[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like if I want to, uh, let's say, um, collaborate with someone, um, on a project. So this is going to happen in the next couple of days for people who are building their own NLP projects. What would be the kind of best place to start?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But in any case, maybe what we can do is I'll introduce you and watch the video and then we can, uh, you know, think about solving this in the, in the Q and A, um, or before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so, uh, for everyone, this is, uh, Lucille Somnier. I hope I pronounced your name right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She's also actively involved in many of the research projects in the field of NLP, such as a really cool project about collaborative training. So this is where you try to basically train like a transformer from scratch, distributed across multiple machines in the world. So people share their kind of compute for this. It's a really cool project you should check out. We have it on the blog.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And she's also heavily involved in the big science project, which you may have heard about. This is a one year kind of research endeavor to try and train a very large language model that is kind of like GPT-3, but hopefully with a lot more insight into how this model works.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And today she's going to explain to us how to get our own tokenizer with Hugging Face Transformers and the Hugging Face Tokenizers libraries. So thanks, Lucille, and we'll see you for the questions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Awesome. And I think another thing that I've experienced is that, um, if you have very long sequences, then you actually also get penalized because attention is usually, you know, kind of slow computation. So you kind of get two problems. You get one is like, you don't get enough information and two, your training is slow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this actually raises another question, which is kind of, this was for me actually kind of surprising the first time I learned about tokenization. So people say, oh, you know, you train the tokenizer with BERT and I think this is quite a different beast. So maybe you'd like to tell us a little bit about what that, what that means.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the question is like, if you're doing something like biology or law or something, could special tokens help in that context?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, this is actually a kind of related problem, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so you get this kind of out of vocab, uh, problem where a token maybe doesn't belong, um, in the vocabulary. I was just wondering, like, how do you, how do you think about this problem and are there some good strategies that we can use to deal with?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great, so the next speaker is Sylvain and I think Sylvain, uh, doesn't need an introduction to basically anyone here, but I'll, um, I'll do my best. So, um, Sylvain is a research engineer at Hugging Face and he's one of the core maintainers of Transformers and the developer behind Hugging Face Accelerate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he likes making model training more accessible and building many of the sort of fundamental tools that we use, like the trainer, for example, that we explained today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a little personal comment. Sylvain was actually a great inspiration to me because I read your blog post about how you went on this journey from becoming a kind of math teacher in France and kind of self-taught yourself how to do deep learning with fast AI and then working with Jeremy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, this, uh, this story is really cool and I think people should read this to get a sense of like how you can really break into this field with a ton of hard work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It really, really encouraged me because I came from a different field myself and it was nice to see that it's possible. Thanks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey everybody. Welcome to this talk about the Hugging Face Hub. I'm Lysander. I'm part of the open source team at Hugging Face and I'm super happy to be here to present to you all everything we've built over the last few years. So we'll get straight to the point and we'll start with the three main aspects of the Hugging Face Hub.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So these are models, datasets, and spaces. We'll take a look at the first two in detail and have a small introduction of the third one because Merve is going to present the third one, the spaces, in her standalone talk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's first take a look at the model hub. The model hub hosts a wide variety of different models. It acts as a platform for hosting and sharing models. And actually we just passed the 20,000 public models milestone this weekend, which is pretty exciting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And these models, these 20,000 public models are trained on a lot of different tasks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have a lot of filtering options on the left. If we go take a look at the tasks category, there is a split for the domains, the fields.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The natural language processing models come first, with many different tasks available, and in other fields there are the audio and computer vision domains, with here too quite a lot of different tasks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The models available here are not necessarily from the Transformers library. The model hub is agnostic to the library. So while there are a lot of Transformer models, there are also models from other libraries such as Flare, Tim, SpeechBrain, PsychetLearn, and many others.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Any model can be uploaded. So even models that are in pure PyTorch or pure TensorFlow or any other frameworks can be uploaded here and offered to the community.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Other filtering options include datasets to filter out models trained on specific datasets. Languages, which is particularly important for NLP tasks. While there are a lot of English-based models, we're very proud to also host thousands of models in other languages.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's also possible to filter out by license so that you make sure to only see the models which will fit to what you're working on. And finally, the last filter helps filter out models compatible with some of the training or inference tools we have at Hugging Face, such as AutoNLP or Infinity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the right, you will see the API widget with which you can play to get a feel of the model. On the left, you will see the model card I just mentioned, which can be seen as the documentation of the model. This should contain the model's description alongside any elements that would help understanding what the model was trained for and how it should be used.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This should contain code samples for usability, mentions of the datasets on which the model was trained, the hyperparameter during training used, and it should highlight areas where the model should perform well, as well as areas where it wouldn't perform as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We strongly recommend mentioning the potential issues with the model, for example regarding potential biases and limitations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright so now that we've taken a look at the model hub, and before we understand how to contribute a model to the model hub, we're going to take a look at the datasets hub.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Similarly to the model hub, on the left we'll see a few categories to filter out datasets. There is the very general task categories first, which you can complete using the most specific tasks filtering option.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When clicking on a dataset, you'll be facing this super cool page with a lot of information about the dataset.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first thing we'll see on the page is the brand new dataset preview, which allows you to navigate the dataset and get a feel for the format and content of the dataset. This works with text, but also with images, for example here with MNIST.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can take a look at the different splits, for example, the training and testing split here. And coming back to the glue dataset page, you'll see some additional information, which may be useful. Similarly to the model card, there is the dataset card, which is as important and really goes a long way to explain what is the dataset made of and how it should be used.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Additionally, on the right, you'll find all the models which were trained on this dataset.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cool, so now that we've taken a look at both the model hub and the dataset hub, the final third big component of the hugging face hub are the spaces.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Spaces are a super good way to demo your machine learning projects. They're customizable and deserve a talk on their own, which is great as Motervay will dive deep in spaces with you in a bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, now that we understand a bit the three core components, let's understand how we can work with them and collaborate using them. So what's really cool with the hub is that all of those are basically Git repositories. Models, datasets, and spaces are all Git repositories which you can clone to your machine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there are several ways to work on them. The first one is through the Hugging Face website, which is very straightforward, but is a bit limiting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The second one is through the open source libraries themselves. For example, if working with transformers or datasets, you'll see some loading and saving utilities, which will work directly with the hub. I won't dive into them here as Louis will do so in his upcoming talk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here we'll study the third way, which is using the hugging face hop Python library.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is what is used under the hood and by all third party libraries. And it provides a super simple API, which sits right on top of Git and Git LFS to provide custom utility methods. So it's exactly like using Git in your command line, except it's made for model and dataset and spaces, uh, repositories with a few useful utility functions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's start with a simple use case. We have this model, which is a really cool model from the Transformers library. It can perform some super fancy text generation in the computational linguistics style. Let me show you the model first. I start by looking at the files which are in the model.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here I see that I have both the tokenizer and model files inside the folder. I load the tokenizer and I load the model to have them in memory directly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I do so using the create repo function from the Huggingface Python library. I call it with the my cool archive model parameter, which means that I'll be creating that repository under my namespace, which is Lysander.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can check that it was correctly created by checking out the web interface, navigating to my profile page and boom, the model is indeed here. If I check the content, however, I see that it is empty, which is normal since we just created it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that the model repository is created, I want something to handle it. For that, I use the repository object. I instantiate it with two parameters. The first one, local folder, is the folder I'll be using locally to store the clone of the repository.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The second parameter is the ID of the repository which I'm cloning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nice! Now that the repository is cloned, I should have a local folder containing the remote files. If I list the content, I see that I only have the git files, but nothing else. That's normal since we just created the repository as we have just seen on the web interface.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll now save the model and tokenizer in the local folder to have the files directly inside it. We could also have just moved the files in it from the previous folder that we had, but it wouldn't have made for such a cool demo.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so if we list the files in the folder again, great, we have all the files that we have just saved. We're ready for the push.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We now follow the usual git workflow. We first stage the files using the git add method. We input a special parameter, which is the auto LFS track parameter. This does some LFS magic under the hood.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where it will automatically track large files that would be otherwise rejected. It's not always necessary, but it doesn't hurt to run it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nice, we have successfully committed our model. If we go back over to the web interface, we can see that there's now an inference API widget. So we can try it out directly on the website and make sure that the model works exactly as we expect it to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nice, we have successfully committed our model. We'll take a quick look at doing the same with the dataset, which isn't very different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I have my dataset saved on disk. I'll import it using the loadFromDisk method.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I load my super cool dataset in memory, and I use the two same methods I used before. Here, I add another argument, which is the repo type argument. I'm essentially telling the methods that they're handling a different repo type. They're handling a dataset rather than a model.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that the repository is created, I can take a look at it in the web interface. It's empty once again, but we're going to fill it really soon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We save the data set using the 2-parquet method to save it as a parquet file.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Using the traditional git add, commit and push, and we're good to go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, that's it for the model and dataset hub and how to use them. We'll explore further ways to handle your models, datasets and spaces in the other talks by my team members and in the course of course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you for listening to the talk and I'm really looking forward to seeing all of your cool projects you're going to do during this week. And I really look forward to working with you all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. Yeah, I'm very, very enthusiastic about like model cards, dataset cards, and even the model here with computational linguistics made me excited, so you know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've had a few issues with managing such big models, but actually like the infrastructure is getting more robust to do so, like a good example of a huge, it's not a model, but it's a, it's a data set, which I believe is the multilingual version of C4, which weighs 19 terabytes. It actually lives on the hub right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and there is no, and actually the big science effort, which is this big effort with more than 500 scientists working on creating a very big artifact uses the hub


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As a means to store, uh, intermediary weights. So these weights can end up being very, very large.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, agnosticly to the libraries, so it may be in PyTorch, it may be in TensorFlow, it may be in JAX, or even many other libraries like seen in the videos we have support for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then if you compare it to the PyTorch Hub, it's a bit different as the PyTorch Hub shares something a bit different with the weights, but also code to run directly inside


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So then it's up to you to get your code running as you want, inspect it as you want. Whereas with the pirate watch hub, it's just slightly different and not as raw, I'd say. It's still super, super cool and has a lot of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's very useful, I would say, but just serves a different purpose than our hub serves. And I think the two are very complimentary. Yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, absolutely. And like for the, for the Hugging Face Hub, what we're really reaching for is, uh, is for this central platform where everybody can feel free to share, uh, their models as much as they want. They can just store as many checkpoints they want.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, for example, we, with the recent trainer changes, we really encourage people to push their, uh, intermediary checkpoints to the hub as, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Standalone commits. So for example, if you do a full training run using the trainer, you have the option to not only push the final model for use, but you can also push every intermediate checkpoints.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Absolutely, that's a great question. Uhm, so the way we do things is that we encourage people to have upstream and downstream supports in their library, which means the ability to just use models from the hub in their library or to push models to the hub.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if you're having a very niche library which doesn't necessarily have a lot of users or doesn't necessarily have all these serialization mechanisms, maybe you're not too interested in that and you just want something that works for yourself. And so with the HuggingFaceHub Python library, we offer this kind of front-end to the hub.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, which isn't this, uh, web UI, but it's a Python library which you can use for, uh, like to download models who cache them in your, uh, to cache them locally to prevent, like, re-downloading a lot of.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Show which license is the datasets under. Uh, for some more complex, uh, licenses, for example, some datasets require, uhm, specific licenses where you would have to share your name, uh, your email to have access to the dataset.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and here it's a bit different, uh, when sharing the data set, you should try as, well, you should, uh, as much as possible, try to respect the license, uh, as otherwise it's just not, uh, legally shareable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, thank you for, thank you for asking. I think that's a, that's an interesting question that we get a lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're very, very open with uh, like having a lot of people we're really looking for, uh, generally the same skills that any machine learning engineer would have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Um, so basically, uh, yeah, when you think of a machine learning engineer or data engineer, uh, it's basically the same skills, but the job is actually very different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because when working at Hugging Face, you're not going, well, you can, but most of the time you're not going to spend time working on a model or on a dataset and trying to have the best performance, trying to have the best security, trying to do your own training pipeline. What you're actually going to do is instead work on providing the tools to do that better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, activity all of that work, but at the end of the day, what you're really going to build is a tool to make it easier for people like you to just do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so this, uh, this also comes with a few skills which maybe are not too traditional for a machine learning engineer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and you need to just basically, uh, be very open for collaboration. Uh, at HuggingFace we really strive for collaboration as our main, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, ethics, uh, where we think the more people we have collaborating on project, uh, the better, the more inclusive the resulting projects may be. Uh, so right now we've, uh, just passed the thousand contributors on the Transformers library, which is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Super exciting milestone, and I think we're really going to strive for making it as accessible as possible for people to contribute to the library, not only use the libraries.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, models right now with some language models capabilities, uh, same provision where we're really going to have, uh, we're really striving for, um, transformers to be a very, very useful, uh, tool in the entire computer vision stack.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On top of that, there are also other cool things that are coming up. For example, Sylvain has been working on a super cool aspect of the hub integration, where right now you can just push models and tokenizers to the hub. What Sylvain has been working on is the ability to push model code, tokenizer codes, directly to the hub.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so for example, if you have your standard BERT model, uh, it's, uh, and let's say you're just changing a tiny thing in the way the attention is computed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It can be a bit of a hassle to just open a PR to the hugging face library because, you know, you need all those tests to work, you need all this documentation to work, and maybe what you're trying to solve is like, maybe you're not actually trying to...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I won't hurt you more. I want to feel where your ears were burning. I was talking about you downstairs. Ah, like fire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do you really, Mo? So pretty as you are? Who wouldn't want to be close to you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So tell me, Maul. Which of us do you prefer?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that is your concern. Oh no, stay still.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mol. Mol, there's nothing to be frightened of. Come. Sit down by me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Aye. But you know that mustn't be spoken of until I come into my estate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nothing of grave concern, sister. You can't spare Molly today, it's of no matter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Keep the purse and the chain. Mr. Garlik likes you very well, Maul. And he's disposed to be generous.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't. I like you very well in it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I, I too, I shall know. But, bearing all this in mind, it goes against my deepest feelings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ah. Well, perhaps you're right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You shall always have my respect, Mole, and my sincere affection. You shall be my dear sister, as you are now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What kind of a land water creature's that? As good a man as you, sir, I believe. And I've had lessons in swordsmanship. And French.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My father was a draper, ma'am. Recently deceased. In a fine way of trade and able to educate me as a gentleman.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And never lived to enjoy the fruits of his labor. And as I have come into my inheritance,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as I am a marrying kind of man more than a man who knows what he likes when he sees it, well, what do you say? Will you be my wife and help me spend?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There was no wrapping on this package. You got what was there. War, destruct and destroy. Everything about him focused. And this bullet head made the whole Marvin Hagler look like exactly what he should have been, an executioner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He lost to Bobby Watts, he lost to Willie Monroe. He had to go back to Philly one more time and it was three strikes and you're out. If he loses to Cyclone Hart, it's Palookaville for Marvin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was the inspector that night in Ray Leonard's dressing room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh my god, bro. That legit scared me, dude. Bro, what the hell?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Marco Rubio says, if you want to live in a socialist country, why not move to a socialist country? Oh, you mean like Florida, where everyone's on social security?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, so many Americans hate the word socialism, but love the concept. Medicare, unemployment, disability, farm subsidies. Forget the transgender debate. What America really needs is a separate bathroom for welfare queens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, back in February when democracy was still serious and Trump was still a joke,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 66% of young people told pollsters that corporate America, quote, embodies everything that is wrong with America. And that, more than anything else, is what this election is about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what side you're on in that debate is all about your generation. Older Americans are more religious. And America's real religion is capitalism. And like any religion, it needs a devil. And that devil has always been socialism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In 1961, Ronald Reagan said if we passed Medicare, we'd wind up telling our children what it was once was like in America when men were free. Thanks, Nostra Dumbass.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Republicans always think if you allow a little socialism, it'll spread out of control, but actually it's the opposite. It's capitalism that we've let spread out of control. It's...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's eaten our democracy. It's eaten our middle class. It's eaten our healthcare system, our prison system, our news media. It's even eaten our food system so thoroughly that a lot of our food is no longer something that should be eaten.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or a tidal wave. Or pond scum. Or whatever metaphor you like to describe an unthinking force that devours everything in its path. And now the latest thing it is scarfing down is our national parks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The government just announced they would be selling naming rights at the parks like we do at sports stadiums. Because the parks are 11 billion dollars in debt. And since capitalism solves everything, Cue corporate America.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who's always asking one simple question. How can we help?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nothing in it for us, we just want to lend a hand. Like when Bill Cosby offered to help you with your modeling career.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When our elections are being bought by the evil puppet from the Saw movies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's time to realize we're better off if there are a few things that free market profiteers can't get their cloven hooves on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the same day I read about the $11 billion the parks need, there was also this headline. $40 billion Air Force tanker program delayed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because that's the problem with the Grand Canyon. It doesn't make Boeing rich. It just sits there. Stupid canyon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's funny, older people think socialism is capitalism's enemy, and younger people think it's capitalism's replacement, but they're both wrong. What socialism is, is capitalism's lap band, something to prevent it from eating everything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The protest of spires and the confession at Augsburg, which marked the triumph of the Reformation in Germany, were followed by years of conflict and darkness, weakened by divisions among its supporters and assailed by powerful foes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he was forced at last to grant toleration to the doctrines which it had been the ambition of his life to destroy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He had staked his kingdom, his treasures, and life itself upon the crushing out of the heresy. Now he saw his armies wasted by battle, his treasuries drained, his many kingdoms threatened by revolt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While everywhere the faith which he had vainly endeavored to suppress was extending.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Charles the fifth had been battling against omnipotent power. God had said, let there be light.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in premature old age, worn out with the long struggle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He abdicated the throne and buried himself in a cloister.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In Switzerland, as in Germany, there came dark days for the Reformation. While many cantons accepted the Reformed faith, others clung with blind persistence to the Creed of Rome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Their persecution of those who desired to receive the truth finally gave rise to civil war.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In other lands, he had raised up labors to carry forward the reform.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In France, before the name of Luther had been heard as a reformer, the day had already begun to break. One of the first to catch the light was the Aged Lefebvre, a man of extensive learning, a professor in the University of Paris, and a sincere and zealous papist. In his researches into ancient literature, his attention was directed to the Bible, and he introduced its study among his students.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lefebvre was an enthusiastic adorer of the saints.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But he had already made considerable progress in it when


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thinking that he might obtain useful assistance from the Bible, he began its study with this object.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here indeed he found saints brought to view, but not such as figured in the Roman calendar. A flood of divine light broke in upon his mind. In amazement and disgust,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before either Luther or Zwingli had begun the work of reform, the favor wrote, quote,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is God who gives us, by faith, that righteousness which by grace alone justifies to eternal life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dwelling upon the mysteries of redemption, he exclaimed,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, the unspeakable greatness of that exchange. The sinless one is condemned and he who is guilty goes free.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The blessing bears the curse, and the curse it is brought into blessing.


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[Assistant] The life dies and the dead live. The glory is overwhelmed in darkness and he who knew nothing but confusion of faith is clothed with glory.


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[Assistant] Dabignet London Edition, Book 12, Chapter 2.


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[Assistant] And while teaching that the glory of salvation belongs solely to God.


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[Assistant] He also declared that the duty of obedience belongs to man.


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[Assistant] If thou art a member of Christ's church, he said, thou art a member of his body. If thou art of his body, then thou art full of the divine nature.


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[Assistant] Oh, if men could but enter into the understanding of this privilege, how purely, chastely, and holily would they live.


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[Assistant] And how contemptible, when compared with the glory within them, that glory which the eye of flesh cannot see, would they deem all the glory of this world. There were some among Lefevre's students


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[Assistant] And educated to accept with implicit faith the teachings of the Church.


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[Assistant] He might, with the apostle Paul have declared concerning himself,


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[Assistant] He burned with zeal to destroy all who should dare to oppose the Church.


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[Assistant] I would gnash my teeth like a furious wolf, he afterwards said, referring to this period of his life, when I heard anyone speaking against the pope.


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[Assistant] He had been untiring in his adoration of the saints.


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[Assistant] In company with Lefebvre, making the round of the churches of Paris, worshipping at the altars, and adorning with gifts the holy shrines.


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[Assistant] But these observances could not bring peace of soul.


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[Assistant] Conviction of sin fastened upon him, which all the acts of penance that he practiced failed to banish.


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[Assistant] As to a voice from heaven, he listened to the reformer's words, quote,


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[Assistant] The innocent one is condemned and the criminal is acquitted.


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[Assistant] It is the cross of Christ alone that openeth the gates of heaven and shutteth the gates of hell.


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[Assistant] By a conversation like that of Paul, he turned from the bondage of tradition to the liberty of the sons of God.


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[Assistant] Instead of the murderous heart of a ravening wolf, he came back, he says, quietly, like a meek and harmless lamb, having his heart entirely withdrawn from the pope and given to Jesus Christ.


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[Assistant] Close quote. Dabignet Book 12, Chapter 3.


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[Assistant] While Lefebvre continued to spread the light among his students,


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[Assistant] Feral, as zealous in the cause of Christ as he had been in that of the pope, went forth to declare the truth in public. A dignitary of the church,


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[Assistant] The Bishop of Moe, soon after united with them.


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[Assistant] Other teachers who ranked high for their ability and learning joined in proclaiming the gospel, and it won adherence among all classes, from the homes of artisans and peasants to the palace of the king. The sister of Francis I, then the reigning monarch, accepted the Reformed faith.


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[Assistant] The king himself and the queen mother appeared for a time to regard it with favor, and with high hopes the reformers looked forward to the time when France should be won to the gospel. But their hopes were not to be realized. Trial and persecution awaited the disciples of Christ.


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[Assistant] This, however, was mercifully veiled from their eyes. A time of peace intervened that they might gain strength to meet the Tempest, and the Reformation made rapid progress.


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[Assistant] The bishop of Moe labored zealously in his own diocese to instruct both the clergy and the people. Ignorant and immoral priests were removed.


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[Assistant] And so far as possible replaced by men of learning and piety, the bishop greatly desired


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[Assistant] And at the very time when Luther's German Bible was issuing from the press in Wittenberg, the French New Testament was published at Moe.


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[Assistant] And soon the peasants of Mo were in possession of the holy scriptures.


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[Assistant] As travelers perishing from thirst welcome with joy a living water spring, so did these souls receive the message of heaven. The laborers in the field, the artisans in the workshop.


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[Assistant] Cheered their daily toil by talking of the precious truths of the Bible. At evening, instead of resorting to the wine shops,


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[Assistant] They assembled in one another's homes to read God's word and join in prayer and praise.


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[Assistant] A great change was soon manifest in these communities, though belonging to the humblest class, an unlearned and hardworking peasantry.


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[Assistant] The reforming, uplifting power of divine grace was seen in their lives. Humble, loving, and holy.


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[Assistant] They stood as witnesses to what the gospel will accomplish for those who receive it in sincerity.


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[Assistant] The light kindled at Mo' shed its beams afar. Every day the number of converts was increasing.


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[Assistant] The rage of the hierarchy was for a time held in check by the king, who despised the narrow bigotry of the monks, but the papal leaders finally prevailed. Now the stake was set up.


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[Assistant] Forced to choose between the fire and recantation, accepted the easier path.


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[Assistant] But notwithstanding the leader's fall, his flock remained steadfast. Many witnessed for the truth amid the flames.


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[Assistant] By their courage and fidelity at the stake, these humble Christians spoke to thousands who in days of peace had never heard their testimony.


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[Assistant] It was not alone the humble and the poor that amid suffering and scorn dared to bear witness for Christ in the lordly halls of the castle and the palace.


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[Assistant] There were kingly souls by whom truth was valued above wealth or rank or even life.


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[Assistant] Kingly armor concealed a loftier and more steadfast spirit than did the bishop's robe and mitre.


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[Assistant] Louis de Birkwin was of noble birth, a brave and courtly knight. He was devoted to study, polished in manners, and of blameless morals. He was, says a writer.


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[Assistant] A great follower of the Papistical Constitutions and a great hearer of Masses and Sermons, and he crowned all his other virtues by holding Lutheranism in special abhorrence. But like so many others, providentially guided to the Bible, he was amazed to find there, quote, not the doctrines of Rome, but the doctrines of Luther, close quote, Wiley Book 13 Chapter 9.


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[Assistant] Henceforth he gave himself with entire devotion to the cause of the gospel. The Most Learned of the Nobles of France


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[Assistant] His genius and eloquence, his indomitable courage and heroic zeal, and his influence at court, for he was a favorite with the king.


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[Assistant] He is worse than Luther, close quote, cried the papists. Wiley, book thirteen, chapter nine.


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[Assistant] More dreaded he was indeed by the Romanists of France. They thrust him into prison as a heretic, but he was set at liberty by the king. For years the struggle continued. Francis, wavering between Rome and the Reformation,


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[Assistant] Alternately tolerated and restrained the fierce zeal of the monks.


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[Assistant] Berkwin was three times imprisoned by the papal authorities only to be released by the monarch who in admiration of his genius and his nobility of character,


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[Assistant] Refused to sacrifice him to the malice of the hierarchy.


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[Assistant] Verquin was repeatedly warned of the danger that threatened him in France, and urged to follow the steps of those who had found safety in voluntary exile. The timid and time-serving Erasmus


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[Assistant] Who with all the splendor of his scholarship failed of that moral greatness which holds life in honor subservient to truth, wrote to Birkwin, quote, Asked to be sent as ambassador to some foreign country, go and travel in Germany. You know better and such as he, he is a thousand headed monster, darting venom on every side. Your enemies are named Legion. Were your cause better than that of Jesus Christ,


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[Assistant] They will not let you go till they have miserably destroyed you. Do not trust too much to the king's protection at all events.


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[Assistant] Do not compromise me with the faculty of theology." Wiley Book 13 Chapter 9


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[Assistant] But as dangers thickened, Birkwin's zeal only waxed the stronger.


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[Assistant] So far from adopting the politic and self-serving council of Erasmus, he determined upon still bolder measures. He would not only stand in defense of the truth, but he would attack error.


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[Assistant] The charge of heresy which the Romanists were seeking to fasten upon him, he would rivet upon them.


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[Assistant] We're the learned doctors and monks of the theological department in the great University of Paris.


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[Assistant] He publicly declared to be opposed to the Bible and heretical.


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[Assistant] Not loathe to bring into contrast the power and acuteness of the opposing champions,


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[Assistant] And the stake were arms which they better understood how to wield.


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[Assistant] And they saw themselves about to fall into the pit into which they had hoped to plunge Birkwin.


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[Assistant] In amazement, they looked about them for some way of escape.


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[Assistant] An image of the virgin at the corner of one of the streets was mutilated. There was great excitement in the city. Crowds of people flocked to the place with expressions of mourning and indignation. The king also was deeply moved.


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[Assistant] Here was an advantage which the monks could turn to good account and they were quick to improve it.


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[Assistant] These are the fruits of the doctrines of Birkwin, they cried.


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[Assistant] All is about to be overthrown, religion, the laws, the throne itself, by this Lutheran conspiracy. Close quote. Wiley book 13 chapter 9. Again, Birkwin was apprehended.


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[Assistant] The king withdrew from Paris and the monks were thus left free to work their will.


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[Assistant] And lest Francis should even yet interpose to save him.


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[Assistant] The sentence was executed on the very day it was pronounced


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[Assistant] That the victim had been chosen from the best and bravest of the noble families of France.


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[Assistant] Amazement, indignation, scorn, and bitter hatred darkened the faces of that surging crowd. But upon one face no shadow rested. The martyr's thoughts were far from that scene of tumult. He was conscious only of the presence of his lord. The wretched tumble upon which he rode


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[Assistant] The frowning faces of his persecutors, the dreadful death to which he was going, these he heeded not.


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[Assistant] He who liveth and was dead and is alive for evermore and hath the keys of death and of hell was beside him. Birkwin's countenance was radiant with the light and peace of heaven.


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[Assistant] He had attired himself in goodly raiment wearing


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[Assistant] Quote a cloak of velvet, a doublet of satin and damask,


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[Assistant] And golden hose, close quote. Dabunye.


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[Assistant] Berkwin endeavored to address a few words to the people, but the monks, fearing the result, began to shout,


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[Assistant] And the soldiers to clash their arms, and their clamor drowned the martyr's voice.


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[Assistant] Thus in 1529 the highest literary and ecclesiastical authority of cultured Paris, quote, set the populace of 1793


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[Assistant] The base example of stifling on the scaffold the sacred words of the dying. Close quote. Wiley book thirteen chapter nine. Birkwin was strangled and his body was consumed in the flames.


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[Assistant] We too are ready, said the witnesses for the truth, to meet death cheerfully, setting our eyes on the life that is to come.


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[Assistant] Dabigny, History of the Reformation in Europe in the Time of Calvin, Book 2, Chapter 16.


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[Assistant] Teachers of the Reformed faith were deprived of their license to preach and they departed to other fields. Lefebvre, after a time, made his way to Germany.


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[Assistant] Farrell returned to his native town in eastern France to spread the light in the home of his childhood.


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[Assistant] Already tidings had been received of what was going on at Moe, and the truth which he taught with fearless zeal found listeners. Soon the authorities were roused to silence him, and he was banished from the city. Though he could no longer labor publicly, he traversed the plains and villages


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[Assistant] Teaching in private dwellings and in secluded meadows.


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[Assistant] In finding shelter in the forests and among the rocky caverns which had been his haunts in boyhood. God was preparing him for greater trials.


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[Assistant] The crosses, persecutions, and machinations of Satan, of which I was forewarned, have not been wanting, he said.


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[Assistant] They are even much severer than I could have borne of myself. But God is my Father.


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[Assistant] He has provided and always will provide me the strength which I require."


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[Assistant] Dabignet, History of the Reformation of the 16th Century, Book 12, Chapter 9.


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[Assistant] As in apostolic days, persecution had fallen out rather unto the furtherance of the gospel. Philippians 1 verse 12.


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[Assistant] And thus, the light found its way into many of the remote provinces of France.


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[Assistant] God was still preparing workers to extend his cause.


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[Assistant] In one of the schools of Paris was a thoughtful, quiet youth


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[Assistant] Already giving evidence of a powerful and penetrating mind.


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[Assistant] And no less marked for the blamelessness of his life than for intellectual ardor and religious devotion.


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[Assistant] His genius and application soon made him the pride of the college.


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[Assistant] Would become one of the ablest and most honored defenders of the church.


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[Assistant] But a ray of divine light penetrated even within the walls of scholasticism and superstition by which Calvin was enclosed. He heard of the new doctrines with a shudder.


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[Assistant] With the heresy and force to test the power of Romish theology to combat the Protestant teaching.


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[Assistant] A cousin of Calvin's who had joined the reformers was in Paris.


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[Assistant] The two kinsmen often met and discussed together the matters that were disturbing Christendom.


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[Assistant] There are but two religions in the world, said Ole Vatan, the Protestant.


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[Assistant] The one class of religions are those which men have invented, in all of which man saves himself by ceremonies and good works.


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[Assistant] The other is that one religion which is revealed in the Bible.


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[Assistant] And which teaches man to look for salvation solely from the free grace of God.


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[Assistant] I will have none of your new doctrines, exclaimed Calvin. Thank you that I have lived in error all my days.


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[Assistant] But thoughts had been awakened in his mind which he could not banish at will.


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[Assistant] Alone in his chamber he pondered upon his cousin's words. Conviction of sin fastened upon him. He saw himself without an intercessor in the presence of a holy and just judge.


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[Assistant] The mediation of saints, good works, the ceremonies of the church all were powerless to atone for sin. He could see before him nothing but the blackness of eternal despair. In vain, the doctors of the church endeavored to relieve his woe.


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[Assistant] Confession, penance were resorted to in vain. They could not reconcile the soul with God.


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[Assistant] While still engaged in these fruitless struggles, Calvin, chancing one day to visit one of the public squares, witnessed there the burning of a heretic.


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[Assistant] He was filled with wonder at the expression of peace which rested upon the martyr's countenance. Amid the tortures of that dreadful death


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[Assistant] And under the more terrible condemnation of the church, he manifested a faith and courage which the young student painfully contrasted with his own despair and darkness, while living in strictest obedience to the church. Upon the Bible he knew the heretics rested their faith.


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[Assistant] His sacrifice has appeased thy wrath. His blood has washed away my impurities. His cross has borne my curse. His death has atoned for me.


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[Assistant] We had devised for ourselves many useless follies, but thou hast placed thy word before me like a torch.


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[Assistant] Calvin had been educated for the priesthood. When only 12 years of age, he had been appointed to the chaplaincy of a small church.


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[Assistant] And his head had been shorn by the bishop in accordance with the canon of the church. He did not receive consecration, nor did he fulfill the duties of a priest, but he became a member of the clergy holding the title of his office and receiving an allowance in consideration thereof. Now feeling that he could never become a priest, he turned for a time to the study of the law.


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[Assistant] And was burdened with a sense of the weighty responsibility of the position. And he desired still to devote himself to study.


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[Assistant] And his words were as the dew falling to refresh the earth.


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[Assistant] He had left Paris and was now in a provincial town under the protection of the Princess Margaret, who, loving the Gospel, extended her protection to its disciples. Calvin was still a youth of gentle, unpretentious bearing. His work began with the people at their homes. Surrounded by the members of the household,


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[Assistant] Carried the good news to others and soon the teacher passed beyond the city to the outlying towns and hamlets.


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[Assistant] To both the castle and the cabin he found entrance.


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[Assistant] And he went forward, laying the foundation of churches that were to yield fearless witnesses for the truth. A few months and he was again in Paris. There was unwanted agitation in the circle of learned men and scholars.


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[Assistant] The study of the ancient languages had led men to the Bible, and many whose hearts were untouched by its truths,


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[Assistant] We're eagerly discussing them and even giving battle to the champions of Romanism.


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[Assistant] Calvin, though an able combatant in the fields of theological controversy, had a higher mission to accomplish than that of these noisy schoolmen. The minds of men were stirred.


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[Assistant] And now was the time to open to them the truth.


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[Assistant] While the halls of the universities were filled with the clamor of theological disputation, Calvin was making his way from house to house, opening the Bible to the people and speaking to them of Christ and Him crucified.


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[Assistant] In God's providence, Paris was to receive another invitation to accept the gospel.


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[Assistant] had been rejected but again the message was to be heard by all classes in that great capital.


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[Assistant] The king influenced by political considerations.


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[Assistant] She resolved that the reformed faith should be preached in Paris.


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[Assistant] She ordered a Protestant minister to preach in the churches of the city. This being forbidden by the papal dignitaries, the princess threw open the palace.


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[Assistant] An apartment was fitted up as a chapel and it was announced that every day at a specified hour a sermon would be preached.


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[Assistant] Thousands every day assembled, nobles, statesmen, lawyers, merchants, and artisans.


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[Assistant] The king, instead of forbidding the assemblies, ordered that two of the churches of Paris should be opened.


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[Assistant] Never before had the city been so moved by the word of God.


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[Assistant] The spirit of life from heaven seemed to be breathed upon the people. Temperance, purity, order.


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[Assistant] An industry were taking the place of drunkenness, licentiousness, strife, and idleness. But the hierarchy were not idle.


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[Assistant] The king still refused to interfere to stop the preaching, and they turned to the populace.


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[Assistant] No means were spared to excite the fears, the prejudices and the fanaticism of the ignorant and superstitious multitude. Yielding blindly to her false teachers, Paris, like Jerusalem of old,


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[Assistant] knew not the time of her visitation, nor the things which belonged unto her peace.


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[Assistant] For two years the word of God was preached in the capital, but while there were many who accepted the gospel, the majority of the people rejected it.


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[Assistant] Francis had made a show of toleration merely to serve his own purposes.


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[Assistant] And the papist succeeded in regaining the ascendancy. Again, the churches were closed and the stake was set up.


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[Assistant] Calvin was still in Paris, preparing himself by study, meditation and prayer for his future labors, and continuing to spread the light.


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[Assistant] He had no thought of danger when friends came hurrying to his room with the news that officers were on their way to arrest him. At that instant a loud knocking was heard at the outer entrance. There was not a moment to be lost. Some of his friends detained the officers at the door


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[Assistant] While others assisted the reformer to let himself down from a window


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[Assistant] He again found refuge in the dominions of Margaret. In parentheses it says, see Daubigné, history of the reformation in Europe in the time of Calvin, book two, chapter 30.


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[Assistant] Here for a few months he remained safe under the protection of powerful friends and engaged as before in study.


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[Assistant] But his heart was set upon the evangelization of France, and he could not long remain inactive. As soon as the storm had somewhat abated, he sought a new field of labor in Poitiers, where was a university and where already the new opinions had found favor.


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[Assistant] Persons of all classes gladly listened to the gospel. There was no public preaching.


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[Assistant] But in the home of the chief magistrate, in his own lodgings, and sometimes in a public garden,


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[Assistant] Calvin opened the words of eternal life to those who desired to listen.


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[Assistant] After a time, as the number of hears increased,


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[Assistant] Where trees and overhanging rocks made the seclusion still more complete was chosen as the place of meeting. Little companies leaving the city by different routes found their way hither.


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[Assistant] In this retired spot the Bible was read aloud and explained. Here the Lord's Supper.


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[Assistant] was celebrated for the first time by the Protestants of France.


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[Assistant] From this little church, several faithful evangelists were sent out. Once more Calvin returned to Paris.


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[Assistant] He could not even yet relinquish the hope that France as a nation would accept the Reformation. But he found almost every door of labor closed. To teach the gospel was to take the direct road to the stake. And he at last determined to depart to Germany.


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[Assistant] Eager to see their country keeping pace with Germany and Switzerland.


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[Assistant] Determined to strike a bold blow against the superstitions of Rome that should arouse the whole nation.


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[Assistant] Accordingly, placards attacking the mass were in one night posted all over France. Instead of advancing the reform,


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[Assistant] This zealous but ill judged movement brought ruin.


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[Assistant] Not only upon its propagators, but upon the friends of the Reformed faith throughout France. It gave the Romanists what they had long desired.


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[Assistant] As agitators dangerous to the stability of the throne and the peace of the nation.


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[Assistant] By some secret hand, whether of indiscreet friend or wily foe, was never known.


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[Assistant] One of the placards was attached to the door of the king's private chamber. The monarch was filled with horror.


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[Assistant] In this paper, superstitions that had received the veneration of ages were attacked with an unsparing hand.


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[Assistant] And the unexampled boldness of obtruding these plain and startling utterances into the royal presence aroused the wrath of the king. In his amazement,


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[Assistant] He stood for a little time trembling and speechless.


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[Assistant] Then his rage found utterance in the terrible words, quote,


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[Assistant] The king had determined to throw himself fully on the side of Rome.


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[Assistant] Measures were at once taken for the arrest of every Lutheran in Paris. A poor artisan, an adherent of the Reformed faith,


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[Assistant] Who had been accustomed to summon the believers to their secret assemblies.


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[Assistant] Was seized and with the threat of an instant death at the stake.


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[Assistant] And surrounded by a train of priests, incense bearers, monks, and soldiers. Morin, the royal detective with the traitor.


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[Assistant] Slowly and silently pass through the streets of the city. The demonstration was ostensibly in honor of the Holy Sacrament.


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[Assistant] An act of expiation for the insult put upon the mass by the protesters.


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[Assistant] And the terrible company went forward in search of fresh victims.


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[Assistant] It was a reign of terror, close quote, d'Aubigné book four, chapter 10. The victims were put to death with cruel torture, it being specially ordered that the fire should be lowered in order to prolong their agony. But they died as conquerors. Their constancy was unshaken, their peace unclouded.


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[Assistant] Their persecutors, powerless to move their inflexible firmness, felt themselves defeated.


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[Assistant] The scaffolds were distributed over all the quarters of Paris, and the burnings followed in successive days.


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[Assistant] The design being to spread the terror of heresy by spreading the executions. The advantage however, in the end, remained with the gospel.


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[Assistant] All Paris was unable to see what kind of men the new opinions could produce. There was no pulpit like the martyr's pile.


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[Assistant] The serene joy that lighted up the faces of these men as they passed along to the place of execution, their heroism as they stood amid the bitter flames, their meek forgiveness of injuries transformed in instances not a few, anger into pity and hate into love.


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[Assistant] Circulated the most terrible accusations against the Protestants.


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[Assistant] They were charged with plotting to massacre the Catholics, to overthrow the government, and to murder the king.


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[Assistant] Not a shadow of evidence could be produced in support of the allegations, yet these prophecies of evil were to have a fulfillment. Under far different circumstances, however, and from causes of an opposite character.


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[Assistant] The cruelties that were inflicted upon the innocent Protestants by the Catholics accumulated in a weight of retribution.


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[Assistant] And in after centuries wrought the very doom they had predicted to be impending upon the king, his government, and his subjects.


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[Assistant] But it was brought about by infidels and by the papists themselves. It was not the establishment, but the suppression of Protestantism.


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[Assistant] That 300 years later was to bring upon France these dire calamities.


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[Assistant] And terror now pervaded all classes of society. Amid the general alarm,


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[Assistant] For education, influence, and excellence of character.


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[Assistant] Positions of trust and honor were suddenly found vacant.


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[Assistant] Artisans, printers, scholars, professors in the universities, authors and even courtiers disappeared.


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[Assistant] Hundreds fled from Paris. Self-constituted exiles from their native land.


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[Assistant] In many cases, thus giving the first intimation that they favored the Reformed faith.


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[Assistant] The Papists looked about them in amazement at thought of the unsuspected heretics that had been tolerated among them.


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[Assistant] Their rage spent itself upon the multitudes of humbler victims who were within their power. The prisons were crowded,


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[Assistant] In being a leader in the great movement for the revival of learning, which marked the opening of the 16th century,


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[Assistant] And his contempt for the ignorance and superstition of the monks was due, in part at least, the degree of toleration that had been granted to the reform.


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[Assistant] But inspired with zeal to stamp out heresy,


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[Assistant] This patron of learning issued an edict declaring, printing abolished all over France.


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[Assistant] Francis I presents one among the many examples on record showing that intellectual culture


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[Assistant] In the condemnation of the mass be expiated in blood and that the king in behalf of his people publicly give his sanction to the dreadful work.


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[Assistant] The 21st of January 1535 was fixed upon for the awful ceremonial.


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[Assistant] Before every door was alighted torch in honor of the Holy Sacrament.


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[Assistant] Before daybreak the procession formed at the palace of the king. First came the banners and crosses of the several parishes. Next appeared the citizens walking two and two and bearing torches. The four orders of friars followed, each in its own peculiar dress.


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[Assistant] Then came a vast collection of famous relics.


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[Assistant] Following these rode lordly ecclesiastics in their purple and scarlet robes and jeweled adornings, a gorgeous and glittering array.


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[Assistant] The host was carried by the Bishop of Paris under a magnificent canopy, supported by four princes of the blood. After the host walked the king, Francis the first on that day wore no crown nor robe of state. With head uncovered, his eyes cast on the ground, and in his hand a lighted taper. The King of France appeared in the character of a penitent, close quote.


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[Assistant] At every altar, he bowed down in humiliation.


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[Assistant] Not for the vices that defiled his soul, nor the innocent blood that stained his hands.


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[Assistant] But for the deadly sin of his subjects who had dared to condemn the mass.


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[Assistant] Following him came the Queen and the dignitaries of state, also walking two and two, each with a lighted torch.


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[Assistant] The day of sorrow and disgrace that had come upon the nation.


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[Assistant] As true, messieurs, as I am your king, he said. If I knew one of my own limbs, spotted or infected with this detestable rottenness, I would give it you to cut off. And further,


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[Assistant] If I saw one of my children defiled by it, I would not spare him.


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[Assistant] I would deliver him up myself and would sacrifice him to God."


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[Assistant] Tears choked his utterance and the whole assembly wept with one accord exclaiming,


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[Assistant] We will live and die for the Catholic religion. Close quote.


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[Assistant] Dabignet, History of the Reformation in Europe in the Time of Calvin, Book 4, Chapter 12.


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[Assistant] Terrible had become the darkness of the nation that had rejected the light of truth.


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[Assistant] After cities and hamlets had been illuminated by its radiance had turned away, choosing darkness rather than light.


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[Assistant] Though they might actually believe that they were doing God's service in persecuting his people, yet their sincerity did not render them guiltless. The light that would have saved them from deception, from staining their souls with blood guiltiness, they had willfully rejected.


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[Assistant] A solemn oath to extirpate heresy was taken in the great cathedral where nearly three centuries later


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[Assistant] And the representatives of France set out to begin the work which they had sworn to do


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[Assistant] That the faggots should be lighted at the moment the king approached.


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[Assistant] The details of the tortures endured by these witnesses for Christ are too harrowing for recital. But there was no wavering on the part of the victims. On being urged to recant, one answered,


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[Assistant] I only believe in what the prophets and the apostles formally preached and what all the company of saints believed.


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[Assistant] My faith has a confidence in God which will resist all the powers of hell." D'Aubigny, History of the Reformation in Europe in the time of Calvin Book 4, Chapter 12. Again and again, the procession halted at the places of torture. Upon reaching their starting point at the royal palace, the crowd dispersed, and the king and the prelates withdrew, well satisfied with the day's proceedings, and congratulating themselves


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[Assistant] That the work now begun would be continued to the complete destruction of heresy.


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[Assistant] The gospel of peace which France had rejected was to be only surely rooted out and terrible would be the results.


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[Assistant] Two hundred and fifty-eight years from the very day that fully committed France to the persecution of the reformers. Another procession.


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[Assistant] And again the scenes of the day were closed by horrid executions.


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[Assistant] Louis XVI, struggling hand to hand with his jailers and executioners, was dragged forward to the block, and there held down by main force till the axe had fallen.


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[Assistant] Near the same spot, 2,800 human beings perished by the guillotine during the bloody days of the reign of terror.


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[Assistant] The Reformation had presented to the world an open Bible.


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[Assistant] For this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the nations.


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[Assistant] And the inevitable outworking of cause and effect resulted in the revolution and the reign of terror.


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[Assistant] Long before the persecution, excited by the placards, the bold and ardent feral had been forced to flee from the land of his birth. He repaired to Switzerland.


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[Assistant] And by his labors, seconding the work of Zwingli,


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[Assistant] His efforts were especially directed to spreading the gospel in his native country.


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[Assistant] He spent considerable time in preaching among his countrymen near the frontier where with tireless vigilance he watched the conflict


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[Assistant] And aided by his words of encouragement and counsel.


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[Assistant] With the assistance of other exiles, the writings of the German reformers were translated into the French language.


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[Assistant] And together with the French Bible were printed in large quantities.


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[Assistant] By Cole Porter's, these works were sold extensively in France.


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[Assistant] They were furnished to the cold porters at a low price.


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[Assistant] And thus the profits of the work enabled them to continue it. Farrell entered upon his work in Switzerland in the humble guise of a schoolmaster.


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[Assistant] Seeing the preaching of it does not bring peace, but war." Wiley, Book 14, Chapter 3.


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[Assistant] Like the first disciples when persecuted in one city, he fled to another. From village to village, from city to city.


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[Assistant] He went traveling on foot, enduring hunger, cold and weariness, and everywhere in peril of his life.


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[Assistant] He preached in the market places, in the churches, sometimes in the pulpits of the cathedrals. Sometimes he found the church empty of hearers. At times his preaching was interrupted by shouts and jeers. Again, he was pulled violently out of the pulpit.


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[Assistant] More than once he was set upon by the rabble and beaten almost to death. Yet he pressed forward.


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[Assistant] Though often repulsed, with unwearying persistence he returned to the attack.


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[Assistant] Where he had first labored soon accepted the reformed faith.


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[Assistant] The cities of Morat and Neuchatel also renounced the Romish rites and removed the idolatrous images from their churches.


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[Assistant] Feral had long desired to plant the Protestant standard in Geneva.


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[Assistant] It would be a center for the Reformation in France, in Switzerland, and in Italy.


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[Assistant] He had continued his labors until many of the surrounding towns and hamlets had been gained. Then with a single companion, he entered Geneva. But only two sermons was he permitted to preach.


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[Assistant] The priests, having vainly endeavored to secure his condemnation by the civil authorities, summoned him before an ecclesiastical council.


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[Assistant] To which they came with arms concealed under their robes determined to take his life.


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[Assistant] Outside the hall a furious mob with clubs and swords was gathered


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[Assistant] To make sure of his death if he should succeed in escaping the council.


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[Assistant] The presence of magistrates and an armed force, however, saved him.


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[Assistant] He was conducted with his companion across the lake to a place of safety.


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[Assistant] Thus ended his first effort to evangelize Geneva.


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[Assistant] For the next trial, a lowlier instrument was chosen.


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[Assistant] A young man so humble in appearance that he was coldly treated even by the professed Friends of the Reform.


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[Assistant] But what could such a one do where feral had been rejected?


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[Assistant] How could one of little courage and experience withstand the tempest before which the strongest and bravest had been forced to flee? Not by might nor by power, but by my spirit, saith the Lord. Zechariah 4 verse 6.


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[Assistant] God hath chosen the weak things of the world to confound the things which are mighty, because the foolishness of God is wiser than men, and the weakness of God is stronger than men. First Corinthians 1 verses 27 and 25.


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[Assistant] Froment began his work as a schoolmaster.


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[Assistant] The truth which he taught the children at school they repeated at their homes. Soon the parents came to hear the Bible explained


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[Assistant] Until the school room was filled with attentive listeners. New testaments and tracts were freely distributed.


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[Assistant] And they reached many who dared not come openly to listen to the new doctrines.


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[Assistant] After a time this laborer also was forced to flee but the truths he taught had taken hold upon the minds of the people. The Reformation had been planted and it continued to strengthen and extend. The preachers returned and through their labors


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[Assistant] The Protestant worship was finally established in Geneva.


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[Assistant] The city had already declared for the Reformation when Calvin, after various wanderings and vicissitudes, entered its gates.


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[Assistant] Returning from a last visit to his birthplace.


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[Assistant] He was on his way to Basel when, finding the direct road occupied by the armies of Charles V, he was forced to take the circuitous route by Geneva. In this visit, Pharaoh recognized the hand of God. Though Geneva had accepted the Reformed faith, yet a great work remained to be accomplished here.


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[Assistant] It is not as communities, but as individuals that men are converted to God.


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[Assistant] The work of regeneration must be wrought in the heart and conscience by the power of the Holy Spirit, not by the decrees of councils.


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[Assistant] While the people of Geneva had cast off the authority of Rome,


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[Assistant] They were not so ready to renounce devices that had flourished under her rule.


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[Assistant] To establish here the pure principles of the gospel.


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[Assistant] And to prepare this people to feel worthily the position to which Providence seemed calling them were not light tasks. Pharaoh was confident.


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[Assistant] Timid and peace loving, he shrank from contact with the bold, independent and even violent spirit of the Genovese.


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[Assistant] The feebleness of his health together with his studious habits led him to seek retirement.


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[Assistant] Believing that by his pen he could best serve the cause of reform, he desired to find a quiet retreat for study.


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[Assistant] And there, through the press, instruct and build up the churches.


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[Assistant] Dabignet, History of the Reformation in Europe in the Time of Calvin, Book 9, Chapter 17.


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[Assistant] At this time, great peril surrounded the Protestant cause.


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[Assistant] The anathemas of the Pope thundered against Geneva, and mighty nations threatened it with destruction.


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[Assistant] How was this little city to resist the powerful hierarchy that had so often forced kings and emperors to submission?


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[Assistant] Protestantism was menaced by formidable foes. The first triumphs of the Reformation passed. Rome summoned new forces, hoping to accomplish its destruction.


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[Assistant] At this time the order of the Jesuits was created.


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[Assistant] Undismayed by cold, hunger, toil, and poverty.


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[Assistant] Jesuitism inspired its followers with a fanaticism that enabled them to endure like dangers and to oppose to the power of truth all the weapons of deception.


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[Assistant] No deception, too base for them to practice.


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[Assistant] It was their studied aim to secure wealth and power.


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[Assistant] To be devoted to the overthrow of Protestantism and the reestablishment of the papal supremacy.


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[Assistant] Visiting prisons and hospitals, ministering to the sick and the poor.


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[Assistant] professing to have renounced the world and bearing the sacred name of Jesus, who went about doing good. But under this blameless exterior,


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[Assistant] Lying, theft, perjury, assassination were not only pardonable, but commendable when they served the interests of the Church.


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[Assistant] Under various disguises the Jesuits worked their way into offices of state, climbing up to be the counselors of kings and shaping the policy of nations. They became servants to act as spies upon their masters.


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[Assistant] They established colleges for the sons of princes and nobles and schools for the common people.


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[Assistant] And the children of Protestant parents were drawn into an observance of Popish rites.


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[Assistant] All the outward pomp and display of the Romish worship.


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[Assistant] Was brought to bear to confuse the mind and dazzle and captivate the imagination.


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[Assistant] And thus the liberty for which the fathers had toiled and bled was betrayed by the sons.


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[Assistant] The Jesuits rapidly spread themselves over Europe.


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[Assistant] And wherever they went, there followed a revival of potpourri.


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[Assistant] To give them greater power, a bull was issued re-establishing the Inquisition.


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[Assistant] Notwithstanding the general abhorrence with which it was regarded, even in Catholic countries,


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[Assistant] This terrible tribunal was again set up by popish rulers.


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[Assistant] And atrocities too terrible to bear the light of day were repeated in its secret dungeons.


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[Assistant] In many countries, thousands upon thousands of the very flower of the nation, the purest and noblest, the most intellectual and highly educated, pious and devoted pastors, industrious and patriotic citizens.


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[Assistant] Brilliant scholars, talented artists, skillful artisans were slain or forced to flee to other lands.


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[Assistant] Such were the means which Rome had invoked to quench the light of the Reformation, to withdraw from men the Bible


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[Assistant] And to restore the ignorance and superstition of the Dark Ages.


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[Assistant] But under God's blessing and the labors of those noble men whom he had raised up to succeed Luther, Protestantism was not overthrown.


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[Assistant] Not to the favor or arms of princes Was it to owe its strength. The smallest countries


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[Assistant] The humblest and least powerful nations became its strongholds.


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[Assistant] It was little Geneva in the midst of mighty foes plotting her destruction.


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[Assistant] It was Holland on her sandbanks by the northern sea, wrestling against the tyranny of Spain, then the greatest and most opulent of kingdoms. It was bleak, sterile Sweden that gained victories for the Reformation.


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[Assistant] First, to establish they're a church adhering to the morality of the Bible.


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[Assistant] And then for the advancement of the Reformation throughout Europe.


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[Assistant] His course as a public leader was not faultless, nor were his doctrines free from error.


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[Assistant] But he was instrumental in promulgating truths that were of special importance in his time, in maintaining the principles of Protestantism against the fast-returning tide of popery, and in promoting in the Reformed churches simplicity and purity of life.


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[Assistant] In place of the pride and corruption fostered under the Romish teaching.


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[Assistant] Publications and teachers went out to spread the reform doctrines. To this point,


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[Assistant] The persecuted of all lands looked for instruction, counsel, and encouragement.


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[Assistant] The city of Calvin became a refuge for the hunted reformers of all Western Europe.


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[Assistant] Fleeing from the awful tempests that continued for centuries, the fugitives came to the gates of Geneva, starving, wounded, bereft of home and kindred. They were warmly welcomed and tenderly cared for.


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[Assistant] And finding a home here, they blessed the city of their adoption by their skill, their learning, and their piety.


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[Assistant] Many who sought here a refuge returned to their own countries to resist the tyranny of Rome.


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[Assistant] John Knox, the brave Scotch reformer, not a few of the English Puritans, the Protestants of Holland and of Spain, and the Huguenots of France, carried from Geneva the torch of truth to lighten the darkness of their native lands.


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[Assistant] When you're growing up in Louisiana and there's a mob and somebody's gonna kick your daddy's ass and lynch him, you know, if you don't get out the house and your daddy makes this, we're not getting out the house. You know?


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[Assistant] That's it. They're just gonna have to kill us. That was growing up in Alabama and Mississippi and Louisiana and Georgia. It was life and death stuff.


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[Assistant] When they're catching hell down there, they're killing people, and here is the greatest sinner of all time. And I'd never seen a black athlete in that context. I just remember thinking, that's why that guy is so good, because that guy's got commitment.


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[Assistant] Oh, fine. Now we're back to the hiccups again. I thought you were all calmed down.


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[Assistant] Ms. Peppetry, in my position, a presidential request is in order, and I've been ordered to take you to the party. Am I to inform the president that you refuse?


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[Assistant] Doris? Oh, an old coal miner I met in the mineshaft. There we were.


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[Assistant] Ah, now Mary, you know how it is in a town like this. You go out with a girl a few times, everybody starts building it into a big romance.


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[Assistant] No, like, I'm allergic to permanent shore duty. I want to get back to sea. I don't care whether it's on a battle wagon or a... or canoe.


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[Assistant] The worst part of it is it's a full year's assignment and I've still got 11 months to go.


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[Assistant] Mary, you proved something to me too. I'll be around tomorrow to pick up where we left off. Strictly on a personal basis.


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[Assistant] Oh no, I'm no stupid. And besides, the President doesn't like Paxton.


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[Assistant] Not much, except that I heard the President and Mr. Hellwood discussing him. Frankly, Mary, from what they think of him, you'd be in much better company with me.


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[Assistant] Mary, who do you think's a better judge of character, you or the president?


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[Assistant] Lieutenant Farrington was ordered aboard the presidential yacht to check supplies for a trip that won't be made for another three months.


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[Assistant] Not very. It was done deliberately so I wouldn't be able to keep our date.


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[Assistant] My friend, Mr. Litchfield, and your friend, Mr. Elwood. It's a conspiracy to keep us apart, and this guy's the


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[Assistant] We don't have to get married right away. I'm patient. I'm willing to wait, even a month if necessary.


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[Assistant] Red New Russell is going to give you 48 minutes in the court.


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[Assistant] A jealous heart finds no room for true affection. Though it was standing right behind it.


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[Assistant] Long had I thought your feelings for Arathorn. No more than a passing fancy.


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[Assistant] And that in time, you would turn from them and look around you at last.


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[Assistant] L. Any man would be honored to call you his.


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[Assistant] Lord Arathorn needs our help, yet, whether he rides to Rivendale, or leads the Dunedain to safety elsewhere, he will not stay.


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[Assistant] For you are ever in my thoughts. Did you never know, or guess this?


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[Assistant] Because in time, I knew you would be wise enough to let him go.


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[Assistant] Hello, sugar. I haven't any queue tonight. Oh, they're just yearning for you, baby. You call that yearning? One last dance for him, honey.


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[Assistant] You win. You were asking about the celebration?


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[Assistant] Well, somebody gave me a pie with a sword, threw me a rope. I escaped. And that, the town, the rain, a dirty little cabaret. Did you ever hate a town and have to go on living there? Cause you didn't have enough money to get away?


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[Assistant] That why you're on it? You could have taken the Southern Queen Saturday. Beat this tramp into Galveston by a week. Even beat this into Lothaltos. Were you in a hurry to leave St. Angel?


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[Assistant] Yeah, it was spring and the rain was raining and, uh, I had another salary cut.


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[Assistant] Being kissed is very nice, but one of those things a girl can get along without.


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[Assistant] No. It isn't as though we won't see each other again. You'll be at the pier in Galveston waiting.


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[Assistant] I must. Two weeks isn't so long.


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[Assistant] I can't make you out at all. Get out of here!


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[Assistant] Maybe I wanted you to stay because I was afraid and I needed someone I could rely on. I guess I picked the wrong number.


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[Assistant] Oh, am I? Dawson was the best friend I ever had. I met him the first month I was in St. Angel. He pulled me through the worst time I've ever known.


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[Assistant] Saul and Vaughn and Harris lost a couple of heavily insured ships, and they didn't look right. Dawson figured the merman was next.


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[Assistant] Well, I had to finish the job for Dawson, even if it meant hurting you. You will forgive me, won't you?


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[Assistant] No wind back here. Finish your game.


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[Assistant] Hey, what's up guys? So today we are going to be focusing in on how to ace a job interview. And I'm going to be giving you 10 tips that you can use to make sure that you're on the hiring manager's shortlist by the time you walk out of the room.


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[Assistant] But they were real conversations with people who were hiring managers or HR people at companies who were going to be at the career fair. So in addition to being good practice for future real interviews, they were actually good networking experience with people who might be making decisions in the future. But the main benefit of these types of interviews is that they are great practice for the real thing because an interview is inherently a nerve wracking experience. So if you have some time to go in and do practice interviews where the stakes aren't so high,


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[Assistant] Tip number two is to be as friendly and engaged as you can with everyone you interact at the company.


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[Assistant] Now I don't think people are going into companies and being downright rude to the secretary or telling people that they don't want to talk to them, but a lot of students will go into a company and if there's a little bit of time to wait before the interview, they'll just kind of sit in the waiting room and stare at their phones. And I can tell you from experience that people who aren't the hiring manager still do observe the behavior of potential candidates and then they talk


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[Assistant] Tip number three on our list, come prepared with questions for your interviewer. Now you might think that an interview is just a situation where you're supposed to answer the interviewer's questions because they're figuring out if you're the best candidate for the job. But don't forget that you're trying to figure out if the job is right for you as well.


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[Assistant] What opportunities for advancement or additional duties am I going to have at this company? The great thing about this kind of a question is it tells your interviewer that you are willing to be adaptable and flexible and you're willing to learn new things. And that is a great quality to have in somebody that you are employing if you're a business owner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Related to my third tip on asking questions during the interview, tip number four is to research the company before you walk into that interview room. Once again, this shows a level of preparation and dedication that a lot of other candidates aren't going to have and that's going to help you stand apart. Now I know what you're thinking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What kind of research am I supposed to do, Tom? Well, you can do a little bit of preliminary research on the history of the company and its business, but you really want to understand what the culture is like, what people tend to do there, and what your intended position


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, on the general position and duty side, there are tons of websites on the internet, so I'd recommend just Googling what does a network engineer do, for example.