[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so now Bruce, the student who led this project, is looking at, uh, if these findings actually play out in practice. So when people have this browser extension installed for their everyday use, do we say, do we see the same things hold?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Captions that just transcribe the audio. Audio descriptions are quite difficult because you're really summarizing all of the visual content. There's just too much to describe in time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so some things I found that were particularly important, uh, were that you needed to know not only what was important to include in the summary, but also how and when you wanted to describe it, because that could impact the flow of the video or it could have ruined a surprise if you, if you describe things too early.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But something I would call out is that, it didn't come up in this presentation so far, is that people actually wanted very different things. So even for film and movies,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's basically really elaborate costume design and setting design.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the audio description guidelines had dictated that the costumes were rarely described. So in a show where the costumes were really important, uhm, this viewer was just totally missing out on how costumes, uh, were changing over the season and kind of what they meant in terms of, uh, the character's progression.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in the future, I think it would be really important to give people more control over what is included in their descriptions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Interactive descriptions can be really great when you know you might be missing something, but for unknown unknowns, so when you don't know you're missing something, a good place to share those changes might be when the visuals change. So for instance, say I


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I thought that costumes were important. Maybe the system would alert me every time a costume change so I could optionally hear more about that costume.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And second, I think it's really important to con- to consider accessibility at every stage. So there's a lot of opportunity, both in video but in new media forums like AR and VR, to, uh, consider how the accessible experience might appear at the end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then finally, uhm, working on this project, there's tons of guidelines about how to do audio descriptions for film and media, but very, very few for user-generated media because, uhm, because audio descriptions are just rare and quite difficult to produce currently.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I think we need new guidelines, especially for user generated media types like blogs or short videos like GIFs. GIFs are one thing I did get to work on and try a couple formats for and that was really fun. Also, I think there's new


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Audio description is already static right now, but in the future there's new interactive techniques that we can use to make these more effective.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But one thing I've begun to question a little bit is what is a really a non-expert task? Uh, one thing I found throughout my work is that describing visual content itself is actually, uh, very challenging and requires a certain background. So, uhm, I think thinking about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like who is the best person to describe, uh, content and some of these new user generated media, uhm, is an important question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when I think about future work in the space in general, I hope to extend my work to new types of media to make sure we're staying ahead of the curve in terms of what's accessible. So this might be AR, VR, 360 videos, and robotics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In terms of creating more accessible content and formats, I think there's ways that we could improve the accuracy and speed. So you could think of like social systems for better labels, deployments and creating datasets of like how people edit their videos to learn more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then I also want to support new audiences and authors over time. So these are people with, uh, new goals, new access needs or new, uh, contextual needs that I haven't yet thought of.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I would like to conclude by thanking all of my collaborators. On the left side are my co-authors on this video and accessibility work that you've heard today. And on the right side are some of my collaborators on other projects on video accessibility and natural language processing that has really informed this work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And with that, uh, I would like to thank you all for coming to the talk and I am happy to take any questions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, thank you so much for that question. So, so a constraint of, so I would say that the place that we see audio description the most right now isn't for, uh, like films, movies, advertisements, things with higher production values. And oftentimes a constraint that those production teams set is that you can't increase the run times at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so, so you won't hear, yeaah, so you won't, uhm, they won't increase the run times, but they also have to like, have a really strict summary of what's described. And so on some of these, uhm, on, on some of the projects I've worked on, uh, part of it's about like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How do we get the content that people want to hear in as little time as possible? And uhm, one, one thought is that so for the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For rescribe, for instance, that first project, it had the option to not increase the runtime at all, or if it did increase the runtime, it was only up to, I think, like 1.25 times the original, uh, video, so the,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're really quite an art form, like the narrator has a voice that goes along really well with the visual content, so uhm, it ends up not being as disruptive, and I think it's sort of done as an art to, to minimize this disruption, but that's, that's a great question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, that, that's such a good question. It didn't show up in our, um,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so I did a project with, uh, Cole Gleason on, um, making GIFs accessible. And so, so one thing that can happen is that you're left out of, uh, sort of like visual content over time. So you might not understand kind of like a visual, uh, sort of like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm having trouble with finding examples, but perhaps there's like a common meme that maybe sighted people will have seen before and could recognize based on the description, like an awkward penguin meme. So for people who have been blind for more time, they might have


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, I think we definitely need to interview to improve accessibility. Like, ideally it would have been, you know, even earlier in the process. And I think that's the opportunity we have right now is like when we design.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whatever the next AR is, uh, that, that we, we have this early in the process as well. But I do think that, uhm, so one thing that makes AR particularly, uh, challenging, and I, I sort of briefly mentioned this, is, uh, the, I would say,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you're interacting with, uh, digital content in a physical scene, I think picking what of that physical content to describe to you and what will be important in terms of your interaction with the AR content will have to, um, really be carefully considered. And I think it will be a really challenging and fun problem to work on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, just because there's so many things you could possibly describe in the scene, uhm, knowing what's the most interesting, uhm, to describe, I think, I think will be quite challenging. And I have worked collaboratively on a project, uh, about that led by, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She got a record? Tuffy says so. Then it's so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your face is young, Sparky, but the sign of great Richard is written all over it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You keep your mouth off me about that, I'll tend to it when the time's right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay guys, now we're gonna talk about the lifetime of variables. So, and you'll understand what I mean by that in just a second. But let's insert a module. So I'm gonna go up here on the toolbar, insert, module.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to rename this module in the properties. I'm going to call it, uh, scope of variables one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we have this blank module and I'm going to insert a sub routine and I'm going to call it sub.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll call it var variable scope.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here I have a subroutine, a macro, and we've seen before that we can do things like declare a simple variable like dim x as integer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we can assign to that variable that can hold integers by doing something like this. X equals X plus 100.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what's important to note about this variable is that uhm, this variable


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] X and I'll put some words in here. I'm gonna put X in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then I'm put, I'm gonna append the value x.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let me explain this in a second. Let me change the name of this subroutine to Sub1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so what am I doing here? I'm declaring a variable that can hold integers. I'm assigning the variable


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whatever its current value is, plus the value of a hundred. So if the value is zero, it's going to be assigned


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, zero plus a hundred. And then I have a message box that reads X in sub one


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is equal to the value x. And I'm going to put a comment over here that says this variable dies when sub 1 ends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And by what I mean by dies is that it's erased from your computer's memory when this subroutine sub one ends. So if we run this and also I have the locals window here. So if we run this, uh, let's put a break point here at the end of it. And if I run it, I get the message box X in sub one is equal to a hundred. Why is that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's because it had zero in here originally, right? I mean, I didn't assign it anything. And then,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If it had nothing in it and I add 100 to nothing, then I'm going to get the value 100 into that X variable. And then the message box is just going to say X in sub one is equal to 100. But now when I hit run again, you know, the variable is cleared out of your computer's memory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if I hit run one more time, I still get a hundred in here. So, so far, that's what we've seen with variables.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They, the lifetime of the variable so far, we've seen that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As soon as they hit end sub, it's erased from your computer's memory. And that means when you run.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The macro again, you always get the same sort of the same values in your variable. You get a hundred again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? It's not showing 200 here and then 300 and 400. But we can do that. We can make a variable, uh, live longer than


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When the sub end, when the sub ends. So to do that, let's do this. Uhm, dim y as, not dim, I'm sorry, static y as integer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now what does static do? Well, static makes the variable live just a little bit longer. So we'll see, we'll see what I mean right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll see what I mean right now. Let's do the same thing, y is equal to y plus 100. And I'm just going to copy this line, paste it in, and I'm going to put y in sub 1 is equal to y.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what's interesting about this line now is that this lives after sub one ends. And so if I run this now, I'm going to see two message boxes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first time I run it, look what happens. I get x in sub 1 is equal to 100, and I get y in sub 1 is equal to 100. Okay, that's pretty much what we expected.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But watch what happens now when I run it for the second time. If I run it again, I get x is equal to 100, y is equal to 200. Now that's strange. That means that when the sub ends, you know, when it hits that line,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This, this value in the Y variable is not being erased from your computer's memory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what causes it to not be erased is this static, uh, keyword. So if we look into your computer's memory, if we run this again, look what happens. Y already has the value 200 in it, whereas X is zero. Why does this value exist when I just ran it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was declared as static, so it didn't get erased. So that means if I run it again, if I run the macro again,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm gonna get x is equal to 100, y is equal to 300.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cause I just keep adding a hundred to whatever the value y is. So that's pretty interesting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we can, we can make variables


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even after the subroutine ends. But let's say we have another subroutine called sub2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let me just copy, let me just copy these two message boxes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so now I'm gonna have a message box that says X in sub 2 and Y in sub 2 and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Notice what's gonna happen here is that there's gonna be no value here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what I want to do is I want to call this subroutine sub two. So like we saw before, we can do this call keyword and then call sub two as we saw in an earlier video. So what's, what's going to happen here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm gonna do what I just did, and then I'm gonna call this subroutine sub2, which is gonna just display whatever value is in the x variable and the y variable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the point of me doing this is to see, okay, does X and Y exist in this subroutine sub 2? I know they exist up here, and I know that Y remains in the memory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here's a subroutine here. Do the variables exist in both subroutines? Well let's see what happens. So if, if I run this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then x is equal to nothing and y is equal to nothing. What does that mean? That means that down here in this, in this, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this subroutine, x and y, they don't, they're not alive anymore, they're dead.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Using the keywords dim and static only allow you to have a variable that lives as long as the single subroutine exists, right? As long as it's in this subroutine, uhm, the variable will exist. So let's run it again. And now we get X is 100, Y is 200, right? Uhm, if I press the reset button,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I press run, then I get X is a hundred, Y is a hundred in case you're wondering.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When, when does Y go back to being nothing? It goes back to being nothing when you hit reset. When the code is reset. Okay, so now we have two types of variables.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first variable using dim inside a subroutine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] lives until it hits nsub. The second type of variable is declared using static. It lives after, even after nsub is encountered.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now let's look at a third type of variable that will exist down here in a different, in a different subroutine. To do that, at the very top of your module, you do something like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The, uh, message z and sub one z.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I copy it down here. What's interesting here is that in sub,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One, it behaves, you know, this new variable z, it behaves like a static variable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it lives after someone ends, but down here, now,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let me assign it something, this z variable. So I'm gonna do the same thing up here, z is equal to z plus 100.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so what did I just do? I added this variable z inside this sub one macro and I declared it above all the subroutines up here. What that allows me to do, it allows me, it allows the variable to live after the end sub


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it'll behave like a static variable. And it also allows it to exist


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Across subroutines to, to be, so it's identified across subroutines. So if I run this, let's see what happens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] X is equal to 100, Y is equal to 100, oops, Z, oh let me do it again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll press the reset button. And I noticed that I didn't press the reset but the values were back to zero. That's because I added code here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have x in sub 1 is equal to 100, y in sub 1 is equal to 100, z in sub 1 is equal to 100, now I'm in sub 2, x is equal


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To x in sub 2 is equal to nothing, y in sub 2 is equal to nothing, but z in sub 2 is equal to 100. And that's the critical point is that right here if I put a break point, watch what happens now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I just did this stuff, right? These two variables, they contain their information after the first running of the subroutine and now across the subroutines


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I get x is equal to nothing in sub 1, y is equal to nothing in sub 1. Z however exists, and it exists in sub 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what's, what happened here? Uhm, by putting...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By declaring your variable at the top, you allow, you, you make the lifetime of the variable exist after the sub ends and you, because it's at the top, you allow it to be


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have variables that do many different things. We have three types of variables. This one, which dies when sub one ends. This one, which lives after sub one ends. And I should put, but.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have three types of variables. One dies when the sub ends, one lives after, but it's not seen in the subroutine two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the third one lives after sub one and it's seen in sub two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so now we, now we're getting places. We can have variables that can do, that can live in very, in, uh, across very, across different places, across subroutines and after NSub. We have one more variable type.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And for that variable type, I'm gonna need to insert another module, so I'll go here, I'll go insert module. I'll bring that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to call this, uh, module scope.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here I have a Scope of Variables 1 with the code we just saw and Scope of Variables 2. So now what I want to do is declare


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the scope of variables 2, I want to declare a subroutine. I'm going to call it sub global variable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And over here, back in this bit of code.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want to declare a global variable that will be seen across modules, across modules and subroutines. So to do that, uhm, I'm gonna do this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm gonna do the same thing, I'm gonna do Q is equal to Q plus 100. And then set up a message box again in subroutine 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is gonna live after sub one ends and it's seen in sub two and seen across modules. So this is like the,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The variable that can be seen anywhere. It can be seen across subroutines and it can be seen across modules. And that's because it's declared as public at the top. So let me copy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's Q and sub 2. And again, this is gonna be...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is gonna be seen, it's gonna have a value because it's declared public at top and this one up here was declared dim.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But also I want to check that this, what happens to these variables as they go across modules. So let me copy this message box code here and put it over here as well. Now I have a different module and I'm going to check what these values are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is like a, this is the second module, right? Cause here's the first module. Here's the second module. What we want to test is,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All the variables that we create here, do they exist in this module?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And only this one is gonna exist. Q because it's public.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's declared as public on the other module. So here we go, module and second module.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what I just said is that all these are gonna have no value. The first three are gonna have no value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's gonna, it has a value because declared public.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so we have to call this subroutine and I want to call it over here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so now we're gonna have 12 message boxes that we're gonna pop up. We've already seen 8 of them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first one is in here, where all the variables are gonna have values. Right? Second one is in here, where only two of them are gonna have value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This one has a value because it's declared public up here. Right here. And then we're gonna notice some other things is that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, after the subends, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This holds its value after the sub ends, so does this, and so does this. So these three all hold their values after the sub ends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I get x in sub 1 is equal to 100, y in sub 1 is equal to 100, z in sub 100, q is 100. Now I'm in sub 2. I don't see x, I don't see y, but I see z, and I see q. Oops, let me, uh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ah, here I want to change this. This shouldn't be 2, it should be Q. Okay. So let me put a breakpoint here and a breakpoint here. I'm going to press the reset button. Let's run it now. So in sub 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] X has a value, Y has a value, Z has a value, and Q has a value. They're all available, and they all have values in sub 1. Now, let's go down here in sub 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And see which ones we can see. Which variables we can see. And the ones we can see are the ones that are declared at the top. So we can see this one


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cause it's declared at the top so we can see it across all the subroutines in this module.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is public so we can see it anywhere. So if I hit run.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In sub 2, x doesn't have a value, y doesn't, but z and q do. Now, if we go into the global variable over here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we're crossing over into a different module, right? This global variable exists


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This global variable subroutine exists in a different module. What variables can you see in a different, in different modules? The only one you're gonna be able to see is this one, the Q, because it's declared public. So if I click run, in the second module, X has nothing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Y has nothing in the second module. Z has nothing in the second module. And Q has a value. That's the one we could see. Okay. So now we just saw that by putting public at the top,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That has a bigger scope than this variable, which can be used, the Z variable, which can be used across subroutines.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there's a couple things to note here. If you want to use variables across subroutines, then declare your variable like this. If you want even a bigger scope,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] z is equal to 200 and q is equal to 200.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there's a remaining, the value in your memory of the last three variables.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, these three variables, they're sticking around in your memory. So that's the other thing to note is that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Static makes the variable stay in your, stay in the computer's memory. And so does when you declare a variable at the top using dim.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so does making it public. They all make the value, whatever it is, stay in your computer's memory. Uhm, so you can see there's the value staying in your computer's memory. Uh, and then if I run this one, let me just take this off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The only one that you're gonna see here is Q into, in the,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The only one you're gonna see across modules is Q. So this is sort of, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't know if it's confusing, I don't think it's confusing, it's just what it comes down to is...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where do you declare your variables and what word do you declare them with?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you declare your variables inside of a subroutine, like these two, then, then, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're only going to be used inside of that subroutine. If you want the variable to keep its value and only be used in the subroutine, then use the word static. But remember, if you use static inside a subroutine, it's not going to be seen in a different subroutine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you want your variable to be seen across and to be used across subroutines, you do this. Dim Z as integer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you can see z down here in a different subroutine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if you do that, you won't be able to CZ over here in a different module.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you want to see variables across subroutines and modules, then


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This video is about the scope of variables or the lifetime. How long do they live? How long do they last?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This declaring a variable inside a subroutine with just dim has the shortest lifetime because it only is in the subroutine you declare it and it only lasts until the end subline. This has the next biggest lifetime.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because it lasts after the, uh, subroutine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This has the next biggest one because it's available across subroutines and this has the biggest lifetime or scope because it's available across subroutines


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And across modules, and it retains its value in memory. Uhm, so that's...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The idea of scope of variables or lifetime of variables. You're not going to use this


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, too much, to be honest with you. You won't be using this too much. It's nothing to get freaked out about or hung up on. But, you should be aware of it. And you should be aware of what this static does. And you should be aware of what this does when you use dim, when you declare a variable with dim at the top.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It makes a variable available across subroutines versus what this does if you declare a variable public at the top, which makes a variable, the variable available across modules.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's, that's it for this video. And in the next video, we are going to start, you know, talking about how to add parameters to our sub procedures. And you know, up until now, we sort of focused on the environment and variables and things like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We need to know this stuff because if you're gonna write code, you need to know how these variables work and how they work in memory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's it for this video. In the next video we'll start picking up speed and we'll start writing, uh, sub procedures with parameters and functions.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I think it's also a similar question to the last one. Uhm, are there any particular accessibility challenges for AR content that are more difficult to deal with than videos?


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[Assistant] So, well, it's something I've always like wanted to do but like was kind of scared to do. I would like take pictures on Instagram and just be on Instagram and I started


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is getting a following, but really, uhm, like what made the first thing that really happened was, uhm, my ex had a song and he gave it to me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I got on it and I guess that was just like my first like...


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[Assistant] In this industry, I feel like it's old, kinda, cause people be starting at like 16, 15. That's harsh.


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[Assistant] Yeah, Lexington, Kentucky. Uhm, I lived there for most of my life, and then I lived in Switzerland, Geneva. Really? I speak French.


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[Assistant] On my mom's side of the family lives there. I'm Eritrean and uhm, that's the same thing as Nipsey Hussle for those people who don't know what Eritrea is. It's the country next to Ethiopia.


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[Assistant] And then I moved to Atlanta my junior year of high school and I've been living there since. I go to Georgia State. I'm about to graduate. It's my last year. I'm a senior.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like, I'm from Kentucky, like, I went, I was the only black girl, like, in my classes, so, like, it was a huge culture shock, loved being around black people, the culture, uhm, rappers, celebrities at the mall, like, it's just,


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[Assistant] It's, it's different coming from a small city, like living in Atlanta now.


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[Assistant] Everything's regular, and I'm sure living in LA everything's regular to you, but like-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go ahead. But he doesn't really, he's doing music now again. That was like my first link up into the industry I guess.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, uhm, definitely, it did get me a lot of attention. Everybody, at one point, I was known as that, but I'm bigger than bad and bougie. Just wait on it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, but it's still like a super like, and it's cool because I hadn't done any music videos, so for that to be like...


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[Assistant] I turned down a lot when, a lot, but I loved the song when I first heard it.


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[Assistant] Uhm, yeaah, and they're bosses and I just love them, they're good girls, so yeaah.


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[Assistant] So, I just like the song, I knew. I have the vision, I swear.


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[Assistant] The casting director, Akini, ATL's talent, he just like hit me up. He always would tell me about me, you know, they shoot all the videos in Atlanta.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He played this song, and I don't know, just the treatment was cool, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And like, while I was in high school, and like, I remember the first time we met, cause we would talk through Twitter and like, text and shit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That was cool, like we were still friends then, like he would always try and flirt with me, but I wasn't feeling him then yet, like it wasn't until like a year into our friendship when we started getting freaky.


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[Assistant] No, it's something I've always wanted to do, like it's, it was, I was, you know, you just have to, as a woman, you have to just stay in your place and like...


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[Assistant] Like, he didn't want me to DJ- I used to DJ, I couldn't DJ anymore. Really? But like, my plan was to like DJ and then become an artist.


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[Assistant] But maybe I wasn't good and he was embarrassed. Maybe it was that.


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[Assistant] I only had one performance, it was at A3C, and I bombed it, but the sound-


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[Assistant] Okay, so it was so cute. I was, my freshman year of college, young thug, still my favorite artist today. Super hyped moment for me. Uhm.


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[Assistant] And like, but during, I don't know if I should, cause me and her are cool now.


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[Assistant] Okay, well like we're cool now, that's my sis. His girlfriend? Yeah.


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[Assistant] At the time I was young and dumb and I should have chilled out.


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[Assistant] The only thing, no, not at all. The only thing I did, I was a fan. I still am a huge fan. Uhm, I posted a picture of him on Twitter saying bae as fuck.


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[Assistant] I know, but I was dumb and young and, but yeaah, she took it the wrong, she was already upset about me being in the video, like,


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[Assistant] When I, uhm, like when we were during the shoot, like he answered her call and put it on speaker and she was like...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was like weird, like, it was like, we recorded for like five days, like, so there was like, I don't know, it was weird, but anyways, long story short, the video didn't


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, me and her and then, uhm, he said mean things to me too. And he was pushing up on me.


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[Assistant] I don't know, just like saying a lot, like pretty much saying he would never talk to a girl like me, but.


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[Assistant] Uhm, or not even a girl. I don't even remember what it was. He just was defending her.


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[Assistant] Like, I still like, and sometimes like, in disbelief about like, how this shit really happened because like, you know...


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[Assistant] Girls on, like, girls who already have followings on Instagram, just like, so many girls do, are trying to like, start doing music and stuff, so like, there was already just so much shit talking, like,


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[Assistant] Yes, literally, literally, literally, to start rapping. And like, people were like putting me in like, I always like, but anyways, so, I don't know, I just like, would go to the studio with, everybody like, wanted to work with me, like, so I just have been, I would go to the studio and just record, and for some reason this one stopped.


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[Assistant] Uhm, like I would go, like I was dead ass going to the studio like every day. Like other people's studios every day so they knew like I was serious about it. Or the people who I was working with knew I was serious about it.


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[Assistant] So like, there was other na- like, people who don't know what I'm doing on a daily basis. Those people who like, doubted me.


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[Assistant] But it's cool, I understand it, but y'all are, like, Big Mouth is just even, like, that's just, I don't know, I'm sorry.


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[Assistant] Throw me in and like I would listen to the beat and try and write something on my phone. Then I realized that wasn't for me. I'm not a freestyler.


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[Assistant] Just try and get a flow and then fill in the words after, that kind of thing, but uhm.


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[Assistant] So listen, Big Mouth, like, so I posted a snippet, the snippet, of me in the studio, and, at Doppler, and uhm,


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[Assistant] What happened? Oh yeaah, it went viral as shit on Twitter, Instagram, like, like it went crazy and...


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[Assistant] Every, like my email just went crazy, like so many, like literally every label.


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[Assistant] And I was gonna go mute. I'm not gonna say I was gonna mute. But uhm, pretty much, this, uh, my friend, he's a, uhm, promoter in Atlanta, his name's like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't know, his name's unimportant. Anyways, he put me on with this other guy named TA. They took me to Ellery. He was the first one to buy my fight from me and my manager at the time who I didn't work with.


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[Assistant] So they were the first ones to like really make it happen. And like, or just like fly me out really. And then...


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[Assistant] But then when I talked with them, it just made the most sense. I didn't take any other meetings. I got my deal. I got my cheque.


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[Assistant] Like I gave my mom 10k, even though it's not even, this is just my first deal off one song, a single, I just did a single deal, I'm about to do my next deal. I haven't mixed, actually I'll just.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but yeaah, it's just awesome, like being able to do for my friends and my family and like, myself, like, look at this.


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[Assistant] This isn't me, like I've always seen girls on Instagram and wanted all that shit. Like Jerrica used to call, I was hashtag Dusty feet because I used to wear a pair of Adidas, like classic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I used to like be the one to like turn down gifts, like I never would like want them to even pay for my food, which is so, like my mom is so African and like taught me.


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[Assistant] Exactly, but also now, like, but I don't even want to talk to guys right now that's on my focus, but uhm, I'm in the position where, like, they have to do for me because I'm gonna do for them. Like, I'm very giving. I love, I love to give.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, well actually no, the last time I had sex was spring break and it was just a really bad experience. And I just have been thrown off, like I'm lonely, I do want a boyfriend, I talk about it, but I'm so focused and like I've gotten so much done in this amount of time and I know it's because.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, and niggas just like don't, niggas don't want you to sign.


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[Assistant] Like, this gay nigga spread that, like, bro, I'm, like...


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[Assistant] Uhm, no, it was just one, it was one. It was that same one.


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[Assistant] I like, I don't, I never really listen to her music, but I do like her song with Tyga. It goes like, Get it, get it, get it, get it, get it.


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[Assistant] No, I'd rather him be- actually no, honestly I don't even care. Like actually I do care, I'm not gonna lie. But I can't care anymore, cause...


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[Assistant] If I was still with him, I wouldn't be where I'm at right now. So I'd have to think about it like that.


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[Assistant] No, I wanted to be, no, I wanted to be, actually, I don't know, I was just so in love, I was so in love.


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[Assistant] Uhm, at first it was, when I like dropped my song after the song with Cardi, it was called Tricken, it was very mediocre. Uhm, they took me as a joke, but then like really with Big Mouth, niggas, I feel like niggas take me serious and like see what I'm doing, see what I'm working with, like I be with...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd be with everybody, Hitmaker London, JR Rotem, like, I'm working with, like, really, what's it called, credible, reputable people.


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[Assistant] Uhm, like see me, I be like starting songs and not finishing them. So like really I have like probably like 20 or 30, no not 30, probably like 20 songs I've started.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then Big Mouth is probably, uhm, Big Mouth is probably number seven.


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[Assistant] No, I only had like one or two, no I had two probably.


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[Assistant] Okay, so really, I typically only have two, but look how fucked up this one is.


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[Assistant] But Nikki, Nikki has more years, has earned her stripes, and she's like a really, a true artist, but Cardi B is like an entertainment, so is Nikki, so they're both lit.


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[Assistant] Cardi B's the hottest right now, for sure.


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[Assistant] He's done too many remixes of it and like the Billy Ray Cyrus one is too legendary. I don't even want to test. I mean, I can't compete.


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[Assistant] Absolutely. I think that it should be more, my favorites are Megan, Tierra Whack, I fucking love Tierra Whack.


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[Assistant] Yeah. For sure. I hope I can... Do you think they're really freestyles?


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[Assistant] It is. Yeah, you hear about that every day? Yeah, why I, but it's okay. She's beautiful and I love everything she does.


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[Assistant] Father, I would cheerfully brave anything to give you a moment's joy, but I cannot attend church.


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[Assistant] The scriptures mingle truth and fiction and I cannot support their doctrines. Please, Father, speak. Do not condemn me with this ice.


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[Assistant] But Mickey's life overall was not always a study in dignity.


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[Assistant] It was something dramatic about him coming out of the on deck circle and walking toward home plate.


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[Assistant] There was a tremendous dynamism about Mal. He was like a runaway Mustang.


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[Assistant] He's the caricature of the bumpkin looking up at the skyscrapers and the head keeps going up and up.


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[Assistant] But, no matter how great he was, he felt he did not achieve all he should have achieved. He thought he truly had a chance to come close to being what Babe Ruth had been.


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[Assistant] More than the not, he was an unattractive drunk and you winced when


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[Assistant] He acted boorishly or worse toward other people you wanted to climb under the table.


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[Assistant] He was a public figure in a different way than the kind of cheap celebrity that's everywhere. He perceived some responsibility to tell his story.


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[Assistant] When you got to Betty Ford Clinic, you received more letters than anyone who's ever been.


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[Assistant] Every boy builds a shrine to some baseball hero.


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[Assistant] It's been said that the truth is never pure and rarely simple.


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[Assistant] The emotional truths of childhood have a power that transcend objective fact.


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[Assistant] I just hope God has a place for him where he can run again and smile that boyish smile.


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[Assistant] Because God knows no one's perfect. God knows there's something special about heroes.


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[Assistant] Mutt was pretty hard on him. Mick told me I could do really, really good in a ball game and Dad never said you did well. He said you can do better.


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[Assistant] He said, well, dad, I want to stay here and I want to try to make a go of it.


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[Assistant] And of course Mick had a lot of time to spend in New York by himself because I wasn't there.


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[Assistant] The magnificent Mickey, just 20 years old.


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[Assistant] And there it goes, across Bedford Avenue, and deep into a parking lot.


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[Assistant] Must have been a couple hundred bucks here or there. I'll do it. Now tough words from perhaps the finest baseball player the world has ever known, Mickey Mantle.


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[Assistant] It looked like he was a piston. His arms went up and down instead of this way. We limped like Mickey limped.


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[Assistant] I forget where one can be. Sure, I know how it is. Well, what part of America are you from? Pittsburgh. Enjoy it over here? Yeah, mighty nice war. Here today, there tomorrow. Philippines one day, Iceland the next. Well, here's how, Captain. Good luck.


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[Assistant] That exactly. I think we know what this one's about alright. Last one didn't settle anything after all. This one looks as though it's going to. There's no sense of values anymore. Nothing's the same since last walk. Isn't that rather a good thing? Passes gotta go sometime in all the trimmings. Just like a piece of machinery that's clunked out.


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[Assistant] Yes, we shall find ourselves in another war and then another, on and on, like a lot of crazy gangsters. Doesn't your uniform mean anything to you? Yes, it means a whole lot of things to me. It means Pearl Harbor, friends lost on the beach at Guadalcanal. Yeah, I'm proud to wear it, but I sure will be glad to get out of it. I see. Oh, not till the job's done.


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[Assistant] Well, I don't know, Captain. Most of your boys that I've spoken to seem to feel the same way about it as I do. Just want to finish the job and get along home. There's a hell of a lot to do when the fighting's finished. Just about one of the biggest jobs in history. We gotta think.


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[Assistant] There'll be no time to waste waving flags and passing out bits of paper with pretty speeches on them.


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[Assistant] I thought he was one of the funniest people I'd ever met. And I think that was one of the things that really attracted me to Mickey was his sense of humor.


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[Assistant] We'd see people come up for an autograph and I'm talking about 40, 45 year old men. Oh my god, that's Mickey.


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[Assistant] Like a revelation, it was almost like a religious experience to these people. And Mickey just, you know, he just didn't understand that.


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[Assistant] But I can't quite make out from the surgeon's statements whether he was infected accidentally or whether he was actually experimenting on himself. Kitty grew very pale. The suggestion made her shudder. Waddington took her hand. Forgive me for talking about this again, he said gently, but I thought it might comfort you.


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[Assistant] I know how frightfully difficult it is on these occasions to say anything that is of the least use.


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[Assistant] I thought it might mean something to you that Walter died a martyr to science and to his duty. Kitty shrugged her shoulders with a suspicion of impatience. Walter died of a broken heart, she said. Waddington did not answer. She turned and looked at him slowly. Her face was white and set. What did he mean by saying the dog it was that died? What is it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chapter 67 Next morning Kitty went to the convent. The girl who opened the door seemed surprised to see her, and when Kitty had been for a few minutes about her work, the mother superior came in. She went up to Kitty and took her hand. I am glad to see you, my dear child.


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[Assistant] You show a fine courage in coming back here so soon after your great sorrow and wisdom.


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[Assistant] For I am sure that a little work will keep you from pruding. Kitty cast down her eyes, reddening a little. She did not want the mother superior to see into her heart.


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[Assistant] It is a rare accomplishment for young women of your world nowadays. I owe it to my mother.


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[Assistant] Nor did I wish you to sit alone in your house with nothing to do but to remember your loss. But now eight days have passed. It is time for you to go. I don't want to go, Mother. I want to stay here. There is nothing for you to stay for. You came to be with your husband. Your husband is dead.


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[Assistant] You are in a condition in which you will shortly need a care and attention which it is impossible for you to get here. It is your duty, my dear child, to do everything in your power for the welfare of the being that God has entrusted to your care. Kitty was silent for a moment. She looked down. I was under the impression that I was of some use here. It has been a great pleasure to me to think that I was.


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[Assistant] I do not think that I shall be able to make any use of your services. Kitty's heart sank. The Mother Superior's tone admitted of no reply.


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[Assistant] She knew her well enough to know that she would be insensible to entreaty. That she found it necessary to reason with Kitty had brought into her voice a note, if hardly of irritation, at least of the peremptoriness which might lead to it. Mr. Waddington was good enough to ask my advice. I wish he could have minded his own business, interrupted Kitty. If he hadn't,


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[Assistant] I should all the same have felt obliged to give it to him, said the mother superior gently.


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[Assistant] At the present moment, your place is not here, but with your mother. Mr. Waddington has arranged with Colonel Yu.


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[Assistant] She thought that they might at least have consulted her in a matter which only concerned herself.


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[Assistant] She had to exercise some self control in order not to answer sharply. And when am I to start? The mother superior remained quite placid. The sooner you can get back to Hong Kong and then sail to England, the better, my dear child.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We thought you would like to start at dawn the day after tomorrow. So soon. Kitty felt a little inclined to cry, but it was true enough. She had no place there. You all seem in a great hurry to be rid of me, she said ruefully.


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[Assistant] Kitty was conscious of a relaxation in the superior's demeanor. She saw that Kitty was prepared to yield.


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[Assistant] And unconsciously she assumed a more gracious tone. Kitty's sense of humour was acute, and her eyes twinkled as she reflected that even the saints liked to have their own way.


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[Assistant] She knew that she could ascribe to herself no such exalted virtues. She wanted to stay because she had nowhere else to go. It was a curious sensation, this.


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[Assistant] There are many foreigners in this country who would give a great deal to have your chance. But not you mother. Oh with us it is different my dear child. When we come here, we know that we have left our homes forever.


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[Assistant] Out of her own wounded feelings, emerged the desire in Kitty's mind, malicious perhaps, to seek the joint in the armor of faith.


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[Assistant] She wanted to see whether there was left in the superior any of the weakness of humanity.


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[Assistant] I should have thought that sometimes it was hard never to see again those that are dear to you and the scenes amid which you were brought up. The mother superior hesitated for a moment, but Kitty watching her


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[Assistant] And she would dearly like to see me once more before she dies. I wish I could give her that joy. But it cannot be. And we shall wait till we can meet in paradise. All the same, when one thinks of those to whom one is so dear, it must be difficult not to ask oneself if one was right in cutting oneself off from them.


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[Assistant] Are you asking me if I've ever regretted the step I took? On a sudden, the Mother Superior's face grew radiant. Never. Never.


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[Assistant] And then the mother superior, assuming a lighter manner, smiled. I am going to ask you to take a little parcel and post it for me when you get to Marseille.


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[Assistant] And with the easy dignity which her voluminous habit could not conceal, left the room. In a moment, Sister Saint-Joseph came in. She was come to say goodbye. She hoped that Kitty would have a pleasant journey. She would be quite safe, for Colonel Yu was sending a strong escort with her. And the sisters constantly did the journey alone, and no harm came to them. And did she like the sea? Mon Dieu, how ill she was when there was a storm in the Indian Ocean.


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[Assistant] Madame, her mother, would be pleased to see her daughter, and she must take care of herself.


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[Assistant] After all, she had another little soul in her care now, and they would all pray for her.


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[Assistant] She would pray constantly for her and the dear little baby and for the soul of the poor brave doctor. She was voluble, kindly and affectionate.


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[Assistant] And yet Kitty was deeply conscious that for Sister St. Joseph, her gaze intent on eternity, she was but a wraith without body or substance.


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[Assistant] She had a wild impulse to seize the stout, good-natured nun by the shoulders and shake her crying. Don't you know that I'm a human being? Unhappy and alone. And I want comfort and sympathy and encouragement.


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[Assistant] Oh, can't you turn a minute away from God and give me a little compassion? Not the Christian compassion that you have for all suffering things, but just human compassion for me. The thought brought a smile to Kitty's lips. How very surprised Sister Saint Joseph would be.


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[Assistant] She would certainly be convinced of what now she only suspected, that all English people were mad. Fortunately, I am a very good sailor, Kitty answered. I've never been seasick yet.


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[Assistant] But the mother superior returned with a small neat parcel.


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[Assistant] They're handkerchiefs that I've had made for the name day of my mother. She said. The initials have been embroidered by our young girls.


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[Assistant] They walked together along the bare whitewashed corridors. Would it be asking too much of you to register the parcel when you arrive at Marseille, said the superior. Of course I'll do that, said Kitty. She glanced at the address. The name seemed very grand, but the place mentioned attracted her attention. But that is one of the chateaux I've seen. I was motoring with friends in France. It is very possible.


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[Assistant] Said the mother superior. Strangers are permitted to view it on two days a week.


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[Assistant] I think if I had ever lived in such a beautiful place, I should never have had the courage to leave it. It is of course a historical monument. It is scarcely intimate. If I regretted anything, it would not be that, but the little chateau that we lived in when I was a child. It was in the Pyrenees. I was born within sound of the sea. I do not deny that sometimes,


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[Assistant] Divining her thought and the reason for her remarks was slyly making fun of her.


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[Assistant] But they reached the little unpretentious door of the convent. To Kitty's surprise, the mother superior took her in her arms and kissed her. The pressure of her pale lips on Kitty's cheeks, she kissed her first on one side and then on the other, was so unexpected that it made her flush and inclined to cry. Goodbye. God bless you, my dear child. She held her for a moment in her arms. Remember,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That it is nothing to do your duty. That is demanded of you and is no more meritorious than to wash your hands when they are dirty. The only thing that counts is the love of duty. When love and duty are one, then grace is in you.


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[Assistant] And you will enjoy a happiness which passes all understanding.


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[Assistant] They met a string of coolies lolloping by in line with their heavy burdens. Now and then, a Chinese official in a sedan who looked at the white woman with inquisitive eyes.


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[Assistant] Now they came across peasants in faded blue and huge hats on their way to market. And now a woman.


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[Assistant] Old or young, tottering along on her bound feet.


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[Assistant] When the shimmering dawn lent the neat fields the enchantment of a fairy tale, it was cold. The warmth later was very grateful. Kitty was filled by it, with a sense of beatitude which she made no effort to resist.


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[Assistant] Their unexpected distinction and their strangeness.


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[Assistant] We're like an arras before which, like mysterious shadowy shapes, played the phantoms of Kitty's fancy. They seemed wholly unreal.


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[Assistant] Maytan Fu, with its crenellated walls, was like the painted canvas placed on the stage in an old play to represent a city. The nuns, Waddington and the Manchu woman who loved him, were fantastic characters in a mask, and the rest,


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[Assistant] The people sidling along the torturous streets and those who died were nameless supers. Of course it had, they all had, a significance of some sort. But what was it? It was as though they performed a ritual dance, elaborate and ancient.


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[Assistant] And you knew that those complicated measures had a meaning which it was important for you to know. And yet you could see no clue. No clue. It seemed incredible to Kitty. An old woman was passing along the causeway in blue. And the blue in the sunshine was like lapis lazuli. Her face with its thousand little wrinkles was like a mask of old ivory. And she leaned as she walked on her tiny feet on a long black star.


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[Assistant] That she and Walter had taken part in that strange and unreal dance. They had played important parts too. She might easily have lost her life. Ye had. Was it a joke? Perhaps it was nothing but a dream from which she would suddenly awake with a sigh of relief. It seemed to have taken place a long time ago and in a far off place.


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[Assistant] It was singular how shadowy the persons of that play seemed against the sunny background of real life. And now it seemed to Kitty like a story that she was reading.


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[Assistant] It was a little startling that it seemed to concern her so little.


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[Assistant] She found already that she could not recall with distinctness Waddington's face, which had been so familiar to her. This evening they should reach the city on the Western River, from which she was to take the steamer. Thence it was but a night's run to Hong Kong.


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[Assistant] Chapter 70. At first, because she had not wept when Walter died, she was ashamed. It seemed dreadfully callous. Why, the eyes of the Chinese officer Colonel Yu had been wet with tears. She was dazed by her husband's death.


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[Assistant] Of course Walter's death had been a shock to her. She didn't want him to die. But after all, she didn't love him. She had never loved him. It was decent to bear herself with becoming sorrow.


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[Assistant] But she had gone through too much to make pretenses to herself.


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[Assistant] It seemed to her that this at least the last few weeks had taught her, that if it is necessary sometimes to lie to others,


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[Assistant] It is always despicable to lie to oneself. She was sorry that Walter had died in that tragic manner, but she was sorry with a purely human sorrow, just as she might have felt if it had been an acquaintance. She would acknowledge that Walter had admirable qualities. It just happened that she did not like him. He had always bored her. She would not admit that his death was a relief to her.


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[Assistant] She could say honestly that if by a word of hers she could bring him back to life, she would say it.


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[Assistant] She supposed that people would think her heartless and cruel if they knew. Well, they shouldn't know.


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[Assistant] She looked very little into the future, and she made no plans.


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[Assistant] The only thing she knew was that she wanted to stay in Hong Kong as short a while as might be. She looked forward to arriving there with horror.


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[Assistant] It seems to her that she would like to wander forever through that smiling and friendly country in her rattan chair and


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[Assistant] An indifferent spectator forever of the phantasmagoria of life, passed each night under a different roof. But of course, the immediate future must be faced. She would go to the hotel when she reached Hong Kong.


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[Assistant] She would arrange about getting rid of the house and selling the furniture. There would be no need to see town's end. He would have the grace to keep out of her way.


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[Assistant] She would like all the same to see him once more in order to tell him what a despicable creature she thought him. But what did Charles Townsend matter? Like a rich melody on a harp.


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[Assistant] It was this thought which gave their exotic beauty to the rice fields, which made a little smile break on her pale lips.


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[Assistant] As a smooth-faced lad swung pasture on his way to the market town, with exultation in his carriage and audacity in his eyes.


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[Assistant] And which gave the magic of a tumultuous life to the cities she passed through.


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[Assistant] And she had never known before how exquisite was the blueness of the sky.


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[Assistant] And what a joy there was in the bamboo corpses that leaned with such an adorable grace across the causeway. Freedom. That was the thought that sung in her heart.


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[Assistant] So that even though the future was so dim, it was iridescent like the mist over the river where the morning sun fell upon it. Freedom.


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[Assistant] Not only freedom from a bond that irked and a companionship which depressed her.


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[Assistant] Freedom, not only from the death which had threatened, but freedom from the love that had degraded her, freedom from all spiritual ties, the freedom of a disembodied spirit, and with freedom, courage, and a valiant unconcern for whatever was to come.


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[Assistant] When the boat docked at Hong Kong, Kitty, who had been standing on deck to look at the coloured gay and vivacious traffic of the river,


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[Assistant] That she knew neither what to do nor what to say.


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[Assistant] But Mrs Townsend came into the cabin and with an impulsive gesture took Kitty in her arms. Oh my dear.


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[Assistant] My dear, I'm so dreadfully sorry for you. Kitty allowed herself to be kissed.


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[Assistant] She was a little surprised at this effusiveness in a woman whom she had always thought cold and distant. It's very kind of you, Mermaid Kitty. Come on down.


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[Assistant] The armor will look after your things, and my boys are here. She took Kitty's hand, and Kitty, allowing herself to be led, noticed that her good-natured, weather-beaten face bore an expression of real concern.


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[Assistant] Your boat's early. I very nearly didn't get down in time, said Mrs Townsend. I couldn't have borne it if I'd missed you. But you didn't come to meet me, exclaimed Kitty. Of course I did. But how did you know I was coming? Mr Waddington sent me a telegram. Kitty turned away. She had a lump in her throat.


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[Assistant] But Dorothy took the hand that was hanging by Kitty's side and pressed it. It embarrassed Kitty that this shy woman should be so demonstrative. I want you to do me a great favor.


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[Assistant] Charlie and I want you to come and stay with us while you're in Hong Kong. Kitty snatched her hand away. It's awfully kind of you. I couldn't possibly.


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[Assistant] But you must. You can't go and live all by yourself in your own house. It would be dreadful for you. I've prepared everything. You shall have your own sitting room. You can have your meals there if you don't care to have them with us. We both want you to come. I wasn't thinking of going to the house. I was going to get myself a room at the Hong Kong hotel. I couldn't possibly put you to so much trouble. The suggestion had taken her by surprise.


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[Assistant] She could not bring herself to utter a blunt and definite no.


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[Assistant] I'm afraid I'm not very good company among strangers just now. But need we be strangers to you? Oh, I do so want not to be. I so want you to allow me to be your friend.


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[Assistant] Dorothy clasped her hands, and her voice, her cool, deliberate and distinguished voice, was tremulous with tears. I so awfully want you to come. You see, I want to make amends to you. Kitty did not understand. She did not know what amends Charlie's wife owed her.


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[Assistant] I'm afraid I didn't very much like you at first. I thought you rather fast. You see, I'm old fashioned, and I suppose I'm intolerant. Kitty gave her a passing glance. What she meant was that at first she had thought Kitty vulgar. Though Kitty allowed no shadow of it to show on her face, in her heart she laughed. Much she cared for what anyone thought of her now.


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[Assistant] And when I heard that you'd gone with your husband into the jaws of death, without a moment's hesitation, I felt such a frightful cad. I felt so humiliated.


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[Assistant] You've been so wonderful. You've been so brave. You make all the rest of us look so dreadfully cheap and second rate.


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[Assistant] Now the tears were pouring down her kind, homely face.


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[Assistant] I can't tell you how much I admire you, and what a respect I have for you.


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[Assistant] And if you'll only allow me to do a little something for you, it will be a privilege. Don't bear me a grudge because I misjudged you.


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[Assistant] You're heroic, and I'm just a silly fool of a woman. Kitty looked down at the deck. She was very pale.


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[Assistant] She wished that Dorothy would not show such uncontrollable emotion. She was touched, it was true.


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[Assistant] Kitty reflected that since she must see him, she might just as well see him at once.


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[Assistant] And notwithstanding his own feelings, he had immediately approved.


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[Assistant] Kitty knew how great his desire was, always to do the right thing. And to offer her a gracious hospitality was obviously very much the right thing.


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[Assistant] But he could hardly remember the last interview of theirs without mortification. To a man so vain as Townsend, it must be galling like an ulcer that would not heal. She hoped that she had hurt him as much as he had hurt her. He must hate her now. She was glad to think that she did not hate, but only despised him.


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[Assistant] It gave her a sardonic satisfaction to reflect that whatever his feelings, he would be obliged to make much of her. When she left his office that afternoon, he must have hoped with all his heart that he would never set eyes on her again. And now, sitting with Dorothy, she waited for him to come in.


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[Assistant] She was conscious of her delight in the sober luxury of the drawing room. She sat in an armchair. There were lovely flowers here and there. On the walls were pleasing pictures. The room was shaded and cool. It was friendly and homelike. She remembered with a faint shudder the bare and empty parlour of the missionary's bungalow.


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[Assistant] the kitchen table with its cotton cloth.


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[Assistant] The stained shelves with all those cheap editions of novels.


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[Assistant] I hope I haven't kept you waiting. I had to see the governor and I simply couldn't get away. He went up to Kitty and took both her hands. I'm so very, very glad you've come here.


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[Assistant] I know Dorothy has told you that we want you to stay as long as ever you like, and that we want you to look upon our house as your home.


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[Assistant] But I want to tell you so myself as well. If there's anything in the world I can do for you, I shall only be too happy. His eyes wore a charming expression of sincerity. She wondered if he saw the irony in hers.


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[Assistant] I'm awfully stupid at saying some things, and I don't want to seem a clumsy fool.


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[Assistant] But I do want you to know how deeply I sympathize with you in your husband's death. He was a thundering good chap, and he'll be missed here more than I can say. Don't, Charlie.


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[Assistant] I'm sure Kitty understands. Here are the cocktails.


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[Assistant] Following the luxurious custom of the foreigners in China,


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[Assistant] It'll do you good. And I'm sure you haven't had such a thing as a cocktail since you left Hong Kong.


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[Assistant] Unless I'm very much mistaken, you couldn't get ice at Mei Tan Fu. You're not mistaken, said Kitty. For a moment she had a picture before her mind's eye of that beggar with a tousled head.


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[Assistant] In the blue rags through which you saw the emaciated limbs, who were laying dead against the compound wall.


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[Assistant] Chapter 73 They went in to luncheon. Charlie, sitting at the head of his table, easily took charge of the conversation. After those first few words of sympathy, he treated Kitty


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[Assistant] Not as though she had just suffered a devastating experience, but rather as though she had come in from Shanghai for a change after an operation for appendicitis. She needed cheering and he was prepared to cheer her. The best way of making her feel at home was to treat her as one of the family. He was a tactful man. He began talking of the autumn race meeting and the polo.


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[Assistant] He spoke of a party they had been to on the Admiral's flagship, the state of affairs in Canton, and of the links at Lushan.


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[Assistant] Women and children had been dying like flies.


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[Assistant] Soon she found herself asking about so and so who had broken a collarbone at polo.


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[Assistant] And if Mrs. This had gone home or Mrs. That was playing in the tennis tournament.


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[Assistant] Charlie made his little jokes, and she smiled at them. Dorothy with her faint air of superiority, which now included Kitty, and so was no longer slightly offensive, but a bond of union rather.


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[Assistant] Was gently ironic about various persons in the colony. Kitty began to feel more alert. Why, she's looking better already, said Charlie to his wife.


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[Assistant] She was so pale before Tiffin that I was quite startled. She's really got some colour in her cheeks now.


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[Assistant] But while she took her part in the conversation, if not with Gaiety,


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[Assistant] For she felt that neither Dorothy nor Charlie, with his admirable sense of decorum, would approve of that. At least with cheerfulness, Kitty observed her host.


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[Assistant] In all those weeks during which her fancy had been revengefully occupied with him.


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[Assistant] She had built up in her mind a very vivid impression of him.


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[Assistant] His thick curling hair was a little too long and too carefully brushed.


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[Assistant] In order to hide the fact that it was greying, there was too much oil on it.


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[Assistant] His face was too red, with its network of mauve veins on the cheeks, and his jowl was too massive.


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[Assistant] When he did not hold his head up to hide it, you saw that he had a double chin.


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[Assistant] It was heavy in his movements and all the care he took in his diet and all his exercise did not prevent him from being fat.


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[Assistant] His bones were much too well covered and his joints had a middle-aged stiffness.


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[Assistant] His smart clothes were a little tight for him and a little too young. But when he came into the drawing room before luncheon, Kitty received quite a shock. This perhaps was why her pallor had been so marked. For she discovered that her imagination had played an odd trick on her. He did not in the least look as she had pictured him. She could hardly help laughing at herself. His hair was not grey at all. Oh, there were a few white hairs on the temple, but they were becoming.


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[Assistant] His head was very well placed on his neck, and he wasn't stout, and he wasn't old. In fact, he was almost slim, and his figure was admirable. Could you blame him if he was a trifle vein of it? He might have been a young man. And of course, he did know how to wear his clothes. It was absurd to deny that. He looked neat and clean and trim. Whatever could have possessed her to think him this and that, he was a very handsome man.


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[Assistant] It was lucky that she knew how worthless he was. Of course, she had always admitted that his voice had a winning quality and his voice was exactly as she remembered it.


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[Assistant] It made the falseness of every word he said more exasperating. Its richness of tone and its warmth rang now in her ears with insincerity. And she wondered how she could ever have been taken in by it. His eyes were beautiful. That was where his charm lay.


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[Assistant] They had such a soft blue brilliance and even when he was talking balderdash, an expression which was so delightful, it was almost impossible not to be moved by them. At last the coffee was brought in and Charlie lit his charute. He looked at his watch and rose from the table.


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[Assistant] Well, I must leave you two young women to your own devices. It's time for me to get back to the office.


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[Assistant] He paused, and then with his friendly charming eyes on Kitty said to her,


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[Assistant] I'm not going to bother you for a day or two till you're rested. But then I want to have a little business talk with you. With me?


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[Assistant] We must make arrangements about your house, you know, and then there's the furniture. Oh, but I can go to a lawyer. There's no reason why I should bother you about that.


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[Assistant] I'm going to see to everything. You know you're entitled to a pension. I'm going to talk to HE about it and see if by making representations in the proper quarter we can't get something extra for you.


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[Assistant] You put yourself in my hands. But don't bother about anything just yet. All we want you to do now is to get fit and well. Isn't that right, Dorothy? Of course. He gave Kitty a little nod and then passing by his wife's chair, took her hand and kissed it.


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[Assistant] Most Englishmen look a little foolish when they kiss a woman's hand. He did it with a graceful ease.


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[Assistant] It was not till Kitty was fairly settled at the town's ends that she discovered that she was weary.


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[Assistant] The comfort and the unaccustomed amenity of this life broke up the strain under which she had been living.


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[Assistant] She had forgotten how pleasant it was to take one's ease, how lulling to be surrounded by pretty things, and how agreeable it was to receive attention. She sank back with a sigh of relief into the facile existence of the luxurious East. It was not displeasing to feel that in a discreet and well-bred fashion she was an object of sympathetic interest. Her bereavement was so recent that it was impossible for entertainments to be given for her.


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[Assistant] But ladies of consequence in the colony, His Excellency's wife, the wives of the Admiral and of the Chief Justice, came to drink a quiet cup of tea with her.


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[Assistant] His Excellency's wife said that His Excellency was most anxious to see her, and if she would come very quietly to luncheon at Government House,


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[Assistant] Not a party of course, only ourselves and the ADCs. It would be very nice.


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[Assistant] These ladies used Kitty as though she were a piece of porcelain, which was as fragile as it was precious.


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[Assistant] She could not fail to see that they looked upon her as a little heroine.


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[Assistant] And she had sufficient humor to play the part with modesty and discretion. She wished sometimes that Waddington were there with his malicious rudeness. He would have seen the fun of the situation.


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[Assistant] And when alone they might have had a good laugh over it together. Dorothy had had a letter from him.


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[Assistant] And he had said all manner of things about her devoted work at the convent, about her courage and her self-control. Of course, he was skillfully pulling their legs. The dirty dog.


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[Assistant] Kitty did not know whether it was by chance or by design.


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[Assistant] That she never found herself for a moment alone with Charlie His tact was exquisite


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[Assistant] He remained kindly, sympathetic, pleasant, and amiable. No one could have guessed that they had ever been more than acquaintances.


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[Assistant] But one afternoon when she was lying on a sofa outside her room reading, he passed along the veranda and stopped. What is that you're reading? He asked. A book. She looked at him with irony. He smiled. Dorothy's gone to a garden party at Government House. I know. Why haven't you gone too?


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[Assistant] I didn't feel I could face it. And I thought I'd come back and keep you company.


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[Assistant] The car's outside. Would you like to come for a drive round the island? No, thank you. He sat down on the foot of the sofa on which she lay.


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[Assistant] We haven't had the chance of a talk by ourselves since you got here. She looked straight into his eyes with cool insolence. Do you think we have anything to say to one another? Volumes. She shifted her feet a little so that she should not touch him. Are you still angry with me? He asked.


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[Assistant] Looking back calmly, don't you honestly think I was right? From your standpoint?


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[Assistant] Now that you know Dorothy, you must admit she's rather nice. Of course, I shall always be grateful for her great kindness to me. She's one in a thousand. I should never have had a moment's peace if we'd bolted.


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[Assistant] It would have been a rotten trick to play on her and after all, I had to think of my children. It would have been an awful handicap for them.


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[Assistant] Okay, now we're gonna talk about functions, and a function is a piece of code that does something, but it also returns a value.


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[Assistant] So up till now we were dealing with sub procedures, all these sub procedures. Here's a sub procedure. All these sub procedures, they just do something.


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[Assistant] They don't return any values. Now we're gonna deal with functions that also


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[Assistant] Besides doing something, they return a value. So let's insert a module here. And I'm gonna name it, uh, functions.


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[Assistant] And if I close the properties window, I'm going to double click and I want to write a function. So how do you write a function?


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[Assistant] Well, you start off writing a function with the keyword function. Then you put the name of your function. And the name of my function, you know, could be anything, but I'm gonna put return 1.


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[Assistant] And then after the name, you put open parentheses and if there's any parameters, you put the parameters here. For instance, I could put int one as integer and there's a parameter, but I'm not going to have parameters in this function. So I'm just going to have, uh, open and close parentheses. And then if I hit enter, you need the keyword, the keywords and function at the end of your function. Um, you also need,


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[Assistant] You don't need, but it's, it's, it's proper to have


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[Assistant] The data type of what's being returned. So this function is, is going to return an integer. And so I'm going to put as integer.


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[Assistant] And now I can write my code. So now this is the framework of how do you write a function? You use the keyword function, the name.


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[Assistant] You have your open and close parentheses, you can put parameters inside and then you can, and then you, you should put the data type of what's being returned and then end function.


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[Assistant] So now let's write a simple function that just returns a number one. So to do that,


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[Assistant] You have to assign something to the name of the function. The name of our function is return 1. So I'm just going to do return 1 is equal to 1. That's our function. This is it.


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[Assistant] What's being returned has to be assigned to the name of the function, meaning here's a name of a function. I have to assign something to that and you do that right here. Like one is equal to return one. So now we can call.


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[Assistant] This function in Excel by just doing something like this. You can use functions that you write in Excel like return one. I could type it or I could just do this return one and hit enter and there's the value one.


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[Assistant] These are called user defined functions. So this function didn't exist, but now you as a VBA programmer.


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[Assistant] You can write any function you want and you can make it available.


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[Assistant] Use functions in your VBA code. So let me do, let me write a subroutine here. Sub test functions.


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[Assistant] I want to, uh, let me do dim x as integer. Let me put option explicit at the top.


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[Assistant] And now I could do x is equal to return 1.


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[Assistant] So now when I spell it right I can run the code and I get the value 1 in the message box. Very cool, right? Uhm, that is what functions are. They do something, in this case they take the value 1 and they return a value. In this case the value is 1. But functions can be very complex. So let's look at another function, let's write another function that takes a parameter.


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[Assistant] From Fahrenheit to Celsius. So let's, let's write that.


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[Assistant] Um, and that is going to be of type double because it can take decimals and then what's going to be returned is a double. Okay. So how does this work? So how do you convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius? Well, you, all you do, the answer is going to be a temp Fahrenheit.


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[Assistant] The value that's being returned is assigned to the name of the function. So here's the value that's being returned, you know, this right here.


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[Assistant] That value is going to be assigned to the name of the function. Here's the name of the function. I'm assigning it this value. So now we can test this function. We could go to Excel. We could do the same thing over here. Equals, uh, convert to Celsius. I can take a, a Fahrenheit temperature, like if it's a hundred degrees Fahrenheit and I hit enter,


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[Assistant] That's, that's your user defined, that's called a user defined function. And you could write all kinds of.


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[Assistant] Of, uh, functions, all kinds of user defined functions to make your life easier. So let's call this in, call this through another, another, uh, subroutine. So I'll do dim y as double and I'll do y is equal to converts, uh, double click this, copy it and I'll put in a hundred and then I'll do message box y.


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[Assistant] And now when I run this, I mean I'm just going to comment out this message box. When I run this.


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[Assistant] When I run it, I get 37.778, or, you know, exactly what I got in Excel. So I click okay, and that's what functions are.


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[Assistant] That's pretty straight forward, right? All a function does is do something, in our case it does this calculation and then it returns it. And how does it return it? It returns it by, you know, assigning it


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[Assistant] Z or something. And they'll send me an email and go, well why isn't this working? I'm getting an error, I'm not getting the right answer.


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[Assistant] It's because you don't, well, we can see if we try to run this.


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[Assistant] You get an error, it says variable not defined, uh, but if I do dim z, watch, dim, dim z as double.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You get zero here. And so I'll get emails.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And people will be like, well, here's, here's my calculation, why isn't it returning? You know, why isn't the function returning that? And I'll be, and I'll say, well, you just have to do this. Uh, you have to assign it to the name of the function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean it's very simple, but that's one of the most common errors people, people make. Uhm, but that's, that's all functions are. They're not difficult. They're very, uh, powerful because now,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, you could have a very complicated calculation in Excel like this. You know, this is not very complicated, but you could have a very complicated calculation, you know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It can be very lengthy and you could just reduce it to a function. You know, take some parameters, insert some parameters here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like if you had other parameters, whatever, uhm, you know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tem too as double. And you could use that variable in your calculation. So you can reduce.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you wanted to do it without that function, you would have to write more, uh, write more text in Excel. So functions are great time savers. You could write user defined stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Start to leverage all the code that Microsoft has written for us. If you're wondering, you know, where is this going?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It might not seem like you know a lot right now in these early videos, but you already do because everything from sort of here on out is using functions and sub procedures that Microsoft


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What a function is, what a parameter is, you know, what data types are, all that stuff, variables. And now you're gonna be comfortable when we start talking about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How to interact with Microsoft's, uh, functions and sub procedures. And we're going to look at that next.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I restart the modem, it comes back in a minute. So if that happens during the seminar, I might be gone for a minute or so. Okay, I will reconnect if that happens.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I think some other departments have like kind of offline instructions like the ones where that would benefit from offline instruction like labs and stuff like that. But for economics.


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[Assistant] So uhm, this paper is joined with Ricardo Caballero from MIT and I am visiting Chicago booth this year. And this paper is uhm, motivated by uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this figure, the dots in this figure here show the so-called the dot curve, which reflects the FOMC members' average prediction for future interest rates. So the Fed's average prediction for future interest rates.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the solid lines show for the matched FOMC meetings the financial markets prediction


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The two curves rarely line up. There are actually big gaps. And of course, you need to do some adjustments to this figure. For instance, you might think about cleansing the market's forward curve from risk premium effects. But the people at the Fed who have done that,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's say using a blue chip forecast or survey of professional broadcasters. And if you compare it with the Fed beliefs, let's say in the green book assumptions or


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The dots you see actually even with sort of survey data, large gaps remain. And in fact, this is not even a US specific phenomenon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In other countries where central banks release their interest rate forecast,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the idea is the Fed might have superior information about its actions or about the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Support this type of opinionated disagreement, but there is also a lot of uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That sort of defense, best guess for the stuff's best guess for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you know, because you, I think there's a question sort of the background to your questions that there might be some politics going into the dog plot. Maybe they say what they want to happen or what they want. I mean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wouldn't like, so okay, there's a question of how you measure the Fed's belief, but I disagree with the conclusion you reached and therefore should agree because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you, but if you think about the deeper sort of micro foundation or where these things might be coming from, I think they reflect on kind of differences in underlying frameworks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, like sort of you think certain data is more informative than others.