[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like you are somebody who's up on charges or a convict or something and that is wrong and I hope the people at Royal


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but you know, on the cruise ships, people are back. So almost everybody has very mild symptoms if they get, uh, Omicron. And so the third thing you already got the COVID is to then lock you in this dungeon is just shocking. You know, I will tell you if that happens to Lane when we're on the ship in March and she gets locked in the dungeon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, but I, I think, I think this is stupidity on the part of the cruise line. So there have been stories all over the place about, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How the cruise lines are treating the passengers, you're going to read about it if you test positive and you're on a ship. My goodness. Anyway, uh, it may make you think, you know what?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe I'm a 24 instead of a 22, you know, that you take that booking and you push it back because you don't want to end up in the dungeon on the ship.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, there are some pictures people have posted of these little, uh, cubby holes they've put in. And one thing it makes me think about is that how the lower level employees on cruise ships live.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm sorry, I didn't talk about Airbnb, VRBO, and hotels. So the other thing with this is when you're booking, uh, Airbnb or VRBO, please pay very close attention to what the booking policy is for cancellation. Most Airbnbs or VRBOs, you book, you own it, and that's it. No exceptions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People who have Airbnb's, VRBO's that because of COVID are giving more liberal cancellation policies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But for the most part, with both Airbnb and VRBO, you book it, you own it, whether you go or not. Please be solidly aware of that. On hotels, a lot of hotels, particularly at resorts, that tended to be non-refundable the second you booked them, they're not doing that anymore. They are generally allowing you to cancel, in most cases, up to three days before, for a full refund.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But again, it varies by property and just because most are doing that, not everybody is. So in this era of uncertainty with travel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Having the ability to cancel without losing money is key to your travel plans and be very aware of this when you book through any, any channel or a tour, hotel, or a rental like an Airbnb.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People love that trip and you will not have the amenities that you were paying a huge amount of money for, $11,000. This is such a difficult dilemma because you're talking about cancel for any reason, refund, that you'll get back,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Was it 8,000 something out of $11,000 or you go on the trip


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And know that you have the incredible beauty you'll see in Canada, in that dome car, but you will not have the, oh I'm sorry, the dome car was cancelled.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you're just looking out a window. This is one of those things, Joe, that, that is just in the life's not fair department. And this goes back to what I was just saying about the terms and conditions on refunds with tours and anything you book are so important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is, this is a thing where if they will let you roll the money to a future date would be the best compromise I could recommend. And your 40th anniversary trip may become your 42nd anniversary trip as an alternative. Because they have the legal right to say, huh, that's it, we're going to give you back three quarters, that's all you get. They have the right to do that even though


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The terms of the tour have changed so much because if you read the tour contract, tour contracts always say that all the features are subject to change even without notice. And so you got to make that call of either going and knowing you're not going to have the same experience, seeing if you can roll it forward to a future date or cut your losses


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And take back your eight thousand and change. It is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This has been a gray area with cancel for any reason insurance and it depends on the language of the policy what happens in a case where the airline gives you a credit but you cannot use the credit in time. Uhm, some policies make you wait


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Till the credits have expired, and then you get back your...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 50, 60 or 75 percent depending on what kind of cancel for any reason coverage you have. But you do have to wait generally when that will be refunded till that window has closed to prevent you from claiming against the insurance and then using the credit too. So you've got to read in the language of the contract on how you trigger


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cancel for any reason. To make sure that the non-refundable airline tickets


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That are rollable forward for a period of time if that's an expression. That you're able to ultimately


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Forfeit that and get back three quarters of the money. I know that was if, if, if, and it's true because it all depends


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the language of the contract of the insurance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, I know that you were looking for a much more clear answer, that's the best I can do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are, I don't even know how many people around America have ordered something like furniture and paid a deposit and it's nowhere to be seen. And I need to talk about that because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's been crushing to people's wallets. What do you do about that next?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You go into a furniture store or many other places for a while, this was completely true with appliances.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they might have things on the floor or displays, but there was nothing you could buy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they'd say, well you can place a deposit, especially if there's been a mess in the furniture business, you place a deposit and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They'll tell you it'll be there in 6 to 12 weeks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Six to twelve months later, still no furniture. Day after day, there are stories.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On local television news and newspapers, here's one from the New York Post. Uh, somebody paid $6,000 for a sectional.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No one, now no one's answering, stealing my money, not giving me anything in return. Uhm, this is a terrible, terrible problem all across America with, and I don't want to say that furniture retailers and others


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That sell high end goods or expensive goods.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're purposely trying to rip people off. They may have truly believed when they took a deposit from you that they would have the furniture, the sofa, the, you know, whatever in, you know, three months, six months, whatever. I don't think they had any way of knowing how bad the disruptions have been. And then the worst scenario is happening.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've now got furniture retailers filing for bankruptcy. They file for bankruptcy and generally it's up to the court


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whether your deposits become unsecured claims and you lose your money or if the company is able to reorganize if your deposit is preserved


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In any way for you to get that deposit back, no matter what.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The interesting thing about this that lawyers can talk about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that they're entering into essentially a contract with you. Normally a contract has to be specific as to what you're getting in the time. But there is no time involved in this, but this is another law. EU has the gold makes the rules and the furniture stores have the money and there's no way really to get that money back. So this is why I've recommended


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That you buy only furniture if your money really matters to you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That you can get your hands on. Maybe it's even used furniture. That you buy what you can get, uh, off the floor. You know, uh, Wayne and I were in a store the other day and there was a chair that was on, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Final sale, it was a four sample being sold off, I guess they weren't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Gonna stock that chair anymore. And they had it marked down. And there was another woman who


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Was looking at it too and she was really excited about it. We said, well, if you want it, you go ahead and have it. Otherwise, we'll buy it. She did buy it. But that way, I mean, you see it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's there, you buy it, you take it, you don't have to worry about it. But right now,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Paying deposits is really dangerous. Now even if you put down a deposit on a credit card when you're buying something, you only have a 60 day window there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And again, the credit card company may or may not give you your money back based on failure to deliver goods or services. That's the basis on making a claim for the return of that money. Just know that we're still in very hazardous territory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because of what's going on in the furniture production industry in Asia, where almost all furniture comes from, a lot from Indonesia, uhm, Thailand, trying to think where else, China, where else they make, Vietnam, uhm, the, the disruptions are just massive. So know that that deposit you pay is money that's almost certainly taking a one-way trip


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even if the furniture never makes the trip from Asia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It doesn't exist? You're already making pa- uh-uh, uh-uh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, you are getting ripped off to the end of the earth here. This is a major publicly traded retailer. There is no excuse for this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're not asking for enough. First of all, there are more and more stoves available. Appliances that were non-existent, there are now more available. What the store owes you is a full and complete refund. And this is going to involve you contacting their in-house credit issuer. And this is unbelievable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You should not, your payment should not have begun until you receive the goods. This is an abuse of you as a customer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this retailer claims they don't have store managers anymore. That's baloney. I want you to go back in the store and I want this resolved and I want to hear back from you because the next thing we're going to do is we're going to name the retailer, make sure they know that they have not been named yet to give them a chance to resolve this to your satisfaction. That's unbelievable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Paying for something that doesn't exist yet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So he's paying for a phantom. You know, it cooks as well as I know how to cook in an oven.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not having an oven is equal to how I cook. The difference is he wants to cook in an oven and doesn't have it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's why the store has to fix this and make this right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so this is going to be, uh, something that's going to generate a lot of questions to us. I briefly address this that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lot of people now are being paid tips, being paid for services they render, like let's say somebody gives guitar lessons, in this case a coach doing individual coaching.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People now routinely pay you instead of in cash like they might have in the past, they're now paying with Venmo, Cash App, uh, you know, PayPal, that horrible bank thing, Zelle. Anyway, they're paying these methods and now the federal rules require that it be reported that you've received money in excess of 600 over the course of a year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Telling you how to evade taxes, but I'm telling you what people are doing is they're now asking to go back to the old way of doing things, which is to be paid in cash instead of with one of the payment apps. And that is the alternative that is the buzz as a response to what's going on with the new federal rules. So if you are going to continue to be paid by payment apps, yes,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're going to have to report this income and pay tax on the income.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So generally the best thing to do is to use a traditional credit union or bank.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, you help them at a credit union, open an account.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you're willing to do so that it's a joint account that you are on and they are on as well, where they would have the ability to write checks on the account, that may be the alternative you have to pursue. The other thing that I know has worked in the past for people


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With the brokerage accounts you can have check rating privileges and it's another way to have a equivalent of a banking relationship and not have to jump through some of the hoops.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For joining us on, oh I'm sorry, you had another question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of all the complaints we've heard about moving over the years, and I'm gonna open my mouth and I'm gonna cause a problem, I cannot recall ever having a complaint about the experience people have had doing what you're talking about doing, where they come and dump the pods, the moving pods in your front yard or driveway, you load them


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And whether you hire local labor to help you load and unload, that's fine, but you load them up yourself, they come and they pick them up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And one that has eliminated a lot of the X factors with moving that have led to all the complaints we've had over the years. So yes, that is a very viable strategy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, I'm just too cheap for my own good sometimes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here's something that's really cheap for you. It's free. I want you to know about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our newsletters we have for you at Clark.com and ClarkDeals.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We also have communities on Facebook and Instagram, and I hope that in addition to listening to our podcast, you'll join us in other ways as well, all for free.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm really terrified now, like we're coming up on episode 8 and I'm not gonna be here for season 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rob, can we make sure that that part of, like, that I will not do this without you by my side. We really want to make sure that that gets broadcast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and even though like very clearly there's really actually no separation between our bodies and our minds. These are integrated systems. Uhm, but we've sort of up until this point not talked a lot or much at all about the brain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the reason for this is because nobody at all wants to stay healthy in their body if they're not also healthy in their mind. Absolutely.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, so currently about 6.2 million Americans who are over the age of 65 are living with Alzheimer's. That's just one of several forms of dementia. But because we're living longer,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is really important because a lot of people, if you just say Alzheimer's dementia, people think that's far away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're gonna fix that before I get to that point, but all of us, uh, virtually all of us go through some amount of cognitive decline in our middle years. And so this isn't just about preventing these things that are way downstream. These are, this is about making our mental, our intellectual lives better right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyone who's been following along knows that uhm, we have presented a case over the last few episodes that aging is largely a result of X differentiation of cells.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's touch on that really quickly because that's going to be an important point drawing through this episode.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the last episode we said that skin, uh, it appears that skin ages faster than most other systems in our body and we can use these clocks also and have used these clocks to measure aging in the brain and when we measure aging in the brain we find something really interesting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like significantly slower. Your brain is biologic, very good chance that your brain is biologically younger than you are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So one of these studies, uh, was led, actually a couple of these studies was led by your friend and sometimes collaborator Steve Horvath.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you could look at the liver and you could see that the liver is actually 55 and you could look at the skin and say, oh, the liver is actually 62 in equivalent numbers. Horvath and his associates, uh, looked at tissue samples from a 112 year old woman.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they measured the clock and all these different parts of, of her body and the regions of the brain were all much, much less methylated than her other organs. So that was the first study. And then they've done other studies just a few years later, they did a study that showed, uh, across a lot of, uh, samples.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Predicted age is lower in the brain than really anywhere else in the body. Sometimes just like a quarter of the age of other parts of the body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One thing to note is that cellular turnover is relatively low in the brain. So even though these cells, even if they're not dividing, they still do age. That process of slow cellular turnover could explain some of the reasons why the brain doesn't X differentiate as fast as other regions in the body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so all of this is the good news. The good news is, in general, our brains age more slowly than the rest of our bodies. The bad news, as we said at the beginning of the show, is that we are living longer. That's actually good news too, but it's got a bad news component because our bodies are now outliving


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In some cases our brain. The average onset of dementia is 80 years old and in most, uh, advanced nations now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The average lifespan is more than 80 years old. And so what that really means is that more and more of us are living with dementia at the ends of our lives and other, uh, other cognitive impairments. That's a terrible fate. That's something that we should all be working to prevent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And again, there's not, uhm, you know, because you work on the whole body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're not working on the whole body when people become old. We're talking about the whole body across the span of a human life and there are advantages to that too because everybody suffers some cognitive decline. Uhm, this is a little terrifying. The volume of the brain after the age of 40 reduces about 5% per decade.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's got cognitive implications for all of us, uh, as we enter what's, uh, you know, that used to be called our middle years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a lot of people might think like, well, okay, what is the, it doesn't make a lot of evolutionary sense that the brain starts to, you know, have struggles at 30, 40, 50. But for one thing, for a long period of our history, people didn't actually last that long on general, in general.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, and we didn't need a really super sophisticated executive functioning to survive even when we were in our 30s and 50s. Well, 30s, 40s, and 50s. Like, if you made it that far,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your life was gonna be pretty much the same on Monday as it was on Sunday, and it was gonna be pretty much the same on Sunday as it was two Sundays before, and two months before, and two years before, and even like 200 years before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is what we call a plastic environment, an ever-changing environment, and that has implications in terms of how our brains develop and the plasticity that we need to respond to these changes over time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, imagine what, I mean, and this did happen to a lot of people, but this is a really terrible thing, right? If, if you were not able or willing to adopt new changes to your environment,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You were not going to be able to talk to people during, during the shutdowns during the pandemic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so what we want to talk about now is this idea of keeping our brains and bodies aging at about the same rate so that we don't suffer physical decline and we don't suffer cognitive decline.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, it's really about keeping the brain younger and healthier too. That comes down to some of the same things that we've been talking about throughout this podcast, these three longevity pathways.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can we dive a little into mTOR? We're going to talk mostly about sirtuins, but uhm, there's, there's a real key role that mTOR plays in autophagy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And even though we're really mostly going to be focusing today on the Sirtuin pathways, uhm, you can be assured that the, the lifestyle advice that comes along with this, it works for all three of these pathways.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's several types of sirtuins, but one in particular, there's a couple that are important to brain aging. One in particular is called Sirt1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's talk about the role of sirtuins when it comes to aging in the brain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, let's talk about those things, uh, first. Let's talk about diet and exercise. Cause that's gotta be the sort of like the foundation on which we build all this other stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, there's a study earlier this year from a really large international research group that was led by, uh, Tommaso Bellorini. Uh, it showed higher adherence to a healthy diet, in this case the Mediterranean diet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, is associated with less amyloid beta, less tau, larger gray matter volume. If some of these words are sounding familiar, it's because they're all associated with Alzheimer's disease.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's actually a 10% risk reduction for each Mediterranean diet score, which means the more Mediterranean your diet, the better you were doing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And not surprisingly, this is a research team from Greece. They really like the Mediterranean diet for obvious reasons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, well I don't know that we need to wait too long to get into that. Let's talk about that. Like what is it in that diet chemically that can help the brain?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the, and that's sort of the overarching nature of a plant-based diet, whether it's Mediterranean diet or some other diet, is that it is mimicking adversity. Your body's gotta work a little harder to get everything that it needs. That's sending the signals that maybe times aren't so great and we need to activate these longevity pathways.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? Let's talk about some of the things that you need to make sure that you're getting enough of if you are eating this plant-based diet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the result of low B vitamins is an elevated level of homocysteines.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think a lot of people think about elevated homocysteines in terms of what's going on in like their blood vessels throughout their body. But we're having a conversation here about our brains. It's important there as well. Maybe even more so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have like a 15% chance of death within a year and then it goes up from there in really scary measure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's really scary. So obviously like staying ahead of this, not letting that accumulate at all is preferential even to catching it early.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's talk also about fatty acids and the importance of really making sure that you're getting the right and the right kinds of fatty acids, particularly if you are on a plant-based diet and you're concerned about brain health, which


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And these are giving us the DHAs and the EPAs because there's three different kinds of these, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, as a recent convert to seaweed salads, I would be remiss not to note that you can actually get, one of the few plant sources that you can get DHA and EPA from is, is from seaweed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we know we should be consuming these omega-3s, but why? What are they doing in our cells?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have to eat for brain health because what we eat, what we consume helps make up the parts of our brain that keep our brain healthy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We also have to exercise for brain health. We can't neglect that part. We can't think that exercise just affects us from here down. It doesn't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've seen this in a number of both human and animal studies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Highly regulated, but they do make sure they actually do the exercises.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the function that's like co-equal to the judicial and legislative function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A little bit of exercise, six months of exercise improved for these people, they're all over the age of 55, improved dramatically their ability to do these things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's hard to, uh, take people who have Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, other cognitive, uh, problems through things like that because it's just, at a certain point you lose the ability to get them to respond to you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there's also lots of evidence in mice for this. There's a study this year, uh, out of Brazil that showed that exercise had a really significant effect on mouse models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the takeaway here is that at a time in many people's lives when they're becoming less active,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's actually more important than ever before to become more active and to stay active.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even if we're eating well, even if we're exercising, I mean, presumably our ancestors did these things too. If they hadn't, we wouldn't be here. Uhm, they faced these sorts of adversities all throughout their lives and that's what we're trying to mimic through our diets and our exercise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It still might not be enough because we do live these lives of incredible comfort, and uhm, we eat a lot of food, and so...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We might need a little additional help, uh, when it comes to keeping our brains healthy. This is where supplementation comes in. And one of the supplements we want to talk about, um, is Metformin. A lot of people are going to say, oh wait, that's an AMPK activator. You guys said you were talking about cert, but we're actually kind of talking about both.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and we know that Metformin is good for brain health, uh, from a variety of studies. Uh, one we want to start with today is this, this fish study, which I did not know that they did cognitive studies on fish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Having cognitive impairment or cognitive success.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so the, the Ted Lasso quote about being a goldfish and like immediately forgetting things, that's not true.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] High blood sugar is not good for brain activity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're not just seeing, uh, improvement in cognitive function with metformin and fish. Uh, there's been studies on mice, there's been studies on rats, there's been studies on humans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's a, that's a small, really well controlled study. There's also a really big, less well controlled study, but nonetheless, really impressive study from 2019. It took a really huge cohort of diabetic patients, tens of thousands of them. Dementia incidence for the metformin users, 55% lower.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's been some suggestion that Metformin in addition to, uh, acting on AMPK and then like, you know, then the, the chain of Custy moves its way down and AMPK acts upon NAD. Metformin actually might impact NAD directly as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the meantime, there are more direct ways to impact NAD levels, and that's through NAD boosters. Uh, there's been lots of animal research on this. It elevates cognitive functioning. It promotes recovery after brain injury. All good stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we've got a long history now of research going back almost 20 years of NAD supplementation on brain health. There was a study in 2004 that showed treatment with NADH slowed Alzheimer's. And a lot of people hear about NAD+, NADH might be a little unfamiliar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another more recent result, uh, a combination of NR, which is another kind of NAD booster that we talked about a few episodes back, and, uh, Pterostilbene.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This was a, uh, pretty, uh, short-term study. It showed sort of like immediate returns for ALS patients when they took this combination of NR and Tera-Stilbene. Uhm, but Linny Guarente, who's running the study out of his lab at MIT, uh, your former mentor there,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we chatted with him this morning, he said actually they're now looking at a year-long study, uh, so that they can see if these results continue on for a longer term for, for patients who are dealing with a really, really debilitating disease.


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[Assistant] Can we talk a little bit about this idea of increasing blood flow and what NAD boosters do for blood flow? One of the studies that you were involved in showed, uh, vascular, uhm, improvements in mice, uh, that were put on these boosters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Vascular flow isn't just important in our bodies, it's, well, frankly, it's more important in our brains, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this turns mice with older brains into mice.


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[Assistant] So before we move off of the topic of sirtuins in the brain, uhm, it's not just blood vessels that are being affected. It's not just the cerebellum. Uh, there are other parts of the brain that are also, uh, really well impacted by sirt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, let's talk about sleep because, I mean, quite frankly, if you don't sleep,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're in a lot of trouble. And you're going to age faster. There's lots of research on this.


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[Assistant] And the big problem here is that sleep efficiency actually declines with age, so we gotta work harder at sleep as we get older, just like we have to work harder at exercise as we get older to promote brain health.


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[Assistant] There's some other supplements that a lot of people take, uh, magnesium.


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[Assistant] I think a little counterintuitive, one of the best things that you can do for sleep at night is actually not something you do before you go to sleep, it's something you do right away when you wake up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And like the other things we've talked about today, there's lots and lots of research. We're not like just making this up. Sleep is important. We know this.


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[Assistant] Which is also a way that we've seen that you can rescue human subjects from sleep deprivation.


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[Assistant] Even just one night of sleep deprivation. A lot of people say, oh, you know, I'll catch up tomorrow. I'll catch up the next day, whatever, right? Maybe I didn't sleep well tonight, but I can sleep well the rest of the week. One night of sleep deprivation increases amyloid beta production by 5%. That's, you don't want to mess with amyloid beta, right?


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[Assistant] Are getting so much adversity right now, right? We talk about a little bit of adversity being good.


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[Assistant] But we evolved to have a pretty low, constant low level of adversity popping up now and then. And right now in terms of sort of like the insults and injuries that we're taking in, in terms of stresses, daily stresses, everything changing, our brains are being besieged all the time. We need sleep to reset.


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[Assistant] The overall message today is we gotta keep our brains healthy and we have to work to keep our brains healthy. We can't just expect that they're going to do what they've always done throughout our evolutionary history, which is to last longer than we have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've figured out many of the tricks that are gonna keep us alive for longer holistically, but we gotta keep our brains healthy for at least one day longer than the rest of us last.


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[Assistant] In our next episode, we're gonna be talking about a lot of the things that


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[Assistant] We sort of hinted at throughout the series so far, uh, in terms of what's coming next. Maybe what's coming next in a few years, maybe what's coming next in 10 years, and what if we can keep ourselves


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[Assistant] From aging too quickly over the next couple of decades might be a quarter century away and sort of waiting for us there if we get there healthy.


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[Assistant] One of the things that I noticed, uhm, and you, we've talked about this a lot, you and I,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, many of the things that we talked about in the book that we said, uh, these are a little ways down the line. It's only been three years since the book, two years since the book was published.


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[Assistant] And a lot of those things are coming to fruition a lot faster than we had even thought. And so these things that maybe in the next episode we're going to say, ah, these are kind of far down the line. Who knows? They could be here next Tuesday.


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[Assistant] Yes, fundamentally changing what healthcare is going to look like in this next part of the 21st century.


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[Assistant] They've loved it. You know, it's been, it's been fun. This was a Christmas present to, uh, to my kids. Uh, you know, this past Christmas and, uh, you know, I always loved going to camp when I was a kid and, uh, and I love Duke and I love my sons. So it was like the perfect meeting.


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[Assistant] of all three and we had a great, they've had a great week here. There's amazing camp coaches. It's a really well run camp and


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[Assistant] Uh, being a dad allows me to do some stuff besides, uh, you know, running a camp, which was generally what I do. Uh, so, it's been a great, great trip.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I mean, they're different as, as brothers often are. My older son, um, played multiple, played multiple sports in high school, uh, but recently,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, it seems like his favorite is basketball. Uhm, my younger son.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Has always loved hoops, uh, but for me, you know, I, I was net when I was a kid.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I was never forced into playing basketball. I didn't grow up in a coaching family. My dad was a...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Longshoremen on the docks of Baltimore. My mom's, uh, was a homemaker and a world class one at that. So I'll always support their interests and passions. And if they ask me when it pertains to hoops to help them.


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[Assistant] I'll help them, but if they don't, I'm not gonna push it. I want them to find their own, their own path.


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[Assistant] Yeah, my recruiting process was pretty unique. I mean, I was a good player in high school, but after my junior year, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was really looking at the University of Pennsylvania or Princeton. That was kind of the level, uhm, that I was being recruited at, which, great level. I mean, I'm talking about big time schools.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and then after my junior year, I went to a camp called Five Star and ended up


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[Assistant] Getting MVP of the camp and the guy who ran it was a guy named Howard Garfinkel, uh, called Sonny Baccaro.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Sonny at that time was in between Nike and Adidas and worked for Converse for a year.


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[Assistant] Uh, the old grandmama react juices, and I, as a favor to have, uh, Mr. Garf, I got invited to Sonny's camp, uh, and I was one of the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The last invite, maybe the last invite, and, uh,


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[Assistant] Long story short, they put me on a team with eight Europe, Eastern Europeans. None of whom spoke English. And so it was me.


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[Assistant] And a bunch of other guys with long last names that were really hard to pronounce playing against the...


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[Assistant] You know, uh, Antoine Walker and Felipe Lopez's and Stefan Marbury's of the world. And we end up having a great camp.


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[Assistant] You know, when I found out my team, you know, your initial reaction is like, why, you know, why, like why?


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[Assistant] Am I on a, I should be on team Baltimore or team DMV or whatever. And, uh, but quickly flipped the switch and, and it worked out.


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[Assistant] I had to show out by being a 1-on-1 player.


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[Assistant] Getting buckets, I would not have looked very good. But I was on a team that...


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[Assistant] Wanted to be led, even though we didn't speak the same language. And...


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[Assistant] Share the ball and play team basketball. And so it allowed me to play to my strengths. And so in the


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[Assistant] Period of about four weeks, uh, one from being...


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[Assistant] But in, you know, when I was 10 or 11, that's when Johnny Dawkins and Mark Allery and David Henderson and, uh, Jay Bellis and that crew was, kind of took Duke to another level. That class took


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[Assistant] That, that class is the foundation we all stand on now.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and so I loved it and Wojciechowski, when I went to kind of the Polish parties on my dad's side of the family, it was like, it wasn't really a decision and, uh, and then built a great relationship with coach K, uh, in the recruiting process and ended up coming to Duke.


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[Assistant] Yeah, it was, it was surreal. Uhm, you know, I was, I was, when I was young, I was, I was really, I wasn't really good in basketball. I was really good in soccer.


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[Assistant] And, uh, but then as I got old, like when I went to high school, I still played soccer all four years and was still able to be pretty good.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but I focus on basketball.


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[Assistant] So instead of having like, you know, preseason workouts that I would do at like normal times, they were either first thing in the morning or last thing at night.


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[Assistant] College coaches would come to my soccer games or soccer practices and we were playing our rival, uh,


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[Assistant] And on one end of the field there was Coach K and Coach K and Mike Bray.


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[Assistant] And on the other end of the field was Dean Smith and Phil Ford.


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[Assistant] Which, you know, like an inner city, you know, soccer, you know, just very...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Unique, uhm, to see, you know, like two of the...


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[Assistant] The great, the greatest of all time in my opinion and coach K and one of the greatest and


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[Assistant] And coach Smith at a soccer game in the middle of Baltimore city.


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[Assistant] Uhm, watching a, you know, a 5'10 midfielder play soccer. So it, uh, yeah, some, you know, I, I don't think back. I've had more time to think back of my, on my journey recently, but, uhm, some of the things that happened to me are, are absolutely wild. And that's one of them.


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[Assistant] Probably my senior night. Uh, it was my last game in Cameron. It was the last game of the regular season. There was a ACC regular season title on the line, which to me is the most meaningful of titles.


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[Assistant] Uh, because it's, it's a duration. At that time it was round robin. The league was very, very good.


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[Assistant] We were down 17 early in the second half.


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[Assistant] This was before Cameron was air conditioned. Uhm, and it was, it's hot. I mean, it was early, you know, it was early March, but it was like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Card gym is now in the middle of, or the late June. It was so hot.


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[Assistant] Was wearing a suit and tie to start the game, was wearing a golf polo to finish the game. And, uh, it was an incredible, incredible moment, uh, for me. And, um, you know, that was, that was a real highlight in my career.


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[Assistant] Of everybody in the building whose Fort Duke is connected.


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[Assistant] And completely immersed in the game. And uhm, you know, that's harder and harder to cultivate now, I think. And it didn't always happen when I played.


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[Assistant] At that moment on that day, if you were in the gym and you were rooting for Duke, and that was probably everybody except 40 people sitting behind the Carolina bench, uhm, their energies were connected. And as a result, the, the feeling in the gym was palpable to everybody there, including the guys who played at Carolina.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and that's what makes Cameron is a very special building. Uhm.


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[Assistant] But the people make it come alive. Yea. You know, that, that, that brings out Cameron's gifts. Is if the, if the players, the students, the staff are connected.


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[Assistant] Uhm, that's, that's when it's vintage Cameron. And it's always really good. And most of the time, it's great. But a vintage Cameron is when everybody in there is connected on one mission.


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[Assistant] I don't take credit for uh, Tommy Amaker and that crew started it.


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[Assistant] It's just the best thing I did as a player. So that's what everybody remembers me for, is slapping the floor and I don't know whether to take that as a compliment or not.


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[Assistant] You know, slapping the floor, its genesis is rooted in a call to action. And so, uhm, you know, I took pride in being a leader here and I took pride in


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[Assistant] Being responsible for when there was a collective call to action. And that's what the floor slap is.


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[Assistant] You know, and people can interpret it different ways, but.


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[Assistant] It was, it was a call to action to the guys to, to be connected to, to Locke.


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[Assistant] Lock in kind of spiritually, emotionally together and uh, physically try to get a stop. Yeah. And so.


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[Assistant] Uh, that's what the, that's what the floor staff is to me. Uhm, again, I wish it wasn't the best thing I did as a player. Uh, but I'm, you know, still, still reminded of it. You know, I still get asked quite frequently to slap the floor, so.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and not, eh, sometimes not, not everybody's feels the same. Uhm, but there, there's, there's significant moments where, uh, when it's utilized, it can be really effective. It doesn't always work.


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[Assistant] Because the teams you're playing against are really good. Uh, but it works at the right moment to join a team together.


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[Assistant] Just because something doesn't work, it doesn't mean it wasn't the right thing. Uh, so, um, you, you gotta have to have a feel. There's, it's not every moment can't be, uh, you know, a draw a line in the sand type moment, but there are moments when you're in it enough that you, you know, you can feel it and, and sometimes you need to make that known to,


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[Assistant] The guys that you're playing with or the people who are supposed to be


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[Assistant] Involved in the game with you because not everybody is going to have the right feel.


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[Assistant] Well, nobody, when I was coaching here, or playing here, I'm sorry, uh,


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[Assistant] It's organic, like if you need to coach somebody to do it, and a lot of coaches do, and your situation may have been one of them.


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[Assistant] But the more it can be organic, the better it is. Uhm, you know, and so that should come from the team. So I, I never wanted to put that on my, I mean, I was hopeful that


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[Assistant] Whatever the call to action is at those big moments and big games to, to, to really lock in together, uh,


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[Assistant] It should come from the players, uh, so I didn't, I never really, I never really coached it. Also, I didn't want, anyway, I never really coached it.


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[Assistant] Yeah, you know, it's getting, I'm getting old. Uhm, you know, most of the, the things I would say is that this experience at Duke,


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[Assistant] Uhm, people are, are going to, to pour in to you and you're gonna pour into the program or at least that's how it should be.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and there's gonna be different points along the way where...


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[Assistant] Your experiences is gonna teach you lessons and sometimes when you're younger,


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[Assistant] The ability to re- receive those lessons and...


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[Assistant] Is the people I got to share it with, uh, from the coaches to my teammates, many of whom, you know, I'm, I'm very close to now, um, and the lessons the game taught me, uh, you know, like basketball has had a,


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[Assistant] Huge. It's, basketball's fingerprints are all over my life. Uh, but basketball, while I


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[Assistant] Have been able to experience like the highest of the highs in the game.


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[Assistant] It teaches you lessons when you're at the top of the mountain or when you're in the valley. And sometimes as a player, you, the way you,


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[Assistant] Assess those situations is maybe not as deep as you should because when you get to be my age and that's a long way off for you, not as long for Dave, uhm, you draw upon those in your, your life's journey.


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[Assistant] That, that have nothing to do with sport. It has to do with the relationships that you have with your kids or your family or the times where life knocks you to the canvas.


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[Assistant] Or the times where you're a part of a group and a team, whatever team that is at that moment.


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[Assistant] Uh, where you achieve something together and there's not a better feeling.


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[Assistant] And so, you know, as a, what I would tell players is, you know, you're, there's going to be different feelings and emotions that come up through their own basketball journey. Make sure you're, you're able to receive them as best you can and make sure you give it the right meaning.


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[Assistant] Because you'll draw, if you use it correctly, you'll draw on that forever. Uhm, and the second thing I would tell the players is that relationships matter.


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[Assistant] Because I remember when I was in college, you know, it's like the world revolves around you. And that's a part of youth, and that's...


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[Assistant] But the more you can lock arms with really good people, even when really good people are telling you hard things, uhm, the better life experience you'll have well beyond basketball, which for me is the most important thing.


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[Assistant] No, I always, I mean, outside of my family, the biggest influences in my life were my coaches. And, you know, I mean, I thought,


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[Assistant] When I came back from Poland, I was actually going to take a job at the Naval Academy working for Don DeVoe.


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[Assistant] Uh, but I was down here coaching just had hip surgery and, uh,


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[Assistant] I want to visit him in the hospital on the day before Quinn Snyder took the Missouri job.


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[Assistant] And while I was in the hospital, coach asked me, I was 21 and I coached.


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[Assistant] Half the returning guys at the time, all the return- I played with all the returning players.


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[Assistant] Uh, at the time, I didn't play with any of the incoming freshmen.


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[Assistant] He asked me if I wanted to join his staff.


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[Assistant] I had to make sure it wasn't the pain medication talking. So once I realized that, I obviously quickly took the job.


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[Assistant] Chris Carroll, Nate James and Shane Batty, there were only three scholarship players left in the program. Okay. When I took the job. Um, that was the first year guys went pro. Yeah. So my first, my first week on the job, Elton Brand went pro who I played with William Avery went pro.


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[Assistant] Uh, who I played with, Corey McGetty left.


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[Assistant] After his freshman year, uh, the original kind of one and done and Chris Burgess transferred to Utah. So we had three guys remaining and it was Shane, it was Nate and Sewell and there couldn't have been a better three guys to have returning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we had a pretty good recruiting class coming in and Jason Williams, Jay Williams.


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[Assistant] Mike Dunleavy, Carlos Boozer, uh, Casey Sanders, uh, Nick Korvath.


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[Assistant] It's not a bad class. And uh, started out the year 0 and 2.


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[Assistant] Uh, lost at Madison Square Garden to Stanford and Yukon. And, uh, that team ended up winning the regular season. Chris Carroll was an ACC player of the year.


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[Assistant] I had a dynamite senior year and that was the beginning of my, I was 21.


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[Assistant] You know, which is pretty young, especially at Duke. But it was, uh, it was the start of a great journey here.


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[Assistant] The players. I mean, in 2001 you had Shane and Nate.


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[Assistant] I don't know if there's ever been a better leader, or leadership duo than those two. Shane was just an alien when it came to leadership.


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[Assistant] And then the young guys who were freshmen and, and, you know, we took our, took our lumps by Duke standards. Um, but they, they kind of all blossom into, to great players. Um, you know, that team, we, we, Carlos Boozer broke his foot. We play in the university of Maryland, who at that time, that rivalry was in my opinion, equal to the Carolina rivalry.


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[Assistant] Carlos broke his foot on chain senior night and we lost. We had one more game left. We had to go to Carolina.


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[Assistant] And Carlos was going to be done for the season is what everybody thought. Uhm, and you know, had unbelievable team meeting that next morning, went over to Carolina and


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[Assistant] You know, we started Casey Sanders, who hadn't played much at center, and Reggie Love, who's the guy I recruited to play football and basketball as our backup center, who's 6'5".


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[Assistant] And we, we, we didn't lose from there and we actually ended up getting Carlos back.


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[Assistant] In the final four, but that team went through some adversity and that very, very easily could have.


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[Assistant] Uh, not been national champions, but their character was incredible. In 2010 was the most, in 2001, I was too young to appreciate it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I was, I was young and dumb. Uh, 2010, I appreciated it. That, that was my, that was the most fun I ever had coaching, uh, to this day. That team was, that team took its lumps, um, over the course of four years.


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[Assistant] We lost Gerald Henderson to the draft after his junior year and people thought we were going to be good, but not necessarily because of our talent. They just, we were old and good.


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[Assistant] And, uh, they ended up being champions and that team's character was beyond reproach.


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[Assistant] And so many guys, we would not have won if not, if one person on the roster didn't contribute to the level they did. And everybody contributed. And it was, it was a magical, magical year.


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[Assistant] I do have good stories, but I ain't, I ain't giving you any to bring back to the locker room. Uhm, John was a natural. John was a great competitor, and you know, like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That was his greatest gift. I mean, he could shoot and he can handle and he was smart, but he was a competitive genius while being like,


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[Assistant] If you guys can, can do what he did in that respect, you'll, you'll, your team's gonna be just fine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't, you know, the old born with or learned. I think, I think some people are born with that, that lean. Uhm, but I also think


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[Assistant] I think a lot of competition comes from how deeply you care about something. And, you know, the depths you're willing to go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Physically, emotionally, you know, even at sometimes spiritually.


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[Assistant] To accomplish what you want to accomplish with a group.


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[Assistant] So I think people can learn that. Uhm, so, I think it's a combination.


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[Assistant] Well, we were both pretty young when we got into coaching. Uhm, and, you know, we loved to play. We, we just.


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[Assistant] Neither one of us probably were good enough to have careers in the game where it made sense for us to keep playing, although we probably could've.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so we loved to play and we wanted to kind of feed that love. Uh, we loved to compete and we wanted to stay in shape. Uh, so it evolved where we were going two on two, three on three to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Unbelievable workout. I mean, I think Chris would tell you that we may have been in better shape.


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[Assistant] Staff members when we were in our twenties than we were when we were playing because we also hit our prime as players. Yeah, so uhm.


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[Assistant] It was, it was super fun. So we, we'd grab whoever would play and, but we were always on the same team cause it wouldn't have been very healthy for us to be on opposite teams. Um, uh, but we, we won a lot of games. We won a lot of games together. So it was, it was, it was good. It was fun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For, I, I, I think, you know, throughout college basketball,


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[Assistant] The passion that can be generated between schools and their teams and players and their fans.


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[Assistant] Which is, you know, I don't know if you'd necessarily get it at other levels.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I love the fact that players, players are getting what they probably should have gotten for a long time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and it's been a long time since I was a player. I mean, I would have benefited from that as a player. Surprisingly enough, they sold my jerseys in the bookstore.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, like, I think about coaches a lot.


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[Assistant] And uhm, one of the things I love that the change I love for players is it's not just getting paid, but there's much more attention paid to their mental health. Uhm, it's, it's an unsustainable business for coaches.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what you're gonna do is you're gonna lose people who are wickedly talented.


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[Assistant] At coaching, but also the best, the best models for growth and development as humans are going to leave.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, and you already seen some of that. And so if college basketball doesn't figure it out, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's, it's just gonna be a money grab for everybody. And that's, that's friggin' wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there doesn't seem to be much urgency, uh, you know, in that respect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I always feel my best when I'm moving, and uhm, so I like to move, and I like to move with community.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and Jesse is the guy that sees the world the same. Now I haven't done all the crazy shit Jesse's done. Uh, but I enjoy being a part of a community and I enjoy moving. Uhm, you know, I mean this,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's funny, you know, the story I would have told myself about being fired prior to being fired was a tragedy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and the story I know now is, it's one of the best things to ever happen to me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, cause balance is defined as equal distribution and when you're trying to do something


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, great. You're not always going to be equally distributed. And so what I talk to coaches about is finding harmony. And that means certain pieces of the certain members of the band.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whether it's work, whether it's family, whether it's the things that fill your own tank, need, need, you need to have time for them to take center stage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think it's really important for people who are trying to achieve.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, sustainable, high level of success. There needs to be harmony between the things that are important to you. At times, you're gonna...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're gonna have to do things that are way out of balance to be a really good player. That can't be all the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're gonna have to do things way out of balance to be a really good coach. That can't be all the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There needs to be harmony and an ebb and flow between the things that are really important to you and you always need to be mindful of that and make the necessary adjustments.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or else you may achieve, but you're gonna be empty in other ways.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I talk to coaches about is finding the harmony. Uhm, because balance doesn't exist. In any shape.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, if you're trying to do something really well, or if you're trying to achieve balance, you're always going to be unhappy because you're never going to achieve it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Work center stage? Good. That your part, that part of the song is over with. Now it's family to be center stage. And it's more about being present with the things that you're passionate about as opposed to equally distributing them throughout your days, weeks, months and years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I mean, well, one, the time to reflect about and get really clear.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, sometimes when you're in coaching, the inertia of the job and like the next thing you want to accomplish, it just moves you forward without time to think and clear and ask yourself like, is this what I really want? You know, at every level.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so I had a chance to be really clear with what I wanted. Uhm, I think it's always been in there. It's just...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, sometimes you need to get punched in the mouth to realize like, no, this isn't, this isn't right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, and for a lot of, lot of reasons, but, you know, I think,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some of the people that I've talked to, coaches get fired and they ask me like, can I talk to you? Cause you seem like so happy. You know, I'm like, well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, I think you need to, you have time to get really clear and figure out what works for you. And uhm, you need to try to, to, to do those things. A lot of what worked for me wasn't right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it worked till it didn't. It wasn't right when it was working.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so I think it's just being really honest with yourself and not playing the victim card. Like there's things that happen to you where you, you really


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a missed opportunity because it's very easy to say, well, if they didn't do that or this didn't happen, that's the wrong way to do it. Cause at the end of the day, you have no control over that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What other people do or what other people say or what other people think. If you have, you can influence and impact it maybe to a certain degree, but you have no control.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so what happens a lot with coaches like, well, it was this or that. Like, I wanted, I took that off the table and said, like, you're not spending any time with that. So I'm at peace with it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I appreciate my Marquette experience. I appreciate many, many of the people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That I interacted with there. There's a lot of things I could have done better. And it's my job to... to...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Take those lessons in. Do the same things I'm telling, I said to the players, like, receive the messages. Don't, don't not receive the messages because it's easier to put the blame on somebody else as opposed to look yourself in the mirror. That's a mistake. And it's not a mistake that I plan on making happen again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he marries that with being a incredibly good person.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when John is at his best, the people that he wants to serve will benefit from his many, many gifts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the things that can happen in coaching because the waves never stop crashing, recruiting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, handling relationships that come with the program. The stress of the job, the expectations, the spotlight that is unique to Duke. All those waves never stop. And so, John needs to make sure that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He can show up as close to what his ten is every day. And that means he's got to take care of himself. And that's not selfish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's selfish if you do it the other way. Like I'm going to try to surf a hundred waves today. Like you're going to drown. Over time, you're going to drown.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So for me, like, John and I, I mean, we'll talk about basketball, but that's not my priority with John. My priority with John is, what are you doing?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To take care of yourself and the people you care most about. Because if you're at your best, everybody else is gonna benefit the most.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the reality is when you're the head coach, people don't think about that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The players think about th- and that doesn't mean they're bad people, they're human.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The athletic department, the school they're thinking about themselves, like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You gotta think about you. And just bring your best, and that's good enough, man.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It doesn't mean it's always gonna work out. Things are gonna go perfectly. It doesn't mean you're gonna go undefeated. But over time, all the things you, all the people and things you care about have the best chance to work out like you want it to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, I mean it's a, it's a, it's a great opportunity. You know, uhm, I've loved these last two years. I've gotten to do some really cool stuff. And I don't plan on stopping doing cool stuff. But there's two parts of coaching I missed. I missed being a part of a team. Yeaah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when you're part of a team that's striving to do high level things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's shared experiences that can only kinda...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's one of the only places that that level of shared experience is created and I missed the human connection. I missed and I missed sharing human experiences with people who are also passionate about the game of basketball. Uhm, I missed that. I'll miss recruiting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, there's other areas I don't miss at all. Uhm, but I miss those two areas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, it's great. I mean, it's a, you know, I'm going in there with, I think, humility that I don't have all the answers and I'm trying to learn that level.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The game is the same, not completely because the rules and all that kind of stuff are different and the level of talent in general is much better. Uhm, but the game essentially is the same, the business is like wildly different. Wildly different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so that creates, that creates different scenarios that you don't, you don't deal with in, in college. Um, or different things that are your responsibility in college. They, it's not my responsibility.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the people who run the NBA, that's all they're thinking about, is how to make their business really successful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sports league in the world. That's all they're consumed about. So their decisions are made to try to...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Reach that, that goal. Uhm, it's just very different in college. There's other things that come into play. Uhm, so it's been fun. Yeaah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, well I think uhm, guys that are concerned with getting their stats up just need to come to the recognition that that's not what the parent organizations or organizations in the NBA are looking for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So they're, they're coming from a flawed thought process.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you know, whether they believe me or not, that's not, you know, like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The people I work for in Utah are not like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whoever scores 35 a game is the guy we're bringing up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The G League, in a lot of respects, is a way for the guys that they already recognize value in, but need


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And these guys have to learn to value the other areas of the game because that's how they're going to make their initial mark. Now I would never stand in the way of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, of a guy playing to his strengths and if scoring is a strength, that should be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The reason, you know, that should be something they play to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if you're in the G League and scoring is your strength, the reason that you're in the G League is to develop the other areas of the game so you can always be with the parent organization.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so I think it, I think it all, I think it's just communication, you know, and understanding and having the self aware, understanding what the jazz want.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And having the self awareness to say, I'm going to try to get that done. And that's going to be part of my job. And I look forward to it. Uh, the guys are, are beyond professional.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's no immature games at that level, because immaturity gets squeezed out in a heartbeat. And sometimes coming from college,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're not saying here, but other places where you're...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your, at times your catered, your immaturity is catered to because it's so easy to leave a place now. That's not how it works. That's not how the real world works.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's just not. And so the more you can, you can start to think


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As a human, but they ain't catering to your feelings. At all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At all. And the more young players can grab that, uh, wrap their arms around that and say, no, this is what it is. Like, the better and the quicker they'll be better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, that'd be Carolina. Wasn't it? Yeah, Carolina.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we would have played 30 games, I probably averaged close to two and a half steals a game, so 30, 30, probably low 80s, probably low 80s. Yep, 82. 82.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sheldon Williams, Billy King, Tommy Amaker, Shane Battier three times. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Billy, can't I say Billy? Tommy, Billy, Sheldon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well Trajan would have been in there, Rashawn would have been in there senior year. Uhm, Elton? No?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Quick, quick hands, surprisingly quick feet for his age. Uhm, hand-eye coordination was, was on point. Uhm, we played against Coach Shire and Coach Lucas, you know, which


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're really, they're very, very good. They just caught us on the wrong day. Uhm, very, very good players. Really competitive. Gotta work on their teamwork a little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You and your teammates make us really proud. Uhm, you know, it's a, it's a special place, like I told the team the other day, and it's because of the people. And so for all the guys who wore the jersey, you know, to see,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is, is something we take a great deal of pride in. And, uh, your addition's been a huge one as I told you before we got going.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're, uh, you got, you got a big fan in me and, and my boys, they love watching you play.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if they can, if they can, if they can get the footwork and the shot cakes down like you have it, I'd be real happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is gonna be the one that everybody, I mean this is the one that everybody's been begging for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah. Some of those aren't very nice either, but yeah. Please, please, please. Should I take NR? Should I take NMN? What should I do with Metformin? We're going to be talking about all of that today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we do need to say, we usually take a moment to thank our sponsors, we're gonna do that of course, but we also have to take a moment to say, we are not medical doctors, we are not medical doctors, we are not medical doctors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what we wanna do is give people the ability to have a more intelligent and informed conversation with their physician. Exactly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, with that out of the way, now we should thank our sponsors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, in the last episode, David, we talked about adversity memetics. These are the things that we can do in our modern lives to mirror the sorts of stresses we faced across our evolutionary history.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but even if you're engaged in doing these things like we've talked about already, fasting, getting lots of exercise, uhm, getting out of your comfort zone, uh, our modern lives are still designed around comfort and sedentary-ness, sedentary-ness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that a word? Sedentary lifestyles. Sedentary lifestyles. And that's not to mention the fact that even before modern times we aged, right? So if we're going to combat aging, we may need an additional boost. Do you believe we may need an additional boost?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Supplements and medicines, drugs and supplements, molecules and drugs. There are a lot of different terms that we're probably going to throw around and we're going to use them fairly synonymously, but in fairness, let's, let's define drug versus supplement at least.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thousands of drugs and supplements that someone somewhere will tell you will help you with health spans and life spans. We're not going to talk about thousands of drugs and supplements today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so that's why today we're going to move through some of the most popular and some of the most promising. These are things that most people can have access to or find a physician, uh, who, uh, if the need exists will prescribe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're going to talk about metformin, berberine, rapamycin, spermidine, resveratrol.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fisodin and curcidin and probably a few others. Uhm, but those are sort of the highlight points. Uhm, if you're only interested in one of these or if you watched this whole episode and need a reminder, the show notes are going to be timestamped so you can immediately go to Berberine and find it and click on it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's one more thing, uh, that we'll link to in the show notes, uh, that's on your website that I think is valuable for people to know about. You're involved in a lot of different companies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you're an entrepreneur, you're a researcher, you have, I don't know how many patents. Uhm, there are plenty of people who would say, ah, this guy's just trying to sell stuff. Uhm, if they suspect that you might have a conflict of interest, they can go and look at your disclosures.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's not because you're a bad salesman, it's because you haven't actually tried to sell. I mean, there's a difference between having not sold a supplement and having tried to sell a supplement and not sold a supplement.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not for lack of opportunity though. There's plenty of people who would love to put your face on a package.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To get into this, let's use some of the same framing that we've used for the other conversation, and that's these three longevity pathways, uh, three longevity genes that we've been talking about. Sirtuins, AMPK, and mTOR.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Different drugs and supplements are thought to work on these different pathways in different ways and we'll sort of like categorize them in those three buckets today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, and I think it's been really interesting. I've been working with you for, what, like about four years now. And in that time, a lot of the, uh, molecules that we knew to be working on one of these pathways, there's been further research that has said, oh, that's not just an AMPK effect. There's also an mTOR connection there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, let's talk about the class of molecules that you've worked most extensively on in your lab. These are known as NAD boosters. Uhm, talk a little bit about how, why NAD is important in our bodies. It's really important. If it disappears, we're screwed, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so let's talk about the first, uh, NAD booster, probably the most well known. It's definitely the most well studied of the NAD boosters and probably the most taken, used, uh, that's NR.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And because it's been pretty well studied in humans, there's been plenty of human studies, uhm, at least in the short term, that show, uh, little to no side effects. This is a pretty safe molecule.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I think this is an important distinction to make though, like there's a difference between safe and effective, right? Just because we say something is safe doesn't mean it's going to work and in fact sometimes things that are the most safe aren't going to work at all. That's why they're so safe is they don't have any effect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but we do know that NR is largely safe. You know, millions of people around the world take it. Uhm, NR has been well studied in animals as well. And let's start with that because we actually know more about what NR does in the bodies of animals than we do in the bodies of humans. Let's start with yeast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And those kinds of findings make you really interested because you're really interested in the sirtuin activation. Uhm, and so you've been part of a group of scientists that have been looking at this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when we do this in laboratory animals, uh, you mentioned in yeast, it extends life by 30%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What have we seen in mice, which are a little closer to you and I than your yeast is?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Among the other, uh, health benefits that have been seen by researchers who have given NR to, uh, animals in the lab, uhm, enhanced oxidative metabolism was talked about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's carry this now into the human studies because what we don't have for reasons that maybe are obvious, but I'm going to state anyway, which is that humans live a very long life and it's really hard to put humans into a control group and a test group across a very long time than control for every variable that's possible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] ...is longitudinal studies that show increases in lifespan as a result of taking NR. But...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We do have studies that have sought to show similar health benefits to what we've seen in rodents.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we have sought to see, by we I mean the research community, I don't mean necessarily you and me, uh, we've sought to see the same sorts of effects that have been seen in models, uh, organism studies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes that's happened, sometimes it is not, is that fair to say?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're present in the mice who also lived longer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So would you say, I mean, if somebody tells you, oh David, I've been taking NR for so many times, you're not rolling your eyes, but you're not convinced at this point, the jury's still out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's fair to say that in the, uhm, SIR2 inactivated compound research community, there's kind of team NR and then there's team NMN.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Turns into NMN, NMN turns into NAD, so why don't we just take NMN to begin with anyway? And you had mentioned earlier phosphate, and that's an important component of this question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when it comes to NMN, there's been a number of animal studies, uhm, showing, uh, for instance, similar to NR, it restores NAD levels, it enhances insulin sensitivity. Uhm, one of the things that was surprising to me is that we don't have a study that shows an NMN's effect across an mouse's entire lifespan yet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so not, not particularly like, like wholly different than what we saw in the NR cases with the mice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or at least according to the first phase of this, it's more pronounced than the females.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what, even though mice live pretty short lives, what we have to understand here is that they still live two, three years on average, right? And so in order to see lifespan extension, especially if they live much longer, it takes some time to do these studies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so, so, so far what I'm hearing is, uh, in animals, NR and NMN both have some similar effects, right? Lengthening lifespan, uh, restoring mitochondrial,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's been a little bit less, uh, human research on NMN than in NR, uhm, but, uh, we're starting to see just in the last couple of years, especially sort of a flood of studies being published. Uh, early results, for instance, from, uh, Yoshino et al. in 2021 showed increased insulin-stimulated glucose disposal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we talked about this a little bit when this study came out. You were pretty excited about it. Tell me why.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's a, I mean, that can be in a whole episode of this podcast in and of itself. Yeah. We should do it. Yeah. Okay. Why don't...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We just give NAD directly, we're talking about like NAD boosters, NR boost, uh, NR creates NMN, NMN creates NAD, that boosts NAD, or NMN boosts NAD, but it all gets us to NAD, so why don't we just, you know, set up the drip line and get it going?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These are not, these are not in a study setting. This is not in a research setting. This is like people trying this out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is it as good as the Australian hangover cure that you've given me a few times? Oh, the, uh, the raw egg and the Vegemite? Yeah. Uh, I hope it's better than that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but the idea- Cause the truth is that doesn't work. I just pretend it works because it makes you happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you think chances are that is actually, it's not just like a placebo effect, that there's a chance that like, it makes sense that that would work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cause it's still, it's still a little fuzzy to me, like why we, I can understand why we might want to use NAD. I'm not understanding why we're not starting, for instance, all the research with NAD and then moving backwards to NMN and then moving backwards to NR.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This feels like a good time to talk about bioavailability and making things available to our body's machinery. How do we make RN and MN most bioavailable? Just swallowing it is enough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the, in terms of the research right now, it doesn't seem like there's a huge advantage one way or another.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Stimulate cancer growth and obviously that's something that we don't want to be dismissive of. It does you no good to be boosting your NADs and extending your lifespan if you're just giving yourself cancer. What's the latest research on that and how concerned should people be?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Something to watch for and to think about and to work into anyone's calculations if they're going to be considering an NAD booster in any case.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, now there are other NAD boosters, sirtuin-activating compounds. Uhm, one of the ones that you've been really interested in, uhm, that I think a lot of people are interested in, probably really widely used, is resveratrol.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you started working with Resveratrol back when you were...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Trying to understand, uh, sort of an activation in yeast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you've told me this bunch of times, red wine stock.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, right, like people started buying red wine like crazy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How much red wine would you actually need to drink in order to increase your levels of resveratrol and get an actual effect out of this?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you say that, can you just take your pen, take your pen. Alright, now say that word again and go like this when you do it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How much Resveratrol do we actually need to see an effect?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a cert activator, like the other NAD boosters we've been talking about, uh, works a little bit differently, but like you said, really well studied and for almost 20 years now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's happening when we put resveratrol, let's start with the animal studies. What do we know?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is actually why you suggested that maybe some resveratrol studies that have shown, uh, that it doesn't work as well as other studies show, those studies may have involved, uh, people who were feeding mice resveratrol without that additional fat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There have been a number of animal studies on resveratrol going back almost 20 years now. Uhm, we're seeing, uh, extended replicative lifespan in yeast. Uh, we're seeing activation of AMPK, uh, in rodents. Uh, what are these things telling you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Have those findings translated over as we've moved respiratory into human studies? Yes, somewhat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But once again, we don't know long term what this is going to do, but the trajectory seems good when we consider it in the context of what we've seen in animals and what we are seeing in these early human studies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Does it, is that, I mean like, but you've just said like, you actually have to drink so much red wine in order to get this effect, but.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we're thinking maybe the French who don't drink that much red wine, even though they do drink a lot of red wine, but they don't drink that much red wine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are two other molecules I wanted to mention. Uh, you mentioned them earlier actually by name. These were part of the group of molecules that were identified in those early experiments with yeast that identified resveratrol as a potential sirtuin activating compound. Uh, these are phycidin and curcidin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And both in addition to being serotonin activators potentially also seem to have this other property to them that is making them sort of like a hot number now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah. And so getting rid of those would be a presumably a good thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's what FISA didn't curse it in a peer to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And these have been shown, uh, in the case of, uh, FISA, at least, to extend life spans in some model organisms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there's been, uh, human studies in both of these as well. I know we, we kind of talk about these in a group because they were discovered as Sirtuin Activators and now they're being seen also as potential Cinelytics. Uhm, but maybe we can differentiate a little.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we've had some randomized controlled trials with humans and chrysodin. The effects are...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Disatinib is a drug that's used to treat leukemia. Uh, it's got a lot of promise as a senolytic too, it seems. As of right now, you can really only get it for treatment for leukemia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if people are like, man, I really like want to get into analytics, the, the gateway right now, the most accessible place for people is, is facetan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so there's a third class of drugs we want to talk about today. We're going to spend too much time with them because broadly speaking, they're not available, uh, for, uh, purchase or even prescription right now, uh, except for in very, very narrow instances. Uh, I'm talking about rapamycin and these drugs that are rapalogs, drugs that are supposed to, uh, mimic the effects of rapamycin, perhaps without all the toxicity. Um, these drugs have a really interesting history.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Low and behold, we have a drug that actually has been used for other purposes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, like really, I mean, this is a life saving drug. We just don't know yet if it's a life extending drug that's going to be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remembering this adversity that we've been talking about throughout this entire series.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and, and what do we know about spermity now? Cause this is, this is a really old, I mean, this has got an old history, but like really new research that's showing potentially extensions of lifespan. Uhm, well, we know it extends lifespan of yeast and flies and worms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There have been a number of human studies on spermidine, uh, particularly revolving around, uh, enhancing memory and dealing with memory loss in older Americans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want to go back to the history of this stuff. You mentioned earlier that Antoni von Lohenhoek discovered the crystalline structures that led us to spermadine, uh, by examining his own sperm. Presumably his own sperm in a microscope. Is that still where we're getting spermadine?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, we've talked about, uh, Sirtuin activators, we've talked about, uh, mTOR inhibitors, uhm, but really one of the most exciting classes of drugs is also sort of actually kind of the most boring because it's been around for so very long.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, an AMPK activator called Metformin, which hundreds of millions of people around the world already take for diabetes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We know that Metformin works by activating AMPK. Do we know how that process kind of unveils itself?