Now she'd use it just about me being a shit head in the house.


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[Assistant] Oh, you want me to let people know they can watch full episodes of The Daily Show for free anytime with the Comedy Central app or at thedailyshow.com. Yes, of course.


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[Assistant] Yes, I know I'm fake news. Alright, love you too. Bye bye.


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[Assistant] Hello, and welcome to Overboard, Polygon's board game show. In this case, it's a virtual board game.


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[Assistant] A very special guest with us today, uh, that I don't believe really needs an introduction. If you've clicked on this video, you probably know who he is. It's Matthew Mercer.


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[Assistant] I'll tell you, anything with a nice danceable reel to it, you know? I, uh, the boys don't like it when I join in singing with them, but anything that moves fast and gets us going.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's start. Matthew.


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[Assistant] Do you ever feel like this is a dead-end job?


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[Assistant] I mean the, it's less the training and more the like, getting the props ready, you know? But that took a long time. Clayton.


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[Assistant] Uh, do you plan to have fun tonight?


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[Assistant] Well, my role here is more to, like, you know, fill out the space. So, uh, I dunno, I try to do some fun things. Some people, like, look at me, but like, for the most part, I'm just one in the crowd.


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[Assistant] That's good. I was a reenactor, so.


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[Assistant] Look, it's really up to you if you could just like listen to me for one second and stop going off on your tangents, alright? Like, I go to bed every night before I look in the mirror and I'm like, Craig, you gotta like crack the whip, this guy is not listening to you. And so,


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[Assistant] Look, we'll do, we'll do like a few more and then yeah, maybe I'll be there at the thing, okay?


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[Assistant] Luckily this one, like, we've had this one planned for like, six months, so, if things go well today, I mean, I, nah, you don't have to be worried. I, uh,


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[Assistant] I had a, I had a chat with Will, so he's probably gonna bring his A-game, so, be fine. Well, he'd fuckin' better. Matthew. Yeah?


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[Assistant] All right. Accused. Someone, who wants to use up their accusation? Jacuz. Okay. Matt. Do you have anything to say for yourself, Matt? Defend yourself.


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[Assistant] Are you fucking kidding me? Of course it's worthwhile. For me, this is my lifeblood. Also, I accuse Jenna right now because I think she is thankless. Why would people not love and adore me in this job, you know?


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[Assistant] I've had to get here a lot earlier recently, uhm, just as a result of, you know, everything. My job has become way more important, so I've started having to do longer hours. Clayton, how do you feel about the people coming through here?


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[Assistant] I mean, it's, uh, it feels like, you know, I should be getting hazard pay, but like,


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[Assistant] The hours, again, I've got more hours now than I have my whole time working here, but uhm, it seems like it's, uh, again, not paid enough for those hours.


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[Assistant] Interesting. I don't like that answer or that question.


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[Assistant] Not anytime soon. Anybody wanna- Clayton. Yeah. Okay. Yeah.


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[Assistant] I, yeaah, I accuse, I accuse Clayton, I think that, uh, the questions he's asked have been just vague enough that they could match for a lot of different places, uh, and I think he's narrowing it down now. Uhm, that's what I think.


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[Assistant] Yeah, absolutely. I like usually handle the, again, the details, but like, I can always take some time away, help you out.


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[Assistant] Matt, uh, you mostly do client-side stuff now?


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[Assistant] Helpful is not like a very specific role for a specific place, you know what I mean?


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[Assistant] That's the majority. Y'all did it? Oh man. Simone.


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[Assistant] I was originally like positive it was a day spa because I was like, he gets dirty. I don't know.


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[Assistant] That's, uh, at that, uh, Simone, Simone being like, oh, like afraid of like a fancy, you know, uh, client coming through. I was like, ooh, this probably is someplace fancy, but no.


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[Assistant] At the worst it's ever been in my life! So itchy. So dry.


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[Assistant] I do wanna go first. Alright, are we ready to start this round?


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[Assistant] Hey Clayton. Will you please let me go?


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[Assistant] My union does not allow me to get you coffee and you know that. Matthew.


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[Assistant] Hours on this gig. It's too much, isn't it?


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[Assistant] Well, it can be, but I, I really, I know what I'm doing man, so I wouldn't worry about me.


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[Assistant] Brian, should I be nervous about today?


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[Assistant] You know, honestly, I just started off in the backyard with my pals as a kid. And then I realized like, I definitely needed some more training. So I actually did.


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[Assistant] Go to school for this. And I, I trained under, you know, Bob.


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[Assistant] Like he's been doing this for years, so he kind of showed me the ropes and introduced me to


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[Assistant] Bunch of things that frankly I'm glad I didn't try on my own because I probably would have hurt myself pretty badly.


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[Assistant] It can, ideally, you know, I keep everything pretty neat, but yeah, it can get pretty messy over here.


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[Assistant] I mean, with the work I do, I can't really afford to come to work high, so no, I'm fine. Clayton? Yeah? I will ask you a question. Oh yeah? We running low on anything, Clayton?


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[Assistant] I had a couple calls come in while you were on lunch and I wanted to know if we have openings tomorrow afternoon.


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[Assistant] I try to get everything done right on time, honestly. Uhm, I mean, some days are slower than others, but you know, I just put in the time and do the tasks. It is what it is.


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[Assistant] I would have to check with my boss. I'm sorry, I don't really know much about those details, but I will definitely call them up.


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[Assistant] I think it depends on how intense, I mean, what are you here for?


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[Assistant] The second smelling fight when the guy said that the American is coming in the ring.


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[Assistant] Air conditioned ducks because he said that they were out to poison him.


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[Assistant] This is Logic, make sure you subscribe to the Recording Academy channel. Flex.


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[Assistant] What do you want, Macklin? You know what I want. I guess Harvey Gumbin sent you. How is Harvey? I've been trying to get in touch with him. Thought we might do a couple of deals.


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[Assistant] He had to slug you, kid, to get you to come along. A lot of heat on you. You want a cigarette?


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[Assistant] Give her credit for dummying up. Did you ever make a trip for Richie?


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[Assistant] You know man and wife make it look respectable.


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[Assistant] We'll be ready to leave at daylight, both of you.


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[Assistant] Go ahead, say something for my friend.


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[Assistant] Go up to the hotel, pay the lady's bill and get her clothes. What's your name?


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[Assistant] She's a bright girl, Macklin. Too bad she wasn't bright enough to stay away from you.


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[Assistant] Macklin? I wouldn't try that, Johnny. Just keep walking.


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[Assistant] On behalf of the Mexican government, Baja California, don't mention it.


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[Assistant] As long as there's a payoff at the end of the line, huh? You both will be paid.


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[Assistant] And I haven't been able to travel for a variety of reasons easily and here we are with the pandemic making a virtual visit possible.


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[Assistant] So I'm really excited to be here and I'm hoping the network will be more reliable for the rest of the hour. I haven't had these kinds of troubles before, but of course they pick their time.


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[Assistant] So uhm, thank you. I heard, I did hear you mention the newly founded Create Center, and I actually want to highlight one other center which is DFAB, the Digital Fabrication Center at UW, which I am also part of, although not directing.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and a lot of what I'm going to talk today about is actually featuring things that happened through DFab.


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[Assistant] Uhm, because I'm, I decided to, uhm, focus today's talk or guide it based on the work that I spent the spring doing in reaction to the arrival of COVID-19. So what you see on this slide is actually a picture of a whole pile of face shields that I spent one night, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many of us assembled, but I, in particular, this pile was one that I spent a long night assembling so that we could deliver them to the local hospital.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The team that I was part of actually, uhm, was a very large team. I'll introduce it in a second. But these, this is the set of things that we worked on over the spring. Face shields, isolation gowns, uhm, clips that would hold tubes together, eye protection, uhm, head and shoe covers, surgical masks, non-rebreather masks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm just going to focus on a few of these, but just to give you a sense also of the team, it involved physicians, someone from the VA who led, actually ended up winning an award for her work in doing


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, the face shields that you see here were actually designed by Tim Prestero, who's part of design.thatmatters.org, but then they were modified from Prusa's design specifically to add the visor that helped stop drops from coming into the face. And this is probably the most well-known design that was 3D printed worldwide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meaning it was safe to use in hospitals within about two weeks of that date. And uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The UW side of this was primarily documentation, quality assurance, uhm, and production and we delivered about a thousand of these in Seattle. Uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, along with a three hole punch, they are prepared to clip onto the face shield.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and I'm gonna hope that somebody will tell me if there's an interruption. Please do feel free to tell me if there are questions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So another area that I was pretty closely involved in and that we did a lot of work in had to do with masks. And masks is a really diverse thing. Uhm, the thing that we worked the hardest on was actually what you might call fit to face. Uh, because for many mask applications it's really important


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and we did get clinical approval for a surgical mask, which is less protective than an N95 mask. It's the kind of thing that people wear around when they have paper masks on. Those are surgical masks. The N95s are sometimes also, uhm, you see them on consumers' faces.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But they are, have a tighter fit to face and a different filter material.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and we also got to the point where we were doing testing in the field for an N95 replacement in a large scale youth, large scale meaning produced at scale, non-rebreather.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I just wanted to highlight this one last one because although uhm, it wasn't a focus of the work I was part of, uhm, it's one of the few that has a label built into it and we'll talk a little bit later about why labeling is so important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so what you can see here is that uhm, actually when this is 3D printed it's just got a hole where the label is. And that label is important because what, the two tubes that you attach with this particular clip are specified by the label and different tubes have different diameters and different clips are needed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Within two weeks, we had the clinical approval of the face shields. I shouldn't say FDA approval, because those are different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By May, we had delivered all of the masks that we were going to deliver. We were approved to also supply them to some of the on-campus workers who were still being exposed regularly, as well as UW hospitals, but were never approved to deploy them more broadly than that, and I'll talk about that too a little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, although I'm focusing on our work with COVID, I do want to say that this talk is informed by a series of ethnographic and interview studies that have been done since 2016, primarily with Megan Hoffman and Scott Hudson, and Megan is my PhD student. He'll be graduating in just over a year, hint, hint.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sorry, in 2019 with occupational therapists and in between we did uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the rest of this talk is going to focus on challenges that came out of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, or quality control and what you're seeing here is images from the documentation page that, uhm, Aidan Fay, who is a Stanford alum, you may remember him from his time there, uhm, helped put together, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he helped us, uhm, try to show people how to tell what was, uhm, properly 3D printed in the face, uhm, shield domain. So this is where the transparency would be attached, uhm, because we were having a huge error rate, uhm, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we actually developed, based in part on work that Megan did with an organization in Colorado called Make for COVID, we developed a QA sheet, and I'm showing an excerpt from it in black here at the top.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That has to be attached to every bag that's delivered to the hospital with these things checked off. That Ben tests, smoothing, labeling, cleaning, uhm, and so on were done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so that they can be confident that what they're giving the workers who are going into these unsafe situations is properly produced.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and in all of the hospitals that we worked with on the UW, safety really came before quantity or even access to PPE, personal protective gear.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and so they would rather reuse things that they knew were safe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] ...of these face masks and other PPE in comparison to the thousand that we successfully delivered in Seattle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just want to take a moment to think about the magnitude of difference there. Make for COVID was almost entirely makers and other volunteers and they were such a large organization that they actually had pilots.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bringing things to parts of Colorado that they couldn't drive too quickly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They, the group involved academics, uhm, as well as makers in general and they ended up collaborating really effectively. They generated a ton of documentation and they were, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Able to produce at a scale that we never reached at UW.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Both had problems with quality assurance, but Make for COVID had a different structure for how the volunteers could collaborate and a different level of trust. We never achieved that level of trust with the makers in the Seattle area that the academics and others who were hosting Make for COVID achieved in Colorado.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have an in submission paper talking about some of those differences. Uhm, going back to quality assurance for a second, just showing here sort of the way in which uhm, so this bucket here is full of wipes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want to focus on labeling for a second. This was actually not a problem we solved.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It turns out that because there are so many varieties being produced and in at least the Seattle area, there were people producing face shields who weren't necessarily certified as in part of the UW system and known to be using proper methods.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hospitals needed a way to keep track of where things came from so they could reject stuff that wasn't trustworthy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it ended up being these garbage bags that were that process for UW area hospitals that we worked with because there was no good way to label these face shields, especially once they were cleaned. If they were, they were meant to be used, reused, and the wipes that were cleaning them could actually wipe away even permanent ink.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anything that we did that was embedded or cut out potentially would be hard to clean properly because it created little bumps and negative spaces that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I also want to mention, uhm, and this is coming from our prior work, so this is a workshop we did in 2016 with ENABLE folks and clinicians.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It hasn't really been overcome in the US, but in Latin American sites that we studied it had been.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so the difference here of help where you can versus do no harm is surprisingly strong. So for a maker, help where you can is kind of a core value that we found in many of the interviews we've done. For a medical professional, they literally swear an oath when they graduate to do no harm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, it turns out that uhm, this can actually create deep-rooted conflicts. We actually had a team member who was threatened when she raised the question of safety and quality assurance in a social network setting where makers were gathering, not from Colorado, but uhm, in another site.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's really hard to unpack them. There are structural issues, there are cultural issues, there's a lot of different things going on that can lead to an outcome like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another difference between clinical work and maker work is the focus on longitudinal support and whole case management.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, a lot of the groups that we have interviewed over the years who are not on the clinical side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And again, there are these risks, uhm, if somebody abandons, they then won't go back and use technology that they need that they might be able to get from a more reliable source. Uhm, and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, that's enough for challenge number one. Challenge number two is the design process. How do you collaborate across a distance? We had teams located in homes and labs in Pittsburgh, in California, in Washington, Seattle, uhm, and then testing that had to be done in hospitals, which we did in Seattle, that were being done in clinics, that were being done


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In some cases by the NIH in a different part of the country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and all of these groups had to collaborate effectively, and we had to collaborate on issues like whether or not something fit a face that really required some level of in-person understanding.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another challenge for the design process was the fit to face challenge. It wasn't just challenging because of distance, it was a very challenging thing to accomplish, period.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Being able to tell when things intersected, it just, it wasn't feasible to do a good job of this here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We also ended up prototyping using a variety of materials and it was hard to take this back into the modeling system. So here you can see


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, there is a paper cup that we cut fingers into, uhm, and wrapped some, some elastic around, and that has a plastic liner inside it, and together that ended up creating a really good fit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you can see that we did take this back into our designs here. Uhm, this is, uhm, a student, Somya Jindal, who is, uhm, actually putting wire through this to help, and there's some rubber on the inside to help make that fit-to-face happen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, that fit to face is particularly necessary to replace N95 masks, which was obviously a huge issue over the last few months.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, Daniel Revier is reaching out because the seam construction under the arm, which was done with heat sealing, actually with soldering irons at first, was not necessarily strong enough to handle that kind of reaching, and that was something we had to test because it couldn't just come apart unexpectedly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it turns out the supply chain for what materials we could get was also really key in deciding what could be scaled. And the supply chains were a little bit unpredictable with COVID and so we had to design to them to some degree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We considered 3D printing, of course, but we also looked at molds and vacuum forming.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and of course you can't think of these in a vacuum, so to speak, right? So this vacuum formed, uhm, design it right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is good as far as it goes but the time it takes to cut it out and then assemble other pieces to it could potentially impact its viability.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another interesting thing about vacuforming was that VA clinics all over the country have vacuforming machines. So while it's not the first thing you would necessarily think of for scaled production, it turns out that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that was a technology we investigated significantly because of that feature of VA clinics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But in any case, each of these has implications for model design. So with vacuum forming, there are directions that you can curve in and other directions that you really shouldn't if you want something to be successfully vacuum formed and there, you know, were issues with whether we could make square versus round holes and a whole variety of other things that were affected by the choice of that technology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A final challenge for our design process was how to test, uhm, test things in the field really. I would say fit was just part of that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, uhm, going back to the fit thing though, you know, it took a long time to print these masks. We tried things like printing partial masks, but it turns out that it's just too unrealistic because people position it in ways that, that would, uhm, are not capturing, uh, potential problems, say with the nose, in this case with Kelly. Uhm, and,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In a reliable way at the speed we needed to in the hospitals we were testing in to capture measurements. And so we ended up playing around with various kinds of things that had known size and were easy to capture with a simple photo and then measure on top of in order to try to get a sense of face size.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and we needed to know face size because there's a lot of different face sizes. We had a lot of different mask designs and we needed to get a sense of how those mapped onto each other because eventually, for N95 testing for example, we need to show.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I also want to point out that, you know, here's a bunch of different pictures of me wearing a bunch of different masks. Most of these don't fit me, but it's not immediately obvious from the picture that that is so. You know, this one at left, uhm, with a different person wearing it that has the obvious


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Qualitative, reliable, qualitative feedback about fit to face and thinking about, you know, we had to really talk to stakeholders to understand what really mattered here. Uhm, nose comfort turned out to be a big thing, but there's also things that have to do with how many hours you wear them that we weren't going to get in our tests because people were only willing to put a short amount of time into them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We spent a good three to four hours over multiple sessions practicing our user study in a lab.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We just had to go through a huge amount of testing. It was also really hard to recruit people and the students who stepped up to go into the hospital system and do the tests.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, the next challenge I want to mention is design approval. So the main path for getting these approved is through the NIH 3D Print Exchange. Uhm, and this could get you what's called clinical approval.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Overall, however, of everything that was submitted to the NIH, uhm, 500, over 500, uhm, items were submitted and 517 were never checked or there's no info about them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, only 34 were reviewed for clinical use and approved for clinical use. 28 were optimized for community use, meaning that you could give them to like restaurant workers or grocery store workers, but not to a hospital. And 32 actually got a warning as explicitly tagged as potentially unsafe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Among our designs, two were actually reviewed and approved for clinical use, and as I mentioned, others never made it through the process even.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, the other approval process that you have to go through is NIOSH for the kind of PPE we were creating and in particular, we can't deploy our N95 masks because they have to go through NIOSH approval and NIOSH never got around to making a fast-tracked version of this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, in order to get the N95 masks approved, we need to do a fit test, uhm, with at least 25 participants with face sizes falling into these different buckets. Uhm, and 50% must pass, so that's not the barrier. We can do that. What's harder is we need to use a testing rig.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and we need a company, a for-profit company to get involved. There is no way for an academic unit or a team like ours to even enter the process without a company. So this is still in progress.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Be reused and this came up most often in the, in the mask fit to face domain because there's so many different uses for that once you have it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so it wasn't long before we switched from this design at top left, which really can only be used in one way with one kind of N95 filter, to something that was modular.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which had the advantage that we could, for example, put different kinds of filters on it, or even, as I mentioned earlier, do something like a non-webreather that was completely different from the original goal for that design.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course the tools that we had for developing this didn't specifically support this kind of modularity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Would allow a approval, say, for a mask that fits a face to go to be done once and then have that connected to many different devices. Uhm, that's not something that's easily supported by tools yet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The last thing I want to mention as a challenge is longitudinal viability. This is not something that we studied in the COVID case, but what I'm showing here is actually the cello recital of a boy who has a limb difference. He's wearing this device that you see on the left that's marked 2015. He's actually wearing


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The exact same device. Uhm, we updated it, uhm, within about three or four months with a slightly different connector for the bow holder. But what you're seeing in this 2020 image is actually what his mom had to do when he outgrew the original gauntlet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we're trying to work with her to get her to measure his arms so that we can produce a new gauntlet for her. But the idea that uhm, I mean first of all this is a success, right? It was used for five years straight by this boy, but secondly, again the process itself doesn't naturally support these kinds of updates over time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What can we do to address these? Of course being a technologist, that's where I want to go next, or first even.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I do believe that there are places that we could do better. Uhm, so for example, we could think about increasing support for prototyping in the design process, and I'll talk a little bit about some of the work we've done there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think there's a huge number of open problems here and I'm not gonna have time nor do I have the results in this talk to tell you what the answer is to all of these. But if we're serious about 3D printing and other fabrication technologies, leaving the lab and the hobbyist space, we're gonna have to think about these kinds of things in order to make it to the next level.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm just going to focus on this, uhm, actually the top two here today. Uhm, and I want to talk a little bit more about prototyping. So I showed this image of a paper cup.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lego. And the reason is that uhm, actually comes down to measurement, which I'll talk about a little bit more in a second. It's hard to know how long the gauntlet and the bow holder needed to be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In order to support cello playing effectively for this young man. Uhm, and it turns out that the length of your arm


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, helped lead a study on Mechanical Turk a few years ago where we asked people to measure known items at least two ways, just randomly, whoever signed up in Mechanical Turk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And people were really bad at it. It was, they were bad even if we hadn't asked them to do it twice with two different devices.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And these are just some examples of things that were heard. So sometimes it was the tool being used, and that's what you see here with this sewing ruler that is flexible. It has a bump in it, right? So that's going to affect accuracy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another issue is, uhm, shown in the, the second two photos is that it's not always clear what to measure. So here,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this other case, we're measuring the diameter of the bottom of this bulb, but because it is not a straight edge, it's not clear if you want the inner or the outer diameter of these threads, right? Uhm, and so there's a bunch of knowledge that we might assume but not see in people who need to do measuring that's missing here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And people's knowledge of how to use a protractor or otherwise how to measure angle was just, just non-existent, right? I mean, it just wasn't there. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a lot of issues with measuring, uh, and it comes up again and again. And every time I talk about it as a research problem, as I said, I get pushback from people who say, well, this is not a hard problem. And maybe it's like the Star Trek doors. It's that kind of thing that is really hard, but looks easy and therefore hard to focus on in research, but it is definitely not solved.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That required softness was, uhm, a post-hoc assembly process, right? And masks comfort over many hours on your face really would benefit from softness. Actually it was a running joke in our group because the best fit to face was almost inevitably when, uhm, when, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jeff Lipton, who led the face mask work, would put a piece of plastic, he just took like 2mm plastic and cut out, you know, a breathing hole and then just used it as a skirt on various things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But really it made a huge difference in how comfortable and how closely things fit face when we put that there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The next thing I want to talk about is medical grade CAD and what that might look like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The kinds of things that we need to be able to do in CAD in order to keep track of things like testing, clinical validity, have to do with parameterization, modularity, requirements, specification, and supporting all of that in ways that are familiar to, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we see that things like bounding boxes, uhm, or molding to a shape or swept pads are examples of things that are done a lot in many different contexts. So in the parts project that Megan led, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we did was we developed a library of reusable parts so you could select something from the library such as an adjustable cup holder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most importantly, it was also pre-configured with a set of modular things that represent not only the part but also how it interacts with the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So these see-through models represent a pipe, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a cup in the context of a workshop where we ask people to make cup holders that could clamp onto their bicycle using a pipe clamp.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The pipe that the pipe clamp is holding is intersecting the cup.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, although neither of those are part of the actual model, it's critical to know that they intersect because it's not going to work on your bike to put your cup in if it hits your handlebar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here's an example of a, uhm, a usable version of this cup holder. It's not pretty, but it's demonstrating what's doable in terms of using these kinds of assertions and other aspects of parts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and when we ran a workshop with people who were either using Fusion 360 or parts, we saw that their ability to get all the, all the way to a functional print was much higher. Uhm, so the purple bars are, are, are tool parts and the yellow bars are the parts of the process.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many people have told me in criticisms of this work that such facilities do exist in CAD tools today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But lower the bar to using it, right? I think of this work as a little bit like end user programming for CAD. What can we do to bring software engineering principles into CAD in a way that is supportive of people who are not as expert? That's what we're trying to accomplish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, another thing we might want to be able to let people do is specify requirements. So these, uhm, these models have some requirements built into them in a CAD sense, like the possibility for a pipe to go through a certain amount of space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the idea that we're exploring here is whether we can develop a pipeline for optimization that can let people, uhm, choose tactics for improving a design and objectives, which are essentially requirements for what that design should do, and have that work in a general optimization pipeline. And we did that in the context of knitting, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what we do is we let people select among a library of objectives. We haven't yet worked out how somebody might, using end user programming tools, specify those objectives. But those objectives tell us things like, this lampshade should be tighter around the top and the bottom, and it should be see-through in the middle, and things like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then tactics. Tactics are different kinds of knit stitches in this case that you could substitute for what's called plain knit or stockinette that would help achieve these goals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Take a map that connects objectives and tactics, so you need to tell the system what tactics are likely to help you get closer to the objective, in other words. And the rest is automated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and here's a picture of sort of the pattern also being broken up into pieces.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For this lampshade, what we eventually knit was a tube that had a tighter structure at the top and bottom and stripes along the sides. And so we actually specified different objectives and tactics for each of these four different kinds of pieces in the pattern. And the result matched our goal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, lots of people will start working on that because I think there's a lot to do to get to the next level of fabrication work. Sorry James, I didn't say much about Create, but I covered lots of other ground today. Happy to take questions now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, uhm, I don't think I have a great answer to that. Uhm, I will say that the UW test force was conceived and run by the UW hospital, uhm, system, the medical school, and uhm, they had a really clear goal at the beginning, which had to do with trying to make sure that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They did not run out of PPE, right? I mean, that was the first goal and, and, you know, it's one of the bigger hospitals in the area, but it was also, that was where it was safe to send things if they had been approved by our group.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and we did run into some issues later when we wanted to distribute more broadly also with just concerns about liability and other things. I think that the center of mass of Make for COVID, although there were academics involved, was outside of the university and medical system. And so I think they had the freedom to do things differently.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The other thing that I think is really critical was that for better or for worse, uhm, they just had buy-in of the maker community in a way that we did not achieve. And I think we were a little bit late reaching out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Perhaps, uhm, but there were, there ended up being parallel efforts in Seattle and, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not, I don't think either group would have willingly handed the other the reins, and, and it wasn't clear how to collaborate without doing that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I think good people trying to do good things in both places, but just really, really different outcomes. Good question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Was equally comfortable with those tools and, or even using them. And then on top of that, when we started to go out into the field, like to do tests in the hospital, getting Google forms working properly, counting on network connectivity in the hospitals,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Being able to get people to upload photos they took off their phones, those all ended up being challenges. So for all of the like progress that we've made with tools, some fairly old challenges are still very much present in our efforts to work together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We also needed to deal with differences in hardware, so shipping files around from site to site was okay, but not necessarily sufficient for making sure that we had things fully replicated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How well tools build trust? I'm not sure it's tools. I think it's time and face to face communication that is still at the core of getting communities connected and building their trust and ability to connect with each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, although there were also security issues, so like make for COVID, for example, had a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I guess I'm, I don't feel like I'm really answering your question because I don't think I know the answer, but I do think that being, you know, like realistic about the fact that there's still age-old challenges. Age-old is unfair. Computers haven't been around that long, but you know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, that's a really good question. Uhm, so Adriana Schultz, for example, who's the, the graphics professor who was doing, uh, leading the gown design effort, she ended up talking to REI.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At one point and other companies about manufacturing, but the issue was that the uhm, the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sourcing for these things wasn't working, right? So this maybe was a really unique thing to that moment in time, but there just wasn't, there weren't enough


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With the mask and 95 work, we were trying to figure out ways of reducing the amount of filter material that was needed so that you could cut up a mask if you had it and put it into that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that was what was driving that work was this need to do sort of hyper local production in the absence of a supply chain that was functioning properly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, it was explicitly a choice, uhm, in our group not to put this stuff on places like Thingiverse, but a lot of stuff did show up on Thingiverse and a lot of design variants came out of that. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I do think that, uhm, sharing ideas is possible on Thingiverse. In our interviews with makers in the past, uhm, who worked in the medical system, there was a lot of concern about sharing models for things that might put them in a situation where they had liability.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, it was okay to share within their institution, similar to sort of what we had in the Seattle domain, but not necessarily outside the institution. What was more, people were more interested in sharing was learning, uhm, outside the institution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think that if we had better tools for being able to describe what was a use of something that stayed within the clinically valid range for parameters of that thing, it might be more feasible to share things more widely.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so Megan talks a lot to me about clinical CAD and what that might look like and whether we could.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, there was eagerness to work together. It was actually, for me personally, I don't think I've ever been part of such a large group of faculty who are mostly doing their own work. Students, usually you do the work for us, right? Uhm, it was, it was a really interesting experience and uhm, there was a ton of back and forth


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Work of like, how do we do this? The level of support for getting things into the hospital to do the testing was super high.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People were really eager to bring ideas to the team. We met weekly as a group to discuss what new needs were developing that we might be able to address.