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[Assistant] And that's kinda one of the perils of the information age, huh? That we are so surrounded by amazing content that it can be hard for people to find the time to go re-read something twice.


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[Assistant] That's very true. Uhm, one thing, like another person I've read a lot of in my day is Sam Harris and he's sort of really taking a step back from the podcast thing, or from the book thing because of the podcast and it feels like it's surely because of scale. Like he just straight up hits more people. You're somebody who


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[Assistant] It seemed like you're much more content with writing and that you're not really looking for a different medium, not to say that you don't ever do stuff outside of that, but what is it exactly that keeps you so married to it?


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[Assistant] Like, what was it about this topic that felt so essential at that moment? Because a lot of people might not be familiar with your whole history, but I mean, the topics that you cover in your books, like the media manipulation was what first got me interested in you, then you go in the direction of stoicism, which


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[Assistant] To me, as just a fan, I was looking at that like, well that's a very interesting decision because that doesn't sound like the most marketable concept to write a book about, but it seems like it's really


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[Assistant] Caught on in a way that maybe even you didn't expect. What is it that drove that book in particular and what is it that makes you feel a similar way about this? Do you write books with that? Does it, does it feel like this is what society might need or that the audience needs?


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[Assistant] Especially where with books these days, it feels like the majority of success stories are books that seem very lofty and important and they're really bring something new to the table or they're just associated with celebrities and they have a built in market for them.


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[Assistant] Is this something that you've struggled with in your own life where you've found yourself at times distracted by social media or the constant flood of attention coming in and you just sort of...


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[Assistant] Is this partially manifested by the struggle that you had to go through to sort of clear your own mind at times?


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[Assistant] That's the tricky part, it's like, uh, it's, it's I think easier to quit like heroin than it is to quit having an eating disorder because you can just stop doing heroin, you still gotta eat.


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[Assistant] And do you regard that as essentially being, what, some sort of like shared collective motivation to win the game at that point?


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[Assistant] Interesting. When it comes to, because I mean like writing a book itself is something where the stillness is very much important, like you have to be able to block out the desire to look at your phone, the desire to, you know, take a selfie and send it to your mom, you know, a million different things.


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[Assistant] Do you see that a lot though? And what is your writing style? Because sometimes it feels like people are so busy that, are you able to shove, you know, to write a couple paragraphs casually in the car the same way that you're able to read a couple chapters in the car?


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[Assistant] You know what I mean? Well, you know, just a quick aside so I can explain it to you. The weirdest thing about rap is that it's very much become the kind of thing where a dude's rarely right and they more often than not just get in the booth and just sort of start puking out.


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[Assistant] Bars and slowly constructing the song like that. Or a lot of guys, like if you see sort of like a behind the scenes, like Instagram live with them, they'll hear the beat and just start to be like,


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[Assistant] And they start mumbling. They might mumble the entire song and then go back through and sort of replace it.


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[Assistant] But then again, I feel like a lot of the dudes who make music like that, they might be able to make a lot of music, but I think that a very large percentage of the best rap that comes out is written, uh, intentionally, like beforehand, because otherwise it's kind of hard to compose like a real structure, tell a story.


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[Assistant] Hip-hop is so much based on energy that a lot of these dudes sort of get into the mentality that they need to have the right energy going on. And that can ultimately be like the real downfall with drugs and stuff is that they think, oh, you know, I took a molly this time and was on cloud nine. I made a bunch of really excited music. So I keep doing that. And that just ends up being death creatively.


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[Assistant] Definitely. Yeah, for myself, I find when I wake up in the morning and just get straight into the writing thing, that's when I have the most, uh, success, when I just straight up, I'll wake up, I'll make four eggs scrambled and then make a cup of coffee and I'll just go and sit on the couch outside by the pool, which I actually have a pool now, so that's nice.


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[Assistant] And just post up there. Just straight into the work. Just force myself to dump out whatever I can. I try to, you know, follow my heart in a sense where I'm not going to force myself to finish the chapter that I was working on the day before if that's not what I'm thinking about. I try to like really just


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[Assistant] You are one of the few really successful creative people I know who lives, who chooses to live in a place that is fairly barren. You're still in Bastrop?


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[Assistant] Which I only know because one time me and my friends went and got a dog in Bastrop from a farm.


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[Assistant] Yeah, we stayed in Austin for like three months, and for some reason one of my friends decided that they wanted a dog, so we drove out the Bastrap. That's my only Bastrap memory.


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[Assistant] Because I know you've lived in New York and Riverside, correct? No, I've lived in LA. And LA as well.


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[Assistant] And it's very conducive to writing timeless content.


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[Assistant] Right. Uhm, when you look back at, or actually I wanted to ask about in the current times, does it feel different going into this book versus your prior book about Peter Thiel, which must have had a...


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[Assistant] Did you want to get away from doing something like that or did, is it just again an instance of your heart was compelling you to tell that story at that time and then this is the book you wanted to write at this time?


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[Assistant] Right. Definitely. Is that, what was the feedback like for that book in comparison? And do you feel like that book kind of gets at the same thing that all your other books do where you're trying to educate somebody about something, period, and it's just that that was more of doing it through telling a story?


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[Assistant] You feel like you're going against the sort of, uhm, media collective group think that, you know, sort of probably encompasses all these different New York, uh, media types who are the ones who are writing reviews and they're the ones, you know, sort of helping form public opinion and you basically wrote a book that in some ways kind of glorifies somebody that they see as the devil.


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[Assistant] Well, there's a lot of criticism, uh, yeaah, and brutal and just really cool if you're able to sort of remove yourself from any sort of, uh, you know, ideological commitment.


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[Assistant] Yeah, there's some truth to that. But wait, so, do you, when you, when you think about uhm,


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[Assistant] Why did I lose it? Why did I just lose what I had in my head? We're gonna have to edit this. I never do this anymore. It's been so long since I lost it. This is why I need a full night's sleep every night. I can't be doing these four hours.


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[Assistant] You do worse work. Right. No, I 100% agree. That's why I find myself just like...


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[Assistant] Gearing myself more and more towards having like a very structured life and I've just been totally screwed from flying and everything over the past couple days, not to mention the court making me come in to try to talk about the guy who put a gun in my face eight months ago.


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[Assistant] I was at this contest this whole weekend for these things and everybody's drinking and these are people who probably like don't normally drink and everybody wants me to drink with them and I'm like, I haven't had a drink in like a year.


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[Assistant] You know, I haven't done drugs in a couple years. Like I was like, honestly, when we did that first interview, I was still partying and still like managing to hold it together. And then it just sorta, at a certain point I was just like,


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[Assistant] And I look at people who I know who are still going out and getting drunk all the time and they're like 40 or 50 and it's just like... It feels sad. It's sad. And I don't understand how they are able to pull that off.


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[Assistant] Christopher Hitchens. Oh yea. When they sort of, like, this super romanticized version of him just drinking all this wine and smoking a million cigarettes and just being this prolific writer.


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[Assistant] I mean, shit, maybe, but that's totally the exception to the rule.


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[Assistant] No, you never had that phase, huh? You never really felt the need to test it? No.


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[Assistant] Right. No, there's definitely, when I think about it, I wish I had that confidence at an earlier point in my life to just say, nah, I don't really like that. Because if I had been more honest with myself, I would have just said,


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[Assistant] I don't really want to go get drunk or, you know, but it's hard to have that confidence as a young person to sort of be able to be able to say no to the thing that everybody else is acting like is the greatest thing on earth.


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[Assistant] Right. Oh, I remember what I was going to say that I forgot before. I was going to say that I think that that book


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[Assistant] And even the media itself, it's like, there's almost nobody who's actually gonna claim that it was okay for Gawker to out Peter Thiel or to publish the Hogan sex tape. Those are clear norms that, at least in part due to those cases, have been established. That you're never gonna see a Gawker or the equivalent of a Gawker today do those things.


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[Assistant] Definitely. There's a weird thing where nowadays it's become so acceptable.


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[Assistant] To really hate billionaires or to assume that there should be no billionaires, whereas like somebody like you, I see you writing from the perspective of, you know, awe and like you can learn a lot from anyone who's successful from business. How do you feel when you see that sort of becoming this prevailing public sentiment?


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[Assistant] Yeah, that's true. And it's just, it seems like it's hard to get that into people's heads to even be able to empathize with a billionaire. I mean, would you agree that society as a whole needs to be restructured in many ways because of wealth inequality? Would you agree with that?


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[Assistant] But I have had some of those rappers break it down to me on why it makes sense for them to do it, and it is kind of, uh,


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[Assistant] It's a weird thing to become a rapper and then decide you need a haircut every three days.


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[Assistant] So when you wrote this book, was there any, like, before you had to reference the note cards or things like that, was there anything that really stood out to you as the most obvious examples of the idea that you were trying to get across?


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[Assistant] Right. The Tiger Woods story really made me think a lot about just child rearing in general too because of how brutal his dad's way they raised him was.


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[Assistant] That's kind of like a common urge with a lot of parents these days, where they want to push their kids to be so good at one single thing, almost like they're planning out their hobbies or careers for them in advance.


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[Assistant] How do you approach that in terms of you as a father? Like what would you, obviously your kids are super young, but how would you, would you want to encourage them to do a lot of different things as opposed to just focusing in on one thing from day one?


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[Assistant] I spent ten years being the guy with the best BMX website and that was all I cared about and I couldn't see past it.


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[Assistant] And then eventually I just started to slowly realize that this just was not going to be enough to keep me afloat for the rest of my life. Not financially or whatever, but just, you know, I wanted to grow.


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[Assistant] Right. And it's like, I feel like all the good things that have come to me in life have just been the product of me having a lot of disparate interests and then at some point being able to sort of fuse them together or notice where there were similarities or where they could join together. Yes.


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[Assistant] Biggest, biggest thing in my life. My mom just, I don't know how the hell she even knows I'm with you, but she just texted me, get me a copy of Ryan's new book.


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[Assistant] A year and a half ago, and she just moved to Santa Clarita, so she's just like 40 minutes north. Very cool. Yea, it's pretty cool. She's still, I mean...


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[Assistant] She retired as a, as a, as a librarian and still wakes up at 5.30 in the morning so she can sit and read. Which she did my whole life. Every- Ah, such a good model. I think she would maybe be leaving for work at 7, she'd be up at like 5, 5.30 every day to be sitting there and read for an hour and a half.


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[Assistant] Did you tell that story about Kennedy avoiding the nuclear war with the Russians? Did you tell that in a way to


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[Assistant] You know, create an illusion towards the fact that it's hard for us to imagine our current president having that same level of


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[Assistant] Is it odd for you to see a lot of, you know, a huge percentage of Americans, even probably a lot of people who are fans of your work, being so fond of the guy?


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[Assistant] She could have got up and made an argument against specific things that you said, but the argument that you shouldn't have said your opinion in the first place is not very compelling.


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[Assistant] Media manipulation. That was the first thing that really drew me towards what you were bringing to the table. It occurs to me that if I were to go back and read that book now, that a lot of the conclusions that you were talking about at that time might seem so obvious that it would almost seem crazy.


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[Assistant] Because it's so the language of our time is that everyone is outwardly manipulating the media. This stuff seems so self-evident towards us still to this day. And at that time that was shocking to me, just the idea of, you know, going about


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[Assistant] Uh, you know, courting media in such a direct way, whereas this is just so common now. Does that, when you look back at that, does it feel kind of strange to have sort of predicted the whole thing?


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[Assistant] Right, well I mean, in that book you could have probably never predicted the extreme to which the media would be being manipulated, like when we talk about foreign powers affecting our elections and stuff. Do you really see a way back towards normalcy after so much, there's so,


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[Assistant] You know, it's almost impossible to imagine a scenario in which that gets better.


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[Assistant] Fair enough, but now when you go to YouTube, it's all trying to get me to watch CNN and Fox News.


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[Assistant] So, I'm hoping it's the former. Yeah, it is, it's scary though. It's like, you know, just, it's hard to imagine like, like when Trump got into office, there was a lot of people saying, you know,


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[Assistant] The just norms of conversation seem to be kind of obliterated or this urge to constantly be investigating each other. It's hard to imagine like a future in which we have a democratic president and in which the republicans aren't from day one.


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[Assistant] But I mean, like, a lot of people on the far left, or even not so far left, would argue he has literally sent people to the gulag because of those camps by the border, rah rah rah.


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[Assistant] People who still are working on a daily creative writing assignment about how bad Trump is on Twitter and just, I just,


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[Assistant] As bad as the things I sometimes see him do, it's just I very rarely feel the need to try to put it into words.


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[Assistant] Very, very true. Uhm, what about, uh, oh yeaah, the one thing I wanna ask you about is, just,


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[Assistant] There's this video that went viral that I'm sure you haven't seen on Twitter about this group, the Dobre Brothers, who they're doing a meet and greet and people basically are- Are they rappers or what are they? They're like YouTube stars, they're like young boy like singers and there's a meet and greet going on and this girl comes through, she's like a 12 year old girl and she takes a photo with them and they just look so


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[Assistant] Once you get past that like, you know, 50th person or 100th person or whatever, you're just going through the motions. You're just saying, hey man, thanks, appreciate the support. Uhm, do you go through that? Cause I still notice that you're doing these book tours all the time.


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[Assistant] And there's kind of a natural limiting factor when it's, you're only being, you're only marketing towards people who have the willingness to read a book.


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[Assistant] Very, very true. Uhm, so what else are you, uh, excited about at this point? Do you have any sort of like, notion of what the next book might be?


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[Assistant] You ever find yourself in that position where you've been, you know, booked up for days or weeks or months and then all of a sudden you find yourself with a day with a whole big chunk of cleared out time and it's kind of overwhelming?


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[Assistant] Yeah, and that's what this is about, right? Yeah. Clearing out that stillness so you got time to see the truth.


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[Assistant] Yeaah. I mean some of us are lucky, I mean we're very lucky in the sense that we both find our work very fulfilling.


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[Assistant] But a lot of people are at that point in their life where they basically have to work to make money to try to get themselves into the position where they could maybe have a shot at doing something that they were more passionate about with their life.


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[Assistant] Dude, thanks. Nojumper. I appreciate you coming through again, man. I know there's a lot of people that loved our first one, so I'm excited to see what they got to say about this one. Yeah. Uh, Nojumper, Ryan Holiday. Coolest podcast in the world. Check us out on YouTube, Soundcloud, iTunes. Like, comment, subscribe. Nojumper.com if you want to support. Go get yourself a kendama.


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[Assistant] If you don't have anything, you're- Can I have one? Yeah, we have ones in packages, right, that we can give. Okay. Perfect. Appreciate you, man. Thanks. Thanks.


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[Assistant] After a long day, there's nothing like a hot shower. But if you're also hungry, there's von Gilder's Shower Chili.


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[Assistant] While other chilies can be thin and watered down, Von Gelder's is thick and chunky.


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[Assistant] So it can take the heat. And our delicious shower blend is perfectly seasoned. Giving you the kick you need while hosing all. So the next time you're stepping into the shower.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thanks for watching this live stream. My name is Michael Greshko. I'm a science writer at National Geographic. And the author of the October 2020 cover story, Reimagining Dinosaurs, to talk with us about the latest advances in dinosaur paleontology.


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[Assistant] Uh, and the really exciting, uh, advances in the field. Uhm, I have the distinct privilege of moderating a really terrific panel of researchers with a vast array of expertise, uh, on


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[Assistant] Uh, briefly introduce our panel, then we'll get right into it.


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[Assistant] So Bart Ungeon-Buller is an assistant professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Yale. He's also the curator of vertebrate paleontology and vertebrate zoology at the Peabody Museum of Natural History.


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[Assistant] Uh, Ryan Carney, National Geographic Explorer, uh, he's a paleontologist and epidemiologist and the assistant professor of digital science at the University of South Florida.


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[Assistant] Uh, Kimmy Chappelle is a postdoctoral fellow, uh, and paleoscientist grantee at the Evolutionary Studies Institute at Wits University in South Africa.


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[Assistant] National Geographic Explorer Nizar Ibrahim is a paleontologist and comparative anatomist at the University of Detroit Mercy.


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[Assistant] Uh, and Jingmei O'Connor, uh, a week ago today, uh, became the Associate Curator of Fossil Reptiles at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. Uh, her research focuses on Mesozoic birds and the dinosaur bird transition. Thank you all so much for being here.


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[Assistant] My story, uh, and this discussion we're having is that, that we've learned more about dinosaurs in the last couple decades, uh, than in the previous couple of centuries, uhm, in part because of new fossil discoveries and in part because of, uh, new methods in the science. Uhm,


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[Assistant] Do you buy that? Is that, is that a fair characterization of where the field is? And uhm, for you, what do you think the biggest changes in paleontology have been in recent years?


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[Assistant] Thank you for that. Uhm, you know, with regards to, uh, new fossil material, uhm, there's a lot we could talk about with, with feathered dinosaurs and the dinosaur bird transition, which I hope to, we'll circle back to a bit later, but, uhm, with regards to new fossils, uhm,


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[Assistant] Nizar, uhm, you've done a lot of recent work, uh, on expeditions, uh, particularly in Morocco, uhm, notably a new skeleton of the predatory dinosaur Spinosaurus, which has revealed a lot of new and interesting features of that animals and dinosaurs, uh,


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[Assistant] For you, how do you see, uh, ongoing exploration, uh, for new fossils, not just in Morocco, not just in North Africa, but around the world, in informing, uh, the, the current state of the field?


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[Assistant] And on that point, uh, I want to bring in Kimi, uh, here, who is a specialist on, uh,


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[Assistant] So, for you Kimmy, how do you see, uh, in response to, to, to Nizar, you know, paleontology on the African continent, and what makes studying animals like Mastospondylus, both in age and, and, you know, this, uh, and herbivores?


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[Assistant] How did those sort of factor into where the field is today?


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[Assistant] You bring up trackways, uh, which is I think a great segue into talking about motion. Uhm, and Ryan, you've done a ton of work, uh, to understand the way that the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx moved and flew under its own power.


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[Assistant] How do you see, you know, recent advances in technique and forming the way that we know dinosaurs moved? And what does that tell us about how they lived and behaved?


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[Assistant] I'm so glad you brought up scanning, uhm, we're gonna talk about that, uh, at depth later.


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[Assistant] Yeah, uhm, but you bring up the importance of using living animals as reference, uhm, and I think, you know,


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[Assistant] Among the, the world's paleontologists, I think few, uhm, capture that more than, than Anjun. Uhm, and your work, bridging the gap between the fossil record and studying the embryos of living animals.


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[Assistant] Uhm, in your, how did you kind of arrive at using this, the studying embryos in the lab and the fossil record and what do each tell you about the other?


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[Assistant] It's, it's a, it's a remarkable line of research. In fact, I remember some months ago, Ryan, you and I were talking, and Ryan jokingly, I want to emphasize, said that like, if anybody could make a chicken-saurus, that Anjanid be you.


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[Assistant] I do want to bring this up because it's a question from the audience. I mean, can we, should we...


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[Assistant] Bring back, sort of that, bring back dinosaurs, like.


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[Assistant] I mean, Jurassic Park has been such a touchstone for so many. I mean, is this something that we could do and that we should do?


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[Assistant] That's very, that, right, but, but whether we should or whether that's an appropriate use of resources is an entirely separate question.


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[Assistant] The fact that birds are dinosaurs. Jingmei, you have done so much with, uhm,


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[Assistant] You know, your, your collaborators in, in China to really dig into the complicated and messy evolution of, of flight.


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[Assistant] Uhm, how has that story changed and, and how has this sort of, how have these new fossils and new techniques refined that picture?


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[Assistant] That's remarkable. And I think what's so interesting about this work is


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[Assistant] The degree to which some of these animals, like, individual features might kind of call back to living animals. But the whole package taken together doesn't really have a clean, modern analogue. Uh, Nizar, we've talked about this before.


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[Assistant] In the context of Spinosaurus, uh, and for those who aren't familiar, uhm, let me just travel to, uh, Cretaceous, Morocco, uhm,


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[Assistant] Spinosaurus was an animal that could get upwards of 50 feet long, 6 to 7 tons, uhm, and through the work that you all have done with the new remains out of Morocco have demonstrated that it, more than any other large dinosaur we know of, uhm,


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[Assistant] In particular, when there is no really good modern analog to the whole animal, uhm, how do you grapple with that, Nizar?


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[Assistant] That's awesome. Uhm, to circle back to a point Unjin made earlier about the importance of understanding development, uh, of these, uh,


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[Assistant] These amazing creatures. Kimi, you've done some really fascinating work on understanding the development


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[Assistant] Within mass of spondylus, even like within the egg, uhm.


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[Assistant] How important is it to, to, to really understand that and how do you use living animals as reference for something like that?


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[Assistant] And what I think is so remarkable about that is not only the age of it, but the fact that knowing that can tell us something really concrete about these eggs.


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[Assistant] You know, more than 200 million years after the fact, right? You found, if I'm remembering right, that they were like,


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[Assistant] Three-fifths of the way through development when those, those eggs, when any embryos within them died. Is that right?


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[Assistant] To that point, I want to turn back to Ryan and this question, uh, other people can chime in, feel free, cause this is a...


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[Assistant] You'll see the theme here in a sec, but, uh, Ryan, you've been doing a lot of really fascinating work on Archaeopteryx, like we mentioned before, uhm, even fossils found, you know, 150 years ago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, how have new scanning technologies, these new x-ray techniques, in addition to, you know, photogrammetry, which you mentioned, which gets the outside of the bones, how do these new scanning techniques really


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Enable like new discoveries on even fossils we've known about for years if not centuries.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Awesome. Anybody, uh, anybody else with thoughts on, on scanning? Yeah, these are, go for it.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I have a question now for, uh, this is, this is for the panel, but I want to make sure I hear from, from Jingmei on this. We're getting questions from the audience about, uh, probably the, one of the worst days, if not the worst single day for life on Earth, uh, that day 66 million years ago when an asteroid struck Earth and


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[Assistant] Not, I mean it's the only lineage of dinosaurs that, that made it, that we know of at least. Uhm, and so what is sort of the, the new science telling us about, about that extinction event, and importantly about how birds made it?


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[Assistant] I want to bring in, uhm, Kimmy here, uhm, because, uh, because Mass of Spondylus is of an age where it's kind of right on the heel of another mass extinction event. One that happened at the end of the Triassic, uh, about 205 million years ago. Hope I got that right. Uhm,


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[Assistant] Uh, this is, you know, I want to hear from Kimmy first, but everyone, please, if you've, you know, if you've got something to say, please chime in, but how do you see the broader pattern of extinction and a changing planet kind of informing kind of the big plot beats of dinosaurs?


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[Assistant] I'd love to know, and I think our audience would as well, would love to know how each of you


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[Assistant] Got into paleontology, got into dinosaurs in the first place.


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[Assistant] I mean, so many of us, myself included, grow up with a fascination


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[Assistant] Uh, we'll start with Nizar. I mean, how for you, how did you find your way, uh, into paleontology and to studying this big beautiful alien behind me?


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[Assistant] I have a question for, uh, to go back to Jingmei, but I also want to make sure I hear from Nizar and Brian on this one.


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[Assistant] And this is a very sort of newsy question. Uhm, so, uh, Jingmei, you now are, uh, curator at the Field Museum of Natural History. Uhm, the most famous dinosaur fossil are probably


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[Assistant] In the US is, uh, this iconic T-Rex Sue, uh, which very famously in 1997 was auctioned for more than $8 million at the time. Earlier this week, uh, Christie's auctioned off another Tyrannosaurus Rex skeleton, nicknamed Stan.


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[Assistant] Within paleontology, this is, you know, raising all sorts of interesting questions about the fossil trade, the sale of fossils.


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[Assistant] How do you see, uhm, sales like Stan specifically affecting paleontology and more generally, what's your view on the overall trade in dinosaur fossils around the world?


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[Assistant] Nizar, I know that, you know, we've traveled together in the Moroccan Sahara, and Morocco has...


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[Assistant] I mean, it is an epicenter for the global fossil trade, uh, and it's a complex situation. Uh, could you briefly sort of summarize the state of, uh,


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[Assistant] The situation in Morocco and kind of your thoughts on this issue.


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[Assistant] I want to pick up, I want to, sorry, I want to pick up on a theme that's in your comments and I want to pose this to the panel. As paleontology has


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[Assistant] Really become a global science, not just in where fossils are coming from, but where researchers are based and doing their work.


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[Assistant] You know, how important is capacity building?


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[Assistant] Uh, where as, as Nizar said, offered the example of Morocco, where there, there might not be the same traditions, uh, uh, or like academic communities or resources to, to curate and preserve these fossils for future generations.


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[Assistant] Uh, anybody else? Anybody else? Going once, going twice? So, you know, maybe the auction analogy is a terrible one here, actually. Uhm, so, uh, right, so news hour, please.


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[Assistant] Kimmy, I see you nodding here. Uhm, Kimmy, how does this resonate for you?


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[Assistant] Thank you very much for that, uh, for, for, for bringing that up. I, I do wanna, uhm,


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[Assistant] Ask a question of Ryan and Jingmei but this is, this is for the panel.


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[Assistant] Uhm, in the context of the IVPP, you know, as we talked about before, there's been so much work on


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[Assistant] Uh, these really exceptional, you know, feathered dinosaurs. We have a question from the audience about, uh, about plumage, about skin and about coloration. I mean, this has been such an important theme of research in the last few years. Uhm, how


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[Assistant] I mean, from your perspective, how important of a line of research is this work on like, coloration? And what can that tell us about the way that these animals looked and behaved?


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[Assistant] Awesome. Ryan, how does that resonate for you? I mean, you recently even just published, uh, a paper about this feather associated with, uh, the feather dinosaur Archaeopteryx, uhm, and presented a- Which was black.


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[Assistant] Awesome. Uhm, I have, uh, I have an idea, and we're gonna see how it goes. If it crashes and burns, that's fine. Uhm, but I would love to try just a couple of fun lightning round questions as we kinda near the end of our discussion.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna, gosh, I don't know if the layout is here. I'm just gonna, I'm gonna call out. I'm gonna say a question, I'm gonna start going through names, and I want you to give me your quick answer here, okay? So start, the question here is, favorite dinosaur. Kimmy, go.


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[Assistant] Awesome. Next question. Um, craziest moment in the field. Uh, Kimmy.


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[Assistant] Well you know what, we're broad-knit. Field slash lab. Craziest moment in your, in your research.


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[Assistant] Well, that's good. Uhm, here's a, here's a kind of a funny one from, uh, from the audience. Uhm,


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[Assistant] I got two more questions and then we'll conclude this terrific panel. Uhm, question, uhm, more generally, uhm,


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[Assistant] Why dinosaurs? Why is studying them important, particularly where we find ourselves today in 2020 with all of the other things that we could be researching? Why is the study of dinosaurs still important?


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[Assistant] That's a really beautiful summation of this engine. Uhm, one last question for the panel, and then we'll conclude. We've spent a lot of time in the past hour


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[Assistant] Talking about the advances that have brought us here to 2020, uh, for each of you, where do you think and hope the field goes in the next 10 to 20 years? Jingmei, let's start with you.


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[Assistant] I mean, speaking of open and sharing, uhm, I want to thank again our really talented panel for joining us today. Uhm, and thank everybody, thank you all for watching this.


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[Assistant] Uh, I, I've really appreciated everyone's time. Uhm, and if and when you get the chance, uh, reimagining dinosaurs is on newsstands. Uh, you go, you wanna, you wanna get it. Do so in a COVID-safe way. You can also read the story online. Uh, follow all of these wonderful researchers' work.


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[Assistant] As you can. Uhm, thank you all so much and have a great rest of your day.


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[Assistant] Two big lions jumping on the bed One fell off and bumped his head Mama called the doctor and the doctor said No more lions jumping on the bed


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[Assistant] No, I really really don't. Sorry, I don't do firearms. Not after what happened.


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[Assistant] They do benefit because, you know, it's getting streams and shit. Like you said, it's number one, right? I feel like they are getting benefit, you feel me? But nah, that, that leak shit, I don't really fuck with that shit. Like, if my shit wasn't even supposed to be out, how the fuck y'all even get to leak it? You feel me?


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[Assistant] That's their fucking fault. You should always have access to your music. You don't let no one get access to your shit. Or your hard drive could get stolen.


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[Assistant] Future, remember when his shit got stolen and shit? He had to make that whole other mixtape over again?


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[Assistant] Stolen, whatever the fuck, bro, you feel me, bro? That shit not cool, cause I'm an artist. I be hot. I be hot if my shit got leaked and I wasn't ready for it to drop, you feel me?


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[Assistant] I feel like it can help in a way. It can give you the exposure that you want, like the exposure that you're anticipating. I feel like the artist might not be so cool with it, but it might help him in the long run.


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[Assistant] We got multiple shots fired. Yeah, techs are going over the place now.


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[Assistant] I'll be in here. Now I'll be in here. I had an arts class earlier and I lost it.


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[Assistant] Now, you listen here. If you think you can cram your agenda past Congress, you are in for a rude awakening. You hear me? Now let me tell you a little something about the greatest word in politics, filibuster.


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[Assistant] Over here! Cricket's the name. Jiminy Cricket at your service.


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[Assistant] Johnny, I let you down. I let us all down.


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[Assistant] And I know people say it's not my fault, but if the boss didn't have to protect me you would be standing here right now. I'm so sorry, John.


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[Assistant] This girl is the culprit! There's no doubt about it!


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[Assistant] Well, have you anything to say in your defense? Of course!


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[Assistant] For the crimes of assault and attempted theft of my heart.


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[Assistant] Hey, hey, you recording for real? She ain't even recording. You recording the whole thing?


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[Assistant] This nigga Kato's a bitch. But get your bitch ass up out motherfuckin bro. Don't put this nigga on the camera no more bro. Sorry Uber? Oh yea, sorry.


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[Assistant] Goes to an actor or actress whose unique performances, dedication, and commitment have helped elevate respect for the form of continuing drama. The nominees are Eileen Fulton, Lisa on As the World Turns, Deidre Hall, Marlena of Days of Our Lives, and Susan Lucci, Erika on All My Children.


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[Assistant] I want to thank the fans of Soap Opera Digest. Uhm, I'm truly honored by this.


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[Assistant] I'd like to thank the producers and writers of Santa Barbara for their unfailing sense of humor. And I'd like to thank, uhm, the cast and the crew of Santa Barbara. In particular, John Lindstrom and Lane Davies. And uhm, and I'd like to thank my best friend Bobby. Happy birthday.


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[Assistant] That would be nice if I could ADS while getting hit.


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[Assistant] Reflect doll and wear dad. Now,


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[Assistant] I'm guessing Reflector. This sounds a lot like Reflector.


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[Assistant] Is Julica okay? Like, does she need some therapy? Like, girl, you're getting akumatized. Akumatized again. Like, I'm a little worried about her, but excited to see the episode. And then where dad? I'm guessing must be, uh, Marinette's dad getting akumatized. I just find it weird. I guess it could be someone else's dad, but.


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[Assistant] And if you like these reactions and want to see the next episode early or just see my full reaction to the entire episode, you can check out my Patreon page, link down in the description below to get access to those over there. But without further ado, let's get started!


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[Assistant] That was terrifying. I was not expecting this. My interest is deeply peaked now.


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[Assistant] Mayura, okay. Interesting. I didn't think we would see her. Just with how the first few episodes have gone. Oh!


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[Assistant] True, we don't know what's, uh, the akumatized object is yet.


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[Assistant] I get it. I got what she meant there, did you? I did.


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[Assistant] Like, Doosu isn't doing anything wrong, it's just unfortunate Doosu's miraculous is broken.


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[Assistant] And dang, what an interesting episode. Alright, so reflect doll. I thought that was really interesting. I did not expect this kind of an episode for like,


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[Assistant] Adrian and Marinette swap Miraculous. That was cool. And I think-


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[Assistant] And correct me if I'm wrong, the whole point of this episode is to really indicate that Ladybug has a very stressful job and there's a lot to consider, even when she's not.


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[Assistant] Ladybog. There is so much that she had to help, uhm, Adrian understand.


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[Assistant] About the role of being Ladybug and that there's a lot more responsibility.


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[Assistant] It's much less of a, like, I'm having fun making jokes superhero that Ladybug needs to be on top of things. She needs to be managing now. Not only just a, uh,


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[Assistant] Akuma, but now the... I'm gonna say it wrong.


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[Assistant] Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, the feathers. The senti-monster stuff, I'm never gonna remember. Which is hard, you know, so she has to manage what...


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[Assistant] Those two items both are now. She has to think about when to use.


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[Assistant] Her lucky charm to get that item to figure out what to do with it after she gets that item to solve everything


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[Assistant] And then managing to make sure she captures all those, sets things back right.


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[Assistant] And coordinating with Cat Noir on top of all of that is a lot. And managing


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[Assistant] The other miraculous machines should need to use the other miraculous to, you know, give them out to people.


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[Assistant] It's a lot of responsibility. And power-ups. She has the power-ups too that she has to manage. There's a lot. Of course, yes, Cat Noir does.


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[Assistant] Some of those things as well, but it's more so following Ladybug's lead.


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[Assistant] But dang, that's a lot of responsibility and we are well aware of that responsibility, but I think getting to see someone else understand how much she has to do and that weight that is put on her really helps us as a viewer kind of feel that weight on her shoulders, which is interesting. And then of course,


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[Assistant] Getting to see, um, Julica get re-akumatized was also, I don't wanna say nice, but interesting. Because, I... Like, like I said, we only see the, uh, uh, Lyla.


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[Assistant] Uhm, Laila get reaccumulatized? I feel like I said Lilia before, did I?


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[Assistant] If I did, I'm sorry. My brain is thinking I said it wrong, but we only got to see Lila re-accumulatized besides Stoneheart, but that's different.


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[Assistant] So, it was kinda sad. I feel like Julica has some things that she might need to work through, maybe.


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[Assistant] She could go get some help? Or maybe this might just build her confidence up a little bit more after this episode?


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[Assistant] Cuz I feel bad, and especially if this is like a real thing, okay? If this is like a real thing that happened, I almost feel like...


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[Assistant] Like, you don't have to pay back anything because there's no damages since Ladybug fixes everything, but you are like, court ordered to go get therapy. Can that just actually be the like, canon but not canon of Miraculous Ladybug? Because I love that. Actually, I love it so much. I think that'd be great. I'm curious to see more of


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[Assistant] Mayora? I'm gonna say it wrong for a while, but I'll get it eventually.


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[Assistant] Since we kind of got to see the miraculous like brr brr brr kind of like bug out, which was terrifying like.


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[Assistant] It's obviously not safe. Especially cause we saw that.


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[Assistant] It's a huge indication that that thing is not safe, it is not stable, and it is...


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[Assistant] I'm curious how it got broken. Obviously this is why mom is the way she is. I'm curious what she did though with it.


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[Assistant] But what did they, what were they doing with them?


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[Assistant] Obviously mom at least used it before she, you know, got sick. Cause she got sick because of it, but-


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[Assistant] Obviously it couldn't have just been one time she got sick, but maybe... she...


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[Assistant] Was the one that got damaged with it. Maybe it wasn't originally damaged when she got it. Maybe she was damaged. And then...


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[Assistant] She was using it, got damaged while she was using it, and ended up knocking her out in a coma forever?


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[Assistant] That's my, my theory about what happened at this point. Which makes sense because I feel as though if it...


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[Assistant] Truly caused, like, mom to be passed out coma like this. Just because it was broken, she was using it.


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[Assistant] I don't think Natalie would use it then, cause that seems pretty inde- indefinite that it will happen to Natalie, but if mom just got- mom was wearing it and it got damaged while she was wearing it, would make more sense Natalie being a little more willing to use it after, but I don't know.


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[Assistant] Definitely excited to learn more about that storyline as we continue on. Hopefully we'll get some answers in season three. Not sure, but we are gonna keep moving on to


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[Assistant] Episode six. I was gonna say five. Episode six. We're done.


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[Assistant] Oh, so this is why dad gets akumatized.


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[Assistant] I like this. Hopefully she gets it herself. That she doesn't need a boy to save her. She can save herself!


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[Assistant] Alright, where dad? I liked it. It's cute. As y'all know, I've always said I'm a bit of a daddy's girl. So getting to see this episode just makes me giggle.


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[Assistant] Cuz I could totally see my dad being like that, being like, how dare you break my daughter's heart! Um, it's cute, just a pop-up bear.


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[Assistant] Uhm, it was fun though, getting to see uhm, one of Marinette's parents be akumatized was nice, and then it wasn't this like, I've lost everything type of thing, it was just seeing his own daughter's heartbreak was just like, too much for him, and it really shows just how


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[Assistant] Caring of a father he is due to the fact that he


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[Assistant] wants to protect her so badly that even some


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[Assistant] Something as technically insignificant as just a little high school crush breaking her heart was just like too much for him.


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[Assistant] So it's very sweet. It really just shows how caring these parents are. And yeaah, maybe he jumps the gun a little bit, but.


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[Assistant] He does care about his daughter significantly. He'll do.


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[Assistant] Whatever it takes to protect his daughter. So very, very cute. Like it's, it's a very sweet episode. And of course, getting to see Marinette freaking out because she's like, oh no, like.


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[Assistant] Cat Noir's figured it out that I'm, you know, Ladybug. I've gotta do something. I'm just gonna tell him I love him.


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[Assistant] And then it's the, oh no, now he's coming over and now he thinks I love him, which is not it. And just, uh,


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[Assistant] Silly little drama that spawns from it all is gorgeous, absolutely gorgeous, so.


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[Assistant] I had a very, very fun time watching, uh, this episode in particular. It was goofy, it was silly, and overall it was just believable, you know?


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[Assistant] Um, a dad wanting to protect his daughter, his only daughter, BTdubs, from being hurt. It's just such a simple, humbling episode that I think most parents would like be able to watch and be like, yeah, yeah, I like it. I like it. I'm curious though to see


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[Assistant] If maybe Adrian passed this, might recognize Marinette a bit more.


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[Assistant] Cause, you know, he thought that Marinette loved, uh, Cat Noir. But she was like, wow, I didn't think that was her type.


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[Assistant] And now I'm curious if you might look at, uh, might look at Marinette a little bit differently?


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[Assistant] Especially cause he was like, that's the first time a girl ever said that they love me. Like he was like, wow, incredible. Which was just hilarious, by the way.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I'm sure there's a lot of girls who love Cat Noir and a lot of girls who love Adrienne. They just haven't said it yet.


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[Assistant] Uh, but with that, that gets us to episode 6. We still have a lot of episodes.


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[Assistant] Left this season, but I'm certainly curious to kinda see what else will happen. We've had a lot of interesting things. We had, uh,


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[Assistant] My Euras show up already, which is really really nice.


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[Assistant] But I'm curious if they'll utilize her more. Like, there's still potential for my little wish of having like,


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[Assistant] Hawk Daddy and Hawk Daughters. Do I think Chloe will come over and be a part of that anymore? No. But, there's always a potential.


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[Assistant] Potentially playing a bigger part, I'm also curious to see about her health condition as well.


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[Assistant] How bad is it going to get in this season alone or will it be?


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[Assistant] Could be either way, I'm curious to see more about the mom situation, all of that.


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[Assistant] And at this point we haven't seen too much of, uh,


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[Assistant] I'm thinking of family. We've seen all of dad's side of family.


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[Assistant] Of Marinettes, I'm curious if we'll see more moms. Cause we already had like the.


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[Assistant] Excuse me, the uncle coming? So curious about that as well. Uhm, yeaah.


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[Assistant] Lots of, lots of questions, and then of course in Reflect All we also swap Miraculous, so,


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[Assistant] It's been a pretty eventful season. I like that everything has felt


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[Assistant] Very interesting and unique, even though we've already had like two duplicate villains.


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[Assistant] The baby one, which was more so a side villain in this episode, uh, and then we had, uh, Reflect to come back.


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[Assistant] Granted, there's only so many people in Paris. Yes, it's a big place, but there is still so many, so few people. So...


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[Assistant] Overall, I am definitely excited to continue watching Miraculous Ladybug. I'm really enjoying it. Uhm.


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[Assistant] Eventually we will get to the movies. I've been told I really need to wait until...


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[Assistant] To just wait until we're done with season three and then we could start watching that stuff. So that's probably what we're going to, you know.


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[Assistant] And I know it's a rather small spoiler, but it is a spoiler nonetheless. So we'll just wait it out. It's totally fine.


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[Assistant] What is blockchain technology? Is it the next big thing? Are you missing out on a once in a lifetime opportunity when some startup wants you to invest in their blockchain-based venture? Well, stick around. In this episode of Crypto Whiteboard Tuesday, we'll answer these questions and more.


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[Assistant] Hi, I'm Nate Martin from 99Bitcoins.com and welcome to Crypto Whiteboard Tuesday, where we take complex cryptocurrency topics, break them down, and translate them into plain English. Before we begin, don't forget to subscribe to the channel and click the bell so you'll immediately get notified when a new video comes out.


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[Assistant] Today's topic is the blockchain and the exciting world of blockchain technology. Hopefully, by the end of this video, you'll understand exactly what blockchain technology is and why it's really hard to separate it from Bitcoin.


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[Assistant] Before we understand how blockchain technology works, we need to understand what problems it was designed to solve. So let's take a step back and let me ask you a question.


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[Assistant] How do we tell if something is fake or real in today's world? For example, a dollar bill, a driver's license, or a vote in the election. How do we determine whether it's valid or not?


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[Assistant] The answer? We keep a record of it. For example, each dollar bill has a serial number that is recorded by the bank, your driver's license number is recorded by the DMV, and voting records are used to track who voted and who didn't, so the same person won't be able to vote twice.


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[Assistant] Whenever you want to verify that a document is legit, you just look it up with the relevant authority. We even have notaries, people who are licensed by the government to act as witnesses to attest and record the validity of pieces of information or identities.


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[Assistant] You'll notice there's one thing that all of these mechanisms have in common. They're all centralized. Which means there's a central authority, whether it's a bank, state office, or person that has the power to issue and validate information.


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[Assistant] These central authorities have a lot of power, and as you know, power may sometimes corrupt. So what happens if one of these authorities wants to change the facts or even maybe change history a little bit?


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[Assistant] This may sound far-fetched, but even our world history is just a record kept by historians in a centralized manner.


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[Assistant] The phrase, History is written by the victors, tells us that facts can sometimes be distorted by those in power. If you don't think that that's possible, here's a real-life example. Today, most money is just a record of who owes what to whom.


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[Assistant] Other companies had debts completely removed. Well, some would argue this bailout was justified, but you can't deny that someone decided to change the records of how much money was owned and owed.


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[Assistant] This is why Bitcoin was born. It was the first form of money that removes the need for a central authority. Its records are kept by everyone, not just by central banks. And when everyone is keeping track and verifying the facts, well, that means that you can no longer change the ledger of transactions whenever something doesn't add up or because it's more convenient. You actually have to start being accountable.


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[Assistant] Money isn't the only place where decentralization can play a role. Do you remember those big encyclopedia books we used to rely on when it came to research? Encyclopedia Britannica employed 100 full-time editors and over 4,000 contributors to publish what we considered to be the authority on knowledge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just imagine the power the editors of these books had in deciding what was worth mentioning, condemning, condoning, or ignoring. Well, the last volume of Encyclopædia Britannica was published in 2010. Today, information is much more decentralized, with over 130,000 active editors that maintain different Wikipedia pages.


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[Assistant] The risk of any of them going rogue unnoticed is much smaller since each edit is public and can be verified by anyone.


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[Assistant] Decentralization reduces the risk for corruption, fraud, and manipulation. Blockchain technology is a new and innovative way to implement decentralization.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In a nutshell, blockchain technology is a solution for the problem of centralization.


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[Assistant] It's a system for keeping records by everybody without any need for a central authority. A decentralized way of maintaining a ledger that is practically impossible to falsify. I mean, when so many eyes are watching and verifying everything that's being done, it's really hard to break the rules unnoticed.


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[Assistant] You might be wondering, why is it called blockchain? Well, imagine we're maintaining a shared ledger with many pages of records. Each page begins with a sort of summary of the page before it. If you change part of the previous page, you'll also have to change the summary on the current page, so the pages are actually linked or chained together.


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[Assistant] In technological terms, pages are called blocks, and since each block is linked to the data of the previous block, we have a chain of blocks, or a blockchain. Many people think that Satoshi Nakamoto, the mysterious inventor of Bitcoin, created blockchain technology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Technically, he only created the first real-life implementation of it. Bitcoin. In fact, that word blockchain is never even mentioned in Satoshi's original white paper. The closest he comes to saying blockchain is chain of blocks.


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[Assistant] Now that you know what blockchain technology is, we still have two major questions to answer. How does it actually work, and is blockchain going to change our future?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's start with the first question. Another way to ask this question would be, How do I create a system that allows the creation, verification, and updating of records by everybody? Well, there are four elements a blockchain needs to actually have a life of its own.


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[Assistant] The first thing required to support a blockchain is a peer-to-peer network. A network of computers, also known as nodes, that are equally privileged. It's open to anyone and everyone. This is basically what we already have today with the internet. We need this network so that we'll be able to communicate and share with each other remotely.


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[Assistant] The second ingredient is cryptography. Cryptography is the art of secure communication in a hostile environment. It allows me to verify messages and prove the authenticity of my own messages even when malicious players are around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We need cryptography because of the first element. Remember, I said anyone can participate in this network, including bad actors. It's great that I can communicate, but I also need to make sure my communication comes through on all turds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The third element is a consensus algorithm. You can switch the technical word algorithm with the word rule. This means we need to agree about the rules on how we add a new page, also known as a block, to our records. There are many types of consensus rules. In Bitcoin's case, we use a consensus algorithm known as proof of work.


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[Assistant] This algorithm states that in order for someone to earn the right to add a new page to our ledger, they need to find a solution to a math problem, which requires computational power to solve.


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[Assistant] Computers around the network run calculations to solve the math problem, and in doing so, consume a lot of energy. In other words, they do a lot of work. Well, that's why when one of them finds the number that solves the problem and displays it to the network, they're basically displaying a proof of work.


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[Assistant] Think of it as the node's way of saying, hey, I spent quite a bit of energy here in solving this problem first, so I am entitled to write the next page.


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[Assistant] As I mentioned before, there are other consensus algorithms that don't require so much energy. This is just the algorithm type that the Bitcoin blockchain employs. There are pros and cons to different algorithms, but in order to run a decentralized ledger, you'll need to choose one. Otherwise, it will be really hard to reach a consensus with so many people in the network. Finally, our last element is punishment and reward.


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[Assistant] This element is actually derived from game theory, and it makes sure that it will be in people's best interest to always follow the rules.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So far, we've set up a network that has a way to communicate securely and follows a set of rules for reaching consensus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we'll glue these elements together by giving a reward to people that help us maintain our records and add new pages. This reward is a token, or coin, that is awarded each time a consensus has been reached and a new block is added to our chain. On the other hand,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bad actors who try to trick or manipulate the system will end up losing the money they spent on computational power, or their coins can be taken away from them.


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[Assistant] In the end, the important thing to remember is that the punishment and reward system works on psychological behavior.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It turns the rules of the system from something you need to follow into something you will want to follow, since it will be in your best interest to do so. Well, this was just a very high-level explanation of what a blockchain consists of. If you want to dig a little deeper into this process, check out our video on Bitcoin mining, part of our 7-day crash course on Bitcoin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There you have it. The four elements for creating blockchain technology. A peer-to-peer network, cryptography, a consensus algorithm, and punishment and reward.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, there is a fifth element that can't really be synthesized. Market adoption. I mean, we can have a group of five people sharing a ledger with a consensus algorithm, but it doesn't really make it decentralized, since not enough people are part of the system.


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[Assistant] Moreover, if there's no adoption, there's not really any value to our coin, and the fourth element of punishment and reward isn't very effective.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Only once you achieve critical mass in the number of users does a blockchain become truly decentralized and therefore immutable. And at that point, the coin of that blockchain usually begins to appreciate in value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's hard to say what triggers mass-scale market adoption. In Bitcoin's case, things actually started through use on the dark web where people used Bitcoin to pay for drugs and other illegal stuff. But since then, more people have begun to research Bitcoin and blockchain and have seen the benefits they offer, either in practice or as an investment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, there you have it. The five elements of a truly open, public, decentralized blockchain. Up until today, there are only a handful of blockchains that have over a thousand truly independent participants and as such can be considered as decentralized. Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Monero to name a few.


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[Assistant] If you're thinking that it sounds like a lot of hard work to put a blockchain in motion, you're absolutely right. But this is where Ethereum comes in. Ethereum is a do-it-yourself blockchain where all of these five elements are already in motion. All you need to do is build the right solution on top of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But that's a whole different whiteboard episode you can check out later on. Now, let's move on to another term you may have heard. A private or closed blockchain.


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[Assistant] This term refers to companies that screen and limit the players who can participate in their blockchain.


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[Assistant] It's a bit like how the internet, which is open to everybody and anybody, is different from an intranet, an internal network of company computers. While I assume some companies will find value in running private blockchains to improve their internal processes, it's far from anything exciting in as much as it has nothing to do with decentralization.


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[Assistant] To emphasize this a bit more, let's compare open public blockchains to closed private ones.


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[Assistant] A public blockchain is open to everybody. It's transnational and borderless. It's censorship resistant and it doesn't require any third party. It's also neutral. There's no such thing as a good, bad, illegal or legal transaction. There's only a valid or invalid one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A private blockchain, on the other hand, is limited to authorized participants only and is governed by a handful of entities.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the words of Andreas Antonopoulos, in most cases of private blockchains, you really don't need a blockchain. You can just share a spreadsheet between participants. The whole idea of blockchain was to decentralize a process through the general public, and that's exactly the opposite of what a private blockchain does.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The features of a public blockchain, on the other hand, create enormous benefits. There's no single point of failure, the records are immutable, also known as tamper-proof, and finally, it's censorship-resistant, so you can't really remove a record or stop it from getting published, as long as it follows the consensus rules.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before we end today's lesson, we still have one major question to answer. Is blockchain technology the next big thing?


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[Assistant] I assume you may have heard of different startups that are using blockchain technology to solve some sort of a problem. In most cases, when I hear of such a company, I ask two questions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But these dangers are only meaningful if there's a lot at stake. For example, the Q2 of the pharmacy is managed in a centralized manner, but I don't really care since there's not a lot at stake and it's actually more efficient that way. Blockchain technology is very good at decentralizing, but it's also very inefficient, slow, and energy consuming.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, Bitcoin's network takes 10 minutes on average to confirm a transaction. Not the ideal waiting time for buying a cup of coffee at a 7-Eleven.


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[Assistant] The only reason to choose blockchain technology as your solution is if your problem is actually centralization.


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[Assistant] If you don't need to decentralize something, you probably don't need to use blockchain technology and are better off with some centralized solution. In fact, it'll probably work better.


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[Assistant] To sum it up, blockchain technology is truly disruptive, but at the moment, only a handful of use cases really require it. So the real question is this. At the current moment, is our world ready for more complex blockchain implementation than what Bitcoin already offers?


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[Assistant] In the early 2000s, there were a lot of Amazons, Googles, and Facebooks that never caught on for the changes they presented.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And today, many of these blockchain startups face the same fate. That's it for today's episode of Crypto Whiteboard Tuesday. Hopefully by now you understand what blockchain technology is. An open, censorship-resistant method for managing records by everybody, hence making them practically impossible to falsify.


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[Assistant] It's a solution to the problems that centralization presents.


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[Assistant] I also hope that whenever you hear the term blockchain technology in the future, you'll know to take it with a grain of salt and ask the right questions.


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[Assistant] You may still have some questions. If so, just leave them in the comments section below. And if you're watching this video on YouTube and enjoy what you've seen, don't forget to hit the like button. Then make sure to subscribe to the channel and click that bell so you'll be notified as soon as we post new episodes.


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[Assistant] And there is no question that more will be heard from Gloria as she makes her new step.


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[Assistant] Because she is a person who is not afraid to take on the responsibilities of a leader. She's one of a kind.


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[Assistant] Yeah, well, you could have killed me back in Steelport, but you let me go. I can forgive a few bulges.


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[Assistant] Thank you so much. This is such a wonderful honor for me.


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[Assistant] Particularly Earl Hamner who created the role and Ernie Wallingray and Greg Stranges who kept her funny even though I kept fighting. No, no, she has to have her dignity.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and I think she, I think that they have kept her dignity as well. And, uh, I wanted to thank you.


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[Assistant] It's true. So, how did you end up here, Pinocchio?


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[Assistant] I have at my side, if not physically, then spiritually, an actress who started it all for me, Miss Julie Harris. She plays my mother. But now, I have this from you, the pans. And you can't imagine what it means to me. And I do thank you with all my heart. Thank you.


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[Assistant] I don't understand. We own Beacon. Why not just take him?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey there. Where did you come from?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What? Terminate it? Maybe I can force it open with a computer.


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[Assistant] Leslie is here. Okay, I gotta get to him before anything else does.


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[Assistant] I remember they showed me that when I was brought here.


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[Assistant] That's where Leslie was before. And now those two, where are they headed?


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[Assistant] Well, he'll just have to fend for himself. Gotta keep on track. Find Leslie.


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[Assistant] Wait a second. This house... No, it can't be.


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[Assistant] See, Leslie? Almost there. Just a little further.


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[Assistant] Beacon. I just hope I can get there before he does.


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[Assistant] You're out, buddy. Armor failure!


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[Assistant] We're going to use drill that you can compare to tube with teeth on the end. The scraping eyes when it fill the tube.


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[Assistant] We are limited by time, so we try to use all entire time to collect as much as possible.


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[Assistant] V for V good, V awesome, V incredible. Vagina? Mmm, no. I think everybody needs a bulletproof car with all the shit that's going on.


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[Assistant] The footage we're collecting is to learn some more about lion behaviors. And particularly things that, uhm, interactions with cattle are coming into community properties.


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[Assistant] The collar will go on the lion, and the collar's meant to stay for a couple of years. This is the critter cam. The critter cam is a short term tool. It's only meant to stay for a few days. And as the animal walks around, the camera hangs below the battery pack.


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[Assistant] Area clear. Let's move on, see if we can find any signs of blue tape.


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[Assistant] It's about 10.45pm. I'd be lying if I said I wasn't a bit nervous. I am. I know how big a challenge is ahead. But I feel very confident in our team.


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[Assistant] Student loan debt is also crushing senior citizens. Americans 60 and over are carrying 86 billion dollars in student loan debt.


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[Assistant] He's heavily armored. We need to get fire on his back.


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[Assistant] Sir, you are absent without leave. This is your one chance to come home peacefully.


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[Assistant] Blue team, stand down! I have a job to do. Cortana's our concern now, sir. Like hell she is.


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[Assistant] Understood, Governor. Oh, Cyrus, clear the areas so they can open those doors.


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[Assistant] Hey dad, thanks for selling your kidney to pay off my student loans.


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[Assistant] It's nothing. I guess I love my kid more than my kid me.


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[Assistant] On his way in. Guess my super hearing is working.


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[Assistant] Find them, and any others that might be out there. I wanna know everything.


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[Assistant] It's not him. His DNA matches Bruce Wayne's, but his vitals are all wrong.


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[Assistant] You're one of the duplicates Tell me why you're here


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you found them. A parallel dimension. Now, how do we get there?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Still the same problem though. How do we do it?


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[Assistant] Exactly. This is data from the duplicate Batman I'm holding at Strikers. That's helpful. It's still gonna take a few weeks.


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[Assistant] If they prefer chaos, I'll give it to them. Metropolis and Gotham? I'll flatten them. Set an example.


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[Assistant] Cyborg, Raven, take control of all media broadcasts. I want everyone to see this. Wonder Woman, Hawkgirl, Adam, you're with me. Sinestro, prepare your ground forces. Lett, Flash, get Doomsday ready.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Doomsday's gonna be tricky. Collateral damage. I'll have to force that fight elsewhere.


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[Assistant] That's enough, Black Adam. If conduct exists here, I suggest you go home.


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[Assistant] Here's your chance to do what's right. I would take it.


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[Assistant] Good. Once they're pushed back, we'll need help with rescue and recovery.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I knew they'd pull you over eventually. You don't belong here.


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[Assistant] My obligations don't end at the borders of my dimension. I am this world's savior. I protect it. That's what's happening out there?


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[Assistant] The personal government has its hands full. We're here if they need help.


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[Assistant] He'll stand trial. They all will. He was right, you know. About what? Put in the same position, I might have done the same thing. We never know what we're truly capable of.


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[Assistant] Only one of you remains. Yeah, but I'm the one to beat.


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[Assistant] Your table, nothing but the best. Nothing but the second best. Why can't we


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well thank you first of all for inviting me to be part of this and I'm really looking forward to talking with everybody and hearing all the questions that come in.


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[Assistant] To basically uh, quantify or represent the shape of the skull as mathematical variables and then reconstruct how it's evolved over hundreds of millions of years.


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[Assistant] And this is uhm, something that's really interesting both for just understanding how species evolved and we can sort of look at factors like


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How animals look and why some animal groups are so diverse, like birds and other animal groups are really not very diverse, like crocodiles, uhm, and of course everything in between, which are, which are dinosaurs.


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[Assistant] And so this was, that's what we've been working on really for about 20 years in my group now. Uhm, and how that's changed over the past few decades that I've been in this field is pretty immense actually. Uhm, so right now what we've been working on, uhm, over the last, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But just with all the new access to CT scanners, we have these nice handheld scanners that we've been


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[Assistant] Oh, in terms of mammals, I mean, I think, um, you know, this actually really speaks to a lot of what Bola has been working on, right? Thinking about Mesozoic mammals in particular, I think that's completely transformed how


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People think about mammals, or at least how I think about mammals, right? Because yeaah, we always think about mammals as this, like,


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[Assistant] Post dinosaur radiation and, you know, mammals and birds actually, right? So the, the, um, you know, the few times I've really dabbled in dinosaurs is mainly because of birds. Um, and, but we think of both birds and mammals as, yeah, you know, they were kind of around the Mesozoic, but not really doing very much. And it was really after dinosaurs go extinct that you see this massive explosion and diversification.


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[Assistant] And that's true, you know, to some extent, I mean, there's certainly this huge diversification that happens, uhm, after dinosaurs go extinct, uhm, not avian dinosaurs, uhm, but you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a lot of controversy still about exactly when that happened. Was it really before they went extinct? But also just that, you know, all these amazing new fossils that people are discovering over the past few decades.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so I feel like that's like maybe the biggest and most exciting thing in, in like what's


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Been reimagined about, uh, mammals over the past few, past few decades really is really saying how, how they were, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All the stuff that we used to think of as being the key things for mammals, right? You know, the extinction of the dinosaurs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think I'm quite different from, uh, from both of, uh, both of your other guests here because I didn't know that paleontology was a real thing as a field until college, quite frankly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and hiking and things. And so I always really loved like biology and nature.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and I was at Michigan and, uhm, and there was, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There was all kinds of great classes there, so I was a biology major, and uhm,


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[Assistant] And she said that she was signed up for a geology class that was eight credits over the summer that was, um, like six weeks out in Wyoming, hiking around and camping. And I was like, sign me up. That's perfect. I don't even care what they're teaching. I don't know anything about geology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I went and one of the, one of the professors was a paleontologist and I realized that everything that I liked about biology


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, I guess I could start off with just a simple example. Yeah, I think I personally feel like we kind of prepped


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fossils out of rock a lot less than we used to. You know, certainly when I was an undergraduate, uhm, you know, in the, in the, you know, mid-90s.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Um, perfectly prepared and, you know, there's no rock left, but now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Um, yeah, make sure you don't lose a lot of the little bones. So yeah, I think like that's one thing that's probably changed. So we're, we're, we're probably, um,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not so, uh, not so keen to pick away at fossils before we actually know what's inside the rock. I don't know if that's the rest of your experience.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can I, can I answer that actually? That just reminded me of something that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think bringing much more in from other fields, you know, obviously chemistry and things like that, but also really ecological principles and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so this is our field site in South India that we were at in December, and this is a field site that, you know, had been identified by British geologists back in the days when India was part of the British Empire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and most of the field sites really I think around India were kind of first noted by British geologists saying like, oh, there's some fossils here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Um, but this site was especially noted for things like ammonites and lots of really, um, incredible marine invertebrates. Um, but, uh, a invertebrate paleontologist who'd been out there mentioned to me that he had seen some dinosaur bones and some ichthyosaur bones, um, and that it might be worth a look. And so there's about,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, 12 or 13 years ago that we made a trip down there with my collaborator at the University of New Delhi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you know, it was all marine invertebrates, which is cool, but uhm, also, you know, new sites just full of sharks, which isn't normally what we're interested in, but you know, there's tons of new species that hadn't been identified before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, there was, uh, a really nice site with dinosaurs and lots of other things. Um, yeah, and so that was just a matter of.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, in order to find our sites, we've kind of gone through the old geological literature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I think that's part of it, and that's especially important because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In general, the Northern Hemisphere is far better explored in the Southern Hemisphere. So I really focus on


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm using, okay, well, there's one little record from this area. Let's go back and look more carefully there, uhm, and just use all of our, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Give them, you know, a project that could maybe work on or help out on. I think it's always a really, really good idea to do that. I mean, certainly, you know, when I started out, I,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Give us a, give it a try and help out with the projects. I think definitely email people. You know, like everybody said,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so, you know, don't let that stop you. If you're, if you're really interested in doing research, uhm, you know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If people send me two or three emails, because sometimes I'm a little slow to respond.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So do that and be persistent and give it a try if you really want to. Uhm, and don't let anybody dissuade you from giving it a try.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You fucking pair of clowns! I'm sorry, sir. We risked our lives several times over trying to save you. I-I-I know. I just wish I knew what was happening and why.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Interesting haircut, by the way. I meant to tell you that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wilson Dasil. Very good to meet you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, let me ask you something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, we sure put his gang out of business. But don't worry, those guys, they're a small fry. This is the guy I'm interested in. Neves. And this is his little buddy here. Mido Hego. They work for this vigilante group. Krasha Preto.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, they're very popular with right-wing politicians, like Victor Bronco. Now, you see, many years ago,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He helped clear some villages on a bit of land. Harigobranco wanted to develop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, he did some very bad things. Anyway, have you ever seen this guy? Maybe at the stadium.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I knew you were involved in that business. You know, I wanted to investigate that, but I got an order to blame it on some local street kids instead. Tell me, what happened there?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's okay, it's a little weird right now, but I know that Victor Branco


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is involved in all this, I just don't know how or why. And I know that the infidels are involved in all this as well, but I just don't know how or why.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you know what's gonna happen? The moment is gonna come along when I put all these pieces together, and at that moment, someone is gonna come along and put a bullet in my head. Anyway, listen. I think you might want this. Thank you. I'll need it. And if it's Fabiana Bronco you've come looking for, then she's up the hill. So why don't you just go get her? I don't know. Well, I'm a cop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll fight corruption. I'll stand up to the rich and dumb, but if I go up that hill right now, I'll be dead in three minutes or less.


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[Assistant] Maybe you too, Max. You're in the jungle now. So it appears. If you survive the next hour, let's speak. You helped me.


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[Assistant] And I'm gonna do what I can to help you. Good luck!


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[Assistant] Yeah, I don't. I thought you guys were very close. We were. Well, you know what? I did a background check. Jesus. I mean, I thought the two of you worked for Rodrigo Bronco. Yeah, so? So? Did you get paid by Victor?


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[Assistant] Victor, no. Well, Raul Passos did it. Six times.


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[Assistant] Dating back to a few months before you turned up. He even paid for a ticket for him to go to New York. Why?


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[Assistant] I don't know, my guess is to meet you. But why? I don't know, maybe he liked you. Maybe he thought you needed a break. That's funny.


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[Assistant] I don't know, maybe he wanted some dumb gringo to come down here to shoot things up and maybe to take the watch for Rodrigo when he got shot. I don't believe that. Why?


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[Assistant] Because you're not a dumb gringo. Or because you are.


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[Assistant] Okay. Let me ask you something.


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[Assistant] But what is it that you really thought that you were doing down there in Panama? Hmm? And don't tell me you're so naive.


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[Assistant] As to think you were just down there, guarding a woman.


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[Assistant] Let me ask you again, Max. What do you think you were really doing in Panama? I was drinking. People die. Innocent people. Who do you think robbed you?


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[Assistant] Do you think he has easy access to Panamanian death squads? Guess I didn't really think about it. You were smuggling something.


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[Assistant] I think it was money. I think Marcelo and Victor have a friendly banker there in Panama.


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[Assistant] Your little cruise was to deliver the cash to him because there it's easier to launder. I thought the Broncos were rich.


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[Assistant] Harigo's rich. The other two, they live well, but they don't have real money. Victor's campaigns were always financed by his brother.


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[Assistant] And now Rodrigo's dead. Exactly. And Marcelo, too.


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[Assistant] It's an awful tragedy for Victor, huh? A man running on a law and order ticket, you know, whose brothers have both been killed in such terrible circumstances. A true patriot. What about Marcelo?


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[Assistant] But I do believe some other scheme, you know, some other bullshit.


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[Assistant] Whatever that cash was, Victor could have talked him into something. I don't know yet. And Pasos? Well, Pasos is a bum ex-cop. You failed in America.


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[Assistant] Failed in Sao Paulo. He was surrounded by more money and more poverty than his tiny little head can handle. You think guys like that can't be bought?


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[Assistant] No, but- But nothing. Probably not a bad guy. He's just a man caught in the crossfire of a very rich family.


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[Assistant] You're the fall guy. The American. Running around. Acting like the action hero. Killing lots of people.


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[Assistant] You're a stroke of genius. That ain't how it is. You were an angry ex-cop. You were sitting in a bar with a history of violence and a history of a bad temper. You were perfect. Me and Pasos went to the academy together. Did you? I don't fucking know! Okay, let's take a drive, Max. Wanna do some good, hm? Wanna get yourself killed in a good cause? Then I need you to check something out for me.


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[Assistant] That incident at the favela today. Some of my officers say a bus drove off some captives.


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[Assistant] They did, I saw it. But no captives were ever booked.


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[Assistant] Max, you see that building there? The Imperial Palace Hotel. Yea, that's what it says. People go in there.