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[Assistant] For Chiyoko, Harie's water is an everyday ingredient. She's preparing a classic winter dish, hot pot.


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[Assistant] Kabata water has enriched local people's lives in many ways.


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[Assistant] It's a tofu store that's been in business for 120 years.


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[Assistant] In his workshop, he only uses bladder that comes from his kapata.


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[Assistant] Tadao soaks soybeans overnight. Then he mashes them in the morning and brings them to a boil in a pot.


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[Assistant] When the beans are boiled, he strains them with a cotton cloth to squeeze out soy milk.


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[Assistant] Tadal adds a coagulant called nigari, a solution of minerals extracted from sea water. This solidifies the soy milk.


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[Assistant] To determine when the soy milk is on the verge of solidifying.


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[Assistant] People in Harie use their Kabata water carefully, as it eventually reaches a river that runs through the town.


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[Assistant] You can see a type of waterweed that grows only in a clean, cold stream. This plant is called bicommel, meaning plum blossom algae.


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[Assistant] The lake is an important water source for Kyoto, Osaka, and other cities in Western Japan. It's also home to abundant fish.


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[Assistant] It's a traditional local specialty that uses a type of carp native to Lake Biwa.


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[Assistant] She lets it ferment naturally in steamed rice. This dish is called Funazushi.


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[Assistant] It is said to be the oldest kind of sushi still made today. Filled with fish roe, it has a rich flavor and a unique aroma.


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[Assistant] Chiyoko shares her Funazushi with her neighbors. It's her winter custom.


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[Assistant] The natural cycle of water from the mountains to the lake has enriched the lives of the people of Harie.


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[Assistant] Through the eyes of others, she's gaining a new appreciation for life with Kabata.


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[Assistant] I once had the idea that she was warm, beautiful, and courageous. But I guess you're right.


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[Assistant] And your teacher's going to be James E. Gardner. Pee.


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[Assistant] Sick of hearing you cry. I gave you fellas jobs to help you out. Now collect your pay and get off my land.


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[Assistant] All right, Kitten, you can consider you saved his life. I'll get out of town, cowboy, before I change my mind.


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[Assistant] You've only seen the side show out here. You'll have to wait till we get in town for the main event. I hope you won't be too lonesome. I'm gonna ride up front. I have some business to talk over with Desperate.


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[Assistant] Good enough for me. Good evening, Mr. Gardiner. Mr. and Mrs. Walden.


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[Assistant] That's a thousand dollar introduction. Why Chief speak. Big Tree, your tribe owns much land. From the rock of the white moon to the sleeping mountain. This land has only trees and rocks. Not good for grain. Buffalo gone now. Deer will soon go. Your sons will be poor.


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[Assistant] Thanks, but I haven't lost them. Tomorrow I'll make Big Three another offer. Then I'll go direct to Washington. What I want, I get.


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[Assistant] You don't need one on my train. I'm the conductor and the engineer too. In every place you've ever dreamed of.


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[Assistant] But wherever that place is along the line, and you get tired of the scenery, just let me know.


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[Assistant] Would you be satisfied if I just went back and punched Mr. Gardner in the nose? Hit it!


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[Assistant] Can't know, right in there. That's what I'm sitting down.


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[Assistant] Least we can say we saw somebody who saw the president.


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[Assistant] Well, maybe that's because my granny always says that second fiddler's gotta wait his turn before he can sing out good and loud.


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[Assistant] Oh, I've been thinking about that ever since I was a little type. I even thought of it over in the Philippines. I could see it just as plain.


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[Assistant] But of course, now that I'm pertinera dashin' tycoon almost, things will be different. The house will be bigger. There'll be extra rooms for the kids. Big open fireplace. There'll be a fancy stable instead of that old pole corral.


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[Assistant] I'm not sure about you yet, but I am sure about the Cherokee kid.


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[Assistant] I don't seem to be doing so good by myself. I wondered, could I get you to help me?


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[Assistant] Oh, uh, there's just one catch to that.


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[Assistant] I gave this seminar back when I was starting my career, so it's, it's nice to be, to be back in years later. Yeah. Okay, so back to the scheduled program. My name is Charlie Tehan. I'm the assistant director.


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[Assistant] We're quantum information science at OSTP. I'm also director of the National Quantum Coordination Office. I'm on detail from the Laboratory for Physical Sciences, which is a, uh, the research physics division of NSA, um, located at the University of Maryland College Park. I'd just like to start all the talks I give with


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[Assistant] This slide, which says basically there's many ways to contribute to your field. You know, in my career, I've done a lot of different things. I've worked in academia. I've worked as a consultant at DARPA.


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[Assistant] I've, uh, led research teams in the government, have been a technical program manager, and now I'm doing policy.


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[Assistant] So there's many different ways to move science forward, and I just like to highlight that for people maybe coming from school and haven't realized that yet. I'm happy to take any questions at the end about different pathways.


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[Assistant] Which is pretty unusual. It has never happened before. It probably won't happen again. The first was executive order to create the National Economic Initiative Advisory Committee as a presidential committee to, to advise him and Congress and the leaders of the agencies on the NQI programs. The second was a national security memorandum, which is very much like an executive order.


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[Assistant] How one agency, my agency is implementing some of these, uhm, aspects of the strategy.


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[Assistant] I'll just start off by saying my field is quantum computing. That's primarily where I've spent the last 20 years of my research career. This is my favorite picture of the last year. This is President Biden visiting, um, IBM research, um, on the tour of New York and the various fabs up there.


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[Assistant] Of course, it had to be copied from somewhere. This is a picture of me. I'm just being facetious, copying the president when I was visiting Fermilab earlier in the year. Okay, let me just remind you why quantum information matters. If you think about all technology we use today,


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[Assistant] It's based on, primarily it's based on our understanding of how physical devices work.


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[Assistant] How matter behaves at the microscopic level quantum mechanics. Those are the rules that govern how very small things behave.


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[Assistant] And our first foray into taking our understanding of that and applying a technology resulted in things like clocks.


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[Assistant] The transistor, you know, uh, imaging devices like MRIs, magnetic resonance imagers.


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[Assistant] You know, with those physical devices then we built abstractions.


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[Assistant] We developed information theory, you know, the zeros and ones, the language that lets us design operating systems and compilers and programming languages.


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[Assistant] And all that has worked, you know, tremendously well if you think about how impactful information technology has been on our lives. Uhm, but.


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[Assistant] It's wrong. You know, the the information theory that


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[Assistant] Really governs all the technology you use now. Uhm, the idea of Turing machines and so on. It works, but it's not complete.


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[Assistant] Based on how the universe really works, we really need to incorporate quantum mechanics.


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[Assistant] Quantum 1.0, you know, the technologies that were built off of the first 50 years of quantum mechanics, you know, since it was discovered in the early 1900s.


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[Assistant] That technology is based on really a couple simple facts about how the world works. You know, one, that matter is quantized into atoms, into photons, into electrons. And two, that these, these systems, these particles have discrete energy levels.


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[Assistant] One electron going through a transistor and so on. And that led to electronics, photonics, and many other technologies.


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[Assistant] Quantum information science is about taking the second order effects of quantum information theory, the stuff we've kind of ignored.


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[Assistant] Over that first hundred years, almost hundred years or so.


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[Assistant] In trying to make better information science technology out of that. So quantum superposition that a particle can be in two places at the same time.


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[Assistant] You know, quantum measurement to that, when you look at a quantum object or measure it, it collapses to one of the basis states or the classical states that it


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[Assistant] That it's in a superposition of. These things can let you potentially design new types of sensors, new types of computers and networks that allow you to couple those sensors and computers. That's really what quantum information science technology is about, trying to use those second order properties.


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[Assistant] And it really is a foundational shift in information technology. I mean, it is something to be excited about because we have a few examples where


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[Assistant] Dramatic, quantum version of certain technologies will be dramatically better or different than the best thing you can do classically. So first, just for science, if you want to explore quantum mechanics,


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[Assistant] We know that you can't perfectly simulate, uhm,


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[Assistant] Multiple large quantum systems past 50 or so qubits, you know, we can kind of stretch it out.


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[Assistant] To a hundred, if you, if you make a lot of approximations, but beyond that,


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[Assistant] We just can't do it on a classical computer. So if you had a computer bigger than that, there's a lot of science likely that we're going to learn. Two, you know, the first killer app, cryptanalysis.


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[Assistant] This is Peter, a picture of Peter Shor, who was at Bell Labs at the time.


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[Assistant] He came up with an algorithm that could only run on a computer that happens to break, you know, the dominant mathematical hard problem.


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[Assistant] We have done a lot of work with that algorithm over the last 20 years and, you know, at present state of the art, we think it requires around 10 million qubits. It's fairly high quality to


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[Assistant] Build a quantum machine that large to break, that could break a public key cryptography. So cryptanalysis and then chemistry. Because.


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[Assistant] The universe operates by the rules of quantum mechanics when it calculates the properties of chemical or chemical dynamics or materials, you know, it's using reality. So if we could build a simulator, a digital simulator of quantum, a quantum computer, uhm,


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[Assistant] There's a lot of evidence that if it's big enough, we can do things that we just can't calculate classically.


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[Assistant] And there are many other things that are a little bit more speculative, but these three alone, you know, are concrete examples where


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[Assistant] I'm going to start by telling you about the National Economic Initiative and


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[Assistant] The first thing you understand is the United States is a federal, very federal system in terms of R&D funding.


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[Assistant] Congress, uh, creating laws to, uh, spur investments in certain areas. The President and the Executive Office of the President, all the agencies within it, including Office of Management and Budgets, OSTP, uh, National Security Council,


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[Assistant] Recommending what should be done, what kind of initiatives or, or.


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[Assistant] Uh, areas of technology that we should, the U.S. should invest in, which our policy be.


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[Assistant] And then the agencies who actually implements.


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[Assistant] What the other two, you know, what is funded by, by Congress. And they have their own missions, each very different. They have their own models of funding, each very different.


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[Assistant] And that kind of system together makes the federal side of R&D science investment in the U.S. And that sits within the greater ecosystem of industry.


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[Assistant] On the one hand in academia and the national and federal labs. On the other, which work together to actually advance.


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[Assistant] And this is very much true of Quantum. Uhm, and over the years there have been a few national level initiatives that Congress has, uhm, enacted.


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[Assistant] Uh, the latest of which is the artificial intelligence.


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[Assistant] Coordination, uh, activity, uhm, before that was the quantum one, before that, national nanotechnology initiative, uhm, climate change and so on.


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[Assistant] The National Quantum Initiative Act passed at the end of 2018.


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[Assistant] I think a reflection of a growing interest from industry and investments from industry to explore the potential.


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[Assistant] So Congress, uhm, passed this act. It was signed by the President at the end of 2018. It did a few things. It created my office, the National Climate Coordination Office, within OSTP.


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[Assistant] The NQCO is detailed, is made up of detailees like myself from the federal agencies that


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[Assistant] The NQI is quite unique. We have four to five quantum physicists and computer scientists in the White House working to coordinate all the programs in the NQI. Those programs consist of


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[Assistant] National Quantum Information Science Research Centers, so DOE was asked to stand up five, NSF was asked to stand up five, and the DOD and the IC stood up or designated three in separate legislation.


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[Assistant] Uh, so we have 13 national product information science sensors, which are brand new, direct result of the NQI.


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[Assistant] Roughly the base funding for R&D programs across all the agencies doubled in the last few years, which was a direct result of NQI.


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[Assistant] Uh, NIST was asked to help industry launch a quantum economic development consortium, an industry consortium for quantum that now has roughly 160 companies participating plus


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[Assistant] Is twofold. One is through the coronation office. The other is through subcommittees that are housed in the White House. So the National Science and Technology Council


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[Assistant] Forms interagency subcommittees, which then oversee.


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[Assistant] Uh, as legislated oversee, you know, the NQI programs. But just remember, it's the agencies that implements, uhm, R&D funding in the U.S.


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[Assistant] Okay, uh, one of the first things we did as an interagency, and this happened


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[Assistant] Before, actually, the, the law was passed, was read as strategy.


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[Assistant] So together we, we went through kind of the current status of NQI and of the quantum information science ecosystem and what would be needed to


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[Assistant] Take a science first approach, given that this is still an emerging technology. Provide the key infrastructure needed to solve the important problems facing the field.


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[Assistant] Uh, invest and grow the quantum workforce because there's a dire need for experts from industry and in the government.


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[Assistant] Balance the economic and national security implications, because quantum, right from the start, had this dual nature, because of Schor's quantum algorithm for factoring. And then six, continue to collaborate internationally, because quantum has always been a global field, and the ideas have come, uh, really from around the world since the beginning.


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[Assistant] Over time, over the last four years, we've augmented that strategy. Uh, we've released a workforce, uh, strategy, uh, a few technical focused strategies on quantum networking and quantum sensing, which help guide, um, investments from the agencies and explain to Congress, you know, what are the


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[Assistant] Uhm, most important things that we should do, how should we prioritize what our investments are in the different technologies.


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[Assistant] So with those six kind of pillars in mind,


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[Assistant] To boil it down into, you know, what we really mean by what we want to do, you know, first and foremost, get the science right. So if you want to avoid when you're when you're faced with.


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[Assistant] You know, the first thing you want to do is understand the problems that you need to solve. You know, one of those problems is what are the applications that would drive further investments? And then within those applications, what are the technical unknowns?


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[Assistant] So the Quantum Frontiers report captures a lot of that knowledge from the community. The agency has ran.


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[Assistant] Dozens of workshops in the first two years of the NQI. We put out a request for information. We gathered all the information and boiled the grand challenge problems down to eight areas where we should, you know, direct funding. And then in the individual, individual, uhm,


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[Assistant] Technology is networking, sensing. They're each at very different levels of maturity.


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[Assistant] We already have examples of sensors like quantum clocks that are in the global positioning system or in magnetic resonance imagers. And there are others that are in the lab now that


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[Assistant] Your investment more on solving those problems rather than trying to bring things to market before we really understand why we're doing it.


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[Assistant] Enhancing competitiveness is the second thing. So how do we both move quickly, enable our companies and our scientists to answer these hard problems as fast as possible?


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[Assistant] How do you, uhm, protect our intellectual property in a world where maybe it's not as easy as it was 50, 60 years ago? Uhm, so in that vein, we try to listen to the community. Uh, a year ago, we had, a little bit over a year ago, we had,


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[Assistant] Most of the quantum companies come to the White House and talk to us about what they're worried about, what expert controls could do to their


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[Assistant] You know, business, their research investments, how our talent issues around talents and visas impacting their ability to execute their research and development plans. We also are assigned tasks from Congress. Uh, Congress asked us to do a research security assessment of all the programs across the government.


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[Assistant] And the third thing is enabling our people. So if we believe that this is going to create a bunch of new jobs, it already is to some extent, if we believe that technology is going to be transformative, like the information technology revolution has, then we need to ensure that our, our people are educated.


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[Assistant] That we're attracting people from around the world to work here. And that, you know, as many Americans as possible can benefit.


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[Assistant] So we do that in a number of ways. Uh, we, we encourage the, and work with the agencies to invest in workforce development programs. So fellowships, internships, research experiences. We created a national Q12 education partnership together with the National Science Foundation. This is a


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[Assistant] You know, curricula around quantum to all grade levels and to making, for example, quantum computers accessible to high school students so that they can be trained to participate.


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[Assistant] We, we brought the US Fulfill into World Quantum Day. Uh, two years ago, we said, well, there's this grassroots effort going on to,


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[Assistant] So we've launched a couple of videos which you can find on our website.


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[Assistant] Uhm, to a lot of other, we brought, uhm, modules to around 300 schools this past April 14th to teach, give people a sense of what quantum is and, uhm, you kind of, the, the potential of it.


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[Assistant] At the end of the day, you know, the most important question I get is, well, with all this investment, what are, what's going to come out of it? You know, what are they going to be the tangible things that are technologies that are going to benefit, uh, Americans?


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[Assistant] I already mentioned GPS is a kind of 1.0 quantum 1.0 example.


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[Assistant] Uh, we strongly believe that this will be impactful to, uh, to research and development of drugs and other things. But there are many other questions we still need to solve. You know, if you could entangle or


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[Assistant] Make a quantum network of sensors. Does that make them better? You know, there's still, there's still some research to do there to prove that to be true. If we know that there are new types of sensors you can build based on quantum information properties, but how much better are they than the best classical alternative?


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[Assistant] And when does that crossover happen and how much work, engineering work we need to do to make that an economically


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[Assistant] So these are the kinds of questions that we have to continually ask.


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[Assistant] How do we show that impact, especially as we look forward to the next five years of the NQR?


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[Assistant] You know, just as an example, uh, I mentioned quantum computing, you know, there are many different proposed algorithms that a quantum computer could be useful for, but how likely they are and how economically


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[Assistant] To show a senior leader, it'd be something like this, this is just a cartoon, don't believe anything that's on here. But we know at the bottom, on the left side,


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[Assistant] That quantum computers passed uhm, a certain point are going to be extremely interesting to scientists. They're going to enable scientific discovery. We've done a work on app, a lot of work in applications like cryptography, but there's still a lot of work in the middle where we have relatively low confidence.


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[Assistant] About how good these algorithms really be and it's kind of analogous to deep learning proposals of the 80s and 90s where until you had computers.


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[Assistant] If a quantum computer of sufficient size and scale existed, uhm, it could break the encryption protocols we use today, you know, to protect our financial transactions, protect our national security networks.


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[Assistant] So, because the government has to be conservative, we typically have to protect information. For example, that the president, the president's phone are secure.


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[Assistant] Long lived and conservative, and it's similar for health and finance. So because of that, and because the timeline, even though computers might be far away and hard to build, because of that decade long, uhm, timeline,


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[Assistant] Which really had three parts, you know, the second part, which is for prioritize this deployment of cloud resistant cryptography. But the first part was backstopping.


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[Assistant] Leadership in this technology, we need to double down on our investments in R&D, we need to increase our investments in workforce development and outreach, and we need to increase our partnerships with industry and our allies and foreign partners. And the third part was in between this time, because even if we do everything perfectly,


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[Assistant] Okay, uhm, I mentioned a little bit, uh, international cooperation is one of our pillars.


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[Assistant] We've done a lot over the last few years to increase the connections we have with our friends and allies. We have 10 bilateral economic cooperation statements now. We've hosted numerous international dialogues, really focused on these areas of joint interest. How do we create a new


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[Assistant] And three, you know, what are the core values that we want to maintain as we create these new fields?


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[Assistant] The first thing we did was launch the Entanglement Exchange. You can go to entanglementexchange.org and see a link to each country who are participating.


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[Assistant] It's basically a clearinghouse for opportunities for students, post-docs, uh, professors to go back and forth. You know, we definitely want to encourage this cross.


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[Assistant] So that was an amazing, you know, that was an amazing experience that has helped me now, 20 years later. Uh, we want to encourage and promote that. And this is our first step.


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[Assistant] Uhm, as a, as a body of 13 countries now is 12 at the time to, to move, increase our, our cooperation in space. Let me just end this part, uhm, with,


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[Assistant] What's going on in Congress? The other huge thing that happened this year that's relevant to quantum policy wise was the Chips and Science Act. So the Chips Act,


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[Assistant] appropriated or funded about 50 billion dollars plus for


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[Assistant] Of that, about 10 billion or 11 billion is assigned to R&D, a new national semiconductor technology center, advanced packaging centers, the DoD Commons.


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[Assistant] You know, as an emerging technology, quantum, you know, very much fits within that definition of new microelectronics technology. So that's a great opportunity for, for uhm,


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[Assistant] The Science Act portion, which has not been fully funded yet,


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[Assistant] Uhm, had some specific bylines augmenting the National Quantum Initiative as originally passed. It authorized a new program to look for applications called Quest. It authorized a quantum networking, uhm, infrastructure program at DOE.


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[Assistant] Quantum K-12 pilot program. So these are very positive enhancements to the NQI that we hope to see funded in the coming years.


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[Assistant] Uh, finally, as part of the NQI Advisory Committee, uhm, we met, and actually it's co-chaired by your own, Stanford's own Cam Moeller. Uhm, thanks, thank you Stanford for that. Uh, we met back in May and delivered our first draft recommendations.


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[Assistant] Because the big thing that's going on with the NQI is approaching five years.


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[Assistant] And at five years, congress must reauthorize the national column initiative. So the advisory committee has spent the last six months developing recommendations for enhancing it. And you can find that at first meeting results online. And we hope to have the report out soon.


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[Assistant] So that's the first part of my talk, which is the policy part. The next part is going to be talking about a deep dive into a specific agency.


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[Assistant] And actually one of the national quantum centers, but maybe I can answer any questions now if there, if there are, or we can wait till the end.


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[Assistant] I'm going to transition and just transition by saying quantum is more than quantum physics.


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[Assistant] It's a lot of engineering, computer science, electrical engineering, ASIC design, you know, material science, uh, you name it, you need it to build these new computers and I think it's very representative of the future, which is going to be a very heterogeneous, uh, computing, uh,


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[Assistant] Neuromorphic hardware architectures and all these things are going to be very different from what we had in the past. They require a lot of different skill sets and they're all actually very similar skill sets. Anything we invest in quantum.


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[Assistant] Okay, so this brings me to the last part of my talk.


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[Assistant] Which is LPS, my home agency. Laboratory of Physical Sciences was started after World War II at the University of Maryland College Park. It's a joint research lab between the University of Maryland and the NASA Security Agency. It's actually the physics research arm of the NSA. And it was decided back then that


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[Assistant] If the government wants to know what's happening in information technology, it really needed to work, quote unquote, outside the fence. It needed to work, uhm,


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[Assistant] What are the top academic researchers with industry?


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[Assistant] And it needed to recruit scientists and engineers who were working at that level and so they could come back and be consultants and say, well,


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[Assistant] When asked, like, when is a computer going to happen? Is it going to happen? Is this a real thing or not? That you would have somebody within the government who really knew what they were talking about. At the end of the day, that's the mission of LPS. So we have a group of scientists here roughly.


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[Assistant] 150, 200, it fluctuates, focus on various aspects of information technology, computing, uh, networks, sensing.


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[Assistant] Very quickly after Shor's algorithm was published in 93, 94.


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[Assistant] LPS was funding workshops. So try to answer these basic questions. It's cloud computing.


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[Assistant] Even a real thing. It's even physically possible to build such a machine. And come 2000 uhm.


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[Assistant] They were confident enough to start making both internal and external investments. So they started the internal research group here. So we have a number of research groups with students and postdocs, uhm, from the University of Maryland working on aspects of, of qubit technology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it started, LPS started a major external, uh, sponsored research program working with the Army Research Office. This was just out of necessity.


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[Assistant] If you think back to the beginning of the computer science, uh, the computer revolution,


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[Assistant] Before the vacuum tube or, you know, in that transition from the vacuum tube to solid state transistors, very much we're in that mode then.


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[Assistant] Of this abstract thing called quantum computer. So you really had to fund a lot of different groups to try to explore what could make sense and what could not make sense.


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[Assistant] So that's what the Sponsor Research Program does. It's grown even since I made this slide. We have roughly a hundred principal investigators across many different institutions around the world focused on different technologies, different CUBA technologies, semiconductor-based, superconducting-based, atomic, molecular, and ion.


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[Assistant] Obstacle-based qubits. Really trying to answer these questions. Like are, what are the fundamental limits of devices that might realize a quantum computer?


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[Assistant] And uhm, where are we on this kind of trajectory of something that might be one day useful?


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[Assistant] The internal research is very similar. It's smaller and more focused on


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[Assistant] Again, what are the hard problems that need to be solved that could?


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[Assistant] Indicate that you probably need a machine that could operate 10 to the 14 or more operations in a.


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[Assistant] And you have to match that logical error rate you need, which is something like 10 to the minus 12, 10 to the minus 14 per operation.


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[Assistant] To the reality of devices and the reality of the devices today is that the error rates per operation are roughly.


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[Assistant] One percent or point one percent. So three nines fidelity.


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[Assistant] We're talking about 10 orders of magnitude difference between the physical devices and what's needed.


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[Assistant] The gap, the thing that bridges that is error correction, quantum error correction, uhm, also proposed by Peter Shor and others, which makes it at least conceptually possible


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[Assistant] Few thousand logical qubits to such one of these algorithms, but that becomes millions.


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[Assistant] It's a superconductor. So if you start current going in one direction, it'll just keep going forever if you keep it cold.


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[Assistant] It's lossless, right? And you can call that zero. You can call counterclockwise one. And because it's a quantum mechanical system, it can have electrons going left and right at the same time.


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[Assistant] From that, you can make a qubit, and then you can design two qubit gates. One of the most popular qubits today is called the transplant qubit. It's got nice properties for


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, noise, so they can, it can, it's very robust, you make it and it works. But.


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[Assistant] So these are just a little bit dated now, but these are the 50 to 100 qubit systems that you might read in the news if people are putting together. Another, uh, approach here.


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[Assistant] One single electron, and instead of using the charge as the information carrier, we use a spin. You know, spin can be up, it can be down.


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[Assistant] That's your qubit, because it's called a mechanical, it can be in a superposition.


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[Assistant] This is harder to make. You have to make them much smaller right from the beginning. They're roughly a thousand, at least times smaller. Maybe ten thousand.


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[Assistant] We have six dot systems now in a few groups after really.


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[Assistant] Two decades of investments, but they're, they're now starting to show that you can also do quantum computation this way. And there, and there are many other approaches that I'm not going to mention, photonics, ion traps.


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[Assistant] Uh, layers. There's the qubits. They need to be good, meaning they last as long, long enough to do error correction. They have low error rates to do gates. That often means hard material science problems.


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[Assistant] Is interconnect. Qubits are analog systems. At the end of the day, they're analog devices to control them. You need very precise pulses. That means that every qubit


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[Assistant] Needs to have roughly its own wire. Some qubits need 10 wires.


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[Assistant] Which means that if you need million qubits, you need millions of wires, which is dramatically different than anything really we built in computing to this, this state of the game.


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[Assistant] Or so, or a vacuum for ion traps, uhm, in all the classical control electronics, which


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[Assistant] Again, state of the art because their analog has to be within that envelope as well. So this is what makes the holistic problem where often


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[Assistant] And the greatest example I can give is, you know, a modern processor. If you look at the Apple M1, which has roughly 10 billion or so transistors, uhm, what makes this even possible? What made it easy over the last 60, 70 years of investment, right? The things that made it possible are one, digital electronics that


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[Assistant] So if you look at the backside of the chip.


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[Assistant] When you try to count, you get roughly 3000 wires coming out of this computer chip that has 16 billion transistors. You know, that's fundamentally different from a quantum computer where we think you're gonna need an order of the same number of transistors of lasers or wires or whatever it is that controls them.


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[Assistant] So that makes, that's a really, really big problem that will need to be solved, uhm, if these things are going to scale up.


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[Assistant] So that leads us, so that's sort of the nature of the problem and why we exist. You know, we, this is the things we think about in terms of the qubits, uh, technology. And that led us, um, at the beginning of the NQI to propose a new research center, one of the, the national quantum research centers focused on


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[Assistant] Advancing qubits to solve some of these problems, and we call that the qubit collaboratory. So the qubit collaboratory, remember what I said.


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[Assistant] The agency's implement, right? So the national strategy we wrote together.


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[Assistant] Uhm, LPS said, well, we'll take this parts of it on, you know, we will start a foundry for qubits to give to research groups across the country and we will, uhm.


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[Assistant] On behalf of the intelligence community, create a center with three real goals. First, we'll continue to pursue our fundamental research in new types of qubits, you know, answering the harder. Are there new materials that could


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[Assistant] Help build a quantum workforce, because as new agencies came into the quantum field, like the part of energy through the NQI, as new companies started investing very large amounts of money,


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[Assistant] Many new fellowship programs across the country.


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[Assistant] Accelerated learning pipelines so that we will have more people trained in this area. And then third is.


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[Assistant] We're going to come up with a new way for the federal government and academics and industry to work together. And that's the collaborative part.


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[Assistant] So we created a new model for interaction, whereas DARPA or NSF will


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[Assistant] We want to work together with you on the problems we think that, uhm, if we could solve them.


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[Assistant] Would, you know, really transform the field. So don't come to us with your solutions. Come to us with your problems.


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[Assistant] So what we did is we put out problems saying here are the things we care about.


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[Assistant] Do you want to help us work together to form a research plan to try to solve them?


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[Assistant] 5 to 10 years of investment in a research group at a university to even make qubits that start to work in the spin qubit land because they're so small and they require so much lithography. So how can we make them faster? That could really transform the field in terms of speeding up the physics interest we can solve.


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[Assistant] Uhm, others include can we make superlinking qubits that are much smaller because they're made epitaxially perfectly crystalline and compatible with CMOS electronics that can make them much easier to scale. These are really hard problems that we didn't know the answer to, right? But this motivated


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[Assistant] The traditional way which is layer by layer where you have to solve all the material science and process problems at the beginning. If you can make two chips, one where the gate.


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[Assistant] Gates are defined in the other where you want to induce the clone.cubit and then put them together.


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[Assistant] Here's another one where if you can, instead of making this very large trans bond cupid, which is typically tens of microns, uh, long or, or bigger,


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[Assistant] But we don't know what materials will let us do that. We have some ideas. And we don't know what the performance will be.


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[Assistant] But we know that if you could make it epitaxial, it's likely to have as good or better performance, even though it's a thousand times smaller. So that's one of the projects that we're working on.


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[Assistant] That's it. I'm not going to give you any more technical stuff. I haven't answered any questions. I'll just say that the LQC is still growing. We're intentionally sort of small.


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[Assistant] Another thing we've done in support of the YankUI is create a Foundry program where we're working with Intel.


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[Assistant] Uhm, Lincoln Labs makes super-thin qubits and HRL.


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[Assistant] To make qubits that we can give to our partner.


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[Assistant] Get, get, get going faster. You know, if we want to democratize the field of computing, if we want to explore new types of qubits quicker,


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[Assistant] We can't afford for every professor to have to go out and buy $5 million of fab equipment. So here we can just give them some cubits that work and let them explore their design ideas and control ideas and not have to do all that other stuff, right? We're hoping that we'll actually


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[Assistant] So that's it. I hope that was useful to you. I'm happy to answer any questions about either the National Climate Initiative or LPS.


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[Assistant] I would say uhm, people are definitely doing research into uhm,


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[Assistant] But there are significant caveats, uh, to what's, uh, is currently thought possible, you know.


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[Assistant] And it's hard, it comes back to what I originally said, which is these are heuristic algorithms.


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[Assistant] Which you can't prove one way or another are better. So until you have a computer big enough to try to test out some of these quantum algorithms, you can only kind of poke at what you think may or may not be.


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[Assistant] Possible. With that said, there's a lot of evidence.


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[Assistant] However, on quantum data, it may be that quantum machine learning algorithms do provide a large advantage. So if you have a sensor network bringing in a whole bunch of quantum data that you could, you could see some real separation. But the reality is we don't know yet.


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[Assistant] We need to test, we need to test it. There are some algorithms that


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[Assistant] The real question is how big are those speedups? Are they just so-called square root of n speedups versus the exponential speedup of Schor's algorithm or some of the chemistry algorithms? And is it worth it, given that quantum computers are actually quite slow?


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[Assistant] When you add error correction and everything you need to do to make them, they're very slow and they're not very good at handling a lot of data in and out.


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[Assistant] If you think about Schor's algorithm, you give it a number and, you know,


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[Assistant] So we, the answer is we don't know. There's a lot of algorithms, a lot of proposed things for various aspects, but until we can test it, um, uh, it doesn't look good, but we're all optimistic, especially from the quantum machine learning chemistry, kind of quantum data aspect of it.


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[Assistant] The only problem is that a lot of work has been done on the classical side too over the last hundred years. You know, chemists are really good. And people using classical high-performance computers are really good because they have all these tricks.


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[Assistant] How nature, you know, what happens in natural systems like many body systems or various materials, a lot of times there's some inherent symmetry or there's low levels of entanglement which makes classical tricks.


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[Assistant] Like tensor networks and others work really pretty well for a lot of problems that we care about as humans. So when you're trying to beat


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[Assistant] The best classical algorithm, which has had, you know, 50, 100 years of work done on it.


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[Assistant] No, it's hard. It's hard as a newcomer. And you see that you saw this with CMOS too, like CMOS rolled over every other potential, you know, replacement because it just kept moving along so quickly.


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[Assistant] So that's the problem, you know. So we expect, hopefully soon, that as you get to hundreds, thousands of qubits, which are good enough fidelity that you just can't simulate it classically, no matter how hard you try, that there will be problems that we can solve.


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[Assistant] We don't, we may need a much bigger computer. And that's really the crux of


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[Assistant] The big, the big question for quantum computing in the next five years is, are there going to be some applications that really drive investment, uhm, in the near term, or, or are we going to have to wait till, to fault-tolerant quantum computing?


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[Assistant] Is in very different in many respects in the, in the ethics, ethics side of the world, like, uh,


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[Assistant] When I talk about economically useful applications for a quantum computer, it's chemistry, designing new drugs, material science.


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[Assistant] But a really great driver if you were unethical would be to build a computer and steal everybody else's money and IP, right? So we do take that very seriously. That was the reason.


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[Assistant] We did NSM 10, which is really to direct the federal agencies to create a timeline for moving, uhm, the nation really for starting with the federal government, but working with, uh, private industry to, to upgrade cryptographic systems so that they're quantum resistant. Now we have some time.


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[Assistant] Uh, there's two parts to cryptography. There's the authentication piece, you know, the uhm,


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[Assistant] Uh, signatures, uh, that's, you really don't need to solve until you have a computer out there you're worried about. But the save and decrypt later problem is real, you know, people can save.


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[Assistant] To, to, uh, deploy quantum-resistant cryptography. And in that venue, NIST has been running an international competition for the last few years to create a new suite of algorithms. And these algorithms are completely classical. You don't need quantum, fancy quantum technology to implement them. It's just a classical protocol. But they are harder to implement than


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[Assistant] RSA, which means that there'll be likely needs need to be new type, new routers, new hardware that needs to be bought to upgrade it. So that will cost money and will be hard. And that's why we have to work with the whole world to move that forward.


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[Assistant] Sensors are another application like precision navigation and timekeeping. But again, we have.


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[Assistant] Focus on the application like a sensor that's this good we need to protect because it could be used for.


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[Assistant] It's based on that sensor, right? It could be quantum, it could be classical.


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[Assistant] So we have, we have methodologies to deal with that. Uhm, so I think you're right that the crypt piece is the most important piece and that's why we've been focusing on it.


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[Assistant] In networks, which I haven't talked about, so thank you for bringing it up. Actually the first, uhm,


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[Assistant] Or quantum versions of our communication to do secure communications. So that's motivated the government.


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[Assistant] Uh, if you could distribute entanglements easily.


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[Assistant] Uhm, across long distances, you can do some amazing stuff.


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[Assistant] Make two quantum computers effectively a much bigger quantum computer. You can't do that with classical communication, right? You can entangle quantum sensors. We kind of don't know yet how


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[Assistant] If it's worth it, then that's one of the real questions, but we know that you do get an improvement when you quantum entangle many sensors.


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[Assistant] There are proposals out there for creating long baseline telescopes if you had, again, really fast, really easy,


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[Assistant] Intangible distribution you could, you could link up to classical telescopes together to make a much bigger baseline telescope, which would be tremendously cool. But I think this is the most important thing to know is that building such a network is


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[Assistant] Probably just as or harder than building a large, long computer. Right, so.


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[Assistant] Where we are and this is really a debate within the interagency and it's really all codified in this quantum networking strategy you can find on quantum.gov is, you know, how do we prioritize


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[Assistant] That potential promise versus the unknowns, like what would you use it for?


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[Assistant] And you know, first and foremost, we need to find the applications that would justify that. So the main recommendation there was to build quantum networks, but build small ones that you could use to find, kind of test out the applications and the limits of the technology.


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[Assistant] Because the big difference, and I think this is missed sometimes between the quantum internet and the internet, is that we already have an internet. You know, if you want to run a


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[Assistant] Means making components that let you transduce different types of qubits with high fidelity.


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[Assistant] And those, those things are going to be very useful for a lot of different fields, for sensors, for hooking up computers even in the land within your, within your basement, right? Uhm, we're going to need those no matter what. So basically the two main recommendations from the interagency group were


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[Assistant] Focus on the core components and build small test beds to find applications. And that's where we are at a federal government level.


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[Assistant] Some new peril lies behind this innovation. One that strikes the parliament and even the king.


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[Assistant] The letters patent have been issued. You do still have that list I sent you.


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[Assistant] It will be our dear brother John's and his sons and his sons after that. We younger brothers are better off investing in books. It is a sign of royal favour. It is a sign that the king has run out of money. Now have you that list I sent you on there?


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[Assistant] I serve the young prince. I hear he is a fine marksman now.


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[Assistant] I cannot imagine father ever danced a jig in his life. Not well, certainly. But come. Tell me of it all. Tell me of Spain and the prince's great adventure.


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[Assistant] So you want to make an online course, but you're not a big fan of being on camera.


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[Assistant] A presentation-based course could be a great fit for you. A presentation-based course is one that you build using your recorded voice over a recording of a slide presentation of your course material. It's a great option if you're just starting out because it's a bit easier and less time-consuming than setting up a full video production.


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[Assistant] Not to mention, it's less intimidating. In this video, I'll walk you through how to prepare and organize your course info into a solid outline so you can build an amazing presentation. Let's get into it.


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[Assistant] Hello creators, I'm Ben Tulsen from Podia where we empower creators like you to make a living doing what you love. In this video series, I'm breaking down the process of making a presentation-based course from start to finish, including outlining,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Building slides, scripting, recording, editing, and publishing. The first and most important step happens before we even open our presentation software.


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[Assistant] And that's creating a course outline. Your outline is so important because it informs the structure of your course, including the number of modules, how many lessons are included in those modules and how much information you'll share in each lesson.


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[Assistant] This outline will also give you a clear picture of what slides you'll need and could even serve as the actual contents of your slides. I'm going to break the outlining process down into three stages. Define the journey, identify milestones, mark the path.


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[Assistant] We're going to use Podia's free course outline template as a guide. I'll include a download link in the description below. I call this first stage define the journey because that's exactly what you're doing for your students.


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[Assistant] The answer to this question makes it clear where the journey begins and should include signals about the type of person your course would help and what struggles they might currently be experiencing. Examples could include design professionals looking to advance in their career.


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[Assistant] The answer to this question makes it clear where the journey ends and how life will be different or better once your student arrives. Relating to the previous examples, your course might help that design professional get promoted fast or help that founder build a network of funding support.


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[Assistant] Or that tired parent finally gets some sweet sweet Z's. Seriously, if you make that course, I will give you my money.


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[Assistant] You don't have to include all of these words in your title, but you want it to be clear enough that the right person knows your course is for them and will get them to their desired destination.


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[Assistant] Now you may be thinking, that's great then, but how do I know who needs my course and where they want to go? You discover the answer by engaging with people and listening when they share their struggles. A few ideas include visiting discussion forums around your topic,


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[Assistant] browsing the comments section of other leaders in your industry.


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[Assistant] Write it at the top of your course outline template or use it as the title of your document where you're creating your outline. This is one of the most important things to get right when making an online course. So take your time on this step.


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[Assistant] The second stage is identify milestones. Milestones are significant markers along your student's journey. They can include learning specific skills, different categories of information or major steps in the process. As an example, I'm going to use a course titled


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But in this stage, we want to just focus on the major milestones. A person who takes this course should encounter the following tools and techniques for hand lettering, how to digitize your artwork, how to edit and format your design, where and how to upload and sell your design.


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[Assistant] Within these milestones are many smaller steps, but organizing it this way helps your student tackle that leg of the journey without feeling overwhelmed by the whole thing. These milestones will serve as modules.


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[Assistant] I recommend having no more than four to five modules in your course. Once you've chosen your modules, go ahead and write them in the module section of the course outline template or list them as the major sections of your outline.


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[Assistant] The third and final stage is mark the path. I'm really trying to go with this whole journey theme here.


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[Assistant] In this stage, you're going to break each module down into lessons. The goal of a lesson is to provide enough information to help your student feel like they're taking another step closer to their destination. You don't want to break a module down into too many lessons, but you also don't want to try to cram the entire module into a single lesson. In the example I used in the hand lettering course, the module


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[Assistant] How to digitize your artwork could be broken down like this. How to prepare your artwork for digitizing.


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[Assistant] How to scan your artwork into your computer. How to set up your digitized artwork for editing. Each of these could end up being a three to four minute lesson.


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[Assistant] Bringing it down this way helps your student focus on one step at a time. Keep your student's experience in mind as you determine the right granularity for your course material. Once you've chosen your lessons, write them down next to the corresponding module in the template,


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[Assistant] or below the corresponding module in your outline. We're gonna skip the content format section for now. Now you've got a solid course outline that will guide you as you build your course. Because we want to turn this into a presentation,


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[Assistant] We're going to add one more step to this process. Now we're going to break each lesson down into bullets that could actually serve as the contents of your slides. Don't worry too much about getting the wording perfect. You can always go back and edit or tweak that later. As an example in this step, I'm going to break down the lesson how to prepare your artwork for digitizing.


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[Assistant] My bullet points for this lesson could look like this. Carefully outline your letters with a thin point black marker. Pull curved lines and push straight lines. It's okay to use a ruler.


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[Assistant] Use a slightly thicker black marker to fill in the outline. Once you have a good margin, use a thick black marker to fill in the remaining blank space.


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[Assistant] Examine your paper once again for any leftover pencil marks.


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[Assistant] These are bullets that I'll definitely cover in my script for this lesson, but I could actually use the same text from my slides, along with example images of each step.


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[Assistant] I can't stress enough how important and helpful it is to follow these initial steps. It'll give you clarity and set you up for success in each stage of the course creation process. In a future video, I'll walk you through how to use what you've created today to design your course presentation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have any questions as we go along, please leave a comment. If you found this information helpful, be sure to subscribe to this channel and hit the notification bell so you'll be sure not to miss any future videos. Thank you for watching and I'll see you next time.


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[Assistant] But which one should you choose? I understand you've already made a lot of choices today. What pants to wear, what to eat for breakfast, whether or not to watch this video. I'm going to make it easy for you.


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[Assistant] Write your scripts first. I'm gonna go into the why and the how in just a moment. Let's get into it.


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[Assistant] Hello creators, I'm Ben Tilson from Podia where we empower creators like you to make a living doing what you love. When making a presentation based online course, I recommend writing scripts for your lessons before you build any of your slides, and here's why. Even though you might already have great slide content in your outline,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Writing scripts will help you refine the language you'll use for your slides and can often remind you of important points you might have forgotten. Scripting isn't the only way to present your course info. Some feel comfortable just going off the cuff from their outline. For the purposes of this video, we're going to assume you want to script out your lesson so you can read from that script


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[Assistant] As you record, I'm going to walk you through a four step process for writing amazing scripts for your online course. Step one, write without editing.


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[Assistant] And write out how you would present the information as if you were talking to a single person sitting right in front of you. You'll be tempted to delete and rewrite, but just try to keep going. You can edit later. This step is about getting into a state of flow and letting your thoughts and ideas flow freely onto the page. If you find it difficult to keep typing without editing,


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[Assistant] Go ahead and write the sentence again, but keep the first one. When you go back to edit, you can decide what you want to keep and what you want to toss. The more you practice doing this, the more you give your brain permission to take over your fingers and let the words flow.


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[Assistant] Rewrite for pacing. This is an important step to consider especially for presentation-based courses. When your course is presented in slides, it's important for the pacing to be consistent so you don't linger on a single slide for too long while you're talking in the background.


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[Assistant] I like to use something called the Twitter technique. That's not really a thing, but go with me.


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[Assistant] If you're not familiar with Twitter, it's a social media platform that allows you no more than 240 characters per post.


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[Assistant] It sounds like it would be annoying, but it's actually kind of cool because it forces you to be more concise. You don't need to give yourself a character limit, but consider how your bullet points might be broken up into slides and try to maintain the same number of sentences or paragraphs for each one. Step 3. Rewrite to make it more natural.


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[Assistant] One of the most challenging things about writing a script is sounding natural. We tend to write more formally than we speak because that's how we were taught to write. This isn't necessarily wrong when it comes to certain types of writing, but when writing a script, it can leave us sounding flat and inauthentic. You gotta put some personality into it. Feel the rhythm. Unleash the tiger.


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[Assistant] Read what you've written out loud. In most cases, you can tell where you might be phrasing something in a way you wouldn't normally say it or using words you don't normally use. As you read aloud, edit the script to make it sound more like you. If it helps, ask someone you trust and who knows you well to have a reading session with you. Not only can they point out where your wording might sound inauthentic,


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[Assistant] But they can also let you know where you don't sound natural in your delivery.


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[Assistant] Step four, format for delivery. Now you've got a script that's well written, perfectly paced and authentically you. If you want to give yourself an edge when it comes to recording that script,


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[Assistant] If I need a more significant pause between words or phrases, I might include a vertical line to remind me to pause and let what I just said have a little breathing room


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[Assistant] These are just a few examples of how I format my script, but you're free to use your own methods.


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[Assistant] The goal of this step is to make it easy for you to perform your script without overthinking your delivery.


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[Assistant] And that's it. Hopefully you'll walk away from this video with ready to go lesson scripts and a clear idea of how you might adjust your slide content to make an awesome course. In the next video,


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[Assistant] We'll talk about how to actually make the slides for your course. If you have any questions about any part of this process, leave them in the comments below. If you found this video helpful and you want more content like this


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[Assistant] Click the subscribe button, hit the notification bell so you'll be sure not to miss any future videos. Thanks for watching, and I'll see you next time.


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[Assistant] Chapter 15 The Bible and the French Revolution


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[Assistant] The Reformation presenting an open Bible to the people had sought admission to all the countries of Europe. Some nations welcomed it with gladness as a messenger of heaven.


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[Assistant] In other lands, the papacy succeeded to a great extent in preventing its entrance and the light of Bible knowledge with its elevating influences was almost wholly excluded. In one country, though the light found entrance, it was not comprehended by the darkness.


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[Assistant] For centuries, truth and error struggled for the mastery. At last, the evil triumphed and the truth of heaven was thrust out. This is the condemnation.


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[Assistant] That light is come into the world and men love darkness rather than light.


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[Assistant] And all the world saw the fruit of willful rejection of the light. The war against the Bible


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[Assistant] Carried forward for so many centuries in France, culminated in the scenes of the revolution. That terrible out-breaking was but the legitimate result of Rome's suppression of the scriptures.


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[Assistant] It presented the most striking illustration which the world has ever witnessed of the working out of the papal policy.


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[Assistant] An illustration of the results to which for more than a thousand years the teaching of the Roman Church had been tending.


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[Assistant] The suppression of the scriptures during the period of papal supremacy was foretold by the prophets.


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[Assistant] And the revelator points also to the terrible results that were to accrue especially to France.


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[Assistant] from the domination of the man of sin said the angel of the Lord


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[Assistant] The holy city shall they tread underfoot forty in two months. And I will give power unto my two witnesses.


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[Assistant] And they shall prophesy a thousand two hundred and three score days clothed in sackcloth and when they shall have finished their testimony.


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[Assistant] The beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless pit.


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[Assistant] Shall make war against them, and shall overcome them and kill them.


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[Assistant] And their dead bodies shall lie in the street of the great city.


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[Assistant] Which spiritually is called Sodom and Egypt, where also our Lord was crucified.


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[Assistant] And they that dwell upon the earth shall rejoice over them and make merry and shall send gifts one to another because these two prophets tormented them that dwelt on the earth. And after three days and a half


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[Assistant] The spirit of life from God entered into them and they stood upon their feet


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[Assistant] And a thousand two hundred and three scored days are the same.


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[Assistant] A like representing the time in which the Church of Christ was to suffer oppression from Rome.


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[Assistant] The 1260 years of papal supremacy began in AD 538.


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[Assistant] The papal hierarchy has never since been able to wield the power which it before possessed.


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[Assistant] The persecution of the church did not continue throughout the entire period of the 1260 years. God in mercy to his people.


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[Assistant] Cut short the time of their fiery trial.


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[Assistant] In foretelling the great tribulation to befall the church, the Savior said, Except those days should be shortened, there should no flesh be saved. But for the elect's sake those days shall be shortened. Matthew 24 verse 22. Through the influence of the Reformation,


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[Assistant] And the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth. Thy word, said the Psalmist, is a lamp unto my feet and a light unto my path. Revelation 11 verse 4, Psalm 119 verse 105.


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[Assistant] The two witnesses represent the scriptures of the Old and the New Testament.


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[Assistant] Both are important testimonies to the origin and perpetuity of the law of God.


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[Assistant] Both are witnesses also to the plan of salvation.


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[Assistant] Who has come in the exact manner foretold by type and prophecy.


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[Assistant] They shall prophesy a thousand two hundred and three score days clothed in sackcloth. During the greater part of this period.


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[Assistant] God's witnesses remained in a state of obscurity.


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[Assistant] The papal power sought to hide from the people the word of truth.


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[Assistant] And set before them false witnesses to contradict its testimony.


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[Assistant] When the Bible was proscribed by religious and secular authority.


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[Assistant] Who dared proclaim its sacred truths were hunted, betrayed, tortured,


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[Assistant] Buried in dungeon cells, martyred for their faith, or compelled to flee to mountain fastnesses and to dens and caves of the earth. Then, the faithful witnesses prophesied in sackcloth.


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[Assistant] Men cannot with impunity trample upon the word of God.


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[Assistant] The meaning of this fearful denunciation is set forth in the closing chapter of the Revelation.


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[Assistant] I testify unto every man that heareth the words of the prophecy of this book.


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[Assistant] God shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this book.


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[Assistant] And if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this prophecy,


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[Assistant] God shall take away his part out of the book of life and out of the holy city


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[Assistant] And from the things which are written in this book. Revelation 22 verses 18 and 19.


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[Assistant] Such are the warnings which God has given to guard men against changing in any manner that which he has revealed or commanded.


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[Assistant] These solemn denunciations apply to all who by their influence lead men to regard lightly the law of God.


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[Assistant] They should cause those to fear and tremble who flippantly declare it a matter of little consequence whether we obey God's law or not.


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[Assistant] All who exalt their own opinions above divine revelation.


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[Assistant] All who would change the plain meaning of scripture to suit their own convenience or for the sake of conforming to the world.


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[Assistant] Are taking upon themselves a fearful responsibility.


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[Assistant] The written word, the law of God will measure the character of every man and condemn all whom this unerring test shall declare wanting. When they shall have finished in brackets, it says are finishing their testimony.


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[Assistant] The period when the two witnesses were to prophesy clothed in sackcloth ended in 1798.


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[Assistant] War was to be made upon them by the power represented as the beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless pit. In many of the nations of Europe, the powers that rule the church and state


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[Assistant] had for centuries been controlled by Satan through the medium of the papacy.


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[Assistant] But here is brought to view a new manifestation of satanic power. It had been Rome's policy under a profession of reverence for the Bible.


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[Assistant] To keep it locked up in an unknown tongue and hidden away from the people.


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[Assistant] Under her rule, the witnesses prophesied clothed in sackcloth.


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[Assistant] But another power, the beast from the bottomless pit, was to arise to make open a vowed war upon the word of God.


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[Assistant] The great city in whose streets the witnesses are slain and where their dead bodies lie is spiritually Egypt. Of all nations presented in Bible history,


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[Assistant] Egypt most boldly denied the existence of the living God and resisted his commands.


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[Assistant] No monarch ever ventured upon more open and high-handed rebellion against the authority of heaven than did the king of Egypt. When the message was brought him by Moses in the name of the Lord, Pharaoh proudly answered,


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[Assistant] Who is Jehovah that I should hearken unto his voice to let Israel go? I know not Jehovah.


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[Assistant] And the nation represented by Egypt would give voice to a similar denial of the claims of the living God and would manifest a like spirit of unbelief and defiance.


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[Assistant] The great city is also compared spiritually to Sodom. The corruption of Sodom in breaking the law of God.


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[Assistant] Was especially manifested in licentiousness.


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[Assistant] A little before the year 1798, some power of satanic origin and character would rise to make war upon the Bible.


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[Assistant] And in the land where the testimony of God's two witnesses should thus be silenced.


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[Assistant] The world for the first time heard an assembly of men, born and educated in civilization.


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[Assistant] And assuming the right to govern one of the finest of the European nations.


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[Assistant] France is the only nation in the world concerning which the authentic record survives.


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[Assistant] Plenty of infidels there have been and still continue to be.


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[Assistant] But France stands apart in the world's history as the single state which, by the decree of her legislative assembly, pronounced that there was no God.


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[Assistant] And of which the entire population of the capital and a vast majority elsewhere, women as well as men,


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[Assistant] France presented also the characteristics which especially distinguished Sodom.


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[Assistant] During the revolution, there was manifest a state of moral debasement and corruption


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[Assistant] Intimately connected with these laws affecting religion.


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[Assistant] was that which reduced the union of marriage, the most sacred engagement which human beings can form.


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[Assistant] And the permanence of which leads most strongly to the consolidation of society


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[Assistant] To the state of a mere civil contract of a transitory character, which any two persons might engage in and cast loose at pleasure.


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[Assistant] If fiends had set themselves to work to discover a mode of most effectually destroying whatever is venerable, graceful, or permanent in domestic life, and of obtaining at the same time an assurance that the mischief which it was their object to create should be perpetuated from one generation to another, they could not have invented a more effectual plan than the degradation of marriage. Sophie Arnaud,


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[Assistant] An actress famous for the witty things she said described the Republican marriage as


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[Assistant] The Sacrament of Adultery, close quote. Scott, Volume 1, Chapter 17. Where also our Lord was crucified.


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[Assistant] This specification of the prophecy was also fulfilled by France.


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[Assistant] In no land had the spirit of enmity against Christ been more strikingly displayed.


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[Assistant] In no country had the truth encountered more bitter and cruel opposition.


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[Assistant] In the persecution which France had visited upon the confessors of the gospel, she had crucified Christ in the person of his disciples. Century after century, the blood of the saints had been shed.


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[Assistant] While the Waldensis laid down their lives upon the mountains of Piedmont for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus Christ, similar witness to the truth.


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[Assistant] had been born by their brethren, the Albigensies of France.


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[Assistant] In the days of the Reformation, its disciples had been put to death with horrible tortures. King and nobles, high-born women and delicate maidens, the pride and chivalry of the nation.


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[Assistant] For those rites which the human heart holds most sacred Had poured out their blood on many a hard-fought field.


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[Assistant] The few descendants of the ancient Christians that still lingered in France in the 18th century, hiding away in the mountains of the south, still cherished the faith of their fathers.


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[Assistant] As they ventured to meet by night on mountainside or lonely moor.


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[Assistant] They were chased by dragoons and dragged away to lifelong slavery in the galleys.


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[Assistant] The most refined and the most intelligent of the French were chained in horrible torture amid robbers and assassins. See Wiley book 22 chapter 6.


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[Assistant] Others, more mercifully dealt with, were shot down in cold blood, as unarmed and helpless they fell upon their knees in prayer.


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[Assistant] Hundreds of aged men, defenseless women, and innocent children.


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[Assistant] were left dead upon the earth at their place of meeting. In traversing the mountainside or the forest, where they had been accustomed to assemble, it was not unusual to find, quote, at every four paces, dead bodies dotting the sword and corpses hanging suspended from the trees.


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[Assistant] Their country laid waste with the sword, the axe, the faggot, was converted into one vast gloomy wilderness.


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[Assistant] These atrocities were enacted in no dark age, but in the brilliant era of Louis XIV.


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[Assistant] Science was then cultivated, letters flourished, the divines of the court and of the capital were learned and eloquent men, and greatly affected the graces of meekness and charity." But blackest in the black catalogue of crime


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[Assistant] Most horrible among the fiendish deeds of all the dreadful centuries was the Saint Bartholomew Massacre.


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[Assistant] The world still recalls with shuddering horror the scenes of that most cowardly and cruel onslaught. The King of France, urged on by Romish priests and prelates, lent his sanction to the dreadful work.


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[Assistant] A bell tolling at dead of night was a signal for the slaughter.


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[Assistant] Protestants by the thousands, sleeping quietly in their homes, trusting to the plighted honor of their king, were dragged forth without a warning and murdered in cold blood.


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[Assistant] As Christ was the invisible leader of his people from Egyptian bondage.


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[Assistant] So was Satan the unseen leader of his subjects in this horrible work of multiplying martyrs.


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[Assistant] For seven days the massacre was continued in Paris. The first three with inconceivable fury. And it was not confined to the city itself.


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[Assistant] But by special order of the king was extended to all the provinces and towns where Protestants were found. Neither age nor sex was respected.


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[Assistant] Neither the innocent babe nor the man of gray hairs was spared.


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[Assistant] Noble and peasant, old and young, mother and child, were cut down together.


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[Assistant] Throughout France, the butchery continued for two months.


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[Assistant] The canon of Saint Angelo thundered forth a joyous salute, and bells rang out from every steeple. Bonfires turned night into day, and Gregory XIII


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[Assistant] Attended by the Cardinals and other ecclesiastical dignitaries, went in long procession to the Church of St. Louis.


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[Assistant] Where the Cardinal of Lorraine chanted a tedium. A medal was struck to commemorate the massacre and in the Vatican may still be seen three frescoes of Vasari describing the attack upon the Admiral, the King and Council plotting the massacre and the massacre itself. Gregory sent Charles the Golden Rose and four months after the massacre,


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[Assistant] He listened complacently to the sermon of a French priest.


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[Assistant] The Massacre of St. Bartholomew, chapter 14, paragraph 34.


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[Assistant] The same master spirit that urged on the Saint Bartholomew Massacre led also to the scenes of the revolution.


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[Assistant] The most abandoned monsters of cruelty and vice were most highly exalted. In all this, supreme homage was paid to Satan while Christ


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[Assistant] In his characteristics of truth, purity, and unselfish love was crucified.


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[Assistant] The beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless pit shall make war against them, and shall overcome them and kill them.


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[Assistant] The atheistic power that ruled in France during the revolution and the reign of terror.


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[Assistant] And in its stead, every tenth day was devoted to reveling and blasphemy. Baptism and the communion were prohibited, and announcements posted conspicuously


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[Assistant] Over the burial place is declared death to be an eternal sleep.


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[Assistant] The fear of God was said to be so far from the beginning of wisdom that it was the beginning of folly. All religious worship was prohibited except that of liberty and the country.


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[Assistant] The, quote, constitutional bishop of Paris was brought forward to play the principal part


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[Assistant] To declare to the convention that the religion which he had taught so many years was, in every respect, a piece of priestcraft.


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[Assistant] Which had no foundation either in history or sacred truth. He disowned in solemn and explicit terms the existence of the deity to whose worship he had been consecrated.


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[Assistant] He then laid hold on the table his episcopal decorations and received a fraternal embrace from the president of the convention.


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[Assistant] And they that dwell upon the earth shall rejoice over them and make merry and shall send gifts one to another because these two prophets tormented them that dwelt on the earth.


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[Assistant] Infidel France had silenced the reproving voice of God's two witnesses. The word of truth lay dead in her streets.


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[Assistant] What an echo is this of the Pharaoh's demand?


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[Assistant] Who is Jehovah that I should obey his voice? I know not Jehovah.


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[Assistant] The fool hath said in his heart, there is no God. Psalm 14 verse 1.


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[Assistant] After France had renounced the worship of the living God.


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[Assistant] The high and lofty one that inhabiteth eternity.


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[Assistant] It was only a little time till she descended to degrading idolatry by the worship of the goddess of reason in the person of a profligate woman.


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[Assistant] And this in the representative assembly of the nation.


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[Assistant] One of the ceremonies of this insane time stands unrivaled for absurdity combined with impiety.


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[Assistant] The doors of the convention were thrown open to a band of musicians.


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[Assistant] Preceded by whom the members of the municipal body entered in solemn procession, singing a hymn in praise of liberty,


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[Assistant] an escorting as the object of their future worship a veiled female whom they termed the goddess of reason.


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[Assistant] Being brought within the bar, she was unveiled with great form and placed on the right of the president when she was generally recognized as a dancing girl of the opera. To this person,


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[Assistant] As the fittest representative of that reason whom they worship.


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[Assistant] The National Convention of France rendered public homage. This impious and ridiculous mummery had a certain fashion.


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[Assistant] In such places where the inhabitants desire to show themselves equal


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[Assistant] To all the heights of the revolution, close quote. Scott, volume 1, chapter 17.


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[Assistant] said the orator who introduced the worship of reason,


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[Assistant] Legislators, fanaticism has given way to reason.


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[Assistant] Its bleared eyes could not endure the brilliancy of the light.


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[Assistant] This day, an immense concourse has assembled beneath those Gothic vaults, which for the first time re-echoed the truth.


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[Assistant] There the French have celebrated the only true worship, that of liberty, that of reason.


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[Assistant] There we have formed wishes for the prosperity of the arms of the Republic.


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[Assistant] There we have abandoned inanimate idols for reason.


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[Assistant] Cease to tremble before the powerless thunders of a God whom your fears have created.


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[Assistant] Henceforth acknowledge no divinity but reason.


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[Assistant] If you must have idols, sacrifice only to such as this. Fall before the august senate of freedom. O veil of reason. The goddess, after being embraced by the president, was mounted on a magnificent car and conducted


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[Assistant] Amid an immense crowd to the Cathedral of Notre Dame to take the place of the deity.


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[Assistant] Entered the hall of the municipality, exclaiming, Viva la Raison!


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[Assistant] Breviaries, Missals, and the Old and New Testaments, which, quote,


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[Assistant] Expeated in a great fire, said the president.


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[Assistant] Collection of Parliamentary History, Volume 30, pages 200 and 201.


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[Assistant] It was popery that had begun the work which atheism was completing.


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[Assistant] The policy of Rome had wrought out those conditions, social, political and religious, that were hurrying France on to ruin.


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[Assistant] Writers, in referring to the horrors of the revolution, say that these excesses are to be charged upon the throne and the church. In strict justice, they are to be charged upon the church.


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[Assistant] Popery had poisoned the minds of kings against the Reformation as an enemy to the crown.


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[Assistant] They began to cast off the shackles that had held them bond slaves of ignorance, vice, and superstition. They began to think and act as men. Monarchs sought and trembled for their despotism. Rome was not slow to inflame their jealous fears.


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[Assistant] But all principalities, nobility, laws, orders, and ranks besides close quote.


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[Assistant] G de Felice, History of the Protestants of France, Book 1, Chapter 2, Paragraph 8.


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[Assistant] A few years later a papal nuncio warned the king, quote, Sire, be not deceived.


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[Assistant] The Protestants will upset all civil as well as religious order. The throne is in as much danger as the altar. The introduction of a new religion must necessarily introduce a new government. Close quote. Daubigné, History of the Reformation in Europe in the time of Calvin, Book 2, Chapter 36.


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[Assistant] And theologians appealed to the prejudices of the people by declaring that the Protestant doctrine, quote, entices men away to novelties and folly.