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[Assistant] And taking the oath to govern the Lone Islands in accordance with the old customs, rights, usages, and laws of Narnia. And Cassian said, I think we've had enough of governors. And made Byrne a duke, the duke of the Lone Islands. As for you, my lord, he said to Gumpus, I forgive you your debt for the tribute, but before noon tomorrow, you and yours must be out of the castle.


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[Assistant] But suppose all you gentlemen stop play-acting and we do a little business. The question before us really is, the question is, said the Duke.


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[Assistant] Whether you and the rest of the ravel will leave without a flogging or with one, you may choose which you prefer. When all this had been pleasantly settled, Caspian ordered horses, of which there were a few in the castle, though very ill-groomed, and he, with Byrne and Drinion and a few others, rode out into the town and made for the slave market. It was a long low building near the harbour.


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[Assistant] Under 25 years of age, not a bad two to his head. Good brawny fellow. Take off his shirt, tax him at the gentleman's fee.


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[Assistant] Ten presents from the gentleman in the corner. You must be joking, sir. Fifteen. Eighteen.


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[Assistant] When he saw the male clad figures who had clanked up to the platform. On your knees!


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[Assistant] Every man of you to the King of Narnia, said the Duke. Everyone heard the horses jingling and stamping outside.


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[Assistant] And many had heard some rumour of the landing and the events at the castle. Most obeyed. Those who did not were pulled down by their neighbours. Some cheered.


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[Assistant] Your life is forfeit, pug, for laying hands on our royal person yesterday, said Caspian. But your ignorance is pardoned.


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[Assistant] The slave trade was forbidden in our dominions quarter of an hour ago. I declare every slave in this market free. He held up his hand to check the cheering of the slaves and went on. Where are my friends?


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[Assistant] That dear little girl and the nice young gentleman, said Pug with an ingratiating smile, why they were snapped up at once.


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[Assistant] We're here! We're here, Caspian! Cried Lucy and Edmund together, and... At your service, Sire! Pipe to leave it cheap from another corner. They had all been sold, but the men who had bought them...


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[Assistant] And there was great hand casping and greeting between them and Caspian. Two merchants of Calaman at once approached. The Calaman have dark faces and long beards. They wear flowing robes and orange colored turbans. And they are a wise, wealthy, courteous, cruel and ancient people.


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[Assistant] They bowed most politely to Caspian and paid him long compliments. All about the fountains of prosperity, irrigating the gardens of prudence and virtue, and things like that. But of course, what they wanted was the money they had paid. That is only fair, sirs, said Caspian. Every man who was bought a slave today must have his money back. Fug, bring out your takings to the last minim. A minim?


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[Assistant] Does your good majesty mean to beggar me? whined Pug. You have lived on broken hearts all your life, said Caspian. And if you are beggared, it is better to be a beggar than a slave. But where is my other friend? Oh, him, said Pug. Oh, take him and welcome. Glad to have him off me hands.


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[Assistant] I've never seen you do drug in the market in all my born days.


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[Assistant] Priced him, but five presents in the end and even so no beer have him.


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[Assistant] For though no one will want to be sold as a slave, it is perhaps even more galling to be a sort of utility slave whom no one will buy. He walked up to Caspian and said, I see, as usual. Been enjoying yourself somewhere while the rest of us were prisoners? I suppose you haven't even found out about the British Consul? Of course not.


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[Assistant] That night they had a great feast in the castle of Narrow Haven. And then...


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[Assistant] Said Weepy Cheep, when he had made his bows to everyone and went to bed.


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[Assistant] But it could not really be tomorrow or anything like it.


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[Assistant] For now they were preparing to leave all known lands and seas behind them, and the fullest preparations had to be made.


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[Assistant] The Dawn Treader was emptied and drawn on land by eight horses over rollers, and every pitiful was gone over by the most skilled shipwrights.


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[Assistant] Then she was launched again and whittled and watered as full as she could hold, that is to say for 28 days. Even this, as Edmund noticed with disappointment, only gave them a fortnight's eastward sailing before they had to abandon their quest. While all this was being done,


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[Assistant] Caspian missed no chance of questioning all the oldest sea captains whom he could find in Narrowhaven.


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[Assistant] To learn if they had any knowledge or even any rumors of land further to the east.


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[Assistant] He poured out many a flagon of the castle ale to weather-beaten men with short grey beards and clear blue eyes, and many a tall yarn he heard in return. But those who seemed the most truthful could tell of no lands beyond the lone islands, and many thought that if you sailed too far east


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[Assistant] You would come into the surges of a sea without land.


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[Assistant] That swirled perpetually around the rim of the world.


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[Assistant] But that's beyond the end of the world and you can't get there. But when they questioned him, he could only say that he'd heard it from his father.


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[Assistant] And seeing the sun come up out of the sea, and sometimes it looked as if it were only a couple of miles away. And I wondered about my friends.


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[Assistant] This closing the slave market might make a new world. War with Kalaman is what I foresee. My liege, think again. I have an oath, my lord duke, said Caspian. And anyway, what could I say to repeat it?


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[Assistant] Though perhaps as small as my stature.


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[Assistant] Why do you not draw your own sword, Paltrune? Cheap.


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[Assistant] When they reached Miraz's tent, they saw Edmund and his two companions seated outside it and being entertained with cakes and wine, having already delivered the challenge and withdrawn while the king was considering it.


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[Assistant] When they saw them thus at close quarters, the two Telmarine lords thought all three of them very alarming.


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[Assistant] Inside, they found Miraz, unarmed and finishing his breakfast.


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[Assistant] His face was flushed and there was a scowl on his brow. There! He growled, flinging the parchment across the table to them. See what a pack of nursery tales our jack-and-apes of a nephew has sent us!


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[Assistant] If the young warrior whom we have just seen outside is the King Edmund mentioned in the writing, then I would not call him a nursery tale, but a very dangerous knight. King Edmund!


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[Assistant] Does your lordship believe those old wives' fables by Peter and Edmund and the rest?


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[Assistant] I believe my eyes, Your Majesty," said Glozell.


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[Assistant] Well, this is to no purpose, said Miraz, but as touching the challenge, I suppose there is only one opinion between us. I suppose so indeed, Shire, said Lozel. And what is that? asked the King.


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[Assistant] Most infallibly to refuse it, said Lozel, for though I have never been called a coward, I must plainly say that to meet that young man in battle is more than my heart would serve me for. And if, as is likely, his brother, the High King, is more dangerous than he, why, on your life, my Lord King, have nothing to do with him.


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[Assistant] Plague on you, cried Miraz. It was not that sort of council I wanted. Do you think I am asking you if I should be afraid to meet this Peter? If there is such a man, do you think I fear him?


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[Assistant] I wanted your counsel of the policy of the matter, whether we, having the advantage, should hazard it on a wager of battle.


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[Assistant] To which I can only answer, your majesty, said Lozel, that for all reasons the challenge should be refused. There is death in the strange knight's face.


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[Assistant] There you are again, said Miraz, now thoroughly angry. Are you trying to make it appear that I am as great a coward as your lordship?


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[Assistant] You talk like an old woman, Glozell, said the king. What say you, my lord, subespion?


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[Assistant] Do not touch it, sire, was the reply. And what your majesty says of the policy of the thing comes in very happily. It gives your majesty excellent grounds for a refusal without any cause for questioning your majesty's honor or courage.


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[Assistant] Great heaven! exclaimed Miraz, jumping to his feet. Are you also bewitched today? Do you think I'm looking for grounds to refuse it? You might as well call me a coward to my face.


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[Assistant] The conversation was going exactly as the two lords wished, so they said nothing.


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[Assistant] You are as lily-livered as hair as yourselves, and have the effrontery to imagine my heart after the likeness of yours. Drowns for a refusal, indeed. Excuses for not fighting. Are you soldiers? Are you Telmarines? Are you men?


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[Assistant] And if I do refuse it, as all good reasons of captaincy and martial policy urge me to do, you will think and teach others to think I was afraid? Is it not so?


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[Assistant] No man of your majesty's age, said Glozell, would be called coward by any wise soldier for refusing the combat with a great warrior in the flower of his youth.


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[Assistant] I had meant to refuse it, but I'll accept it, do you hear? Accept it! I'll not be shamed because some witchcraft or treason has frozen both your bloods.


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[Assistant] We beseech your majesty, said Lozel, but Miraz had flung out of the tent and they could hear him bawling out his acceptance to Edmund.


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[Assistant] The two lords looked at one another and chuckled quietly.


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[Assistant] I knew he'd do it if he were properly chafed, said Lozel, but I'll not forget he called me coward. It shall be paid for.


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[Assistant] There was a great stirring at Aslan's Howl when the news came back and was communicated to the various creatures.


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[Assistant] Edmund, with one of Miraz's captains, had already marked out the place for the combat, and ropes and stakes had been put round it.


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[Assistant] Two Telmarines were to stand at two of the corners and one in the middle of one side as marshals of the lists.


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[Assistant] Three marshals for the other two corners, and the other side were to be furnished by the High King.


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[Assistant] Peter was just explaining to Caspian that he could not be one because his right to the throne was what they were fighting about, when suddenly a thick, sleepy voice said, Your Majesty, please.


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[Assistant] To be sure so you are, and a good bear too, I don't doubt, said Peter. Yes, said the bear.


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[Assistant] But it was always a right of the bears to supply one marshal of the lists. Don't let him.


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[Assistant] Whispered Trumpkin to Peter, he's a good creature, but he'll shame us all, you go to sleep. And he will suck his paws, in front of the enemy too. I can't help that, said Peter, because he's quite right. The bears had that privilege. I can't imagine how it has been remembered all these years when so many other things have been forgotten. Please, Your Majesty, said the bear.


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[Assistant] It is your right, said Peter, and you shall be one of the marshals, but you must remember not to suck your paws.


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[Assistant] Of course not, said the bear in a very shocked voice.


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[Assistant] Why you're doing it this minute, bellowed Trumpkin. The bear whipped his paw out of his mouth and pretended he hadn't heard. Sir! came a shrill voice from near the ground.


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[Assistant] Ah, reepy cheap, said Peter after looking up and down and round as people usually did when addressed by the mouse.


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[Assistant] Sire, my life is ever at your command, but my honor is my own. Sire, I have among my people the only trumpeter in your majesty's army. I had thought perhaps we might have been sent with the challenge. Sire, my people are grieved. Perhaps if it were your pleasure that I should be a marshal of the lists, it would content them.


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[Assistant] A noise not unlike thunder broke out from somewhere overhead at this point as giant Wimblewether burst into one of those not very intelligent laughs to which the nicer sorts of giant are so liable.


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[Assistant] He checked himself at once and looked as grave as a turnip by the time Reepy Cheep discovered where the noise came from.


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[Assistant] I'm afraid it would not do, said Peter very gravely. Some humans are afraid of mice. I had observed it, sire, said Reepy Cheep.


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[Assistant] And it would not be quite fair to Miraz, Peter continued, to have in sight anything that might abate the urge of his courage.


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[Assistant] Your majesty is the mirror of honor, said the mouse with one of his admirable bows. And on this matter we have but a single mind. I thought I heard someone laughing just now. If anyone present wishes to make me the subject of his wit, I'm very much at his service, with my sword, whenever he has leisure.


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[Assistant] An awful silence followed this remark, which was broken by Peter saying, Giant Wimbleweather and the Bear and the Centaur Glen Storm shall be our marshals. The combat will be at two hours afternoon. Dinner at noon precisely. I say, said Edmund as they walked away, I suppose it is all right. I mean, I suppose you can beat him. That's what I'm fighting him to find out, said Peter.


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[Assistant] For over 30 years, Mr. Edwards was my beloved husband, and our uncommon union was less times 11 when you children were given into our home. How then I can now live without my dear companion, I cannot say. I know only that nothing can separate us from the love of Christ, neither death nor life, nor angels nor principalities.


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[Assistant] No height, nor depth, nor anything else in all creation will be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus, our Lord.


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[Assistant] There must needs be no harder discipline for the wife of a pastor to learn than to endure unjust criticism. Holy scripture instructs us to welcome the rod, for only a fool rejects a rebuke.


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[Assistant] That instruction which came to us, which meant us well, was indeed welcome in our home on King Street. But oh merciful Father,


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[Assistant] How much I had to suffer to learn to bear up under those slanders of the tongue which misjudged my husband or meant him harm.


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[Assistant] Absorbed in his books, Mr. Edwards paid little notice.


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[Assistant] Solomon's daughter had preached without pause for some 59 years upon our arrival. And after his passing, less than two years hence,


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[Assistant] Some of the picking was petty and I can easily look back on it without pain.


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[Assistant] Nor did he often remember to announce works of the parish or remark upon significant occasions within the community.


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[Assistant] Mr. Edwards liked the hymns of Isaac Watts and Mr. Wesley, and he encouraged their singing. Oh, some said.


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[Assistant] Perhaps be forgiven for overlooking the more mundane matters of men, one would think.


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[Assistant] Truth be told, my husband was often so engrossed in his meditations that he failed to fully fasten upon those things or personages who were right before him.


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[Assistant] There were many times of great merriment around our table on King Street and also seasons of great spiritual blessing. 1734 was such a time.


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[Assistant] In that year of 1735, a dread epidemic of throat distemper caused many to depart this life in Northampton. An invasion of crows caused great alarm and two men of our community, Thomas Stebbins and Joseph Hawley the senior, attempted death at their own hands. Mr. Hawley succeeded. The spirit of God was gradually withdrawing, wrote Mr. Edwards.


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[Assistant] A heaviness that seemed too great a weight to lift.


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[Assistant] The stream of visitors threatened to burst through the fragile dam of my sensibilities just as the gallery at the meeting house collapsed under the weight of the people that same year.


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[Assistant] Our daughters, as well as our sons, were taught Latin and Greek, rhetoric and fine penmanship, as well as Jewish and church history in the Old and the Newer Testaments. Every family ought to be a little church, we felt.


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[Assistant] Mr. Edwards was asked to bring the evening message in a friend's church in Enfield, Connecticut. And with little notice, he selected for his manuscript a sermon he had prepared the month before for our own congregation.


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[Assistant] When I first heard my husband bring this message in Northampton, I remarked to myself that this theme of judgment and the horrors of hell was not in keeping with his usual writings. My husband's most favored noun was sweetness.


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[Assistant] And he spoke often of the love and mercy of the God he served. The way he spoke this message forth, however, was in keeping.


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[Assistant] For my husband believed that the scriptures themselves had the power to bring forth sinners to repentance. And he did not much like to raise his voice nor wave his arms. He felt it right to appeal to the minds of his listeners, not to their excitabilities. In Northampton, the sermon was quietly delivered and complacently received.


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[Assistant] One month hence in Connecticut, my husband used these same pictures to describe the supreme justice of God.


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[Assistant] The bow of God's wrath is bent and the arrow made ready on the string.


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[Assistant] It was said that a revival broke out in Enfield that day. That faith, sleeping, had roused itself from slumber once more. Could it be true?


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[Assistant] That even those of us assured of the security of our salvation need to be at times roused from our spiritual slumbers?


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[Assistant] The very next year marked such an awakening for me.


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[Assistant] Was subject to and at times almost over-born with a severe melancholy.


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[Assistant] I felt bereaved of the very two things that mattered most to me. Our reputation and good name among men and the approval of Mr. Edwards himself. He cared so little for these things. I cared too much.


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[Assistant] All my life, I had tried to serve Christ.


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[Assistant] But for the first time, I felt such intense love for him and so much delight in praising him that I could hardly forbear.


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[Assistant] Our, whoever grew ever fuller with the products of the love which Mr. Edwards and I shared. Eunice came to us in 43, followed two years hence by young Jonathan, on a Sunday mind you, and then Elizabeth, and at last tiny Pierpont. And what years those were. Eleven children were now the fruit of our union.


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[Assistant] And from Mr. Edward's mind and quill came books that were much remarked upon in the colonies and in the motherland, though he considered them but


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[Assistant] Simple thoughts or treatises upon the present state of religion and religious affections.


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[Assistant] And as for the God whom we loved and served, He foresaw what we would also suffer in those years.


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[Assistant] And it seemed to me that he had awakened us that we might be fully alert and prepared to endure what was to come.


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[Assistant] If the people of God do not fully know their teachers, tis one thing. But if the people of God do not know Him, tis quite another. The present difficulty lay.


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[Assistant] In my husband's growing conviction that he could not, in good conscience, admit any to church membership who did not profess an experience of conversion. His grandfather and predecessor, the Reverend's daughter, had allowed to meet the people halfway in this matter. As long as a person was not of scandalous repute, he or she could join the church and even partake of Holy Communion.


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[Assistant] Mr. Edwards however, could no longer accept this moral compromise.


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[Assistant] While allowing the unawakened to become communicants of the Church was to please people, he felt, while displeasing God. His firm beliefs and understanding of Holy Scripture would no longer allow him to permit such a thing.


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[Assistant] But there was one among our very household who not only understood, but shared in David's compassion for the Indians. And that was our second daughter, Jerusha.


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[Assistant] My husband called Jerusha the flower of our family.


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[Assistant] My husband put forth the 15th of October of 1749 as a day of fasting and prayer throughout our parish. But the people would have none of it.


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[Assistant] All that mattered most to us was not His to have, nor any man nor woman's. We were hidden in Christ with God, and never was He near or dear to us. When a husband and wife are hard pressed on every side,


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[Assistant] Mr. Edwards was never more so my dear companion as in those difficult days.


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[Assistant] Our eleventh child, who we named after my father's family, was born to us that spring of 1750. Pinty arrived, of course, on a Sunday. How good it was.


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[Assistant] And our neighbor, Timothy Dwight, for many years.


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[Assistant] How much there is in life for which we praise our God, even in times of the deepest travails, though my body was weakened by fever.


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[Assistant] When the rhododendrons were in full bloom in early June, Sarah married Elihu in our front parlor.


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[Assistant] How can I be bitter about such a thing? I cannot. For the people wish to be separated from us.


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[Assistant] There was no power on earth that could separate us from the love of God. How we praised him for his nearness to us.


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[Assistant] Despite the loss of all that we had once held so dear, our friend and neighbor, the Reverend Hall of Sutton,


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[Assistant] Tried to speak to the people into the Hampshire Association of Churches on our behalf, but he was shouted down. One voice rose in opposition.


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[Assistant] One voice that presented arguments so uncharitable and so full of slanderous imputations that that voice drowned out all the rest. The voice was that of Joseph Hawley.


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[Assistant] The Lord giveth and the Lord taketh away. Blessed be the name of the Lord.


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[Assistant] Seated in my customary spot facing the congregation that warm day, I recall taking my fan and laying it firmly in my lap.


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[Assistant] Who is a preacher without a parish? He is still God's own.


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[Assistant] We did not know at first what would become of us, but we entrusted our future into the hands of the one to whom we all one day must give account. In the Hebrew, he is known as Jehovah Jireh, our provider, and provide for us. He certainly did. Mr. Edwards was not without opportunity. A parish in Virginia colony was eager to have him.


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[Assistant] Such was the case with our dismissal from the parish in Northampton. It was the very next year that the Spirit of God led us to Stockbridge.


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[Assistant] Is a mission outpost on the western frontier of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Our first parish was one of prestige and prosperity. But our second gave our family something far more rare. Peace.


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[Assistant] The children and I were well pleased with this situation.


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[Assistant] Then a man of my husband's learning, whose manuscripts were found in the libraries of Europe, was now preaching to the Indians. But our God makes no mistake.


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[Assistant] The Apostle Peter reminds us to count it not strange when we suffer trials of various kinds.


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[Assistant] We never hid from our children the fact that there is indeed vinegar in life.


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[Assistant] We knew that even our fierce love for them could not spare them from the blaming and the losses that accompany life's journey. Once we reach our final destination, all will be well, but we are not yet home.


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[Assistant] This was the assurance that held our Sarah in 1751 when our first grandson died in his infancy. And our daughter's arms ached with the emptiness that a mother feels when she loses a child.


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[Assistant] Our love alone could not fill the empty arms of our daughters, but we knew one whose love could. The eternal God is our refuge and underneath are the everlasting arms.


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[Assistant] Where my husband has gone to assume the post of the presidency of the college there following the death of our son-in-law. How difficult it was for Mr. Edwards and myself to make this decision.


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[Assistant] Mr. Edwards has never been one to manifest much outward sentiment, preferring the persuasion of reason instead.


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[Assistant] But on his last Sabbath day here in Stockbridge a few weeks past, he chose as his text the 20th chapter of Acts.


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[Assistant] And for reasons I did not fully understand, he spoke of our eternal home. His precise words were, we have no continuing city, therefore let us seek one to come. He ceased his message and went to the door, moved as I have never seen him.


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[Assistant] I am hardly sorry for the occasion of my writing to you by this express.


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[Assistant] Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? Shall tribulation or distress or persecution or famine or nakedness or peril or sword? Nay.


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[Assistant] In all these things, we are more than conquerors to him that loved us, for I am persuaded that neither death nor life


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[Assistant] Nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, nor height, nor depth, nor any


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[Assistant] But a secondary fever has proved too strong for his feeble frame. And this afternoon, between two and three o'clock, it pleased God to let him sleep.


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[Assistant] Oh. Copper, huh? The city's being flooded with stolen merchandise, Donnie. Especially textiles. So I hear. And you have quite a large stock of textiles over there. I bought them. Then you perhaps could explain to the DA where and how much you


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[Assistant] You fellows run along without me. I just remembered I'm a C. Richardson. Excellent idea. Wish I'd remembered too. Give him our love.


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[Assistant] This is it, you just left it out of your distributor. I thought I better do it for you so the police wouldn't catch you.


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[Assistant] If you ever lose it, apply to the nearest German parachutists. They undoubtedly carry duplicates. They're quite thorough, you know.


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[Assistant] Yes, so I am. Now that we've run into each other again, perhaps you'll have supper with me.


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[Assistant] Rather stupid of me. I suppose I should have considered that possibility, but I didn't. I doubt if your husband would approve of my dismantling your distributor.


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[Assistant] I see I've made a bunch of this all over again. Nevertheless, I've enjoyed meeting you once more. Goodbye.


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[Assistant] However, on second thought, since your husband isn't here yet, you may as well sit down and have a cigarette.


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[Assistant] Oh, I don't see how he could. I'd rather imagine he'd think the joke was on me. You have a cigarette?


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[Assistant] Well there's something to that. You know, you've completely ruined my weekend.


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[Assistant] You've no idea how lovely it can be in Kent at this time of year. Then I expected his goodbye. Goodbye.


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[Assistant] Shall we take the shortcut back to the house? It's likely to prove the longest way.


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[Assistant] Yes, I must admit he was a little difficult about that. Kept asking, is she a good dancer?


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[Assistant] Of course it might be better to break Oklahoma to him by degrees. Does that clear up everything?


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[Assistant] Of course. Fake had happened before you knew me. That's nearly poor timing on Bates' part.


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[Assistant] They just brought in one of his squadron, a chap named O'Brien, who bailed out south of Dunkirk and was picked up on a launch. He saw Tim shoot down two MEs and then get a burst himself. O'Brien thinks there's a chance he might have bailed out.


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[Assistant] Easy to overlook someone in a crowd like this. Look, you stay here near this gang bank. I'll go over there near the other one.


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[Assistant] Congratulations, Baker. Getting through and all that sort of thing. Oh, thank you, sir.


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[Assistant] Of large-scale German troop concentrations along the Dutch and Belgian frontiers.


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[Assistant] Let me ask you about some of the countries that won't be on the list. Afghanistan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia


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[Assistant] Three to five million illegal votes. That would be the biggest electoral fraud in American history. Where is the evidence of that?


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[Assistant] I feel like if you went to lunch with Natalie Portman, she would only order a hot tea with lemon and maybe some toast. Definitely not an entree though.


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[Assistant] Father's paper. Maybe there's some information here I could use.


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[Assistant] Come to my office and report, dunglar. And you, Edmund. Will you be needing me, Mr. Morell? Go.


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[Assistant] I would ask who you are, but in view of your shredded clothes and the fact that the Chateau d'If is two miles away, what's the point? As for me, I am Luigi Vampa. A smuggler and a thief.


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[Assistant] My men and I have come to this island to bury alive one of our number who attempted to keep some stolen gold for himself instead of sharing it with his comrades.


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[Assistant] Interestingly enough, there are some of his more loyal friends who are insisting that I grant him mercy. Which of course I cannot do, or I will quickly lose control of the whole crew. That's why you are such a fortunate find.


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[Assistant] We welcome him back to the crew. If you win, I have given Jacopo the chance to leave, even if he did not take advantage of it, and you can take his place on the board.


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[Assistant] Oh, and by the way, Jakobo is the best knife fighter I've ever seen.


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[Assistant] Make it my birthday present, Father. Please. I won't get into trouble. No. Of course you can go.


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[Assistant] You must come to Paris to meet my parents, so that they may thank you in person. Unfortunately, I cannot. Business, you see. Please! It is a matter of honour.


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[Assistant] Very well. Excellent. I could be there just in time. In time, Paul?


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[Assistant] Trump blamed the media again for underestimating the number of people who attended his inauguration. This despite these photos taken from the Washington monument showing smaller crowds than during Barack Obama's inauguration in 2009.


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[Assistant] Shut up, you dirty louse. Lay off that kid.


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[Assistant] Murphy. Take this down to Callahan, death house guard room. Yes, sir.


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[Assistant] The district attorney at Moreland has just reached me long distance. Said they have new evidence to prove Walter's innocence. I want to stay the execution. I'll, uh, send her a brief tomorrow, pending an investigation for a full part.


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[Assistant] Find out who's alive, keep me posted. If Walters is living...


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[Assistant] Uhm, alright Billy, so one of my favorite songs is uhm, I Wish You Were Gay.


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[Assistant] And it took me about 20 times to figure out that you were actually counting in that song. Yes. So we're gonna play Counting with Billy.


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[Assistant] You have. Number eleven. Uh, you're gonna hate me for this. Eleven clothing brands you wear.


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[Assistant] There you go. Alright, maybe this is a little easier. 10 things for food that you have on your bus. On my bus. 10 foods that are on your bus.


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[Assistant] Nine of your favorite places you've visited while touring.


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[Assistant] I love that you're so into this. Thank you so much. I just want to give you good answers, you know. I appreciate you doing that.


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[Assistant] Alright, there you go. Maggie. Thank you so much for coming up, by the way. Alright, we're getting down the line.


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[Assistant] Okay, so name five Spice Girls, which is all of them.


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[Assistant] I appreciate it a lot. Alright, last one. One life-changing moment of your career. Sheesh. I know there's a lot.


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[Assistant] Girl, we are so glad you stopped by. Thank you so much. Don't forget to check out Billy on the downtown stage at 920 and then next Saturday, Saturday Night Live, season premiere. Yeeees.


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[Assistant] Shout out to the who that nation man has been queuing the thing. Much love to the fam. Appreciate you guys. Please feel free to hit the like button, hit the subscribe button. And by all means, feel free to share the show's link on your social media feed me up in this thing. Shout out to the fam. As you can see, man, we can't seem to get away from what's going on.


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[Assistant] With Mr. Grootness, he came in and kinda showed some game.


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[Assistant] On what was going on, uh, with how the saints can better use Derek Carr and their


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[Assistant] Offensive system being that Gruden got the most out of Carr, but this, his visit with the Saints.


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[Assistant] Not too long ago could cause some issues. So let's get into it from front office sports. They shared this.


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[Assistant] Thought process on Gruden entitled, could John Gruden's work with the saints impact NFL loss? How do you mean visit the saints practice?


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[Assistant] Let's get into this article by AJ Perez, just another, uh, level into this as like we talked about his appearance in practice a couple of weeks ago.


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[Assistant] Conduct detrimental, end quote, language out of the NFL constitution and bylaws. And in turn, NFL argued.


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[Assistant] That the case should be compelled to arbitration in the reply brief filed in Nevada State Supreme Court on Tuesday. Now Gruden entered his record setting employment agreement with the full knowledge of the commissioner's role.


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[Assistant] Any NFL and express approval that he may oversee any future arbitration.


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[Assistant] Wow, that was one of the FL lawyers that wrote that in the brief that raises a couple of questions. If the leak racist, misogynistic and homophobic emails were enough to trigger the resonation of Gruden as a head coach.


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[Assistant] Of the Las Vegas Raiders back in October of 2021, why was there no apparent punishment of Gruden by the NFL?


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[Assistant] And could the NFL have even punished Gruden since those emails were sent between 2011 and 2018 when he was working at ESPN as an NFL analyst.


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[Assistant] The NFL did not attach a declaration from Goodell or any evidence supporting their theory that the conduct alleged in the complaint was deemed conduct detrimental to the best interests of the NFL or professional football.


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[Assistant] That the NFL did not produce any evidence showing that Goodell was of the opinion.


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[Assistant] That the instant dispute constituted conduct detrimental to the best interest.


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[Assistant] Now a message was left with an NFL spokesman and was not returned. Now obviously John's a guy that has a lot of experience with Derek.


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[Assistant] And Derek has, has his most success under John Gruten. That's what Coach Dennis Allen said when he told ESPN, you asked everybody that was involved and they thought it was really beneficial for our football team. Conversely, Gruten working with an NFL team could actually aid the NFL if a jury finds in favor of Gruten.


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[Assistant] Now, Groot's involvement with the same scene shows that his reputation isn't so damaged that he's unable to work alongside or with other NFL teams, said Luss, who's the co-host of Conduct Detrimental Podcast. Now, Groot's legal team alleged that the NFL pressured


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[Assistant] Although there was no denial in the league's Nevada state Supreme court filing back on May the 30th. If the NFL filed a notice of appeal in October to allege that ELF, the ruling that Bruce case could remain in court and not part of the NFL arbitration process. Judge also previously denied NFL motion to dismiss the case there.


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[Assistant] In the coming weeks and could occur before the years end. So coming to the saints and offering some stuff, could it be a problem? Look like it could be a problem litigiously speaking. So we're outside of that. What do you guys think about this? What do you think about the saints working with?


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[Assistant] Uh, John Grutin, he just came on in and kinda helped out with Derek Carr. You heard what Dennis Salas said.


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[Assistant] You heard what the judge said, you heard what Gruton said, you heard what Gruton's attorney said. Now, what do you say? Please put it in the comment section and let me know how y'all feel about this particular.


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[Assistant] I'm Big Q, appreciate y'all chiming in on this episode of TSC. Chiming in, man, just dropping some science with you guys. Once again, please feel free to hit the like button, hit the subscribe button, hit the notification button, and I'll holler at you guys on the flip side. Peace.


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[Assistant] The worst thing about it. Can't stand it when you're miserable.


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[Assistant] Dempsey's mobile school of hard knocks carried him around the country as he learned to use his fists, courage, and anger to turn a buck.


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[Assistant] After turning pro in 1914, Dempsey amassed 25 first round knockouts. On July 4th, 1919 in Toledo, Ohio, he challenged 6 foot 6, 245 pound Jess Willard for the heavyweight championship.


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[Assistant] On paper, the match was a modern replay of David and Goliath, but the difference was not so much in size as in talent.


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[Assistant] If Dempsey was the underdog, his manager, the legendary Doc Kearns, regarded Willard not only as a tree to be chopped down, but a source of easy money.


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[Assistant] With no chance to cash in on his bet, Kern set his sights on winning the title and returned his fighter to the ring.


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[Assistant] For the millions who couldn't actually be there, newspapers, motion pictures, and radio vividly documented the events.


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[Assistant] Stars of unprecedented magnitude rose in the horizon in American culture.


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[Assistant] In the summer of 1916, after dozens of fights and thousands of miles riding the rails, Dempsey arrived full of hope in Manhattan.


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[Assistant] Under Kearns' tutelage and promotion, Dempsey gained the attention of Tex Rickard, the PT Barnum of the boxing world.


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[Assistant] Although Rickard was a visionary, he was still trying to recover from the backlash of an earlier promotion.


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[Assistant] America found its white hope in Jess Willard, a Kansas farmer who didn't begin boxing until he was 29.


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[Assistant] In 1915, Willard somehow, someway, knocked out Johnson in Havana, Cuba to become the heavyweight champion.


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[Assistant] But Maxine had stirred such widespread negative comment that the US government brought charges against the heavyweight champion.


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[Assistant] Despite his acquittal and an attempt to enlist in the army toward the end of the war, Dempsey's public hat changed from white to black.


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[Assistant] When Dempsey agreed to fight George Carpentier in July of 1921, Tex Rickard demonstrated the full measure of his promotional genius by exploiting the champ's tarnished image.


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[Assistant] earning $300,000 of the $1.8 million gate. Dempsey was such a hot property that manager Doc Kearns decided to promote a match between his champion and Tommy Gibbons on July 4th, 1923, not in New York or Chicago, but in Shelby, Montana, population just under a thousand.


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[Assistant] Lusting after national recognition, the citizens of Shelby came up with a second installment. But when they balked at making the third payment, Kern's threat to call off the fight dramatically reduced the public's enthusiasm.


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[Assistant] Built, embarrassed, and broke, Shelby was on the warpath.


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[Assistant] After the Shelby fiasco, Rickard regained promotional control of Dempsey and created another million dollar spectacle.


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[Assistant] In September of 1923, the Manasseh Mauler climbed into the ring before 88,000 at New York's polo grounds. His opponent was Argentina's Luis Furpo, ballyhooed as the Wild Bull of the Pampas.


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[Assistant] In 1926, Dempsey was lured back into the ring by the prospect of another mammoth payday.


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[Assistant] Rickard brokered a match with rising heavyweight Gene Tunney.


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[Assistant] One segment of the boxing world, however, felt that another fighter deserved first shot at a champ who hadn't defended his title in three years.


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[Assistant] Despite Rickards influence, the New York Boxing Commission refused to allow Dempsey to fight in the state unless it was against wills.


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[Assistant] The Dempsey Tony bout was moved to Philadelphia, where the long-rested champion would change into another kind of people's hero.


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[Assistant] The fight, which drew 120,000, elicited a national characteristic that had been evolving since the birth of movies. The anti-hero.


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[Assistant] In defeat, Dempsey's popularity soared as America embraced him. In victory, Tony was barely tolerated.


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[Assistant] With the nation behind him, Dempsey was scheduled to meet the number one contender Jack Sharkey in July of 1927, when he was shocked by the sudden death of a second brother.


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[Assistant] Next stop, Soldier Field, September 22, 1927. With records stirring the interest of a nation, Dempsey's rematch against Tunney inspired one influential Chicago citizen to hedge his bet.


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[Assistant] After successfully avoiding Dempsey for the rest of the 7th round, a refresh Tunny connected in the 8th.


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[Assistant] But on October 24th, 1929, the stock market landed a haymaker to his financial chin.


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[Assistant] With his fighting days over by 1933, Dempsey married another Hollywood starlet, Hannah Williams, with whom he would have two daughters.


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[Assistant] Then in 1935, Dempsey became America's favorite restaurateur.


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[Assistant] When America entered WWII in 1941, Dempsey jumped at the chance to serve. He eagerly


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[Assistant] In 1943, Dempsey's marriage to Hannah ended in divorce.


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[Assistant] 15 years later, Deanna Piatelli became his fourth and final wife.


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[Assistant] They lived in New York. He ran his restaurant. Life was good as the Dempsey name aged well.


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[Assistant] In July of 1963, Dempsey's former manager Doc Kearns died.


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[Assistant] Six months later, Dempsey found himself knee deep in a controversy surrounding his fight with Willard 45 years earlier.


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[Assistant] With the lawsuit behind him, he resumed his career as a favorite American icon. But the shadow of time was lengthening.


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[Assistant] When Sports Century returns, the man who couldn't say no, stumps for the son of an old friend.


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[Assistant] Four years after losing his restaurant, Dempsey lost a close friend.


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[Assistant] Gene Tunney died on November 7th, 1978.


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[Assistant] With his affairs in order, Jack Dempsey closed the book on one of the most colorful eras in American sports. He died of heart failure in his New York apartment on May 31st, 1983.


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[Assistant] Of all the sports heroes of the 1920s, Jack Dempsey was the first to arrive and one of the last to leave.


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[Assistant] Some said Jack Dempsey and others said Babe Ruth. There was a continuing battle.


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[Assistant] I can't believe the guy's got the balls. Let me say this. I can't believe the guy's got the balls to get away with that. Trump lies more in one press conference than CNN does in a year. And this is coming from a guy who, as you know, hates CNN. Look at this. Look at this clip. Look, look.


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[Assistant] He's lying on purpose! You know how I would know how? How? Because he constantly says the phrase, Believe me.


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[Assistant] I will give you an example. Honey, I was just helping Stacey test out her perfect sleep number. Believe me.


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[Assistant] Thank you. It is time for you to get your groove back, media.


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[Assistant] Cause let's face facts, you kinda let yourself go a little bit for these past few years.


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[Assistant] And the whole time you're chasing after Donnie, the rest of us are thinking, can't you see he's an ass-


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[Assistant] But I remember once correctly, unless they are visited at night by three spirits. But I know that doesn't- Look, media, I'm not saying the breakup is gonna be easy.


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[Assistant] You're gonna see your ex swiping far right with every Tom Drudge and Breitbart. And, from what I heard, they do anal.


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[Assistant] John, you are aware we are on CBS right now, yes? In my defense, they do anal.


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[Assistant] This breakup with Donald Trump has given you the media.


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[Assistant] An amazing opportunity for self-reflection and improvement.


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[Assistant] Instead of worrying about whether Trump is un-American, or if he thinks you're the enemy, or if he's being mean to you, or if he's gonna let you go back into the briefings, do something for yourself. Self-improvement. Take up a hobby. I recommend journalism.


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[Assistant] Let that steely look and nothing personified being hard and being able to overcome and be successful more than Jack Dempsey.


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[Assistant] I wanna give you what you want, wanna give you what you want, wanna give you what you want.


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[Assistant] What's with all this waiting? I wanna give you what you want Wanna give you what you want Wanna give you what you want


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[Assistant] Yeah, I was just thinking it's especially fun to be here at the seminar. I think I used to help organize this seminar back in 2014. So it's nice to be back. But yeah, so I'm going to be sharing some of my work today, specifically three studies from some of my PhD thesis work.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so I want to start by unpacking some of the terms in that really long title.


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[Assistant] Uh, the first one being marginalization. Uh, so the definition of marginalization that I use is that it is a dynamic process where people are removed from the center and are pushed to the periphery of a dominant social group.


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[Assistant] Uh, so everyone who's here in this virtual space together likely experiences different contexts of both marginalization and privilege.


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[Assistant] And these things can change over time. They can change over the course of your life.


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[Assistant] Uh, or they can also change over the course of the day depending on what context you are entering into.


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[Assistant] And the intersectional nature of identity means that the unique combinations of identity, uh, that we occupy, uh, give rise to unique experiences.


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[Assistant] And one particular context of marginalization is technology. In some descriptions of technology, we were sort of given this promise of equity and objectivity.


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[Assistant] And instead, many of us are likely familiar with some of these headlines on the screen, uh, the countless stories of the ways that technology differentially affects and treats people from minority groups. Uh, it is the status quo for technology to embed, enact, and perpetuate marginalization.


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[Assistant] And one of the consequences of that marginalization is uncertainty. Again, uncertainty is something that we all experience, uh, but overwhelming uncertainty can be incredibly harmful to mental and even physical well-being.


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[Assistant] Marginalization tends to increase the magnitude of the uncertainty we experience. It means that there are more regular and frequent experiences, uh, with uncertainty, uh, in specific instances. So for example, uh, when you take something like a standardized test,


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[Assistant] You might have uncertainty about your ability to remember the content or to perform well, uh, but you might have additional burdens that marginalization might place on you. Like, am I representing my group well and what will be the consequences of my poor performance, uh, for other people who might belong to the same group as myself?


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[Assistant] Marginalization also increases the frequency, uhm, of uncertainty, uh, through unique experiences such as those with things like persistent bias, racism, sexism, other forms of prejudice, uh, and these are embedded sort of in, in our everyday context and our everyday lives.


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[Assistant] And finally, part of what makes all of this so insidious is that it is cumulative. When we have marginalizing experiences, those negative impacts build over time to create


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[Assistant] Again, uh, mental and emotional burdens, physical burdens, and practical burdens, uh, to wellbeing.


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[Assistant] So all of this taken together presents some really interesting and exciting opportunities to investigate for research. Specifically, we can understand and dive deeper into the ways that marginalization amplifies uncertainties. We know that it does that. We don't know a lot about those specific mechanics.


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[Assistant] We can look at the influence of social technology and understand how might it help in these situations and how might it be harmful. And we can investigate how we can design for better situations of empowerment in coping with or reducing that uncertainty that might be causing harm.


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[Assistant] Uh, so I'm gonna be talking about, uh, three studies over the course of a, uh, several years long project investigating a specific instance of marginalization and uncertainty, uh, through the CARE project.


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[Assistant] The CARE project looks at interpersonal racism as a specific instantiation of marginalization.


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[Assistant] So I'm gonna walk through three studies that, uhm, demonstrate qualitative and storytelling methodology as well as participatory design and game design as approaches towards addressing marginalization and empowerment.


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[Assistant] So the very first study, uh, I began by looking at best practice in this space.


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[Assistant] Uh, so for the remainder of the talk, I just want to provide a brief content warning.


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[Assistant] All of the research I'm going to talk about deals with interpersonal racism, which is of course a personal and a sensitive topic. So I just encourage you to take care of your own needs first while you're in this space. If you need to step away for a bit and come back or pause and return, you're more than welcome to do so.


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[Assistant] So some additional context, uh, for that phrase I used, inter-personal racism.


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[Assistant] So what I mean by that is experiences of racism that happen between individuals or groups of individuals.


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[Assistant] So that specific focus was necessary because there's just so little, uh, research in this space and I wanted to get as, uh, concrete as possible. Uh, but it's important to understand that definition in the context of a larger framework of oppression.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so some other forms of repression include ideal, ideological, uh, institutional, and internalized.


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[Assistant] And throughout the research, you'll see how it's really hard to, uh, separate all of these concerns. Uh, so I'll be sharing some stories from participants later on, and you can see how these different forms will touch on the work, even while I'm mostly having a conversation about what interpersonal racism looks like and how we can cope with that.


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[Assistant] So to give some additional background, in my research I use critical race theory as a framing.


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[Assistant] And critical race theory tells us that racism is an everyday experience. We can't treat it like it's a special thing that only happens when we encounter overt bigotry.


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[Assistant] Instead, modern racism is subtle. It's embedded in our everyday context, and it can be unintended while still being incredibly harmful.


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[Assistant] And that subtle nature of modern racism, not knowing whether it was intended or if it actually happened, means that uncertainty is often at the core of experiencing racism.


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[Assistant] And finally, as with other forms of marginalization and uncertainty, experiencing racism frequently causes long-term harm to mental, emotional, and physical well-being. It can cause hypertension, long-term damage to heart health, as well as chronic anxiety, amongst a host of other negative outcomes.


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[Assistant] And while it's necessary to combat racism and to engage in anti-racist practice,


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[Assistant] So part of the reason why it's so challenging to deal with racism is because


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[Assistant] While social support is known to be one of the best ways of coping with racism, discussing racism is incredibly difficult.


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[Assistant] Right, it requires us to be incredibly vulnerable, uh, to speak about experiences that are potentially traumatic. You have to find the right person to speak to, someone who's actually going to provide the support that helps, that is necessary.


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[Assistant] Uh, and when we look at the social tools that might facilitate that social support, uh, we find that they again amplify a lot of the things that technology is already amplifying when it comes to racial disparity.


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[Assistant] Specifically, online spaces where you might go to seek social support entail specific risks of harassment and hate speech when you are someone from a racial minority background.


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[Assistant] Uh, my initial study in this area posed two specific questions. The first being after experiencing racism.


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[Assistant] What social support seeking to targets engage in already and what motivates them to do so?


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[Assistant] And what are the specific opportunities and barriers for the technology that we have right now in regards to supporting, uh, people who have experienced racism?


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[Assistant] And this investigation takes on an assets-based design approach.


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[Assistant] In HCI, we often talk about need finding, uh, and understanding what problems a user might be facing. And instead, this approach looks at assets.


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[Assistant] Uh, people who experience racism have a lot of strategies to cope with these things that they're already using to great effect. How can we understand what those assets actually are and center those and bring them into the design process?


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[Assistant] So in order to investigate those questions with an assets-based approach, I conducted narrative episode interviews with 14 adults who have identified as experiencing racism.


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[Assistant] Uh, we did hour-long sessions with three parts. The narrative episode, which is a person-centric method that allows people to have as much agency and control as possible.


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[Assistant] In an interview context, in choosing what they might share with a researcher.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Followed up by semi-structured interviews about some of the topics we knew we cared about, specifically around social and communication technology, and then conducted a few surveys on those same topics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, this paper was quite long, uhm, there's a lot of findings packed into it and today in this talk I'm gonna highlight a couple key findings that motivated the, the rest of the work that continued afterwards.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the first thing I want to share, uh, is just the range of stories collected, um, during the process. So we asked participants to share as much as they were willing to about their experiences with racism and whatever coping they engaged with afterwards. And across the 14 participants, we collected 52 discrete stories.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Discrete stories being stories that had specific context or people involved. Uh, so saying, uhm, somewhat, uhm, a person in my lab asked to touch my hair last week would be a specific discrete story. Uh, but saying that, well, comments on my English all the time is not a discrete story, but it is still included in our, uh, analysis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the stories ranged in both practical and perceived intensity, uh, and many of our participants shared stories from childhood, uh, even though we had prompted them to think about things that had happened in the past two years, uh, those stories from childhood very often stick out prominently and they're stories that people have already


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Processed and coped with and narrativeized to some extent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so the first result, um, I wanted to, to share, um, is related to this first question around what is it that's actually getting people to seek support. Uh, so we know that support's important, we know that it's challenging. What is it that pushes them over that edge to reach out to talk to someone about their experiences?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and we found that uncertainty was still central to that emotional experience of racism. Having open-ended questions about those experiences pushes people to go out and seek sources where they can resolve those things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm going to share a very long quotation from a study participant, but I'll read it aloud and highlight a couple of important components.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this story was from a participant who described, uh, parking his car in his neighborhood.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He did this on a regular basis on this hill that overlooked the space. He had a long day and wanted to take a moment to collect his thoughts. Uh, and one of his neighbors called the police on him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but he described all of these questions that he had after the fact.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, why me? Uhm, there were so many other people who did the same thing that I did but no one else ever had the cops call to them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't know why it was that this happened. It didn't seem to happen afterwards. He watched that hill for many nights after that fact.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and even more troubling, uh, he found out afterwards as he was exiting that the neighbors who called the police were the neighbors who frequently babysit his daughter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so he described the story to me more than a year after it had happened, and he still had open-ended questions about why this happened.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, why me? Why that night? What did I do? And what can I do to continue to keep my family safe? And is my daughter specifically, is she safe with neighbors who enacted racist violence upon me?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, reaching out to again someone who is trusted, who is likely to have had similar experiences is a powerful way of resolving that uncertainty. Uh, but it comes with a lot of risks. If you speak to the wrong person, it can create really damaging setbacks to coping.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, uh, uh, specifically in validation by asking a lot of questions about, well, what were you doing? Why were you there? Things like that can be really damaging to that coping process.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so towards the second question, uh, how do social technologies factor into this entire process?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I found largely that, uh, participants do not use, uh, mainstream social communication technologies to talk about these issues because there is a very earned mistrust of social platforms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it comes with very legitimate risks of things like doxxing and harassment. Some participants were concerned that they would lose future job opportunities. Uh, one participant was in law school and said, if I post online that I've experienced racism, uh, future employers might think that I'm biased and that I won't be able to process any cases with people of color.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and that was a very real concern that came from experiences, uhm, of this person's colleagues.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So all of these interviews outline a couple of specific challenges that we can address through design. Specifically that overwhelming uncertainty suffuses all of these experiences with racism. This is one of the main experiences that we need to design for when we're thinking about this space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and social connection, the specific way that it helps, uhm, is through meaning making, through resolving those uncertainties, but it's still a laborious process. It requires a lot of not only emotional labor, but very practical labor, and just explaining all these stories over and over again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right now there is a really big gap between audiences. People of color largely feel that social technology is not made for them, at least when it comes to some of these necessary processes to engage with social connection.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So with the knowledge of those challenges and some priorities we can think about, uh, we can progress into design work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this next study I'm going to talk about uses participatory design to bring stakeholders into this process. And we're thinking about how to change what social communication technology might look like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the first question I wanted to investigate, knowing that uncertainty is core to the experience, is to dive deeper into what that emotional experience actually is and what it might look like. So to answer that first question, I used an interactive vignette study method. For those of you who are unfamiliar,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Vignette studies are a method, uh, that stem from practice in psychology, uh, and they're using, um, they use fiction to elicit feelings and perceptions about hypothetical scenarios.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so a more classic vignette study might just ask you to read a story and to make some judgments and assertions about a character in the story. Uh, but interactive fiction allows us to do much more complex work when it comes to sensitive topics and vignette studies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Part of the reason this is so effective is because fiction creates this safe psychological distance, right? Even if you're reading a story about something that you might have experienced, you're reading about it from the perspective of another character, someone else who might be experiencing that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it makes it much more easy to engage with socially complex or difficult topics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so interactive fiction, uh, deepens vignette studies by taking on a more active role. Uh, instead of just reading a story on paper, you're actually engaging with the story firsthand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Interactive fiction stories are things like Choose Your Own Adventure, where you as the character are deciding what happens next, uh, whether that's through dialogue trees or other kind of more deep, um, interactive medium.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in order to implement these vignettes, I used Twine, which is an open source tool for interactive nonlinear fiction using web programming and some other abilities there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and uh, previous work has used Twine, uh, to create vignette experiments that look at things like iterative decision making.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This tool allows us to give dynamic responses to participants so we can actually lead them along different paths depending on what they're choosing. We can actually embed measures depending on what they select in the story and actually look at that as a form of research data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the story that I wrote for this study focused on racial microaggressions. So this vignette follows the story of a college student who experiences a racial microaggression in a meeting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the first-person perspective allows me to study what it's like to experience racism from a first-person perspective without, uh, inflicting what I deem to be unnecessary trauma, uh, like a deception study might, if we wanted to, again, study these first-hand experiences.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and microaggressions, um, are particularly useful to study in this context because of their subtle nature. Microaggressions, um, are much smaller instances of racism where, uh, again, there might be unintended, uh, harm being caused. So that high degree of uncertainty makes it ideal to, to study this research space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the story, again, Vignette's users are able to make their own choices. They play as the main character Sam, who is a research assistant in the lab.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, some other main characters, uh, include Professor Smith, who is the research supervisor for SAM, and Dr. Avery is a visiting professor, uh, and they all have, um, sort of just a coffee meeting, um, where, uh, the lab is introduced to Dr. Avery.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in this vignette, uhm, there are three racial microaggressions that take place back to back during that introductory meeting. Uh, the three statements are, your English is so good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're so articulate and where are you from? Where are you really from? Where are your parents from?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so again, these forms of racism are often unintended. They're usually said with good intention. Uh, but for those, uh, in the space who have heard these before, uhm, they are, uh, alienating, uh, forms of racism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So each one of these targets people from specific racial minority groups. So the reason we included three is to have the greatest likelihood of someone who was engaging in the study recognizing at least one of these or having potentially personally experienced one of these.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so, uh, for the measurements of this study, we're recording the decisions people make in the vignettes, um, how do they respond to, uh, this microaggression, who do they speak to, what do they do afterwards.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We also ask some embedded questions in the vignette while they're actually playing through it, so we pause the different moments and ask them to rate how they feel about different characters or how they might be feeling themselves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and we also conducted a post-vignette study that looked at things like immersion, uh, some basic demographics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so, uh, answer the second question. This is a study that had two parts. Uh, the second question we're interested in is what kinds of design can promote and empower uncertainty reduction as a form of coping. Uh, so to do that, we conducted a foundational fiction participatory design workshop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so, participants who engaged in the study, they did that interactive, uh, fiction vignette at home on their own, and then they came into, uh, workshop sessions with us in groups, uh, following doing that at-home homework.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the foundational fiction workshop is a method that I developed with one of my collaborators, Hilary Carey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, because while participatory design, uh, does have methods for dealing with sensitive topics, there weren't existing methods that precisely did what was needed for this study, which is bringing a group of strangers into a design process for an incredibly personal and sensitive topic, which is of course racism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so this method, uhm, uses fiction as a jumping off point to, uh, have a conversation around experiences with racism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so when participants come into the workshop, uh, which take place over two hours, they first, uh, reconstruct the vignette. So they've all read it at home on their own. They come into the space and they remember key moments. They decide what was important, what happened throughout the story.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They then analyze that story over multiple rounds of analysis. They help us find what are the needs for the person in the story, what might, uhm, what might be needed in this specific experience.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where are some pain points and where are some opportunities for design? Where can we create tools that might make this experience better for Sam, the character?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, at a certain point, we start opening this up to say, you don't have to just answer this for Sam. Uh, where might this relate to moments in your own life? Where would you like to see technology make these situations easier or better or promote safer and more positive forms of coping?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then finally they move into ideation spaces where they start, uh, actually storyboarding, uh, and pitching different ideas for what that technology might look like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so we conducted six of these workshops with 26 participants from the Pittsburgh area, uh, and recruited them by asking whether they had thoughts that they could share about racist interactions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These were all, again, people who had self-identified as having experienced racism previously.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and the largest representation of this group were people who identified as mixed race individuals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, here what we're measuring is their recall of the narrative. Uh, was it actually meaningful enough for them to remember what happened and what of it did they identify as important?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, we analyzed each of those needs, pain points, and opportunities, and we did an analysis of their design proposals, um, to look at the underlying themes, what features of technology did they highlight as being important to these processes, um, how feasible are they, and are they related to uncertainty, which is the topic that we're interested in studying.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So to just show you a few examples of these storyboards from participants, here are some of my favorite ones, just to give you a sense of what they were talking about in those sessions. Uhm, one of these is a smartwatch button for racism, where you have a little alert on your phone and you click it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and really loud alarms go off in the room that you're in. So you can kind of do this covertly to, to signal that something appropriate is happening in the space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, one person pitched an augmented reality device. Uhm, so when you walked around, you could see a person's history of making racist remarks wherever you went.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and the image on the far right, um, is a little smart speaker, uh, that's your friend. When you return home, you can talk about your experiences, uh, and it tells you it's not your fault. How can I help make you feel better? Uh, and it has an essential oil diffuser and it's able to play music. So it's a really fun device.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so to analyze all of these, I did an inductive thematic data analysis. This is just a picture of me doing this analysis in person in February, right before we started going on quarantine. And then eventually I had to translate all of this to a Miro board to do online collaborative analysis, uhm, which was an interesting challenge that, uhm, actually worked out really well. Uh, so,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here is a list of all of the themes that came up when we were looking at all of these design proposals. Of course, these are far more than I could possibly talk about today. Uhm, so I just again want to highlight a few that are important to the final study and design work that I'm going to be presenting at the end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the first theme, uh, focused on, uhm, again, this connection to uncertainty. Specifically, this theme highlighted the importance of validation in these processes and it aligns with that prior work that shows that uncertainty and meaning making are critical to this coping process.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what this theme adds to that conversation is this idea that reducing uncertainty is not just for the person who is targeted by an experience of interpersonal racism, but it's also for everyone else in the space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it's, it's important to, again, for participants to convey the sense that uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so to just share a couple of quotations from participants, uh, we had one participant who said, And another participant followed up and said, yeah, then maybe she could say something, she could speak up for you and say, hey, that was racist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, not just this technology, but it also conveys this perception of my participants, which is that they think that their technology is already always listening and recording, regardless of their consent. And they propose a future where that data is actually being used for their own good and for something that's actually useful for them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, other participants proposed, again, creating files on people, assessing language, uh, to calculate the likelihood of future racism. And I'll, I'll talk about this more in depth later, but I will say right now, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My proposal is not that we ever implement these things. There are a lot of considerations going on here. Instead, they're highlighting interesting things about what participants perceive their needs to be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This next theme takes that a step further and it says once you know that something's happening, once the idea that something racist is happening, what do you actually do? What steps do you take to protect yourself or take care of yourself or take care of others in that moment?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a lot of the designs that were proposed in this space represents the first part of what is referred to as an ouch oops protocol.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An ouch-oops protocol is one where the person who is harmed, uh, has to acknowledge that harm out loud.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It stops the conversation. This is something that is used in discussion spaces, uh, and acknowledge that they've been harmed, and it gives space for the person who enacted the harm to pause, acknowledge that they did wrong, and apologize.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there was this desire expressed through these for technology to take on that role.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's incredibly, uhm, it creates a lot of vulnerability to step up and say, hey, that was inappropriate or that hurt me, or that was something that was incredibly prejudice to say. It's risky to call that out when it's happening. So participants proposed


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Technologies that could take on that vulnerability and that heat and remove the focus and the burden from targets from always having to not only experience these difficult situations, but then also do all of the work to unpack that in a given space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, I just want to highlight a conversation that happened between participants in the second workshop as they were finalizing their, their ideas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so one participant proposed that you can have an app that you talk to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It listens to all of your unfiltered thoughts and it reflects back why someone did something. It can open a recording, you can let out your emotions, and then you can delete everything afterwards so it goes away. It's just for the catharsis of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another participant iterated on that said, yeah, you could have an AI that knows exactly what to say to comfort you depending on your personality, or it might just let you rant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a third participant followed up and said, it could be catered to you no matter the situation, it emulates actual friendship.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so through this workshop, we found a couple of, of again, interesting findings that contribute to this space of anti-racist technology design. Uh, first is just a methodological contribution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The foundational fiction workshop was incredibly effective in facilitating conversations around future speculative design in a space that is incredibly, potentially sensitive and vulnerable for participants.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It creates a space that is open for vulnerability, again, using that psychological distancing of the fiction, uh, but then creating moments of validation, uh, for participants as they discuss the meaning of those stories and what they took away from it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This study also contributes some knowledge towards, uh, what is commonplace understanding of modern technology? Participants expressed a number of perspectives on what their technology is already actively doing and how it is either prioritizing their well-being or how it is, uh, harming their well-being. A lot of that, um, rich perspective, um, that you can read more in the paper.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And finally, it highlights considerations and themes in designing technology that can empower coping with uncertainty from interpersonal racism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Specifically, it highlights themes around complex understanding of how technology can amplify and enact oppression.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But again, as I hinted at earlier, these proposals are not solutions. They represent an ongoing and public discussion around different kinds of technologies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but they don't necessarily take those ideas and put them in context. So these are what are known as naive fragile fictions. They help us highlight really interesting trends and themes and perspectives, but because they haven't been evaluated in context, uh, they are not solutions to actually be implemented.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the workshop told us, uh, priorities and themes, uh, and the final study I'm going to share with you today, uh, shows us, um, what it might look like to actually see these in context.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So for this final study, we move, uh, more deeply into design work, uh, and take on a prototyping approach.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, if you're not familiar with provotypes, uh, they are provocative prototypes. Uh, again, the goal here is not to make something that should actually be created in the wild, but it's to make some kind of actual tangible artifact.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That illuminates the tensions and contradictions within a given practice. And it allows us to again place these ideas and put them in actual context and see what happens when you put them in context.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it has roots in, uh, critical design and critique, uh, but also moves us into a generative space where we're actually making something, um, and understanding what that might look like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I again, uh, used the foundational fiction vignette to actually put, uh, those, uh, design themes in context. Uhm, so I rewrote the story and instead in that moment when they experienced the racial microaggression,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, participants have a chance to use the technologies that were proposed in the storyboarding, uh, earlier. Uh, so at the very beginning of the story, they see this additional, uh, priming that in the story, they'll have a chance to encounter futuristic fictional technology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in the story, we give participants the chance to use or not use the technology. They're not forced to. That's up to them. We also give them many different options of how they might use it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm gonna describe the three, uh, prototypes. So there was, uh, uh, many rounds of iteration and filtering that we used to, to reduce down which, um, of the storyboards we wanted to move forward.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, that included evaluating whether or not, again, they directly addressed uncertainty, uh, whether they were practical to write into the vignettes, um, and whether or not they would tell us something different about, um, how participants experience, uh, racism and uncertainty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so the first provo-type is the racism alarm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The racism alarm, uh, combines multiple proposals and it embodies that theme around data validation and intervention in the moments. Uh, it also serves some teaching purpose to people who are perpetrating the racist interaction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so it detects racist speech in public spaces. Uh, when the racism alarm hears someone say something racist, it blares really loudly in the space. Uh, and it can only be shut off when the person who tripped it leans forward into the microphone and says, I'm sorry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It then silences and it prints out a strip of paper with contextual information about the events.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The second provo type is a little bit more subtle. The smartwatch ally embodies the data validation theme, but it also helps more practically with what you should do afterwards and how you might respond.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so the SmartWatch Ally is, uh, described as measuring stress signals, such as your pulse and, uh, your voice, uh, and it offers advice for how to respond in the moment, uh, to a racist experience. So it's described as being, uh, particularly designed for, uh, instances of prejudice, including racism, sexism, or homophobia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It offers to record the conversation once it's been tripped. It offers to call your phone with a fake phone call if you want to exit the situation and step away. And it also offers to ping potential allies in the space who might step in for you. It can also give you advice about how you might respond verbally to this experience.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the final prototype, the comfort speaker, uh, embodies that, uh, final comfort theme that I discussed. Uh, it's meant to be an advanced smart speaker, similar to the storyboard that I showed earlier, whose purpose is to help with stress. So it has customizable personality settings. Uh, it allows you to vent. It offers to be a listening ear. It can text or call people for you. It can play music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Release your favorite scent or set lighting in the room. Uhm, so all of the different, again, proposals that we heard around, uh, designs that, uh, uh, prioritize comfort.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in order to evaluate these three provotypes, uh, we asked three questions. First, uh, is this method of putting provotypes in an interactive vignette even effective? Can people meaningfully understand and evaluate the designs that they're seeing in the story?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, if that is true, uh, how do those designs impact people's perception of racism in the conversation? Uh, and finally how do the designs impact people's emotional experience of the conversation?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so as I mentioned, uh, we embedded, uh, those prototypes in the vignettes, uh, and evaluated this with 42 adults from the United States using Amazon's Mechanical Turk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the study has three conditions, one for the alarm, one for the watch, and one for the speaker.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so this is a between subjects design, so participants only saw, uh, one of the, um, the, uh, prototypes. Uh, and again, we, again, ran the vignettes with all of its embedded questions and did a post-vignette, uh, evaluative survey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The post-vignette evaluative survey had a couple of components. Uh, the first was just, uh, soliciting design feedback from the participants. Uh, what did they like about it? Could they describe what it actually does? What's their likelihood of actually using it if it were to actually exist?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, we assessed their perception of racism, so we asked a number of different impression questions of those specific characters in the story.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, as well as some, some grounding questions. So for example, what is your impression of Dr. Avery? And on a scale of one to seven, do you believe that Dr. Avery's comments at the cafe demonstrate racial bias?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and then we also ask questions around their emotional experience. What emotions do they think, uh, the main character Sam experienced during that conversation at the cafe? On a scale of one to seven, how strongly would you rate that they felt those emotions?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And all of these questions come from previous research we did in this space. Those motions came from some surveys we had.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so this was largely, uhm, uh, it's a mix of qualitative and quantitative data analysis for those open response, uh, fields such as what was your impression of this, uh, character. We did inductive thematic analysis and evaluative coding and then did some nonparametric tests for the quantitative questions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so, uh, towards that first question again, can they actually meaningfully understand these? Uh, yes, they can. It's actually pretty effective. Uh, so for example, uhm, uh, the participants describing the watch said the watch is an app.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It evaluates your pulse and possibly your voice to detect your emotions and then it sends you some advice when you're in awkward or stressful situations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, to describe the speaker, one participant said the speaker's purpose is to relax and calm people down by removing their stress. I think it would be nice to vent and feel like there is someone who's actually listening to what you have to say. Uhm, so they're describing quite a lot of detail about what the actual features of these are, uhm, and also responding a little bit to what they like and didn't like about it.