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[Assistant] She asked him, yes, of course. He responded in slow but perfect English.


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[Assistant] That would be lovely, he said, suddenly looking a little more serious.


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[Assistant] Is it possible that he might have gone out another door to meet me outside?


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[Assistant] Winnie went back into her home and closed the door behind her. Her husband was still standing where she had left him. His eyes were staring at the ground.


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[Assistant] She asked I've only heard his name before.


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[Assistant] He said, lifting his eyes to meet hers for a moment. This is my first time meeting him.


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[Assistant] Mr. Verloc's eyes suddenly became wide with surprise. What do you mean? Who told you about the embassy?


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[Assistant] Talking in my sleep? he whispered loudly. What did you hear?


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[Assistant] He walked about the room talking to himself in a quiet but angry whisper.


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[Assistant] I'd love to kill all of those damned embassy people. All of them. If I can't kill them, I can surely use what I know against them.


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[Assistant] We ran down another corridor, and the sirens died as suddenly as they'd started. The blood-red lights kept pulsing in eerie silence. Then I heard it. The slithering, clacking sounds of scorpions. What about Bast? My voice choked up. Is she? Don't think about it, Carter said.


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[Assistant] Though judging from his face, that's exactly what he was thinking about. Keep moving.


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[Assistant] As far as I could tell, the Egyptian part of the museum was designed to be as confusing as possible, with dead ends and walls that doubled back on themselves.


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[Assistant] We passed hieroglyphic scrolls, gold jewelry, sarcophagi, statues of pharaohs, and huge chunks of limestone. Why would someone display a rock? Aren't there enough of those in the world? We saw no one.


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[Assistant] We both fell on our bums in a most unflattering way.


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[Assistant] It's a miracle Carter didn't impale himself on his own sword. At first I didn't recognize the girl standing in front of us, which seems strange looking back on it. Perhaps she was using some sort of magic aura, or perhaps I just didn't want to believe it was her. She looked a bit taller than me, probably older too, but not by much.


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[Assistant] Her black hair was trimmed along her jawline and longer in the front so that it swept over her eyes.


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[Assistant] She had caramel colored skin and pretty vaguely Arab features.


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[Assistant] Her eyes, lined in black coal, Egyptian style.


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[Assistant] We're a strange amber color that was either quite beautiful or a bit scary. I couldn't decide which.


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[Assistant] She had a backpack on her shoulder and wore sandals and loose-fitting linen clothes like ours.


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[Assistant] She looked as if she were on her way to a martial arts class. God. Now that I think of it, we probably looked the same way. How embarrassing.


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[Assistant] I slowly began to realize I'd seen her before. She was the girl with the knife from the British Museum. Before I could say anything, Carter sprang to his feet.


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[Assistant] The girl reached into her sleeve and produced a curved white piece of ivory, an Egyptian wand.


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[Assistant] Her golden eyes were both beautiful and scary, I decided, and I didn't like her a bit. Well, she demanded, I didn't see why I needed to tell her a bloody thing.


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[Assistant] But an uncomfortable pressure started building in my chest like a burp trying to get free. I heard myself say, Amos is gone. He left this morning. And the cat demon?


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[Assistant] That's my cat, I said, and she's a goddess, not a demon. She saved us from the scorpions. Carter unfroze. He snatched up his sword and pointed it at the girl again. Full credit for persistence, I suppose. Who are you? He demanded. What do you want? My name is Zia Rashid. She tilted her head as if listening.


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[Assistant] Right on cue, the entire building rumbled.


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[Assistant] Dust sprinkled from the ceiling and the slithering sounds of scorpions doubled in volume behind us. And right now, Zia continued sounding a bit disappointed, I must save your miserable lives. Let's go.


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[Assistant] I suppose we could have refused, but our choices seemed to be Zia or the scorpions, so we ran after her.


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[Assistant] She passed a case full of statues and casually tapped the glass with her wand.


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[Assistant] Tiny granite pharaohs and limestone gods stirred at her command. They hopped off their pedestals and crashed through the glass. Some wielded weapons, others simply cracked their stone knuckles.


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[Assistant] One wall was made completely of glass and looked out on the park.


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[Assistant] In the middle of the room on a raised platform an ancient building had been reconstructed.


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[Assistant] There was a freestanding stone gateway about 8 meters tall and behind that an open courtyard and square structure made of uneven sandstone blocks carved all over on the outside with images of gods and pharaohs and hieroglyphs.


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[Assistant] Flanking the building's entrance were two columns bathed in eerie light. An Egyptian temple, I guessed. The temple of Dendur, Zia said. Actually, it was built by the Romans.


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[Assistant] When they occupied Egypt, Carter said, like this was delightful information. Augustus commissioned it. Yes, Zia said. Fascinating, I murmured. Would you two like to be left alone with a history textbook? Zia scowled at me. At any rate, the temple was dedicated to Isis, so it will have enough power to open a gate. To summon more gods, I asked. Zia's eyes flashed angrily.


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[Assistant] Excuse me up that again, and I will cut out your tongue. I meant a gateway to get you out of here.


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[Assistant] We followed Ziya up the steps and through the temple's stone gateway.


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[Assistant] The courtyard was empty, abandoned by the fleeing museum visitors, which made it feel quite creepy. Giant carvings of gods stared down at me. Hieroglyphic inscriptions were everywhere.


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[Assistant] A familiar hieroglyph burned between the columns. Open. The same symbol Dad had used at the Rosetta Stone. I waited for something to blow up, but the hieroglyph simply faded. Zia opened her backpack. We'll make our stand here until the gate can be opened. Why not just open it now? Carter asked.


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[Assistant] Portals can only appear at auspicious moments, Zia said.


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[Assistant] Oh, come on, I said. How can you possibly know all that? It takes years to memorize the complete calendar, Zia said, but the next auspicious moment is easy. High noon, ten and a half minutes from now.


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[Assistant] Hey, I think they're looking for someone who's drowned.


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[Assistant] They're shootin' that big gun to try and get the body to rise to the top of the water.


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[Assistant] Just like they did last year when they found Bill Turner's body.


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[Assistant] You're right, Huck. But I think we're the ones they believe to be drowned.


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[Assistant] Just then Traddles, who had disappeared a few minutes before, reappeared with Missy's heap. Uriah had not noticed Traddles before. Who are you? he demanded angrily.


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[Assistant] I'm a lawyer, and a friend of Mr. Wickfield, sir," said Trattles, in a businesslike way.


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[Assistant] This came as a surprise to me, as well as to Uriah.


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[Assistant] The old fool has been drinking too much again, said Uriah, looking uglier than ever. You can't believe anything he says!


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[Assistant] And we all looked expectantly towards that large, important looking gentleman.


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[Assistant] He was clearly delighted to have such an interested audience


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[Assistant] I was soon involved in all his wicked plans I may be poor


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[Assistant] But I can't accept his lies, his cheating, his bribes, and all the rest of it.


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[Assistant] So I've brought you here today, ladies and gentlemen, to hear me accuse Heap publicly. One.


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[Assistant] He has confused and lied to his partner so often that poor Mr. Wickfield now thinks he has himself been dishonest. Too.


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[Assistant] He has sometimes copied Mr. Wickfield's signature onto false documents and checks. Three!


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[Assistant] You can never prove it, cried Uriah wildly. I've taken copies of all the necessary documents.


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[Assistant] Uriah, my dear boy! cried his mother, sobbing bitterly. Tell them how humble you are! Say you didn't mean to hurt anyone!


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[Assistant] Somehow I managed to get her away from him before she hurt him too badly.


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[Assistant] Three nights later, the boys waited until dark and then went to the public house. There wasn't anyone around when they got there.


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[Assistant] Everything had been closed about an hour earlier.


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[Assistant] They went around back to where the door for room number two was.


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[Assistant] The plan was for Huck to be the guard while Tom went inside to look around. They silently approached the door. Tom turned the handle and, with a little bit of trouble, he managed to open the door.


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[Assistant] He went in and Hawk stayed outside as planned.


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[Assistant] He waited for Tom for what seemed to be a very long time.


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[Assistant] He started to fear that something had happened to him.


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[Assistant] He began to fear that Tom would never come back out.


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[Assistant] But then the door suddenly opened and Tom ran out without turning around to look at Huck. He just yelled out


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[Assistant] So they ran and they didn't stop running until they had arrived at the opposite end of the village, where their usual hiding place, the old empty building, was.


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[Assistant] Huckleberry thought about it for a moment, but then said,


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[Assistant] I never thought, Mrs. McCorber told me sadly as she showed me my room, when I lived with mother and father, before I was married, that I would ever be as poor as this.


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[Assistant] I must of course accept the situation. I'm afraid he owes a lot of money. But his creditors will just have to wait. You can't get blood out of a stone. Nor can anyone get any money at all out of Mr. McCorber a present. I soon realized that neither Mr. nor Mrs. McCorber had ever been able to manage money. The little that Mr. McCorber earned


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[Assistant] Was not enough, either to keep his creditors happy, or to pay for the needs of his growing family. So his creditors were constantly at the door, demanding payment.


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[Assistant] And meals were rather irregular in the McCorber house.


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[Assistant] Mr. and Mrs. McCorber's moods varied according to the situation.


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[Assistant] One moment, Mr McCorber looked extremely miserable and depressed.


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[Assistant] The next, he was brushing his shoes and singing a song before going out.


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[Assistant] Mrs. McCorba's character was similar to her husband's.


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[Assistant] Sometimes I came home to find her lying on the floor with her hair undone, looking wild and desperate. But an hour later she was cheerfully eating a good supper.


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[Assistant] I see you're staring at the handkerchiefs, my dear.


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[Assistant] Aren't there a lot? We've just taken them all out to wash them, that's all.


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[Assistant] This seemed to be a joke as the old gentleman and all his young friends gave loud shouts of laughter. Then supper began.


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[Assistant] Immediately afterwards, Oliver felt himself lifted onto one of the beds and he sank into a deep sleep.


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[Assistant] Fagin was the only other person in the room, and he was boiling coffee in a pan.


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[Assistant] When the coffee was done, he turned towards Oliver and looked closely at the boy.


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[Assistant] His eyes shone as he opened it and took out a gold watch covered in jewels.


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[Assistant] Oh hi! Thanks very much for watching our program. We hope you enjoyed it. I'm sure you did. Don't forget to subscribe so you can keep up to date with our wide variety of English language learning programs. We've got something for everyone.


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[Assistant] Well, we'll, uhm, the whole idea of this thing is that...


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[Assistant] Might as well let him work in peace. Besides, I'd like to talk to you.


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[Assistant] Only several weeks after his talk on black holes, a famous scientific organisation, the Royal Society, invited Stephen to become a member.


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[Assistant] At 32, he was one of the youngest people ever to receive this honour.


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[Assistant] During the induction ceremony in London, Stephen couldn't walk on stage with the other new members.


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[Assistant] The president of the society carried the membership book down to his seat.


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[Assistant] With great difficulty Stephen signed his name in the book. The audience broke into applause.


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[Assistant] Stephen was asked to spend a year at the California Institute of Technology, Caltech, the famous science university in Pasadena.


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[Assistant] Stephen made good friends at Caltech. He enjoyed working with noted cosmologist Kip Thorne.


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[Assistant] Sometimes the two disgust the progress astronomers were making on locating a black hole.


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[Assistant] Both men were eager for physical proof that black holes really existed.


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[Assistant] Several years earlier, astronomers had discovered a star in the constellation Cygnus that might have an invisible companion orbiting it.


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[Assistant] When two stars orbit each other they are said to be a binary system.


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[Assistant] Scientists thought that the visible star called HDE 226868 might be part of a binary system because it seemed to be reacting to a strong gravitational field.


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[Assistant] But there was nothing nearby to create such a field.


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[Assistant] Astronomers guessed that a black hole might be the cause of the star's strange behaviour.


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[Assistant] They dubbed this possible black hole Cygnus X1.


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[Assistant] Stephen and Kip Thorne were very excited by the news.


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[Assistant] When the Hawkins returned to England in 1975, they were ready to make some changes. The family moved into a large first floor apartment. Stephen would not have to climb stairs. The doorways were wide enough for a wheelchair to pass through.


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[Assistant] But Stephen needed even more help than the new apartment could give. He had to struggle to get in and out of bed.


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[Assistant] Lifting food from his plate to his mouth became very difficult.


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[Assistant] Jane didn't have enough time to look after Stephen and her children.


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[Assistant] Since the Hawkins could not afford a nurse to take care of Stephen, they asked one of Stephen's research students to move into the apartment with them.


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[Assistant] The student who received free room and board would help Stephen with dressing, eating, bathing, and getting to and from work.


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[Assistant] It was considered an honor to live with the Hawkins. One living student said it was like participating in history.


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[Assistant] Stephen's condition had worsened so much that he could no longer use his special car. It was replaced with an electric wheelchair.


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[Assistant] Stephen drove his wheelchair hard and fast. As he rolled carelessly into the streets, he counted on the approaching cars and his assistants to look out for him.


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[Assistant] At home, Stephen spun rapidly around the garden as he played tag with his children.


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[Assistant] He only wished that he could play more physical games with them.


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[Assistant] Jane was the one to teach Robert and Lucy to play cricket.


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[Assistant] A ball game similar to baseball, crowing happily. I can get them out.


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[Assistant] Despite the hectic schedules, Stephen and Jane found time to share many pastimes.


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[Assistant] They enjoyed going to concerts and plays. The local theatre had a special seat that could be removed when they received word that Stephen was coming for a performance. He could drive right in and park his wheelchair in the empty space.


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[Assistant] The Hawkins also continued to host dinner parties, sometimes as many as 60 guests crammed into the apartment. But although Jane felt great satisfaction as a wife and mother, she wanted something more in her life.


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[Assistant] The new living arrangements in the Hawking household allowed her to return to school.


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[Assistant] She began working toward a PhD in medieval languages.


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[Assistant] In 1975 and 1976, Stephen won six major awards, including a medal given by the Science Academy at the Vatican, the centre of the Roman Catholic Church.


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[Assistant] The joy and excitement of Stephen's success were tremendous, Jane recalled. He began to accept more speaking engagements and visited the United States again in the winter of 1976. In some ways, it was a difficult trip.


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[Assistant] Often when he arrived to speak in an auditorium, there was no handicapped access to the stage. Friends and fellow scientists had to lift him up to it in his heavy wheelchair.


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[Assistant] Stephen didn't enjoy arriving in this way, but he had a sense of mischief.


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[Assistant] Sometimes when he was introduced, he zoomed forward in his chair at top speed. People gasped in horror, certain he would fall off the stage, but Stephen managed to stop at the very edge.


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[Assistant] Although he lightened his lectures with jokes, his speech had become so slurred that it was difficult to understand. Many people had to rely on others to interpret what he had said.


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[Assistant] At the end of one speech in Boston, Stephen reminded the audience of one of Albert Einstein's favorite sayings, God doesn't play dice. Einstein had used these words to oppose the uncertainty principle.


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[Assistant] According to this principle, we cannot determine the cause of everything that happens in the universe.


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[Assistant] Even as more and more scientists came to believe in the uncertainty principle, Einstein refused to accept it. There had to be a reason for everything that happened. And if there was, sooner or later scientists would discover it.


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[Assistant] On the other hand, Stephen was firmly convinced of the uncertainty principle. His theory of black holes was based upon it. Stephen had an answer for Albert Einstein.


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[Assistant] God not only plays dice, Stephen declared, he sometimes throws them where they can't be seen.


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[Assistant] Like Einstein, Stephen believed that someday a great theory of physics would be discovered.


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[Assistant] But he did not believe that theory would do away with uncertainty.


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[Assistant] A certain amount of uncertainty is built into the very fabric of the universe.


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[Assistant] Stephen's US lectures brought him lots of publicity, but he was becoming a hit in Great Britain too.


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[Assistant] The British Broadcasting Company, BBC, made a special documentary on Stephen, The Key to the Universe.


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[Assistant] Millions of British people tuned in to watch it.


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[Assistant] Officials at Cambridge felt it was time to give Stephen more responsibility. They created a special position in gravitational physics for him in 1977.


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[Assistant] They also made him a full professor at Caius College.


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[Assistant] The year 1979 was especially busy and joyful for Stephen.


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[Assistant] He published a book to commemorate Einstein's 100th birthday on March 14, 1979. That same month, Jane gave birth to their third child, a little boy named Timothy.


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[Assistant] And one month after that, Stephen became the Lucasian professor at Cambridge's Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, D.A.M.T.P.


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[Assistant] About 310 years earlier, Sir Isaac Newton, who developed classical physics, had also been the Lucasian professor.


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[Assistant] A special ceremony was held to welcome Stephen to his new position.


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[Assistant] One of his students read aloud the lecture Stephen had prepared for the event.


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[Assistant] Is the end in sight for theoretical physics? Ask the title of Stephen's talk.


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[Assistant] Ever optimistic, Stephen hoped that a theory of everything would be found before the end of the 20th century.


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[Assistant] That left scientists only 21 years to tie everything together, but Stephen thought computers could help.


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[Assistant] Noting their rapid development, he imagined a time when computers wouldn't need humans to tell them what to do.


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[Assistant] So maybe, Stephen concluded with offbeat humor, the end is in sight for theoretical physicists, if not for theoretical physics.


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[Assistant] Stephen's new university position meant a great deal to him.


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[Assistant] Several months later, he realized he hadn't signed the historic record of Lucasian professors.


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[Assistant] Although he had little control over the muscles in his hand he insisted on doing so. Gripping the pen awkwardly he managed to slowly form the letters. It was the last time he signed his name.


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[Assistant] Dan's feeling sad from all this time that he's spending with the Colossus. Dan's feeling mad cause he has to climb up to the ceiling or he lost this.


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[Assistant] This man is about to be dropped the height of a 12 story building.


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[Assistant] All to explore our experience of time.


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[Assistant] Time drives every second of our lives in ways we can scarcely imagine.


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[Assistant] This is the quest to understand time and our place within it.


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[Assistant] It's a journey that starts with cutting edge discoveries into what makes us tick.


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[Assistant] And ends with the mind-boggling implications of cosmological time.


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[Assistant] It's a journey that reveals something extraordinary.


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[Assistant] The more we understand time, the more we find that it is time that makes us uniquely human.


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[Assistant] Time is the greatest force in our lives.


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[Assistant] We are all obsessed by time. We never can seem to get enough of it. Time is invisible. Time is untouchable. And yet time rules our lives.


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[Assistant] As a physicist, I've spent most of my life studying time, and I know it's one of the greatest mysteries in all of nature.


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[Assistant] We all know that time is out there, but we can't see it, feel it, taste it, touch it, or smell it.


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[Assistant] This is the story of personal time. The everyday time that shapes us as people.


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[Assistant] It's midnight on Newport Beach, just outside Los Angeles.


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[Assistant] I've come here to experience a remarkable feat of timing.


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[Assistant] These fish called grunnions are arriving here on this beach on this night within a precise two hour window.


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[Assistant] Within minutes, the hundreds have turned into thousands, all arriving right on cue.


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[Assistant] They have just two hours, just two hours to carry on the species. This is really an explicit sense of timing that they have, and they get it right every single time.


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[Assistant] Time is a force of nature that these creatures have to obey. And if they don't obey, then they simply don't reproduce at all. So time is more than simply an abstract concept. To them, time is life and death.


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[Assistant] The Grunyans achieved their remarkable timing by following cues from the moon and the tides.


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[Assistant] Their timing, however precise, is purely an instinct.


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[Assistant] But surely, we humans are different from the Grungans. We do what we want, when we want.


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[Assistant] We are separate from the animals. We think about time. We know about time.


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[Assistant] Our timing surely is driven by choice, not instinct. But is it possible?


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[Assistant] In 1962, one man decided to find out if we were unknowingly controlled by time.


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[Assistant] Michel Seif, a French geologist, went to live in a cave for two months, initially with the aim of studying a glacier.


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[Assistant] The decision to live without a watch, completely alone


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[Assistant] Isolated in his own world of time, Michel reported everything he did to a surface team.


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[Assistant] It wasn't long before Michelle had completely lost track of time.


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[Assistant] Despite the fact that Michel had lost track of time in his mind, the data on the surface began to reveal a pattern.


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[Assistant] Even after months of isolation, his body continued to follow a roughly 24 hour cycle of sleeping and waking.


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[Assistant] Astonishingly, something was controlling his timing from within.


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[Assistant] Michelle Seif's experiment had proven for the first time that it isn't only animals who are slaves to their body clock.


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[Assistant] For us too, time is an inbuilt biological mechanism controlling our behavior.


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[Assistant] It makes sense to me that our sleeping and waking will be controlled by the body clock.


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[Assistant] But, since Sief's experiment, scientists are discovering that time plays a much bigger part than we'd ever realized.


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[Assistant] He says one reason this is a great country is because we build bridges instead of bombing them.


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[Assistant] My uncle must have a very good business to live in a place like this. Why don't you get rich, Buzz?


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[Assistant] You were about to say? Oh, yes. Well, Mr. Blair, I came to withdraw some money. You know, like those people you showed me.


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[Assistant] That's silly. If I wanted to take it out, why would I put it in?


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[Assistant] I understand now. Banks only lend money to people who have money. Even if they've spent it on something else.


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[Assistant] The under-16s are at Chelsea's Academy in Cobham for a London derby.


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[Assistant] Soon after Steve's scouting trip, Maldini was offered a trial at Haerland and began training with the 16s.


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[Assistant] While the Talent ID team are confident in Maldini's ability, his inclusion is also key to the development of other Academy talents.


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[Assistant] For Maldini, time is of the essence. As he joined relatively late in the year, academy management only have a few weeks to decide on his scholarship, when this decision process would ideally be formulated over years.


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[Assistant] The group stage was full of highs and lows, but now the boys can fully focus on the knockouts.


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[Assistant] In more news around international call-ups, Ethan is selected to play for England under 16s. And goalkeeper Alexi gets the call-up from the Columbia youth team and he travels to South America to represent them for the first time.


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[Assistant] After a positive trial period, Zack was signed up by the club. But the boys' focus on their education hasn't wavered.


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[Assistant] The Arsenal side features a number of boys from the under-16s who are playing up, such as Lewis, Ethan and Michael, but also Maldini, who has continued to impress throughout his trial, but is still awaiting his scholarship decision.


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[Assistant] At first, when she returned, Sykes noticed nothing unusual about her. Fagin, with his sharp suspicious eyes, would have noticed something at once.


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[Assistant] No, you're not going to- You wouldn't do that.


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[Assistant] Well, I'm studying at Oxford University. But nothing exciting ever happens there. That's why I'm in London for a few days. But it's boring here too, isn't it? In London? I asked, surprised. I think it's wonderful. There's so much to do and see. I've just been to the theatre. The actors were


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[Assistant] It does me good to see your fresh, innocent face so full of excitement. Now, let me see. Which room are you staying in? Number 44. It's rather high up, I confessed, blushing. They've put you in number 44? I'll soon change that.


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[Assistant] I thought happily of the next few days, which Steerforth and I were planning to spend together.


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[Assistant] You do not become bad players after 80 minutes in there.


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[Assistant] But if you really, really reflect on it, it will help you get where you want to be. We're proud of what you've done so far. That can't happen again. Because that's not an Arsenal performance.


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[Assistant] Sometimes a big pitch can give you the illusion of time. You might think you've got more time than you have.


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[Assistant] Irony is if we use the ball quickly on a big pitch, we're going to punish teams even more.


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[Assistant] Never, ever has it been more prevalent that saying that we like to use one if you can, two if you can't, three if you must.


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[Assistant] We can start to feel sorry for ourselves and beat ourselves up, and that's when we start yapping at each other, or we can roll our sleeves out and recognise what a great opportunity this is to improve. Because we've had some really good chances, haven't we? And the only chance that, that really we've conceded, and that's going to happen, right? That happens on match of the day, happens at this level.


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[Assistant] Beat yourself up about anything that's transpired out there, because we're writing a game. Show what we've got that badge on our shirt, and we'll get back in this game. I promise.


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[Assistant] What a ball that is. Aidan, terrific! Much better!


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[Assistant] Listen, there's nothing I can say that's going to make you feel any worse than what you're feeling right now. I have to say that second half performance, you know, it's nowhere near where we need to be. Nowhere near.


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[Assistant] Second half we got absolutely what we deserved. Our attitude. That, you know, baseline prerequisite if you're gonna be any success in anything you do.


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[Assistant] The attitude stunk, fellas. Get home safely. Have a good think tonight. Don't leave that in there, because the learning is magnificent for us tonight. You do not become bad players after 80 minutes in there.


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[Assistant] But if you really, really reflect on it, it will help you get where you want to be. We're proud of what you've done so far, that can't happen again. Because that's not an arsehole performance. Aidan, come outside. Listen mate, you can't be talking to people like that on that pitch. Especially Sweetie and people like that. Eh, come on.


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[Assistant] So, you have to think about how you communicate with people and look at yourself first.


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[Assistant] Yeah? Is that fair? I want to talk to you man to man. I'm not going to shout at you. This is for you to get better. Because I think you're a marvellous player. I'll just leave you in there getting changed. Yeah? Okay? Thank you.


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[Assistant] They're young lads. They do show their emotions when they win or when they lose. And it's up to us as staff to role model the behavior and the values that we're after. Win, lose or draw. There's more barometers for success other than just the result.


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[Assistant] So, it's finding that balance where the lads are, uh,


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[Assistant] Get yourself out there and be your best self. And we're here to support you. As always, we'll back you to the hilt. Let's go and be the best Arsenal team we can be, yeah?


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[Assistant] We want to roar over the line and finish strong and take that into the next round. And I'm a bit gutted for you that we've kind of crept out of the group with a little whimper, haven't we?


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[Assistant] A brakeman found him just after midnight. He was dying when they brought him in. He wanted to say something and we took this down and he went into a coma. Will he recover his senses? Extremely doubtful. The corner of the shovel got him in the temple. He'll be gone in a couple of hours. And this in effect is a deathbed statement. I'll have to turn it over to the police, Dave. That means the newspapers. I thought you might want to break it to Tom Ransom, his wife, first. But you'll have to hurry. Thanks, doctor.


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[Assistant] I think they learn that vulnerability is also a part of leading when you get it wrong, when you put your hands up. I think then when you're demanding more of others.


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[Assistant] They can, they can accept it more from you, because you also admit you're not perfect, but none of us are.


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[Assistant] 45 seconds. Exactly. That's a big lie. We see Jason Lloyd is coming with us remotely today. Jason, how are you? What's going on?


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[Assistant] Obviously the big news of the day, G, was what was announced yesterday that the Shawn Watson suspension will be appealed.


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[Assistant] Maybe, we all thought it wouldn't happen. I can't remember if you didn't think it would happen, Mike. No, I thought it would happen. You thought it would happen. Mike was the only one. The rest of us, I think maybe conned ourselves into believing it wasn't going to happen. Gee, I know you have some first thoughts on this.


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[Assistant] Wow. Powerful stuff. Well said. I have, you know, nothing for us to say about that. No. I don't know.


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[Assistant] I mean, uh, G made his point, I don't know, we need to, but I do have, I do have, uh, one thing, do you want to call out?


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[Assistant] Yeah, and I think when you look at the Ben Roethlisberger situation,


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[Assistant] Even that's not the same. Actually what Roblesberger was accused of is far more serious than what Deshaun Watson's accused of. However, you talk about different amount of numbers. I don't know if that matters because ultimately the league in this case


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[Assistant] That issue, and obviously we weren't planning on talking about that, but you brought it up so I do want to talk about it before we get back to the Watson appeal, but it's such a complicated issue how to solve this problem of


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[Assistant] Lack of black coach representation in the NFL. And obviously there's racism there. That doesn't mean all the owners are racist. Obviously all the owners are not racist. But what I said yesterday is if you're a 70 year old white guy


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[Assistant] And you, and your, and your circle of people is a bunch of old white guys, then even if you consciously have no racism, like you're not, you're not a racist, right? You don't think any bad things about black people or whatever.


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[Assistant] And so you may not be overtly racist at all. You may not be racist at all, and yet it's still an inherent advantage for the white coach. And I don't know how to solve that problem. Jason, solve all the


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[Assistant] Uh, Jason, let's, let's jump in with you on Deshaun Watson here.


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[Assistant] Uhm, why do you think the NFL decided to appeal ultimately? Like what's, what's going, whoever's ultimate decision this was, Roger Goodell, Consortium of Owners, why do you think they ultimately decided to do it? Because,


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[Assistant] If they don't appeal, even though there's some back, there's some verbal and written backlash, the story essentially goes away if they don't appeal.


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[Assistant] Right? I mean it's not, it's, we're no longer waiting for anything at this point.


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[Assistant] And instead the story is going to now continue endlessly. So why do you think they did it?


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[Assistant] You know, you said, Jason, you're happy that the report from Florio is that it'll be somebody outside of the league. I think we're all happy to hear that. However, do we have faith that this person, whoever it may be, is going to be as impartial as Judge Robinson? Because I'm skeptical. Mike?


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[Assistant] We didn't, at the time when we were worried about a lockout, we were looking at like salary cap and all these things. We weren't really looking at this. This was an afterthought for us at the time. We weren't looking at every detail. I can't for the life of me,


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[Assistant] The players have put themselves in this situation. And if I'm Judge Robinson, I'm ticked that as Jason said before, cause I've been, I feel like I've been used as a pawn.


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[Assistant] I think a big difference with the NBA though is, correct me if I'm wrong, Jason.


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[Assistant] The players and David, not David Stern, and Adam Silver have a pretty good relationship, right? I mean, there's mutual respect there, I believe, as opposed to the NFL.


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[Assistant] That's what she said pretty much. Sue's out! By the way, the fake, uh, Sue Robinson on Twitter, have you guys seen this? Yes, I have. I just found out that I know, I know the person who, well I don't know the person, but I know the, uh, the person's boyfriend.


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[Assistant] Well, part of their beef is they want him out for the Texans game. Which, if that's true, that's absurd, number one. Number two, it's once again proof that they're not doing anything noble, it's all about BR. Number three, why wouldn't they have made that game earlier in the year? I'm gonna remain at least somewhat optimistic. Uh, I know everybody's doom and gloom right now, and I get it. I understand the doom and gloom about him playing.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna say that it ends up being 8 games, as I was saying all along, they had 2 more games.


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[Assistant] We're gonna go to Mary Kay, but guys, game, how many games it's gonna end up being if you had to guess? Man, I, I would say...


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[Assistant] Mary Kay, how are you? Good to see you. What's going on?


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[Assistant] I would, I would argue that, you know, 12 games has been mentioned. You just mentioned it got brought up, Mary Kay. In a way, don't you think 12 games is the worst case scenario? Not for Watson.


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[Assistant] But 12 games is really the worst case scenario for the Brown, because if he's suspended for the whole year, the only good thing about that


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[Assistant] Is that his contract holds. And so you still have him under team control for five years. Whereas if it's 12 games, the season is, in my opinion, sunk. You never know. But in my opinion, it's sunk if it's 12 games. And yet, you s- you still really only have him for four years. So, if you were the Brown, down deep,


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[Assistant] If the suspension was going to be 12 games, would you rather it just be the whole season, or do you think they wouldn't do that?


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[Assistant] Mary Kay, do you think, uhm, you know, I conned myself into believing there'd be no appeal, so I'm gonna, maybe I'm conning myself into this too, that maybe the compromise is


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[Assistant] They either don't add any additional games or maybe only go to eight, but add a massive fine. Is that realistic in any way or no?


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[Assistant] I finally remember my question, uh, with wide receiver. Cause you mentioned Amari Cooper. And obviously he's banged up. They've had a whole, although it seems like every wide receiver on the team has been banged up in this training camp. We already thought they needed another wide receiver. Are you, I mean, I know it's early in training camp, but are you surprised they still have not done anything? I mean, should we just...


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[Assistant] Be resigned to the fact that they are not going to add a veteran or at some point might they still.


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[Assistant] Mary Kay, great insight as always. Uh, I'm gonna be, I'm gonna get myself out to camp in a couple of weeks. So it'll be good to see you in person. Thank you for joining us. We'll talk to you again soon.


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[Assistant] Okay, now, I think that's, I'm glad you ended it with that one, G, because I want to get to that, because a few minutes ago, guys, uh, I, I said, well, if they're going to suspend him for 12 games, it might be better for the Browns for him to be gone for the year to toll the contract. And after I said that, I said,


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[Assistant] Ultimately, I think if he, let's say it's 12 games, because we, there was reporting that the league was willing to go 12 games, okay? So let's say that ends up being what it is, not the whole year it's 12 games. Now, if Jacoby presets the quarterback,


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[Assistant] And he plays 12 games, they will probably not make the playoffs. That's what I think. Okay, I want you guys to all chime in. No. That's what I think.


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[Assistant] Through 12 games. And at that point, I would go, I would, if I'm the Browns, go get Jimmy Garoppolo, have Brissetta as my backup,


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[Assistant] And I would, and I would hope that, you know, I, Garoppolo's done a lot of winning. There's a lot of talent around him. I get it, Reset's been here, but Garoppolo's the better quarterback. He's had a lot of success in the league. He's not a great talent.


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[Assistant] I hear what you guys are saying, and Jason G, you're right about them not liking, or you know, when it was talk about, but that was with Jimmy G replacing Baker. To me, Jimmy G and Baker are the same level of quarterback. Jimmy G's just been a better winner overall, because he's had better coaching and whatever.


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[Assistant] But, like, it's not about Jimmy vs. Baker anymore, it's about Jimmy vs. Brissette. Frankly, if I'm the Browns, and I, I'm, I'm, again, this is a unique circumstance if it's a 12 game suspension.


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[Assistant] You're gonna stick with percent with 6, even if it's 8 at this point, you'd probably stick with percent. I think 12 takes it to another level. But, and if it's 12, if I can't get Jimmy G,


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[Assistant] I know this is crazy with everything they've been through already and we've talked about this briefly before half choking, but I am calling Drew Brees. I am calling Philip Rivers. I am calling anybody that I think is better than Jacoby Percet because I got a very talented team and I want to give it the best chance possible to be even


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[Assistant] If the salary cap's an issue, and I'm Andrew Berry, I'm going to Deshaun Watson, I'm saying, listen Deshaun, we're changing your contract for next year.


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[Assistant] Throughout the process, D'Shauna's representatives have abided by the newly created and agreed upon process for the NFLPA and the NFL to defer.


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[Assistant] And he will continue the work needed to show he's on and off the field and will continue to support him. He doesn't care about these women, we all know that. That, that, listen, it's football, it's business, we get it.


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[Assistant] But, uh, to some degree. But here's the thing. In this statement, either, I can say with 100% certainty, either he lied or he's saying that Sean Watson is a liar. Right. Because he's saying, in this statement, there it is, we can't read it there, but there it is,


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[Assistant] It's alright. Get out of your jeweler's loop and get near your computer screen. And I shouldn't say he because it says from the Haslums.


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[Assistant] So, either he's lying that Deshaun is remorseful, or he's saying Deshaun is lying, because Deshaun Watson publicly has never apologized, never shown remorse, uh, because he says he's done nothing wrong. And if he's, and if he truly believes and thinks he did nothing wrong, then what does he have to be remorseful for?


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[Assistant] There you go. And Robert was going to be in studio with us, which we really appreciate, but we're in extra COVID precaution right now. That's why we're separated here. So unfortunately we couldn't see Robert person, but we appreciate him joining us. How are you?


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[Assistant] We're happy if you, if you want to eat during the interview, that's okay with us. Robert, obviously the Sean Washington situation is a mess. The league doesn't look good. He doesn't look good. The Browns don't look good. Fans are fighting with each other. It's a, it's a burden for everybody. It's, you know, what do you make of this whole situation and where we are right now?


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[Assistant] Robert, uh, I know you, uh, are doing our top five today, which we're going to get to in a minute, which is the top five players you played with.


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[Assistant] This is just in the NFL, he's top 5, right, Robert? It's the top 5 toughest.


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[Assistant] That's just the top five players. Top five toughest players you play with in the NFL. So I'm looking forward to that. But before we get to that, a guy I'm sure you know, uh, I don't know how well you know him personally, but you certainly know.


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[Assistant] Uh, who he is. Chuck Kyle, the legendary St. Ignatius high school football coach is, this is his last year. He's going to be coaching his last season. I think he's been coaching there 113 years.


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[Assistant] So, and he was in studio with us, I think it was last week, if I remember correctly. And he did, he got to do a top five with us and he picked the five best players that he ever coached against.


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[Assistant] And he's coached against who knows how many hundreds of players over the years. And one of the guys he picked in his top five is somebody you might know well. Let's hear what he had to say.


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[Assistant] It's a great point, yeaah. Maybe they can readjust, you know, teams adjust to how the defenses have. All right, Mikey, let's get to the top five from Robert. Looking forward to this one.


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[Assistant] Legends. I like the Beach Boys. Yep, Pet Sounds, one of the best albums of all time. So top 5 toughest players that Roberts played with.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, he was a badass as a player. No doubt about it. Nice. He'll like seeing that. Good call. He'll probably be offended he's not number one.


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[Assistant] Great list, Robert. Man, that is an awesome list. Those are Robert Smith's five toughest teammates. He'd know. I can't, I gotta be honest, the last guy, I don't even remember him. That's the best picture we had.


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[Assistant] Limited sample though. But in the big sample group, I am dominating at the moment.


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[Assistant] How do you predict preseason football? However, I'm assuming that the Raiders, since the Raiders are a better team than the Jaguars, that their backups will be better than the Jaguars' backups, and so that's why they can win the game.


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[Assistant] Gee, you had bad bet on this. I think it's gonna get sloppy.


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[Assistant] Before that, I did see this breaking news. Deontay Johnson steals wide receivers.


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[Assistant] Just signed a two-year extension, so he was going to be a free agent at the end of 22, and the Steelers don't often lock up their wide receivers. They don't spend a lot of money, they let guys go, and they usually do nothing elsewhere, but a two-year extension for Deontay Johnson, so they got him for at least three more years. You mentioned the Busby press conference.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I don't think he's gonna comment on that. I mean, he looked, I've said it before, he looked. Do we have a picture of Busby that we can put up or no?


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[Assistant] Fair enough. I've said before, he looks like the lawyer for the Russian mob. And, uh, so maybe this is unrelated to Michelle Watson. Maybe there's some Russian mobsters. Maybe it's the Brittany Greiner.


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[Assistant] Let me ask, let me ask, let me ask Mike this, cause Mike is the, I think the biggest cab fan on the show.


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[Assistant] As a Cavs fan, down deep, if you're honest with me, are you expecting LeBron to come back? Are you hoping? Or is he not even on the radar?


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[Assistant] What's even more amazing about that is that the majority of the fans on Twitter and the phones agreed with me. So they were as dumb as I was. Those are the fans on Twitter and the phones. Now I've of course realized, oh my god, that's the dumbest thing I've ever said on the radio and I've said plenty of dumb things. But, and so now of course I'd want him back, especially as a free agent, where you wouldn't have to give up anything to get him.


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[Assistant] So I think as a Cavs fan, don't you have to be rooting for the Lakers to not be able to acquire Durant or Kyrie? Because if they get those guys, it's more likely that he stays? Or is that not true?


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[Assistant] But Jason, just to reiterate, you think it's either Lakers or Cavs. You don't see any other situation.


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[Assistant] Let's get some tampering going. Yes sir. Alright guys, let's get to our final takes. Uh, Jason, you're gonna start us off today, final takes. Hopefully you're prepared for it. If you're not, uh, well you gotta make it up and go. Here we go, you're up.


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[Assistant] Yesterday, uh, actually, it was two days ago, on Tuesday, we lost.


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[Assistant] In my opinion, the greatest broadcaster of all time, and that was 94 year old, 95 year old, Vin Scully. 94? Vin Scully, like,


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[Assistant] When I was a kid, I always wanted to do something in sports.


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[Assistant] When I was a young kid, I figured everybody in my family was a teacher, so I thought I'd probably just be a gym teacher or something like that, right? But then as I got to like eight or nine or ten, whatever it was, I was like, I gotta do something really in sports.


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[Assistant] And I didn't even think about being a sports talk show host because in 1980, I didn't even know there was such a thing. There certainly wasn't that in New York.


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[Assistant] And before I ever thought about being a sports talk show host, all I wanted to do was baseball play by play.


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[Assistant] That was my only dream as a kid. I used to play, uh, for those of you who love baseball, there were board games, dice games called Strat-O-Matic, which is still around, Pursue the Pennant, there's a bunch of games. And I would sit and I'd create my teams and I'd roll the dice and I'd call the games as if I were doing play-by-play.


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[Assistant] And as a young man, you know, growing up in New York in the 70s and 80s, we didn't have cable TV. I didn't, I don't think I had cable TV until I was in my 20s. Uhm, I don't think cable TV was available in, in Brooklyn, where I live.


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[Assistant] So, uh, what did we do? Well, you know, you had your six local channels and I, we had good broadcasters in New York.


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[Assistant] But then I'd try to pick up other guys on the radio, but I never heard Vin Scully initially as a young kid. I would hear the great broadcasters in New York, like Bob Murphy, uh, Bill White, Phil Rizzuto. I would listen to Harry Callis out of Philadelphia, who's, who's great.


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[Assistant] Obviously we have tremendous play-by-play guys here, not only now in Cleveland, but in the history. Cleveland is very rich with great play-by-play guys. And I love them all. But nobody.


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[Assistant] Nobody painted the picture and told the story better than Vin Scully. He, eventually he was on the national scene, he did Major League Baseball, you know, he did the World Series, he did NFL games, he did it all.


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[Assistant] And the way he would, he never felt rushed. He never felt like, you never felt like he was being phony. He was telling stories and his timing was immaculate. And he made you feel like what you were watching was the most important thing you could ever be possibly watching.


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[Assistant] Historic moments ago. Remember, this guy was calling, he just stopped calling Dodger games six years ago.


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[Assistant] He was calling Dodgers games when they were in Brooklyn! Okay? They left Brooklyn in the 50s!


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[Assistant] Vin Scully, uh, was magnificent as a Dodgers broadcaster, national broadcaster. Some of the things that I remember, of course.


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[Assistant] Not that I was alive for this, but I remember listening back to over the years. The Sandy Koufax perfect game. He of course, the very famous call that people remember of Hank Aaron setting the home run record is Milo Hamilton who was the broadcaster.


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[Assistant] for the Braves, but they were playing the Dodgers and so Vin Scully has a call of that one and it's really go listen to Vin Scully's call of Hank Aaron's


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[Assistant] Record setting home run. I don't know if everybody's heard it. You gotta hear it. It's magnificent. I won't even.


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[Assistant] Do it justice, so I won't say it. Cause I'm gonna try, I'm gonna try to do one of his calls and I'm gonna ruin it. But on and on the list goes. There's amazing. But the all time, I think when you think of Vince Cully more than anything else.


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[Assistant] It's the home run by Kirk Gibson in the World Series. And he does this whole preamble because Gibson was hurt. Gibson was a great player playing for the Dodgers. He was late in his career. He was hurt. He was not in the lineup that day.


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[Assistant] He comes off the bench, he's hobbling to the plate, and Scully's doing this whole setup to his at bat, obviously not knowing what was going to happen.


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[Assistant] I would get the MLB extra innings and I would watch Dodger games just to hear Vin Scully still call games and he did them for years by himself. Not because he was arrogant and didn't want somebody with him.


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[Assistant] But it was because, I don't know, I don't know. He loved it and he was good at it. Yea, he was just amazing. Nobody did baseball better. And I think he was voted by, I don't know who voted this, but he was voted as the best sports broadcaster ever. I think he is. Wow.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I'm sad I'm missing out. I'm gonna be on vacation, so I'm off for a week. I'll be back next Friday. So you guys have a great time without me. I will miss you all. Do not get sick. Get yourself together. I'm getting on a plane. My plane leaves in five hours. I cannot get sick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Absolutely 100%. This is an absolute battle between these two entities. And it was one of the perhaps unintended consequences of the reformation of the policy, uh, that it just gets ugly between the NFLPA and the NFL now. And this thing is contentious.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but there's something that can happen before that. That's what I think should happen. And that is that the two sides should get together and negotiate again, get back to the negotiating table and come up with something that works for everyone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I'll tell you what, there, there is, there's a little bit of, of just ambiguity in the policy about whether or not the contract would toll. And I've been trying to get an answer on this for a long time. In the new policy, the revised policy,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Um, but you know, I think come at it from this stan they had to come back at i for a minimum of a year, sit down and negotiate ag really kind of, I believe


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can't come in at 12 and hope to end up at 12. You've got to come in at a year and hope to end up somewhere that you can feel comfortable with and the same thing with the NFLPA.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, once again, it comes down to whether or not he is banished.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's why I think it is important to try to figure out what the distinction is between the two, because if he is suspended for a finite number of games or maybe even the indefinite number, uh, there is a world in which he can still practice through training camp.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I don't think the NFL would have gone, uh, to this extent to get two more games. I think they're going to try to get more than, than two for sure. Uh, and I do think that they want a substantial fine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there are many different ways that you can work that out. You know, maybe you take some of the games from last year and add that into the suspension and take some money away from him from last year so to speak.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but I do think that they want him, uh, you know, to hurt a little bit in the pocketbook in this situation. They want some money out of him. They don't want just $57,500.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, I think at that point, they probably would as an organization have to put their heads together and really ask themselves if they can accomplish their goals this season because the rest of the roster is ready to roll and you have to make sure that you have that position right. And they would have to go back, you know, to maybe to the film room and decide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Would Jimmy Garoppolo be better than Jacoby Brissette? Yes. Is there anybody else you can think of?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, so you know, I don't think we can rule it out. It's not something that's been front burner for them. It's something that they have not really necessarily wanted to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But they also did not think that the suspension was going to be much longer than six to eight games. And I do believe they felt like they could get through six to eight games and then finish the season off with Deshaun. If he's out for the entire season or 12 games or maybe even 10 games, I do think that you have to revisit it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if it's filed in New York, they probably will feel very confident about the outcome. And I'm sure the, you know, the NFLPA will try to file it somewhere where they feel that they'll have a much better chance of winning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they're not going to stop. And the same thing with the NFLPA. The NFLPA I'm sure will file the suit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] alpha dog competition going on and you know, I've been seeing batted


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you know, David Najoku, it's not like, you know, th there without Deshawn on still some really, really


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] uh, but the defense is wil and uh, and carry this te that it has to. And I th some of the young guys tha to really have amazing sec so much reasons for optim


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] way too many reps. Uh, so they really feel good abo that David will be back th back. He was running some looks pretty good. Um, I'


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you know, there are out there right now, but s in the cuts. So I would b for another veteran becau would happen if Amari goes time? He's pretty much an never know. So I would add I would keep my eyes peeled


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So after helping the McCorbers to pack their few clothes and waving goodbye to them at the coach station on their way to Devon, I went to the warehouse for my last day at work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I did not tell anyone I would not be coming back the following week.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the evening I packed my case and put the ten shillings in the little purse Peggy had once given me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I looked around for someone to help me with my case, which was rather heavy for me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And saw a tall young man with a horse and cart passing by.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Could you please take my case to the coach station? I asked him politely. The young man put the case into his cart. Then, looking round quickly to make sure there were no witnesses, he pushed me roughly against the wall and took my purse out of my trembling hand. Before I could say a word,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He had driven the horse and cart down the road and out of sight round the corner. I knew I would never see him, my case, or my ten shillings again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Gave you here was a high stakes situation, but there are many algorithms right now that decides our everyday decisions. They tell us...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What to read, what to watch, what to buy, and even whom to date.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm not gonna say that the black boxes are bad. They are here for many reasons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So they are here to protect intellectual property of companies. They are trying to prevent malicious users from gaming the system. And more importantly, they try to provide users with an


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Easy and effortless interaction with the system. You don't want to overwhelm users with all of the details of an algorithmic system because it's not even comprehensible for even some developers of the system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But today I'm gonna try to show you that wall black box design as a traditional design, particularly in human-computer interaction,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Look, uh, look helpful for users. In many cases, it can actually cause some misinformed behavior.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm gonna show you that this misinformed behavior doesn't happen when there is bias, like my case. There are cases that there is no bias in the algorithm, but still it can cause misinformed behavior.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a few years ago, a large group of Facebook users started to build an app that actually could block automatically.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Moms post about their babies or like pictures of that that they don't see. They're kind of exhausted with seeing a lot of moms posting their newborns' babies' pictures.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, Meredith Morris, who actually was a new mom that year, started, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Questioning this assumption that new moms actually increase their activity and posting a lot of babies photos. So she did some research and she found that actually moms, particularly new moms' activities on social media decreases very significantly after the babies birth for at least a year or two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the question was that who caused this misperception? Because many of these users either blocked their friends who were moms manually or via that app.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And she found that there is a Facebook news feed curation algorithm that tries to filter or prioritize posts in people's feeds. And one of the reasons, and one of the uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, ways that they, the algorithm works is that it considers the number of like, tensions, like in terms of likes or comments the posts get.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Photos of babies usually get a lot of comments, of course, particularly newborns because they are events, live events, that also kind of affects the algorithm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Algorithm then shows these posts over and over and prioritize it on people's feet, giving this perception that these moms, like, are acting very actively in this system.


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[Assistant] However, many of these users lack of awareness about this kind of manipulation on their feed.


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[Assistant] Or at least mitigate such misinformed behaviors in algorithmic systems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] During recent years, there have been a huge literature, uh, on how we can detect bias or discrimination in algorithmic systems, how we can create fairer or more comfortable algorithms, but something that is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Less understudied, less studied and understudied here is the role of design.


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[Assistant] Meaning that how designing an opaque algorithmic system can actually affect user's interaction with the system.


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[Assistant] And what are the roots of a misinformed behavior because of the opacity of this, uh, uh, algorithmic systems?


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[Assistant] So in this talk, I try to convince you by walking through a series of projects to show you that while designing these algorithms and making them as much as unbiased as possible is very important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's as important, if not more, to build a proper communication between users and the system. Because if they don't know there is an algorithm, or if they know there is an algorithm, they don't know how it works as much as they need to know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They can have a good communication with the system and it can still cause misinformed behavior.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So to do so, my goal is showing that how we can design some algorithmic, uh, kind of redesigning algorithmic systems that add transparency and inform interaction with users without getting in the way of the users. So that's the main important thing here is that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very important thing because if users become overwhelmed with transparency.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or like what's going on in the system, their interaction again would be interrupted.


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[Assistant] And in this talk I'm going to show you through three series of projects I've done during my PhD as a few steps towards getting to this goal. The first step, as you can guess, to understand how we can build a better design, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to show you the next two projects and now how we can help users to have a better algorithm sense making with the systems by designing for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And also finding the right level of transparency. How much we want to give users information about what's going on inside the black box.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And through all these projects, I want to show you that if we add enough transparency, which I'm gonna tell you how,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it can mitigate misinformed behaviors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So as I said at the first step, we need to know what's the current state, how users make sense of these algorithmic systems in the world. So for that, we need to find


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, what are the algorithmic impacts, and then how users behave around these impacts and how we can understand, how they understand the system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, in terms of, uh, understanding the impacts of algorithmic systems, I'm going to use bias as just a case. So this talk is not about bias, while it's very important, and I've actually worked on many projects about this, but the focus of this talk is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On algorithmic interaction between users and algorithmic systems, and BIOS is a kind of an algorithmic impact.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Use, uh, algorithm auditing as a way that during recent years has been used to understand the different biases an algorithmic system can have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So today I'm going to talk about, at this part of the talk, I'm going to talk about the rating platforms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and their algorithms because they are a group of socio-technical systems that are very powerful in deciding the success or failure of a business.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what they do is that they use algorithms to determine, like, the rating of a business. And let me, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tell you, like, how powerful these examples are. For example, here, uh, research has shown that, uh, only half a star


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These rating algorithms, as one can imagine, we think that they just get all the ratings of users as input and just calculate an average. But that's not the case in most of the systems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example here, Amazon says that look, we have an algorithm that considers many factors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a kind of a machine learning algorithm that considers like, for example, the age of the review, if it got helpful results or if it's actually verified purchase and many other features that you don't know how they are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, working together to, uh, build a final rating.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, like many other opaque algorithmic systems, because these are, these algorithms are opaque, we don't know how they work, and there are many legitimate reasons for that, for example, not gaming the system,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Users argue that these algorithms could be biased and can actually hurt their businesses, particularly


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had an initial investigation and I found that there might be a bias in them is Booking.com. How many of you heard of Booking.com? Okay, nice. Almost everyone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's a hotel rating platform. It actually is the largest hotel rating platform in the US that people use to find and book hotels.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm gonna show you what that initial investigation showed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the interface that if you purchase the hotel via booking.com, you are allowed to use to rate the hotel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as you see is that you'll give a rating to different features of the hotel and then it calculates a final rating. And the ratings in hotel platforms are usually between 1 and 10. And that's kind of a norm within this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Reviews that are supposed to be in the very pool.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the right side, they go actually to poor, or like higher. Because the 2.5 is the lowest, so most of them actually go up to 3, which is on the not very poor area.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I was wondering that do users know about that and also how this actually affects hotels ratings? Is it just maybe a miscalculation of the minimum? Does it skew everything up, up to 10 that they can? So I did some research and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as you see, if you look at the ratings, so this black line is booking.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For those hotels that are like kind of under 7 rating, that they are called in the hotel industry as medium hotels or low to medium quality hotels,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Their, uh, kind of, uh, ratings scoot up like to about 37%. Meaning that if you are on booking.com and you look at a hotel that it says it's 7 from 10, it's actually about 5. It's not that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is consistent with all the hotels until they have to get to the same point at this point. So, my question was that, do users know about this bias?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And how they behave around that, like how they make sense of this algorithmic impact on their interaction with the system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I first needed to find if users were aware of this to understand their behavior. So I kind of resorted to my own experience. So the way I found about this bias...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I was new to the US, so I went on booking.com and I saw a Motel 6 that had a 7.5 rating. And I said, people say Motel 6 is bad, how bad it could be. So, and I'm really flexible, so I thought I just wanted to go to conference. So I went there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Stopped working, I didn't have an air conditioner, I didn't have a fridge.


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[Assistant] Like, it was noisy, I couldn't sleep the whole, uh, like three nights I was there. So even I'm not that much of a reviewer. I went there and I wrote a review. And I tried to give everything the lowest, but I could not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I was so angry so I started doing this research and I found this and it was during my own research on these socio-technical systems. So I thought that maybe some people had the same experience. Maybe they tried to give it something lowest or at least some score that they expected to be there and they could not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I did is that I started looking at ratings of people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And looking at the reviews, if I saw they mentioned something like bias or talking about something miscalculation or misinterpretation and I found


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to show you here what resulted in this awareness was a mismatch between the reviewer's score and their expectations, similar to my experience. So this person, even if it's 7.5, this person did not want to say that this hotel is this good. So, but they got the score calculated by the algorithm. And I started analyzing this user's


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Comments, like they, uh, on the website, to see how they behaved around the system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I found is that they use their reviews, which were supposed to be about the hotel stay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To raise awareness about the problem of the system itself. So other than just talking about the hotel only, they were talking about the booking.com and how it manipulated users' experience to show bad hotels better. That people can go and, uh, purchase them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they did that through, uh, three, uh, kinds of practices, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, they try to look in the black box, which is kind of normal. I did the same.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They said that, like for example, I looked at what the score of your algorithm comes up if I give everything the lowest and it still comes to 2.5 rather than 0.1. Which sounds that the range is manipulated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then they tried to fix the algorithm by their own way. So they could not fix anything in terms of the calculation, but they tried to use their review to announce the real score. So the score that the algorithm calculated was there, but they said like, for example, look, my score is not 8.8, it's actually something about 7 in my mind.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like, like three, but it gave eight, like this person, they try to change other responses to get to the lowest score that they can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this reflects actually previous research that they call it fixing or repairing the systems when users


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Use improvisations to fix a system when they cannot actually change the outputs of the system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And finally, some users stated that how much heartbroken they were with the Booking.com, particularly some of them that use the system a lot, but they never wrote a review to understand this biases.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like this person telling other users that do not trust the systems and some actually said that they're not going to use the website again because of this bias and assuming that there might be also other manipulations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, through all these actions, from trying to look into the black box to fix the algorithm, or actually letting others know about this problem,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What these users were actually doing were adding seams.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like some visibilities to the system. To give others some awareness about what's going on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, when they say, like, using the title, like, the system needs to give a 2.5, lower than 2.5, but it won't let me, they tried to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Use this as increasing visibility to the system for other users. And this manual practice actually


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is analogous to a practice that we use in design and it was suggested by researchers as a practical design suggestion. Which is called simple design. Meaning that when you have a black box system, you can add visi-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hint, visible hints disclosing some aspects of the automation process if you see there is some misinformed behavior going on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I asked that when users see a need for a simple design or adding seams to a system and it doesn't work properly, why we as researchers or developers of the systems don't do so in socio-technical systems using algorithms. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The question here was that where to add seams, how much seams, like how much visibility we want to add to the system. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To answer that, I turned to another rating platform, which is also infamous for my having a potential bias in this algorithm, Yelp, which I believe most of you know. It's a business rating system again for most restaurants.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This time I used Yale because Yale actually provides an extra opportunity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in Booking.com, users only had their reviews as the only way to comment on the algorithm. But Yelp actually provides a way that people can talk about, and it's supposed to talk about like your experience going to restaurants or businesses.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But users, I found that users actually use this system to talk about the algorithm itself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we collected, uh, hundreds of these posts from, uh, over seven years from many users and analyzed them qualitatively to understand what's user's demand, what they want to change in terms of where to add seams.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We found that users talked about two types of bias in this algorithmic system on yield. So yield rating algorithm, if you know about that,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What it does is a little bit different. It filters some reviews, so it's kind of a zero, so it gives ways to reviews. It's either zero or one. If it's zero, it's not calculated in the business reading. If it's one, it's just all calculated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's a bit different from Amazon, but it works in this way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or on the other side, if you advertise with Yelp, it filters your bad reviews and goes to the filtered page that users don't see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They could never, like, prove, or like, they never prove anything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But what happened is that many business makers, like hundreds of them,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually said that they got calls from Yale that says if you do advertising with us, we are going to like filter your negative reviews. So that's just a complaint.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It took many years, you helped settle that, but still people are talking about that, that they got the law of cause.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then, uh, this was one that many people talked about that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Yelp is the only one actually infamous for that, but we don't know if it's potential or not. The other one which actually shows something that is not potential is actually there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you are logged in with Yale, it's gonna show that your review of yourself is recommended to the user who wrote that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But all the other users, or if you are not even logged in as a guest, will see your review as filtered.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So meaning that if you are a user, you're not gonna get to know that your review is actually filtered. Which made people actually angrier because they thought that there is a kind of, uh, a deception going on here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, I'm not gonna talk about all the details of this, uh, part of this study, but I'm gonna just, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Turn your attention to one specific, like a specific theme that we found.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They had, they had arguments, like for example, Yelp needs to make this algorithm opaque, because if it doesn't make opaque, people are going to game the system, or like, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like other, other ideas that they try to convince other users. It was kind of a discussion. Let's say Yelp is doing a good job. But what we found is that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When everyone had either questions or defended,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The existence, the opacity in existence, the operation or opacity in operation of the algorithm, no one


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually particularly defended the opacity in existence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The algorithm should work in ways or the algorithm should be opaque in how it works. No one said that the algorithm should be opaque in its presence. Meaning that Yelp should not hide from users that there is an algorithm at work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this actually led us to kind of the start of the design of the systems, meaning that at the first step, users need to know there is an algorithm at work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we should go to the next step about how much we want to reveal to them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Second part of the talk which is about now how we want to design for users to give them some information about the presence of an algorithm and then help them to understand how the algorithm works to get some sense making process done. And I'm going to talk about two simple designs here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That, uh, during my PhD I, uh, I've built with help of my colleagues. And, uh, one of them is FeedViz, which is, uh, about Facebook news circulation algorithm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which shows users that if there was no algorithm at work filtering their feed, what post they would see. So kind of showing them the hidden post.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And also reveal, which is about the Yelp algorithm we just discussed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and showing users which reviews of them were actually filtered that they could not see other than they log out or logging from another user.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, today I'm going to just, uh, focus on feedwiz. The results we got from feedwiz and revealed by exposing users with today's algorithms impact were similar, so I'm going to focus on feedwiz mainly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And to build FeedWiz I used a Facebook API which during that time actually allowed me to extract all the stories of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All users, all friends of a user and then compare it with the user's newsfeed to see which of those stories actually appeared on the feed or not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then, with that, I, uh, designed, like, I did, like, a lab study.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Trying to see how users interacted with this interface, how much.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They could make sense of the algorithm by understanding what was filtered and what was not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What was surprising was that many of the users in this study did not know that their feed was filtered. They thought that whatever their friends posted on Facebook,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if they missed that, it's because maybe they scrolled past them or they just did not log in enough to look at them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, investigating that why these people did not know there is an algorithm. Some of them were using Facebook for 10 years. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We looked at their activity and understanding like if their activity between those who were aware and unaware were different. And we found that those


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] See a friend's post for a while, they went to their page and checked and see if there were some posts missing. Or they post themselves a post on Facebook and saw that it didn't like enough comments or likes. They asked their friend what's going on. Those types of people were more prone to be aware of the algorithm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the other hand, those who were passively engaged, they were less prone to be, eh, be aware of the algorithm because those people did not have any posting activity or talking with other friends. They just read the platform. Even, read the feed. Even they did not bother to go to another first page to see if they checked anything yet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like, they said, I don't want to see the hide this or not. Like, those kinds of more active engagements. But, but, uh, visiting the website wasn't passive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we found about this lack of awareness, we started walking people to feedwits. We wanted to know that how


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So first we showed them content view, which is showing them what is filtered or not. So on the right side, you see Shona stories, which is their real, regular feed. All the stories, the white ones are like, like holes in the feed were ones that they were actually filtered and we showed to them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we showed them a friend view, meaning that we told them which friends were rarely shown on their feet, were mostly shown or sometimes shown on their feet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kind of, uh, very surprised or actually like this one says that it's like waking up in the matrix. Like whole, my whole life, like 10 years I was using Facebook and I didn't know that they're controlling my feed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, one of these reactions, particularly those who were dissatisfied, was


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because of the misperceptions were revealed. Meaning that they were people


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who did not get anything from a friend and they thought that the friend filtered them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they never went to that friend's page to see that was actually visible to them. That was just the...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, controlling algorithm that did that, uh, pro- that change in their feet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, this person particularly actually left Facebook at the end of the study. He was so angry, he sent an email that I'm not, the trust is broken. But we've never seen like that, such kind of extreme behavior. Uh, but that can happen because of mistrust to the system. And,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And interestingly we found that people move their friends three times, almost three times more than their content.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They said that they care about friends post being there. It doesn't matter what kind of post is it. Like for example, they said it's my brother, he says happy birthday to someone, I know it doesn't matter, but it's my brother, I want to be there. So it shows that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Social media, still in many of these, particularly the friendship type of social media, people care more about the people rather than the content they post.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we found at the end of the study was interesting because wild people came with all of this dissatisfaction and being angry.