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[Assistant] Rending us under the chains of error and superstition.


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[Assistant] And calling upon those who had been so long enslaved to arise and assert their liberty.


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[Assistant] Except among the Waldensis, the word of God had for ages been locked up in languages known only to the learned. But the time had come for the scriptures to be translated and given to the people of different lands in their native tongue. The world had passed its midnight.


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[Assistant] The hours of darkness were wearing away and in many lands appeared tokens of the coming dawn. In the fourteenth century arose in England the morning star of the Reformation. John Wycliffe was the herald of reform, not for England alone, but for all Christendom.


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[Assistant] The great protest against Rome which it was permitted him to utter was never to be silenced. That protest opened the struggle, which was to result in the emancipation of individuals, of churches, and of nations. Wycliffe received a liberal education, and with him the fear of the Lord was the beginning of wisdom.


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[Assistant] He was noted at college for his fervent piety as well as for his remarkable talents in sound scholarship.


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[Assistant] In his thirst for knowledge, he sought to become acquainted with every branch of learning.


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[Assistant] And in the canons of the church and in the civil law, especially that of his own country.


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[Assistant] In his after labors, the value of this early training was apparent.


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[Assistant] A thorough acquaintance with the speculative philosophy of his time enabled him to expose its errors


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[Assistant] That their champion stood foremost among the leading minds of the nation.


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[Assistant] And his enemies were prevented from casting contempt upon the cause of reform by exposing the ignorance or weakness of its supporter. While Wycliffe was still at college he entered upon the study of the scriptures.


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[Assistant] In those early times when the Bible existed only in the ancient languages,


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[Assistant] Scholars were unable to find their way to the Fountain of Truth, which was closed to the uneducated classes.


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[Assistant] Thus already the way had been prepared for Wycliffe's future work as a reformer.


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[Assistant] Men of learning had studied the word of God and had found the great truth of his free grace there revealed.


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[Assistant] He entered upon their investigation with the same thoroughness which had enabled him to master the learning of the schools. Heretofore he had felt a great want.


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[Assistant] Which neither his scholastic studies nor the teaching of the church could satisfy.


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[Assistant] In the word of God he found that which he had before sought in vain. Here he saw the plan of salvation revealed and Christ set forth as the only advocate for man. He gave himself to the service of Christ and determined to proclaim the truths he had discovered. Like after reformers,


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[Assistant] Wycliffe did not, at the opening of his work, foresee whether it would lead him. He did not set himself deliberately in opposition to Rome.


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[Assistant] But devotion to truth could not but bring him in conflict with falsehood. The more clearly he discerned the errors of the papacy, the more earnestly he presented the teaching of the Bible.


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[Assistant] He saw that Rome had forsaken the word of God for human tradition. He fearlessly accused the priesthood of having banished the scriptures and demanded that the Bible be restored to the people and that its authority be again established in the church. He was an able and earnest teacher and an eloquent preacher.


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[Assistant] And his daily life was a demonstration of the truths he preached.


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[Assistant] His knowledge of the scriptures, the force of his reasoning, the purity of his life,


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[Assistant] And he struck fearlessly against many of the abuses sanctioned by the authority of Rome, while acting as chaplain for the king


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[Assistant] And showed that the papal assumption of authority over secular rulers was contrary to both reason and revelation. The demands of the pope had excited great indignation.


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[Assistant] And Wycliffe's teaching exerted an influence upon the leading minds of the nation.


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[Assistant] The king and the nobles united in denying the pontiff's claim to temporal authority and in refusing the payment of the tribute.


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[Assistant] Thus an effectual blow was struck against the papal supremacy in England.


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[Assistant] Another evil against which the reformer waged long and resolute battle,


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[Assistant] Casting a blight upon the greatness and prosperity of the nation.


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[Assistant] Industry, education, morals, all felt the withering influence.


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[Assistant] The monk's life of idleness and beggary was not only a heavy drain upon the resources of the people, but it brought useful labor into contempt. The youth were demoralized and corrupted.


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[Assistant] But even without their knowledge and contrary to their commands. One of the early fathers of the Roman Church.


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[Assistant] And thy mother should show the body that bore thee and the breasts that nursed thee, see that thou trampled them underfoot.


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[Assistant] And go onward straight way to Christ. Close quote.


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[Assistant] By this monstrous inhumanity as Luther afterwards styled it, quote, savoring more of the wolf and the tyrant than of the Christian and the man, close quote, were the hearts of children steeled against their parents.


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[Assistant] Thus did the papal leaders, like the Pharisees of old.


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[Assistant] Make the commandment of God of none effect by their tradition.


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[Assistant] Thus, homes were made desolate and parents were deprived of the society of their sons and daughters.


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[Assistant] Even the students in the universities were deceived by the false representations of the monks and induced to join their orders. Many afterward repented this step, seeing that they had blighted their own lives and had brought sorrow upon their parents.


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[Assistant] But once fast in the snare, it was impossible for them to obtain their freedom.


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[Assistant] Many parents, fearing the influence of the monks, refuse to send their sons to the universities.


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[Assistant] There was a marked falling off in the number of students in attendance at the great centers of learning. The schools languished and ignorance prevailed.


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[Assistant] The Pope had bestowed on these monks the power to hear confessions and to grant pardon. This became a source of great evil.


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[Assistant] And as a result, the worst vices rapidly increased.


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[Assistant] The sick and the poor were left to suffer while the gifts that should have relieved their wants went to the monks, who with threats demanded the alms of the people, denouncing the impiety of those who should withhold gifts from their orders. Notwithstanding their profession of poverty, the wealth of the friars was constantly increasing.


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[Assistant] And their magnificent edifices and luxurious tables made more apparent the growing poverty of the nation.


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[Assistant] And while spending their time in luxury and pleasure, they sent out in their stead ignorant men.


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[Assistant] Who could only recount marvelous tales, legends, and jests to amuse the people and make them still more completely the dupes of the monks.


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[Assistant] Yet the friars continued to maintain their hold on the superstitious multitudes and led them to believe that all religious duty was comprised in acknowledging the supremacy of the pope.


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[Assistant] Adoring the saints and making gifts to the monks and that this was sufficient to secure them a place in heaven.


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[Assistant] Men of learning and piety had labored in vain to bring about a reform in these monastic orders, but Wycliffe with clearer insight struck at the root of the evil, declaring that the system itself was false and that it should be abolished. Discussion and inquiry were awakened as the monks traversed the country, vending the pope's pardons


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[Assistant] Many were led to doubt the possibility of purchasing forgiveness with money.


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[Assistant] The monks and priests of Rome, said they, are eating us away like a cancer.


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[Assistant] To cover their avarice, these begging monks claimed that they were following the Savior's example.


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[Assistant] Declaring that Jesus and his disciples had been supported by the charities of the people. This claim resulted in injury to their cause


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[Assistant] For it led many to the Bible to learn the truth for themselves, a result which of all others was least desired by Rome. The minds of men were directed to the source of truth, which it was her object to conceal.


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[Assistant] Wycliffe began to write and publish tracts against the friars, not however seeking so much to enter into dispute with them.


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[Assistant] or of excommunication as possessed by the pope in no greater degree than by common priests and that no man can be truly excommunicated unless he has first brought upon himself the condemnation of God.


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[Assistant] In no more effectual way could he have undertaken the overthrow of that mammoth fabric of spiritual and temporal dominion which the pope had erected


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[Assistant] And in which the souls and bodies of millions were held captive.


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[Assistant] Again Wycliffe was called to defend the rights of the English crown against the encroachments of Rome.


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[Assistant] In being appointed a Royal Ambassador, he spent two years in the Netherlands in conference with the commissioners of the Pope.


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[Assistant] Here he was brought into communication with ecclesiastics from France, Italy, and Spain.


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[Assistant] And he had an opportunity to look behind the scenes and gain a knowledge of many things which would have remained hidden from him in England. He learned much that was to give point to his after labors.


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[Assistant] In these representatives from the papal court, he read the true character and aims of the hierarchy.


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[Assistant] He returned to England to repeat his former teachings more openly and with greater zeal.


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[Assistant] And never other man took thereof but only this proud worldly priest's collector. By process of time this hill must be spend'd.


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[Assistant] For he taketh ever money out of our land, and sendeth not again but God's curse for his simony."


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[Assistant] John Lewis, History of the Life and Sufferings of Jay Wycliffe, page 37.


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[Assistant] Soon after his return to England, Wycliffe received from the king the appointment to the rectory of letterworth.


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[Assistant] This was an assurance that the monarch at least had not been displeased by his plain speaking.


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[Assistant] Wycliffe's influence was felt in shaping the action of the court, as well as in molding the belief of the nation. The papal thunders were soon hurled against him. Three bulls were dispatched to England.


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[Assistant] Before the arrival of the bulls, however, the bishops in their zeal had summoned Wycliffe before them for trial.


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[Assistant] But two of the most powerful princes in the kingdom accompanied him to the tribunal, and the people surrounding the building and rushing in so intimidated the judges that the proceedings were for the time suspended, and he was allowed to go his way in peace.


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[Assistant] A little later, Edward III, whom in his old age the prelates were seeking to influence against the reformer, died.


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[Assistant] And Wycliffe's former protector became regent of the kingdom.


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[Assistant] It appeared certain that Wycliffe must soon fall a prey to the vengeance of Rome. But he who declared to one of old, fear not, I am thy shield, Genesis 15 verse 1, again stretched out his hand to protect his servant. Death came not to the reformer, but to the pontiff who had decreed his destruction. Gregory XI died.


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[Assistant] And the ecclesiastics who had assembled for Wycliffe's trial dispersed.


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[Assistant] God's providence still further overruled events to give opportunity for the growth of the Reformation.


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[Assistant] The death of Gregory was followed by the election of two rival popes. Two conflicting powers


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[Assistant] Each professedly infallible now claimed obedience. Each called upon the faithful to assist him in making war upon the other enforcing his demands by terrible anathemas against his adversaries.


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[Assistant] The rival factions had all they could do to attack each other, and Wycliffe for a time had rest.


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[Assistant] Anathemas and recriminations were flying from pope to pope.


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[Assistant] Prepared the way for the reformation by enabling the people to see what the papacy really was, in a tract which he published on the schism of the popes.


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[Assistant] Wycliffe called upon the people to consider whether these two priests were not speaking the truth and condemning each other as the Antichrist.


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[Assistant] God, said he, quote, would no longer suffer the fiend to reign in only one such priest.


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[Assistant] Wycliffe, like his master, preached the gospel to the poor. Not content with spreading the light in their humble homes in his own parish of Lutterworth, he determined that it should be carried to every part of England.


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[Assistant] To accomplish this, he organized a body of preachers, simple, devout men, who loved the truth and desired nothing so much as to extend it.


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[Assistant] These men went everywhere teaching in the marketplaces, in the streets of the great cities, and in the country lanes. They sought out the aged, the sick, and the poor, and opened to them the glad tidings of the grace of God. As a professor of theology at Oxford,


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[Assistant] Wycliffe preached the word of God in the halls of the university.


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[Assistant] So faithfully did he present the truth to the students under his instruction, that he received the title of the Gospel Doctor.


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[Assistant] But the greatest work of his life was to be the translation of the scriptures into the English language, in a work on the truth and meaning of scripture.


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[Assistant] He expressed his intention to translate the Bible so that every man in England might read, in the language in which he was born, the wonderful works of God. But suddenly his labors were stopped. Though not yet sixty years of age, unceasing toil, study, and the assaults of his enemies, had tolled upon his strength, and made him prematurely old. He was attacked by a dangerous illness. The tidings brought great joy to the friars,


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[Assistant] Now they thought he would bitterly repent the evil he had done the church.


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[Assistant] And they hurried to his chamber to listen to his confession.


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[Assistant] Representatives from the four religious orders with four civil officers gathered about the supposed dying man.


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[Assistant] Quote, You have death on your lips, they said. Be touched by your faults, and retract in our presence all that you have said to our injury. Close quote. The reformer listened in silence, then he bade his attendant raise him in his bed, and gazing steadily upon them as they stood waiting for his recantation he said in the firm strong voice which had so often caused them to tremble. Quote, I shall not die but live.


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[Assistant] He lived to place in the hands of his countrymen the most powerful of all weapons against Rome, to give them the Bible, the heaven appointed agent to liberate, enlighten, and evangelize the people.


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[Assistant] There were many and great obstacles to surmount in the accomplishment of this work. Wycliffe was weighed down with infirmities.


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[Assistant] He knew that only a few years for labor remained for him.


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[Assistant] He saw the opposition which he must meet, but, encouraged by the promises of God's word, he went forward, nothing daunted.


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[Assistant] In the full vigor of his intellectual powers rich in experience,


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[Assistant] He had been preserved and prepared by God's special providence for this, the greatest of his labors. While all Christendom was filled with tumult, the reformer, in his rectory at Lutterworth, unheeding the storm that raged without, applied himself to his chosen task. At last the work was completed, the first English translation of the Bible ever made. The word of God was opened to England. The reformer feared not now the prison or the state,


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[Assistant] He had placed in the hands of the English people a light which should never be extinguished.


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[Assistant] He had done more to break the fetters of ignorance and vice more to liberate and elevate his country


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[Assistant] It was only by slow and wearisome labor that copies of the Bible could be multiplied. So great was the interest to obtain the book.


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[Assistant] In many cases several families united to purchase a copy.


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[Assistant] Thus, Wycliffe's Bible soon found its way to the homes of the people. The appeal to men's reason aroused them from their passive submission to papal dogmas.


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[Assistant] Wycliffe now taught the distinctive doctrines of Protestantism. Salvation through faith in Christ and the sole infallibility of the scriptures.


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[Assistant] The preachers whom he had sent out circulated the Bible together with the Reformers writings, and with such success that the new faith was accepted by nearly one half of the people of England.


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[Assistant] The appearance of the scriptures brought dismay to the authorities of the church.


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[Assistant] They had now to meet an agency more powerful than Wycliffe.


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[Assistant] An agency against which their weapons would avail little.


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[Assistant] There was at this time no law in England prohibiting the Bible. Red had never before been published in the language of the people.


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[Assistant] Such laws were afterward enacted and rigorously enforced. Meanwhile, notwithstanding the efforts of the priests,


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[Assistant] There was for a season opportunity for the circulation of the word of God.


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[Assistant] Again the papal leaders plotted to silence the reformer's voice.


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[Assistant] Before three tribunals, he was successively summoned for trial, but without a veil.


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[Assistant] First, the Senate of Bishops declared his writings heretical.


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[Assistant] And winning the young king Richard II to their side, they obtained a royal decree consigning to prison all who should hold the condemned doctrines.


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[Assistant] Wycliffe appealed from the synod to Parliament.


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[Assistant] He fearlessly arraigned the hierarchy before the National Council and demanded a reform of the enormous abuses sanctioned by the Church. With convincing power he portrayed the usurpation and corruptions of the Papal Sea. His enemies were brought to confusion.


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[Assistant] The friends and supporters of Wycliffe had been forced to yield.


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[Assistant] Alone and friendless would bow to the combined authority of the crown and the mitre.


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[Assistant] But instead of this, the Papists saw themselves defeated. Parliament, roused by the stirring appeals of Wycliffe, repealed the persecuting edict, and the Reformer was again at liberty.


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[Assistant] A third time he was brought to trial, and now before the highest ecclesiastical tribunal in the kingdom. Here no favor would be shown to heresy. Here at last, Rome would triumph, and the reformers' work would be stopped. So thought the papists. If they could but accomplish their purpose, Wycliffe would be forced to abjure his doctrines


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[Assistant] or would leave the court only for the flames.


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[Assistant] But Wycliffe did not retract. He would not disassemble.


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[Assistant] He fearlessly maintained his teachings and repelled the accusations of his persecutors.


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[Assistant] Losing sight of himself, of his position, of the occasion, he summoned his hearers before the divine tribunal.


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[Assistant] And weighed their sophistries and deceptions in the balances of eternal truth.


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[Assistant] The power of the Holy Spirit was felt in the council room. A spell from God was upon the hearers. They seemed to have no power to leave the place. As arrows from the Lord's quiver, the Reformers' words pierced their hearts. The charge of heresy which they had brought against him


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[Assistant] He with convincing power threw back upon themselves. Why, he demanded, did they dare to spread their errors? For the sake of gain? To make merchandise of the grace of God? Quote, With whom think you, he finally said, are you contending? With an old man on the brink of the grave? No, with truth. Truth which is stronger than you and will overcome you, close quote.


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[Assistant] The banner of truth which he had so long borne was soon to fall from his hand, but once more he was to bear witness for the gospel.


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[Assistant] The truth was to be proclaimed from the very stronghold of the Kingdom of Error.


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[Assistant] Whycliffe was summoned for trial before the papal tribunal at Rome, which had so often shed the blood of the saints. He was not blind to the danger that threatened him.


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[Assistant] Yet he would have obeyed the summons had not a shock of palsy made it impossible for him to perform the journey. But though his voice was not to be heard at Rome,


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[Assistant] He could speak by letter and this he determined to do.


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[Assistant] From his rectory, the reformer wrote to the pope a letter which


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[Assistant] While respectful in tone and Christian in spirit.


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[Assistant] Verily I do rejoice, he said, to open and declare unto every man the faith which I do hold, and especially unto the Bishop of Rome,


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[Assistant] Which, for as much as I do suppose he be sound and true, He will most willingly confirm my said faith, Or, if it be erroneous, amend the same.


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[Assistant] For as much as he is the vicar of Christ here on earth, to be most bound of all other men unto that law of the gospel.


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[Assistant] For the greatness among Christ's disciples did not consist in worldly dignity or honors but in the near and exact following of Christ in his life and manners.


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[Assistant] For the time of his pilgrimage here was a most poor man.


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[Assistant] Objecting and casting off all worldly rule and honor.


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[Assistant] No faithful man ought to follow either the Pope himself or any of the holy men.


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[Assistant] But in such points as he hath followed the Lord Jesus Christ,


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[Assistant] For Peter and the sons of Zebedee by desiring worldly honor.


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[Assistant] Contrary to the following of Christ's steps, did offend, and therefore in those errors they are not to be followed.


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[Assistant] The Pope ought to leave unto the secular power all temporal dominion and rule, and thereunto effectually to move and exhort his whole clergy. For so did Christ, and especially by his apostles.


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[Assistant] Wherefore, if I have erred in any of these points, I will most humbly submit myself unto correction, even by death, if necessity so require.


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[Assistant] And if I could labor according to my will or desire in mine own person,


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[Assistant] I would surely present myself before the Bishop of Rome, but the Lord hath otherwise visited me to the contrary.


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[Assistant] Let us pray unto our God that he will so stir up our Pope Urban VI as he began, that he, with his clergy may follow the Lord Jesus Christ in life and manners, and that they may teach the people effectually.


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[Assistant] And that they likewise may faithfully follow them in the same."


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[Assistant] Thus Wycliffe presented to the pope and his cardinals the meekness and humility of Christ, exhibiting not only to themselves but to all Christendom the contrast between them and the master whose representatives they professed to be. Wycliffe fully expected that his life would be the price of his fidelity. The king


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[Assistant] The Pope and the bishops were united to accomplish his ruin, and it seemed certain that a few months at most would bring him to the stake. But his courage was unshaken.


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[Assistant] Why do you talk of seeking the crown of martyrdom afar? he said.


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[Assistant] The man who for a whole lifetime had stood boldly in defense of the truth in daily peril of his life was not to fall a victim of the hatred of its foes. Wycliffe had never sought to shield himself, but the Lord had been his protector, and now when his enemies felt sure of their prey, God's hand removed him beyond their reach. In his church at Lutterworth, as he was about to dispense the communion, he fell stricken with palsy,


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[Assistant] Who went before him from whose work he could shape his system of reform.


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[Assistant] Raised up like John the Baptist to accomplish a special mission, he was the herald of a new era.


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[Assistant] Yet in the system of truth which he presented there was a unity and completeness which reformers who followed him did not exceed.


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[Assistant] And which some did not reach even a hundred years later. So broad and deep was laid the foundation


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[Assistant] So firm and true was the framework that it needed not to be reconstructed by those who came after him. The great movement that Wycliffe inaugurated, which was to liberate the conscience and the intellect.


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[Assistant] And set free the nation so long bound to the triumphal car of Rome had its spring in the Bible.


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[Assistant] Here was the source of that stream of blessing which, like the water of life, has flowed down the ages since the 14th century.


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[Assistant] Wycliffe accepted the Holy Scriptures with implicit faith as the inspired revelation of God's will, a sufficient rule of faith and practice.


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[Assistant] The established teachings and customs of a thousand years, but he turned away from all these to listen to God's holy word.


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[Assistant] He declared the only true authority to be the voice of God speaking through his word.


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[Assistant] And he taught not only that the Bible is a perfect revelation of God's will,


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[Assistant] But that the Holy Spirit is its only interpreter.


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[Assistant] And that every man is by the study of its teachings to learn his duty for himself.


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[Assistant] Thus he turned the minds of men from the Pope and the Church of Rome to the Word of God. Wycliffe was one of the greatest of the reformers. In breadth of intellect, in clearness of thought, in firmness to maintain the truth and in boldness to defend it, he was equaled by few who came after him. Purity of life, unwearying diligence in study and in labor,


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[Assistant] Incorruptible integrity and Christ-like love and faithfulness in his ministry characterized the first of the reformers.


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[Assistant] And this not withstanding the intellectual darkness and moral corruption of the age from which he emerged.


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[Assistant] The character of Wycliffe is a testimony to the educating, transforming power of the Holy Scriptures. It was the Bible that made him what he was.


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[Assistant] sharpens the perceptions and ripens the judgment.


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[Assistant] The study of the Bible will ennoble every thought, feeling, and aspiration as no other study can.


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[Assistant] It gives stability of purpose, patience, courage and fortitude. It refines the character and sanctifies the soul.


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[Assistant] An earnest reverent study of the scriptures bringing the mind of the student in direct contact with the infinite mind.


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[Assistant] would give to the world men of stronger and more active intellect.


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[Assistant] As well as of nobler principle than has ever resulted from the ablest training that human philosophy affords.


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[Assistant] The entrance of thy words, says the psalmist, giveth light, it giveth understanding. Psalm 119 verse 130.


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[Assistant] The doctrines which had been taught by Wycliffe continued for a time to spread.


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[Assistant] His followers known as Wycliffeites and Lollards not only traversed England but scattered to other lands carrying the knowledge of the gospel.


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[Assistant] Now that their leader was removed, the preachers labored with even greater zeal than before and multitudes flocked to listen to their teachings.


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[Assistant] Some of the nobility and even the wife of the king were among the converts.


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[Assistant] In many places there was a marked reform in the manners of the people.


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[Assistant] And the idolatrous symbols of Romanism were removed from the churches.


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[Assistant] Finding shelter as best they could in the humble homes of the poor and often hiding away even in dens and caves. Notwithstanding the rage of persecution,


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[Assistant] A calm, devout, earnest, patient protest against the prevailing corruption of religious faith continued for centuries to be uttered.


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[Assistant] Christians of that early time had only a partial knowledge of the truth, but they had learned to love and obey God's word, and they patiently suffered for its sake.


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[Assistant] Many sacrificed their worldly possessions for the cause of Christ.


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[Assistant] Those who were permitted to dwell in their homes gladly sheltered their banished brethren, and when they too were driven forth, they cheerfully accepted the lot of the outcast. Thousands, it is true, terrified by the fury of their persecutors, purchased their freedom at the sacrifice of their faith.


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[Assistant] And went out of their prisons, clothed in penitent robes, to publish their recantation.


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[Assistant] But the number was not small, and among them were men of noble birth as well as the humble and lowly, who bore fearless testimony to the truth in dungeon cells, in lullard towers, and in the midst of torture and flame.


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[Assistant] Rejoicing that they were counted worthy to know the fellowship of his sufferings.


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[Assistant] The Papists had failed to work their will with Wycliffe during his life.


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[Assistant] His bones were exhumed and publicly burned and the ashes were thrown into a neighboring brook.


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[Assistant] This brook, says an old rider, hath conveyed his ashes into Avon, Avon into Severn, Severn into the narrow seas, they into the main ocean.


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[Assistant] And thus the ashes of Wycliffe are the emblem of his doctrine, which now is dispersed all the world over."


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[Assistant] T Fuller, Church History of Britain, Book 4, Section 2, Paragraph 54.


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[Assistant] Little did his enemies realize the significance of their malicious act.


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[Assistant] So widely separated, the seed of truth was sown. From Bohemia, the work extended to other lands.


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[Assistant] The minds of men were directed to the long forgotten word of God. A divine hand was preparing the way for the great reformation.


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[Assistant] Approach me. Hmm, pretty little wench.


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[Assistant] A little harmless flirtation and my Alfredo will get that ambassadorship. Alfredo? What about my husband? What about mine? Or mine?


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[Assistant] I must talk to you alone. Shall we say eleven?


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[Assistant] The thing that gave me some hope was the fact that when we went toward our dressing room at the end of the half, our players ran as a group so you could sense it as you went toward the dressing room that we were not a beaten team.


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[Assistant] Everybody has their time and this is his right now. He's had a great year, so didn't expect anything less from it.


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[Assistant] I love all the drama, but when you're a fan of a team, you really don't want trauma.


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[Assistant] A lot of the throws were just perfect. You know what I mean? The guy was in his zone. We all hope, no matter what we do, whether it's sports writer or, you know, photographer or whatever, we all hope for that one moment when we can feel like we did everything right. And that's what happened to Joe.


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[Assistant] You could make the argument that if he maybe was honest about this, he would rank that victory maybe even the equal of anything he did in the Super Bowl.


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[Assistant] The St. Louis Cardinals was the very first team to live in integrated housing.


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[Assistant] After finishing fourth in his all-too-human debut, Secretariat won his next two races, the second under a new jockey, Ron Turcott.


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[Assistant] But it wasn't until the Sanford Stakes at Saratoga that the horse who would capture America's heart gave us a peek into the future.


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[Assistant] Then, after winning his first two starts of the year, the unexpected happened in his Kentucky Derby tune-up and aqueduct.


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[Assistant] With the Kentucky Derby just two weeks away, serious questions arose about Turcotte's ability to guide Secretariat to victory in the first leg of the Triple Crown.


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[Assistant] If many didn't share Lauren's confidence in the rider, others began to wonder about the horse.


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[Assistant] But for all the negative fallout from his poor showing in the Wood Memorial, Secretariat was a 3-2 favorite to win the biggest race of his young life.


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[Assistant] A record 134,000, hummed with expectations.


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[Assistant] As the first horse to run the mile and a quarter derby in under two minutes, Secretariat turned what had been uneasiness in Louisville into confidence in Baltimore.


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[Assistant] Not since Man of War in 1920 had a horse so captivated a nation. Now the one to ten favorite had a chance to succeed where seven horses failed since 1948 to win the Belmont Stakes after taking the first two legs of the Triple Crown.


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[Assistant] June 9th, the day of reckoning, broke bright and clear. By post time, millions of Secretariat fans had put their money where their hearts were. Some for the first time in their lives.


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[Assistant] The team's leader was Penny Chenery Tweedy. In 1971, with her father a victim of Alzheimer's disease, Penny left her comfortable life in Denver and traveled to the East Coast with hopes of saving the family horse farm.


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[Assistant] Hope for Meadow Stable was sparked in 1972 when one of its horses, Reva Ridge, won the Kentucky Derby and the Belmont Stakes.


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[Assistant] Penny's greatest contribution to Secretariat was herself.


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[Assistant] The decision of Ron Turcotte to ride Secretariat had its own special logic. Like the trainer, the jockey came from similar roots and hardships as a French Canadian.


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[Assistant] In 1977, Lucian Lauren was inducted into the Horse Racing Hall of Fame. Ron Turcotte was less fortunate. His riding career ended in 1978 when an accident on the track


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[Assistant] As a national icon, Secretariat was asked to run on an even faster track, the Celebrity Stakes. Freshly signed to a contract by the William Morris Agency, he shared the same talent stable with Sophia Loren and Elvis Presley.


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[Assistant] Secretariat ran his last race on a cold, wet October Sunday in Woodvine, Ontario.


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[Assistant] With Ron Turcotte serving an unrelated suspension, seasoned jockey Eddie Maples sat uneasy in the Master of Horses saddle.


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[Assistant] Like all great athletes who quit at the top, Secretariat left racing fans to wonder what might have been.


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[Assistant] In Aqueduct on November 6th, 1973, just 16 months since his inauspicious debut, 33,000 of the faithful gathered to watch the big chestnut canter past the stands on his last goodbye before retiring to stud.


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[Assistant] Secretariat's stud career began with high expectations, but he would never come close to passing on his greatness.


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[Assistant] When Secretariat died at 19, an autopsy revealed what every poet knew, that his heart was huge.


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[Assistant] The day before the wood memorial, I worked him, uh, an eighth of a, uh, three eighths of a mile and I had to kick him to make him work and I never had to do that. I told the foreman, there's something the matter with this horse. I said, you better have him checked out.


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[Assistant] This was something that, uh, most Americans had finally concluded would never happen again. No one will ever win the Triple Crown again.


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[Assistant] Update book async. To update any book, we need two things. First is the id of that particular book so that we can fetch the book based on that id and then what all properties we need to update for that book. So in the parameter, we will be having book id as well as the model.


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[Assistant] Paste it again. And to update the value, we need HTTP PUT.


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[Assistant] In the output, you can see that we are having the updated value. Let's debug this code.


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[Assistant] Chapter 23 Rinaldi in the major left


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[Assistant] It's nice to see you again, I said. Me too. So, tell me, how is everything? He asked with a smile. Everything is good. My leg is better. I'm a little sleepy today, though. What about you? How have you been? Since you left, things have become quite terrible.


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[Assistant] I guess one good thing about it is that everybody has woken up now. The war has become real to them suddenly. That I think is good. He looked very upset. Why is that good?


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[Assistant] It's good because I think it will help to end the fighting sooner. I'm almost sure that it will end soon. Who will stop fighting? Everyone. But how?


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[Assistant] Do you think the war will end without a winner or loser? Of course someone has to win. That's the only way that wars can end. You are upsetting me. I'm not trying to upset you. I want this war to end as much as you do. But I know what will have to happen. We have been losing recently. That's what everyone has told me here.


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[Assistant] Losing makes people calm down and think a bit more clearly. The Austrians however have been winning recently.


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[Assistant] I don't think that ideas about ending the war are entering their minds.


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[Assistant] Nobody really wins in a war. Everybody loses. I agree, but one side has to lose more than the other. Then I don't know what I want anymore.


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[Assistant] I wish that somebody would just hurry up and finish all this. I pray it will end soon. I'm pretty sleepy, Father. I've enjoyed our talk as usual, but I think I really need to go to bed. Of course.


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[Assistant] I apologize for keeping you up so long with my endless complaining. Go, get some sleep. Good night then, I said. Good night.


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[Assistant] While these events were happening in the workhouse, the artful Dodger and Charlie Bates were playing cards in Fagin's house. The Dodger, as usual, was winning easily.


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[Assistant] Somehow he always seemed to know exactly what cards the other players had in their hands.


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[Assistant] Suddenly there was a faint ring on the bell downstairs, and Toby came in.


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[Assistant] The man had gone with Bill Sykes and Oliver to rob the house in Chertsey. Fagin jumped to his feet.


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[Assistant] We ran away with Oliver between us and they chased us with dogs. And the boy, what about the boy? gasped Fagin. His head was hanging down and he was cold.


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[Assistant] We needed to go faster, so we left him in a field, alive or dead. That's all I know about him.


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[Assistant] And that sits on the superior posterior aspect of the thorax.


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[Assistant] As one can see, the main part of the bone is practically transparent as the bone is quite thin, whereas the scapular margins appear to be more solid and thick. Let's find out what are anatomically relevant details that this bone can offer to us. This is the dorsal view to the bone.


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[Assistant] The dorsal aspect of the bone is slightly convex in the posterior direction, whereas the anterior side


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[Assistant] We'll demonstrate three different margins and three different angles.


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[Assistant] This is medial scapular or paravertebral border. When these two borders intersect, they form the superior scapular angle.


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[Assistant] Third margin of this bone is oriented laterally. For that reason it is known as the lateral or axillary border of the scapula. Intersection between paravertebral border


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[Assistant] And axillary border yields another angle which is termed the inferior angle of scapula.


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[Assistant] Although the superior angle and the inferior angle of the scapula were quite easy to identify, the third angle, which is referred to as the lateral angle, appears to be somewhat mysterious.


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[Assistant] It's really not angular in the first place because intersection of the superior border


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[Assistant] And axillary border cannot really yield an angle, but rather becomes heavily modified


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[Assistant] In order to form this huge, articular surface that is called the glenoid cavity or the glenoid fossa. Therefore, the entire part of the scapula that I am currently pointing to is what should be referred as the lateral scapular angle.


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[Assistant] There is a massive bony ridge which arises from the medial or vertebral border of the scapula, which is known as the scapular spine. It projects itself laterally and as it reaches the shoulder, it actually bends forward.


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[Assistant] So what we see here is first the spine of the scapula with its root, then the spine,


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[Assistant] Which really divides the dorsal aspect of this bone into two large depressions. Above the spine comes the supraspinous fossa


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[Assistant] And inferior to the spine of the scapula is another large area known as the infraspinous fossa.


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[Assistant] When the spine of the scapula reaches the most lateral part, it forms the angle


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[Assistant] Before it terminates, creating this huge part that is named as the acromion of the scapula.


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[Assistant] Verdechromion is coming from the Greek term Akros and Poulmos.


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[Assistant] That is a Latin term. Acro on the top of...


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[Assistant] Almost being shoulder, so acromion is really the top of the shoulder.


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[Assistant] The acromion itself will show us facet, articular surface.


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[Assistant] Contains practically the same name muscle. The name of the muscle is supraspinatus.


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[Assistant] Whereas, Infraspinous Fossa is gonna host attachment of also large and important muscle that is known as the Infraspinatus.


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[Assistant] On the costal side or anterior side, the scapula and its blade is slightly concave.


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[Assistant] So this area will become attachment of subscapularis muscle.


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[Assistant] Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and the subscapular muscle are joined by another muscle, the teres minor, and they form a rotator cuff around the glenohumeral joint.


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[Assistant] These four muscles with their flat, broad tendons actually


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[Assistant] We would realize the moment we compare it to the size of the head of the humerus that they are not a perfect match.


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[Assistant] Glenoid Fossa is very slightly concave.


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[Assistant] It will be additionally enlarged and made wider and also made more concave by attachment of fibrocartilaginous ring all around its peripheral margins. The name of that ring is glenoid labrum. Inferior to the glenoid fossa, there is area of substantial roughness


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[Assistant] That is known as the infra-glynoid tubercule.


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[Assistant] That is the attachment of the long head of the triceps brachii muscle.


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[Assistant] Superior to the glenoid cavity, there is another much smaller elevation that is known as the supraglenoid tubercle that is also attachment of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle. Finally,


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[Assistant] That arises with its base from the superior margin of the scapula, close to the glenaid fossa.


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[Assistant] The cork weight process makes significant projection forward relative to the rest of the scapula and as such actually project itself further interior relative to the position of the clavicle.


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[Assistant] The coracoid process is interesting attachment point for three different muscles, the pectoralis minor, the coracobrachialis,


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[Assistant] And it is also attachment of the short head of the biceps brachii muscle. As it was mentioned earlier, the scapular blade is quite thin, almost transparent


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[Assistant] Whereas the peripheral parts of the bone are much thicker.


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[Assistant] Additional muscles will use the margins of the scapula for their attachment. So on this costal surface, on the top of what was said that subscapular fossa will be the attachment of the subscapularis muscle.


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[Assistant] On this lateral edge or axillary border of the scapula as well as on the medial or paravertebral border of the scapula, we're going to have attachment of additional number of muscles both on the costal or anterior side


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[Assistant] As well as on the dorsal or posterior side of the scapula. To name a few.


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[Assistant] The medial border of the scapula will become attachment point for rhomboid minor and then rhomboid major muscle, whereas on the same landmark on a different side of the bone,


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[Assistant] I think you hear me knocking and I think I'm coming in and I'm bringing Bo and his big bad hip with me.


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[Assistant] They all had to sleep in the same room. Each one of them having to sleep, you know, on the floor.


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[Assistant] You know, pile up around the heat or whatnot in the wintertime.


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[Assistant] He go to stuttering and go to sweating and wiping his head and the kids get to giggling and laughing at him and he'll turn around and tell him, I'll see you after school.


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[Assistant] Of course, the sheriff came. They went directly to Bo House. His mom, uhm,


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[Assistant] And healthcare is a complicated business. Everybody knows that. Literally. Everybody. Also, if my premiums go up and subsidies go down, I'm gonna wind up paying more.


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[Assistant] The point is, if that happens, millions of folks like me might get real angry. Which is worth thinking about if you're the sort of person who really likes being popular. You get that, right? Right?


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[Assistant] Shortly after the end of last season, I felt that I probably would not return. I also felt that I should take as much time as possible and make sure that my feelings were back with conviction.


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[Assistant] It was a wonderful experience to play in the NFL and I have no regrets. I leave on good terms with everyone in the organization. The reason I'm retiring is simple.


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[Assistant] I never felt that it was that cramped. You know, either I was in my room or I was outside playing.


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[Assistant] At the start of the summer, going into my senior year, you know, I go, go to my dad,


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[Assistant] I was kinda explaining to him that, you know, I really need to concentrate on working out this summer and getting ready to try to earn a scholarship. And, uh, he just looked at me.


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[Assistant] Like he always would, you know, no nonsense and said, well hey son, you're working out, he's gonna be working with me this summer.


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[Assistant] At that point, it was understood that, you know, when he needed me to work, that's what I did. The only thing is, you know, the pay wasn't that great. But in the end, it did pay off.


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[Assistant] You know, I was always at the game on Friday night. You know, I was that kid that was always here, uhm, with my dad. Uhm, and so now...


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[Assistant] Uhm, after so many things have happened, I'm starting running back at North High School. And not only that, but I'm having a career year at running back. I cannot even explain it to you. And for me, just being on the field, playing the game.


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[Assistant] That was where I was at home. That's, that's uh, that's, you know, really all I wanted to do.


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[Assistant] Coming up on a football life. I remember exactly what he said. You know, I was Oklahoma Sooner fan well before you were born and I hope you have a good game. Uhm, but you know, that's my team.


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[Assistant] At that point, he was not excited about me going to Oklahoma State. The morning that Oklahoma State came to sign me, Coach came to the house before school.


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[Assistant] Because, you know, there, there's no guy that my dad held and hired a Steneberry Switzer.


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[Assistant] I didn't think I was the guy, you know, to start at that point Thurman had had.


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[Assistant] Great career. He was well on his way to the pros and I knew that when he left that I would be given an opportunity.


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[Assistant] I'm the kid that remembers all the great college running backs that I studied as a kid. So for me to find myself in that position, it was unreal.


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[Assistant] One of the things I realized in my first couple years was that the game is so different. The life is so different. And sometimes.


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[Assistant] You know if you're not careful, you can really get lost in all the other things going on.


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[Assistant] It mattered that I was playing against Emmett. He had certainly made a name for himself at that point and I certainly wanted to put my best foot forward.


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[Assistant] Just the, the time I spent fantasizing about football, uhm, and just dreaming up things that I wanted to do on the field.


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[Assistant] Certain times I almost felt like I could do anything with the ball.


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[Assistant] Able so well to read, you know, the body language of, you know, of the defender.


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[Assistant] You know, and you almost have him on a string. You know, you almost have him on a string.


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[Assistant] And as I sort of grew into being a running back, there's a certain almost familiarity with it. And so those are the crazy things that I would think about and dream about.


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[Assistant] There's such a finality to those playoff games. While they are much more special than regular season games, they hurt a lot more.


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[Assistant] I'm pretty sure early in the season, no one imagined that that would be the year. That's really tough to get 2,000 yards. I had come close a few years prior where I was only a hundred and some yards away. I wanted it, but I realized that it is, it's real tough.


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[Assistant] Full well who Walter Payton was, what he had accomplished. Not just Walter Payton.


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[Assistant] But all the guys that had tried to do what Walter did, you know, the record for me wasn't important enough to, to force myself to stay around and to try to get the record.


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[Assistant] No, no, I mean, I didn't, I didn't hate the lions, uhm, and uhm, and I wasn't trying to go anywhere else.


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[Assistant] You know, had things been different with the team, I don't know if I would have made the same decision. Had we been coming off a Super Bowl victory, uhm, or a deep run into the playoffs, I don't know. I just felt like I had ran out of steam at that tenth year.


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[Assistant] I have answered a lot of questions about my retirement, but as someone who was a football fan, I'm pretty sure that I would have been disappointed as a fan had Tony Dorsett retired in his prime. You know, I may have even shed some tears.


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[Assistant] For me, I'm in a special class in that category that's played this game. And knowing what I know and seeing what I've seen, for me that's very fulfilling. And that's fulfilling enough to be satisfied with where I sit.


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[Assistant] Today I officially declare my departure from the NFL. The reason I'm retiring is simple.


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[Assistant] It was a close game and I didn't want to run up and drop the punt, uhm, and cause us to


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[Assistant] And I can, I can credit William Sanders for, um,


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[Assistant] He'd always hear people say their child is the best, you know, and he didn't wanna, he didn't wanna ever just do that just because.


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[Assistant] In the closest vote in the history of this trophy, the winner is from Auburn University, Bo Jackson.


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[Assistant] The Lions needed a franchise player. They needed a brand. And Barry had that flash. He had that ability to light a place up.


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[Assistant] We had Barry Sanders, the absolute X factor of any football team that could bring you from the depths of despair to the height of joy in one carry.


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[Assistant] Boy, what a great change of pace to see one of the greatest players in the game go into the end zone and act like he'd been there before.


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[Assistant] That's part of the job. This is what I do. Thank you very much. I'm gonna turn around and humbly run back to the side.


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[Assistant] The Lions knew that he was their guy and they got him the opportunity to do his thing in space, which is a smart thing. And that's why 2,000 yards was a possibility.


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[Assistant] That disappointment in his retirement has gone away real fast. And now he's one of our own and one of the greats.


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[Assistant] If you make an amazing run, score a touchdown of 80 yards, you make eight people miss on one play.


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[Assistant] The start of the 97 season was, it was frustrating. It was difficult for us. After two games, Barry had a total of 53 yards.


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[Assistant] I always, you know, one of my main questions is, does that bother you? He's like a freak of nature. Even if it hurts, he doesn't admit it. He's an incredibly mentally tough guy.


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[Assistant] I had some tears come down my face, to be honest with you. You know, I mean, that's not a real macho thing to say for a guy, but we spent a lot of time together. And then he came in after he hit it and gave me a big old hug and said, I love you, Herm. That's good enough. You know, that's, that made me happy.


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[Assistant] I was with my friend the other day and she was like, yeah, a lot of guys don't use condoms.


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[Assistant] Oh, oh. Yeah. God, just- I wish girls would just say what they mean. Crawl all over my body and pick the shit off me!


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[Assistant] Oh my god, Arin, really? Did you just- oh god. Why don't I just go? Why don't I leave?


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[Assistant] Which after working this feedback for a poc- nowhere I now realize maybe God's simple truth. Other truth is, my brother's in prison.


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[Assistant] My sister cheats on welfare by pretending one of her babies is still alive. My daddy's dead and my mama weighs 312 pounds. If I was thinking straight, I'd go back home, find a used trailer, buy a deep fryer and some Oreos. Problem is, this is the only thing I ever felt good doing. If I'm too old for this, then I got nothing.


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[Assistant] Yes, sir. Because I know if you train me, Rad, I'm gonna be a champ.


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[Assistant] Surdas, apka final answer.


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[Assistant] But remember, if you answer wrong, you lose everything.


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[Assistant] Shut up! The man with the Colt .45 says shut up! Go now, or gun master Gina will shoot you right between the eyes.


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[Assistant] We've been expecting it for weeks, ever since the ironworks at Dallas closed down. What have the ironworks to do with us?


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[Assistant] This story just keep being spent around. Where will Baker go? Will he start again for the Browns? Like it's, it's like it's obvious that the Browns were not gonna have him under center ever again. So it's nice that he'll be able to start his career with another team.


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[Assistant] I don't know how I feel about Carolina. It's a, that's, cause they off as a line was not great. You got Ben McAdoo who said he was the sixth best quarterback when he was coming out in the draft. You be generous, let me be honest. So, it's gonna be, you got Robbie Anderson who had his-


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[Assistant] Robbie Anderson had his comments, so I'm pretty sure he's team Sam Darno. You know, it's gonna be interesting. Very interesting. That week one matchup is one that must see TV.


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[Assistant] Why is it, why are we frowned upon for wanting to be a better, get the best possible player for the quarterback position? I don't understand that.


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[Assistant] In a world, in a league where everybody seems to now be getting rid of their quarterbacks if they feel like they can't win a Super Bowl. I mean, you got, you got Sam Fran just did it. You got the Rams just did it. You got, I don't know what Seattle, Seattle just got rid of Russell Wilson. I don't know why everybody, why is it frowned upon?


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[Assistant] The thing I don't understand is, and I keep saying this, and people keep throwing shade at me like I don't know what I'm talking about, but Kevin Stefanski, when you get a new head coach's job, you get


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[Assistant] Two to three years. If something doesn't happen in those three years, they're moving on.


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[Assistant] Stefanski's first year, great. Second year, not good. This season right here means a lot.


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[Assistant] Oh Jay. I think Jay's fine. Jay is, I think he's one of the, he's probably okay now. It hit him a little bit because he was the one that was really pushing the narrative that Baker should come back and they should run it back with Baker. And I just, I think he's finally coming to the sense that yeah, they were never


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[Assistant] So my question is you talking higher ceiling for this season? We talking this season? Right, that's a good question.


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[Assistant] Okay, so this season the Browns should definitely win hands down and I'm going to tell you why.


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[Assistant] It's a whole offensive change. Ben McAdoo's first year there. That offense is not going to pick that playbook up in that quick. Two, they, they offense align was horrendous last year. I mean, they got a, they're going to have a rookie left tackle this season. We don't know how he's going to pan out. So that's, that's the question.


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[Assistant] And on top of all of that, you got Baker coming in. Now granted, this would be his fifth


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[Assistant] I think it'll be one of those things that has to go week after week. We'll add more onto your plate. But coming into that Browns game, it should be, it shouldn't be a complex playbook for him because you can't throw a guy a whole playbook and expect him to just pick it up and know it.


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[Assistant] All in one week or two weeks of training camp or whatever it is. So I'm going with the Browns with Jacoby Brissette at the quarterback position. Like I say,


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[Assistant] Kevis, the fans, he can have a decent season last year with banged up Baker Mayfield, and he's bringing all those people back with more receiving weapons and stuff like that.


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[Assistant] He has no excuse to not go above 500 this season.


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[Assistant] It was only one comment that Josh Rosen made that kind of rubbed, I think, a lot of players in NFL to run with. When he says something like, if I don't succeed in football, I won't be working at McDonald's or something. Like, I don't need football.


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[Assistant] Because to me, when I watched him play these last couple of shots, I feel like his arm strength is just not the same. Now granted,


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[Assistant] Like I said, I don't know outside of Anthony Schwartz. We ain't got nobody that's really taking the top off of the defense. So he ain't really gotta worry about throwing that deep ball.


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[Assistant] And he does bring the mobility aspect, cause I mean he's 6'5", 240, that's hard for anybody to tackle. But I don't know how well he protects the football as well. And you even said yesterday with Jacoby Percet, he at least protects the football. And if you can protect the football, you can go a long way in this league.


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[Assistant] That's like, that's like somebody say you lost a step. I mean, you gotta think about it. This a man who, when he got released,


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[Assistant] He had those workout videos, going hard, working out with Odell, I'm coming back with Vengeance, and he came back with the Patriots, and he was still, the arm stretch still wasn't there. So it's like, I think it's gone.


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[Assistant] But for some reason. He was in Indianapolis and he did really, really well. Pretty well.


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[Assistant] That's what got lost in this. Wait, Leroy, are you willing to put your job on the line for Baker Mayfield? I think that's a good point. Over Jacobi Brissette? No, period. Now would you put your job, you could have any quarterback that's available now.


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[Assistant] Let me ask you, what receiver do you see?


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[Assistant] Outside of sports that can get vertical down the field. I need that answer.


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[Assistant] I think that this is, Adidi, I think that you said that he thrives off of the fact of having the bet on himself, you know, with him winning the Heisman and him becoming the first overall pick and all that. I would like to tell you that this,


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[Assistant] Will be the biggest gamble he's ever taken because if it doesn't go well, that the money is gone. Like so this season.


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[Assistant] For him to go in a situation where he's with the offensive coordinator who rated him the sixth best quarterback coming out with a guy who, with a team that has Robbie Anderson who's rather, he's public saying he'd rather have Sam Darnold.


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[Assistant] I think that this is, I don't know if I really agree with this situation that he's going into. And you know, Kristen McCaffrey, we don't know his health, so.


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[Assistant] Steve has a question for you, Steve from wherever he is. He wants to know does Baker and Stefanski shake hands after the game?


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[Assistant] Alright, so this is it. This is the thing. And he's so good looking it's disturbing. So this is the thing.


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[Assistant] When I got to San Fran, I got there in 2017. I think they were like 0 and 80. Actually, his first day there was my first day there. They traded for, they had just traded for him and I had just got signed. So we came in technically together.


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[Assistant] Right. Big transaction that they just missed out on. But anyways, uh.


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[Assistant] We lost, we ended up winning the game. I think we won our first game. I think they were 0-8 at the time. They won their first game against the Giants.


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[Assistant] CJ gets hurt against, I want to say Seattle. I think they was playing Seattle. CJ gets hurt. Jimmy comes in.


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[Assistant] Boom, throws a touchdown, last play of the game, throws a touchdown, first play of the game, throws a touchdown.


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[Assistant] So everybody, okay. So moving forward, the man finished the season.


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[Assistant] I said we was one and nine and I think we finished the season six and ten. So we lost to Seattle, which made us one and ten. Yeah. Jimmy comes in the last five games, wins all the games. Yep. So the next season, it's a lot of hype behind him because we seen him come in and the offense was just clicking. Like he came in, that ball came out hot, accurate. Everything was good.


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[Assistant] Tremendous leader, ghettos, good speeches, have you fired up, and just overall a good guy. And then it was times where, you know, when he became the starter, it's like people ask, well how's his work ethic? Well, in practice, it was a practice where he tried to throw it to Marquis Goodwin, and I think he underthrew him or something like that.


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[Assistant] They spent like an hour after practice running deep balls and he just kept throwing them, just kept throwing them and it like paid off in the game when he started hitting them in stride. So it's like for some odd reason and then


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[Assistant] There we go. No safeties. Nah. No, sorry. That's unfortunate. Oversight. It's cool.


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[Assistant] Interesting thing would be, say D.Y. got suspended for eight games. Yeaah.


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[Assistant] One touchdown, two picks. That sucks.


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[Assistant] There could be some type of emotional support behind that. Baker had a bad deal. He had a raw deal in Cleveland. He'd come back.


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[Assistant] Off of a shoulder injury, he actually played really well. Carolina won more games than they were projected to. Like that, he'll win it cause of that. Like that's politics. Even if he plays okay, they might still give it to him because they like that. But there ain't no way.


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[Assistant] My favorite, my favorite Baker memory would be the first time he came, when he was playing the Jets, that Thursday night game, I think Tyrod had got hurt, Baker comes in, and he does that, they do that two point conversion play where they, he catches it and they score, but some odd reason,


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[Assistant] So, so, so tomorrow is my, my daughter's, uh, second birthday. Yeaah. Yeaah. Yeaah. Life goes fast. And what I want to say is that I always wanted a boy.


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[Assistant] But every man needs a girl. And now that I have two daughters, like it is, it's really changed my life and it's changed my perspective of a lot of things. You know, I want to do everything I can. When I look at my daughter before I leave, it's like she gives me this look and it's the happiest moment of our lives because we play all the time.


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[Assistant] But now it's like, I can't fail her. Like, I have to do everything in my power to protect her and make sure that she has a great life. I mean, my life wasn't the greatest, but it was, it was okay. And I want her to have a better life than I did.


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[Assistant] And that's why when people be like, well, how are you prepared for this? Like, how are you ready to just do everything? It's because in my mind, I've made my mind up that I will not fail my daughters. At all. Whatever that means. And...


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[Assistant] My job is to only make sure that when you get older and you become of age that you are seen as an equal in this world because right now, you know, women are losing rights with the whole abortion thing going on and I just want to make sure that you understand that your father is going to do everything in his power


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[Assistant] I will pour. Will? I always did the pouring for Mr. Yeston's poor mother.


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[Assistant] Saying nothing I am, but that is what is in her mind. She is here without her husband, is it? And why? It is because she is in love with this preacher!


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[Assistant] Preacher, I said. Mr. Griffith, it is. But Mr. Griffith has not been near the house. What difference is that, girl? Get on with your work.


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[Assistant] The iron works of Outback. You ready? Okay guys, so we gotta turn on generators and not get killed by James.


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[Assistant] Kayama Ezaymon stood waiting at the mouth of Edo Bay. Sweat dripped down his brow.


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[Assistant] As he peered into the distance at the anchored ships, belching dark smoke into the air like so many floating volcanoes. This was not how it was supposed to happen.


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[Assistant] Barbarian ships were supposed to go to Nagasaki. Like always, they had to.


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[Assistant] Six days earlier, as the alien black holes had steamed into view, his masters had scrambled to do anything they could to avoid this moment.


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[Assistant] He had been the second imposter sent out to convince them to leave, ordered by his overlords to pretend that he himself was the governor of Uraga, to placate the stubborn visitors who were insisting upon speaking to the person in charge.


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[Assistant] Thousands of samurai lined Kurihama beach, and behind them, holidaying spectators munching on snacks and gossiping, waiting for whatever was about to happen.


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[Assistant] The personal and public failure of it was almost intolerable, and the tension close to overwhelming. And in that, he was not alone.


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[Assistant] And the anxious and curious multitudes had assembled for one of the most unique events in Japanese history.


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[Assistant] The four gigantic dark American vessels, anchored just a stone's throw away, had cleared their decks and run out their guns.


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[Assistant] Their test firings had boomed provocatively around the bay. The message for Kayama had been clear.


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[Assistant] If the Americans were attacked, Japan's capital city Edo would be destroyed entirely, and the Japanese were to use the white flags to surrender once the power of the foreign guns was finally understood.


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[Assistant] Shots of salute rang out around the bay as fifteen boats carrying four hundred heavily armed men put out from the enemy ships and rode swiftly ashore under their strange blue and red striped and starred banner.


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[Assistant] The first men to alight bore musical instruments, not weapons, while behind them strode the man who was clearly the tonno, their lord, Matthew Perry.


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[Assistant] He was flanked by two enormous black-skinned men, bearing a mysterious, ornate box.


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[Assistant] This was the nearest to Japan's capital that a foreign delegation had been permitted to land in over 200 years. And the most hostile foreign troops to set foot on Japanese soil since the last Mongols were thrown back into the sea 600 years before.


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[Assistant] The alien music catawalled, the barbarian officers barked strange orders like dogs, and the box and the letter it contained from the king of the enemy, a man they called their president, was handed over to Toda Ujiyoshi, finally the true governor of Uraga, representing his highness, the shogun.


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[Assistant] The Americans announced they would be back next April or May. And Wade Anker.


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[Assistant] It was all over in half an hour, but they were 30 minutes that changed the world.


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[Assistant] Thirty years before, the Japanese scholar Aizawa Seishisai had written,


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[Assistant] Today, the alien barbarians of the West, the lowly organs of the legs and feet of the world, are dashing about across the seas, trampling other countries underfoot, and daring with their squinting eyes and limping feet to override the noble nations. What manner of arrogance is this?


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[Assistant] Now, the arrogant, alien barbarians of the West had accosted Aizawa's own country.


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[Assistant] Would Japan be the last in a long line of noble nations to be trampled underfoot and overwhelmed?


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[Assistant] The US Navy Leviathans returned earlier than promised in February 1854.


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[Assistant] And this time, they negotiated for 23 days before coming to terms.


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[Assistant] But the consequences were not just those scrawled on the fine Japanese paper.


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[Assistant] Japan as a nation had suffered a psychological humiliation, and the treaty proved to be the first of many increasingly insulting deals she would be strong-armed into signing over the next decade.


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[Assistant] Finally prized open by the hungry grip of colonial powers.


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[Assistant] Indeed, within 50 years of Perry's gunboat diplomacy, the once peripheral, semi-feudal Japan had become one of the most powerful nations on Earth.


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[Assistant] But why was Japan so isolated? What had led to its generations of long distrust of foreigners, its need to keep the world at arm's length?


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[Assistant] While the rest of the world had been clamouring outwards and slowly connecting across the years, what had kept Japan's gaze firmly inwards?


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[Assistant] This is that story. A story that reaches centuries back and continues to mold the world today.


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[Assistant] The Perry Incident can trace its roots back more than three centuries, to a time when Japan was only vaguely aware of the world outside Gosankoku. The three civilized realms of Japan, the Chinese Ming Empire,


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[Assistant] And Tenjiku, the lands of Buddha's birth, the northern India of today.


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[Assistant] That Mongols, Arabs and other barbarians existed was known, but they were generally of little concern.


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[Assistant] Aside, of course, from when they charged in to kill, pillage, and burn, as they had when Genghis Khan and his successors had destroyed China and Korea, and only the Shinpu, Divine Winds, had saved Japan from being overwhelmed by the Mongol war machine.


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[Assistant] Whether 16th century Europeans were among the known barbarians is unclear, but Christendom.


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[Assistant] As it was generally known at the time by its own inhabitants, was a realm obsessed with accessing the legendary riches of China and Japan. Or as they knew it, Cathay.


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[Assistant] Marco Polo had described the land of Chipangu with semi-breathless amazement, as a place where the dead were buried with giant red pearls in their mouths, and the ruler's palace was roofed and floored in gold. Two fingers thick.


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[Assistant] Generations of Western European adventurers had dribbled with greed.


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[Assistant] But there was a vast and seemingly insurmountable problem.


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[Assistant] They had no real idea how they could get there.


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[Assistant] The known overland and red sea routes through which oriental products such as silk normally reached Europe were controlled by enemy Muslim empires. And, as far as they could ascertain, no other sea route existed.


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[Assistant] Columbus and others, knowing by now that the Earth was round, hypothesized that Chippangu must lie on the other side of the Great Ocean, and it would provide an ideal base from which to commence trade with the Great Khan in China.


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[Assistant] But when Columbus managed to cross that very ocean, his men found not Chippangu, but a whole new world that they had not even known existed.


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[Assistant] The Portuguese, meanwhile, were trying another way, inching slowly, slowly ever further around the tip of Africa in their search of oriental wealth. And Presta John, a mythical Christian king who they believed ruled an eastern kingdom with whom to ally in their struggle against Islam.


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[Assistant] After 50 years of attempts, they achieved their goal and Vasco da Gama's small fleet entered the Indian Ocean in 1498.


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[Assistant] In Africa and Asia, realms used to grand a fair than the Portuguese possessed,


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[Assistant] Ruler after ruler failed to be impressed with the poor quality and meager quantity of the European gifts. So the Portuguese did what they did best. And resorted to piracy.


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[Assistant] Portuguese fleets moved ruthlessly ever eastwards year by year, seizing bases and strongholds in Africa and Asia to provide their fleets with infrastructure and supplies.


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[Assistant] The Falangi kidnapped numerous small children under 10 years old, roasting and eating them. The people of Guangdong were terrified.


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[Assistant] It took the Portuguese several decades to regain a modicum of trust, and only when they turned mercenary to destroy pirates on China's behalf were the tables turned.


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[Assistant] At some point, the Portuguese encountered their first Japanese people, probably equally cutthroat pirates raiding the coast of China, or perhaps traders in a South East Asian port.


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[Assistant] And so, finally after centuries of European speculation and salivation, Marco Polo's famed land of pearls and gold was nearly within their grasp.


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[Assistant] Some years ago, in the Tenban era, a big ship arrived at dawn at Nishinomura Bay. No one knew from what country it came.


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[Assistant] There were some 100 people on board, among whom there were those whose physical features differed from ours, and whose language was not understood. So relates the Tepo-ki.


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[Assistant] Or the Record of the Musket, a 1606 history from the remote Tanegashima Island, just off the southern coast of Kyushu, recording the supposed first contact between the Far West and Japan.


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[Assistant] And that was what first connected these two vastly different cultures. Guns.


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[Assistant] But not in the way in which connections were being made 2,000 miles across the ocean by Spanish conquistadors and the indigenous people of the Americas.


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[Assistant] On board this Chinese junk were two, possibly three, strangely dressed, long-nosed men, whom the Chinese crew helpfully described as south-western barbarians. Showing their feelings without any self-control, and not knowing the written script or the use of it.


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[Assistant] Such traders are in the habit of roving from place to place, bartering things which they have for things which they do not have. They are not very strange and are withal quite harmless.


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[Assistant] They were, in fact, Antonio Demota, Francisco Zemoto, and some say their colleague Antonio Peixoto, the first recorded Europeans on Japanese soil.


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[Assistant] The traders would not have found the riches they were expecting on the long sandy beaches and gentle green hills of the low-lying island. They did, however, find a people who were exceedingly interested in the strange weapons they carried.


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[Assistant] The local Japanese lord, Tokitaka, was most impressed with this wondrous teppō, firearm.


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[Assistant] A swordsmith called Kiyosada was ordered to reproduce this machine, so he stripped the gun and reverse engineered it.


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[Assistant] Everything worked perfectly, apart from the screw to seal the barrel.


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[Assistant] Legend has it that he offered one of the Portuguese merchants his daughter Wakasa in exchange for the secret of how to complete the firearm. The man, unfortunately, did not know.


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[Assistant] But returned the next year with a specialist who did.


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[Assistant] And in a remarkable twist of ballistic history, Tenegashima is now the site of Japan's main rocket station.


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[Assistant] Kiyosada was a heartless father, but a far sighted military visionary.


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[Assistant] By the end of the century, it is said that Japanese armies wielded more guns than existed in the whole of the rest of the world combined.


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[Assistant] It was a case of right place, right time for this European weaponry.


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[Assistant] For the Portuguese had unwittingly sailed right into the middle of a civil war of mammoth proportions. It is known now as the Age of the Country at War.


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[Assistant] North, South, East and West grappled for survival and domination.


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[Assistant] Pirates, such as the Murakami clan, void for control of the seas.


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[Assistant] Fanatic warrior monks carved out vast, monestereal domains. Samurai warlords led armies that made their European equivalents look like modest militias, while ninja jealously guarded their independent mountain domains and hired their covert services to whoever would pay.


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[Assistant] Guns, of course, fit extremely comfortably into this era of extreme civil strife.


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[Assistant] Some clans developed their own large-scale gun industries almost overnight.


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[Assistant] Jesuit missionaries followed speedily in the gunrunner's wake.


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[Assistant] While at Malacca, I learned great news from some Portuguese merchants. Very trustworthy people.


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[Assistant] They spoke to me of certain great islands discovered some time ago. They are called the Islands of Japan.


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[Assistant] Our holy faith, they say, could there be more profitably propagated than in any other part of the Indies.


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[Assistant] Because the Japanese are very desirous of being instructed.


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[Assistant] So wrote Francis Xavier, co-founder of the Society of Jesus.


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[Assistant] The Jesuits, a young, militant Catholic missionary force, full of Christ's love and keen to share it.


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[Assistant] Founded in 1534, the new order received papal recognition in 1540. They immediately sent their first missionaries to Asia, under the protection of the King of Portugal.


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[Assistant] The Jesuit missionaries recorded reams of information about the lands where they found themselves. And Japan was no exception.


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[Assistant] Alessandro Valignano, a dedicated scholar and compulsive chronicler, dispatched in 1574, wrote that


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[Assistant] Their great dissipation in the sin that does not bear mentioning.


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[Assistant] This they regard so lightly that both the boys and the men who consort with them brag and talk about it openly without trying to cover the matter up.


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[Assistant] The fanatical missionary zeal of the Jesuits meant that they would stop at nothing to forward their aim of saving souls for the Catholic Christ, including supplying weapons and facilitating the traffic of Japanese children by Portuguese merchants.


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[Assistant] Better off a slave in a Christian household abroad than a free pagan at home.


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[Assistant] Slave trading, of course, did not endear the Portuguese or the Jesuits to many of their Japanese neighbours. Nor did the fact that they organised pagan monument destruction day trips where, after the obligatory picnic, even small children were encouraged to smash Japanese religious statues, destroy shrines and burn temples.


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[Assistant] Many started to question missionary activities, often by force of arms.


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[Assistant] In 1587, the Supreme Warlord, Imperial Regent Toyotomi Hideyoshi declared,


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[Assistant] Japan is the country of gods, but has been receiving false teachings from Christian countries. This cannot be tolerated any further. These Padres cannot be permitted to remain in Japan.


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[Assistant] They must prepare to leave the country within 20 days.


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[Assistant] He never enforced his edict, it was more of a shot across the bow, behave, or else.


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[Assistant] The flames of an already violent age were being fanned to extremes.


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[Assistant] Despite increasing persecution, they possessed a great, hefty hook which the Japanese could not quite wean themselves off. An irresistible asset.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In response to rampant and rapine Japanese piracy, the occasional battle on Chinese soil amongst competing Japanese clans, and the lack of a central Japanese authority with which to deal with in any civilized fashion,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ming China, Japan's traditional trading partner, had cut all ties and forbidden all trade in the middle of the 16th century.


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[Assistant] The Chinese silk, medicines, scrolls of learning, teem, munitions, porcelain and artwork craved by the Japanese market was no longer delivered by legal means.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Portuguese and their Jesuit allies could provide these goods via their new southern China base of Macau, and in large quantities too.


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[Assistant] They slipped swiftly and neatly into the role of middlemen between the two feuding oriental cousins, funding their Japanese mission and eventually much of the nascent Portuguese empire with the proceeds.


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[Assistant] Meanwhile, news of the Jesuit's exploits was beginning to leak out around a warring Europe.


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[Assistant] Wars caused by cracks in the image of the one true God, the Jesuits had been peddling in the East.


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[Assistant] You shall understand that the Hollanders have here an Indies of money. For out of Holland there is no need of silver to come into the East Indies.


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[Assistant] So wrote William Adams, a navigator from southern England.


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[Assistant] He stared blankly out of the window of his Edo townhouse, that the strange land fate had made his home.