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[Assistant] Cannot be said to have been entirely cleared up by the inquest.


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[Assistant] But at least enough has been done to dispose of those rumours to which local superstition has given rise.


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[Assistant] There is no reason whatever to suspect foul play.


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[Assistant] Or to imagine that death could be from any but natural causes.


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[Assistant] So Charles was a widower, and a man who may be said to have been in some ways of an eccentric habit of mind.


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[Assistant] In spite of his considerable wealth he was simple in his personal tastes.


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[Assistant] And his indoor servants at Baskerville Hall consisted of a married couple named Barrymore, the husband acting as butler and the wife as housekeeper.


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[Assistant] Their evidence corroborated by that of several friends


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[Assistant] tends to show that Sir Charles's health has for some time been impaired, and points especially to some affection of the heart.


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[Assistant] Manifesting itself in changes of colour, breathlessness and acute attacks of nervous depression


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[Assistant] Dr. James Mortimer, the friend and medical attendant of the deceased, has given evidence to the same effect.


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[Assistant] The facts of the case are simple. Sir Charles Baskerville was in the habit every night, before going to bed, of walking down the famous U-Alley of Baskerville Hall.


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[Assistant] The evidence of the Barrymores shows that this had been his custom.


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[Assistant] On the fourth of May Sir Charles had declared his intention of starting next day for London, and had ordered Barrymore to prepare his luggage. That night he went out as usual for his nocturnal walk, in the course of which he was in the habit of smoking a cigar. He never returned.


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[Assistant] At twelve o'clock Barrymore, finding the hall door still open, became alarmed and, lighting a lantern, went in search of his master.


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[Assistant] The day had been wet and Sir Charles's footmarks were easily traced down the alley.


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[Assistant] Halfway down this walk there is a gate which leads out onto the moor.


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[Assistant] There were indications that Sir Charles had stood for some little time here.


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[Assistant] He then proceeded down the alley and it was at the far end of it that his body was discovered


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[Assistant] One fact which has not been explained is the statement of Barrymore that his master's footprints altered their character from the time that he passed the moor gate.


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[Assistant] And that he appeared from thence onward to have been walking upon his toes. One Murphy, a gypsy horse dealer, was on the moor at no great distance at the time.


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[Assistant] But he appears by his own confession to have been the worse for drink.


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[Assistant] He declares that he heard cries, but is unable to state from what direction they came.


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[Assistant] It was explained that that is a symptom which is not unusual in cases of dyspnea and death from cardiac exhaustion.


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[Assistant] This explanation was borne out by the post-mortem examination, which showed long-standing organic disease.


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[Assistant] And the coroner's jury returned a verdict in accordance with the medical evidence.


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[Assistant] It is well that this is so, for it is obviously of the utmost importance that Sir Charles's heir should settle at the hall and continue the good work which has been so sadly interrupted.


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[Assistant] It might have been difficult to find a tenant for Baskerville Hall.


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[Assistant] It is understood that the next of kin is Mr. Henry Baskerville, if he be still alive, the son of Sir Charles Baskerville's younger brother.


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[Assistant] The young man when last heard of was in America, and inquiries are being instituted with a view to informing him of his good fortune.


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[Assistant] Dr Mortimer refolded his paper and replaced it in his pocket.


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[Assistant] Those are the public facts, Mr Holmes, in connection with the death of Sir Charles Baskerville.


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[Assistant] I must thank you said Sherlock Holmes for calling my attention to a case which certainly presents some features of interest.


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[Assistant] I had observed some newspaper comment at the time, but I was exceedingly preoccupied by that little affair of the Vatican cameos and in my anxiety to oblige the Pope I lost touch with several interesting English cases


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[Assistant] And assumed his most impassive and judicial expression.


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[Assistant] My motive for withholding it from the coroner's inquiry


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[Assistant] Is that a man of science shrinks from placing himself in the public position of seeming to endorse a popular superstition.


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[Assistant] I had the further motive that Baskerville Hall, as the paper says,


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[Assistant] Would certainly remain untenanted if anything were done to increase its already rather grim reputation.


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[Assistant] For both these reasons I thought that I was justified in telling rather less than I knew, since no practical good could result from it.


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[Assistant] The Moor is very sparsely inhabited, and those who live near each other are thrown very much together. For this reason I saw a good deal of Sir Charles Baskerville.


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[Assistant] With the exception of Mr. Frankland of Lafter Hall and Mr. Stapleton the Naturalist, there are no other men of education within many miles.


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[Assistant] Sir Charles was a retiring man but the chance of his illness brought us together and a community of interests in science kept us so.


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[Assistant] He had brought back much scientific information from South Africa and many a charming evening we have spent together discussing the comparative anatomy of the Bushmen and the Hottentot.


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[Assistant] Within the last few months it became increasingly plain to me that Sir Charles's nervous system was strained to the breaking point.


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[Assistant] You've taken this legend, which I have read you exceedingly to heart.


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[Assistant] So much so that although he would walk in his own grounds nothing would induce him to go out upon the moor at night.


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[Assistant] Incredible as it may appear to you, Mr. Holmes, he was honestly convinced that a dreadful fate overhung his family.


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[Assistant] And certainly the records which he was able to give of his ancestors were not encouraging.


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[Assistant] The idea of some ghastly presence constantly haunted him


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[Assistant] And on more than one occasion he has asked me whether I had on my medical journeys at night ever seen any strange creature or heard the baying of a hound.


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[Assistant] The latter question he put to me several times and always with a voice which vibrated with excitement.


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[Assistant] I can well remember driving up to his house in the evening some three weeks before the fatal event. He chanced to be at his hall door. I descended from my gig and was standing in front of him.


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[Assistant] When I saw his eyes fix themselves over my shoulder and stare past me with an expression of the most dreadful horror,


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[Assistant] I whisked round and had just time to catch a glimpse of something.


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[Assistant] Which I took to be a large black calf passing at the head of the drive.


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[Assistant] So excited and alarmed was he that I was compelled to go down to the spot where the animal had been and look around for it.


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[Assistant] It was gone, however, and the incident appeared to make the worst impression upon his mind. I stayed with him all the evening, and it was on that occasion to explain the emotion which he had shown.


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[Assistant] That he confided to my keeping that narrative which I read to you when I first came in.


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[Assistant] But I was convinced at the time that the matter was entirely trivial and that his excitement had no justification.


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[Assistant] It wasn't my advice that Sir Charles was about to go to London. His heart was, I knew, affected.


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[Assistant] And the constant anxiety in which he lived, however chimerical the cause of it might be, was evidently having a serious effect upon his health.


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[Assistant] I thought that a few months among the distractions of town would send him back a new man.


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[Assistant] Mr. Stapleton, a mutual friend who was much concerned at his state of health, was of the same opinion.


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[Assistant] At the last instant came this terrible catastrophe.


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[Assistant] On the night of Sir Charles's death Barrymore the butler, who made the discovery, sent Perkins the groom on horseback to me.


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[Assistant] And as I was sitting up late I was able to reach Baskerville Hall within an hour of the event.


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[Assistant] I checked and corroborated all the facts which were mentioned at the inquest.


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[Assistant] I followed the footsteps down the yew alley. I saw the spot at the moor gate where he seemed to have waited.


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[Assistant] I remarked the change in the shape of the prints after that point. I noted that there were no other footsteps save those of Barrymore under soft gravel.


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[Assistant] And finally I carefully examined the body, which had not been touched until my arrival. Sir Charles lay on his face, his arms out, his fingers dug into the ground, and his features convulsed with some strong emotion


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[Assistant] To such an extent that I could hardly have sworn to his identity.


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[Assistant] There was certainly no physical injury of any kind, but one false statement was made by Barrymore at the inquest.


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[Assistant] He said that there were no traces upon the ground round the body. He did not observe any. But I did.


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[Assistant] Some little distance off, but fresh and clear. Footprints? Footprints? A man's or a woman's? Dr. Mortimer looked strangely at us for an instant.


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[Assistant] And his voice sank almost to a whisper as he answered, Mr. Holmes.


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[Assistant] They were the footprints of a gigantic hound.


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[Assistant] Please see Chris from, uh, from New York, Chester, New York. That's where his name comes from.


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[Assistant] ...versus Ken who is the undisputed king of Smash. He has traveled around the world and proven no one's even come close to giving him a challenge. He's lost a few times in the past, but nothing serious. Yet PC Chris taking this step from him is huge, and if PC Chris were to win this tournament, it would mean so much for the Smash community. Good question, what everybody thinks.


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[Assistant] And then, oh, that's it, Sipper can take the first match.


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[Assistant] It's a lot about control with this game. It's about who's maintaining the momentum of the matchup. When it's going your way, you can just keep it going and keep it going and get your kills. When you lose it, you're in trouble.


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[Assistant] Pan off the ledge, he needs to get back on. OH OH MY GOD!


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[Assistant] It's now 5 to 3, and uh, PC Chris's favorite to finish off the best of 11.


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[Assistant] The, uh, the crowd is going absolutely out of control and we're even wondering if it's going to affect the player's gameplay and then some more officials might have to step in and can...


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[Assistant] Wow, and 10 with a character switch here, now he feels more comfortable playing Fox because of the level. When he's close quarters here, it's going to be a lot of comboing.


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[Assistant] Really excited, really excited. For those that don't know, Ken's been the reigning champ at this game for a long time. And he's coached, or any player for that matter, really hasn't been able to overthrow him. And then last event at MLG New York, PCCrest beat him and won the entire tournament.


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[Assistant] And Ken continues to point out the counter with that move where he puts his sword up, you just saw it again, and basically just takes the Falco's attack and shoots it back. Just by how cool it might sound, it's generally considered a mostly a useless move, but for Ken to use it repeatedly on one of the best players in the country and three-stock him is, it's impressive.


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[Assistant] So, so, and then you get involved in this thing, and little do you know, it would take you all the way to adulthood, which is really crazy. I mean, nobody has that experience.


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[Assistant] Thanks for watching. If you liked that, subscribe to our YouTube channel for all the latest videos. And if you didn't, subscribe anyway. It's free, who cares?


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[Assistant] Just couldn't have really happened. It had to have been a movie or somebody's idea of a cruel joke.


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[Assistant] I was down in the bowels of Shea Stadium. I watched them roll those carts of champagne into that locker room. I watched them put the world championship t-shirts on everybody's seat. It was sewn up. It was going to be the ultimate purging of everything.


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[Assistant] I watched them wheel that champagne back out and grab those t-shirts and stuff them back in the bag. It was really like a horror film.


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[Assistant] It just couldn't have really happened. It had to have been a movie or somebody's idea of a cruel joke.


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[Assistant] I remember as a kid I hated Nanette Febre, and whenever I heard her name I'd go, ah, hate her. Hate her. Just based on the first name.


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[Assistant] If you had said to my dad that one day we would watch Wade Boggs riding a horse around Yankee Stadium to celebrate his championship with the Yankees, his head would have blown up.


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[Assistant] Took their bats from the on deck circle and beat each member of the Red Sox over the head with them. It was ugly. It's forever been known as the Boston Massacre.


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[Assistant] I'm jumping up and down. We got off the sofa, got off our chairs.


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[Assistant] All I thought was, get it out. Get it out. Get it out.


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[Assistant] This whole idea of diving for a piano and creating all this utter nonsense is an insult to anyone's intelligence.


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[Assistant] At half past one, the men got up and checked their equipment, gathering several sticks as well.


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[Assistant] Sykes and the man called Toby left the house together, with Oliver walking between them. There was now a thick fog.


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[Assistant] And the night was very still as they hurried through the deserted streets of the nearby town.


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[Assistant] out in the country again they walked down several small roads


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[Assistant] Until finally they stopped at a house surrounded by a high wall.


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[Assistant] And now, for the first time, Oliver realized in horror that the purpose of the expedition was robbery and maybe even murder.


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[Assistant] There's potential energy, and potential energy comes with


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[Assistant] A change in elevation, a positive change, right? If I go up some stairs, I have potential energy, right? That I have stored that energy. It took me some energy to climb the stairs to get up there, but now I have that stored potential energy. When I come back downstairs, I'm going to lose that potential energy. So a change in height.


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[Assistant] If you remember the equation for that is mgh, uh, so it's weight times that height.


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[Assistant] Over some kind of distance, okay? So what kind of units is that going to be? Force would be something like Newtons or pounds, right? In the, uh, in a U.S. customary units. Distance, meters, or feet.


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[Assistant] Uhm, for force, what do I have? What do I have for the forces acting on this body? Okay, number one, I've got some weight, don't I?


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[Assistant] It's not, right? It's not moving at all in that direction. It's only moving in the j hat direction, the i hat direction, sorry, the x direction. So in the j hat direction, it's moving zero, isn't it? So n equals mg cos 35 and m is 50 kilograms.


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[Assistant] Keeping the box going from, from going as fast as it possibly could go, right? So the other one is the work due to friction. Okay. Now is that going to be positive or negative? Okay.


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[Assistant] So 2.3 meters, the whole 2.3 meters. Okay?


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[Assistant] Uh, the force. What is the force? The force is just the weight. We don't use these components. We use the whole weight. 50 times 9.81. That's gonna give me newtons. Okay. Times what height? 1.32.


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[Assistant] Times answer equals 647.


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[Assistant] Uhm, 322 joules minus 647 joules which is equal to 322 minus answer equals negative 325 joules.


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[Assistant] I said shut up my dear please. Remember we never display anger in front of our cabinet.


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[Assistant] There's no reasoning with the green-eyed serpent of jealousy is the lad. Now what's the matter with you? Lost your tongue? Soap.


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[Assistant] Wednesday, she resisted. Thursday, I insisted. Day after day, I pray she'd say, si, si, senor.


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[Assistant] Then I found her right beside me, and I held her tight beside me. There was such a light inside me, in the coach and fore.


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[Assistant] Amid the gloom that settled upon the earth during the long period of papal supremacy, the light of truth could not be wholly extinguished.


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[Assistant] In every age there were witnesses for God. Men who cherished faith in Christ as the only mediator between God and man.


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[Assistant] Who held the Bible as the only rule of life and who hallowed the true Sabbath.


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[Assistant] Yet they stood firm and from age to age maintained their faith in its purity as a sacred heritage for the generations to come.


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[Assistant] The history of God's people during the ages of darkness that followed upon Rome's supremacy is written in heaven. But they have little place in human records. Few traces of their existence can be found except in the accusations of their persecutors.


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[Assistant] were questions as to the authority of papal dogmas were enough to forfeit the life of rich or poor, high or low.


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[Assistant] Rome endeavored also to destroy every record of her cruelty toward dissenters.


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[Assistant] Papal councils decreed that books and writings containing such records should be committed to the flames.


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[Assistant] Before the invention of printing, books were few in number and in a form not favorable for preservation. Therefore, there was little to prevent the Romanists from carrying out their purpose.


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[Assistant] No church within the limits of Romish jurisdiction was long left undisturbed in the enjoyment of freedom of conscience. No sooner had the papacy obtained power


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[Assistant] Then she stretched out her arms to crush all that refused to acknowledge her sway, and one after another the churches submitted to her dominion.


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[Assistant] In Great Britain, primitive Christianity had very early taken root. The gospel received by the Britons in the first centuries was then uncorrupted by Romish apostasy. Persecution from pagan emperors


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[Assistant] Which extended even to these far off shores was the only gift that the first churches of Britain received from Rome.


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[Assistant] Many of the Christians fleeing from persecution in England found refuge in Scotland. Thence the truth was carried to Ireland and in all these countries it was received with gladness. When the Saxons invaded Britain, heathenism gained control.


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[Assistant] The conquerors disdained to be instructed by their slaves


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[Assistant] Gathering about them the scattered believers on the lonely island of Iona made this the center of their missionary labors.


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[Assistant] Among these evangelists was an observer of the Bible Sabbath, and thus this truth was introduced among the people.


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[Assistant] A school was established at Iona from which missionaries went out not only to Scotland and England, but to Germany, Switzerland, and even Italy. But Rome had fixed her eyes on Britain and resolved to bring it under her supremacy.


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[Assistant] In the sixth century, her missionaries undertook the conversion of the heathen Saxons. They were received with favor by the proud barbarians


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[Assistant] The papal leaders and their converts encountered the primitive Christians. A striking contrast was presented.


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[Assistant] And scriptural in character, doctrine, and manners while the former manifested the superstition, pomp, and arrogance of popery.


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[Assistant] Demanded that these Christian churches acknowledge the supremacy of the sovereign pontiff.


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[Assistant] That they desired to love all men, but that the pope was not entitled to supremacy in the church.


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[Assistant] And they could render to him only that submission which was due to every follower of Christ.


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[Assistant] Repeated attempts were made to secure their allegiance to Rome.


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[Assistant] If you will not receive brethren who bring you peace, you shall receive enemies who will bring you war.


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[Assistant] These were no idle threats. War, intrigue, and deception were employed against these witnesses for a Bible faith until the Churches of Britain were destroyed or forced to submit to the authority of the Pope.


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[Assistant] In lands beyond the jurisdiction of Rome there existed for many centuries bodies of Christians who remained almost wholly free from papal corruption.


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[Assistant] They were surrounded by heathenism and in the lapse of ages were affected by its errors.


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[Assistant] But they continued to regard the Bible as the only rule of faith and adhered to many of its truths.


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[Assistant] These Christians believed in the perpetuity of the law of God and observed the Sabbath of the fourth commandment.


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[Assistant] Churches that held to this faith and practice existed in Central Africa and among the Armenians of Asia. But of those who resisted the encroachments of the Papal power, the Waldenzis stood foremost. In the very land where popery had fixed its seat,


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[Assistant] There its falsehood and corruption were most steadfastly resisted. For centuries,


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[Assistant] The churches of Piedmont maintain their independence.


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[Assistant] But the time came at last when Rome insisted upon their submission. After ineffectual struggles against her tyranny


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[Assistant] The leaders of these churches reluctantly acknowledged the supremacy of the power to which the whole world seemed to pay homage.


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[Assistant] There were some, however, who refused to yield to the authority of pope or prelate. They were determined to maintain their allegiance to God and to preserve the purity and simplicity of their faith. A separation took place. Those who adhered to the ancient faith now withdrew.


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[Assistant] Some, forsaking their native Alps, raise the banner of truth in foreign lands.


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[Assistant] Others retreated to the secluded glens and rocky fastnesses of the mountains, and there preserved their freedom to worship God.


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[Assistant] The faith which for centuries was held and taught by the Waldensian Christians was in marked contrast to the false doctrines put forth from Rome.


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[Assistant] Their religious belief was founded upon the written word of God, the true system of Christianity.


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[Assistant] But those humble peasants, in their obscure retreats, shut away from the world and bound to daily toil among their flocks and their vineyards, had not by themselves arrived at the truth in opposition to the dogmas and heresies of the apostate church.


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[Assistant] Theirs was not a faith newly received. Their religious belief was their inheritance from their fathers. They contended for the faith of the apostolic church, the faith which was once delivered unto the saints. Jude 3.


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[Assistant] The church in the wilderness, and not the proud hierarchy enthroned in the world's great capital, was the true church of Christ, the guardian of the treasures of truth.


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[Assistant] Which God has committed to his people to be given to the world.


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[Assistant] Among the leading causes that had led to the separation of the true church from Rome was the hatred of the latter toward the Bible Sabbath. As foretold by prophecy, the papal power cast down the truth to the ground. The law of God was trampled in the dust


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[Assistant] While the traditions and customs of men were exalted,


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[Assistant] The churches that were under the rule of the papacy were early compelled to honor the Sunday as a holy day. Amid the prevailing error and superstition,


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[Assistant] Many, even of the true people of God, became so bewildered that while they observed the Sabbath, they refrained from labor also on the Sunday. But this did not satisfy the papal leaders. They demanded not only that Sunday be hallowed, but that the Sabbath be profaned, and they denounced in the strongest language those who dared to show it honor.


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[Assistant] It was only by fleeing from the power of Rome that any could obey God's law in peace.


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[Assistant] The Waldensis were among the first of the peoples of Europe to obtain a translation of the Holy Scriptures. Hundreds of years before the Reformation,


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[Assistant] They possessed the Bible and manuscript in their native tongue. They had the truth unadulterated.


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[Assistant] And this rendered them the special objects of hatred and persecution.


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[Assistant] They declared the Church of Rome to be the apostate Babylon of the apocalypse.


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[Assistant] And at the peril of their lives they stood up to resist her corruptions. While under the pressure of long continued persecution, some compromised their faith.


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[Assistant] Little by little yielding its distinctive principles, others held fast the truth.


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[Assistant] Through ages of darkness and apostasy, there were Waldensis who denied the supremacy of Rome, who rejected image worship as idolatry, and who kept the true Sabbath.


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[Assistant] Under the fiercest tempests of opposition, they maintained their faith, though gashed by the Sauvayard spear and scorched by the Romesh faggot.


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[Assistant] They stood unflinchingly for God's Word and His honor.


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[Assistant] Behind the lofty bulwarks of the mountains, in all ages the refuge of the persecuted and oppressed, the Waldensis found a hiding place.


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[Assistant] Here the light of truth was kept burning amid the darkness of the middle ages. Here for a thousand years, witnesses for the truth maintained the ancient faith.


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[Assistant] God had provided for his people a sanctuary of awful grandeur, befitting the mighty truths committed to their trust.


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[Assistant] To those faithful exiles the mountains were an emblem of the immutable righteousness of Jehovah.


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[Assistant] They pointed their children to the heights towering above them in unchanging majesty, and spoke to them of him with whom there is no variableness nor shadow of turning.


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[Assistant] Whose word is as enduring as the everlasting hills.


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[Assistant] God had set fast the mountains and girded them with strength.


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[Assistant] No arm but that of infinite power could move them out of their place. In like manner he had established his law, the foundation of his government in heaven and upon earth.


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[Assistant] The arm of man might reach his fellow men and destroy their lives.


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[Assistant] God's servants should be as firm as the unchanging hills.


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[Assistant] The mountains that girded their lowly valleys were a constant witness to God's creative power and a never failing assurance of His protecting care.


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[Assistant] Those pilgrims learn to love the silent symbols of Jehovah's presence.


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[Assistant] From many a lofty cliff they chanted the praise of God, and the armies of Rome could not silence their songs of thanksgiving.


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[Assistant] Pure, simple and fervent was the piety of these followers of Christ.


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[Assistant] The principles of truth they valued above houses and lands, friends, kindred, even life itself.


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[Assistant] These principles they earnestly sought to impress upon the hearts of the young.


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[Assistant] From earliest childhood, the youth were instructed in the scriptures and taught to regard sacredly the claims of the law of God. Copies of the Bible were rare. Therefore, its precious words were committed to memory.


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[Assistant] Many were able to repeat large portions of both the Old and the New Testament.


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[Assistant] Thoughts of God were associated alike with the sublime scenery of nature and with the humble blessings of daily life.


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[Assistant] Love their children too wisely to accustom them to self-indulgence.


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[Assistant] Before them was a life of trial and hardship, perhaps a martyr's death.


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[Assistant] They were educated from childhood to endure hardness, to submit to control, and yet to think and act for themselves. Very early they were taught to bear responsibilities, to be guarded in speech, and to understand the wisdom of silence.


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[Assistant] One indiscreet word let fall in the hearing of their enemies might imperil not only the life of the speaker, but the lives of hundreds of his brethren. For as wolves hunting their prey, did the enemies of truth pursue those who dared to claim freedom of religious faith.


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[Assistant] The Waldensis had sacrificed their worldly prosperity for the truth's sake.


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[Assistant] And with persevering patience, they toiled for their bread.


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[Assistant] Every spot of tillable land among the mountains was carefully improved.


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[Assistant] The valleys and the less fertile hillsides were made to yield their increase.


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[Assistant] Economy and severe self-denial formed a part of the education which the children received as their only legacy. They were taught that God designs life to be a discipline.


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[Assistant] And that there once could be supplied only by personal labor, by forethought, care, and faith.


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[Assistant] The process was laborious and wearisome, but it was wholesome, just what man needs in his fallen state.


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[Assistant] While the youth were inured to toil and hardship, the culture of the intellect was not neglected. They were taught that all their powers belonged to God.


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[Assistant] Their pastors, unlike the lordly priests of Rome, followed the example of their master, who came not to be ministered unto, but to minister.


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[Assistant] They fed the flock of God, leading them to the green pastures and living fountains of His holy word. Far from the monuments of human pomp and pride, the people assembled, not in magnificent churches or grand cathedrals, but beneath the shadow of the mountains, in the alpine valleys, or in time of danger, in some rocky stronghold, to listen to the words of truth from the servants of Christ. The pastors not only preached the gospel, but they visited the sick


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[Assistant] Catechize the children. Admonish the airing.


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[Assistant] And labor to settle disputes and promote harmony and brotherly love.


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[Assistant] In times of peace they were sustained by the free will offerings of the people, but like Paul the tent maker,


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[Assistant] Each learned some trade or profession by which, if necessary, to provide for his own support. From their pastors, the youth received instruction. While attention was given to branches of general learning, the Bible was made the chief study. The gospels of Matthew and John were committed to memory with many of the epistles. They were employed also in copying the scriptures. Some manuscripts contained the whole Bible,


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[Assistant] Others only brief selections to which some simple explanations of the text were added by those who were able to expound the scriptures.


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[Assistant] Thus were brought forth the treasures of truth so long concealed by those who sought to exalt themselves above God. By patient, untiring labor.


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[Assistant] Sometimes in the deep dark caverns of the earth by the light of torches,


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[Assistant] The revealed will of God shining out like pure gold.


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[Assistant] How much brighter, clearer, and more powerful because of the trials undergone for its sake


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[Assistant] Only those could realize who were engaged in the work. Angels from heaven surrounded these faithful workers


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[Assistant] Satan had urged on the papal priests and prelates to bury the word of truth


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[Assistant] Beneath the rubbish of error, heresy and superstition.


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[Assistant] But in a most wonderful manner it was preserved uncorrupted through all the ages of darkness. It bore not the stamp of man, but the impressive God.


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[Assistant] Men have been unwearied in their efforts to obscure the plain, simple meaning of the scriptures and to make them contradict their own testimony. But like the ark upon the billowy deep,


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[Assistant] The word of God outrides the storms that threaten it with destruction.


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[Assistant] As the mine has rich veins of gold and silver hidden beneath the surface.


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[Assistant] So that all must dig who would discover its precious stores.


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[Assistant] So the Holy Scriptures have treasures of truth that are revealed only to the earnest, humble, prayerful seeker.


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[Assistant] God designed the Bible to be a lesson book to all mankind in childhood, youth, and manhood, and to be studied through all time. He gave his word to men as a revelation of himself. Every new truth discerned is a fresh disclosure of the character of its author.


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[Assistant] The study of the scriptures is the means divinely ordained to bring men into closer connection with their Creator and to give them a clearer knowledge of His will.


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[Assistant] It is the medium of communication between God and man.


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[Assistant] While the Waldensis regarded the fear of the Lord as the beginning of wisdom, they were not blind to the importance of a contact with the world, a knowledge of men, and of active life in expanding the mind and quickening the perceptions.


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[Assistant] From their schools in the mountains, some of the youth were sent to institutions of learning in the cities of France or Italy, where was a more extended field for study, thought, and observation than in their native Alps.


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[Assistant] The youth thus sent forth were exposed to temptation. They witnessed vice.


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[Assistant] They encountered Satan's wily agents who urged upon them the most subtle heresies and the most dangerous deceptions.


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[Assistant] Their garments were so prepared as to conceal their greatest treasure, the precious manuscripts of the scriptures.


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[Assistant] These, the fruit of months and years of toil, they carried with them, and whenever they could do so without exciting suspicion, they cautiously placed some portion in the way of those whose hearts seemed open to receive the truth.


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[Assistant] We're one in these institutions of learning and frequently its principles were found to be permeating the entire school. Yet the papal leaders could not, by the closest inquiry, trace the so-called corrupting heresy to its source. The spirit of Christ is a missionary spirit.


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[Assistant] The very first impulse of the renewed heart is to bring others also to the Savior.


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[Assistant] Such was the spirit of the Vaudois Christians.


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[Assistant] They felt that God required more of them than merely to preserve the truth in its purity in their own churches that a solemn responsibility rested upon them


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[Assistant] To let their light shine forth to those who are in darkness.


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[Assistant] Requiring at the outset self-denial and sacrifice was a fitting introduction to the pastor's life in those times that tried men's souls.


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[Assistant] The youth who received ordination to the sacred office saw before them not the prospect of earthly wealth and glory, but a life of toil and danger and possibly a martyr's fate.


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[Assistant] The missionaries went out two and two as Jesus sent forth his disciples. With each young man was usually associated a man of age and experience, the youth being under the guidance of his companion, who was held responsible for his training and whose instruction he was required to heed. These co-laborers were not always together, but often met for prayer and counsel, thus strengthening each other in the faith.


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[Assistant] To have made known the object of their mission would have ensured its defeat. Therefore they carefully concealed their real character.


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[Assistant] Every minister possessed a knowledge of some trade or profession, and the missionaries prosecuted their work under cover of a secular calling. Usually they chose that of a merchant or peddler.


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[Assistant] They carried silks, jewelry, and other articles, at that time not easily purchasable save at distant marts, and they were welcomed as merchants where they would have been spurned as missionaries." Wiley, Book 1, Chapter 7.


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[Assistant] All the while their hearts were uplifted to God for wisdom to present a treasure more precious than gold or gems.


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[Assistant] They secretly carried about with them copies of the Bible, in whole or in part.


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[Assistant] And whenever an opportunity was presented, they called the attention of their customers to these manuscripts.


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[Assistant] Often an interest to read God's word was thus awakened.


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[Assistant] And some portion was gladly left with those who desired to receive it.


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[Assistant] The work of these missionaries began in the plains and valleys at the foot of their own mountains, but it extended far beyond these limits.


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[Assistant] They passed through great cities and penetrated to distant lands. Everywhere they scattered the precious seeds.


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[Assistant] Churches sprang up in their path, and the blood of martyrs witnessed for the truth.


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[Assistant] We're not merely a record of God's dealings with men in the past and a revelation of the responsibilities and duties of the present.


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[Assistant] But an unfolding of the perils and glories of the future.


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[Assistant] And as they studied the Bible with prayer and tears,


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[Assistant] They were the more deeply impressed with its precious utterances and with their duty to make known to others its saving truths.


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[Assistant] They saw the plan of salvation clearly revealed in the sacred pages and they found comfort, hope and peace in believing in Jesus.


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[Assistant] As the light illuminated their understanding and made glad their hearts, they longed to shed its beams upon those who were in the darkness of papal error. They saw that under the guidance of pope and priest


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[Assistant] Multitudes were vainly endeavoring to obtain pardon by afflicting their bodies for the sin of their souls. Taught to trust to their good works to save them, they were ever looking to themselves, their minds dwelling upon their sinful condition, seeing themselves exposed to the wrath of God, afflicting soul and body yet finding no relief.


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[Assistant] Thus conscientious souls were bound by the doctrines of Rome.


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[Assistant] Thousands abandoned friends and kindred and spent their lives in convent cells. By oft repeated fasts and cruel scourgings, by midnight vigils,


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[Assistant] by prostration for weary hours upon the cold damp stones of their dreary abode by long pilgrimages by humiliating penance and fearful torture


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[Assistant] Thousands vainly sought to obtain peace of conscience.


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[Assistant] Many suffered on until exhausted nature gave way, and without one ray of light or hope, they sank into the tomb.


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[Assistant] The Waldensis long to break to these starving souls the bread of life.


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[Assistant] To open to them the messages of peace in the promises of God and to point them to Christ as their only hope of salvation.


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[Assistant] The doctrine that good works can atone for the transgression of God's law, they held to be based upon falsehood.


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[Assistant] Because the fallen race can do nothing to recommend themselves to God. The merits of a crucified and risen Savior are the foundation of the Christian's faith.


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[Assistant] is as real and its connection with him must be as close as that of a limb to the body or of a branch to the vine.


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[Assistant] The teachings of popes and priests had led men to look upon the character of God and even of Christ as stern, gloomy, and forbidding.


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[Assistant] The Savior was represented as so far devoid of sympathy with man in his fallen state that the mediation of priests and saints must be invoked.


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[Assistant] Those whose minds had been enlightened by the word of God long to point these souls to Jesus as their compassionate, loving Savior, standing with outstretched arms, inviting all to come to Him with their burden of sin, their care, and weariness.


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[Assistant] They longed to clear away the obstructions which Satan had piled up that men might not see the promises and come directly to God, confessing their sins and obtaining pardon and peace.


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[Assistant] Eagerly did the Vaudois missionary unfold to the inquiring mind the precious truths of the Gospel.


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[Assistant] Cautiously he produced the carefully written portions of the Holy Scriptures. It was his greatest joy to give hope to the conscientious, sin-stricken soul.


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[Assistant] Who could see only a god of vengeance, waiting to execute justice.


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[Assistant] With quivering lip and tearful eye did he often on bended knees


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[Assistant] Open to his brethren the precious promises that reveal the sinner's only hope.


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[Assistant] Thus the light of truth penetrated many a darkened mind.


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[Assistant] Rolling back the cloud of gloom until the sun of righteousness shone into the heart with healing in his beams.


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[Assistant] It was often the case that some portion of scripture was read again and again, the hearer desiring it to be repeated, as if he would assure himself that he had heard a right.


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[Assistant] Especially was the repetition of these words eagerly desired.


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[Assistant] As the true light dawned upon their minds, they exclaimed with rejoicing, Christ is my priest, his blood is my sacrifice, his altar is my confessional.


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[Assistant] They cast themselves wholly upon the merits of Jesus, repeating the words


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[Assistant] Without faith it is impossible to please Him. Hebrews 11 verse 6.


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[Assistant] There is none other name under heaven given among men whereby we must be saved. Acts 4 verse 12.


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[Assistant] The assurance of a Savior's love seemed too much for some of these poor tempest-tossed souls to realize. So great was the relief which it brought. Such a flood of light was shed upon them that they seemed transported to heaven. Their hands were laid confidingly in the hand of Christ. Their feet were planted upon the rock of ages. All fear of death was banished. They could now covet the prison and the faggot if they might thereby honor the name of their Redeemer.


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[Assistant] In secret places, the word of God was thus brought forth in red, sometimes to a single soul.


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[Assistant] Sometimes to a little company who were longing for light and truth. Often the entire night was spent in this manner.


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[Assistant] So great would be the wonder and admiration of the listeners that the messenger of mercy


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[Assistant] was not infrequently compelled to cease his reading until


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[Assistant] I may come to Jesus just as I am, sinful and unholy, and He will not spurn the penitential prayer.


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[Assistant] Thy sins be forgiven thee, mine, even mine, may be forgiven.


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[Assistant] A tide of sacred joy would fill the heart and the name of Jesus would be magnified by praise and thanksgiving.


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[Assistant] Those happy souls returned to their homes to diffuse light, to repeat to others as well as they could their new experience, that they had found the true and living way.


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[Assistant] His sincerity, his earnestness and deep fervor were subjects of frequent remarks.


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[Assistant] In many cases, the messenger of truth was seen no more.


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[Assistant] He had made his way to other lands or he was wearing out his life in some unknown dungeon.


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[Assistant] Or perhaps his bones were whitening on the spot where he had witnessed for the truth.


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[Assistant] But the words he had left behind could not be destroyed. They were doing their work in the hearts of men.


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[Assistant] The blessed results will be fully known only in the judgment.


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[Assistant] And the powers of darkness arouse to greater vigilance.


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[Assistant] Every effort to advance the truth was watched by the prince of evil and he excited the fears of his agents. The papal leaders saw a portent of danger.


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[Assistant] It would sweep away the heavy clouds of error that enveloped the people. It would direct the minds of men to God alone and would eventually destroy the supremacy of Rome. The very existence of this people holding the faith of the ancient church was a constant testimony to Rome's apostasy


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[Assistant] And therefore excited the most bitter hatred in persecution.


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[Assistant] Their refusal to surrender the scriptures was also an offense that Rome could not tolerate. She determined to blot them from the earth. Now began the most terrible crusades against God's people in their mountain homes. Inquisitors were put upon their tracks.


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[Assistant] Where flourishing fields and the homes of an innocent, industrious people, there remained only a desert.


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[Assistant] As the ravenous beast is rendered more furious by the taste of blood.


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[Assistant] So the rage of Papists was kindled to greater intensity by the sufferings of their victims. Many of these witnesses for a pure faith were pursued across the mountains and hunted down in the valleys where they were hidden, shut in by mighty forests and pinnacles of rock.


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[Assistant] No charge could be brought against the moral character of this prescribed class.


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[Assistant] Even their enemies declared them to be a peaceable, quiet, pious people. Their grand defense was that they would not worship God according to the will of the Pope.


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[Assistant] For this crime, every humiliation, insult and torture that men or devils could invent was heaped upon them.


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[Assistant] When Rome at one time determined to exterminate the hated sect, a bull was issued by the Pope, condemning them as heretics and delivering them to slaughter.


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[Assistant] They were not accused as idlers or dishonest or disorderly.


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[Assistant] To be crushed like venomous snakes, close quote. Wiley book 16 chapter 1.


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[Assistant] Did this haughty potentate expect to meet those words again?


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[Assistant] Did he know that they were registered in the books of heaven to confront him at the judgment?


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[Assistant] This bull called upon all members of the church to join the crusade against the heretics. As an incentive to engage in this cruel work,


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[Assistant] It quote, absorbed from all ecclesiastical pains and penalties general and particular. It released all who joined the crusade from any oaths they might have taken.


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[Assistant] And promised remission of all their sins to such as should kill any heretic.


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[Assistant] It annulled all contracts made in favor of Vaudois, ordered their domestics to abandon them, forbade all persons to give them any aid whatever.


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[Assistant] This document clearly reveals the Master Spirit behind the scenes. It is the roar of the dragon and not the voice of Christ that is heard therein.


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[Assistant] The papal leaders would not conform their characters to the great standard of God's law, but erected a standard to suit themselves.


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[Assistant] The same spirit that crucified Christ and slew the apostles.


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[Assistant] The same that moved the bloodthirsty Nero against the faithful in his day was at work to rid the earth of those who were beloved of God.


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[Assistant] were endured by them with a patience and constancy that honored their Redeemer, notwithstanding the crusades against them and the inhumane butchery to which they were subjected.


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[Assistant] They continued to send out their missionaries to scatter the precious truth. They were hunted to death.


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[Assistant] Yet their blood watered the seed sown, and it failed not of yielding fruit.


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[Assistant] Thus the Waldensis witnessed for God centuries before the birth of Luther.


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[Assistant] You got two quarterbacks, born and raised in Western Pennsylvania.


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[Assistant] Using the cylindrical coordinate system. So if you remember the last video, we talked about a cylindrical coordinate system, what it is, and what the coordinates were. The x, y, z is now


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[Assistant] Now just like we did before when we were talking about tangential, remember we were talking about tangential and normal components?


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[Assistant] And we would take the force equation and we would break them down according to the direction of acceleration. We'd have a normal acceleration direction, we'd have a tangential acceleration direction, and we would run our force equations


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[Assistant] In accordance to those components, right? We're doing the exact same thing, except this time we're going to use r, theta, and z. So it's the exact same kind of concept as it was when we used normal and tangential. We're just using different coordinates, okay?


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[Assistant] So you remember in rectangular, you had, you had acceleration in the normal direction, which we called V square over rho. Review that if you don't remember that right. And then the tangential direction, which was tangential to the path of the, of the, uh, object where it's accelerating.


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[Assistant] Now in cylindrical coordinate systems, we're going to have the same thing. We're going to have these acceleration components, but of course we're going to have three acceleration components. We're going to have an acceleration in the theta direction.


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[Assistant] Which is a, uh, we'll talk about that in a minute and then we're going to have an acceleration in the, in the, uh,


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[Assistant] And then we're going to have an acceleration possibly in the z direction. And so just like we had equations for those components in the normal and tangential directions, we're going to have special equations here for the uh, theta r and z directions, okay?


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[Assistant] So you see some stuff on here that we haven't talked about before. You've got r and you've got theta double dot. I don't know what that is. And then you've got r dot and theta dot, right?


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[Assistant] Same thing down here. I've got, I've got an R double dot and an R and a.


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[Assistant] You know, position is velocity, the derivative of that is acceleration, right? So,


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[Assistant] And then theta double dot is angular acceleration and that's going to be in something like radians per second squared. Okay?


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[Assistant] Double dot, okay. So this is kind of our first step to figure out on these problems. Now let's look at this problem. So we're given here that a half pound ball is guided along the path and the path is this, this radius here.


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[Assistant] Find the force of the arm on the ball. Neglect friction. And then they gave us r sub c is 0.4 feet. Okay? So, let's put that in here. So we have what? 2 times 0.4 times the cosine of theta. Right? Hey, that's just a number, isn't it? So we know that guy already, don't we? So that's uh, 0.8 times the cosine of 30.


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[Assistant] So step two, we've got to figure out what is our dot. And we're going to do that by taking the derivative of this guy.


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[Assistant] DT, okay. Now this is calculus stuff. And if you don't remember calculus stuff, in the back of your Hibler Dynamics book, right?


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[Assistant] So that's a, that's a review for the calculus class.


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[Assistant] So what is the derivative, what is the derivative of that? Well, the derivative of that is, well, point A, that stays constant.


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[Assistant] Now, we can also, just like up here, we got a number for r dot. We can get a number for, I'm sorry, just for r.


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[Assistant] We can get a number for our dot right here because we know what theta is, uh, and we know what theta dot is, right? Okay? So, let's see if we can get that. So, well, let's just get our calculator. Okay? On. So we have, uh, .8 times the sine of 30, which is a half, isn't it? Yes.


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[Assistant] So we have point four times theta dot, which is point four.


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[Assistant] Now we have to do one more thing we have to do. We have to take this and take the derivative of that one more time.


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[Assistant] Plus the derivative of this times that, right? That's the product rule. So we have to do kind of two pieces here. So let's do the derivative of that first. And the derivative of sine theta is cosine theta. So that becomes negative eight cosine


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[Assistant] Right? And now I have to take the derivative of theta dot. Well the derivative of theta dot is just theta double dot. Okay? That's a theta.


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[Assistant] So there is my equation for r double dot. Okay. And that's using the product rule from calculus. Okay.


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[Assistant] There's another theta and there's a theta double dot, a point eight. So again, that's going to give us a number. So let's calculate a number in there, right? Okay, so what do we get? We get, uh, oh, did I put a negative over here? Oh my goodness, there's a negative right there. That could have been serious. And this isn't feet. I'm sorry. This is feet.


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[Assistant] Per second. This one's gonna be feet per second squared. Okay? Get it right, Dr. Hanson. Man. Okay, clear. So, .8 times the cosine of 30 equals times what is theta dot? .4 squared equals. So that's negative .8.


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[Assistant] Times theta double dot, which is .8. So just times .8 equals .32. So minus .32. So if I add those together, plus .111, I get point, negative .431.


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[Assistant] Okay, so that goes here. Negative point four three one feet per second. Squared, okay.


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[Assistant] Right, so that allows us to do some things like, we can now calculate what these, these accelerations over here are, right? So we, we could calculate, uh, let's see, a theta is equal to what? r, which is, uh, okay, let's see if we can do this. Clear. 0.693 times theta double dot, which is 0.8 times 0.8 equals


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[Assistant] And then our A R, A R right here is equal to all clear. A R is going to be R double dot, which is negative 0.431.


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[Assistant] In order to analyze what the forces in those different directions are. So let's erase all of this, okay, and then we'll draw us a free body diagram of that ball. Let's see what's going on. Here we go.


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[Assistant] Let's erase all of this. We have our values written down over here, right? 4, 3, 1, 1, 6, yeaah. We got everything written down. Okay. So let's look at free body diagram real fast. Okay. What's going on to the ball? What's happening to the ball? Here's the ball. Okay.


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[Assistant] How do you find that? Okay. What else is acting on this? Well,


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[Assistant] Alright, so let's use the R direction. So in the R direction, what forces do we have in the R direction? Okay, now this is the R direction. This is the theta direction, okay? It's just like a tilted coordinate system, right?


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[Assistant] And that's all the forces in there. So that's equal to, right, equal to m times a. So m is 0.5.


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[Assistant] What? That's, that's pounds, right? We need that into slugs, right? So 32.2, right? Feet per second squared.


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[Assistant] Okay, which will get that into slugs, times the acceleration in the r direction, which is negative .542 feet per second squared, right? Okay?


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[Assistant] And guess what? The feet per second squared are gonna cancel out, leaving pounds on this side. Guess what N is gonna be in? N pounds. N pounds force, right?


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[Assistant] So that equation right there will allow us to solve for n, okay? So n is equal to, uh, if you do the math there, uh, .279 pounds, okay?


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[Assistant] Due to the bar OA is equal to, what do I get if I calculate that? 0.300.


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[Assistant] And then, just to show that he can do it, he strikes out the next two batters.


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[Assistant] You saw him on the mound and you knew that this was about more than baseball.


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[Assistant] The fact that they had great basketball teams and thought he could get a scholarship there.


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[Assistant] Pitching is a thinking man's position, so blacks, they don't think as well as whites, so they can't be successful with pitches.


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[Assistant] There was a maturation process and he finally got his opportunity when Keane gave him the ball and said, you're in the rotation no matter what. If the situation were tough.


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[Assistant] That your team said one of the most wonderful things I've ever heard a manager say, a quote I'll never forget. His answer was, I was committed to his heart.


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[Assistant] The 1964 World Series established him as a bona fide star.


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[Assistant] Because he's Bob Gibson and he wouldn't allow himself to lose. Gibson just completely dominated. He intimidated them and he dominated them.


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[Assistant] Don Drysdale set the record for the most consecutive scoreless innings.


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[Assistant] As a two-year-old at Aqueduct. And unfortunately, he had some trouble leaving the starting gate and got banged around.


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[Assistant] By the time that he approached his third start, then it was happening.


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[Assistant] I mean, then there was a lot being said, and this red horse that Lucian Lauren has, and uh, could be something special. No, it could be.


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[Assistant] And I look and there comes that big red head with those checkered blinkers on him. And there was nothing you could do. I don't know if you knew.


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[Assistant] If something happens and he doesn't win, well, they'll just tar and feather me right there and I told my wife and son goodbye, you know, maybe you'll never see him again.


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[Assistant] Chapter 20 When the day came for me to leave Milan


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[Assistant] I had the doorman reserve a seat for me on the evening train. The train would be leaving at midnight


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[Assistant] But simply walked side by side through the narrow streets of the old city. The night was very chilly, foggy and gray. We passed the bridge and the main square.


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[Assistant] And then finally ended up on a street full of stores.


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[Assistant] I stopped at a gun store in order to replace the gun I lost in the explosion. We then continued our walk. It was starting to rain.


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[Assistant] I pushed her gently against the wall and started to kiss her.


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[Assistant] Let's find a place with a little more privacy, I suggested.


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[Assistant] We got into a carriage and ordered the driver to take us to a nice hotel. Twenty minutes later, we arrived and a young boy greeted us at the door. He took us to a room. It was very warm and looked very nice. I ordered some food and then the boy went away.


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[Assistant] Catherine sat on the bed and seemed to be thinking about something. She looked upset.


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[Assistant] She then got up and went to the window and looked out across the street at the train station. I would need to go there in several hours. I walked over to her and asked what was wrong.


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[Assistant] She told me that she felt like a woman hired for sex.


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[Assistant] But it's not that way at all. I love you, I said.


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[Assistant] We then had wonderful sex. The room began to feel like our own, just like my room at the hospital had felt.


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[Assistant] Soon the food was delivered and we ate and drank a great deal. Actually, only I drank a lot. Catherine just had a couple glasses of wine. I then became serious suddenly. What about the baby? How are you going to have it by yourself? I asked.


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[Assistant] You are my wonderful girl, Catherine, but I'm afraid I have to go.


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[Assistant] I don't want to leave you. I want to be with you.


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[Assistant] Maybe I'll get wounded again, so I can see you sooner.


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[Assistant] So people get all worked up over this, but this is really simple and I'm going to show you real quick, uh, how to keep this straight and how to make it simple. Okay. Excuse me. All we got to do is think back to statics. Okay. Think back to math. When we have this, okay, here's just a simple coordinate system. Here was our X, here was our Y and we were given


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[Assistant] Polar coordinates. If you remember polar coordinates, right? We said like vector r is equal to, uh, 15 pounds at an angle of


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[Assistant] And it's the exact same thing here in cylindrical coordinate systems. This is not something new. This is something we ought to be able to do. Okay. So if we have some vector of some distance r, right?


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[Assistant] Okay, easy, right? And of course, how big is r? Well, it's x squared plus y squared square root, right? So r is equal to


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[Assistant] Let's say that, uh, this is x, here's y, and then here was our z. Okay, going right up to the middle there. Okay?


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[Assistant] It's just gonna be our plain little polar guy here, okay? So let's say that we had a point right here. Okay? Well here we go. So I get this. What I get is, is this. There's, here's theta.


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[Assistant] Remember theta is measured from the X axis going towards the Y for positive. Okay. So here's the X axis going towards the Y for positive. There's theta and here is R. Okay. Now R is a projection on the plane here. So if we go up then to here, okay,


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[Assistant] So I use this and this, right, to come up with an x and a y coordinate.


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[Assistant] So if you give me this, I can get my theta out of that. That's how I go back from, that's how I go from rectangular to cylindrical, is with this simple equation. And of course, how do I find r?


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[Assistant] x squared plus y squared, right? There's r. And then how do I find z? Well, in both systems, in both systems, z is just z. Okay?


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[Assistant] Thank you so much, Professor Vonnegay. It's an absolute delight.


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[Assistant] An honor to be here this evening and thank you everyone who's joining both in the UK and globally.


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[Assistant] Uhm, my colleague, uh, Pip Beatty will now share the slides and we can get started on understanding the synergies of how we can transform society for a safer climate and healthier minds.


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[Assistant] The bushfires are getting more intense. Could smell the smoke in my family's home in 2020. And the koalas are now starting to ask for water.


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[Assistant] Then went on to study science communication before I came to the UK to study neuroscience.


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[Assistant] And in my DPhil PhD, I was looking at how uncertainty is represented in the brain and how people with a tendency to experience anxiety


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[Assistant] Uh, process uncertainty differently and how this interacts with decision making.


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[Assistant] At the same time, I founded the youth mental health charity, it gets brighter, which really came from my own experiences with mental illness as a teenager. So I'm sort of an expert by lived experience, I guess, as well as a, as a researcher.


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[Assistant] This led me to my role at Imperial. And as Peter said, I've been very honored to work alongside him and the colleagues at Mental Health Innovations on research with the Shout Crisis Text Messaging Service.


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[Assistant] And so it was us, uh, in this sort of environment, uh,


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[Assistant] In a few years ago at Imperial, uhm, that we came, uh, to a question.


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[Assistant] What does society look like, uh, for children and young people's mental health? Why are we seeing escalating emotional distress in young people? For example, in the context of the shout outs,


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[Assistant] I will just stress writing, I think social media, bullying, exam pressures that might all contribute.


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[Assistant] So we started to ask this question and I went out with Pip and other colleagues to talk to people in the public about this.


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[Assistant] And as we looked into this in the research that was happening and in talking to the public, talking to children and young people,


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[Assistant] We saw their experiences reflected, uh, the experiences I had of feeling this grief, this anguish, this anxiety about, uh, climate change and the existential threats that we faced. And so this led to the Climate Cares program.


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[Assistant] So today I'm going to expand upon that and outline everything we've learned so far around how climate change interconnects with mental health.


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[Assistant] And outline the problem and the need we need to address urgently to safeguard children and young people's mental health.


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[Assistant] But this is about transformation. And so we're not going to only look at the problem, but what are the solutions? Where do we go to transform society's future when people can flourish? How do we get there? I'm going to give you recommended


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[Assistant] I'm just turning off my camera. Hopefully that improves things. Go to the next slide.


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[Assistant] And before we go into this, we'd like to hear from you. So if we go to the next slide, if you can all take out your phone or your laptop, anything you're accessing this talk with.


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[Assistant] And go to menti.com and enter the code one eight three eight six eight four zero. Um, the link will be placed in the chat for you and we're going to do an activity just to hear from you.


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[Assistant] And these are many of the things that we hear from children in young


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[Assistant] So we will send around this at the end of the presentation. So please continue to answer, but we're also going to go to another question.


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[Assistant] Before I outline these interconnections, I'm just curious of how much people have heard about the links between climate and mental health.


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[Assistant] And about the synergies for action that will support a same for climate and mental health.


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[Assistant] Okay, so at the moment we're seeing that most people are either completely new to the topic or have some small level of


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[Assistant] Excellent. So it's wonderful to see you all here and hopefully everyone will take something new away.


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[Assistant] From the feelings that you just described, it sounds like many of you have awareness of the situation we're in already.


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[Assistant] But just to outline the world that children and young people are growing up in.


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[Assistant] We are facing climate and biodiversity crisis at 1.1 degrees of warming, which is where.


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[Assistant] Alright, now we're all working a cascade of effects around the world.


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[Assistant] Over the next 20 years, global temperatures are expected to reach or exceed 1.5 degrees of warming.


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[Assistant] As food eating accelerates, we're expecting the threats to health and wellbeing to worsen.


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[Assistant] And so action is critical and as the IPCC has said in its series reports, we're currently behind.


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[Assistant] But change is possible. So if anyone's unaware, there's three reports that are released that I'll be referring to later. One is by working group one on the science limit.


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[Assistant] Groups that are vulnerable and the current impacts around the world.


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[Assistant] Escalating global heating through cutting carbon emissions and stopping the burning of fossil fuels.


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[Assistant] We also have an active biodiversity crisis. At the moment only 4% of us mammals by weight are wild.


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[Assistant] Well, 36% are humans and 60% are livestock.


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[Assistant] People are waking up to this issue and in November last year, climate change was the biggest issue for the UK public.


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[Assistant] This was reflected across 40 countries in 2020 where 70% of people were very or extremely worried about climate change.


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[Assistant] Children and young people are also very worried. Even before the pandemic, 73% of children surveyed by the BBC said they're very worried about the state of the planet.


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[Assistant] While 60% of teenagers and emerging adults last year around the world were very or extremely worried. Simultaneously, we have a mental health crisis.


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[Assistant] As you all know in this room, I'm sure children and young people's mental health challenges are rising. This is accelerated by the pandemic.


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[Assistant] Now around one in six children in the UK have a probable mental health problem.


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[Assistant] And this is the worst in Europe, including even before the pandemic.


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[Assistant] And what this means is that both because of this need,


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[Assistant] And because of the good news of increased help seeking and reduced stigma, there's a massive treatment gap.


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[Assistant] And I'm sure all of you working in this space, uh, well aware of these kinds of statistics. If we go to the next slide.


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[Assistant] Mental health workers represent only 1% of the workforce.


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[Assistant] And this means in low resource settings, 90% of people do not get treatment, but even in high resource settings, only about one in two people receive treatment.


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[Assistant] These systems are also vulnerable to climate change. So there's going to be damage to the services and supply chains, which may make this need even, this gap even worse.


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[Assistant] While those services themselves contribute to emissions. So for example, the pharmaceutical industry makes making drugs is significantly more emission intensive than the automotive industry making cars. If we go to the next slide.


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[Assistant] Because of this, Global Mental Health has talked about how we need to re-conceptualize mental health and wellbeing and the purpose of mental health systems and how they operate.


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[Assistant] And in this talk, I'm going to be using this idea of mental health and wellbeing.


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[Assistant] It rests on four pillars, but mental health is a global public good and is relevant to sustainable development around the world.


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[Assistant] Mental health problems exist along a continuum. So it's not enough to say that people are healthy or that they're well.


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[Assistant] This is important clinically, but we all exist on a continuum.


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[Assistant] And that mental health is influenced by social and environmental factors that then interact with genetics and physiology, including overdevelopment.


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[Assistant] And mental health is a fundamental human right. So we need to protect vulnerable individuals, but fundamentally enable an environment that promotes mental health for all, which is obviously what these seminars are about.


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[Assistant] And this is about creating a state where people can flourish. So it's not just enough to prevent illness, but to create a society where individuals can realize their own abilities and cope with the normal stresses of life. But I would argue that living through a climate crisis is also, uh, not a normal stress. If we go to the next slide.


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[Assistant] What global mental health is therefore saying is that we need an environment that fosters mental health and wellbeing for all. But the climate crisis gravely threatens this vision as I'll now outline.


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[Assistant] At the moment, we have a situation where climate change is, uh, accelerating mental health needs both directly and indirectly. And this in turn,


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[Assistant] If we don't act is going to limit the capacity of individuals, communities and systems to both cope with and act on this changing world.


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[Assistant] But we know that climate, uh, is accelerating temperature rise around the world.


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[Assistant] There is more acute and chronic extreme weather and climate events like fires and floods and droughts.


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[Assistant] And what this means is that there's a variety of impacts that global communities are experiencing, expected to experience.


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[Assistant] We've looked at these as a continuum because they are really a variety of pathways.


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[Assistant] On the left hand side, we can see that homes and properties can be directly impacted. So children might lose where they're living. They might directly experience high temperatures, but their families might also


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[Assistant] Lose their livelihoods. They might be forced to move from their homes. Their communities might break down. Their access to care might be disrupted. And so this all has flow and effects.


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[Assistant] And then on the right hand side of the continuum is when


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[Assistant] Children and young people witness or aware of these effects, maybe from hearing about it on the news. Next slide.


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[Assistant] I'm going to be talking about a range of mental health impacts. Again, thinking of them on a continuum. So the kind of outcomes we're seeing.


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[Assistant] Are things like increased cases of suicidal thoughts and deaths by suicide. Increased symptoms and new cases of mental illness.


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[Assistant] Increased susceptibility to physical ill health or even death for those with diagnosable mental illnesses and also worsen population mental health and distress. Next slide.


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[Assistant] And while the research is still ongoing, what we see globally is that above a local threshold, so as temperatures rise above what is sort of normal in that region,


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[Assistant] We can see that, uh, the rate and the risk of suicide.


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[Assistant] And so this has been estimated that in, uh, by 2050, sorry, go back to the last slide, that there'll be an extra 22,000 suicides in the USA and Mexico alone if we don't address climate change just due to the rising temperatures. We also see more hospital admissions, uh, in heat waves for psychiatric disorders and community mental health is also worsened. So,


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[Assistant] A child or young person also directly experiences an extreme weather event. This is understandably very stressful and traumatic.


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[Assistant] And so when these are being reported around the world we often hear about the number of homes destroyed, the number of lives lost. What we don't always hear is that


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[Assistant] Uh, for a minority of people, there'll be long lasting psychological impacts, which can include higher suicide risk.


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[Assistant] Substance abuse, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder.


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[Assistant] And that the number of people affected psychologically by being exposed to these disasters.


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[Assistant] But as I said before, there's a lot of flow on pathways of impact and climate change is destabilizing the things that we know are important for good mental health and wellbeing.


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[Assistant] Air pollution being worsened by climate change and we know that has a range of mental health.


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[Assistant] Food and water is getting more insecure. People are being forced to move from their homes and their livelihoods and cultural practices are being threatened.


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[Assistant] But even on the right hand side of that continuum, just being aware of these issues on children and young people's mental health, uhm, is leading to a range of responses.


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[Assistant] So Caroline Hickman has looked at this in children and young people and seen quotes like, all they have to do is look at what's going on. I don't get it. Why can't they see it?


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[Assistant] They say I'm the one with the problem because I'm scared, but I'm even more scared because they are not scared. They should be. I'm living in the twilight zone. Help me.


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[Assistant] I don't want to have children because I don't know what kind of world I'll be bringing them into.


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[Assistant] And in our recent research in the US, about one in five people felt this way, aged 16 to 24. Next slide. So these kind of anecdotes have been rising.


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[Assistant] But what we're starting to see is that this is reflected at a broader scale in the data.


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[Assistant] So last year there was a survey of 10 countries of 10,000, uh, young adults. People were worried.


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[Assistant] 60% of people globally were very or extremely worried. And the majority felt, uh, sad, anxious, angry, powerless, helpless and guilty, reflecting a lot of what you said earlier.


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[Assistant] And this has daily life impacts for about 45% of them. And this includes things like sleep and relationship impacts.


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[Assistant] But this is felt unequally. So if you look at the graph on the right, at the UK at the moment, about 28% of young people are reporting these daily life impacts, while in the Philippines, this rises to 74%.


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[Assistant] As these impacts accelerate, we're expecting to see this rise for the impacts on children and young people.


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[Assistant] And vitally, this is not just about climate change, but this is about being betrayed by the people supposed to protect them.


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[Assistant] We're also seeing this in the UK, so we did a survey in 2020, and even in the midst of the pandemic, children and young people were saying that


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[Assistant] Climate was more distressing than COVID, which was quite surprising when they were saying that COVID was understandably causing much more disruption to their daily routines.


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[Assistant] And this is particularly true for people who weren't otherwise anxious.


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[Assistant] If we look at this, uh, yeah, so we can go to the next slide.


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[Assistant] So you might've heard things like climate anxiety and eco anxiety.


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[Assistant] The American Psychological Association has called this a chronic fear of environmental doom.


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[Assistant] And research tends to conceptualize it as related to fear and worry, but also to existential anxiety.


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[Assistant] You might've also heard terms like solastalgia and ecological grief.


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[Assistant] And this is about losing the solace that you might feel from connection to the natural environment and seeing the landscapes around you change in profoundly negative ways and grieving for the losses that we're seeing.


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[Assistant] But importantly, again, it's not just anxiety, it's not just grief, but there's a range of psychological and emotional responses.


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[Assistant] And this can move from people feeling denial and disavow, to overwhelm, anger, despair, guilt and fear.


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[Assistant] And researchers like Panipakala have looked at a taxonomy of eco emotions.


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[Assistant] And importantly, the research is showing that the social and cultural dynamics and the narratives that we hold shape these experiences. Next slide.


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[Assistant] And how does this link to mental health? So things like climate anxiety and eco-anxiety, how does that relate to conditions like anxiety and depression that, uh, what we usually look at in mental health? So at the moment, the evidence is somewhat mixed.


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[Assistant] We are seeing that, uh, for example, across 25 countries, negative climate emotions have been linked with insomnia and worse self-rated mental health.


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[Assistant] And some studies have found that worry or anxiety about the climate is linked to lower wellbeing. But importantly, it can also be linked to things like a high degree of meaning in life.


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[Assistant] And what research is saying is it's really important to actually look in a more nuanced way at these different emotional responses and to separate things like worry from emotions such as hopelessness, which more strongly predicts worse mental health.


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[Assistant] Across the board, we're seeing that many young people are feeling sort of moderate levels of concern and distress.


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[Assistant] And then a smaller but significant group of feeling very high levels of distress. And anecdotally, some of these young people are even suicidal even if they had no previous mental health conditions.


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[Assistant] Some of this different pattern in the research that we're seeing.


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[Assistant] It comes down to the way that these things are being measured. So there's a range of scales emerging to measure these kind of experiences, but they all incorporate different kinds of behavioral and functional responses, cognitive responses, effective or daily life impact.


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[Assistant] And so again, it's really important we start to unpack and look at this in a more nuanced way. But what we are finding, if you go to the next slide.


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[Assistant] It is vital to see this kind of distress as non-pathological.


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[Assistant] It's related to empathy, to caring about what's happening. And it's natural and understandable to be really scared in light of the threats and the facts. And it can even be an adaptive response that motivates us to act.


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[Assistant] But at the same time, it's a chronic and ongoing stressor.


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[Assistant] And feeling betrayed by the people who are supposed to protect you.


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[Assistant] And feeling this ongoing stress without being told how to cope can create or exacerbate mental health challenges.


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[Assistant] But with the right support, we can have high wellbeing and hold that climate distress. And we're seeing that young people who are worried but still experience wellbeing have higher hope, meaningfulness, and also things like anger that are also driving them to act in ways we'll look at later.


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[Assistant] So to sum up section one from all of those pathways I've told you.


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[Assistant] The climate emergency is a mental health emergency. Without action, this need that we're seeing, this treatment gap that we're seeing is only going to accelerate.


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[Assistant] But what this means is that climate action is mental health action. If we go to the next slide.


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[Assistant] Oh sorry, the climate and mental health emergency is also widening existing inequalities. So what we're seeing globally is that


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[Assistant] Mental health is worsened by power imbalances.


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[Assistant] Experiences of disconnection from others and from our lands.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, the long-term consequences of colonialism on communities and extractivism where we're taking in the global north from the global south.